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Medical Definitions: Pregnancy and Pregnancy Loss
Note: Different terms are "medically" applied to a baby at different points in time during pregnancy, ie, embryo, fetus. However, in recognition of the fact that all of us have lost a baby, the term "baby" is used throughout the glossary without regard to the gestational age.
Abortion: (elective, therapeutic, or voluntary) Deliberate ending of a pregnancy by medical intervention. (But medical personnel will also use this term for a miscarriage, which is involuntary, calling it a "spontaneous abortion.")
Abruptio placentae: a condition in which the placenta separates from the inner wall of the uterus before the baby is born. Normally the placenta does not begin separating from the uterus until after birth has occurred, but if this process occurs before or during labor, the baby's lifeline for oxygen and nutrients is cut off at the source (the mother's body). Women who have 1 early placental separation leading to a stillbirth have a 10% chance of experiencing a second abruption. The chances are increased to >25% for women who have abruptions in 2 pregnancies. In most cases, there is no way to predict or prevent an abruption.
Alloimmune factors: natural killer cells, leukocyte antigen cross match. Alloimmune factors can lead to pregnancy loss in two different ways. First, the body fails to recognize a pregnancy, and second, there is an abnormal immunological response to the pregnancy. A patient may be tested for leukocyte antibodies, natural killer cells, and embryo toxic factor. Possible treatments are intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) or paternal white blood cell immunization. This area of reproductive medicine is considered controversial.
Alpha fetoprotein: a protein produced by the baby that can be measured prenatally, by taking a tube of your blood, to identify possible neural tube disorders and other potential problems, such as Down's Syndrome or anencephaly. A similar test is the triple screen. These tests are not really "positive" or "negative" but rather give you a risk profile for neural tube disorders, Down's Syndrome, etc.
Amniocentesis: the removal of a sample of amniotic fluid by means of a needle inserted through the mother's abdominal wall; used for genetic and biochemical analysis of the baby.
Amniotic fluid: the liquid surrounding and protecting the baby within the amniotic sac throughout pregnancy.
Amniotic sac: the membrane within the uterus that contains the baby and the amniotic fluid.
Anencephaly: a fatal congenital condition in which most or all of the baby's brain and skull are absent. The overall risk for this is 1:1000 but rises to 1:100 for women with a prior baby who had this condition. Folic acid may prevent this condition.
Anomaly: a physical malformation or abnormality.
Antibody: a substance produced in the body that attacks bacteria and viruses.
Anticardiolipin antibody (ACA): an antibody directed against cardiolipin. These are one of the antiphospholipid group of antibodies. They are the most widely accepted and tested for immune factor. Approximately 80% of patients who have an antiphospholipid antibody problem will test positive for anticardiolipin antibodies, but the remaining 20% will test positive for one of the other six antiphospholipid antibodies. These antibodies can cause a miscarriage or stillbirth and can be tested for by a blood sample.
Antinuclear antibody (ANA): an antibody showing an affinity for cell nuclei; this antibody is found in a high proportion of people with lupus (systemic lupus erythematosus), rheumatoid arthritis, and certain collagen diseases, and in about 1% of normal individuals. If you have systemic lupus erythematosus, it can be transmitted through the placenta to the baby, resulting in heart problems.
Antiphospholipid antibody (APA): a group of antibodies that includes lupus anticoagulant and anticardiolipin antibodies. There are seven antibodies included in a test for antiphospholipid antibodies: anticardiolipin antibodies, phosphoethanolamine, phosphoinositol, phosphatidic acid, phosphoglycerol, phosphoserine, and phosphocholine. May cause a false-positive syphilis test. Can cause strokes, blood clots in the legs, and pregnancy loss.
Autoimmune disease: the process in which the body's defense system acts against its own tissues, causing damage.
Basal body temperature (BBT): your temperature when taken in the morning, upon awakening and before beginning any activity. Used to predict ovulation.
Bicornate uterus: a congenital malformation of the uterus in which it is divided internally to some degree by a septum (a membrane) and appears to have two "horns." A known and treatable cause of pregnancy loss.
Blighted ovum: An embryo that has stopped developing and is no longer viable. Pregnancy hormones are produced by the placenta and an egg is fertilized, but the sac that is supposed to contain the fertilized egg is empty, no baby has developed, and the pregnancy is miscarried.
Calcification, placental: a condition in which excessive calcium in the placenta interferes with its functions.
Cerclage: a surgical method for closing an incompetent cervix during pregnancy to prevent premature delivery.
Cervix: the neck of the uterus; Pap smears are taken from the cervix.
Cesarean section: Delivery of the baby through an incision into the skin of the abdomen, the underlying tissues, and the uterus.
Chemical pregnancy: an early loss that ends before the next period is due. There are usually no pregnancy symptoms, but a blood test can reveal small amounts of the pregnancy hormone HCG.
Chlamydia: a bacteria associated with various diseases of the eye and urogenital tract; may be transmitted by sexual contact. This is the most common infection passed from mother to baby; the baby may develop pneumonia (often a mild case) and eye infections. Although the best time to treat the mother for Chlamydia is before pregnancy, antibiotics can be administered during pregnancy to prevent infant infection. Antibiotic ointment used at birth protects the newborn from chlamydial eye infection.
Chorionic villus sampling: a prenatal test in which a soft, thin tube is inserted through the cervix, or a needle through the abdomen, to the chorionic villi, the embryonic tissue that forms the placenta, to withdraw a tissue sample for chromosomal and genetic analysis. This can be performed as early as 10-12 weeks' gestation.
Chromosome analysis: an analysis in which cells are studied to look for abnormalities. Testing a baby may show if there is a chromosomal reason for the pregnancy loss, which causes about 50% of miscarriages. Testing the parents can help determine if there is an underlying chromosomal problem that increases the chances of repeated losses, which occurs in about 3% of couples with multiple (recurrent) pregnancy loss.
Clomid: a brand name for clomiphene citrate, a synthetic hormone that stimulates the pituitary and ovulation. Another brand name is Serophene.
Clomiphene citrate: See "Clomid."
CMV: See "cytomegalovirus."
Complete miscarriage/complete abortion: an early loss in which all of the products of conception (including the baby, the sac, and the forming placenta) are expelled from the uterus.
Cone biopsy: the surgical removal of a cone-shaped wedge of tissue from the cervix for microscopic analysis, in cases of a very abnormal Pap smear.
Cord accident: Any problem with the umbilical cord that causes distress or death of the baby (the cord is wrapped tightly around the baby's neck, cord prolapse [in which part of the umbilical cord is presented before the baby at delivery, potentially causing the baby's death because the cord becomes compressed between the baby and the mother's pelvis, cutting off the baby's oxygen supply], etc.).
Cordocentesis: Transabdominal blood sampling of the fetal umbilical cord, performed under ultrasound guidance. Used to test for certain abnormalities.
Corpus luteum: the small yellowish body of cells that forms after ovulation each month and occupies the space formerly occupied by the egg. It produces progesterone and estrogen and is programmed by nature to disintegrate in about 14 days. When it does, diminishing hormone levels trigger menstruation. In pregnancy, the corpus luteum, sustained by the pregnancy hormone HCG, continues to grow and produce progesterone and estrogen to nourish the baby until the placenta takes over. In most cases, it starts to shrink about 6 or 7 weeks after the last menstrual period and ceases to function at about 10 weeks.
Cytomegalovirus (CMV): a group of viruses that cause enlargement of cells of various organs. Infection in a baby in utero can cause jaundice, high-tone deafness, eye problems, malformation, or fetal death.
D&C: dilation and curettage. A procedure in which the cervix is dilated and the endometrium (the inner wall of the uterus) is scraped to remove tissue remaining after a miscarriage, or the tissue is removed by suction. Usually performed between conception and 12 weeks of pregnancy.
D&E: dilation and evacuation. A procedure in which the cervix is dilated and the baby and placenta are removed. Usually performed between the 14th and 20th weeks of pregnancy. Induced labor can be an alternative to a D&E and will result in an intact baby who can be held, viewed, etc, as opposed to the results of a D&E.
DES: see "diethylstilbestrol."
DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation): a condition in which the blood will not clot correctly, often leading to life-threatening bleeding. Can occur in some cases of placental abruption.
Diethylstilbestrol (DES): a synthetic, nonsteroidal estrogenic compound. Currently, it is sometimes used after sex to prevent implantation of the fertilized egg. Women whose mothers took DES during pregnancy (at a time when it was wrongly thought to prevent threatened miscarriage) can pass it along to their unborn children, causing stillbirth or birth defects. This was banned by the US FDA in 1971 for use in pregnant women.
Eclampsia: the final stage of toxemia syndrome/preeclampsia/eclampsia. It is signaled by the occurrence of one or more convulsions, not attributable to other cerebral conditions such as epilepsy, in a patient with preeclampsia. These are often preceded by spiking blood pressure, seriously increased levels of protein in the urine, and exaggerated reflex reactions, as well as severe headache, nausea or vomiting, irritability, restlessness, and twitching, upper abdominal pain, visual disturbances, drowsiness, fever, or rapid heartbeat.
Ectopic pregnancy: a pregnancy occurring elsewhere than in the uterus, most often in a fallopian tube. Symptoms includes spasmodic, crampy pain with tenderness starting on one side and often spreading throughout the abdomen; pain may worsen on straining of the bowels, coughing, or moving. Often, brown vaginal spotting or light bleeding, intermittent or continuous, may precede pain by several days or weeks. Sometimes nausea and vomiting, dizziness or weakness, shoulder pain, and/or rectal pressure may be experienced. Getting to the hospital immediately is important. Unless the fallopian tube has irreparable damage, it is usually possible to save it, either by surgery or medication.
Elective abortion: the voluntary termination of a pregnancy for non-medical reasons.
Embryo: the developing baby from conception to about the end of the second month. After that point, the baby is called a fetus.
Endocrine: the system of glands that secrete hormones.
Endocrinologist: a doctor who specializes in disease of the endocrine or hormone system.
Endometrial biopsy: the removal of a small sample of uterine lining (endometrium) through the cervix, done for laboratory analysis between the 21st and 25th days of the menstrual cycle. Helps determine evidence of ovulation.
Endometriosis: a condition in which pieces of the endometrium (uterine lining) are located outside the uterus; often results in severe pain and infertility.
Fetus: The baby from the end of the eighth week until birth.
Fibroid tumors (myomas): Nonmalignant growths within the wall of the uterus that may expand during pregnancy. Most common in women over 35 years of age. Occasionally, these cause problems, increasing slightly the risk of ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage, placenta previa, abruptio placenta, premature labor, premature rupture of the membranes, stalled labor, fetal malformation, and breech and other more difficult to deliver fetal positions.
FISH test: fluorescence in situ hybridization test. A method of chromosome evaluation done with amniotic fluid. The results are usually available in about 3 days and can show evidence of disorders such as trisomy.
Follicle: (mature ovarian follicle) a small sac in the ovary in which the egg develops.
Follicular phase: the first half of the menstrual cycle, prior to ovulation. During this phase, the follicles grow and the eggs mature until ready to be released.
Genetic counseling: the advice offered by experts in genetics on the detection, consequences, and risk of recurrence of chromosomal and genetic disorders.
Gestation: the period of fetal development in the womb from implantation to birth.
Gestational diabetes: carbohydrate intolerance during pregnancy that usually resolves itself after delivery. This is the most common pregnancy complication. Can usually be controlled through diet and, if necessary, medication. About 3% of pregnancies are complicated by diabetes.
Gonadotropins: the pituitary hormones that stimulate the reproductive system (follicle-stimulating hormones).
Gonorrhea: a contagious inflammation of the genitals. Can cause conjunctivitis, blindness, and serious generalized infection in the baby delivered through an infected birth canal. Drops of silver nitrate or an antibiotic ointment can be squeezed into the eyes of the newborn at birth as an extra precaution if the mother has had gonorrhea.
Gynecologist: a doctor who specializes in the diseases and the routine physical care of the reproductive system of women.
Habitual aborter: a rather insensitive term for a woman who has repeated miscarriages. See "habitual miscarriage."
Habitual miscarriage: the recurrent spontaneous loss of a baby.
HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin): A hormone produced by the placenta throughout pregnancy and necessary for maintenance of normal gestation. The blood test called beta subunit of HCG is used to diagnose pregnancy. HCG is also given to infertility patients to help burst follicles and to sustain the corpus luteum. In some cases, following levels of beta-HCG helps to determine if the pregnancy is viable. It should increase about 66% every 48 hours in the first few months of pregnancy.
HELLP Syndrome: a type of severe preeclampsia involving Hemolysis (alteration, dissolution, or destruction of red blood cells in such a manner that hemoglobin, the red protein of blood, gets into the medium in which the cells are suspended), Elevated Liver function, and Low Platelets. Immediate delivery of the baby may be required to preserve the life of the mother.
Hemorrhage: profuse, life-threatening bleeding.
Hepatitis B & C: Hepatitis B is a virus disease with a long incubation period (usually 50 to 160 days), usually transmitted by injection of infected blood or blood derivatives or by use of contaminated needles, etc. Hepatitis C is one of the principal types of hepatitis contracted after a blood transfusion. Both types may be transmitted from an infected mother to her unborn child.
Heparin: a "blood thinner" given as an injection to prevent blood clots from forming. Sometimes used to treat patients with a history of antiphospholipid syndrome.
Herpes: any of several inflammatory viral diseases of the skin characterized by clusters of vesicles (blisters). Herpes is an infection that can be harmful to pregnancy. It is passed on through skin-to-skin contact. Simplex 1 is usually seen in the form of mouth sores, while simplex 2 includes sores on the genitalia. Simplex 2 can cause serious health problems or the death of a baby if the baby is vaginally delivered while the mother has active herpes on the genitals; therefore, active herpes on the genitals during labor often requires a Cesarean section. Simplex 1 can cause early health problems; people with mouth sores should therefore not be allowed to kiss your child. Active herpes can also delay infertility treatments such as in vitro fertilization.
Hydatidiform mole: see "Molar pregnancy."
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome: an underdevelopment of the left side of the heart in an infant; often fatal.
Hypoplastic uterus: an underdeveloped uterus.
Hypothyroidism: diminished production of thyroid hormone, leading to clinical manifestations of thyroid insufficiency, including low metabolic rate, tendency to gain weight, somnolence, and sometimes myxedema (severe hypothyroidism). Hypothyroidism can lead to infertility or miscarriage by disrupting the balance of hormones, especially estrogen, leading to a thin uterine lining and ovulatory dysfunction.
Hysterosalpingogram: a procedure in which a dye is introduced into the uterine cavity and coursed through the uterus and fallopian tubes while x-ray pictures are taken to identify scarring, blockage, or other reproductive problems.
Hysteroscopy: visual instrumental inspection of the uterine cavity. A small optical instrument is inserted into the cervix so the doctor can visualize the lining and contour of the uterus, including any fibroid tumors or uterine malformations. Also called uteroscopy.
Immunology: a science that deals with the immune system.
Immunological: anything that pertains to the body's natural defenses or immunity against disease. Immunological factors for pregnancy loss include antiphospholipid antibodies, lupus anticoagulant, antinuclear antibodies, and antithyroid antibodies.
Impaired pregnancy: a baby that is abnormal due to environmental, genetic, chromosomal, or unknown causes.
Implantation (also called nidation): the process by which the fertilized egg attaches to the uterine lining. Usually occurs around 1 week after the egg is fertilized.
Implantation failure: failure of the fertilized egg to properly implant in the uterine lining.
Incompetent cervix: one that opens prematurely under the pressure of the growing uterus and baby. It is believed responsible for 20% to 25% of all second-trimester miscarriages. (See also "cerclage.")
Incomplete miscarriage/incomplete abortion: an early loss in which some products of the pregnancy remain inside the uterus. Often requires a D&C for removal.
Induction of labor: the process, not always successful, in which labor is started by artificial means due to a pregnancy complication.
Infertility: the inability to conceive after 1 year of unprotected sex. Repeated consecutive pregnancy losses without a live birth may also be referred to as infertility.
Interrupted pregnancy: a pregnancy in which labor is induced before the end of the nine-month term.
Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR): a condition in which the baby does not develop at the rate that it should. There are many different potential causes of IUGR, including poor maternal health or dietary/lifestyle habits, birth defects, DES exposure, and progesterone deficiency.
Karyotype: the chromosomal characteristics of a cell.
Karyotyping: chromosomal analysis of cells obtained by amniocentesis. Karyotyping can only determine if specific chromosomal abnormalities are present in the person tested (for instance, a balanced translocation), but having a normal karyotype does not lessen a person's chances of having a chromosomal problem in their baby (since most such problems are "accidental" and not the result of a chromosomal abnormality in a parent).
Laminaria: a rod made of kelp (seaweed) that when placed in the cervical canal absorbs moisture, swells, and gradually dilates the cervix. Used to help induce labor.
Laparoscopy: a procedure performed under general anesthesia in which an optical instrument, the laparoscope, is inserted through a small incision in the abdominal wall, enabling the doctor to see the fallopian tubes, uterus, and ovaries directly.
Laparotomy: incision into the abdominal wall.
Lupus: an inflammatory connective tissue disease of unknown cause that occurs chiefly in women, is characterized by fever, skin rash, and arthritis, often by acute anemia, by small hemorrhages in the skin and mucous membrane, by inflammation of the pericardium, and in serious cases by involvement of the kidneys and central nervous system. If needed for arthritic symptoms or by women with the lupus anticoagulant, daily doses of aspirin and the steroid prednisone seem to reduce overall risk of pregnancy complications. Pregnancy complications in women with lupus can include blood clotting problems and a high risk of preterm delivery.
Lupus anticoagulant: an antiphospholipid antibody causing elevation in partial thromboplastin time (the time needed for plasma to form a clot after the addition of calcium and a phospholipid reagent; used to evaluate the clotting system), associated with venous and arterial thrombosis (clotting within an artery or vein).
Luteal phase defect: a somewhat controversial condition in which the menstrual cycle is abnormal during its second half (after ovulation; a short second half of the cycle could mean that the egg will not implant correctly because the uterus has not been prepared sufficiently to receive it). Too little progesterone is produced after ovulation, affecting the menstrual cycle and the ability to sustain a pregnancy.
Luteinizing hormone (LH): a hormone secreted by the pituitary during the entire menstrual cycle, with a peak just before ovulation. May be given therapeutically in infertility conditions. LH is the hormone that urine home-testing kits use to predict ovulation.
Methotrexate: a toxic anticancer drug that is an analogue of folic acid and an antimetabolite. Used as an antineoplastic agent (to attack abnormal tissue growth). Sometimes used to treat ectopic and molar pregnancies.
Midwife: a person who assists women in childbirth.
Miscarriage: a lay term describing spontaneous loss of pregnancy before the middle of the second trimester (20 weeks). (After this point, the event is labeled a preterm birth because the baby is capable of life outside the womb, with support.) The medical term for miscarriage is actually "abortion," and many doctors and technicians may use this term instead.
Missed miscarriage/missed abortion: an early loss in which the baby has died but remains in the uterus, along with the placenta and other elements of conception, without being expelled.
Molar pregnancy (trophoblastic disease): the fertilization of an egg without a nucleus. A baby (usually anomalous) may or may not be present, and the placenta develops into a nonmalignant tumor called a hydatidiform mole. The layer of cells that line the gestational sac and normally give rise to the chorionic villi convert into a mass of clear, tapioca-like vesicles instead of into a healthy placenta. The fertilized egg then deteriorates. Probably caused by a chromosomal abnormality in the fertilized egg. A continuous or intermittent brownish discharge is the prime symptom. A molar pregnancy is treated by a D&C and sometimes methotrexate.
Monosomy: the absence of one chromosome of a pair.
Mycoplasma (T-strain mycoplasma): a microscopic organism thought to be responsible for pregnancy loss.
Neonatal death: the death of a baby within 28 days of live birth.
Neural tube defect (NTD): a birth defect of the brain and/or spinal cord.
Obstetrician: a physician specializing in pregnancy and delivery.
Ovary: the female organs that produce sex hormones and ova (eggs).
Ovulation: the release of a mature, unfertilized egg from the ovary.
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID): infection and inflammation of the woman's pelvic organs. Thought to be a cause of some cases of infertility.
Perinatal doctor/perinatologist: a doctor specializing in treating the baby and mother during pregnancy, labor, and delivery, particularly when the mother and/or baby are at a high risk for complications.
Pitocin (oxytocin): a drug (given intravenously) used to induce labor.
Pituitary: a gland located at the base of the brain that secretes a number of important hormones related to normal growth and development and fertility.
Placenta: the spongy, vascular organ that supplies the baby with maternal blood and nutrients through the umbilical cord.
Placenta previa: a condition in which the placenta is located over the cervix, creating a risk of hemorrhage during labor and delivery. Such pregnancies can usually be delivered safely through cesarean section.
Placental abruption: See "abruptio placentae."
Polycystic ovaries/polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCO/PCOS): a condition in which many ovarian cysts enlarge the ovaries and cause infertility. Commonly characterized by obesity, menstrual abnormalities, infertility, abnormal facial and body hair, and enlarged ovaries.
Preclinical pregnancy: an early loss that ends before the next period is due. There are usually no pregnancy symptoms, but a blood test can reveal small amounts of the pregnancy hormone HCG. Also called "chemical pregnancy."
Preeclampsia: development of hypertension (high blood pressure) with proteinuria (an excess of urinary protein) or edema (an excessive amount of fluid in the tissues), or both, due to pregnancy or the influence of a recent pregnancy; it usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease. High blood pressure can be dangerous to the mother and can lead to early induction of labor as a means of protecting the mother's life. Also called "toxemia." In some cases, preeclampsia may lead to eclampsia or to HELLP syndrome.
Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH): see "preeclampsia."
Premature: a baby born before 37 weeks' gestation.
Preterm: labor that begins between the 20th and 37th weeks of pregnancy.
Progesterone: a female hormone important during pregnancy and menstruation. It is secreted by the corpus luteum to prepare the endometrium for implantation and later by the placenta during pregnancy to prevent rejection of the developing baby.
Prostaglandin: Also called by various more specific names, such as dinoprost; a hormone produced by the body that may be administered to induce labor.
Recurrent pregnancy loss/recurrent miscarriage/recurrent spontaneous abortion: repeated pregnancy losses. Testing can be done to try to determine the cause of such losses. If an underlying condition is found, the woman may need to be treated for the problem before a pregnancy can be carried to term.
Reproductive endocrinologist: An endocrinologist specializing in reproductive disorders.
Rh factor: any of one or more genetically determined antigens present in the red blood cells of most persons and capable of inducing intense immunologic reactions. Some women develop a sensitization to Rh during pregnancy. If a woman is Rh negative and her husband is Rh positive, she is a candidate for Rh incompatibility problems. After the first pregnancy, the Rh factor enters the Rh-negative mother's circulatory system during the delivery (or miscarriage) of a child who has inherited the Rh factor from his father. The mother's body then produces antibodies against it. If she becomes pregnant with another Rh-positive baby, the antibodies cross the placenta and attack the baby's red blood cells, causing mild to serious anemia in the baby. The medication Rhogam (called "Anti-D" in Britain and New Zealand) is given to prevent these problems.
Rhogam: an immunization given to Rh-negative women after a miscarriage, stillbirth, or live birth to prevent production of antibodies in any Rh-positive babies they may have in future pregnancies.
Rubella (German measles): a viral disease characterized by headache, fever, rash, and inflammation of the throat. Infection in a pregnant mother can damage the baby. The risks are greater the earlier in the pregnancy that the mother contracts the illness.
Secondary infertility: the inability of a couple to conceive after a previous successful pregnancy.
Septic miscarriage: an early loss complicated by uterine infection, usually from an incomplete miscarriage.
Serophene: see "Clomid."
Sexually transmitted disease (STD): any disease that can be transmitted by sex, such as syphilis.
SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome): abrupt and inexplicable death of an apparently healthy infant; various theories have been advanced to explain such deaths (for example, sleep-induced apnea, laryngospasm, overwhelming infectious disease), but none has been generally accepted or demonstrated at autopsy. Also called crib death or cot death.
Small for gestational age: a baby whose measurements (height, weight, etc) are below the norm for its gestational age. Can be a sign of a problem with the pregnancy or the baby.
Sonogram (also called ultrasound): a visualization of internal organs achieved by bouncing sound waves into the area to be examined (for example, a pregnant woman's abdomen). A level 1 ultrasound is usually done to date a pregnancy. A level 2 ultrasound is used for more specific diagnostic purposes. Sonograms can detect a number of problems, but like all medical tests, they are not 100% perfect.
Spina bifida: an abnormality in the development of the spine that can cause severe neurological impairment and paralysis.
Spontaneous miscarriage/spontaneous abortion: any unplanned termination of a pregnancy in the first 20 weeks.
Stillbirth: the death of a baby of at least 20 weeks' gestation before delivery.
Syphilis: a contagious and chronic venereal disease that can produce rashes and lesions. In the baby, it can cause bone and tooth deformities, progressive nervous system damage, stillbirth, and eventual brain damage. Antibiotic treatment of the infected mother before the fourth month of pregnancy, when the infection usually begins to cross the placental barrier, will almost always prevent damage to the baby.
Tamoxifen: an estrogen antagonist used to treat infertility caused by a failure to ovulate properly (it is also used to treat postmenopausal breast cancer). The dose for infertility depends on the menstrual cycle. In women who are having regular periods, the treatment usually begins by taking 20 mg on the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th days of the menstrual cycle. If this is not successful, the dosage might be increased to 40 mg daily and then to 80 mg if required. In women who do not have regular periods, the treatment can be started on any day.
Termination: the ending of a pregnancy by choice by induced labor (resulting in a live birth or stillbirth) or abortion.
Tetraploidy: cells containing 4 sets of chromosomes instead of the normal two.
Therapeutic abortion: a termination (due to severe abnormalities or when the mother's health is at risk) of a pregnancy not intended to result in a live birth.
Threatened miscarriage: an incidence in which certain symptoms, such as vaginal bleeding or severe cramping, occur during pregnancy. The symptoms may stop or may progress to a miscarriage.
Toxemia: see "preeclampsia."
Toxoplasmosis: infection by disease caused by a bacteria that invades the tissues and may seriously damage the central nervous system, especially of infants. It also may be transmitted by a mother to her unborn child, resulting in abnormalities such as water on the brain (hydrocephalus), the development of jaundice shortly after birth, etc. Often found in cat feces, which is why doctors ask their pregnant patients to refrain from changing kitty litter during pregnancy.
Transvaginal ultrasound: an ultrasound examination performed by means of inserting a probe into the vagina. This can produce better images in early pregnancy that could be obtained with conventional abdominal sonograms.
Trendelenburg position: the position in which the patient lies on her back with the bed tilted so that her knees and hips are higher than her head. Used to help prevent preterm delivery.
Trimester: one of the 3-month periods into which a pregnancy is divided.
Triploidy: the presence of 3 chromosomes instead of 2.
Trisomy: a cell with an extra chromosome. There are various types of trisomies depending on which chromosome is affected. Trisomy 8 is characterized by abnormal face/head, short wide neck but narrow cylindrical trunk, and multiple joint and digit defects. Trisomy 13 (also called trisomy D syndrome and Patau's syndrome) is characterized by mental retardation and malformed ears, cleft lip or palate, defects of the eyes, small jaw, extra fingers or toes, cardiac defects, convulsions, renal anomalies, umbilical hernia, malrotation of the intestines, and other anomalies (not all patients have all signs of this syndrome), and is usually fatal within 2 years. Trisomy 18 (also called Edward's syndrome) is usually fatal within 2 months and is characterized by mental retardation, abnormal skull shape, low-set and malformed ears, small jaw, cardiac defects, short sternum, abnormal flexion of the fingers (for instance, the fetus is shown with clenched fists), and diaphragmatic or inguinal hernia. Trisomy 20 is characterized by profound mental retardation, abnormally large mouth and tongue, minor abnormalities of the ears, and other skeletal defects. Trisomy 21 (Down's syndrome) includes abnormalities such as mental retardation, retarded growth, flat face with short nose, prominent skin folds, small low-set ears, thickened tongue, broad hands and feet, stubby fingers, and others. Heart disease in Down's syndrome patients is common, and Alzheimer's disease by age 40 is almost inevitable. The majority of babies with trisomies are miscarried.
Trophoblastic disease: trophoblastic cells normally contribute to the formation of the placenta and are the pathway through which the baby receives nutrients from the placenta. See "molar pregnancy."
Tubal pregnancy: see "ectopic pregnancy."
Turner's Syndrome: a genetically determined condition that is associated with the presence of only one complete X chromosome and no Y chromosome and that is characterized by a female phenotype with underdeveloped and infertile ovaries. When these women grow up, they are often infertile but have very normal mental acuity.
Ultrasound: see "sonogram."
Ureaplasma: a bacteria (from the same family as mycoplasma) found in the genitourinary tract; in women, it may be associated with reproductive failure. It is thought that it may cause an inflammation of the uterine lining that can result in miscarriage (usually an early loss due to implantation problems). Can also contribute to pelvic inflammatory disease in women and production of anti-sperm antibodies in men.
Uterus/Womb: the female reproductive organ that contains the developing baby.
Viable/viability: the ability of an infant to survive outside the womb.
Copyright © 1997 by Patty Phipps.
All rights reserved. The text from this page may be distributed
as long as copyright is attached and the use is not for profit.
Last revision: July 10, 1997

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domain: health


September 30, 2011 12:00 PM by Lisa Princ
This week, ABC’s Dancing With The Stars fans watched some great Quickstep and Jive performances, and after a little praise from the judges, Rob Kardashian thinks he just may have a shot to win it all! Read on for more!
Who knew that Rob Kardashian could out dance his sisters? After his Jive performance on Monday, Carrie Ann told Rob: “It’s official. Rob Kardashian is a better dancer than Kim Kardashian!” We know that Rob thinks he is a better dancer than his big sister, Kim, as he recently stated so, but now the youngest Kardashian thinks he just may have a shot winning. According to TMZ, Rob Kardashian thinks he could very well take the mirror ball trophy this season, and the site reports that inside sources told them all about how Rob Kardashian is working out more and rehearsing harder than ever.
But that’s not all. Apparently, Rob Kardashian has been spotted bringing his partner Cheryl Burke lunch everyday – is he sucking up for more lessons? Cheryl Burke recently revealed that low scores help motivate Rob, but what happens when he does start to get high scores, will he remain motivated? Do you think Rob Kardashian has what it takes to win it all this season? We think he could definitely take it all with a little more practice and effort! Comment and share your thoughts with us!
Want more? Follow our tweets on Twitter and like us on Facebook! For other great Dancing With the Stars news, please feel free to check out Sir Links A Lot: Dancing With The Stars and then come and discuss the show on our reality TV message boards.
Visit our sister site SheKnows for more breaking news about celebrities and entertainment!
Photo courtesy of ABC!
Topics: ABC Reality TV Shows, Dancing With the Stars |
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text:
In addition to the frequently applied biological or physical "in situ" methods, classic soil washing is the only technical and economical alternative in many cases. In this method, contaminated soil from former refineries, coking plants or gasworks is removed for treatment just like smaller volumes of soil on which accidents or technical accidents have occurred, resulting in penetration of hydrocarbons containing petroleum, chlorinated hydrocarbons or other contaminants into the soil.
Two groups of chemicals are used in this field of application:
Work steps for soil washing
First, the sand and gravel particles must be free of adherent
contaminants in an aqueous phase. For this purpose, we carry a number
of specially formulated surfactants to provide the best degree of
cleaning efficiency depending on the type of contamination involved.
After washing, the contaminants are highly concentrated in the
ultrafine particle fraction. Since a closed water system is normally
used, this ultrafine fraction must be removed from the aqueous phase
completely. The lamellar clarifiers used for this purpose can be run
with much higher throughput volumes when coagulant are dosed into the
medium beforehand. The outlet section of the lamellar clarifier is
usually dewatered - using polymers or flocculants to obtain a residue
that is solid enough to be spaded and disposed of.

domain: chemistry


text:
The paedos have already been given the huge windfall to unsuccessfully defend themselves over sickening crimes against children.
The four men jailed for raping girls as young as 13 in Rochdale claim booting them out of the country will harm their families.
Gang ringleader Shabir Ahmed, 64, Abdul Aziz, Adil Khan and Abdul Rauf all received hundreds of thousands of pounds in legal aid at their original trial.
The four Pakistani men plied young girls as young as 13 with drink and drugs before passing them around for sex in the Greater Manchester town.
In total, nine men were jailed in 2012 over the crimes.
Ahmed was given a 19-year sentence for conspiracy, two rapes, aiding and abetting rape, sexual assault and sex trafficking.
The others were given terms of between six and nine years and are already back on the streets after being released from jail.
“These men clearly pose a threat to public safety”David Spencer
David Spencer, of the Centre For Crime Prevention think-tank, said: “These men have been convicted of some truly abhorrent offences and it beggars belief that they are now able to run up even bigger taxpayer-funded bills making spurious appeals in an effort to extend their stay in the UK.
“These men clearly pose a threat to public safety. If someone is born overseas and commit such crimes in the UK, it is absolutely right that their citizenship should be revoked.”
The men are now spending thousands of pounds paying lawyers to avoid deportation, Mail Online reports.
By contrast, parents Chris Gard and Connie Yates were denied any legal aid in their case against Great Ormond Street Hospital to take sick tot Charlie to the US for experimental treatment.
In total, police identified and interviewed 47 young girls who were potential victims of the gang, with the abuse lasting between 2008 and 2009.
Many of the girls were raped by up to five men at a time and passed around friends or family of the abusers.
Shockingly, sick abuse is still going on in Rochdale, a top cop warned in May.

domain: sociology


text:
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Sign up to get the latest event updates and offers and promotions related to Historic Scotland attractions and membership. Great days out for the whole family await!

domain: travel


January 27, 2020
SHOT Show 2020 lands smack in the middle of fur season across North America, making it the ideal time to review some of the new predator rifles for the year. Here are a few that you may wish to check out if a new predator rig is in your future.
Thompson Center Compass Rifles/Utility Spotlight
If your predator budget is tight, take a close look at the Thompson Center bolt action series of Compass rifles. The T/C Compass Utility is a solid choice. For the money, you get a rifle guaranteed to shoot a 3-shot, 1-inch group from its 21.625-inch blued Match Grade barrel with 5R rifling. The 5R concept aids in accuracy by funneling bullets for launch with less damage. That leads to a tighter group and easier barrel cleaning. Barrels are threaded for easy acceptance of suppressors. The synthetic stock is ergonomically designed, black in color with an integrated aluminum pillar bedding system. Other Compass series rifles include the newer Generation II trigger system, but for the money T/C outfits the Utility with their Generation I trigger that still offers a crisp launch.
A 3-lug bolt with a 60-degree lift helps cycle cartridges from the 5-round, polymer magazine smoothly without hitting the scope. The safety offers a 3-position arrangement to easily show the locked, loaded/unloaded and fire positions with a quick glance. Not a lightweight, but at 7 pounds it’s no pig either. You can choose from six calibers with the .223 Remington, .243 Winchester, 6.5 Creedmoor and .308 Winchester as top predator choices. T/C also makes it easy if you hate shopping for riflescopes. They offer a 3-9x40 riflescope for an extra $100 that’s bore sighted. MSRP: $359 (bare); $459 (scoped)
Mossberg Patriot Predator-Cerakote/Strata
Mossberg’s rifle lineup continues to grow like an out-of-control wildfire. For predator hunters in 2020, the new bolt-action Patriot Predator-Cerakote/Strata Camo in 6.5 PRC is worth a second look. Sure, it’s just a dressed-up version of the earlier model, but the Strata Camo pattern means you won’t have to stop at Walmart for spray paint after your purchase. And if you want one rifle to serve multiple functions, like the .308 Winchester, the 6.5 PRC is an all-around caliber.
Obviously the Cerakote barrel is a big thing — and rightly so. It resists abrasion and corrosion while dulling the finish to complement the Strata camouflage on the synthetic stock. The rifle is lightweight at 6.3 pounds, making it a great partner on long hikes. At 24 inches, the fluted, threaded barrel also adds to the nimble feel, plus it is suppressor ready. Overall rifle length is 44.25 inches. The Lightning Bolt Action Trigger is fully adjustable and guarantees a crisp release. It arrives with a standard Picatinny rail which allows you to secure a variety of optics easily to fit any hunting environment. The detachable magazine holds four cartridges. MSRP: $540
Savage Axis II Precision
Do you have a few extra dollars in your budget? If so, consider the Savage AXIS II Precision. The AXIS series has been providing hunters and shooters with a variety of firearms to fit any need and its new Precision addition fits nicely in the lineup. Although the Savage website doesn’t promote an accuracy guarantee, it’s been rumored to shoot sub-MOA groups — and then some.
The rifle gets its space-age-looking chassis from Modular Driven Technologies. Black aluminum combined with olive drab injection molded parts provide the rifle with a sleek, modern design. The stock features an adjustable comb height and spacers to adjust the length of pull. Its 22-inch carbon steel barrel is threaded for quick suppressor adaptation. The receiver is also black carbon steel.
Overall length of the rifle varies from 42.5-43.5 inches depending on the caliber selection. Detachable magazine construction material and number of cartridges they hold also varies depending on caliber. Most hold eight, but the .223 Remington magazine holds a friendly 10 cartridges. A clean sendoff is guaranteed with Savage’s renowned AccuTrigger that is adjustable from 2.5-6 pounds.
Probably the only downer of the entire system is its overall weight that nears the 10-pound mark, but that’s the norm for many precision rifles with heavy barrels. The AXIS II Precision is available in six calibers with the .223 Remington, .243 Winchester, 6.5 Creedmoor and the .308 Winchester hitting the mark for predator gurus. MSRP: $949
Bergara B-14 Wilderness Series Terrain Model
Bergara’s claim to fame is barrels, but those accurate beauties are slowly taking a backseat to the expanding Bergara lineup of precision rifles. Although not as affordable as previously reviewed models, for the money the new Bergara B-14 Terrain Wilderness bolt action offers a reasonably-priced option to get you into a fine predator hunting rifle that can serve dual purpose for big game hunts.
The Terrain’s molded stock is finished in a hand painted camouflage pattern. Further complimenting the camouflage is the Cerakote barrel finished in a dull gray color. Predator calibers come in barrel lengths from 20-24 inches with an overall length from 41-45 inches, again depending on the caliber. The rifles weigh above and below 9 pounds with caliber again the deciding factor.
Each rifle barrel is free floated and comes standard threaded with an Omni muzzle brake that directs gases in all directions to reduce felt recoil by 35 percent. Unthread the brake and you can effortlessly add a suppressor. Each rifle comes with the Bergara Performance Trigger and the bolt feeds cartridges from a 5-capacity AICS detachable magazine. Bergara’s custom action operates via a 2-lug system with a sliding plate extractor to ensure smooth feeding. Riflescope mounts fit Remington bases and QD flush cup sling mounts are standard.
Terrain rifles come in seven popular calibers with predator hunters focusing on the 6.5 Creedmoor, 6.5 PRC and the .308 Winchester. There’s more, but check it out online. MSRP: $1,199-$1,279
You didn't think this article would leave out ARs did you? Well, you guessed wrong. Even though Rock River is well known for exceptional AR systems, it’s their new bolt action that is creating a buzz. Deemed the Rock Bolt Gun or RBG for short, it only comes in two early-release calibers, .308 Winchester/7.62mm and the 6.5 Creedmoor. It’s designed around a KRG chassis that is multi-adjustable for cheek and length of pull. You can order the chassis in either tan, black or green depending on your mood on order day.
The 20-inch Wilson barrel is stainless steel, air gauged and Cryo treated. It’s also threaded to immediately accept a suppressor. Rock River uses a proprietary, short action crafted from stainless steel as its launch pad to the barrel. A Triggertech trigger cleanly sends a bullet from the perfectly devised system. Rock River uses a detachable, AICS compatible magazine so you can purchase aftermarket versions from companies like Magpul and feed the critter until your heart is content. The RBG is listed as “sub MOA” and for the combined package it is the highest priced of the new lineup. Save your pennies. MSRP: $4,150


text:
An innovative means to decorate your house for Christmas is to get colourful glass bowls heaped with Christmas goodies at various places all over the room. Decorating your house is not supposed to be tough, but nevertheless, it can quickly become a stressful event, because there are so many things to think about when planning what to do with your dwelling. So, you’ve got to think somewhat different for your house. There are several simple things that we’re able to do to easily decorate a house and change its look to be really amazing without wasting a good deal of money.
It is possible to start decorating your house on your own without the should search for any decoration ideas. Every home has its own particular design for Christmas. Decorating your house is not restricted to the different spaces inside your property. As you prepare your house for the holidays, don’t neglect to decorate your windows. The very first and most significant thing you’ve got to begin with when you opt to decorate your house for Christmas is your dinner table.
For decorating your living space, you want to use a Christmas tree. The Christmas trees will signify to all of your neighbours that you’re spreading a lot of holiday cheer around and your visitors will love looking at them when they come to see. Of course, it is a must. Although at first, decorating a Christmas tree appears to be an enjoyable, easy endeavor, it can often become a stress-inducing kerfuffle. A green Christmas tree may be just insufficient. Whether you choose a real or artificial Christmas tree, there are particular formalities that have to be followed in order to accomplish a flawlessly decorated tree and experience minimal stressful conditions.
You can put your tree at the same corner or in the center of the room as you desire. It’s therefore critical that you take some basic actions to make sure that you create that warm feeling a fantastic tree can bring to your house. The Christmas tree is actually an important thing which should be gotten for celebrating such a joyful occasion. however, it is only one thing that we must decorate for Christmas. Of course, it is usually the focal point of your decorations. Smaller Christmas trees will increase the cuteness factor of your house and are a good deal easier for children to decorate. You will see artificial trees offered in a variety of shapes and sizes out there for purchase throughout the Christmas season.
Displaying holiday decorations are sometimes a rewarding family affair. You will be sure to find precisely what style decor that you should make your home the envy of the neighborhood. A tiny decor goes a very long way. The Cheap Christmas Home Decor is one of the greatest images reference about a house decoration. You are able to pretty much accomplish a scando-style decorations with only two or three twigs and ornaments. All in all outside Christmas decorations are among the really excellent areas of the holiday season. Naturally, you don’t need to settle for the exact same Christmas decorations every year.
You might just be bored with your previous room and will need to rearrange the furniture. Besides decorating your living space, you also must decorate your dining room, bedroom, kitchen, and sometimes even bathroom. When it’s your living space, bathroom, bedroom, parlor, or hallway that you’re seeking to remodel, organizing the procedure for remodeling a room is quite important. Each bedroom in your house can feature another sort of wrapping paper, or you could affix bows to every door.
Following are winning suggestions for your holiday fundraiser. Focus on a single idea at one time till you know how you wish to portray that idea in your decorating. One very straightforward idea is to have a light bulb and utilize it to beautify your Christmas tree. It is possible to find Christmas craft ideas to inspire you to earn candle holders, wine bands and napkin holders together with other decorative items to use throughout your property. The key to the very best Christmas ideas is simplicity. The subsequent 50 Christmas decoration ideas are handpicked to assist you locate a project (or 10!) If you’re looking for catchy Christmas decoration suggestions for your house to get inspired, you’ve got to have a look at the stunning ideas presented here.
The ideas are extremely easy. There are a lot of great fundraising Christmas ideas. One of the greatest methods to decorate your bath is in the standard traditional style. Just be sure that you provide room for door handles to prevent damage. So, there’s no demand for a chimney or a fireplace in the majority of Indian homes.

domain: artistic


USED 2020 Load Trail 6x12' Dump Trailer 9990# GVW * 2' SIDES * 3-WAY GATE * I-BEAM FRAME * TARP KIT * SCISSOR HOIST * 16" 10-PLY RUBBER * 6" TUBE BED FRAME * 110V CHARGER * ADJUSTABLE COUPLER * 7K JACK * 10GA 2PC SIDES/FLOOR * INTEGRATED KEYWAY * PRIMER. Price: $8,695. Dump Trailer for sale.
Dump trucks with a shorter wheelbase are able to maneuver around more than higher capacity dump trucks on a semi-trailer. It's important to understand what type of dump truck is best for the work it will be used for. Search under the category dump truck on Commercial Truck Trader to see what new and used options are currently for sale.
Heavy-duty sides: Heavy-duty sides are necessary for dump trailers used to haul heavy equipment in order to prevent distress and warping from repeated impact. D-rings: It can be awkward and jarring to hear heavy equipment jostling around in the back of your dump trailer.
2005 DURACLASS 15 FT Dump Body Only. 2005 DURACLASS, 15 FT, Medium Duty Trucks - Truck Bodies Only - Dump,,, Duraclass Model #LH316 15' x 7' wide Steel Dump Body. 42" Front, 34" Sides, Crysteel Truck Equipment - Website. Lake Crystal, MN - 1,222 mi. away.
New & Used Dump Trucks for Sale - Mack, Ford, International, DongFeng, Sterling, Peterbilt, Kenworth dump trucks available nationwide. Find heavy & medium duty dump trucks, single, double, or triple axle for sale near you. Our easy Zip Code Search and our MeFirst Alerts make it easy to find the perfect dump truck for your needs at the right price.
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With heavy-duty dump trailers, you get easy loading, hauling and dumping of materials — but with superior maneuverability and convenience compared with a dump truck. If you've been hauling large loads with a dump truck, you'll be amazed at how much easier it is to get around and get your work done when you choose dump trailers instead.
2,863 u shape dump truck products are offered for sale by suppliers on Alibaba.com, of which truck trailers accounts for 30%, dump trucks accounts for 9%. A wide variety of u shape dump truck options are available to you, such as euro 2, euro 3, and euro 5.
Aug 02, 2021 · Different types of dump semi trailers are for sale at Ultraton. Semi Dump Trailer refers to a heavy duty transport truck that relies on its own power to drive the hydraulic lifting device so that the cargo box can automatically dump cargo and reset. Send us for a quote now!
Choosing the right single axle dump truck for sale The first thing you need to do is determine what you want to use your new dump truck for so you can find one with features that meet your needs. Since not all dump trucks are designed for the same jobs, single axle dump trucks for sale can have a …
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Aug 26, 2021 · Choosing the Right End Dump Trailer. If you are going to be hauling lightweight materials, then a lightweight end dump trailer will do just fine for sand and small aggregate. For anything heavier, you are going to need a heavy duty end dump trailer for sale and should consider thickness of the panels, . You will also need to consider the shape
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The most unique element of the Innovative Marine HydroFill ATO system is the controller’s magnetically-mounted sensors. Instead of physical float switches, IR sensors, or pressure sensors, the HydroFill uses low voltage electrical circuits to detect water. When water comes into contact with a sensor’s two miniature graphite electrodes, it completes a 5V circuit to signal the controller to deactivate. This is a similar design as water detection alarms some aquarists may have used in the past. But unlike previous electrode-based sensors which were made of metal, the inert graphite electrodes of the HydroFill allow it to work reliably in marine environments.
The HydroFill ATO Controller System has more stages of redundancy than we’ve seen in any ATO system. In the photos, you see two electrodes per sensor. These actually are not separate positive and negative electrodes but two fully-functioning +/- electrodes. In other words, each sensor is actually two sensors. Then there is the second supplied sensor (with two more electrodes) which act as additional redundancy to make sure your controller turns off when it’s suppose to. That’s a total of four sensors for anyone counting. The two sensors also allow for flexibility setting the water levels in tanks with sloshing water to prevent the ATO pump from constantly cycling on/off.
The HydroFill ATO Pump is like a Tom’s Aqua-Lifter on steroids. This diaphragm pump outputs five times more water (through 1/4″ I.D. tubing) with a max head of 60″. It’s also thermally protected to insure the pump will not burn out if ran dry.
Overall, the diminutive form factor (especially the sensors and return plumbing), apparent ease of installation and operation, and multi-redundancy/safeguards make this tidy ATO system very promising. We hope to review this unit for you in an upcoming article.
The HydroFill ATO Controller and ATO Pump are sold separately. Aquarists can choose to use both parts for a complete ATO system or pair each part with other pumps or controllers. Note: The HydroFill controller comes with a standard 3-prong grounded power plug so you can use most standard pumps.
Innovative Marine has provided Advanced Aquarist with their literature and pricing for the HydroFill ATO products:
HydroFill – ATO Controller System
Automate freshwater replenishment, and say farewell to heavy lifting, unstable water parameters, and the need to frequently watch your water line.
Topping off evaporated water for our aquariums is a tedious but essential task that every hobbyist encounters to maintain stable specific gravity & salinity levels.
The HydroFill ATO Controller System takes advantage of your water’s conductive properties to complete a low voltage circuit and cause a control relay to actuate and replenish water as it evaporates. This departure from outdated float sensors, offers the latest automation in electronic sensing for precise accuracy, repeatability, and no-moving part reliability.
Customize your own “High and Low” set points to prevent constant On/Off cycling prone to single sensor design
Sensors utilize rare earth neodymium magnets for stationary placement and simple out of the box installation. Small form factor makes it the ideal choice for nano to full size aquariums. Two chemically inert graphite electrodes are housed in each sensor for redundancy & consistent long-term performance in harsh marine environments.
- 2 Year Warranty
- Conductivity Method
- For use in Fresh & Marine Applications
- Controller Dims: 3.35” x 1.18” x 5.12”
- Includes Double Sided Adhesive
- 1000W, 8Amp/120V Pump Capacity
- Power Consumption: 1 Watt
- Visual LED indicators
- Power -Red
- Level – Green
- Low Level – Green
- Water Filling – Pulsing Green
- Small Form Factor: 0.91” x 1.06” x 2.64”
- (2) Sensor Design
- Safe 5V Low Voltage
- 6 foot sensor cables
- (2) Rare Earth Neodymium Magnetic Sensor Holders
- Chemically Inert Graphite Electrodes
- AUQA Gadget ATO Controller System – 9
HydroFill – ATO Pump System
Pair your auto top off with the industry’s first low voltage air lift pump specifically designed for ATO controllers. The HydroFill ATO Pump System eliminates the guess work, and comes complete with a lift pump, acrylic bracket, return pipe, 10 feet of silicone tubing, 3 hose clamps, , and an optional hanging mount.
Engineered for high performance, this external positive displacement diaphragm pump, outputs up to 15 gallons per hour and max 5 feet of head. This self-priming pump is equipped with a built-in check valve to safeguard against back siphoning.
The HydroFill diaphragm pump is the smart alternative when compared to submersible pumps, diaphragm pumps offer the benefit of safely running dry and are thermally protected against heat build-up.
Versatile design offers 3 options for pump placement: hang-on, cabinet mount, or simply place on noise dampening rubber feet.
- Positive Displacement
- Diaphragm Pump Method
- Built-in Check valve
- Dry Run Protection
- Thermally Protected
- Low Voltage
- ¼” Barb Fitting
- Up to 15 Gallons per Hour
- Pump mounting bracket
- 10 feet of silicone tubing
- (3) ratchet clamps
- Acrylic mounting bracket
- Return pipe
- Inlet Hose Strainer
- AUQA Gadget ATO Pump System: $99


text:
Dendritic versus somatic resonance
BMC Neuroscience volume 12, Article number: P289 (2011)
Membrane-potential resonance characterizes the ability of a neuron to selectively respond to stimuli in a preferred frequency band. It has been associated with the occurrence of subthreshold membrane-potential oscillations (MPOs) and has been shown to be of functional relevance, as exemplified by the correlation of resonance frequencies with the spacing of grid fields in the entorhinal cortex  and the dependence of this spacing on the resonating H current .
Resonance arises from the interaction of passive and active membrane properties, usually requiring the presence of slowly-activating conductances that act as high-pass filters and are able to effectively oppose slow changes of the membrane potential. The distribution of slow conductances responsible for resonance (like H or M), however, can differ between the compartments within a neuron. In CA1 neurons, for example, it is known that the density of H channels increases by more than 60-fold from soma to dendrites and is largest in the distal parts of the dendritic tree . Accordingly, resonance can also depend on the spatial localization within a cell. Still, cells are usually classified as either resonant or nonresonant on the basis of somatic injection of ZAP currents (sine-wave functions with a linear increase in frequency).
Here, we investigate to what extent and under which circumstances cells with dendritic resonance may be misclassified as nonresonant by somatic measurement of resonance properties. We use simple conductance-based multicompartmental models to analyze the effect of dendritic resonance on somatic input (and hence resonance estimates based on somatic recordings). We find that indeed, even a strong dendritic resonance may not be detectable with somatic ZAP protocols. The extent to which dendritic resonance is masked depends on neuronal morphology as well as the distribution of active conductances within the cell. In addition, we show that although dendritic resonance may not show up somatically, indirect consequences of dendritic resonance can affect the soma. In particular, MPOs of dendritic resonance-induced origin may propagate to the soma, leading to a situation where such cells when measured somatically do exhibit subthreshold MPOs in the apparent "absence" of resonance.
A local dendritic resonance filters dendritic inputs - even if it should not show up somatically - and is hence crucial for the flow of information in neuronal networks. It is therefore important to identify the circumstances under which dendritic resonance could be missed in somatic assessment of resonance properties.
Giocomo LM, Zilli EA, Francen E, Hasselmo ME: Temporal frequency of subthreshold oscillations scales with entorhinal grid cell field spacing. Science. 2007, 315: 1719-1722. 10.1126/science.1139207.
Giocomo LM, Hasselmo ME: Knock-out of HCN1 subunit flattens dorsal-ventral frequency gradient of medial entorhinal neurons in adult mice. J Neurosci. 2009, 29: 7625-7630. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0609-09.2009.
Lorincz A, Notomi T, Tamas G, Shigemoto R, Nusser Z: Polarized and compartment-dependent distribution of HCN1 in pyramidal cell dendrites. Nat Neurosci. 2002, 5: 1185-1193. 10.1038/nn962.
This work was supported by the DFG (SFB 618) and the BMBF (BCCN Berlin, BPCN).
About this article
Cite this article
Zhuchkova, E.A., Schreiber, S. Dendritic versus somatic resonance. BMC Neurosci 12 (Suppl 1), P289 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2202-12-S1-P289

domain: literature


text:
2020, published by Rotopol Comic, 40 pages, Paperback
Pimo and Rex are two gallant bon vivants who don’t miss out on any adventure. On their steeds they bomb down the woods. The worries life as an artist involves are already forgotten when entering the next tavern, at last Rex has great news to announce.
His fiancé Leopold finally has proposed to him, garnished with a magical betrothal gift: an enchanted scroll able to teleport Rex home immediately in time of need. Not knowing how useful this gift will be the two friends are celebrating the happy event.


text:
You just played the game of your life. After working out and training for weeks and weeks, you left it all on the field, exhausting every ounce of your energy to try and win the game.
But your work doesn’t stop there.
Post-game recovery and nutrition can be just as important as your pre-game preparation, especially if you want to have the energy to get back out on the field again. Your body needs the right nutrients to power you through the next practice, next game, next drill, or your next workout.
“Recovery nutrition is probably the topic athletes ask me about most,” says Ryan Turner, R.D., C.S.S.D., C.D.N., a sports dietitian at New York University and Top Balance Nutrition in New York City. “I see many athletes working out and doing a great disservice to themselves by not optimizing their nutrition after they play and after they train.”
So what should you eat and drink after the big game—and when?
“Your muscles are like a sponge once a workout or game is finished,” Turner says. “They’re ready to soak up carbohydrates to refuel your body and protein to repair your lean muscle. Rehydrating is just as important as eating, so water needs to be part of anyone’s recovery plan too.”
Here is a guide to some of the best food and drink options for athletes after the big game to help recovery and the best times to consume them.
Right After the Game
“Eating within 30-60 minutes after your workout or game will support optimal recovery,” Turner says. “If you’re eating a meal within this time, there isn’t a need for any powder, pill, bars or shakes. One of my best recommendations is Mexican food. Eating a burrito or burrito bowl provides complex carbs to refuel your muscles and protein to rebuild your muscles. But I recommend minimizing the higher-fat add-ons like guacamole, sour cream, and cheese—high-fat foods will slow the recovery process.”
Burrito or Burrito Bowl: Made with rice, beans, vegetables, and protein—Turner recommends chicken breast, sirloin, or tofu.
Sandwich: Made with a protein (chicken breast, sirloin, or tofu) and lettuce/tomato.
Best Post–Workout Snack Options
If you don’t have the time to get a meal after the game because of a long commute or other obligations, don’t worry, there are other options too. “You can always reach for a snack that contains carbohydrates and protein,” Turner says. “These are easy options—there’s no excuse to miss your recovery foods.”
– Pretzel chips with hummus
– Peanut Butter and Jelly sandwich
– Dried edamame with a piece of fruit
– Low-fat greek yogurt with honey
– Tuna with saltines
– Chocolate milk
Alternate Post-Workout Snack Options
When there are those times when real food or a substantial snack is not practical, here are more options Turner recommends for a quick and easy recovery:
– Whey protein shake with a banana
– Clif Builder’s Bar
For Hydration Right After the Game
“To round out the recovery for right after the game, you need to be rehydrating with water,” Turner says. “Everyone’s amount for optimal re-hydration varies, but generally, 16 oz for every pound lost is ideal for athletes. It’s possible to lose 2-3 pounds of sweat during intense games and practice sessions. Try weighing yourself once before and once after to figure out your sweat rate. There is a place for sports drinks at this time with intense exercise over 60 minutes—they are formulated for optimal hydration. With that said, your foods will provide electrolytes like sodium and potassium.”
1.5–2 Hours After the Game
“At this point, if you were able to get a meal in earlier, then it’s time for a snack,” Turner says. “But if you were only able to work in a snack, it’s time for your meal. Opt for a carbohydrate-rich dish with a quality protein source for help your recovery move along smoothly.”
Best Meal Options for 1.5–2 Hours After the Game
– Grain bowl with salmon
– Chicken burrito (hold the sour cream and cheese)
– Salmon and tuna sushi rolls (easy on the spicy mayo) with edamame
– Turkey burger with a side bean salad
– Prepared salad with double protein and a liberal addition of beans and corn (choose an olive oil based dressing)
“If it helps, visualize an ‘athlete’s plate’ of 1/2 whole grain starch, 1/4 lean protein, 1/4 vegetable and fruit,” Turner says.
Pro Tip: “At this point you should have had the water necessary to be rehydrated,” Turner says. “If you’ve lost three pounds of sweat during the workout, 1.5 liters of water (16 oz per pound) can be challenging. Just take rehydration slow and time it out and that should normalize your body.”’
3–4 Hours After the Game and Meals Later On
“Eating every 3-4 hours is a good practice for anyone to optimize metabolism, maintain energy, and control food cravings,” Turner says. “For an active person, for an athlete, this is necessary. At this point you’ve worked hard to refuel your body with carbohydrates—it will be important to keep it as a component of your meals but doesn’t need to be the largest focus. At this point in the day, you should keep thinking about the ‘athlete’s plate’ for food with half vegetables or fruit, a quarter of lean protein, and a quarter of whole grain starch.”
Best Meal Options for 3–4 Hours After the Game
– Stir fry with fresh vegetable and slices of sirloin over brown rice (Note: One to two cups of rice respective of body size will be ideal)
– Red or green Thai curry with jasmine rice (Note: To-go rice containers hold about two cups – if you’re a smaller athlete, keep to half the amount. Larger athletes can opt for the full offering.)
– Chicken fajitas with whole wheat tortillas
– Turkey chili topped with avocado and low-fat greek yogurt.

domain: food


A spokeswoman for Kenya's Red Cross says "progress" has been made in finding some of the 59 people who were still missing after the Westgate mall attack.
A spokeswoman for Kenya’s Red Cross says “progress” has been made in finding some of the 59 people who were still missing after the Westgate mall attack.
Wariko Waita said Monday that some were being reunited with their families, although she gave no details about numbers or where those people were found.
She said a Red Cross team was counseling the victims at a triage center 600 meters (yards) away from the shattered mall where forensics experts are combing through the crime scene for evidence. Some bodies are still believed to be trapped under the rubble.
The Red Cross said Friday the number of missing people stood at 59.
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Kenyan authorities have given few details about the Sept. 21 attack, urging patience.


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I was a weary traveler on a passenger train I boarded when I turned eighteen.
I thought the train an easy escape from the strife of my abusive family life.
It looked so inviting, so shiny, streamlined as the charming conductor took me aboard.
He said the train would speed me to my promised land… But only to discover it was a ride to a barren desert of sand.
At first the ride was exhilarating, the answer to all my woes. I saw and experienced new sights, sounds, and emotional ups and downs.
Then the train stopped on down the line and I disembarked full of hope and glee… Thinking I was at the right destination that was perfect for me.
And soon I found out, what the destination was about—it was a reality check that left me in doubt.
I had not escaped but only had traveled from one form of abuse to another.
So I boarded the train and fled as fast as I could, to what I thought would certainly be the next perfect destination for me.
But each station stop was all the same.
Nothing more but misery I gained.
And as the years passed by, I tried not to cry about how I had created a life that was about to die.
And it was during one endless trip of my mine, that I woke up and pulled the cable one last time… to finally disembark and make my life stable.
And as I walked away down the deck, I turned back to see…
A train that was battered, weather worn, neglected, and in need of repair.
Then I stopped and reflected about my free ride, only to realize…
It had cost me my life, limb, and nearly my hide.


text:
Sorcery Spells E to L
Energy Projection (Type)
Ranged, Instant, Resist (Dodge)
Energy is either projected as a beam or a ball towards the target, who can avoid the attack by Dodging.
If the spell takes effect, the target takes damage equal to double the magnitude of the spell. Physical armour does not protect against the damage, but magical protection does. Types of energy that can be projected by this spell are Cold (Dark), Lightning, Heat (Fire), Shards of Rock (Earth), Windblast (Air).
There are seven Enhance spells, one for each characteristic. Essentially the reverse of the Diminish spell, Enhance allows the Sorcerer to temporarily apply a bonus to the specified characteristic equal to the magnitude of the spell. A creature must have the characteristic in question to be affected by this spell.
Applying a bonus to POW does not increase the character’s magic points.
Concentration, Resist (Persistence)
Using this spell allows the caster (or whomever or whatever they target with the spell) to fly. The caster may levitate objects or characters (the caster counting as one of these characters if they so wish).
A levitated character may not be overloaded and must have a SIZ characteristic which is lower than the sorcerer’s POW characteristic.
Objects must have an ENC lower than the sorcerer’s POW characteristic.
Character or objects moved by this spell have a base Movement Rate of 6m. All objects and characters moved by this spell move at the spell caster’s behest, not their own.
Each point of the spell’s magnitude may either be used to increase the target’s Movement by +2m or to target an additional object or character – but not both. A sorcerer casting this spell at magnitude 4 may fly themselves with a Movement of 14m, fly themselves and a friend with a Movement of 10m each, or fly themselves and three friends with a Movement of 6m each.
There is an unlimited number of Form/Set spells in existence, one for every substance imaginable, from steel to smoke to water.
Each point of magnitude allows the caster to shape one ENC of solid substance or one cubic metre of an ethereal substance (like darkness). The caster must be familiar with the shape they are forming.
When the caster has finished the forming process, the substance retains its shape. Rigid substances like steel will hold the form they had at the end of the spell, while more mutable substances like water will immediately lose their shape.
This spell can be used to mend the damage done to an object. The sorcerer must form the entire object and must succeed at an appropriate Craft test. If successful they will restore the item to its original condition.
This spell can only be used on inanimate substances.
This spell causes a glowing point of light to appear on a solid substance. At its base, the spell creates an area of light one metre in radius, giving off the same illumination as a candle. Each additional point of magnitude increases the radius of effect by one metre. At magnitude 3, the brightness of the spell increases to that of a flaming brand at its centre. At magnitude 5, it increases to that of a camp-fire and at magnitude 10 to that of a bonfire.
This spell can be cast on an opponent’s eyes. If cast on a living being, the spell also gains the Resist (Dodge) trait. If the target fails to resist it, they will suffer a penalty to all attack, parry and Dodge tests, as well as any skills relying upon vision, equal to five times the spell’s magnitude, until the spell ends or is dispelled.
Each point of magnitude of Hamper subtracts 1m from the Movement rate of the target. Every two points of magnitude also subtract -10% from a recipient’s skills for the purposes of determining the order in combat.
Each point of magnitude of Haste adds 1m to the Movement rate of the recipient. Every two points of magnitude also add +10% to the recipient’s skills for the purposes of determining the order in combat.
This spell causes two adjacent ten centimetres by ten centimetre surfaces (roughly the size of a person’s palm) to commingle into one. The basic bond has a STR of 1. Each additional point of magnitude will either increase the STR of the bond by +1 or double the area affected.
This spell can affect organic and inorganic substances. If the caster is attempting to bond a living being with this spell, the spell gains the Resist (Resilience) trait.

domain: game


text:
Invicto is Maruti Suzuki's big premiumisation leap. Will it be able to reinvent itself?
Maruti Suzuki India Ltd is moving into the premium three-row segment with its latest offering, Invicto. The company is seeking to reinvent itself as a premium brand with Invicto putting the company in an entirely new territory, the above-Rs 20 lakh segment. The increasingly crowded Indian market previously encouraged compact cars, but rising incomes, middle-class adventurism, and demand for premium vehicles have disrupted this.
Maruti Suzuki opens bookings for Invicto
The Invicto will mark the company's entry into the premium three-row segment, as it looks to gain a foothold in the above Rs 20 lakh segment with the new model after having attained leadership in the Rs 15-20 lakh vehicle segment last fiscal.
Maruti moves up value chain, makes its presence felt in premium segment
The company cornered more than a fourth of the market for midsize passenger vehicles, priced between Rs 10 lakh and Rs 15 lakh, in the last fiscal year, and led the pack in this growing segment.
Maruti Suzuki Jimny launched at Rs 12.74 lakh: Check specifications
The wait for Maruti Suzuki's off-road car Jimny is over, as it will be available for deliveries starting today. The starting price has been kept at Rs 12.7 lakh. The five-door car will be available for deliveries across all NEXA showrooms in India. It will be available in seven colo...
Maruti Suzuki launches 4WD SUV Jimny, prices start at Rs 12.47 lakh
The Jimny will be available in two top-tier trims, namely Zeta and Alpha, both equipped with standard 4WD technology. Maruti has reportedly equipped the SUV with the K15B 1.5litre petrol engine that is capable of producing 150 PS in power and hitting 134 N-m of torque, paired with a five-speed manual or a four-speed automatic.
- Go To Page 1
Maruti Suzuki Fronx vs Tata Punch: Brief comparison between compact SUVsMaruti Suzuki has revealed the pricing of its latest compact SUV, the Fronx, which starts at an ex-showroom price of Rs 7.46 lakh. The Fronx was unveiled globally at Auto Expo 2023 and features Nexa's distinctive design style, known as "Crafted Futurism." The car can also be obtained through the Maruti Suzuki Subscribe program, with a monthly subscription fee starting at Rs 17,378. The Fronx is in direct competition with the Tata Punch, and a brief comparison between the two cars follows.
Maruti Suzuki intends to become the number one player in SUVs in 2023-2024: Shashank SrivastavaMaruti Suzuki India, has announced that it will increase car prices from April due to rising commodity prices and regulatory requirements. While the company had previously implemented minor price hikes to balance demand during the Covid-19 period, it finds the recent price levels inadequate. Maruti Suzuki's Executive Director, Shashank Srivastava, revealed that the company plans to release 16 new brands in the upcoming years to fortify its product line and increase market share in the SUV sector.
Auto Expo 2023: Maruti Suzuki unveils SUVs Fronx, Jimny to step up fight vs rival Thar"The off-roader Jimny will attract passionate & professional off-roaders, and SUV customers alike. The JIMNY which was originally launched in global markets in 1970, has been breaking stereotypes the world over thanks to its unique design and all terrain capability, powered by Suzuki’s ALLGRIP PRO (4WD) technology," the company stated in a press release.
Indulge in the future: What makes the all-new XL6 by Maruti Suzuki NEXA the car of tomorrowUtilizing your smartphone or even your smartwatch, you can track the vehicle thanks to the Suzuki Connect Advanced Telematics Technology. The air conditioning can also be turned on and started remotely from your smartphone or smartwatch so that your XL6 is comfortable inside when you get in.
Maruti Suzuki extends CNG fuel option to vehicles sold under Nexa retail chainThe Baleno S-CNG will be available in two variants. Delta, manual transmission (MT) to be priced at Rs 8.28 lakh and Zeta (MT) tagged at Rs 9.21 lakh, while the XL6 S-CNG will be available only on Zeta (MT) variant at Rs 12.24 lakh (all prices ex-showroom).
Maruti Suzuki India's mid-sized SUV Grand Vitara for global marketsAt the global unveiling of the new SUV here on Wednesday Hishashi Takeuchi, Managing Director and CEO told the media that the new model will be produced only in India and will be exported to different markets. He also said the mid-sized SUV will be exported to Middle East, South American and African countries and it will not replace any other model anywhere in the world.
Maruti Suzuki India launches new version of XL6The new XL6 is powered by a 1.5-litre petrol engine with a peak power of 75.8 kW. It is available in manual and automatic transmission options, priced between Rs 11.29 lakh and Rs 14.55 lakh (ex-showroom).
Maruti Suzuki opens bookings for all-new XL6 from Nexa retail channel"MAruti Suzuki's all-new XL6 version is a unique proposition that perfectly marries a strong SUV-like design and the convenience of a spacious six-seater MPV. The All-New XL6 embodies NEXA's vision of being an aspirational lifestyle brand and creating an indulgent driving experience," MSI Senior Executive Director (Marketing & Sales) Shashank Srivastava noted.
Maruti Suzuki Smart Finance disburses Rs 6,500 crore worth of loans in past four monthsAs many as 116,000 loans have been sanctioned and 100,000 loans disbursed through the platform in the past few months. The penetration of loans disbursed through the platform stands at 28% currently, up from 5% in the last financial year.
Maruti Suzuki launches virtual car assistant ‘S-Assist' for Nexa customersThe app has been co-created with a Delhi-based AI startup, Xane.AI, which has been nurtured under the company's innovation program, MAIL (Mobility and Automobile Innovation Lab) launched in January 2019 to foster innovation through collaboration with startups.
Maruti Suzuki brings advanced telematics tech in mass segment vehiclesThe Suzuki Connect is an advanced telematics solution that uses internet and wireless connectivity enhancing user's on-road driving experience through features like security alerts, geo-fence, vehicle status and 'navigate to car', among others.
Maruti Suzuki Nexa network completes 6 yrs with cumulative sales of 14 lakh unitsWith the first showroom in 2015, Nexa has touched the imagination of young and aspirational customers and the testimony to this is that nearly half of the customers are under 35 years of age, the auto major said.
Maruti Suzuki crosses 50 lakh cumulative sales milestone in rural markets of IndiaCommenting on the feat, MSIL Senior Executive Director (Marketing & Sales) Shashank Srivastava said, "We are proud to announce that with the support from our customers and local dealer partners, we have achieved 50 lakh sales in rural India cumulatively."
Maruti Suzuki India rolls out digital platform to provide car financing solutions to customersIt has on-boarded 14 financiers, including HDFC Bank, ICICI Bank, Yes Bank, Axis Bank, State Bank of India, IndusInd Bank, Bank of Baroda, Mahindra Finance, and Sundaram Finance.
Maruti Suzuki launches vehicle subscription services in 4 more citiesMaruti Suzuki India (MSI) has partnered with three subscription partners namely Orix Auto Infrastructure Services Ltd. (Orix), ALD Automotive India (ALD Automotive), and Myles Automotive Technologies Pvt Ltd (Myles) for its subscription service.
Maruti Suzuki's NEXA crosses cumulative sales milestone of 13 lakh units since launchCommenting on the milestone, Maruti Suzuki India Executive Director (Marketing & Sales) Shashank Srivastava said NEXA was launched in 2015 to offer premium automotive retail experience to Indian customers through a world of ingenious innovation, exclusivity and inspiring experiences.
Maruti rolls out online finance platform in Arena dealerships across 30 citiesThe carmaker said it has currently partnered with 12 financiers including State Bank of India, HDFC Bank, Mahindra Finance, ICICI Bank, IndusInd Bank, Bank of Baroda, Cholamandalam Finance and Kotak Mahindra for the initiative.
Maruti Suzuki adds S-Cross, Ignis, WagonR to its subscription offeringThe company had launched its Maruti Subscribe initiative in major cities like Delhi-NCR, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Pune, Mumbai, Chennai and Ahmedabad, with its models Swift, Dzire, Vitara Brezza, Ertiga from its Arena network and Baleno, Ciaz, and XL6 from Nexa retail chain.
Maruti Suzuki unveils special offers for govt employees with benefits up to Rs 11,000The company is seeking to further boost demand with its offer after the recent leave travel concession (LTC) cash voucher scheme announced by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman.
Maruti Suzuki launches vehicle subscription program for individuals in Delhi, NCR, BengaluruThe company has partnered ORIX Auto Infrastructure Services India, a subsidiary of ORIX Corporation, Japan, to launch Maruti Suzuki Subscribe for these cities. Through this service, customers can choose to subscribe to a new Swift, Dzire, Vitara Brezza and Ertiga from Maruti Suzuki ARENA and new Baleno, Ciaz and XL6 from NEXA.
Maruti Suzuki drives in S-Cross petrol with price starting at Rs 8.39 lakhThe model, which was earlier available in diesel engine only, now comes with 1.5 litre petrol powertrain mated with both manual and automatic transmissions. The manual variants of the model are priced between Rs 8.39-11.15 lakh while the 4-speed automatic trims are tagged between Rs 10.83-12.39 lakh.Load More
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domain: news


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Before 20 Feb 2020, Singapore had the highest number of Covid-19 confirmed cases in the world outside of China.
But now, South Korea holds that unenviable position.
South Korea Covid-19 Cases Spike Horrendously
On 18 Feb 2020, South Korea has 31 infections.
Fast forward 2 days later and they have 82 cases.
And on 21 Feb 2020, it was reported that South Korea now has 156 confirmed Covid-19 cases.
One long-term patient at a hospital in Cheongdo county died showing symptoms of pneumonia. When tested after his death, it was found that he has Covid-19.
What exactly happened in South Korea over the past few days?
It’s All Because of a Stubborn Churchgoer
Case number 31 in South Korea is a 61-year-old South Korean woman.
She first developed a fever on 10 Feb 2020.
However, because she did not travel abroad, she refused to be tested for the coronavirus.
Then, she went on to attend at least four more services at the Daegu branch of the Shincheonji Church of Jesus before she was diagnosed.
More Than Half Of New Cases From Shincheonji Church of Jesus in the southern city of Daegu
On 21 Feb 2020, 52 new confirmed cases were reported by South Korea (yes, in one day), increasing the total number of confirmed cases to 156.
39 of the new cases has links to the Daegu branch of the Shincheonji Church of Jesus.
111 of 156 confirmed cases are located in Daegu or nearby areas.
The fourth-largest South Korean city is now on high alert and residents were asked to stay at home.
A nearby major US base was also asked to restrict access by the mayor.
More than 400 members of the church exhibit symptoms of the disease and tests are still ongoing.
WHO Disagrees With Media Outlets Who Labelled Event As Super-Spreading
South Korea’s Centers for Disease Control and Prevention labelled the outbreak of Covid-19 infections as a “super-spreading” incident.
A super-spreader implies that a person is more able than others to pass on diseases, like these people back in 2003 during Sars.
Experts and the World Health Organisation (WHO) disagree with the label and considered it to be a “cluster” of cases.
They say that the infection spread isn’t just caused by a single person, but by how they behave, the time and the place of infection as well.
The Shincheonji Church of Jesus has been described as a cult and it was speculated that the way the church holds its services might have increased the infection rate.
According to former church members, members have to sit close together and sing songs with their arms around one another.
But The Term Isn’t Important
What’s important is the behaviour of the patient.
Because she refused to believe that she could be infected, she went on to infect others through her thoughtless behaviour.
So if you’re not feeling well and you think you’re too garang to go to the doctor for “just a small cold”?
Go see a doctor anyway.
After all, remember the number one motto of Singaporeans? Better be safe than never.
Meanwhile, keep updated on the Covid-19 situation in Singapore by bookmarking MOH’s website.
Worker’s Party just agree with PAP on something, but there’s another reason why they did that. Watch this to the end and you’ll understand:
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- Elderly Who’s Dining Alone Tells Daughter on Phone He’s With Friends, Then Cries Alone in Restaurant


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