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Mitochondrial dysfunction and loss of glutamate uptake in primary astrocytes exposed to titanium dioxide nanoparticles.
ABSTRACT: Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles are currently the second most produced engineered nanomaterial in the world with vast usage in consumer products leading to recurrent human exposure. Animal studies indicate significant nanoparticle accumulation in the brain while cellular toxicity studies demonstrate negative effects on neuronal cell viability and function. However, the toxicological effects of nanoparticles on astrocytes, the most abundant cells in the brain, have not been extensively investigated. Therefore, we determined the sub-toxic effect of three different TiO2 nanoparticles (rutile, anatase and commercially available P25 TiO2 nanoparticles) on primary rat cortical astrocytes. We evaluated some events related to astrocyte functions and mitochondrial dysregulation: (1) glutamate uptake; (2) redox signaling mechanisms by measuring ROS production; (3) the expression patterns of dynamin-related proteins (DRPs) and mitofusins 1 and 2, whose expression is central to mitochondrial dynamics; and (4) mitochondrial morphology by MitoTracker® Red CMXRos staining. Anatase, rutile and P25 were found to have LC50 values of 88.22 ± 10.56 ppm, 136.0 ± 31.73 ppm and 62.37 ± 9.06 ppm respectively indicating nanoparticle specific toxicity. All three TiO2 nanoparticles induced a significant loss in glutamate uptake indicative of a loss in vital astrocyte function. TiO2 nanoparticles also induced an increase in reactive oxygen species generation, and a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, suggesting mitochondrial damage. TiO2 nanoparticle exposure altered expression patterns of DRPs at low concentrations (25 ppm) and apoptotic fission at high concentrations (100 ppm). TiO2 nanoparticle exposure also resulted in changes to mitochondrial morphology confirmed by mitochondrial staining. Collectively, our data provide compelling evidence that TiO2 nanoparticle exposure has potential implications in astrocyte-mediated neurological dysfunction.
Project description:Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles are one of the most highly manufactured and employed nanomaterials in the world with applications in copious industrial and consumer products. The liver is a major accumulation site for many nanoparticles, including TiO2, directly through intentional exposure or indirectly through unintentional ingestion via water, food or animals and increased environmental contamination. Growing concerns over the current usage of TiO2 coupled with the lack of mechanistic understanding of its potential health risk is the motivation for this study. Here we determined the toxic effect of three different TiO2 nanoparticles (commercially available rutile, anatase and P25) on primary rat hepatocytes. Specifically, we evaluated events related to hepatocyte functions and mitochondrial dynamics: (1) urea and albumin synthesis using colorimetric and ELISA assays, respectively; (2) redox signaling mechanisms by measuring reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) activity and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP); (3) OPA1 and Mfn-1 expression that mediates the mitochondrial dynamics by PCR; and (4) mitochondrial morphology by MitoTracker Green FM staining. All three TiO2 nanoparticles induced a significant loss (p < 0.05) in hepatocyte functions even at concentrations as low as 50 ppm with commercially used P25 causing maximum damage. TiO2 nanoparticles induced a strong oxidative stress in primary hepatocytes. TiO2 nanoparticles exposure also resulted in morphological changes in mitochondria and substantial loss in the fusion process, thus impairing the mitochondrial dynamics. Although this study demonstrated that TiO2 nanoparticles exposure resulted in substantial damage to primary hepatocytes, more in vitro and in vivo studies are required to determine the complete toxicological mechanism in primary hepatocytes and subsequently liver function.
Project description:Currently, Degussa P25, with the typical mixed phases of anatase and rutile TiO2, is widely applied as the commercial photocatalysts. However, there are still some of obstacles for the P25 nanoparticles with totally high photocatalytic activities, especially for the catalytic stability due to their inevitable aggregation of the nanoparticles when used as the photocatalysts. In the present work, we reported the exploration of a novel TiO2 photocatalyst, which could offer an ideal platform for synergetic combination of the mixed-phase composition, hollow architecture and mesoporous walls for the desired excellent photocatalytic efficiency and robust stability. The mesoporous TiO2 hollow nanofibers were fabricated via a facile single capillary electrospinning technique, in which the foaming agents were used for creating mesopores throughout the walls of the hollow fibers. The obtained hollow fibers exhibit a high purity and possess the mixed phases of 94.6% anatase and 5.4% rutile TiO2. As compared to P25, the as-fabricated mesoporous TiO2 hollow fibers exhibited much higher efficient photocatalytic activities and stabilities toward the hydrogen evolution with a rate of ~499.1??mol g(-1)·h(-1) and ~99.5% degradation Rhodamine B (RhB) in 60?min, suggesting their promising application in efficient photocatalysts.
Project description:As a benchmark photocatalyst, commercial P25-TiO2 has been widely used for various photocatalytic applications. However, the low surface area and poorly porous structure greatly limit its performance. Herein, uniform ordered mesoporous TiO2 microspheres (denoted as Meso-TiO2-X; X represents the rutile percentage in the resultant microspheres) with controllable anatase/rutile phase junctions and radially oriented mesochannels are synthesized by a coordination-mediated self-assembly approach. The anatase/rutile ratio in the resultant microspheres can be facilely adjusted as desired (rutile percentage: 0-100) by changing the concentration of hydrochloric acid. As a typical one, the as-prepared Meso-TiO2-25 microspheres have a similar anatase/rutile ratio to commercial P25. But the surface area (78.6 m2 g-1) and pore volume (0.39 cm3 g-1) of the resultant microspheres are larger than those of commercial P25. When used as the photocatalyst for H2 generation, the Meso-TiO2-25 delivers high solar-driven H2 evolution rates under air mass 1.5 global (AM 1.5 G) and visible-light (λ > 400 nm), respectively, which are significantly larger than those of commercial P25. This coordination-mediated self-assembly method paves a new way toward the design and synthesis of high performance mesoporous photocatalysts.
Project description:Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) have potential benefits, but they also present safety concerns for human health. Interlaboratory studies in rodents using standardized protocols are needed to assess ENM toxicity.Four laboratories evaluated lung responses in C57BL/6 mice to ENMs delivered by oropharyngeal aspiration (OPA), and three labs evaluated Sprague-Dawley (SD) or Fisher 344 (F344) rats following intratracheal instillation (IT). ENMs tested included three forms of titanium dioxide (TiO2) [anatase/rutile spheres (TiO2-P25), anatase spheres (TiO2-A), and anatase nanobelts (TiO2-NBs)] and three forms of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) [original (O), purified (P), and carboxylic acid "functionalized" (F)]. One day after treatment, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was collected to determine differential cell counts, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and protein. Lungs were fixed for histopathology. Responses were also examined at 7 days (TiO2 forms) and 21 days (MWCNTs) after treatment.TiO2-A, TiO2-P25, and TiO2-NB caused significant neutrophilia in mice at 1 day in three of four labs. TiO2-NB caused neutrophilia in rats at 1 day in two of three labs, and TiO2-P25 and TiO2-A had no significant effect in any of the labs. Inflammation induced by TiO2 in mice and rats resolved by day 7. All MWCNT types caused neutrophilia at 1 day in three of four mouse labs and in all rat labs. Three of four labs observed similar histopathology to O-MWCNTs and TiO2-NBs in mice.ENMs produced similar patterns of neutrophilia and pathology in rats and mice. Although interlaboratory variability was found in the degree of neutrophilia caused by the three types of TiO2 nanoparticles, similar findings of relative potency for the three types of MWCNTs were found across all laboratories, thus providing greater confidence in these interlaboratory comparisons.
Project description:In this article, we demonstrate the position-controlled hydrothermal growth of rutile TiO2 nanorods using a new scanning probe lithography method in which a silicon tip, commonly used for atomic force microscopy, was pulled across an anatase TiO2 film. This process scratches the film causing tiny anatase TiO2 nanoparticles to form on the surface. According to previous reports, these anatase particles convert into rutile nanocrystals and provide the growth of rutile TiO2 nanorods in well-defined areas. Due to the small tip radius, the resolution of this method is excellent and the method is quite inexpensive compared to electron-beam lithography and similar methods providing a position-controlled growth of semiconducting TiO2 nanostructures.
Project description:Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles are commonly found in consumer products, such as sunscreens, and human dermal exposures are relatively high. Research suggests potential differences in the toxicity of anatase and rutile crystalline forms of TiO2. Additionally, transition metal dopants are frequently used to enhance physicochemical properties of TiO2, and the toxicity of these nanoparticles are not extensively studied. Therefore, this work examined the keratinocyte toxicity and in vivo skin allergy responses after treatment with 30 nm anatase, 30 nm rutile, or <100 nm Mn-doped TiO2 nanoparticles. After a 24-hour exposure, there were no differences in keratinocyte cytotoxicity; however, Mn-doped TiO2 nanoparticles induced significant in vitro ROS generation and in vivo skin swelling responses in a model of allergic contact dermatitis.
Project description:Emerging nanomaterials are being manufactured with varying particle sizes, morphologies, and crystal structures in the pursuit of achieving outstanding functional properties. These variations in these key material properties of nanoparticles may affect their environmental fate and transport. To date, few studies have investigated this important aspect of nanoparticles' environmental behavior. In this study, the aggregation kinetics of ten different TiO2 nanoparticles (5 anatase and 5 rutile each with varying size) was systematically evaluated. Our results show that, as particle size increases, the surface charge of both anatase and rutile TiO2 nanoparticles shifts toward a more negative value, and, accordingly, the point of zero charge shifts toward a lower value. The colloidal stability of anatase sphere samples agreed well with DLVO theoretical predictions, where an increase in particle size led to a higher energy barrier and therefore greater critical coagulation concentration. In contrast, the critical coagulation concentration of rutile rod samples correlated positively with the specific surface area, i.e., samples with higher specific surface area exhibited higher stability. Finally, due to the large innate negative surface charge of all the TiO2 samples at the pH value (pH = 8) tested, the addition of natural organic matter was observed to have minimal effect on TiO2 aggregation kinetics, except for the smallest rutile rods that showed decreased stability in the presence of natural organic matter.
Project description:TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized from titanium isopropoxide by a simple peptization method using sulfuric, nitric, and acetic acids. The effect of peptizing acid on physicochemical and photocatalytic properties of TiO2 powders was studied. The structural properties of synthesized TiO2 powders were analyzed by using XRD, TEM, N2-physisorption, Raman, DR UV-vis, FTIR, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques. The characterization results showed that acetic acid peptization facilitated the formation of pure anatase phase after thermal treatment at 500 °C; in contrast, nitric acid peptization led to a major rutile phase formation (67%). Interestingly, the sample peptized using sulfuric acid yielded 95% anatase and 5% rutile phases. The photocatalytic activity of synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles was evaluated for degradation of selected organic dyes (crystal violet, methylene blue, and p-nitrophenol) in aqueous solution. The results confirmed that the TiO2 sample peptized using nitric acid (with rutile and anatase phases in 3:1 ratio) offered the highest activity for degradation of organic dyes, although, TiO2 samples peptized using sulfuric acid and acetic acid possessed smaller particle size, higher band gap energy, and high surface area. Interestingly, TiO2 sample peptized with nitric acid possessed relatively high theoretical photocurrent density (0.545 mAcm-2) and pore diameter (150 Å), which are responsible for high electron-hole separation efficiency and diffusion and mass transportation of organic reactants during the photochemical degradation process. The superior activity of TiO2 sample peptized with nitric acid is due to the effective transfer of photogenerated electrons between rutile and anatase phases.
Project description:Herein, we have fabricated rutile TiO2 nanorod-coupled ?-Fe2O3 by a wet-chemical process. It is demonstrated that the visible activities for photoelectrochemical water oxidation and for degrading pollutant of ?-Fe2O3 are greatly enhanced after coupling a proper amount of rutile nanorods. The enhanced activity is attributed to the prolonged lifetime and improved separation of photogenerated charges mainly by the transient surface photovoltage responses. Interestingly, the observed EPR signals (with g? = 1.963 and g|| = 1.948) of Ti(3+) in the fabricated TiO2-Fe2O3 nanocomposite at ultra low temperature (1.8?k) after visible laser excitation, along with the electrochemical impedance spectra and the normalized photocurrent action spectra, testify evidently that the spacial transfers of visible-excited high-energy electrons of ?-Fe2O3 to TiO2 could happen. Moreover, it is confirmed that it is more favorable for the uncommon electron transfers of ?-Fe2O3 to rutile than to anatase. This is responsible for the much obvious enhancement of visible activity of Fe2O3 after coupling with rutile TiO2, compared with anatase and phase-mixed P25 ones. This work would help us to deeply understand the uncommon photophysical processes, and also provide a feasible route to improve the photocatalytic performance of visible-response semiconductor photocatalyst for water splitting and pollutant degradation.
Project description:Using a simple hydrothermal synthesis, the crystal structure of TiO2 nanoparticles was controlled from rutile to anatase using a sugar alcohol, D-sorbitol. Adding small amounts of D-sorbitol to an aqueous TiCl4 solution resulted in changes in the crystal phase, particle size, and surface area by affecting the hydrolysis rate of TiCl4. These changes led to improvements of the solar-to-electrical power conversion efficiency (?) of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) fabricated using these nanoparticles. A postulated reaction mechanism concerning the role of D-sorbitol in the formation of rutile and anatase was proposed. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, (13)C NMR spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering analyses were used to better understand the interaction between the Ti precursor and D-sorbitol. The crystal phase and size of the synthesized TiO2 nanocrystallites as well as photovoltaic performance of the DSSC were examined using X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and photocurrent density-applied voltage spectroscopy measurement techniques. The DSSC fabricated using the anatase TiO2 nanoparticles synthesized in the presence of D-sorbitol, exhibited an enhanced ? (6%, 1.5-fold improvement) compared with the device fabricated using the rutile TiO2 synthesized without D-sorbitol.

domain: chemistry


text:
Cory McMeans, a language expert, is utilized as an interrupter and analyzer for a special government agency. That is, until she is chosen for a very dangerous assignment. Cory must consent to work undercover with another agent, posing as husband and wife. She is wary, until she meets the agent to be her partner, John Commander. The case involves two government diplomats, both with full diplomatic immunity. They're using this protection for two illegal activities, treason and drug distribution. They can carry huge amounts of drugs and classified documents around the world and be free from search or seizure due to their immunity. Cory and John devise a plan to eliminate the two traitors by giving them an injection of potent drugs - their deaths would be ruled drug overdose. Since both are already addicts, the cause of death wouldn't be questioned. Cory worries whether she can commit cold-blooded murder, even though the targets are guilty of hideous crimes. Would being a government assassin affect her developing relationship with John? Could John see Cory as the loving, caring, future mother of their children afterwards? She must make this decision quickly as the window of opportunity to make the kill quickly closes.
Used availability for Johnny Fowler's Diplomatic Immunity
February 2011 : USA Paperback
January 2011 : Canada, UK Kindle edition

domain: law


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- Disliked: Cleanliness, staff & service, property conditions & facilities, room comfort
accodentally made reservation.. now i have to fight to get my money back
Your dates need to occur after 2020-01-21. Try updating your dates to see prices for your trip.
Super 8 by Wyndham Hagerstown is located in Hagerstown. Martins Mill Bridge and Antietam National Battlefield are local landmarks, and the area's natural beauty can be seen at Greenbrier State Park and Washington Monument State Park. Hagerstown Suns Municipal Stadium and Crystal Grottoes Caverns are also worth visiting.
Nice clean quite place well worth the money nice little breakfast

domain: travel


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Lead Vet Technician
Hello! My name is Rudi. I’m originally from Houston, Texas but I moved to San Angelo to attend Angelo State University. I am currently majoring in Animal Science (pre-vet). I have loved animals for as long as I can remember, and at a young age, I knew that helping and caring for animals was what I wanted to do for the rest of my life. Being a part of the Main Street Animal Clinic is my first kind of vet-med experience, and I hope to further continue my experience and knowledge to achieve my long-term goal of becoming a vet and possibly opening my own practice.
Alyssa studied Equine Science at Tarleton State University and attended Dallas County
Community College’s Veterinary Technician program. While her passion is horses she also
enjoys working with dogs and cats. Alyssa enjoys showing American Quarter Horses and
helping her riding students succeed in the show ring. Alyssa moved to San Angelo in 2012
leaving behind a long time technician job at a small town mixed animal practice in Meridian, TX.
She has also worked in other mixed and small animal practices in Stephenville while in college
and here in town.
Olivia is from Austin, Tx. She moved down here a year ago to be closer to her boyfriend, Lance. Along the way she has realized she has a strong passion for animals. Olivia loves to greet people and their animals as soon as they walk through the door. Olivia has been working in the vet field for about a year as a kennel tech. When she is not at work she loves spending time with her furry pets; Kiba and Franklin. Beyond her love for animals, she is equally enthusiastic about the fields of psychology and criminal justice.

domain: pet


text: Hello I'm thatkidwho or Mike if you really want to know. I have recently rediscovered my love for firearms. I spent my summers shooting and small game hunting with my grandfather on Whidbey Island only to return to suburbia and my anti-gun mother, not saying she's a bad mother, just guns weren't allowed in the house. As I'm older and with kids of my own I want them to have the same experiences I had. So I am here gathering knowledge, tips, ideas. I've been lurking for awhile and decided I should say Hello as I'm starting to participate more. Also waiting for my CPL is killing me.

domain: hobby


We Are One
As a team we encourage and support each other in creating a more sustainable world for the generations to come.
We’re on this great, shared adventure together with people all around the world, engaged in solving the climate crisis and other sustainability challenges.
We truly believe in people’s power and good will and that we all can make a difference in making peace with earth.
So, let’s have fun and respect each other for who we are. We can fix this!
Facts Are Everything
We strongly believe in scientific assessments on climate change and other sustainability areas, which include potential future risks, as well as adaptation and mitigation options.
It’s of utmost importance that our sources are reliable, due to the fact that the origin of climate change is a contentious topic. In order to guarantee objectivity and transparency, we are keen about identifying where there is agreement in the scientific community on topics related to climate change.
Passion. Integrity. Love.
With passion we strive for embracing our obligation to co-create a world where each of us and our planet can flourish.
With integrity as a fundamental principle, we can create a culture of ethics and legal compliance. When it comes to our external partnerships, we ensure that the company or organization we partner with is driven by integrity, long-term value creation, and ultimate sustainability.
Through conscious habits we show love to our planet and practise what we preach. Even small changes, like dress more consciously, give up single plastic, eat seasonal & local produce, reduce meat intake, reduce energy consumption, etc., make a difference.
Keep It Simple
We try not to over-analyse, or complicate things with bureaucracy or hierarchy. Instead we have adapted an agile work process that keeps things simple.
We therefore have faith in bringing people, processes, connectivity and technology, time and place together to find the most appropriate and effective way of working to carry out a particular task. It’s about working within guidelines, but without boundaries.


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The story of young ballerinas, friends for good and for bad, who are preparing for a great performance. For the most famous ballet in the world "The Nutcracker".
There is work, many hours in classrooms, stress, doubts, disappointments, injuries, then faith that everything will work out. Ballerinas give their best. They support each other. There is tremendous tension at such times and various situations occur.
Will everything go well and the girls will play as planned?
From the raw hall to the theater, to the world of fantasy. The stage transformation of dancers and dancers into fairy-tale heroes. I invite young readers to read.
see also the publisher's website

domain: artistic


text:
DENVER — A winter storm continues to blast Colorado’s mountains bringing treacherous travel conditions on Thursday as a cold front pushes through the eastern part of the state plunging temperatures in the Denver metro area and eastern plains.
After warming into the low 50s in the metro early in the day,, the passing front was expected to drop temps up to 20 degrees in an hour, according to the National Weather Service (NWS) in Boulder.
Temps were expected to fall into the upper 20s but with the winds it would feel as low as 10 degrees outside.
"Our temps went from 48 degrees at 11 a.m. to 30 degrees by 1 p.m., and those temps will keep falling," said Denver7 meteorologist Stacey Donaldson. "We will be near 15 degrees by the evening commute."
While heavy snow and high winds were expected to continue through the afternoon hours in Colorado’s northern and central mountains, the moisture should taper off in the higher elevations later on Thursday, said the NWS.
A winter storm warning remained in effect through 5 p.m. for portions of Grand, Boulder, Gilpin, Clear Creek, Summit, and Park Counties where an additional 3 inches of snowfall was possible.
The NWS said widespread blowing snow could be an issue in the mountain passes.
Snowfall totals were estimated at around 3 to 6 additional inches in Summit and Grand County higher elevations and then between 6 to 12 inches in the Park Range, said the NWS.
An avalanche warning was also in place until 5 p.m. Thursday for Park Range, Flat Top, Medicine Bow, Never Summer Mountains as well as the Front Range, Gore Range and Ten Mile Range areas.
“Heavy snow and strong winds have created very dangerous avalanche conditions. Large and dangerous avalanches will be very easy to trigger,” warned the NWS.
Check latest Colorado winter weather alerts
Mountain snow was expected to come to an end by Friday morning as Denverites should expect to wake up to another cold day.
Friday’s low temperature was expected to drop to around 3 degrees and only warming up to the low 30s.
But the weather quickly turns a corner and temperatures rebound into the lower 40s for Saturday and then the upper 40s by Sunday in Denver, finally reaching a high temperature of 50 degrees by Monday.
Tuesday and Wednesday of next also show temperatures slightly warmer with highs reaching nearly 50 degrees.
You can always watch 24/7 weather, radar and news updates on the free Denver7+ app on your TV.
Click here to watch the Denver7 live weather stream.

domain: geography


The gen 4 RTF2 is a little scratchy (no holes in me or my clothes including base layer after 4mo EDC) , the part i feel is the mag release. I think i might just file the edges a bit. Other than that i love my 19 and I would like to start some competition shooting with it, along with advance pistol classes. Since i bought it for and all around gun whereas my M&P45c gets a little expensive pouring 1000 rounds through it!
Dont forget the gen 4 has adjustable backstraps and you can switch the mag release if your lefty.


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PARAMETERS OF AUGMENTED REALITY AND ITS USE IN EDUCATION
Keywords:Augmented reality, enhanced reality, mixed reality, augmented virtuality, education
This article examines the issue of augmented reality and possibilities of its application in education. It briefly reports on selected results of a broader survey focused on technological, psychological, physiological and didactical aspects of the issue. It presumes that augmented reality has its unique place in technical teaching tools since it is a technological-perception concept, which in certain didactical situations creates more suitable perceptual environment than real environment itself on one hand, or virtual environment on the other. It focuses on identification of the technological-functional properties and specifics of augmented reality systems and on verification of model examples of augmented reality applications in school practice. It characterizes the course and results of empirical research project based on a descriptive case study exploring the cases of implementing selected application solutions of augmented reality into learning experience in accordance with the model of pro-active action research.
How to Cite
Authors declare with this manuscript intended for publication to ERIES Journal that:
- all co-authors agree with the publication of the manuscript even after amendments arising from peer review;
- all co-authors agree with the posting of the full text of this work on the web page of ERIES Journal and to the inclusion of references in databases accessible on the internet;
- no results of other researchers were used in the submitted manuscript without their consent, proper citation, or acknowledgement of their cooperation or material provided;
- the results (or any part of them) used in the manuscript have not been sent for publication to any other journal nor have they already been published (or if so, that the relevant works are cited in this manuscript);
- submission of the manuscript for publication was completed in accordance with the publishing regulations pertaining to place of work;
- experiments performed comply with current laws and written consent of the Scientific Ethics Committee / National Animal Care Authority (as is mentioned in the manuscript submitted);
- grant holders confirm that they have been informed of the submitted manuscript and they agree to its publication.
Authors retain copyright and grant ERIES Journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the published work with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in ERIES Journal. Moreover, authors are able to post the published work in an institutional repository with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in ERIES Journal. In addition, authors are permitted and encouraged to post the published work online (e.g. institutional repositories or on their website) as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.

domain: library


text:
"Hoards, Small Change, and the Origin of Coinage Journal of the Hellenistic Studies 84 (1964. Later, the military power of Alyattes and Croesus expanded Lydia, which, with its capital at SardisRead more
Tout de suite, profils recherchés : Vous avez aussi besoin d'un expert? Permettant de vous proposer des contenus et des services adaptés à vos centres d'intérts. Développeurs iOS, si vousRead more
in making Forex transactions by customers. However, with the appearance of the internet, after on it was able to be opened up to the retail accessible as they were accustomed to barter in abate sizes that would be achievable for the average Joe to be able to handle. Saturday May 18, 2013 13:4:11, read more, how to trade forex in Nigeria. If you were trading a pair like the eurusd, you. What Happens Behind the Scene? You will acquisition that there will be abounding factors that annual these barter ante to go up and down. The Best Time to Trade On Forex. The next step is for these dealers to take large quantities of Foreign currencies which are based on the exchange rate. Also, it gives the opportunity to discover untapped resources and it is used to demand for services as well as make it available. However, if its 3 belletrist or less, again its traded on an barter such as the nyse.
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Des nouvelles de forex arabe
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Where ARE these currencies traded IN THE forex market? This means that the Nigerian Perfume importer would have to exchange the amount of Naira that would be needed to get the perfume to Euro before the exchange can take place. What do you do? This trade, when done would, would be considered as an import. I decided to fund. The First step is such that the bank who are referred to as the invisible entity would go to a lesser financial firm. They are traded in pairs. This bazaar has been about aback the 1970s aback currencies started to alter aback President Nixon took the.S. From different successful view, the best time to trade is when the market is the most active. All of these names are aloof several agency of anecdotic the absolute aforementioned market. Bill was backed by gold and now its aloof backed by the faith in the governments adeptness to annual and aback the currency. Therefore, this ends up alive in the absolute traders favor.
Zone commerciale forex, Finanzas forex 2017, Analyse technique forex andlil, Basic novice forex,

domain: finance


text:
Get Canada ETA with Canada’s Visa Waiver Program – Aptech Visaby aman sharma Canada Immigration,Canada PR Visa
In 2015, Canada launched the Visa Waiver Program, which allows applicants
to apply for a Canada eTA/Canada Visa Online.
From August 2015 forward, Canada and the United States signed a
cooperation agreement to protect the border and began a Visa Waiver program.
Through the Visa Waiver Program, Canada created an electronic travel
authorization (eTA) document. Citizens of visa-exempt nations can utilize it to
The Canada eTA, commonly known as the Canada Visa Online, is a Canada tourist visa
that allows foreign residents to visit Canada. It can be gotten by following a
few simple steps on the internet. The Canada eTA is valid for five years from
the date of issue and can only be used for business, tourism, or transit. The
best way to obtain a Canada eTA is to apply for it online, as the entire
process takes approximately 5 minutes or less. Because there is no need to
travel to the Canadian Embassy, an individual can save time by applying for a Canada
visa online from the comfort of their own home. Only Visa Exempt countries can
apply for a Canada Visa online; persons from other countries must apply for a
visa at a Canadian embassy.
An individual can stay in Canada
for six months on a Canada tourist visa. It permits a person to spend their
vacation in any Canadian city, sightsee, visit family or friends, and take a
short course. The applicant's stay in Canada must be decided by an immigration
officer at a Canadian port of entry. The passport will contain information
about the number of days to be spent in the country.
For more info, please call:
+91-7503832132, +91-9131059075, +91 8447281370, Write to us at: email@example.com and Fill out the Free Canada
Immigration Assessment Form
Created on Jun 27th 2022 01:18. Viewed 245 times.


text:
March 10, 2024
A common question among gamblers is: Can sports betting be profitable?
The short answer is yes; it is possible to be a profitable sports bettor. But it’s not easy.
Several myths exist in the sports betting world, making it seem like almost anyone can win big. The truth is, to be successful long-term, you need to approach it like a business by finding an edge, managing your money properly, and avoiding the traps that most casual bettors fall into, as we’ll see in this guide.
Table of Contents
The Allure of Sports Betting: Why So Many Are Drawn In
Managing Expectations: What “Profitable” Really Means
8 Key Strategies to Increase Profitability in Sports Betting
The Reality of Risk: Understanding Variance and Bankroll Management
3 Mistakes to Avoid in Sports Betting
Can You Really Profit From Sports Betting?
Developing Your Own Successful Betting System
The allure of sports betting is real!
The idea of turning your favorite hobby into a money-making opportunity is enticing. Many are drawn in by the fantasy of becoming a professional sports bettor, traveling to major sporting events, and earning a lavish income from their prediction skills. Still, it’s important to draw the line between myth and reality.
While it’s possible to generate profits from sports betting, turning it into a full-time job is challenging and often unrealistic. The truth is the vast majority of bettors end up losing money in the long run — the odds always favor the house. However, that doesn’t mean you can’t find success with the right approach.
Before committing to sports betting, learn everything you can about the sports and teams you want to bet on. Analyze stats, matchups, coaching strategies, and player histories to make informed picks. Look for value bets where the odds don’t accurately reflect the likely outcome.
Also, consider a tipping service. Following expert sports betting analysts and cappers can help give you an edge. Look for those with a proven track record of success and transparent reporting of wins and losses. Some services even offer free trials and refunds if you don’t turn a profit. For example, while we don’t promise 100% win at Elite Pickz, our track record speaks for us as a reliable tipping platform, and if you do not make a profit within your first month of joining, we’ll give you the second month for a “zero” fee.
While becoming a pro sports bettor is difficult, generating extra income on the side is absolutely within the realm of possibility if you go in with realistic expectations, do your homework, bet responsibly, and consider guidance from experts. With the right mindset and approach, you can turn sports betting into a profitable endeavor.
P.S. Get our free PDF on how to actually profit betting here!
So, can sports betting be profitable? The short answer is yes, but it depends on your definition of “profitable.”
“Profitable” in sports betting can be a term that’s as variable as the bets themselves. What one person may see as a worthwhile return, another might view as spare change. Therefore, it’s important to understand that profitability in this context isn’t akin to hitting the jackpot or living a luxurious lifestyle. It’s less about flashy cars and exotic vacations and more about strategy, patience, and discipline.
When we talk about being profitable in sports betting, we’re talking about the consistent ability to generate surplus income over your initial investment. It’s about knowing the game, understanding the odds, and making calculated decisions. It’s not about making one big bet and hoping for a windfall but rather about making a series of smart, informed bets that, over time, generate a profit.
Profitability in sports betting can also be about turning a hobby into a viable income stream. For some, it might mean going from casual betting on weekends to turning it into a full-time job. This doesn’t happen overnight and requires a deep understanding of sports betting systems and the ability to make informed decisions under pressure.
In essence, winning in sports betting isn’t as glamorous as it might seem; it’s a game of patience, knowledge, and strategic betting. It’s about having the discipline to stick to your plan even when things aren’t going your way and the perseverance to keep learning and improving. Winning in sports betting is about playing the long game, not seeking instant gratification. It’s a journey, not a destination, and those who understand this are the ones who have the best chance of being profitable in the long run.
To be profitable in sports betting over the long run requires a lot of work. Don’t be fooled into thinking it’s easy money or a get-rich-quick scheme. Success comes from diligent research, in-depth analysis, strict discipline, and patience.
To increase your profits and understand how profitable sport betting is, focus on these 8 crucial strategies:
If you do the necessary work, analyze the games closely, bet with discipline, and have patience, sports betting can be profitable. Still, it’ll never be easy money — that’s a myth that only leads to losing. While becoming a full-time bettor is often unrealistic, with dedication, you can turn sports betting into a side income. Success comes one smart bet at a time!
Sport betting is profitable, but it carries a lot of risk. Unlike some gambling games where the house edge is fixed, sports betting variance can swing wildly in either direction. One week, you may win 80% of your bets and triple your bankroll. The next week, you may lose 70% of your bets and cut your bankroll in half. This unpredictability is known as variance.
To deal with variance and risk, you need to implement solid bankroll management. This means only betting a small percentage of your bankroll on any single game. As a general rule of thumb, you should never bet more than 5% of your bankroll on any one game. If you have a $1,000 bankroll, the maximum bet size would be $50.
Consider these 5 additional bankroll management tips:
If you practice sound bankroll management, you’re more likely to survive the inevitable losing streaks and take advantage when the winning streaks come. And yes, sports betting can be profitable for those who go in with realistic expectations about the risks and are prepared to weather the variance. On the contrary, if you’re looking to get rich quickly, then sports betting isn’t for you — profitable sports betting takes discipline, patience, and a long-term mindset.
To experience how profitable sport betting is, it’s crucial to steer clear of common sports betting mistakes.
Three major pitfalls that can hinder your success in sports betting are:
It’s easy to let the excitement of supporting your favorite team or player influence your betting decisions. However, making decisions based on emotions rather than facts and statistics can have detrimental effects in the long term. To avoid this, it’s important to conduct objective research and analysis, focusing on the value of a bet regardless of personal feelings.
After experiencing a loss, the temptation to immediately recoup your money by placing larger bets than usual can be strong. However, this approach of “chasing losses” rarely leads to positive outcomes. Accepting that losses are a part of sports betting and sticking to your normal bet sizing is key.
If you find yourself on tilt after a loss, it’s advisable to take a break from betting until you regain a clear head. Remember, one loss, regardless of its size, won’t make or break you as a bettor. Stay disciplined in your strategy and bankroll management.
As discussed earlier, exercising discipline in various aspects of sports betting is essential for profitability.
Here are 5 key areas to focus on:
By avoiding these mistakes and practising discipline in your sports betting endeavors, it’s indeed possible to join the 3% of profitable sports bettors in the long run. However, it’s important to acknowledge that it requires genuine effort and dedication. The professional sports betting analysts at Elite Pickz understand the rule — they’re professionals and know how to make mathematically proven decisions to remain profitable. Consider joining our Discord channel today to receive profitable picks on your favorite sports.
Yes, sports betting can be profitable if you go into it with realistic expectations and the right mindset. Many people have built successful sports betting “careers” and businesses, and you can, too. However, it’s important to note that achieving profitability in sports betting requires dedication and effort.
Some well-known professional sports bettors serve as inspiring success stories. Take Billy Walters, for example, who has amassed hundreds of millions of dollars in sports betting over his lifetime. Haralabos Voulgaris gained recognition for betting millions on the NBA and now owns a Spanish soccer club. Bill Krackomberger started as a small-time bettor and now runs a thriving sports betting hedge fund. While not everyone can replicate their level of success, it’s still possible to generate solid profits.
Setting realistic goals is crucial. As a part-time bettor, aiming to make an extra $1,000 to $5,000 per month is a reasonable objective. Consistently achieving this can add up to $20,000 or more per year in tax-free income. For some, it may even replace their job income. Start by focusing on generating any amount of positive profit each month, and gradually scale up as your bankroll increases and your skills improve.
To increase your chances of success, we’ll reiterate that it’s essential to have specialized knowledge, practice strong money management, and commit to constant improvement. While it’s important to have faith in your abilities, don’t expect an overnight increase in wealth. Building your bankroll steadily over time through hard work and smart wagering is the key to sustainable success.
If you’re interested in exploring more success stories from bettors who subscribe to our picks and tips, check them out here. As professionals, we have a track record of more wins than losses, and our subscribers trust us to remain profitable. Remember, with the right mindset and dedication, you absolutely can make a profit by betting on sports. Join our Discord channel today for consistent updates on profitable sports betting picks!
To develop your own successful sports betting system/strategy, you must be ready to invest time, be dedicated, and be willing to track your results to identify what works for you. While there are pre-made betting systems available for purchase, creating a custom system that aligns with your betting style will yield the best outcomes.
Here are 6 key aspects to consider when developing your system:
With ongoing analysis and refinement, you can develop a winning sports betting system that’s tailored perfectly to your style. However, it’s important to note that even the best systems will experience losses. The most important thing is that your system demonstrates an overall profit over time, with your wins outnumbering and outpacing your losses. With proper execution, sports betting is profitable; you may also choose to follow the strategy of our professional sports betting analysts when you sign up to receive mathematically proven picks.
There’s no definitive answer on which sports are the most profitable to bet on, as it largely depends on your knowledge of the sport and your betting strategy. However, some sports that frequently pop up in betting discussions include NFL, College Football, NBA, College Basketball, and even horse racing. Interestingly, a 2023 survey showed that the majority of respondents preferred to bet on basketball, soccer, and American football.
So, while there’s no one-size-fits-all answer, your best bet (pun intended) would be to focus on a sport you’re familiar with, analyze the odds carefully, and develop a sound betting strategy. Always remember to gamble responsibly!
Matched betting can be a profitable strategy due to the use of free bets and incentives offered by bookmakers. However, it’s important to note that while some people do make a consistent income, it’s not typically seen as a long-term, sustainable source of income. This is due to promotional offers eventually running out and bookmakers potentially limiting accounts of consistent winners.
Additionally, it requires time, effort, and a deep understanding of betting markets. So, while it’s possible to make money from matched betting, it’s generally not advisable to rely on it as a primary source of income.
Live betting can be profitable, but it comes with its own set of challenges. Live betting, also known as in-play or in-running betting, is a form of wagering that allows you to place bets on sporting events as they happen in real time. The key to making money from live betting is understanding the dynamics of the sport you’re betting on, being able to analyze and interpret the events as they unfold, and making quick, informed decisions.
However, the odds can change rapidly, and emotional decision-making can lead to losses. As with all forms of gambling, it’s essential to bet responsibly and never risk more than you’re willing to lose.
In gambling, a good Return on Investment (ROI) can vary greatly depending on the type of gambling and individual betting strategies. However, as a general guideline, a positive ROI is always a good sign as it indicates profitability.
In sports betting specifically, a professional bettor might aim for an ROI between 5% and 10%, while a casual bettor would likely be happy with anything above 0%. Achieving a consistently high ROI demands a deep understanding of the games you’re betting on, careful management of your bankroll, and a well-reasoned betting strategy.
Remember, while aiming for a good ROI, it’s crucial to gamble responsibly.
Absolutely! There have been instances where individuals turned into millionaires through betting. A well-known example is Billy Walters, a professional gambler who has made millions from sports betting. Another example is a gentleman from Yorkshire, UK, Fred Craggs, who made £1 million from a 50p horse racing bet back in 2008.
However, remember that these are extraordinary cases. Most gamblers don’t make vast profits, and it’s rare to become a millionaire through betting. Gambling should be considered a form of entertainment, not a reliable way to build sustainable wealth. Always bet responsibly and never risk more than you can comfortably lose.
Yes, it’s possible to make $1,000 or more per month with matched betting, especially when you’re starting out and taking advantage of the numerous welcome bonuses offered by bookmakers. However, this level of earning may not be sustainable in the long term. Once you’ve used up the initial promotions, your earnings might decrease unless you have access to a steady stream of reload offers and have a deep understanding of betting markets.
It’s also important to note that matched betting requires time, patience, and a methodical approach to minimize risks and maximize profits. As always, it’s crucial to gamble responsibly.
So, can sports betting be profitable?
Yes, but like any endeavor, it takes hard work, skill, and a bit of luck. However, if you do your research, find your niche, manage your money wisely, and stay disciplined, sports betting is definitely profitable. Who knows, you may even be one of the few who’d beat the sportsbooks at their own game, turning sports betting into a lucrative full-time job. Consider joining our Discord channel for profitable sports betting picks to get started.


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Only the strong survive
Bloomberg News reports that Mark Rubin of Barclays won the RBC Decathlon for the second straight year and said defending his title as Wall Street’s best athlete was more challenging than his breakthrough victory.
Evelyn Konrad of Standard & Poor's will get to experience that next year after winning the inaugural women’s title.
Rubin, a former Pennsylvania State University safety who spent time with several National Football League teams, finished atop a field of 170 financial industry workers in yesterday’s 10-event competition that raised more than $1.4m for Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York.
'What makes the event so fun is the level of competition,' said the 27-year-old Rubin, who’s in his third year selling fixed-income futures at Barclays. 'You really can’t have an off event or an off race. You just have to try to be consistent and attack every event. Last year was hard and this year was even harder.'
Rubin finished with 7,630 points, almost 300 more than runner-up Jay Li of Trafelet & Co.
Top 10 Fundraisers
1. RBC Capital Markets - $472,701.64
2. RBC Decathlon - $100,600.00
3. Goldman Sachs - $64,462.09
4. Bloomberg - $47,757.67
5. RBS - $43,821.60
6. Barclays - $33,443.83
7. Lord Abbett - $31,204.57
8. SAC Capital - $29,551.46
9. ING - $23,030.79
10. UBS - $18,009.00
Men results here
Women's results here
Hit the link below to access the complete Bloomberg article:
image: © tableatny

domain: sports


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The former Aldi supermarket in Waterloo Road is to be replaced, with value store Farmfoods taking over the empty building.
At the time, Victoria ward councillor Fred Jackson was concerned about the loss of an important amenity to the area relied upon by the many residents who did not have cars.
He said: “I know many local residents walked to that store. I remember it opening and the hope that it would be a catalyst for greater footfall in the area and that happened for a time but it has been sad to see it
quieter in recent times.”
But Farmfoods, which has more than 300 stores and four distribution centres nationwide, said it was delighted to take over and has been advertising part-time retail assistants jobs there locally.
A spokesman for the Scottish company said: “I can confirm our new shop in Blackpool, the former Aldi premises on Waterloo Road, will open on Saturday, May 14, at 8am.
“The shop will be our second in the town in addition to our existing site on Devonshire Road. We are looking to recruit part time retail assistants for our new shop opening on Waterloo Road, Blackpool. We can offer a range of part time contracts with a variety of different shift patterns available.
“We pride ourselves on offering our customers great value, quality products from clean and tidy shops with the friendliest team in retail. Our Retail Assistants are very important. They each serve hundreds of customers each week and have the reputation of Farmfoods in their hands. To our customers, they are Farmfoods.
“We look forward to welcoming new and existing Farmfoods customers alike once open next month.”
The company said the jobs include weekend shifts with rotas done three weeks in advance. It said extra work may be available and opportunities for promotion to shop manager could occur.

domain: news


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Sweet birds kiss beneath the mistletoe! This adorable Christmas ornament has handpainted birds on the front and the words Merry Christmas Darling on the back. We can personalize with names and a date around the birds.
Fill in only the Personalizaton you would like and leave the rest blank.
Thread colors are only available for items that get monogrammed.
No designs available for this product.

domain: design


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Trailer Loader Gantry
This project exemplifies a successful collaboration between Crea-Tech and The Plant Company. The Crea-Tech trailer loader, designed for 12, 17, and 21 cm pots, is a cutting-edge solution specifically tailoured for pot plants. The primary objective of this project was to seamlessly transfer potted plants from the supply belt to the trailers while optimising efficiency and flexibility in the pot plant production process.
- Versatile Pot Sizes: The Trailer Loader is engineered to handle a variety of pot sizes, including 12, 17, and 21 cm pots, making it adaptable to different plant varieties.
- High Production Speed: This innovative automation system can achieve an impressive production speed of up to 5000 pot plants per hour, significantly enhancing output.
- Silent Operation: The Trailer Loader is designed for quiet operation, minimizing disruptions in the production environment.
- Low Failure Rate: With a focus on reliability, the system boasts a low failure rate, ensuring uninterrupted plant handling.
- Customization: The project involved a tailor-made approach to accommodate the specific requirements of The Plant Company, resulting in a solution perfectly suited to their pot plant production needs.
- Designed for Pot Plants: The system is purpose-built for pot plant handling, ensuring optimal care and handling of these delicate plants.
- Scalability: It's not only effective for the present needs but is also adaptable for future updates and expansion, providing a long-term solution.

domain: agronomy


Best Answer Why Does My Ps4 Remote Keep Disconnecting All you need is a USB cable to fix this quickly and easily. You can re-sync your controller with the system by plugging it into the PlayStation with the USB cable and then pressing and holding the PS button. If this works, you’re good to go!
Why Does My Ps4 Remote Keep Disconnecting?
The only thing you’ll need to do this quick and simple repair is a USB cord. It is possible to resynchronize your controller with the PlayStation system by first connecting it to the console via the USB cord and then pushing and holding the PS button until the controller responds. If you are successful with this, then everything is in order.
PS4 controller keeps disconnecting PC
You should connect your controller as you normally would, but this time you shouldn’t touch it; instead, simply set it down on your desk and wait. In the event that it does not detach, the problem may be caused by a defective cable, a loose USB port, or the port on the controller itself.
If the problem persists, try connecting the controller to a different USB port, switching cables, or testing it with a different controller. If you are utilizing the passthrough connections that are located on the monitor and the keyboard, you should attempt to connect the controller to a USB port located on the computer itself.
PS4 controller keeps disconnecting from Android
Even while it could be more entertaining to believe that gremlins are to blame for the problem with your PS4 controller, the disconnect might be the result of a number of other issues.
Why does my PS4 controller keep blinking
There are two primary explanations for why the white light could be blinking on your DualShock controller: either the controller’s battery is running low or it was unable to establish a connection with your PlayStation system.
Why does my PS4 controller keep moving by itself
What factors contribute to controller drift on the PS4? … The accumulation of dust, grit, and grime in your controller is the factor that is most likely to cause the analog stick to wander.
Why does my controller keep disconnecting Xbox
The issue of an Xbox One controller being disconnected may sometimes be traced to incorrect or out-of-date firmware inside the device. You need to check that the firmware on your controller is up to date, and if it isn’t, you need to upgrade it. In the event that your controller is completely useless, you will need the use of a different controller in order to run the update.
Why does my PS4 controller keep vibrating
If the vibrations on your PlayStation 4 controller won’t stop, try the standard troubleshooting steps, such as turning the controller’s power on and off and, if you’re using a wireless controller, unpairing and repairing it. If nothing of those solutions works, you may try turning off the vibration settings or resetting the whole controller using objects found about the home.
PS4 controller randomly stops working
First things first, check to see that the controller’s battery is fully charged. Even though it seems obvious, if the battery in your controller is virtually out of juice, it is possible that it may disconnect. Holding down the PS Button will bring up the Quick Menu on the left side of the screen, where you may check the remaining battery life of your controller.
Hi Everyone Stabery is a Technology & News Portal Website. I and My 3 Team Mates Work on This News Portal Website. We Upload Daily News About Technology, Health, Sports, Trending News From Around The World with Correct Information. For More Information Visit our Social Profiles.


A survey based on 18 basic World Development Indicators has ranked Osun State top among the 36 states of Nigeria and the Federal Capital Territory.
The result of the survey is contained in a book, titled; “Development Performance Ranking of Nigerian States and Monitoring of African Countries,” launched on Tuesday in Abuja.
The book was written by the Vice-Chancellor of Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin, Mohammed Ibrahim. Until his appointment to head the private university, Mr Ibrahim was a professor of Community Medicine and Public Health at Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto.
According to the data ranking in the book, the overall best state, based on the average score of all the selected development indicators, was Osun. Anambra and Lagos tied for second position, while Ekiti came fourth. Others in the top 10 are the FCT, Abia, Imo, Kwara, Edo and Kogi states.
The author said he wrote the book to educate Nigerians and Africans on the need to demand transparency, accountability and good governance from their leaders towards achieving national development and wellbeing for the people.
Mr Ibrahim lamented that in spite of the resources available in Nigeria, data from the survey made it oblivious that corruption remains the bane of development in the country and Africa as a whole.
According to the author, the book employed descriptive, comparative, survey design based on secondary data extracted from the 2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS 2013) to assess the intra-state and inter-state development performance status of all the 36 states and FCT.
He said 18 basic development performance indicators, in line with the World Development Indicators, were used in the survey which revealed that Nigeria as a whole performed woefully.
Some of these indicators are electricity, education, sanitation, youth literacy rate, health, unemployment, improved drinking water, population of skilled health professionals, maternal and infant mortality rates, and life expectancy rates.
“There is a problem with sanitation, education health and other sectors that are meant for measurement of development parameters in the country. The high rate of unemployment, poverty and Boko Haram insurrection in the northeast is as a result of the unavailability of work for the youth. Even if they want to work, the jobs are not there for people to do and the absence of job for people is as a result of bad leadership and good governance,” he said.
“Who is supposed to be proud of Nigeria? Those looting the country? The few who are frustrated for their efforts to ensure good governance or deprived Nigerians? This was actually what inspired the book,” he said.
Speaking at the launch of the book, the Emir of Shonga in Kwara State, Haliru Yahaya, said Nigerians must demand accountability, responsible leadership, good governance and motivation from their leaders if the country wants to achieve development.
At the launch of the book, which was organised by a non-governmental organisation, Nigeria and Africa Development Indicators Monitoring (NADIM) Foundation, were traditional leaders, academics, government officials and notable Nigerians.
Mr Yahaya, who is a trained medical doctor, said frustration is growing in Africa over the stagnation of the continent and suffering of the people.
He praised NADIM Foundation for sponsorig the publication, given the enormous developmental challenges confronting Africa. “The task of getting Africa out of the muddy waters of underdevelopment is a daunting one, therefore, all hands should be on deck,” he said.
Mr Yahaya said the book will help put the searchlight on the “problems of development; encourage us as Nigerians and Africans to tackle these challenges as ordinary citizens, as public servants and as leaders in various states and countries.”
The emir said: “It is indeed timely and auspicious that a homegrown foundation would use objective and global accepted parameters for monitoring the development of Africa from the grassroots.”
The author of the book, Mr Ibrahim, said the book and the survey were not intended to point accusing fingers at any person, organisation or institution, but to educate citizens on the outcome of the efforts and work of leaders on whom they have invested their votes and trust.
Olanipekun Alausa, a former registrar of the National Postgraduate Medical College who reviewed the book, said the author could not have done better with the book.
Mr Alausa noted that Mr Ibrahim is a seasoned writer who has written important books of great relevance in his field.
“The present book is a book which will be used by many governments and research organisations as a yardstick for government performance in development. The summary was clear that government is expected to do for Nigerian and Africa at large.
“Though the government is right with its investment in infrastructural development, it cannot be done alone without looking at the welfare of the people.
“Infrastructure is also electricity to make Nigerians gainfully employed. All Nigerians are been affected because they do not have what to work with. The farmers cannot also get their farm produce to the market due to bad road network.”
He said the development of the rail system would go a long way to assist a lot and also reduce the number of trailers on the road.
“The initiative is right but the government should also provide all other basic amenities to improve the lives of its citizens,” he said.
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The whole point of love is that it is unconditional. If there are terms and conditions to love then it is a legal contract.
Receiving unconditional love is awesome. Giving it... not so much.
Institutions function better with terms and conditions. Those in authority know this.
So churches always have a choice to make: Will we risk everything to love unconditionally? Or will we take the more secure route of relating to others via terms and conditions?
*** I'm getting and giving unconditional love over at The Lasting Supper. I welcome you to join us!


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In case you missed it, Scott Wallace is out with a new ad, and he’s already being forced to play DEFENSE for his anti-Israel stance.
You may recall, The Forward reported Scott Wallace gave $300,000 to pro-BDS groups. This shocking report then led to the Democratic Jewish Outreach Pennsylvania (DJOP) not endorsing Wallace – the first time ever a Democratic candidate has not been endorsed by DJOP.
Nice try to distance yourself from the truth, Scott…
“After losing the endorsements of multiple Democratic groups, it’s no wonder that Scott Wallace is panicking as Pennsylvania voters learn the truth about his far-left, anti-Israel beliefs.” – Michael Byerly, CLF spokesman.


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PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF QUERCETIN ON BISPHENOL A – INDUCED ENZYMATIC CHANGES IN TESTIS OF MICEHTML Full Text
PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF QUERCETIN ON BISPHENOL A - INDUCED ENZYMATIC CHANGES IN TESTIS OF MICE
Sanman Samova*, Hetal Doctor and Ramtej Verma
Department of Zoology, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad - 380009, Gujarat, India.
ABSTRACT: Bisphenol A is well known endocrine disturbing chemical. Evidence has demonstrated that exposure to certain levels can cause toxic effect in humans and laboratory animal models. Quercetin is consistently the most active of the flavonoids in experimental studies. The present investigation was an attempt to evaluate the effect of Bisphenol A on testis and its amelioration by quercetin. Inbred Swiss strain male albino mice were orally administered with BPA (80, 120 and 240 mg/kg body weight/day) for 45 Days. On the completion of treatment, animals were sacrificed, testis was isolated and used for evaluation of energy metabolism (SDH and ATPase activity) and phosphatases activity (ACP, ALP). The results revealed that oral administration of BPA for 45 days caused significant dose-dependent reduction in activities of ATPase and SDH. However, ACP and ALP activities were significantly dose-dependent increased in BPA treated mice. Oral administration of Quercetin (30, 60 and 90 mg/kg body weight/day) along with high dose of BPA (240 mg/kg body weight/day) for 45 days caused significant amelioration in all biochemical parameters as compared to high dose of BPA treated group. Present study concludes that BPA causes reduction in energy metabolism and induces the activity of phosphatases. The effect was significant and dose-dependent. This amelioration in toxic effect of BPA might be due to antioxidant properties of quercetin.
Bisphenol A, Enzymatic changes, Quercetin, Amelioration
INTRODUCTION: Interest in dietary phenolics has increased recently, due to their antioxidant properties (free radical scavenging and metal chelating) and their possible beneficial implications in human health. Quercetin (3, 3’, 4’, 5, 7-pentahydroxyflavone) is a natural polyphenolic flavonoid widely found in edible plants such as fruits, vegetables, herbs, grains and beverages (i.e. tea, red wine) 1.
It is a versatile molecule, owing to its specific chemical structure, counteracts oxidative stress generated as a result of reactive oxygen species (ROS), have many pharmacological properties including antioxidant 2 - 4, neurological, antiviral 5, 6, anticancer 7, 8, cardiovascular 9, 10, antimicrobial 11, anti-inflammatory agent 12, Hepatoprotective 13, 14 and fertility 15, 16. Bisphenol - A [2, 2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane] (BPA) is an important environmental contaminant 17.
Exposure to BPA is widespread and associated with a wide range of health outcomes in animal and human studies 18, 19. BPA is an important component of polycarbonate and epoxy resins. It is mainly found in the composition of a wide variety of polycarbonate plastic, flame retardants, dental sealant resins, and liners for food packaging 20, 21. It is a known endocrine disruptor is a monomer of polycarbonate plastic and a constituent of epoxy and polystyrene resins 18, 22. Food is considered as the main source of exposure to BPA as it leaches out from coatings 16, 23.
Various studies suggested that trace amounts of BPA also show estrogenic activity even at concentrations as low as 1 ng/l level 24 - 26. Since a weak estrogen-like activity of BPA was reported by researchers, its effects on human health have become of emergent concern. BPA orally administered could easily cross the placental barrier and enter the fetus in animal experiment 27, 28.
Bisphenol A shows potential acute, short-term and sub-chronic toxicity 29 - 31. Studies have shown that BPA can cause injury in the liver, kidney, brain and other organs in rodents 32 - 34. Moreover, BPA easily crosses the blood-brain and placental barriers; it can affect the developing nervous system in fetuses, infants and young children 35. Oral exposure to BPA has been reported to interfere with proliferation of the cell cycle in intermediate (neural) progenitor cells (IPCs) and neurogenesis in developing neocortex 36. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the possible sub chronic toxic effect of BPA on testis of mice and mitigation of its toxicity by quercetin in testis of mice.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Chemicals: Quercetin and bisphenol A were acquired from Hi Media Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India. Olive oil was obtained from Figaro, Madrid, Spain. All the other chemicals used in the study were of AR grade.
Experimental Animals: In this study, inbred healthy adult Swiss strain male albino mice weighing 35 - 40 gm were obtained from Cadila pharmaceutical Research Center, Ahmedabad, India. Animals were kept in the Animal House of Zoology Department of Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India. They were housed in an air - conditioned room at a temperature of 25 ± 2 ºC and 50 - 55% relative humidity with a 12 h light / dark cycle throughout the experiment. Animals were fed with certified pelleted rodent feed supplied by Amrut Feeds, Pranav Agro Industries Ltd., Pune, India and potable water ad libitum. All the experimental protocols were approved by the Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiment on Animals (Reg. – 167/1999/CPCSEA), New Delhi, India. Animals were handled according to the guidelines published by Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi, India (1991).
Dose Selection: Different doses of BPA used for treatment were bases on its LD50 value 37 (240, 120 and 80 mg/kg bw/day respectively). Animals were treated orally for 45 days. For the amelioration of BPA induced toxicity, different doses of quercetin (30, 60 and 90 mg/kg bw/day) were selected based on the study of Sangai and Verma (2014) 38.
Experimental Design: Experimental Protocol is shown in Table 1. Mice were randomly divided into nine groups, each containing 10 animals. Treatment schedule of the animals was as follows. Animals from group I (untreated control) were kept untreated and given free access to feed and water. Group II (vehicle control) animals were administered with olive oil (0.2 ml/animal/day), which has been used as vehicle to dissolve bisphenol A. Group III (antidote control) animals were treated with quercetin (90 mg/kg bodyweight/day), which has been used for amelioration of BPA - induced toxicity.
Animals of group IV, V and VI received three different doses of bisphenol A (80, 120 and 240 mg/kg bw/day) for 45 days. Animals of group VII, VIII and IX received three different doses of quercetin (30, 60 and 90 mg/kg bw/day) along with high dose of BPA (240 mg/kg bw/day). All treatments were given orally using a feeding tube attached to hypodermic syringe for 45 days. Animals were sacrificed on 46th day by using mild anaesthesia and the testis was dissected out, blotted free from blood and used for biochemical analysis.
Analysis of Energy Metabolism: The ATPase (E.C.18.104.22.168) activity in testis of control and all treated groups of animals were assayed by the method of Quinn and White (1968) 39; while inorganic phosphate liberated was estimated using the method of Fiske and Subbarow (1925) 40. The enzyme activity was expressed as μ moles inorganic phosphate released/mg protein/30 min. The activity of SDH (E.C.22.214.171.124) was estimated in the testis of control and all treated groups of animals according to the method of Beatty et al., (1966) 41. The enzyme activity was expressed as μg formazon formed/mg protein/15 min.
TABLE 1: EXPERIMENTAL PROTOCOL
|Numbers of animal||Duration (days)||Necropsy|
(0.2 ml olive oil/animal/day)
(90 mg quercetin/kg body weight/day)
|BPA- treated groups|
(80 mg/kg body weight/day)
(120mg /kg body weight/day)
(240 mg/kg body weight/day)
|BPA-HD + quercetin- treated groups|
|7||BPA HD + quercetin
(30 mg/kg body weight/day)
|8||BPA HD + quercetin
(60 mg/kg body weight/day)
|9||BPA HD + quercetin
(90 mg/kg body weight/day)
Phosphatases Activity: Acid phosphatise (E.C.3.1. 3.2) and alkaline phosphatise (E.C. 126.96.36.199) activity was estimated in testis by the method of Bessey et al., (1946) 42. The phosphatases activity in testis was expressed as μmoles p-nitrophenol released/mg protein / 30 min.
Statistical Analysis: The results were expressed as the mean ± SEM. The data were statistically analyzed using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s post hoc test in Graph pad prism 6 (graph pad, software, USA). Statistically significance was accepted with p < 0.05. Correlation Coefficient was measured to estimate the strength of linear association between two Variables.
RESULTS: The effect of BPA on activities of enzymes in testis and its possible amelioration by pre-treatment with quercetin is shown in Table 2. No significant difference was observed in activities of enzymes in testis of different control groups of animals (Groups I - III). BPA treatment caused significant (p < 0.05) dose-dependent decrease in ATPase (r = 0.926) and SDH (r = 0.962) activities as compared to untreated control. Maximum alteration observed was up to 48.70% and 55.44% for ATPase and SDH respectively in high dose BPA-treated animals (Group VI) compared to vehicle control (Graph 1). On the other hand, BPA treatment (Group IV - VI) caused significant (p < 0.05) increase in ACP (BPA-LD: 40.68%, BPA-MD: 102.98%, BPA-HD: 179.77%) and ALP (BPA-LD: 72.54%, BPA-MD: 173.87%, BPA -HD: 327.83%) activities in testis of BPA - treated mice which was dose-dependent (r = 0.899, 0.938 respectively) (Graph 2). Oral administration of quercetin treatment along with BPA-HD caused significant (p < 0.05), dose-dependent increase in ATPase (r = 0.972) and SDH (r = 0.926) activities. In all these enzyme activities, maximum amelioration was observed in 90 mg/kg bw/day dose of quercetin along with BPA - HD as per calculated by organoprotective index (Table 2). Similarly, Oral administration of quercetin along with BPA-HD (Group VII - IX) caused significant (p < 0.05) decrease in ACP and ALP activities as compared to BPA - HD (Group VI) which was dose-dependent (r = 0.886, 0.885 respectively).
TABLE 2: AMELIORATIVE EFFECT OF BPA-INDUCED CHANGES ON LIPID PEROXIDATION AND ENZYMATIC ANTIOXIDANTS IN TESTIS OF MICE
|S. no.||Experimental group||Energy metabolism||Phosphatase|
(0.2 ml olive oil / animal / day)
(90 mg quercetin / animal / day)
(120 mg/kg bodyweight/day)
(240 mg/kg bodyweight/day)
|HD BPA (240 mg/kg body weight) + quercetin treated groups|
|7||BPA-HD + quercetin
(30 mg/kg body weight/day)
|8||BPA-HD + quercetin
(60 mg/kg body weight/day)
|9||BPA-HD + quercetin
(90 mg/kg body weight/day)
Values are mean ± SEM; n = 10.
Level of significance: ap < 0.05, as compared to vehicle control; bp < 0.05, as compared to BPA-HD-treated.
No significant difference was noted between different control groups (Groups I - III).
Units: ACP- μ moles p-nitrophenol released/mg protein / 30 min; ALP- μ moles p-nitrophenol released / mg protein / 30 min; ATPase - μ moles inorganic phosphate released/mg protein / 30 min; SDH- μg formazon formed/mg protein / 15 min.
DISCUSSION: Bisphenol A is well-known xenoestrogenic chemical released in environment. Earlier studies have revealed that BPA treatment caused significant decrease bodyweights as well as testis weight 43. Histopathological alteration was found in testis of BPA treated mice testis 44. The reproductive toxicity of BPA is caused by interaction with androgen and estrogen receptors 45, 46. Testicular toxicity of BPA has been reported by Takahashi and Oishi (2003) 47.
In present study we have administered Bisphenol A for 45 days to study sub-chronic exposure. We studied that Bisphenol A reduces the energy metabolism by reducing the activities of enzymes involved in energy metabolism. In present study we studied that BPA treatment for 45 days caused significant, dose-dependent decrease in ATPase and SDH activities in testis of mice. Mitochondria are the targets of several environmental toxicants including environmental estrogens 48. SDH is a key enzyme of mitochondrial Krebs cycle and it is mainly concerned with aerobic oxidation of acetyl coA and generation of ATP. Among Krebs cycle dehydrogenases, SDH is very active than any other enzyme 49. ATPase is required for enzymatic hydrolysis of ATP which is important for intracellular transfer of energy. Reduction in ATPase and SDH activity could be due to alteration in mitochondria. A study by Nakagawa and Tayama 50, revealed that the incubation of hepatocytes with BPA elicited a concentration and time-dependent cell death, accompanied by loss of intracellular ATP and total adenine nucleotide pools. Co-administration of quercetin along with BPA significantly increased ATPase and SDH activities in tissues might be preventing mitochondrial dysfunction from ROS due to its antioxidative property. It has been previously reported that quercetin potentially reduce BPA-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in mice 51, 52.
Acid phosphatase is a marker enzyme for the lysosomal integrity and important for the tissue reorganization and tissue repair 53. Oral administration of BPA for 45 days caused significant dose - dependent increase in ACP activity in testis of mice. This might be due to increased release of lysosomal enzyme by damaging lysosomal integrity causing lysis of cell. Activity of ALP was also significantly increased by BPA treatment in testis of mice. Alkaline phosphatase is a marker enzyme for plasma and endoplasmic reticulum. Bisphenol A treatment causes alteration in endoplasmic reticulum 45 - 56. This could be the reason for increasing ALP activity. However, quercetin treatment significantly decreased ACP and ALP activities by preventing damage to the tissue 57.
Different concentrations of quercetin caused significant reduction in ACP and ALP activities as well as increase the activities of ATPase and SOD and restored these levels close to corresponding control values. Quercetin increases the body’s endogenous antioxidants to reduce oxidative damage. The anti-oxidant properties are largely a function of the chemical structure of quercetin, particularly the presence and location of the hydroxyl (-OH) substitutions and the catechol-type B-ring 58 - 62. Similar investigations have also been reported antioxidant properties of quercetin 63 - 65.
GRAPH 1: SHOWING THE PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY (%) ATPase - Adenosine triphosphatase; SDH - Succinate dehydrogenase
GRAPH 2: SHOWING THE PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY (%) ACP - Acid phosphatase; ALP - Alkaline phosphatase
CONCLUSION: Present study revealed that treatment of BPA for 45 days causes lysosomal and mitochondrial enzymatic changes in experimental animals by disturbing the balance between ROS and antioxidant defenses system in testis. However co-administration of quercetin for 45 days caused significant amelioration in enzymatic activities. This study concludes that bisphenol A causes toxicity in testis of mice by disturbing mitochondrial and lysosomal integrity; it can be mitigated by the quercetin.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: Sanman Samova and Hetal Doctor acknowledge financial assistance from University Grants Commission (UGC), Government of India as Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship. The authors give sincere thanks to Department of Zoology, B.M.T.C and Human Genetic Gujarat University.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST: The authors do not have any conflict of interest.
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How to cite this article:
Samova S, Doctor H and Verma R: Protective effect of quercetin on Bisphenol A - induced enzymatic changes in testis of mice. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2018; 9(3): 1256-62.doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.9(3).1256-62.
All © 2013 are reserved by International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. This Journal licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.
S. Samova*, H. Doctor and R. Verma
Department of Zoology, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
16 June, 2017
10 August, 2017
17 September, 2017
01 March, 2018

domain: biology