NAIROBI, Kenya, Apr 23- Betting firm SportPesa has announced a return to sponsoring sports in the country, but will only splash their cash on football for a period of three years, dropping their previous associations with rugby, boxing and rallying.
The company on Monday announced a combined Sh682mn sponsorship for Gor Mahia and AFC Leopards as well as Football Kenya Federation and the Kenyan Premier League for a period of three years, a much reduced figure from the initial five-year contracts signed two years ago.
“We have not renewed some of the contracts we had but we decided to choose some of the few we had because the taxation has changed so we need to support the ones we think we can sustain as long as the tax remains as it is,” SportPesa Chief Executive Officer Ronald Karauri announced.
The company will give FKF Sh69.4mn which will go towards the FKF Cup which will now be known as the SportPesa Shield while they will also resume their title sponsorship of the Kenyan Premier League for Sh259.7mn over the same period.
Gor Mahia who will have a bumper calendar participating in the CAF Confederations Cup will be sponsored to the tune of Sh198.6mn while their arch rivals AFC Leopards will earn a sponsorship of Sh156.4mn both over three years.
Meanwhile, the government says it has been involved in the signing of the new contracts with Sports Principal Secretary Peter Kaberia saying they will ensure that each party gets its fair share of value from the contract without disruption.
“We as a government decided we will participate in this procedure so that it will no longer be federations and financial groups going into agreements while we are on the outside. We want to be part of it and we want to be able to see what we can help with when the federations come to us for help after they sign the deals,” Kaberia said.
Earlier in the year, the betting company which had spread its wings in almost all sports entities in the country had announced it would be stopping all its activities over the 35pc gaming tax law.
The announcement comes as a huge relief to Kenyan premier League clubs which were almost on the verge of collapse with the league lacking both a title and broadcast partner.
Over the weekend, players wore red armbands as a mark of protest over the league’s lack of financial muscle.
“I want to thank SportPesa for coming back despite the law on taxation. It has been difficult at the KPL with 18 clubs being without sponsorship and it has taken a great toll and this is a relief for us despite reduction of the amount,” KPL chairman Ambrose Rachier who also doubles up as the Gor Mahia chair noted.
FKF boss Nick Mwendwa added; “I want to applaud SportPesa for coming back. It is a relief and we want to encourage them to do more in the long run. I also want to thank the ministry for coming on board because it has not been happening before.”
Meanwhile, Kaberia said they will be ready to assist Gor Mahia in their CAF Confederations Cup campaign especially with the three away matches they have to play in Rwanda, Algeria and Tanzania.
“If they present to us the budget then we will look at it and we will consider giving help,” Kaberia said.


MG08 MACHINE GUN
The MG08 was the German Arum’s standard machine gun in WW1 and was an adaptation of the original 1884 Maxim gun, firing up to 600 rounds of ammunition per minute at targets up to 3600m away.
The German MG08 Machine Gun Set is made from the latest metal filled filament to give an authentic metallic look and feel. This collectible set is presented with two military minifigs, sandbags and mounted on a specially designed 3D printed base, housed in a display case.
These models are all individually made to order, so may take up to 2 weeks to reach you after ordering.


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“Lapped by brilliant blue water and sprinkled with sun-bleached ruins, the Greek Islands will fill your imagination with mythical tales, your belly with local flavors and your soul with true relaxation.”—Lonely Planet. This eleven night escapade begins in Athens—where the foundations of Western Civilization were laid—before island-hopping through the Cyclades with visits to Santorini: black sand beaches, dry white wine and beautiful Oia with its world-famous sunsets; Mykonos: the most photogenic with blindingly white, blue-domed buildings; and Paros: traditional villages of narrow streets, flowered balconies and hilly, vineyard-covered countryside.
$3,699 per person double occupancy
Call for single reservations. Fuel surcharge, air taxes and fees subject to change. Passport required. Per person deposit is $600. Additional deposit may be required at time of air ticket purchase.
This is not a group tour.
*After deadline, call 617.338.1111 for availability
- Round-trip regularly scheduled flights from Boston to Athens, via a connecting city
- Hydrofoil from Athens to Mykonos
- Ferry from Mykonos to Santorini
- Ferry from Santorini to Paros
- Flight from Paros to Athens
- Eleven nights’ four-star accommodations
- Thirteen meals: ten breakfasts, one lunch, two dinners
- Hosted, round-trip airport/hotel/port transfers
- DAY 1 Overnight flight from Boston
- DAYS 2–3 Athenaeum Grand Hotel, Athens
- DAYS 4–6 Porto Mykonos Hotel, Mykonos
- DAYS 7–9 Santorini Palace, Santorini
- DAYS 10–12 Saint Andrea Seaside Resort, Paros
- DAY 13 Flight from Paros to Athens, return to Boston
or similar hotel accommodations
Athens: walking tour including Acropolis. Mykonos: half-day excursion to Delos island, full day at leisure. Santorini: full-day excursion of Santorini volcano and nearby islands, Manolas, Oia village sunset; full day at leisure. Paros: excursion to Antiparos village, full-day boat excursion with lunch; full day at leisure. OPTIONAL EXCURSIONS WILL BE OFFERED.

domain: geography


There are several home features growing in popularity that are likely to become the norm in 10 to 20 years, such as electric vehicles. Homes are meant to last decades, and getting ahead of the curve by pre-wiring for electric vehicle charging can set both you and your homebuyers up for success, suggests the National Association of Home Builders. One builder equates it to wiring for cable television in every home back in the ‘70s and ‘80s. By 2030, it is projected that electric vehicles will make up 20% of all car sales. Additionally, many auto manufacturers have plans to phase out combustion engine vehicles between 2025 and 2040.
Your clients may not own an electric vehicle today, but they may be interested in one in the future and appreciate the value that a home pre-wired for EV may provide down the road. As of 2018, the median length of time owners stay in their homes in the United States is 13 years, which suggests many current builds may be up for resale by 2030.
Several auto manufacturers have announced they are phasing out combustion engine vehicles between 2025 and 2040, and as of 2018, EVs were projected to constitute 20% of annual vehicle sales by 2030. An increasing percentage of Americans will probably or definitely own an electric vehicle within the next five to 10 years, with 52% of respondents to recent surveys indicating such in 2021 compared to 15% in 2018. Current and pending financial incentives for both vehicles and the associated infrastructure may increase interest in a home that can accommodate EV charging.
Electrical Component Shortage Is Wreaking Havoc and Demands Action
NAHB Housing Policy Briefing | Ongoing supply chain shortage of transformers and other electrical switch gear is becoming a crisis; AD&C credit continues to tighten
Washington State Will Require Heat Pumps in All New Construction Beginning 2023
The State Building Code Council recently voted to approve a new Washington State Energy Code that requires heat pumps in all new-construction projects
2020 National Electrical Code Resets GFCI Rule
NAHB Policy Briefing: Electrical code updates regarding ground-fault circuit interrupters out of step with currently available HVAC products; number of women employed in construction rises


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Click on image for full size
Windows to the Universe/L.Gardiner
Find out how to identify minerals (...and learn what shape, luster, color, streak, hardness, cleavage and fracture are all about!)
Meet some other nonsilicate minerals!
This is gypsum! It often forms as a layer of the bottom of a salty sea. Sometimes it forms in sandy areas like deserts and little sand grains are trapped between the gypsum crystals. This makes the crystals look like they are made out of sand.
There is probably some gypsum in your house and school! Gypsum is in plaster, which is used to make walls and molds of your teeth at the orthodontist's office.
Last modified June 12, 2003 by Lisa Gardiner.
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I have booked tours before with Rio Experience in Rio de Janeiro. I liked so much, that when they...
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Me my wife and couple of friends depended on Rio experience to organize a full day city tour in Rio which was really perfect and nothing to complain about as I asked them to pay on the day of the tour and they didn't have...更多
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Don't book this company - plain & simple.
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Estuve en Rio de Janeiro hace 3 días, antes de ir había cotizado algunos tours con agencias de viaje de...更多
Although the tour started a bit later due to delays in Picking up people...The tour was pretty good:
We booked the city tour and had a very memorable day. We toured January 3rd which was an unseasonable hot...更多
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domain: travel


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Human Geography and Sport & Physical Education (with Foundation Year)
UCAS Code: HG54|Duration: 4 years|Full Time|Hope Park
UCAS Campus Code: L46
Work placement opportunities|International students can apply
Human Geography involves the study of the interrelationships between people, place, and environment, and how these vary spatially and temporally across and between locations shaping the lives and activities of people, and their interactions with places and nature. It covers many different perspectives and brings them together to create a distinctive way of understanding the world. Human Geography is more allied with the social sciences and humanities, sharing their philosophical approaches and methods.
Our degree investigates human-environment relationships offering you the chance to develop an integrated, enriched understanding of what is taking place on our planet particularly through, for example, the lens of tourism, exploring urban environments, small island settings or applied aspects of natural hazard management. In addition to specialising in human geographical dimensions, you will look at a wide range of different geographical topics and learn a broad range of skills. The overarching aim of our Human Geography degree is to provide students with opportunities to contribute to an environmentally sustainable and socially conscious future.
Liverpool is a particularly great place to study Human Geography, being an excellent case study of economic, environmental and social regeneration, and having surroundings that include rural and coastal settings.For more details and information about this course visit:
Our Sport and Physical Education degree helps you gain in-depth knowledge about the effect of sport, physical education and activity on individuals and society as a whole. The degree will allow you to explore the impact of sport at the individual, team, organisational and wider community level, from grass roots through to the elite sport. You will examine these issues using applied and theoretical approaches to sport psychology, performance and technique, sport analysis, sport management, sociology and history, and coaching science and development.
Studying Sport and Physical Education at Liverpool Hope University gives you a skills-based theoretical, practical and applied experience which is underpinned by a foundation in subject knowledge and research skills. Based on cutting edge research, you will have the opportunity to explore in detail a wide variety of principles and practices in different sports. The degree focuses on core disciplines in the field. These include applied and theoretical approaches to sport psychology, performance and technique, sport analysis, sport management, sociology and history, and coaching science and development.
Within all disciplines you will approach the effect of sport, physical education and activity on individuals and society as a whole, emphasising the ethical issues relating to competition, participation and also the issues relating to health and wellbeing. You will be taught by a team of lecturers who are all experts in their field and widely published academics. You also have full access to the multi-million pound, state-of-the-art Health Science Building and Sports Complex, incorporating a running track, dedicated research space and new teaching laboratories.
For more details and information about this course visit:
Sport & Physical Education


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Five Reasons to Sit-Up Straight and Stop Slouching
Spinal Health, Posture and Depression
Remember when you were growing up your parents or teachers would tell you to sit up straight? Slouching and slumping over in your chair is bad for posture, that’s what their reason for telling us to sit straight, but what they most likely didn’t know was that not only was it bad for your posture, but it now has been shown in a recent study that slumping and slouching have an affective effect on your mental state of mind and is shown to cause depression, lower self-esteem, and a negatively charged mood. Not only that, but it also leads to the use of less positive words in your speech.
It shouldn’t come as a surprise though as the spine is part of the central nervous system and thus its health greatly affects the body and mind. According to the American College of Sports Medicine, doing daily 10-minute spine stretching exercises can reduce injury and reverse some of the negative effects of slouching and slumping.
Another important step to reversing the effects of poor posture is to have your spine adjusted and reset to factory defaults as it were. Seeing a chiropractor can keep your spine healthy and reduce some of the damage that has been done over the years, not just from slouching but also from poor lifting techniques of heavy objects, i.e., not bending with your knees, or just from the stresses caused by all that shopping you have been doing – those bags sure can get heavy.
With spring around the corner and cleaning not far behind, getting ahead start now on maintaining good posture and spinal health will go a long way toward keeping you happy, fit and energized for the year ahead.
So the next time you are feeling down, depressed or in a negative space, check your posture, you might find that you are slouching and slumping unknowingly and with just a quick “sit up/ stand up straight” your mood will get a lift too.
Last but not least, here are those five reasons to stop slouching and slumping:
Worsens Depression and Stress
Causes Digestive Issues
Back, Shoulder and Neck Pain
So now that you know that there is a correlation between your posture and your mental wellbeing, you will be more mindful of your posture.

domain: medical


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I ❤ Community
The I ❤ Community Celebration, is a fun-filled night of dinner, music, a silent auction, and drinks! Yes, drinks! This is the one and only CPEII PA event just for grown-ups.
The I ❤ Community Celebration will happen in the Black Box Theater of El Barrio's Artspace, 215 East 99 Street (the original CPEII building).
Childcare will be offered, for a small fee, just a few blocks away, at CPEII.
Proceed from this event will supplement the various programs and initiatives that make CPEII a wonderful educational environment for our children.
Click below to purchase tickets, download a form to donate an item for the auction, or bid on existing auction items.
Click Here for a sneak peek at children's artwork that will be up for auction

domain: artistic


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gorgeous throw size
The type of material that is employed in Wise bayliner replacement lounge seat with base 204018 will additionally ascertain the gorgeous throw size durability of this curtain also. Beside the type of cloth, other crucial thing which you have to take into consideration when deciding on gorgeous throw size drape for your café’s throws could be your magnitude of this drape. Just before you purchase the curtain, then you also might have to gauge the throws’s window so that you are gorgeous throw size able to find curtain with the proper dimensions. Colors and patterns are also essential requirement you ought to consider once you want to choose drape for your own café’s throws. Guarantee the color or pattern of this cafe throws curtains that you simply opt for can fit perfectly with all the interior of the throws.
The Wise bayliner replacement lounge seat with base 204018 have consistently been the solution for limited distance. But you ought to notice it will take more than just the suitable dimension to create a comfortable dining room in smaller throws. There are many different matters you must think about.
Have you got any plan to install a new throws faucet? Do you know Wise bayliner replacement lounge seat with base 204018? You will find five amazing means for homeowners who would like to spare more budget and time in putting in throws faucet. The very first technique will be to get gone the old throws faucet. Just begin with turning the water off tap that’s placed directly underneath the sink. You are also needed to twist to the faucet so that the strain of the water from the lines will be lessened. In addition it’s necessary for you to show off the electricity of the garbage disposal. Second, it is possible to snap-shoot the pipes setup before you get started taking away the garbage disposal out of the sink.
Gallery for Gorgeous Throw Size (3 of 21 images)
Growing Distinct Theme From Choosing Gorgeous Throw Size
GE model is the first brand of throws appliance you can choose. This brand is highly well-known by its byproduct. This gives you the ideal quality of both throws blower as well as the services and products on extensive selection. You can choose it to make your throws tasks much easier and quicker.

domain: design


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Direct mercury determination in blood and urine by means of high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry using gold nanoparticles as a chemical modifier†
The determination of Hg in biological fluids, such as blood and urine, is important considering its known toxicity to human health. This kind of analysis typically requires the use of expensive instrumentation and/or sample pretreatment, which can be a problem for implementation in laboratories in low- and middle-income countries. In this work, a cost-effective methodology for the direct determination of Hg in blood and urine at low μg L−1 levels by means of high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (HR CS GFAAS) is presented. This method is based on the use of Au nanoparticles (Au NPs) as a modifier, which can be readily synthesized in any basic laboratory. By using this modifier, direct analysis of one sample can be performed in a few minutes without the need for extensive sample pretreatment and calibrating with aqueous standards. Although developed for HR CS GFAAS, this method might be adopted by any laboratory equipped with any GFAAS instrument. With our instrumentation, a characteristic mass of 16 pg and a LOD of 2.3 μg L−1 (for a typical sample volume of 10 μL, although higher volumes can also be analyzed, if required) was obtained for Hg, which is fit for purpose in the context of Hg exposure monitoring as a result of occupational hazards.
- This article is part of the themed collection: Atomic spectrometry for the analysis of biological samples


A new project is due to start this month in the port of Antwerp, designed to clean the river of a deadly toxic pollutant and improve the quality of river water for marine life.
The project is titled AMORAS, and involves cooperation between the Flemish government, the Antwerp Port Authority and a consortium of two of Belgium’s – and indeed the world’s – major dredging companies, Jan De Nul and Deme.
Between them they have developed technology to remove a chemical known as tributyltin from the silt on the river bottom.
Tributyltin (TBT) is a compound widely used from the 1970s in paint used to protect the hulls of ships and boats from living organisms like barnacles from growing there. However although effective for purpose and therefore popular, it was later found to be highly toxic to all marine species, not just the ones targetted.
“The product is extremely harmful to the environment and is also difficult to break down,” said Yi-Bin Shan, the head of maritime access at the public works ministry.
“All these years, TBT has been building up in the sludge and gradually. It disrupts the metabolism and hormone action of mainly molluscs, such as snails and mussels.”
If it enters the food chain, it can also be hazardous to humans. Starting in the 1980s it was progressively restricted until the International Maritime Organisation banned it entirely in 2001.
However while TBT is no longer used, it persists as a pollutant in the seabed, and in the case of Antwerp in the silt that lies at the bottom of the river and its estuary.
“After years of research, there is now finally a solution for this historic pollution,” said Lydia Peeters (Open VLD), Flemish minister for public works.
“This is a worldwide first and a milestone for Flanders and the port of Antwerp. We will be able to remove the most contaminated sludge from the port. As a result, the water quality will improve substantially.”
To keep the access to the port open to shipping, dredgers work non-stop to dredge silt from the estuary, which is then taken to land and treated. Until now, silt polluted with TBT could not be cleaned, and had to be taken to the bordering Netherlands to be disposed of.
“Together with the university of Antwerp, we have been investigating for several years now how to remove TBT from the port,” said Port Authority CEO Jacques Vandermeiren.
“We are proud to finally be able to tackle this historic pollution. Currently, the water quality in the port scores below the European standard. This will improve considerably with this project. As a port authority, we think it is important to take our responsibility towards society. We are the only port in the world that not only removes contaminated sludge, but also processes it sustainably.”
The project, which aims ultimately to remove 800,000 cubic metres of contaminated silt from the river, is jointly financed by the Flemish region and the port authority.
“Flanders is providing €25 million annually for the operation of AMORAS,” Peeters said.
“We are now making an additional investment of €700,000 a year to dispose of TBT in an ecologically responsible manner.”
“The Port of Antwerp has invested €1 million in the preliminary phase of this project and will release €1.5 million euros annually for the effective processing of TBT sludge,” said city councillor for the port, Annick De Ridder (N-VA).
“The Port of Antwerp wants to be an inspiration for other ports, and to take on a pioneering role in the field of sustainability.”
The Brussels Times


"In the aftermath of the $222,000 jury verdict that the Recording Industry Association of America recently won against a Minnesota woman who shared 24 songs on Kazaa, the U.S. Congress is preparing to amend copyright law."
"Politicians want to increase penalties for copyright infringement.
It's no joke. Top Democrats and Republicans in the U.S. House of Representatives on Wednesday introduced a sweeping 69-page bill that ratchets up civil penalties for copyright infringement, boosts criminal enforcement, and even creates a new federal agency charged with bringing about a national and international copyright crackdown.
"By providing additional resources for enforcement of intellectual property, we ensure that innovation and creativity will continue to prosper in our society," Judiciary Committee Chairman John Conyers (D-Mich) said in a statement.
The legislation, called the Prioritizing Resources and Organization for Intellectual Property Act, or PRO IP Act, is throughly bipartisan. The top Republican, Lamar Smith of Texas, on the Judiciary committee is a sponsor. So is Howard Berman (D-Calif.), the chair of the subcommittee that writes copyright law, and Adam Schiff (D-Calif.) and Bob Goodlatte (R-Va.)."
Source: Full Article @ C|NET News.com


This program will incorporate a variety of marine life into your own picture of an underwater community. Colored pencils, markers and watercolor paints will be supplied to complete your artwork. Mixed Media painting techniques will be demonstrated, so no prior experience is required. Reference pictures and easy to follow drawing instructions will be provided for an assortment of fish, corals, shorebirds, etcetera from the marine ecosystems described below: Intertidal zones, where the ocean meets the land: clams, crabs, sea stars, small fish and shorebirds; can be rocky or sandy. Coral Reefs, found in warm shallow waters: reef fish, urchins, octopus, and corals. Estuaries, where freshwater streams or rivers merge with the ocean: seaweeds, marsh grasses, oysters, crabs, and waterfowl.


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Steel Collars For Dogs
Do you own a dog? If so, you know how important it is to keep them safe. One of the best ways to do this is to use steel collars for dogs. Steel collars are known for their efficacy in preventing dog aggression and other dog-related issues. This blog is all about steel collars for dogs - what they are, why they are so effective, and some of the best ones that you can buy. In addition, this blog discusses some of the benefits and drawbacks of steel collars for dogs, as well as tips on how to choose the right one for your dog. Finally, this blog has a collection of steel collars for dogs that you can purchase from luxury doggies. So if you're looking for a way to keep your dog safe, read on!
Dogs are man's best friend, and for a good reason - they're adorable and loyal. However, they can be dangerous if not supervised properly. One way to prevent accidents and keep your dog safe is by using a steel collar. These collars are adjustable and come with leashes that attach easily to the dog's collar. They're also durable, so they can handle a lot of wear and tear. If you're looking for an effective way to keep your dog safe, steel collars are a great option.
Best Steel Collars For Dogs:
Dogs can be a lot of fun, but they can also be dangerous when they're not properly supervised. One of the best ways to ensure your dog's safety is by using a steel collar. These collars are made from strong metal and are perfect for training your dog both indoors and outdoors. There are many different types and sizes of steel collars on the market, so it's important to find the right one for your pup. Most steel collars come with identification tags, so you'll always be able to find your dog if he/she gets lost. Finally, be sure to properly train your dog before taking them out on walks. With a good quality steel collar, you can be sure to keep your dog safe while enjoying their time together.
Why Use Steel Collars For Dogs?
Steel collars are a safe and effective way to keep your dog under control. They're tough enough to prevent damage, yet flexible enough for the dog to breathe easily. They're also color-coded so you can quickly identify which one is attached to which dog. Plus, they're easy to install and remove, perfect for when you need to take your dog on a quick walk or into the car. If you're looking for a collar that's sure to keep your dog under control, steel collars are the perfect solution.
Pros and Cons Of Using Steel Collars For Dogs
When it comes to steel collars for dogs, there are pros and cons to consider. Before using one, it's important to read the manufacturer's instructions to ensure that you're wearing the collar in the correct way. The main downside to steel collars is that they can be harmful to your dog's teeth and gums if not used correctly. Make sure you have a good understanding of why the collar is being used - for example, to prevent aggression or protect people from getting hurt - before putting it on your pet. If you're looking for an effective way to control your dog's behavior, steel collars may be the best option for you.
What are Some of the Benefits of Using Steel Collars For Dogs
If you're looking for a dog collar that will provide many benefits, steel collars are a great option. They're effective in preventing obedience problems and aggression, making them a great choice for dog owners. Additionally, steel collars are easy to clean and maintain, which means they'll last longer than leather or rubber collars. By training your dog with a steel collar, you can also teach them proper manners. So, if you're looking for a collar that is effective, easy to use, and will last long, steel collars may be the perfect option for you!
How Do We Choose The Best Steel Collars For Dogs
Dogs deserve the best of the best when it comes to their collar, and that includes steel collars. Not only are they durable, but they can be quite stylish too. So, how do we choose the best steel collars for dogs? Well, the first thing to take into account is the collar's comfort. It should be snug but not too tight, and it should fit well both you and your dog. Next, consider the collar's size and weight. Make sure it's big enough to fit your dog's neck, but not too heavy or bulky. And finally, make sure to choose the right type of steel collar for your dog. There are three main types: buckle collar, leash collar, and training collar. Each has its own benefits and disadvantages, so it's important to choose the right one for your dog. Be sure to research the different types before making your purchase, so you can find the collar that is both durable and stylish.
What To Look For In Steel Collars For Dogs
Dogs are man's best friend, but that doesn't mean they don't deserve to be protected. A steel collar is one effective way to do just that. This collar will help reduce the chances of your dog escaping, which could lead to serious accidents and injuries. Be sure to read the manufacturer's safety guidelines before buying a steel collar for your pet. Depending on the collar you choose, it should fit over your dog's head but not be too large or cumbersome. The best type of steel collar for dogs is one with a quick-release system, so you can quickly put it on and take it off without any hassle. steel collars are a great way to keep your dog safe and secure, and they're a great way to show your dog that you care!
Steel Collars For Dogs In Our Collection:
Dogs can be a lot of work, and training them can be a daunting task. That's where steel collars come in! These collars are made from steel, which makes them tough enough to handle hard behavior from your pet. Plus, they come in different colors and styles to match your dog's personality or outfit. We also have a variety of steel collars for dogs in our collection, so you're sure to find the perfect one for your pet. Each collar is designed to provide comfort and effective training. So don't wait any longer, pick up a steel collar for your dog today!
Why Buy Steel Collars For Dogs From LUXURY DOGGIES?
Steel dog collars are a great way to keep your dog safe. Not only are they stylish, but they come in a wide range of colors and styles. Plus, our customer service team is available 24/7 to help you find the perfect collar for your dog. Our collar sizing system is precise, so you can be sure the fit is perfect. We only use top quality steel collars that are designed to ensure your dog's safety. So why not take a chance and buy steel dog collars from LUXURY DOGGIES? You won't regret it!
Frequently Asked Questions
Are there any potential risks associated with using steel collars for dogs?
When it comes to steel collars, there are many potential risks associated with using them. These collars can cause bruising, cuts, infection, and even paralysis. Additionally, dog owners who use steel collars may find that it's better than alternative methods like yelling and hitting. However, many dog owners swear by steel collars as a form of punishment or training for their dogs.
Can I take my dog swimming while wearing a steel collar?
It is not recommended to take your dog swimming while wearing a steel collar, as metal metal collars can be harmful to dogs if the collar is not properly fitted and the dog shows any signs of aggression. Consult with your veterinarian before using any type of restraint on your pet.
How do I put on a steel collar properly?
To put on a steel collar properly, start by attaching the clasp to your dog's neck. Then, tighten the clasp until it is snug, but not too tight - you don't want to choke your dog.
Which type of collar should I buy my dog?
If you're looking for a collar that will last long and be gentle on your dog's neck, then go for a steel collar. Steel collars don't absorb much shock and can withstand a lot of strain, making them the safest type of collar for dogs. Plastic or nylon collars are less durable but still safe for your dog's neck as long as it isn't overloaded with weight or subjected to excessive force.
It's clear that steel collars are an important tool for dog owners. Not only are they effective in training dogs, but they can also be a lifesaver in emergency situations. In this blog, we have covered the different aspects of steel collars for dogs and provided a variety of options for you to choose from. We hope that this article has provided you with everything you need to make a informed decision about steel collars for your dog. If you have any questions or comments, please don't hesitate to leave them below. We would love to hear from you!

domain: pet


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Naples Villa Market Summary YTD 2023
Overall in Naples, the median price of Villas sold in the first 5 months of 2023 was steady on a 28% decrease in sales, with variations from area to area.
In July I will publish reports showing the breakdown by Quarters and also showing a longer-term view as in my Q1 statistics.
- Andrew Oliver, M.B.E., M.B.A.
Real Estate Advisor

domain: economics


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Hopdoddy is frying clean: the restaurant is now using Zero Acre Farms oil for fries, chicken and Brussels sprouts! Chef Matt Schweitzer, Vice President of Revenue, joined Studio 512 to talk about the new partnership and what it means for customers.
Matt says, “Hopdoddy Burger Bar, a pioneer in the better burger space since 2010, has become the first burger chain in the United States to pledge to go 100% seed oil-free by partnering with Zero Acre Farms, a food company focused on delicious, healthy and environmentally friendly cooking oil. Hopdoddy will start the transition by replacing soybean oil with seed oil-free Zero Acre oil, which is made from rain-fed sugarcane plants, in every fryer at all 10 Austin, San Antonio and San Marcos, Texas locations.
“This partnership deepens Hopdoddy’s commitment to sourcing high-quality ingredients while providing an elevated craft food experience in a casual setting, and it aligns with the brand’s commitment to build a more sustainably-minded supply chain as it works to become seed oil-free nationwide in the coming months. In addition to the large environmental impact of seed oils, a growing number of consumers are avoiding them due to their high levels of omega-6 fats, which have been linked to adverse health conditions, especially when heated.
“At the first 10 stores, all of Hopdoddy’s crispy favorites, including hand-cut fries made from the freshest, family-farmed non-GMO Chipperbec potatoes, are now being clean-fried in Zero Acre oil instead of seed oils for the same delicious crisp with less greasiness and a smaller environmental footprint. In addition to nine flavors of shareable fries, five flavors of loaded brussels sprouts, chicken tenders and the Nashville hot chicken sandwich are clean-fried in Zero Acre oil.
“Zero Acre oil has a neutral taste that helps flavors pop and is high in heart-healthy monounsaturated fat, which is more stable for frying than the polyunsaturated fats found in most vegetable oils. As an added bonus, foods fried in Zero Acre oil have been found to contain fewer calories. Up to 15% less oil was absorbed by food fried in Zero Acre oil in a study comparing the product to sunflower and palm oils, common vegetable oils.
“Our guests have been asking us to go seed oil-free, and Hopdoddy listened. We found that Zero Acre was the best fit for us, as it has a neutral, clean taste that improves the flavor of our product. It offers a high level of healthy fats while also being immensely better for our planet. We’re really proud that this change falls right in line with our mission to serve high quality food that leaves the planet better than we found it. We hope Hopdoddy can be an example to other brands and lead the charge to more fully leverage products like Zero Acre in foodservice in the near future.”
Jeff Nobbs, co-founder and CEO of Zero Acre Farms, says “It’s rare to find a restaurant as trailblazing and discerning as Hopdoddy, evidenced by their delicious menu and their leadership in environmental stewardship. With their commitment to regenerative agriculture and now their pledge to go 100% seed oil-free, Hopdoddy is redefining what it means to source responsibly. At Zero Acre Farms, we are immensely proud to partner with a restaurant that doesn’t just set the bar, but continuously raises it.
“Using Zero Acre oil, which requires far less land, water and produces fewer greenhouse gas emissions, allows Hopdoddy to further its support of environmentally friendly farming practices. With a full transition to Zero Acre across all 47 locations, Hopdoddy will save 38 million square feet of land, along with 250 million gallons of fresh water annually. In addition, 2,350 metric tons of carbon emissions will be avoided each year while significantly reducing bad fats from its fried items and lowering the calorie count in fried items overall.”
The partnership comes on the heels of Hopdoddy’s recent pledge to make a shift toward utilizing 100% regeneratively-raised meat sources to help “Save the Planet …One Bite At a Time.” To celebrate the launch and bring the land-savings of frying with Zero Acre oil to life, Hopdoddy is giving away free fries, now through October 31st! Customers who visit a participating location can get a free shareable fry bowl by taking a photo of themselves on the “9 sq ft of land” floor decal that signifies how much less land is used to make one bowl of fries in Zero Acre oil than in soybean oil. Simply upload the photo to Instagram, tag @zeroacrefarms and @hopdoddy and show the post to the cashier to claim your free fry bowl (limit one per patron).
Learn more about Hopdoddy’s pledge, menu and the location nearest you at Hopdoddy.com. See more of Zero Acre Farms’ mission at ZeroAcre.com.
This segment is paid for by Zero Acre Farms and is intended as an advertisement. Opinions expressed by the guest(s) on this program are solely those of the guest(s) and are not endorsed by this television station.

domain: news


Capitol Riot Hearings: Meet the panel investigating the January 6, 2021 'uprising'
The much-awaited hearings into the House committee investigating the January 6 Capitol riots will commence from June 9 at 8 pm ET. The panel constitutes nine members, both Democrats as well as Republicans, who will work together to find what led to 2021’s infamous violence at the US Capitol.
The panel said, “The committee will present previously unseen material documenting January 6th, receive witness testimony, preview additional hearings, and provide the American people a summary of its findings about the coordinated, multi-step effort to overturn the results of the 2020 presidential election and prevent the transfer of power.”
Who are part of the committee?
Bennie Gordon Thompson
Mississippi Democrat Bennie Thompson is the chairperson of the committee. Thompson is well-known for his efforts to safeguard and improve voting rights. The 74-year-old is also “the chair of the Committee on Homeland Security since 2019 and from 2007 to 2011”. Recently, he took to Twitter to share a link of a Washington Post article while writing: “Here is how you can view the Jan. 6 committee hearings and what to watch for.”
Here is how you can view the Jan. 6 committee hearings and what to watch for.https://t.co/UeIZWDeRUx— Bennie G. Thompson (@BennieGThompson) June 7, 2022
Recently, he told NPR, “I'm a passionate believer that, in a democracy you have to follow the rule of law. It has nothing to do with individuals, it has nothing to do with wealth. It has nothing to do with status in the community. It's the law. The law is colorblind.”
Thompson also spoke with CNN and said, “People I know fought and died in this country for me to have the right to represent them and for them to have the right to vote. I’m not going to let any insurrectionist, rioter, crazy person come here and take this pin.”
House majority whip Jim Clyburn vouched for Thompson’s selection and added: “We have so many people over here who are much more interested in the headline than they are in making headway. Bennie is not interested in making the headlines. Here he is, growing up, under the imperfections of this country — being affected adversely by this country's imperfections. Yet he is one being looked to now to do what is necessary to preserve it.”
An attorney as well as representative for Wyoming's at-large Congressional District since 2017, Liz Cheney belongs to the Republican party but after the January 6 incident, she became a staunch critic of former President Donald Trump. She was also one of the nine Republicans who voted for his impeachment.
In a January 2022 tweet, slamming the former president, Cheney wrote, “Trump uses language he knows caused the Jan 6 violence; suggests he’d pardon the Jan 6 defendants, some of whom have been charged with seditious conspiracy; threatens prosecutors; and admits he was attempting to overturn the election. He’d do it all again if given the chance.”
Trump uses language he knows caused the Jan 6 violence; suggests he’d pardon the Jan 6 defendants, some of whom have been charged with seditious conspiracy; threatens prosecutors; and admits he was attempting to overturn the election.— Liz Cheney (@Liz_Cheney) January 31, 2022
He’d do it all again if given the chance.
I’m a constitutional conservative and I do not recognize those in my party who have abandoned the Constitution to embrace Donald Trump. History will be their judge. I will never stop fighting for our constitutional republic. No matter what. (2/2) https://t.co/HtgFzrCipd— Liz Cheney (@Liz_Cheney) February 4, 2022
Also, in February 2022, she tweeted: “I’m a constitutional conservative and I do not recognize those in my party who have abandoned the Constitution to embrace Donald Trump. History will be their judge. I will never stop fighting for our constitutional republic. No matter what.”
Recently, the 55-year-old said, “I have found myself, especially since January 6th, thinking often of my great-great-grandfather and of the Union he fought to defend. The question for every one of us is, in this time of testing, will we do our duty? Or will we look away from danger, ignore the threat, embrace the lies?”
Kinzinger, representative for Illinois's 16th congressional district, is another Republican who is a part of the committee alongside Cheney. The 44-year-old not just voted to impeach Trump after the Capitol riots but has also opposed many of his own party’s policies.
In the wake of the Texas school shooting massacre, he took to Twitter to call for gun controlling laws - opposite to what majority GOP members believe. He tweeted: “As a strong Second Amendment defender, I believe we have to be the ones putting forward reasonable solutions to gun violence. I'm focused on saving lives & I'm hopeful more of my colleagues will reach across the aisle to do the same.”
As a strong Second Amendment defender, I believe we have to be the ones putting forward reasonable solutions to gun violence. I'm focused on saving lives & I'm hopeful more of my colleagues will reach across the aisle to do the same. https://t.co/CXodjhlSnD pic.twitter.com/DO4r81OoG8— Adam Kinzinger (@RepKinzinger) June 2, 2022
Democratic Representative Jamie Raskin is also a part of the committee. He earlier served as the lead impeachment manager at the post-6 January trial of Trump. It has been said that at the time, he “came close to tears while describing the weight of evidence and the dangers posed not just by the event itself but the precedent it set for presidential conduct.”
This week, @January6thCmte starts sharing evidence of the chilling inside plan to overturn the 2020 election and block the constitutional transfer of power. America will see footage and records we have documenting the dangerous extremist assault on our constitutional order.— Rep. Jamie Raskin (@RepRaskin) June 7, 2022
Recently, the 59-year-old tweeted: “This week, @January6thCmte starts sharing evidence of the chilling inside plan to overturn the 2020 election and block the constitutional transfer of power. America will see footage and records we have documenting the dangerous extremist assault on our constitutional order.”
Democratic representative from California, Lofgren was also part of the post-6 January impeachment of Trump. She said at the time, “A trial without all the relevant evidence is not a fair trial. It would be wrong for you senators, acting as judges, to be deprived of relevant evidence of the president’s offences.”
The 74-year-old’s website describing her states that she “currently serves on the House Judiciary Committee, the House Science, Space and Technology Committee, and the Committee on House Administration.” Besides, she is “also the Chair of the California Democratic Congressional Delegation. It is the most diverse delegation in the House and outnumbers all other state House delegations."
Luria is a Navy veteran, who is currently working as representative from Virginia's 2nd congressional district. The 46-year-old Democrat was inside the Capitol when the attack happened. On the riots’ anniversary, she said: “Abraham Lincoln said in response to potential threats to our Republic, 'If it ever reach us it must spring up amongst us; it cannot come from abroad. If destruction be our lot we must ourselves be its author and finisher.’ These words continue to ring true today.”
Aguilar is an ex-mayor of Redlands and currently serving as the representative from California's 31st congressional district. The Democrat recently spoke about the upcoming hearing and reportedly said that “the televised events will not be a ‘Disney production’, but the committee is clearly invested in making sure they come off as intended.”
The 43-year-old is a Vietnamese-born US leader who belongs to the Democratic party. She commented on her being a part of the committee and said, “To see the citadel of American democracy assaulted is a reminder that our democracy is not self-sustaining. It needs to be preserved and protected by American patriots of every political stripe.”
The 61-year-old Democrat is a lawyer, author, and politician, who spoke about the televised-hearings and said: “Our goal is to present the narrative of what happened in this country, how close we came to losing our democracy, what led to the violence. Americans I think know a great deal already – they have seen a number of bombshells already [and] there’s a great deal they haven’t seen. But perhaps the most important is the public has not seen it woven together, how one thing led to another.”


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NEPEAN – The Pembroke Lumber Kings continue to roll, winning their sixth straight game to start the CCHL season.
On Wednesday night, the Kings edged the Nepean Raiders 3-2 in a shootout. Brady Egan scored the shoot-out winner to lift Pembroke to victory and Darian McTavish had a strong game in nets, allowing just one goal in the shootout and during the game stopping 30 of the 32 shots he faced. Cameron Hough also scored in the shootout for Pembroke.
The Kings led 1-0 after the first thanks to a goal by Dante Moretti, with the help of Alex Urbisci and Jesse Kirkby.
The Raiders responded in the second with a pair of goals by Beau Binnie and Evan Boucher, before Kings’ captain Jacob Shankar pulled his team even six minutes to go in the third. Overtime solved nothing and the teams headed to the shootout.
Pembroke’s power play continued to produce as the Kings were 1-for-4 with the man advantage while Nepean failed to capitalize on six power-play opportunities.
Pembroke out shot the Raiders 36-32. Tyler Laureault took the loss in the Nepean net.
Next up for the Kings is a huge test against Carleton Place Friday night on the road. Going into the game, Pembroke is first overall in the Central Canada Hockey League standings with 12 points, two points ahead of the Canadians with a five-win, one-loss record to start. Game time in Carleton Place is 7:45 p.m.
After seven games on the road, fans will finally get their chance to see the Kings back at the Pembroke Memorial Centre Sunday night at the home opener. Game time against the Smiths Falls Bears is 7 p.m.


Brothers Caleb and Will Chapman and Scott Mills are Colony House, a trio who take their name from an apartment complex in their hometown of Franklin, Tennessee and whose music walks the line between melodic alt-pop and arena-sized, radio-friendly rock anthems. Reinventing their sound after a name change last year, the threesome have released a three-song EP in advance of their debut longplayer When I Was Younger due later this year. They've also caught the ear of the finely-tuned Communion Music group who present the band at New York's Rockwood Music Hall on February 4. Click through to stream "Only You."
Colony House - "Waiting for My Time To Come"


The Buffalo Zoo has a new adorable resident.
The zoo announced the addition of Flash, a one-year-old sloth from the Columbus Zoo and Aquarium in Columbus, Ohio.
Flash will join the education department and serve as an ambassador for all sloths that are in the wild. Sloths are native to South America and spend most of their time upside down.
The public will be able to meet Flash this weekend in front of the Elephant House starting at 11:30 a.m.


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Two mothers in Washington State are spearheading efforts to raise awareness of Sudden Cardiac Arrest and the need for AEDs throughout Washington school districts. Darla Varrenti, lost her 16-year-old son, Nick to Sudden Cardiac Arrest in 2004 after he played in a football game. Varrenti is the director of the Nick of Time Foundation that works to spread awareness for the #1 cause of death among young athletes. The foundation has educated hundreds of schools about the condition and provides youth heart screenings and training for students in CPR.
Melinda Truax joined the effort to raise awareness of SCA and AEDs after her 16-year-old son, Matthew collapsed while running the track in PE class at Meadowdale High School on Sep. 13, 2013. Teachers began CPR and called 911, but by the time a defibrillator arrived, it was too late. (Read more here)
Both Darla Varrenti and Melinda Truax were present in the State Senate as Bill 5083 (Sudden Cardiac Arrest Act) passed this month unanimously.
The bill calls for the following:
• Creation of an informational pamphlet about Sudden Cardiac Arrest—detailing symptoms, warning signs and prevention
• School districts to hold a meeting at the beginning of each year with student athletes, notifying them about SCA, and the risks they face in sports
• Parents and students would be required to sign a form stating they have reviewed the online pamphlet before participating in athletic activities
• Coaches be required to complete an online program on SCA prevention and warning signs
“Students need to know what their heart is doing,” said Darla Varrenti, who testified on the bill. “It’s not enough that we, as parents, protect them with helmets, seat belts, and all of the different kind of things we do, but we don’t protect their hearts like we should.”
After Melinda Truax learned that her son’s life may have been saved if an AED had been more readily available, she created the Heart of Edmonds Project, an effort to raise money to outfit every school in the Edmonds School District with multiple AEDs.
SCA can be effectively treated through prompt recognition, early CPR, and early access to an AED, a portable device that will read and analyze the heart rhythm and provide an electric shock to restore the heart to a normal rhythm if necessary.
“Most schools might have one, but many are old and not enough to cover entire area to get help quickly where needed. We want to put AEDs in over 34 locations covering about 20,000 students,” Melinda says. “When you think about teachers, parents, grandparents that are in our schools, 20% of our population on average is in a school every day. They’re worth protecting.”
The Heart of Edmonds Project is hosting a gala dinner and auction Feb. 28, 2015 to raise funds for AED placement.


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BLUEBOOTI BLOCKPRINTED COTTON DRESS
"To fly toward a secret sky"
A bluebooti cotton dress with inverse hand block imprints.Featuring button closure neckline, full sleeves and high low silhouettes. Further accompanied by side pockets to add that extra charm.
Handcrafted with an artistic blend of wooden block imprints on the base of contrasting hues. Design to lend your vogue the timeless elegance of style.
This products is handprinted and hand dyed, you may find certain irregularities in the pattern, this is trademark to all handprinted products and only adds to its unique charm ..
We are more than happy to assist you!
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Call or whatsapp us at +918851211371
Email us at email@example.com


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Reactor Development Program Progress Report: September 1966
Description: Report issued by the Argonne National Laboratory discussing progress made within the Reactor Development Program for September, 1966. The report includes highlights of the different project activities including plutonium utilization, fast breeder reactors, general reactor technology, advanced systems research, and nuclear safety. This report includes tables, illustrations, and photographs.
Date: October 26, 1966
Creator: Adams, R. M. & Glassner, A.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

domain: library


- MizTV is derailed by Kevin Owens, Alberto Del Rio, Dean Ambrose and Roman Reigns, and R-Truth.
- Cesaro defeated The Miz
- Neville and The Dudley Boyz defeated Stardust and The Ascension
- Tyler Breeze defeated Zack Ryder
- Charlotte defeated Brie Bella
- Big E defeated Kalisto
- Roman Reigns and Dean Ambrose defeated Kevin Owens and Alberto Del Rio via disqualification
Tony Mango is the head writer, host of Smack Talk, and founder/CEO/director of operations for Smark Out Moment as well as all branches under A Mango Tree including Fanboys Anonymous. He is a writer, creative director/consultant, media manager and entertainer. You can follow him on Twitter, Facebook and LinkedIn.


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The scene was rendered with photorealistic shaders and lighting in AutodeskÂ® 3ds Max 2016 with V-Ray 3.6 with some postproduction added. Just like every room in your personal home, your kitchen deserves art work. Adding artwork that matches your area and elegance is an easy however effective approach to amp up your kitchen design. “White paint will assist unfold and mirror mild round, which also makes an area appear larger,” says inside decorator and blogger Emily Henderson. If you may have uncovered shelving, create a wall of white by displaying white dish sets.
- Use your new writing space to jot purchasing lists and display the weeks menu.
- Scandinavian and cream kitchen designs impress via their impeccable aesthetics that combine minimalism with contemporary touches.
- They match the eating desk and dining chairs without wanting monotonous.
- Explore the extras to go with your items like home equipment, work surfaces, handles and storage.
These kitchen design ideas consist of dozens of colours and but it’s not overwhelming for the eyes. This is owed to the simple open white cupboards, the chrome fridge and the dark floors that enable the remainder of the items to shine. Choose this design in case you are a fan of traditional types.
Opt For An Open Design Or Layout
The key to managing household duties rapidly and effectively is to design an easy-to-follow routine that includes all an important tasks. Follow these step-by-step instructions for making a personalized whole-home cleansing schedule. With so many forms of home styles, narrowing the listing down to your favorite may be overwhelming. We’ll present you the top 10 most popular house styles, together with Cape Cod, country French, Colonial, Victorian, Tudor, Craftsman, cottage, Mediterranean, ranch, and up to date. Here’s the means to inform the differences between each architectural style.
But for some, the time period “modern kitchen” conjures visions of a personality-less space that may come across as cold or sterile, even austere. Minimalist lighting can also go along means towards streamlining the appear and feel of a kitchen. In fact, considerate design of recent kitchens can permit extra house owner personality to shine—even in small kitchens—as kitchen elements take a backseat to non-public ones like art and other collections. If you’re unfamiliar, the structure of a galley kitchen sometimes seems extra like a hallway.
Prime 36 Kitchen Paint Colours
Pine flooring and a planked ceiling add to the age-old feel of Alison and Jim Luckman’s Idaho farmhouse. Designer Caitlin Wilson incorporated an attractive blue rug in her kitchen to add a pop of color. It’s straightforward to underestimate how a lot kitchen storage you will need. Once you have your list, you’ll have the ability to design storage options round it. Galley kitchensare the top choice of skilled chefs and aspiring amateurs as they are super-efficient. Two runs of kitchen units run parallel to 1 one other, placing every little thing inside straightforward reach.


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Some families may be unable to afford to fly with their pets on a dream holiday, while others may find caring for their fur babies a colossal task during vacation. Whatever the reason, many pet parents look for feasible travel options with a prime focus on comfort and enjoyment while they wish to hang out with their paw pals.
A road trip is one workable solution for pet parents seeking a change of air and amusement with their fluffy puppy. Know that all it can take to make the road adventures with your dear pup memorable is careful preparation. If you have insurance for pets dogs, make sure you carry the papers or can find them online, so they can be quickly accessed when needed.
Pet insurance in NZ can cover much of your furry baby’s diagnosis and treatment during accidents, injuries, specific illnesses, pet health emergencies, and more; of course, the benefits depend on the pet insurance plan you sign up for. If you don’t have pet insurance already, consider purchasing a policy to have a medical financial backup that can possibly take care of your puppy’s health expenses in distressing times.
Figure out the best insurance coverage for your puppy’s health needs and budget. At the same time, read the below-mentioned tips for a peaceful road trip when you have a pup onboard.
1. Introduce your car ahead of time
Puppy must get familiar with your vehicle well in advance so they can travel without a fuss on the day of the trip. Help your fur baby learn about your car one step at a time. Show your pup the car insides, and allow them to get in and out of your ride initially.
Slowly, you can let your pup relax in the car, give them a treat or two to munch on or feed them while seated inside, so they make positive associations with your vehicle. Once your puppy gets over its inhibitions, you can take them on short rides in the neighborhood, so they get acquainted with traveling.
2. Prepare a checklist of pet essentials
Pack your pup’s travel bag along with yours. Don’t forget to carry the pet supplies used by your dog regularly. For instance, water and food bowls, poop bags, medications, puppy ID, collar, leash, harness, snacks, food, treats, and toys are some of your puppy’s most basic items you may need to carry during the road trip.
Also, carry season-specific pet care products and accessories so they can stay safe in extreme weather. For instance, take dog sunscreen and dog glasses in hot summer and puppy booties, sweaters, hooded jackets, blankets, dog bed, etc., in chilly winter.
3. Take pet safety measures in the car
Puppy safety must be on top of your road trip checklist. Consider securing your puppy with a crash-tested dog seat belt or crate your fur baby so they can stay guarded while traveling. Now, you don’t want anything awful to happen to your puppy through the journey, right?
Also, add a soft blanket on your puppy’s seat or a crate pad if your fur baby is crated to make the space comfy for a ride. Think of ways to make the road journey a pleasant experience for your furry little.
4. Make space for ample driving breaks
Accommodate sufficient breaks in your driving schedule. Pit stops may be necessary, so your fur baby can stretch their legs, sip water, nibble on a treat, and pee/poop.
A fun-filled road trip with your pup is possible when you pay attention to your fur baby’s needs and comforts while traveling. Driving scenarios on the road are mostly unpredictable, which is why you may need medical financial protection in terms of pet insurance NZ if you frequently travel with your pup. Consider buying insurance for pets dogs, so your paw pal is covered for diagnosis and treatment during accidents, third-party liability, pet health emergencies, and more.


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Wednesday, May 2, 2012
© Copyright 2014
Gwinnett Daily Post
LAWRENCEVILLE -- A federal lawsuit settlement could bring a boost to Gwinnett after online travel companies agreed to pay an increase in hotel/motel taxes.
The lawsuit, which was brought by several cities and counties in Georgia in 2005, said the companies should pay taxes based on what the company charges customers for the room, not at the rate in which the company buys it.
On Tuesday, commissioners agreed to a partial settlement, where the travel companies agreed to pay the incremental difference in room rates for a period beginning May 16, 2011 and ending with the final resolution of the lawsuit. County officials did not release how much revenues Gwinnett will receive from disbursements, which will be based upon calculations of the number of rooms at issue and the hotel/motel tax rate during that period.
"The county thought it was important to be part of this lawsuit as a matter of fairness," Commission Chairwoman Charlotte Nash said in a press release. "The hotel/motel tax is an important source of revenue for promoting tourism in Gwinnett, which in turn attracts more visitors to spend money in our community's restaurants, shopping centers, and attractions."
The partial settlement of the class action lawsuit is subject to approval by the presiding federal district judge, the release noted.

domain: finance


Just like IEEE 802.11 standard, the Bluetooth standard also definesLayer 1 and Layer 2 of the OSI stack to achieve communication insingle-hop personal-area ad hoc networks. However, by their verynature, ad hoc networks (Bluetooth) are a much less controlledenvironment than WLANs (802.11).
This, combined with the fact that the Bluetooth standard may be usedby a wide range of applications in many different ways, makesinteroperability a much bigger challenge in Bluetooth networks.
To ease the problem of interoperability, the Bluetooth SIG defined applicationprofiles. A profile defines an unambiguous description of thecommunication interface between two Bluetooth devices or one particularservice or application.
There are basic profiles which define the fundamental procedures forBluetooth connection and there are special profiles defined fordistinct services and applications. New profiles can be built usingexisting profiles, thus allowing for a hierarchical pro- file structureas shown in Figure 8.4, below .
Each service or application selects the appropriate profiledepending on its needs, and since each application may have differentsecurity requirements, each profile may define different securitymodes. The most fundamental profile is the Generic Access Profile (GAP)which defines the generic procedure related to the discovery of theBluetooth devices and link management aspects of connection betweenthem. The GAP defines three basic security modes of a Bluetooth device.
|Figure8.4: Profiles in Bluetooth|
Before we discuss the different security modes, it is important tokeep a few things in mind. First, the security mechanisms(authentication and encryption) specified by the Bluetooth standard areimplemented at the link layer (Layer 2).
This means that the scope of Bluetooth security is the Layer 2 levellink between two nodes separated by a single hop. To be explicit,Bluetooth security does not deal with end-to-end security and does notdeal with application layer security. (Thesource and destination nodes may be more than one hop away as in ascatternet .)
If such security mechanisms are required, they have to be arrangedfor outside the scope of the Bluetooth standard. Second, all Bluetoothdevices must implement an authentication procedure: that is arequirement.13 Bluetooth devices may or may not implement encryptionprocedures: that is optional.
However, just because a device implements or supports authenticationand/or encryption, does not mean that this device would use thesesecurity features in a connection. What security features are used fora Bluetooth connection depends on the security modes of the master andthe slave in the connection. (On theother hand, implementing encryption procedures is optional .)
Table 8.1, below, summarizeswhat security features are used in a Bluetooth connection depending onthe security mode of the master and the slave.
Security mode 1 is the unsecured mode in Bluetooth. A device using thismode does not demand authentication or encryption from its peer atconnection establishment.
This means that a device in security mode 1 offers its services toall devices which wish to connect to it. However, if the communicatingpeer device (say B) wishes to authenticate a node which is usingsecurity mode 1 (say A), then A must respond to the challenge that Bsends since A as a Bluetooth device must support authentication.
Similarly, if B wishes to use encryption on its link with A, then Amust turn on its encryption if it supports it. On the other end of thespectrum is security mode 3 which is the always-on security mode inBluetooth. A device which is in security mode 3 shall always initiatean authentication procedure. This means that this device will notcommunicate with a device unless it can authenticate it. The encryptionpart in security mode 3 is not as simple.
Recall that the Bluetooth standard does not require every device toimplement encryption. If a device in security mode 3 (say A) is tryingto communicate with a peer which implements encryption, then this isnot an issue since the link can be secured.
However, if A wishes to communicate with a peer which does notimplement encryption (say, B), then we have a problem. How thissituation is to be handled is left to higher layers (in other words,the security policy manager). The security manager may decide not tocommunicate with B, or it may decide to communicate with B withoutusing encryption.
Security mode 2 lies in between modes 1 and 3 and has been designedto offer applications flexibility. Whether or not authentication and/orencryption is used, is left to the decision of the security policymanager. This is achieved by relinquishing control of security use to ahigher layer security manager. In other words, security mode 2 works byusing service level-enabled security. This mode is most useful inscenarios where multiple applications (with different securityrequirements) may run on a single Bluetooth device.
The security manager can then co-ordinate what security policy touse depending on the application which is running. In summary, whetheror not authentication and/or encryption is used in a Bluetoothcommunication link depends on a lot of factors: the security needs ofthe application, the security capabilities of the devices, the securitymode of the device and the security (access) policies. The securitymanager considers all these factors when deciding if (and at whichstage of connection establishment) the device should start using thesecurity procedures.
Key establishment is probably the most complex part of Bluetoothsecurity. A large part of this complexity is in the key hierarchybecause of the large number of keys involved in the Bluetooth securityprocess. Figure 8.5 below showsa classification of most of the keys involved in the Bluetooth securityprocess.
The key hierarchy in Bluetooth varies a little bit depending onwhether we are dealing with unicast communication (between two devices)or broadcast communication. For the rest of this section we assume thatwe are dealing with unicast communication. Finally, we will point outhow broadcast communication key hierarchy is different from unicast keyhierarchy.
|Figure8.5: Bluetooth Key Hierarchy|
At the top level is the Pass-Key (PKEY). The PKEY is basically theshared secret between the two communicating devices. There are twotypes of PKEYs : variable PKEYs and fixed PKEYs .Variable PKEYs refer toPKEYs that can be chosen at the time of the “pairing” (the process by which two Bluetooth devicesestablish a shared secret that they can use for securing communication ).This is usually achieved by prompting the user to enter a PKEY duringthe pairing procedure.
Obviously, users of both devices should enter the same PKEY. On theother hand, fixed PKEYs refer to PKEYs that arepreconfigured into theBluetooth device. Again, both the communicating devices should bepreconfigured with the same PKEY. Even though variable PKEYs are moresecure (since the PKEY can be changedon a per-pairing basis ), both variable and fixed PKEYs servespecific purposes.
Consider for example, a scenario where users in a conference roomwish to form a Bluetooth network using their laptops. Such a scenariois well-suited for using variable PKEYs , since each devicehas userinteraction capabilities.
On the other hand, consider the Bluetooth network between theheadset and its cell phone. The Bluetooth headset must use a fixed PKEYsince there is no14 user interaction capability on the headset. (Or rather hardly any. ) TheBluetooth standard also allows the use of higher layerkey-establishment protocols to generate the PKEY and pass it on to theBluetooth stack.
Since the PKEY can come from one of many sources, instead ofspecifying the exact length of the PKEY, the Bluetooth standardspecifies that the PKEY can be as long as 128 bits. This allows fordevices prompting the user for a PKEY to enter a much smaller PKEY (ora PIN) thus making user interaction a little more convenient.
However, using a smaller PKEY has other drawbacks. As we will see inthe next few sections, the PKEY is the starting point for establishingthe Link Key, which in turn forms the basis of all security inBluetooth. To be precise, the PKEY is the shared secret between the twocommunicating endpoints that ensures the Link Key is known only to thecommunicating end-points.
The use of a smaller PKEY means that an attack like the dictionaryattack becomes much easier to launch. In this context, a dictionaryattack involves calculating all the link keys that can be derived fromall possible PKEYs. This list of link keys is maintained in a table andcan then be used against plaintext, ciphertext pairs to determine which link key is being used. (For example AU_RAND, SRES
The next level in the hierarchy is the Initialization Key (IK or KINIT ).The KINIT is a short-lived temporary key that is used (andexists only) during the pairing process when two Bluetooth devicesstart communicating for the first time. The KINIT is derivedusing the E22 algorithm and three inputs: PKEY, IN_RAND and LPKEY .
The PKEY is the pass-key that we just talked about and LPKEY is the length of this pass-key in bytes. Finally, the IN_RAND is a128-bit random number generated by the device. The process of derivingthe IK from these inputs is as follows:
PKEY' = PKEY + padding bits.
L PKEY ' = min(L PKEY + 6, 16).
K INIT = E 22 (PKEY',IN_RAND, L PKEY ')
The need for padding bits stems from the flexibility of allowing thePKEY to be as long as 128 bits but not specifying the exact length ofthe PKEY. The padding shown above is needed to ensure that PKEY isexactly 128 bits and these padding bits come from the claimant'sBD_ADDR, the 48-bit MAC address. (Bluetoothuses the terms claimant and verifier to refer to the two Bluetoothdevices which are involved in the communication. Claimant refers to thedevice which is claiming an identity and verifier refers to the devicewhich verifies this claim. )
|Figure8.6: Bluetooth Authentication|
The next level in the key hierarchy is the Link Key (LK). The link keyis the shared secret established between the two Bluetooth devices whenthe pairing sequence ends.
There are two types of link keys specified by the Bluetoothstandard: the unit key and the combination key. The use of unit key hasnow been deprecated because of the security loopholes that result fromits use. We therefore concentrate only on the combination link keyshere. The terms link key and combination key from now on are usedinterchangeably throughout the text to refer to the same key.
The combination/ link key is derived either from the existing linkkey (if such a key exists ) orthe initialization key, KINIT (if no link key exists between the twodevices ). We will see how the combination link key is generatedbut note that we talk about generating a link key from the existinglink key! What does this mean?
Consider two devices which establish a combination/link key andcommunicate securely for a while. When the communication is terminated,what should the two devices do with the link key which they used forthis session?
One approach is to discard these keys. This approach requires thatevery time these two devices want to establish a Bluetooth session,they must generate the link key from scratch.
Even though cryptographically this is a more pure approach, in theinterest of efficiency Bluetooth allows devices to store the link keysthat they generate in nonvolatile memory and reuse this link key forfuture communications with the same device. In other words, unlike theinitialization key, the link key is a semi-permanent key.
Therefore, each device may maintain a database of
Such an approach is specially suited to devices which repeatedlyconnect to a small fixed set of devices for example the Bluetoothheadset which usually connects to its cell phone. Note that justbecause devices can reuse link keys does not mean that they shouldnever change the link key.
Periodically changing the link key is a recommended practice since,as we know by now, the more a key is used or exposed, the more it isvulnerable to compromise. It is in these scenarios that a link key isused to generate another link key.
In other scenarios where two devices do not already have a link keyshared between them, the KINIT is used to generate the linkkey. In summary, the end of the pairing process in Bluetooth shouldlead to the establishment of a link key which the two devices can usefor securing their communication. This link key (combination key) cancome from three sources:
1. Use anexisting link key that the two devices had established previously.
2. Use anexisting link key to generate a fresh link key.
3. Use theinitialization key, KINIT to generate a link key.
The process of generating the link key is as follows. We start witheither the existing link key or the KINIT depending on thecontext. Let us call this starting key KSTART . (Therefore, K Start = LK or K INIT )
The most important property to remember about KSTART isthat it is shared secretly between the two communicating devices; thatis, it is known only to the two communicating devices.
Now, each of the communicating devices (say A and B) generate aprivate key using the E21 algorithm, their BD_ADDR and aself-generated random number (LK_RAND). Therefore,
K A = E 21 (LK_RAND A ,BD_ADDR A )
K B = E 21 (LK_RAND B ,BD_ADDR B )
The combination Link Key is simply the XOR of KA and KB .However, the process of establishing the Link Key is not yet completesince KA is available only at A and KB isavailable only at B. What is needed is a way for B to be able togenerate KA and for A to be able to generate KB .
|Figure8.7: Bluetooth Key Establishment|
To be able to generate KB , A needs to know LK_RANDB and BD_ADDRB . Arguably, A already knows BD_ADDRB since it is going to communicate with it. So, what is needed is asecure way to get LK_ADDRB from B to A. Here is where KSTART comes in. B XORs LK_ADDRB with KSTART and sendsit to A. Since KSTART is a shared secret known only to A andB, we are assured that this transmission of LK_ADDRB issecure.
Once A gets to know LK_ADDRB , A can generate KB too. Following the exact same procedure, B can generate KA too. At this point both A and B have calculated KA and KB and can therefore easily calculate the combination link key as KA XORKB .
Note from Figure 8.7 above that after the establishment of the new combination link key, KSTART is deleted by both endpoints since the new combination link key shouldbe used from now on.Encryption Key
The combination link key is used in the authentication process. Thelink key is also used for generating the ciphering key (CK or KC )which is the next key in the key hierarchy. The KC isderived from the link key using the E3 algorithm as follows:
The link key is denoted by K. EN_RAND refers to a 128-bit randomnumber and COF refers to a 96-bit Ciphering Offset. The value of COF isequal to the value of the Authentication Ciphering Offset (ACO), whichis derived from the authentication process.
The next step in the key hierarchy is the constraint key (KC '),a.k.a. the constraint encryption key. The reason for the existence ofthis key is export restrictions. Many countries impose restrictions onthe export of encryption hardware.
Specifically, hardware which is capable of encrypting above certainkey strengths is not exportable. For this purpose, Bluetooth put in akey strength constraining mechanism that reduces the 128-bit KC to a 128-bit KC ' whose effective key length (key strength)can be any value less than 128 bits.
The derivation of KC ' from KC is achieved inhardware using linear feedback and feed forward registers and can begiven as:
Where L is the desired effective length and g1 and g2 are two polynomials specified by the Bluetooth standard.
Finally, the Payload Key (PK ) is the actual key that is usedto encrypt (decrypt) Bluetooth packets. Therefore, PK isderived from the Constraint Key KC ' using the E0 algorithm as follows:
Where BD_ADDR is the 48-bit Bluetooth (read MAC) address of thedevice, EN_RAND is a 128-bit random number and CK_VAL is the 26 bits ofthe current clock value (bits 1″26 of the master's native clock).
Broadcast Key Hierarchy
All our discussion regarding Bluetooth key hierarchy has assumed thatthe Bluetooth communication is between two devices (a master and aslave). However, the Bluetooth standard also supports broadcastcommunication where a master may broadcast data to all its slaves.
Realize that a broadcast transmission is different from multipleunicast transmissions. In a broadcast transmission, the master sendsout a message to a special broadcast address and all slaves in thepiconet accept this message. In the latter case, a master sends outmultiple copies of a message to each slave individually. Here we willtalk about broadcast in the former sense.
Recall that the (combination) link key in unicast communication in apiconet was generated using the addresses and random numbers from bothendpoints involved in the communication. In broadcast communication,this becomes a dilemma since communication is not between twoendpoints. Therefore, the link key is replaced by the use of a MasterKey (Kmaster).
The master key is derived independently by the master withoutinvolving any of the slaves. This is done using the E22 algorithmas follows:
Since the master key is derived only at the master, we need a way tocommunicate the Kmaster to all the slaves in the piconet securely. Thisis done using the Overlay Key, Kovl. The overlay key is derived fromthe current link key as follows:
Since the master and each of the slaves in a Bluetooth piconet sharea link key, the overlay key can be securely established between themaster and each of the slaves. This overlay key can then be used forconveying the master key to each of the slaves. Finally, the master keyis used for securing broadcast communication in a piconet.
Note that unlike the link key which is a semi-permanent key (
The key hierarchy that we have discussed uses five algorithms: E0 ,E1 , E3 , E21 and E22 . Ofthese five algorithms, four (E1 , E3 , E21 and E22 ) are based on a blockcipher and one on a stream cipher (E0 ). The discussion of E0 as astream cipher is postponed until later where we see how Bluetoothpackets are encrypted.
To understand the use of the block cipher for four of thesealgorithms, recall that all keys in Bluetooth have a length of 128bits. Using a 128-bit block cipher in key derivation means that we canfeed one key directly as input into the block cipher to generate thekey of the next level in the hierarchy. All these four algorithms usethe same underlying block cipher: SAFER+.
At the time the Bluetooth standard was being ratified, the NationalInstitute of Standards and Technology (NIST) was considering contendersfor the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). SAFER+ was one of thestrong contenders for AES which had been very thoroughly cryptanalyzed.
Bluetooth therefore chose SAFER+ as the block cipher to be used forthe implementation of E1 , E3 , E21 and E22 .The details of thisalgorithm are not discussed here for reasons of brevity and theinterested reader is referred to the Bluetooth standards.
The authentication process always involves two endpoints: the claimant(which claims a certain identity) and the verifier (which wishes toverify that the claimant is actually the identity it is claming to be).In the Bluetooth piconet context, the roles of claimant and verifierare orthogonal to the rule of the master and the slave. In other words,either the master or the slave can act as the verifier.
Who is the verifier depends on higher layers. The application or theuser who wishes to ensure the identity of the remote end (and whotherefore starts the authentication process) takes on the role of theverifier. For mutual authentication, both end-points take on the roleof the verifier one at a time. Figure8.8 below shows a mutual authenticationprocess in Bluetooth.
|Figure8.8: Bluetooth Mutual Authentication|
The authentication process in Bluetooth is basically achallenge-response protocol which is carried out using the existinglink key. Consider a device (claimant) which initiates communicationwith A claiming to be B. A wishes to verify that the claimant is infact B.
To verify this A sends the claimant a random number, AU_RAND. Onreceiving this, the claimant is expected to send back a signed responseSRES calculated using the E1 algorithm as follows:
SRES = E1(K, AU_RAND, BD_ADDRB).
<>Since the AU_RAND and BD_ADDRB may easily be knownpublicly, thesecurity lies in K, the link key. The underlying assumption of theBluetooth authentication process is that the link key is known only tothe two endpoints which established it. Since only B knows the correctK which it establishedwith A, only B would be able to generate the correct SRES. So, all Aneeds to verify the identity of the claimant is to ensurethat the response sent back by the claimant is equal to SRES.
As Figure 8.8 above shows,mutual authentication can also be carriedout in Bluetooth with B now taking on the role of a verifier. B sendsout a challenge to A and carries on the authentication process toverify the identity of A.
The E1 algorithm used for generating the SRES in theauthenticationprocess also produces a 96-bit Authentication Ciphering Offset (ACO) asan output. As we saw in Section 18.104.22.168, this ACO is used forgenerating the ciphering key, KC .
It is this ACO which “links” the authentication process to the restof the session. In other words, the ACO serves to link the securitycontext established by the authentication process to the rest of thesession. Note that if mutual authentication is desired, first A acts asthe verifier and B as the claimant.
Next, the roles are swapped with B acting as the verifier and A asthe claimant. Therefore, in mutual authentication, there would be twoACOs that would be produced: one from each authentication process. Insuch a scenario, the standard specifies that the ACO from the latterauthentication process be used for generating the encryption key.Therefore, the security context is linked to the last authenticationprocess that is carried out.Confidentiality
As we discussed earlier, the payload key PK , which is usedforencrypting outgoing messages is derived using the E0 algorithm. The E0 algorithm is basically a stream cipher which generates a key stream.
|Figure8.9: Bluetooth Encryption|
This key stream is then XORed with the plaintext of the messages tocreate the ciphertext. The design of the E0 stream cipher is not basedon any existing stream cipher but is a proprietary algorithm specifiedby the Bluetooth standard.
Figure 8.9 above shows theencryption process in Bluetooth networks.From earlier we know that PK is derived from the Constraint Key KC'using the E0 algorithm as follows:
K P = E 0 (K C ',CK_VAL, BD_ADDR, EN_RAND)
Where BD_ADDR is the 48-bit Bluetooth address of the device, EN_RANDis a 128-bit random number and CK_VAL is the 26 bits of the currentclock value (bits 1″26 of the master's native clock). Next, this PK isfed into the key stream generator. This key stream generator thenproduces a key stream which is XORed with the plaintext to produce theciphertext. There are a few important things to note about theencryption process in Bluetooth:
|Figure8.10: Bluetooth Packet Format|
First, not all bits of the Bluetooth packet are encrypted. Figure8.10 above shows the format of a Bluetooth packet. It consistsof an accesscode followed by a header and finally the payload. The access code isderived from the BD_ADDR of the master of the piconet and since everypiconet has a unique master, the access code uniquely identifies apiconet. The access code is therefore used by the devices in a piconetto determine if a packet is for another piconet, in which case thepacket is discarded.
The access code also defines where a slot boundary lies and istherefore also used by the slaves in a piconet to synchronize theirclocks to the master's clock. It is therefore not a surprise that theaccess code in Bluetooth packets is not encrypted. Next, the header inthe Bluetooth packet is also not encrypted.
The reason for this is also pretty obvious when you consider thatthe header contains the address of the destination device. Thisinformation is obviously needed by all devices in the piconet todetermine whether or not a particular packet is intended for it or not.Therefore, the bottom line is that only the payload in the Bluetoothpacket is encrypted.
Second, as shown in Figure 8.9 ,the CRC is appended to the packetbefore it is encrypted. In other words, the CRC along with the payloadis also encrypted. Third, realize that using a stream cipher in awireless medium is a security loophole.
Just like WEP tries to overcome the drawbacks of using a streamcipher by changing the key for each packet, Bluetooth uses the sameapproach: the PK is derived for each Bluetooth packet. (Multislotpackets do not require a change of the payload key when passing a slotboundary within a packet. )
However, unlike WEP where the per-packet key is calculated simplyby prepending the IV with the master key, the derivation of theper-packet key in Bluetooth is much more cryptographically involved,thus making Bluetooth encryption more secure than WEP. Let us take acloser look at Figure 8.9 .
As Figure 8.9 shows, theencryption process in Bluetooth can beseparated into three distinct blocks. The first block consists ofderiving the payload key, PK . We saw at the beginning ofthis sectionhow this is achieved. This PK feeds into the second blockand acts asthe initialization seed to a key stream generator. In other words, PK is used to initialize the key stream generator.
The key stream generated from the second block feeds into the thirdblock which is nothing but a simple XOR operation between this keystream and the payload of the Bluetooth packet. (Along with the CRC. )
Finally, realize that to change the PK on a per-packetbasis, weneed a variable which changes on a per-packet basis. One of the inputsrequired for generating the payload key, PK is CK_VAL, thelower 26bits of the master clock.
Since the lowest bit of the master clock (and hence the CK_VAL)changes every 625 microseconds, this means the value of the PK can bederived afresh every 625 microseconds. However initializing the keystream generator with PK takes some time. This is whereguard spacecomes in.
|Figure8.11: Bluetooth Stream Cipher Periodicity|
The Bluetooth standard specifies a guard space between the end ofthe payload in one packet and the start of the next packet. This guardspace must be at least 259 microseconds, which is enough time for thekey stream generator to be initialized. The overall timing sequence isas shown in Figure 8.11 above where”running the stream cipher” and”initializing key stream generator” slots alternate.
The Bluetooth standard relies on a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) toprovide message integrity. WEP also uses CRC for providing messageintegrity. Considering the loopholes of this approach, usng a linearnoncryptographic integrity check mechanism like CRC leaves a lot to bedesired as far as integrity protection is concerned. Just encryptiondoes not automatically provide integrity.
In other words, just because a message is encrypted does not meanthat it can't be modified in-transit without the receiver's knowledge.The bottom line is that by choosing CRC, Bluetooth fails to provide anyreal integrity protection. (That is,any strong enough .)
As we said at the beginning of series, ad hoc networking technologyis still in its nascent stage. There are many issues to be resolved andsecurity is such an issue. The Bluetooth standard is also expected toevolve as ad hoc networking technology evolves.
(Editor's note: For more onembedded security, check out the cover story in the Octoberissue of Embedded Systems Design Magazine: “Embedded systems security has moved to theforefront,” as well as “ Employ a secure flavorof Linux.”
Thisarticle is excerpted from “Bulletproofwireless security,” by Praphul Chandra, with permission fromElsevier/Newnes which hold the copyright. It is a part of thepublisher's Communications Engineering Series and can be purchased online.
Praphul Chandra currently works asa senior research scientist at HPLabs, India, which focuses on “technological innovation foremerging countries.”
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