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Squirrels (Sciuridae), the largest rodent family in terms of the total number of species, blend easily into every type of landscape, from residential areas to forests, fields and deserts, and they divide between three general categories: ground squirrels; tree squirrels and flying squirrels.
Ground Squirrels, including, chipmunks, marmots and prairie dogs, account for the vast majority of native squirrel species (56 of 66 documented species). Their practice of nesting in ground burrows explains their category name.
Most ground squirrels species spend their days foraging for food along the ground, however, some species are known to climb trees.
Golden-mantled ground squirrels (Spermophilus lateralis), small ground squirrels found in forested areas throughout the Western United States, can easily be confused with chipmunks. The top picture compares the Golden-mantled ground squirrel (in the front) with a striped faced chipmunk in the background. Chipmunks also show stripes on their bodies.
Mexican Ground Squirrel
Estimates vary, however, North America hosts approximately ten different tree squirrel species.
Tree squirrels generally grow to a medium size, allowing them to nest in tree cavities or limbs.
Gray Squirrels and Fox Squirrels rank among the most common tree squirrels found in residential areas across the United States. They are active year round, often visiting backyard bird feeders.
The picture shows a Fox Squirrel.
Contrary to the name, no flying squirrel actually flies. Instead, with the aid of a layer of fur between their arms and legs which can be used like a parachute when pulled tight, they can glide from branch to branch and tree to tree.
Physically, they are small animals with a soft fur which is brown on the top and gray underneath. Individuals are about a foot long, half of which is the broad, flat tail. Biologists are unsure of their breeding habits but speculate that females produce one litter per year with about four babies per litter.
Chipmunks, a genus (Tamias) of mammals in the squirrel family easily recognized by their facial stripes.
Their practice of building underground dens puts them in the same subfamily as ground squirrels and prairie dogs.
With over twenty native chipmunk species, the Western United States represents ground central for the world’s chipmunk population.
Small, cute and almost constantly in motion, it’s no wonder that Alvin and his pals would find their way south, to Hollywood stardom.
The large number of native chipmunk species makes it difficult to identify any one species in areas that host multiple species.
The Townsend’s Chipmunk (Tamias townsendii), in the picture inhabits coniferous forests in the Pacific Northwest.


Railroad Accident Investigation
Ex Parte No. 231
The PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD COMPANY
July 28, 1962
Interstate Commerce Commission
INTERSTATE COMMERCE COMMISSION
Ex Parte No. 231
ACCIDENT AT STEELTON PENNSYLVANIA
Decided January 18, 1963
Accident at Steelton, Pennsylvania, on July 28, 1962, caused by insecure track.
Joseph I. Lewis and Edward Munce for the Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission.
A. S. Schroeder for the Pennsylvania Railroad Company
Henry L. Hilzinger and Francis J. Gafford for the Interstate Commerce Commission.
Charles J. Sludden, William H. Lotz and Charles H. Sample for the Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen.
Michael Petresky and Herman B. Paul for the Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Employees.
Harold A. Ross, J. M. Hines, Howard W. Paules, Maurice R. Logan, Jr. and W. B. Apeldorn for the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers.
Sol Hurwitz for parties of interest.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSION
DIVISION 3, COMMISSIONERS HUTCHINSON, McPHERSON and GOFF
This is an investigation by the Commission on it own motion with respect to the accident on the line of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company at Steelton, Pennsylvania, on July 28, 1962, involving the derailment of a passenger train. The accident resulted in the death of 19 passengers, and injury of 95 passengers, 3 dining-car employees, 1 passenger representative, and 3 train-service employees. Hearing with representatives of the Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission participating, was held at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, on August 20 and 21, 1962.
Location of Accident and Method of Operation
This accident occurred on that part of the Philadelphia Region of the Pennsylvania Railroad extending between Harrisburg and Philadelphia, PA, 103.7 miles. In the vicinity of the point of accident this is a double-track line over which trains moving with the current of traffic are operated by signal indications of an automatic block-signal system, supplemented by a cab-signal system. From the south the main tracks are designated as track No. 1 eastward passenger, and track No. 2 westward passenger. A catenary system is provided for electric propulsion of trains. Another double-track line, designated as the Columbus Branch, parallels tracks No. 1 and No. 2 on the north in the vicinity of the point of accident.
The derailment occurred in track No. 1 at Steelton, PA., at a point 3.7 miles east of the station at Harrisburg. In this vicinity the tracks are laid along the north shore of the Susquehanna River and track No. 1 is at a distance of about 78 feet north, and a height of 30 feet above, the shoreline. At he time of the accident that portion of the river near the shoreline was approximately 18 inches in depth. See Appendix I and the sketch at the front of this report for details concerning the structure of track No. 1 in the vicinity of the derailment.
Automatic signal 1014, governing eastbound movements on track No. 1, is located 3,135 feet west of the point of derailment.
The maximum authorized speed for passenger trains in the vicinity of the derailment is 75 miles per hour.
The derailment occurred about 4:07 p.m., Saturday, July 28, 1962. At this time the weather in the vicinity of Harrisburg and Steelton was cloudy, and the temperature was approximately 83 degrees F.
About 6:00 a.m. Monday, July 23, a track force, consisting of a general track foreman, 3 track foreman, 3 assistant track foreman, 45 trackmen and several units of maintenance-of-ways equipment, proceeded to a point approximately 1.7 miles east of the station at Harrisburg and began rehabilitating the structure of track No. 1 throughout a distance of about 3 miles eastward. This project necessitated raising the track out-of face, renewing the ties, and placing new ballast in conformity with the carrier's specifications for maintenance of track as shown in Appendix II. At completion of its work on Thursday, July 26, the track force had progressed 1.8 miles eastward on track No. 1 to a point approximately 2,277 feet east of signal 1014 and about 6:00 a.m. the following morning, it continued working eastward. About 2:00 p.m., at the completion of its work on Friday, the track force had progressed 1,794 feet farther eastward, and within this distance it had raised track No. 1 about 2 1/2 inches, placed new ballast, installed 504 new ties, and relined the track. After completing this work the track force departed for the weekend.
The train involved in the accident was Extra 4878 East, an eastbound passenger train being operated for an excursion to a baseball game at Philadephia. It consisted of electric locomotive 4878, 4 coaches, 1 diner-lounge car and 4 coaches, in that order. The cars were of all-steel construction and were equipped with tightlock couplers. All the passengers were in the last two cars. This train departed from the station at Harrisburg at 4:02 PM., Saturday, July 28, after the brakes had been tested and had been found to be functioning properly, and it then entered track No. 1 where it proceeded eastward at accelerating speed, passed signal 1014 which was indicating Proceed, and attained a speed of 72 miles per hour as it reached the area where the track force had worked on the previous day. About this time both enginemen simultaneously observed that track No. 1 was out of alinement at a distance of about 600 feet ahead, and the engineer immediately applied the brakes in emergency. The speed, however, was not materially reduced before the train reached the displaced portion of the track, and as the train was moving over the displaced track the front truck of the 5th car, and all trucks of the 6th to 9th cars, inclusive, became derailed at a point about 858 feet east of the point where the track force had commenced work on Friday. Separations occurred at both ends of the 7th car, and the front portion of train stopped with the rear end of the 6th car, 1,470 feet east of the point of derailment. The 5th car, which remained coupled to the 4th car, stopped upright on and in line with the structure of track No. 1. The 6th car, which remained coupled to the 5th car, stopped upright with the front end on the structure of track No. 1 and with the rear end on the south side of this track structure. The right side of the 6th car was extensively damaged, apparently as a result of contact with a pole of the catenary system. The 7th car derailed to the south, apparently struck a cantenary pole, and moved southward to the Susquehanna River, where it stopped upright in the river, adjacent to and in line with the shoreline, and with the front end 540 feet to the rear of the 6th car. The 8th and 9th cars, which were occupied by the passengers, overturned and stopped on their right sides in the shallow portion of the river immediately to the rear of, and in line with, the 7th car. The 5th car was slightly damaged, and the 6th to 9th cars, inclusive, were heavily damaged.
The engineer of Extra 4878 East estimated that the displaced portion of track No. 1 was somewhat less than 285 feet in length. According to his testimony this portion of the track was buckled in a weaving pattern up to a distance 3 feet northward. The fireman also testified that the track was displaced 2 1/2 to 3 feet northward. Both enginemen felt the locomotive lurch violently as it moved over the displaced track, and the conductor, who was in the 5th car, first became aware of something being wrong when the 5th car lurched violently as it moved over this portion of the track.
Examination of the train equipment after the accident occurred disclosed no evidence to indicated that a condition of the train caused or contributed to the cause of the accident.
Examination of track No. 1 after accident occurred disclosed that the track had buckled out of alinement eastward starting at a point about 850 feet east of the point where the track force had commenced work in Friday. The first mark of derailment was a flange mark on the gage side of the head of the south rail at a point 3,129 feet east of signal 1014. This mark extended a distance of 6 feet diagonally eastward across the head of the south rail to a point on the field side, and opposite this point a flange mark appeared on the ties approximately 9 inches south of the gage side of the north rail, indicating that a pair of wheels had become derailed to the south at this location. The flange mark on the ties extended diagonally eastward 47 feet to a point 19 inches south of the north rail, and throughout a distance of about 1,200 feet farther eastward the structure of track No. 1 was destroyed or damaged. Consequently, the extent to which the track had been buckled could not be determined. Examination of the track westward from the point of derailment to the point where the track force had commenced work on Friday, a distance of about 858 feet, disclosed that the rail joints were tight, and that of the 470 ties within this distance, 322 had been newly installed by the track force on Friday. No rail anchors were found applied adjacent to any of the new ties. Several ties in this area were found to be improperly spaced, and some spikes were found to be bent or improperly driven. The gage varied up to a maximum of 3/8 inch wide, and the cross levels at intervals of 19 feet 6 inches varied up to a maximum of 3/8 inch. Throughout a distance of 234 feet west of the point of derailment the track was out of alinement to maximums of 3 inches southward and 11 3/4 inches northward. The ballast throughout a distance of 858 feet west of the point of derailment was not up around the ends of the ties or between the ties in accordance with the carrier's specifications for maintenance of track.
According to testimony taken at the hearing, about 6:00 a.m. Monday, July 23, the track force proceeded to a point on track No. 1 about 1.7 miles east of the station at Harrisburg and began rehabilitating this track throughout a distance of approximately 3 miles eastward, a project which would take several days to complete and which necessitated raising the track, renewing the ties, placing new ballast, and relining the resurfacing of the track. To accomplish this work the track force was provided with an average of 8 carloads of new ballast per mile, new ties, and among other mechanically and manually operated equipment, 2 spike pullers, 1 power jack, 1 tie bed scarifier, 1 tie gandy, 1 rail lifter, 2 tie borers, 1 spike nipper, 1 ballast distributor, 1 tamping power jack, 1 power ballaster, 1 track liner and 1 nut runner. On Monday and on each of the following days through Friday, July 27, the day prior to the day of the accident, the track force worked from about 6:15 a.m. to 2:00 p.m., and during these hours that portion of track No. 1 between Harrisburg and Roy, 10.1 miles east of Harrisburg, was out of service by train order, except for work extra trains and switching movements. At the completion of work on each of these days a supervisor of the track force communicated by telephone with the train dispatcher and informed him that track No. 1 could be restored to service for normal operations until the track force returned to work. When the dispatcher received this information each day he annulled the train orders that placed track No. 1out of service, and then issued a slow order to the first train due to depart eastward from Harrisburg on track No. 1. This train, under the provisions of the slow order, was restricted from exceeding a speed of 40 miles per hour on track No. 1 in the area where the track force had worked that day. Following eastbound trains on track No. 1 were not issued any order or instructions which restricted their speed in the area involved to less than 75 miles per hour, the maximum authorized speed.
About 2:00 p.m. Friday, after the track force had worked on track No. 1 between points about 858 feet west and 936 feet east of the point of derailment, the train dispatcher was notified that track No. 1 between Harrisburg and Roy could be restored to service for normal operations until the track force returned to work on the following Monday, after which all the members of the track force departed from this area for the weekend. According to testimony of the general track foreman, before departing on Friday he observed that the new ballast placed on track No. 1 that day was not up around the ties sufficiently to conform with the carrier's specifications for maintenance of track. He stated, however, that he judged this portion of the track to be safe and secure for normal train movements until the track force returned to work on Monday, when finishing touches would be done, and that he had not taken any exceptions to the condition in which this portion of track was left for the weekend.
Soon after he was notified on Friday that track No. 1 between Harrisburg and Roy could be restored to service for normal operation until the following Monday, the train dispatcher annulled the train order that specified track No. 1 was out of service, and at 2:21 p.m. he transmitted train order No. 543 to No. 10, the first train due to depart eastward from Harrisburg on track No. 1. Under the provisions of this train order, No. 10, a first-class eastbound passenger train, was restricted from moving at a speed in excess of 40 miles per hour in the area where the track force had worked on Friday and throughout a distance of about 2 miles in approach there to. This train departed from Harrisburg at 3:11 p.m., Friday, July 27, proceeded eastward on track No. 1, and, soon afterward, passed the area where the track force had worked the same day. The members of the crew took no exceptions to the condition of the track in this area. Between 3:11 p.m., Friday, July 27, and 2:41 p.m., Saturday, July 28, 14 other passenger trains, and 4 freight trains, departed from Harrisburg and proceeded eastward on track No. 1 in the area where the track force had worked during the previous five days. No train order was issued to any of these trains to restrict the speed in this area. According to testimony taken at the hearing, apparently none of the members of crews of these noticed anything unusual while passing the area where the work had been performed on track No. 1, with the exception of the fireman of No. 10 of Saturday, July 28. This train, which departed from Harrisburg at 2:41 p.m., was the last train to move over track No. 1 in the vicinity of the derailment before the train involved in the accident. The fireman testified that as No. 10 was moving in the vicinity of the area where the track forces had worked on Friday he felt a rough condition of track, and that this condition was a more noticeable in the immediate vicinity of the point where the derailment occurred. He said however, that at the time he did not think this rough track condition was sufficiently serious to report to officials of the carrier. The engineer of this train said that he did not notice any unusual condition of track No. 1 in this area.
When repairs were made to track No. 1 after the accident, additional new ballast was placed on the track structure, the rail anchors that had been removed by the track force on Friday were replaced, and other work was performed to bring the track up to the standards prescribed by the carrier's specifications for maintenance of track.
At the time of the accident the temperature in the vicinity of Steelton and Harrisburg was 83 degrees. The examination of track No. 1 between the point where the track force commenced work on Friday and the point where the derailment occurred disclosed that insufficient ballast had been placed in this area to conform with the carrier's specifications, that approximately 50 percent of the rail anchors had been removed and had not been re-applied when new ties were installed, that the rail joints were tight, that several ties were improperly spaced, that some spikes were improperly driven, that the gage varied up to a maximum of 3/8 inch wide, and that the cross levels varied up to a maximum of 3/8 inch. No evidence of significant longitudinal movement of the rails through the anchor was observed. It is the testimony of the general track foreman that he judged the track to be safe and secure when that the track force completed its work on Friday and that he judged the track would remain secure until the track force returned on Monday for finishing touches in the area involved and further work eastward. From all indications, however, it is evident that the track was not in the condition that the general track foreman thought it to be. It is apparent that the high temperature on the day of the accident caused excessive compression as a result of longitudinal expansion due to heat, and that this compression caused the insufficiently anchored and ballasted portion of the track to buckle about midway in the area where the track force had worked on the previous day. The deflection of the track apparently increased as a result of braking forces exerted on the track structure while the train was closely approaching and moving over the displaced track, permitting a wheel on the north side of the train to drop inside the north rail and the general derailment to occur.
We find that:
1. The derailment was not caused by any defective condition of the train.
2. The portion of the track involved was insufficiently ballasted and anchored to secured the track.
3. The insecure track buckled prior to the time of the derailment due to excessive compression caused by expansion of rails.
4. The derailment was caused by insecure track.
By the Commission, Division 3.
HAROLD D. McCOY,
Description of Accident Area
From the west on track No. 1 there are, in succession, a 1 degree 00' curve to the left 1,457 feet, a tangent 2,289 feet, a 0 degree 22' curve to the left 2,139 feet, and a tangent 3,835 feet to the point of derailment and a considerable distance eastward. In this vicinity the grade is practically level.
The structure of track No. 1 consists of 131-pound rail, 39 feet in length, laid new in 1943 on an average of 22 treated ties to the rail length. It is fully tieplated with double-shoulder tieplated, spiked with two rail-holding and 2 plate-holding spikes per tie plate, and is provided with 6 O-hole, 36-inch joint bars. It is normally provided with and average of 8 rail anchors per rail. It is ballasted with stone to a depth of 30 inches below the bottoms of the ties.
The Carrier's Specifications for Construction and Maintenance of Track Reads in Part as Follows:
602: Spikes must be started vertically and square and driven straight. The shank of rail holding spikes must have full bearing against base of rail. The last few blows shall be given lightly so that the spike head will not be damaged. Spikes must be kept driven home, being careful not to overdrive full throated spikes.
701. Ballast is used to obtain:
(a) A uniform bearing for the ties.
(b) Resistance against lateral movement of the track to maintain uniform tie spacing.
(c) Distribution of the weight of trains by means of the ties over the maximum area of the roadbed.
* * *
(e) Reduction of vibration or ties and thereby present the loosening of tamping.
* * *
Filling Cross Section:
707. Clean, well compacted ballast must be placed around the ends of all ties up to not less than two-thirds of the height of the tie, as soon as the work which necessitates its removal is completed, to prevent deterioration and loosening of the tamping and resulting center bound track before ballast can be trimmed to standard cross section. In trimming to the standard cross section, ballast shall be level, lined and faced by mechanical means to greatest extent possible, leaving the minimum to be done by hand labor.
708. Without speed restrictions having been provided for, the track shall not be lifted to such a height, or stripped to such a depth, as to result in more than one half the thickness of the ties extending above the level of the ballast. As soon as practicable after the track has been lifted the ballast shall be filled in between the ties as shown on the standard plan.
* * *
(b) Ties shall be spaced a uniform distance center to center, disregarding the actual number of ties in each half rail length of track.
(c) For various prescribed numbers of ties per rail, the following spacing center to center of ties shall apply:
22 ties per 39-Ft. rail - - 21 1/4" center to center
106. Ties shall be kept properly spaced and square to the line of the rail. Ties shall respaced when there is a variance from correct spacing of 3 inches at joints and 5 inches at intermediate ties.
902. Whenever necessary to leave the main track in other than satisfactory condition for the passage of trains at authorized speed, provided full protection and notify the Superintendent Transportation by wire. Any track must be regarded as unsatisfactory for the passage of trains at authorized speed when any of the following conditions exist:
* * *
(e) Raising Track and Maintaining Cross Level:
When the line and surface has not been completed and the new track has not been ballasted in cribs and shoulders in accordance with paragraph 708 and the following limits are exceeded:
* * *
Difference in cross level at any two points less than 62 feet apart on curves between spirals and tangents:
* * *
Speed in Miles per Hour:
* * *
Over 70 - 1/2 inch
* * *
When progressing track raising skeletononizing and extraordinary lining work, track must be backfilled currently with ballast in accordance with paragraph 708.


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The first non-jazz record I ever bought–I kid you not–was Radiohead’s Kid A. I was 16 years old then, which is probably the golden age for appreciating Radiohead. It may seem strange that my first purchase was something so experimental and alienating (at least for someone new to indie music), but that’s precisely why I was so obsessed with it. Kid A was radically different from anything I had ever heard before, and the experience of listening to it for the first time is forever etched into my memory. It was an awesome record in the most literal sense of the word: it filled me with a sense of awe and wonder at the thrilling strangeness of it. That sensation is what hooked me on experimental music, and I am always searching for yet another album which will provide me with the same shock of the new. Now I can add one more singular work of art to that list of the truly awe-some: Tomorrow, in a Year by the electronica duo The Knife (composed of a brother-sister pair, Karin Dreijer Andersson and Olof Dreijer), in collaboration with Mt. Sims and Planningtorock.
Tomorrow is the soundtrack to an experimental music opera about the life and work of Charles Darwin; in fact, his texts are used in the libretto, which fascinated me to the point that I ran out and bought a set of Darwin’s major works so I could read them while I listened to the record. The album’s greatest strength is the way it weaves the theme of evolution into the music itself, a bricolage of sonic textures in which form perfectly mirrors function. Even when the lyrics deal with deep time and the grand forces of nature, Tomorrow retains a movingly human and personal heart: the lyrics suggest the way we confront and observe our world with a sense of the sublime and a passion for exploration, with feelings of beauty and terror and awe. From start to finish, it’s an immersive, exquisitely produced work, the only double album since the Sonic Youth’s Daydream Nation that I can listen to in one sitting without skipping any tracks.
The album begins with a series of pieces whose micro-percussion, chilly ambiance, glacial drones, and industrial noise suggest geological processes before the advent of life on Earth. The uniformly excellent vocals, which range from piercing and stark to tender and heartbreaking, become steadily more prominent until life is born in the sea with “Ebb Tide Explorer.” In this lovely track, the singing and music drift and float lazily like the currents of the ocean, while in “Variation of Birds”–the highlight of the first disc–the vocals battle against a backdrop of pummeling electronic noise resembling screeches, squawks, and buzzes. “Letter to Henslow” and “Shoal Swarm Orchestra” go even further and incorporate field recordings of birdsong, rainforest sounds, and weather.
The soundscapes of the first disc, as great as they are, largely serve as a long prelude to the splendors of the second disc. “Annie’s Box,” which deals with the Darwins’ grief over the death of their beloved daughter, is a small, poignant masterpiece of plaintive vocals and a spare, melancholy viola arrangement. The ominous instrumental “Tumult” leads into the brilliant “Colouring of Pigeons,” whose rolling, clattering drumbeat and menacing strings provide the towering thematic centerpiece of Tomorrow, in a Year; it sounds like nothing I’ve ever heard before. Darwin’s great discovery is limned by wordless vocals coalescing into propulsive verses by alternating singers. “Seeds” follows with a twinkling, slippery dance beat and continues the themes of growth and metamorphosis, while the title track reprises the gravity, epic scope, and exotic orchestration of “Colouring of Pigeons,” once again lyrically connecting mankind to its animal origins. The final track (before an alternate vocal reprise of “Annie’s Box,” which underscores the biographical and emotional content of the album) is my favorite. “The Height of Summer” is a superb, joyous electronic pop song with lyrics about love, longing, and our relationship to the natural world and its cycles. Like the rest of the album, it juxtaposes our short time on Earth with the vastness of deep time and locates our presence within the intricacy and intimacy of a web of life.
Tomorrow, alas, proved to be divisive among both fans and critics for its challenging and alien sound. Having never been particularly interested in The Knife prior to this album (though I have since become an enthusiastic fan of their previous album Silent Shout and Karen Dreijer Andersson’s Fever Ray), I didn’t have the expectations and assumptions others might have held. But a more problematic criticism was that the sheer ambition and scope of The Knife’s project render it too serious and deep for everyday listening–a criticism that judges it by the wrong standards. I think this speaks more to the way that many of us listen to music today than to the quality of the album itself; when music is increasingly ephemeral (in both technological and cultural senses), few have the patience to take in something as huge and high-minded as Tomorrow, in a Year, something that dares to tangle with great themes instead of being merely fun or frivolous. And since it’s also different than any of the predominant trends in contemporary indie music, then it’s of even greater importance to appreciate it consciously in the context or tradition of an experimental classical work.
In Tomorrow, in a Year, The Knife demonstrate the courage of their pretensions, the courage to translate a wildly ambitious vision into a stunning, thrilling piece of music. Even more so, The Knife have the nerve to reinvent themselves in pursuit of their art, a talent they share with the most adventurous acts of the past and present, like Scott Walker, Talk Talk, and Radiohead. As with those artists’ masterpieces, it seems as though every stream of twentieth-century experimental music has converged into the making of an endlessly rich and rewarding record. (It’s also perhaps the single most innovative opera since Philip Glass’ seminal Einstein on the Beach.)
Only time will tell if Tomorrow, in a Year will grow to be valued as much as those artists’ masterpieces, but for now, it feels like a landmark–to my view, perhaps the greatest album of the twenty-first century to date. (I can only surmise that if it influences the stylistic direction of The Knife’s electronic dance music, then their next album proper ought to be pretty incredible, even more so than Silent Shout.) Listening to Tomorrow, in a Year instantly renders most of our critical discussions and debates about musical originality as exercises in special pleading and the narcissism of small differences. The Knife have explored the boundaries of the possible in contemporary music as thoroughly as Charles Darwin did in science one hundred and fifty years ago. If one is inclined to agree with the evolutionary biologist and public intellectual Richard Dawkins, who has written that religion does not have a monopoly on art or artistic inspiration–that we have not yet had the privilege to listen to a great symphonic work on ecology or geology or natural history–then Tomorrow, in a Year is not only the first piece of its kind but also the first work to fulfill his dreams of a masterpiece uniting music and science. And that fact, even beyond its experimental brilliance, is the highest compliment I can pay this sublime and wholly original work.

domain: artistic


text:
$1,300—$1,825 1 bed 209 Pleasant Street, Melrose MA, 02176
Some errands can be accomplished on foot.
A few nearby public transportation options.
Some bike infrastructure.
Explore how far you can travel by car, bus, bike and foot from Towne Estates Apartments.
Towne Estates Apartments has some transit which means a few nearby public transportation options. Car sharing is available from Zipcar.
132 Redstone Shopping Center - Malden Center
136 Reading Depot - Malden Center via Lowell Street
137 Reading Depot - Malden Center via North Avenue
131 Melrose Highlands - Oak Grove
99 Woodland Road, Stoneham - Wellington
430 Saugus Center - Malden Center
104 Malden Center - Sullivan via Ferry Street
101 Malden Center - Sullivan via Winter Hill
108 Linden Square - Wellington
97 Malden Center - Wellington
View all Oak Grove - Pine Banks apartments on a map.

domain: geography


Judge allows challenge to
New York “stop and frisk”
By Basil Katz, Reuters, August 31, 2011
NEW YORK (Reuters) — A lawsuit challenging the New York Police Department’s controversial crime-fighting tactic known as “stop and frisk” will go to trial, a U.S. judge said.
U.S. District Judge Shira Scheindlin on Wednesday gave the go-ahead to a lawsuit brought by black and Latino New Yorkers claiming they were improperly targeted by police.
The suit is the broadest yet to potentially reach a jury and challenge the police practice of stopping and questioning people considered suspicious. The NYPD says the tactic has been critical in achieving an historic drop in crime rates and denies that race or quotas motivate stops.
The judge’s 86-page opinion addressed the specific cases of African-American men David Floyd and David Ourlicht who alleged illegal targeting by police. They, along with others, had sued the city in 2008 seeking class-action status, alleging a wide practice of discrimination based on race.
While the judge partially granted the city’s motion for summary judgment in the Floyd case, she refused to toss Ourlicht’s claims or any of the wider accusations of system-wide discrimination, saying a jury should decide.
“Thus, I find that plaintiffs have demonstrated that there is a disputed issue of fact as to whether the NYPD has engaged in a widespread practice of suspicionless stops and frisks,” Scheindlin said.
City attorney Heidi Grossman said the judge had made the right decision in the Floyd case and was confident a jury would rule in the city’s favor.
“While the Court has left it for the jury to determine whether the City has taken adequate action to ensure that stops of New Yorkers are handled appropriately, we are confident the jury will find in the City’s favor,” Grossman said. “Indeed, the Court noted that the City does not have an express policy of stopping minorities based on race.”
The parties are due back in court on September 23.
Other issues the jury must consider were how to properly measure and weigh NYPD statistics on the stops, whether the city had taken enough steps to educate its police force and any question of mandatory stops quotas imposed from on high.
“In sum, I find that there is a triable issue of fact as to whether NYPD supervisors have a custom or practice of imposing quotas on officer activity, and whether such quotas can be said to be the ‘moving force’ behind widespread suspicionless stops,” Scheindlin said.
According to numbers obtained by the New York Civil Liberties Union, New York police conducted 601,055 stops in 2010. That number was set to increase for 2011, the rights group said on Wednesday, with already 317,000 stops so far this year.
The case is Floyd et al v. The City of New York et al, U.S. District Court, Southern District of New York 08-01034.
(Reporting by Basil Katz; Editing by Cynthia Osterman)


19 new COVID-19 hotspots in Kerala; 10 excluded from list
Thiruvananthapuram: As concerns over the COVID-19 outbreak continues in Kerala, 19 more areas were identified as hotspots. At the same time, 10 regions have been excluded from the list. With this, there are 127 hotspots in the state at present.
The hotspots identified on Tuesday include 12 areas in Kannur district, 4 in Alappuzha and one each in Wayanad, Ernakulam and Palakkad. In Kannur, the hotspots are Pinarayi (containment zone ward 5), Kottiyoor (ward 11), Karivellur-Peralam (4, 9), Peringome Vayakkara (7), Cherukunnu (1), Kadachira (3), Ulikkal (19), Chengalayi (14), Kathiroor (18), Chembilode (13, 15), Kolayad (5, 6) and Padyam (9).
New hotspots in Alappuzha district are Bharanikkavu (16), Kayamkulam municipality (4, 9), Chengannur municipality (14, 15) and Palamel (14). Thirunelli (4, 5, 9, 10, 12) in Wayanad, Kanjoor (12) in Ernakulam and Thirumittacode (8) in Palakkad are the other new hotspots.
Meanwhile, several areas in Kannur and Kasaragod districts have been excluded from the list of containment zones.
In Kannur, Kangol Alapadamba (containment zone sub ward 6), Mangattidam (sub ward 4), Muzhakkunnu (all wards), Panoor (sub ward 31), Peravoor (ward 11), Thilankeri (all wards) and Udayagiri (sub ward 2) were excluded from the list. Bedadukka (ward 8), Badiyadka (ward 18) and Kinanoor-Karindalam (ward 6) in Kasaragod district were also removed from the list.


text:
Landlords in Mayfair and St. James’s, two of London’s most expensive neighborhoods, are exploiting a shrinking supply of new or refurbished office space to charge hedge funds and financial firms the highest rents in three years.
Offices are being converted into residences costing 2,000 pounds ($3,100) a square foot or more as demand surges from foreign buyers seeking luxury homes in central London. A shortage of financing for new development and restrictions on high-rise projects add to the squeeze on commercial space.
London, Europe’s main center for hedge funds and private equity managers, has attracted tenants willing to pay high rates for prestigious offices from which to court customers of the private banks based nearby. Owners face the choice of keeping buildings, many of them former houses, as offices or cashing in on a bidding war that has driven up luxury-home prices in the capital by 37 percent in the past five years, according to Knight Frank LLP.
“It’s a wonderful problem to have,” said Andrew Lax, co-founder of Lancer Property Asset Management, which oversees Mayfair’s Berkeley Square Estate, a collection of low-rise buildings on and near the historic square. “Holding the line becomes increasingly difficult.”
The few developers and landlords that raised money to build and renovate office space in the area, such as Grosvenor Group Ltd., stand to benefit the most as increasing rents boost income and lift property values.
Prime office vacancies in Mayfair and its southern neighbor, St. James’s, are the lowest in almost three years at 3.4 percent. Net effective rents, which include incentives such as rent-free periods, rose to 82.33 pounds a square foot for Grade A space, broker Jones Lang LaSalle Inc. estimates. That’s the highest since the first quarter of 2009. Sapinda UK Ltd. agreed to lease the top floor of 23 Savile Row for 99 pounds a foot annually.
Mayfair and St. James’s were transformed to office districts after World War II, when bombing destroyed much of the City of London financial center. The areas were the world’s second-most expensive office market for Grade A space last year and held first place the year before, according to a ranking of central business districts compiled by Knight Frank. Hong Kong was the most expensive in 2011. Manhattan was 16th.
Rents for the best offices in the London neighborhoods peaked at 107 pounds a foot in the first half of 2008. That sank to 60 pounds in the two years through June 2010 as the credit crisis made firms reluctant to spend on space. Since then, net effective rents have rallied by 37 percent, Jones Lang data show. Egerton Capital LP and Axa Private Equity signed leases in the past 12 months for more than 100 pounds a square foot.
Offices are fetching higher rents even as hedge funds worldwide struggle amid concerns that Greece may exit the euro and the global economy is weakening. Hedge funds fell 2.9 percent in May, the worst month since September, led by long-short equity, multistrategy and global macro funds, according to data compiled by Bloomberg.
Few property companies are able to capitalize on the rising rents by building or upgrading office buildings in the two neighborhoods. Developers are struggling to finance projects as banks cut back U.K. real-estate lending to strengthen balance sheets in compliance with new regulations on capital.
None of 63 the U.K. lenders in a De Montfort University survey released earlier this month planned to finance new property projects without commitments in advance from tenants or buyers.
As lucrative as the office rents are, the payoff from selling a property is rising as foreign money pours into luxury homes in the capital. Buyers from abroad accounted for about 60 percent of home purchases in the most expensive districts in the four years through 2011, according to London-based Development Securities Plc. Values have climbed by more than 40 percent since March 2009, the low point for the city’s prime residential market after the credit crisis.
Conversions of offices into homes removed about 550,000 square feet (51,000 square meters), or 3.5 percent of Mayfair and St. James’s office stock, in the decade through 2010, H2SO Property Consultants estimates.
A 1730s house on Upper Grosvenor Street used as offices was sold for 18 million pounds earlier this year, exceeding the asking price by 22 percent, because of its potential as a residential development project, said Peter Wetherell, owner of specialist Mayfair broker Wetherell & Co.
As a rental office investment, the building would have fetched less than 10 million pounds because staircases, kitchens and bathrooms don’t generate an income and so aren’t included in its investment value, he said.
Mayfair’s revival as a place to shop and go out has powered a fivefold increase since 2000 in the average cost of a home on Grosvenor Square, the most prestigious address, to 3,271 pounds a square foot, according to researcher Lonres.com.
“I see Mayfair as a growing market because it has so much potential,” Joe Burns, co-founder of developer Oliver Burns, said in an interview.
Burns sold the penthouse at The Walpole in St. James’s for a district record of 4,542 pounds a square foot. Three 3,800 square-foot apartments are on sale for 11.5 million pounds each. The former office building consists of two heritage-protected townhouses converted into apartments that span both properties.
More Mayfair and St. James’s offices may be lost to projects such as entrepreneur Richard Caring’s planned conversion of the former U.S. Naval headquarters on Grosvenor Square into 37 luxury apartments.
West End of London Property Unit Trust said today that it acquired Buchanan House on St. James’s Square for 66.4 million pounds. The fund didn’t say whether it will keep the property as offices or convert it into luxury residences.
Rio Tinto Plc demolished its former headquarters on the same square and is working with Exemplar, a developer, to convert the site into a mix of luxury apartments and offices. Green Property Ltd. is converting an adjacent historic townhouse used as offices back into a home, while it’s demolished the neighboring property to build new offices that are due to be completed next year.
Permal Group, the fund of hedge-funds unit of Legg Mason Inc., agreed in September 2007 to pay a record 140 pounds a square foot to lease the top floor of an office on St. James’s Square.
The squeeze on office supply benefits the landowners and developers that proceeded with office projects when others delayed projects in the financial crisis and now face little competition.
“We should be sitting pretty,” Peter Vernon, Grosvenor’s chief executive officer for the U.K. and Ireland, said about leasing 50 Grosvenor Hill, a new office on a back street off Berkeley Square and Bond Street.
Grosvenor runs 100 acres (40 hectares) of Mayfair on behalf of its owner, the Duke of Westminster’s family trusts. Its newest office there includes 20,000 square feet of new space behind a preserved Georgian facade that it plans to lease for more than 90 pounds a square foot.
Six other office projects, including another one belonging to Grosvenor, are under construction in Mayfair and St. James’s. Owners and developers including the Crown Estate, Land Securities Group Plc and Exemplar are building 559,000 square feet of offices. Just 130,000 square feet of space may be completed in 2014, H2SO estimates.
“There’s a supply shortage because of the lack of development starts and as super-prime residences take the place of offices,” said Paul Smith, co-founder of H2SO. He said Grade A office rents may soon surpass 100 pounds a square foot on a regular basis.
Great Portland Estates Plc said its best-performing asset in the year through March was 1.3 acres of holdings in Hanover Square. The real estate appreciated by 37 percent after the company won planning consent to build shops, offices and apartments on a site incorporating a station for the Crossrail subway rail link under construction. The developer won’t break ground until the end of 2015.
“This is a very rare product in London, given the super-prime nature of offices, retail and residential and the embedded shortage of this type of accommodation in Mayfair over the next few years,” said Neil Thompson, Great Portland’s portfolio director.
The competition with residential use is accelerating Mayfair and St. James’s transformation into a niche, high-end office market. Westminster City Council said it’s happy with the way it’s changing.
“It has an eclectic mix of businesses that aren’t going to disappear,” said Jonathan Glanz, the councilor who represents the ward that incorporates Mayfair and is Westminster’s cabinet member for housing and corporate property.
For the cost-conscious or those with large space requirements, the alternatives lie elsewhere in London, such as north of Oxford Street, Victoria, Knightsbridge or in landmark buildings including the Shard in Southwark or the Heron Tower in the City of London, said Smith at H2SO.
“There won’t be any more large organizations able to justify being in high-rent space,” he said.

domain: finance


text:
The days are getting longer — supposedly.
While you’re waiting for spring to come, you might check out these three entertainment options, to bring a little light into your life:
The Northern Lights Film Festival brings nine features and assorted shorts from Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Finland and Iceland to Seattle. The three-day festival is presented by the Nordic Heritage Museum and the colorful assortment of films — comedies, dramas, documentaries, shorts and children’s movies — will flicker across the screen at SIFF Cinema at Seattle Center. My school-age son and I, who have fallen in love with the cartoon Moomintrolls of Tove Jansson, will be first in line to see “Moomin and the Comet Chase” at noon on Saturday. Read more about this and other local film events here.
Seattle Shakespeare Company presents one of Shakespeare’s more rarely produced plays this month: “Coriolanus.” Not a lot of poetic language in this one, says Seattle Times theater critic Misha Berson, but lots of rioting, war, revenge and mayhem — you won’t be bored. By the way: Ralph Fiennes stars in a screen version that arrives later this month. See SSC’s production at Seattle Center House this weekend and you’ll be the most well-informed moviegoer at the multiplex.
Finally, head indoors to the warmth and light of the Burke Museum on Saturday afternoon for Artifact ID Day 2012. It’s a Pacific Coast version of “Antiques Roadshow,” without the appraisals. Museum experts will be on hand to help identify any indigenous artifacts you may have from the Northwest or Pacific Rim, or any geologic or archeological items such as fossils, bones or rocks. Read about writer Rachel Solomon’s brush with the experts (carving in hand) and note: There’s a three-item limit.
Finally: Here’s a video preview of the weekend, taped this morning at KING 5:
This player was created in August 2010 to take advantage of smart player technology. It is used in all embedded video on The Seattle Times as well as outside sites..
By use of this code snippet, I agree to the Brightcove Publisher T and C
found at https://accounts.brightcove.com/en/terms-and-conditions/.
This script tag will cause the Brightcove Players defined above it to be created as soon
as the line is read by the browser. If you wish to have the player instantiated only after
the rest of the HTML is processed and the page load is complete, remove the line.
(Photos: “Coriolanus” by John Ulman; Artifact ID Day 2011 by Erika Schultz/Seattle Times.)

domain: entertainment


text:
Association between muscle hydration measures acquired using bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging in healthy and hemodialysis population
URL with Digital Object Identifier
Establishing the effect of fluctuating extracellular fluid (ECF) volume on muscle strength in people with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on hemodialysis (HD) is essential, as inadequate hydration of the skeletal muscles impacts its strength and endurance. Bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (BIS) has been a widely used method for estimating ECF volume of a limb or calf segment. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-acquired transverse relaxation times (T2) has also been used for estimating ECF volumes of individual skeletal muscles. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between T2 (gold standard) of tibialis anterior (TA), medial (MG), and lateral gastrocnemius (LG), and soleus muscles and calf BIS ECF, in healthy and in people with ESRD/HD. Calf BIS and MRI measures were collected on two occasions before and after HD session in people with ESRD/HD and on a single occasion for the healthy participants. Linear regression analysis was used to establish the association between these measures. Thirty-two healthy and 22 participants on HD were recruited. The association between T2 of TA, LG, MG, and soleus muscles and ratio of calf BIS-acquired ECF and intracellular fluids (ICF) were: TA: β = 0.30, P > 0.05; LG: β = 0.37, P = 0.035; MG: β = 0.43, P = 0.014; soleus: β = 0.60, P < 0.001. For the HD group, calf ECF was significantly associated with T2 of TA (β = 0.44, P = 0.042), and medial gastrocnemius (β = 0.47, P = 0.027) following HD only. Hence BIS-acquired measures cannot be used to measure ECF volumes of a single muscle in the ESRD/HD population; however, BIS could be utilized to estimate ratio of ECF: ICF in healthy population for the LG, MG, and soleus muscles.

domain: biology


text:
|As an Actor||Supporting||3||$121,613,627||$115,035,236||$236,648,863|
|Best known as a Supporting Actress based on credits in that role in 3 films, with $236,648,863 worldwide aggregate box office (rank #12,991)|
|Best-Known Acting Roles: Ms. Young (2 Guns), Milk Skinned Blonde (Gangster Squad), Iris Parker (We Are What We Are), Riley (Playback)|
|Most productive collaborators: James Herbert, Mark Wahlberg, Baltasar Kormakur, Denzel Washington, Blake Masters|
June 7th, 2014
Ray Donovan began last year on Showtime and broke the record for biggest premiere on that cable channel. It maintained its viewership numbers throughout the season, while earning great reviews. Now that it is coming out on DVD and Blu-ray, is it worth checking out for those who don't have Showtimes? Is the Blu-ray worth picking up for those who like the show?
September 27th, 2013
There are a lot of limited releases on this week's list, including a few earning stellar reviews. There are also a few with weak reviews or that are the wrong genre to thrive in limited release. One film fits into both ends of the spectrum, We Are What We Are, which is earning great reviews, but as a horror film, likely won't find an audience till the home market. Hopefully I am wrong. Inequality for All is earning even better reviews, but it is a documentary, so it have very little chance to expand. On the Job has the best reviews of the week, but it is a foreign-language action film, so it will likely not earn breakout success.
|9/27/2013||We Are What We Are||Iris Parker||$81,381||$169,220||$250,601|
|8/2/2013||2 Guns||Ms. Young||$75,612,460||$56,880,555||$132,493,015|
|1/11/2013||Gangster Squad||Milk Skinned Blonde||$46,000,903||$58,100,000||$104,100,903|


Primary authority (PA) is a success but public and worker protection must be made an explicit priority, a CIEH report has found.
Under the PA scheme, a business or group of businesses may form a legal partnership with just one local (‘primary’) authority to help improve consistency of approach and advice in terms of regulation.
Overall the CIEH study found PA was successful, but it also found that EHPs raised legitimate concerns that needed to be addressed.
CIEH has made a series of recommendations – including making public and worker protection a priority – to the Office for Product Safety and Standards (OPPS), local authorities and businesses.
Other recommendations include: providing a single point of contact for complaints and a commitment to investigate them; publishing guidance to quality-assure advice issued; and conducting regular PA audits.
It also wants to see accessible training on PA enforcement; work with local authority practitioners to address their concerns about enforcement; and an evaluation on the success of the post-2017 changes to the scheme.
CIEH chief executive Anne Godfrey said: “In the eyes of many EHPs, PA has undoubtedly been successful in making advice on regulation and compliance more consistent.
“PA is here to stay but we have heard some legitimate concerns from the EH community, which must be addressed.
“I hope this report marks the beginning of a more open and positive dialogue between OPSS, local authorities and businesses, whose collaboration is key to the effective running of the scheme. We want to see everyone commit to improving PA and working together towards our shared and ultimate objective of protecting public safety.”


Tokoroa CBD Development resolved to continue
Council resolved to continue to progress the Tokoroa CBD Development project, following robust debate in Council's public meeting on Thursday last week. This decision comes after tender quotes were $850,000 above budget.
"Due to significant and rapid increases in construction market costs, the funding allocated to the Tokoroa CBD development project has a shortfall of $850,000," said Acting Chief Executive Ben Smit. "We are disappointed by this, however we want to assure our community that this project has been well investigated and costed; and the shortfall is simply due to market increases."
Three rounds of quantity surveyor assessments over the past year, the latest being in August this year, indicated that our budget of $3.9million was appropriate for the project. The Project Control Group worked extensively with the preferred tenderers for both the building construction and civil works, however adequate savings without significant design changes are not possible in today's construction market.
"While Elected Members resolved during the Council meeting last Thursday to continue with the project as tendered, there is potential for this to change as the $852,000 additional funding may be reconsidered," continued Mr Smit. "While considering Annual Plan costs for 2019-20 year on the Thursday afternoon, the possibility of revisiting this decision was raised. Council is mindful of not losing sight of other significant costs heading our way with wastewater and solid waste especially that are going to impact rates."
It is possible that a Notice of Motion will be forthcoming.
During the morning meeting, four options were tabled and discussed.
- Option 1 - Continue with project as tendered funded through additional loans of $852,000.
- Option 2 - Continue with project as tendered funded through additional loans of $852,000. Rent out building space to fund some of the additional project costs.
- Option 3 - Continue with civil work (roading, footpath etc), remove building glazing so no office / i-SITE space. Additional funding of $450,000 through loans.
- Option 4 - Undertake cut-down version of the civils, create a green space where the building and other landscape development was planned, but don't construct the building in the short term. Start planning immediately on how the green space would be developed.
All Elected Members spoke during the meeting expressing their views and asking questions. A motion to continue with option 4 (adding the inclusion of building new toilets) was tabled but the motion was lost on voting. A second motion - to proceed with the project (option 1) - was tabled next, and a split decision six votes for and five against signified the motion was upheld.
If this resolution holds and the project continues as tendered, the additional funding will come from loans, to minimise the rate impact as much as possible.
Ends: words: 412


International Journal of Computer Network and Information Security(IJCNIS)
ISSN: 2074-9090 (Print), ISSN: 2074-9104 (Online)
Published By: MECS Press
IJCNIS Vol.8, No.2, Feb. 2016
Performance Evaluation of IPv4/IPv6 Transition Mechanisms
Full Text (PDF, 779KB), PP.1-14
The exhaustion of IPv4 addresses has forced the deployment of the new version of the Internet Protocol (IPv6). However, the migration to the new protocol is done gradually and with the due care for many reasons that include: cost, inclusion of support for IPv6 in existing applications, training of technical staff, lack of web content available over IPv6 from important providers, and obsolete devices not anymore supported by manufacturers. For those reasons, many transition mechanisms have been proposed, each one to fill distinct requirements, with different operational theory and availability according to the network environment. A performance evaluation of these mechanisms can help network administrators and researchers in their selection of the best transition technology for their environment. In this paper, we present a performance comparison of some transition mechanisms such as ISATAP, 6to4, and NAT64 in real testbeds with Debian, Windows 7, Windows 8, and Windows 10. For NAT64, two different tools were tested: TAYGA and Jool. We measure the OWD and the throughput for UDP and TCP for every mechanism, for both Ethernet and Fast Ethernet technologies. From this research, we can conclude that all the modern operating systems for PCs already have good support for IPv6, and a very similar network performance. Also, we can infer from our work that in controlled environments, native IPv4 has the best performance, closely followed by native IPv6. The difference is essentially due to the length of the IP header (20 bytes in IPv4 and 40 bytes in IPv6). The tunneling solutions chosen for this research (ISATAP and 6to4) have a similar performance, which is the lowest of the studied technologies, because of the additional IPv4 header in the tunnel.
Cite This Paper
Adira Quintero, Francisco Sans, Eric Gamess,"Performance Evaluation of IPv4/IPv6 Transition Mechanisms", International Journal of Computer Network and Information Security(IJCNIS), Vol.8, No.2, pp.1-14, 2016.DOI: 10.5815/ijcnis.2016.02.01
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S. S. Kolahi, B. K. Soorty, Z. Qu, and N. Chand, "Performance Analysis of IPv4 and IPv6 on Windows Vista and Windows XP over Fast Ethernet in Peer-peer LAN," in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on New Technologies, Mobility and Security (NTMS'09). Piscataway, NJ, USA: IEEE Press, 2009, pp. 450–453.
J. Balen, G. Martinovic, and Z. Hocenski, "Network Performance Evaluation of Latest Windows Operating Systems," in Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Software, Telecommunications and Computer Networks (SoftCOM), vol. 7, Split, Croatia, September 2012, pp. 1–6.
P. Svec and M. Munk, "IPv4/IPv6 Performance Analysis: Transport Layer Protocol Impact to Transmission Time," in Proceedings of International Conference on Internet Technology and Applications (iTAP 2011), Wuhan, China, August 2011, pp.1–4.
E. Gamess and K. Velásquez, "IPv4 and IPv6 Forwarding Performance Evaluation on Different Operating Systems," in Proceedings of the XXXIV Latin American Computing Conference (CLEI'08), Santa Fe, Argentina, September 2008.
S. Narayan, S. S. Sodhi, P. R. Lutui, and K. J. Vijayakumar, "Network Performance Evaluation of Routers in IPv4/IPv6 Environment," in Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking, and Information Security (WCNIS), Beijing, China, June 2010.
S. S. Kolahi, Z. Qu, B. K. Soorty, and N. Chand, "The Impact of Security on the Performance of IPv4 and IPv6 using 802.11n Wireless LAN," in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on New Technologies, Mobility and Security (NTMS'09). Piscataway, NJ, USA: IEEE Press, 2009, pp. 454–457.
S. S. Kolahi, Z. Qu, B. K. Soorty, and N. Chand, "The Performance of IPv4 and IPv6 Using DP on IEEE 802.11n WLANs with WPA2 security," in Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Interaction Sciences: Information Technology, Culture and Human (ICIS'09). New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2009, pp. 873–876.
H. Fahmy and S. Ghoneim, "Performance Comparison of Wireless Networks over IPv6 and IPv4 under Several Operating Systems," in Proceedings of the IEEE 20th International Conference on Electronics, Circuits, and Systems (ICECS'13), Abu Dhabi, UAE, December 2013, pp. 670–673.
M. Ahmed, M. A. Suhaimi, Q. S. Md. Faisal, and S. Haseeb, "Evaluating QoS Performance of Streaming Video on Both IPv4 and IPv6 Protocols," in Proceedings of the 2007 Spring Simulaiton Multiconference - Volume 1 (SpringSim'07). San Diego, CA, USA: Society for Computer Simulation International, 2007, pp. 109–116.
S.-M. Huang, Q. Wu, and Y.-B. Lin, "Tunneling IPv6 through NAT with Teredo Mechanism," in Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications, vol. 2, Taipei, Taiwan, March 2005, pp. 813–818.
M. Aazam, S. A. H. Shah, I. Khan, and A. Qayyum, "Deployment and Performance Evaluation of Teredo and ISATAP over Real Test-bed Setup," in Proceedings of the International Conference on Management of Emergent Digital EcoSystems (MEDES'10), Bangkok, Thailand, October 2010, pp. 229–233.
S. Zander, L. L. H. Andrew, G. Armitage, G. Huston, and G. Michaelson, "Investigating the IPv6 Teredo Tunnelling Capability and Performance of Internet Clients," ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 13–20, October 2012.
S. Narayan and S. Tauch, "Network Performance Evaluation of IPv4-v6 Configured Tunnel and 6to4 Transition Mechanisms on Windows Server Operating Systems," in Proceedings of the 2010 International Conference on Computer Design and Applications (ICCDA), vol. 5, Qinhuangdao, China, June 2010.
S. Narayan and S. Tauch, "IPv4-v6 Configured Tunnel and 6to4 Transition Mechanisms Network Performance Evaluation on Linux Operating Systems," in Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Signal Processing Systems (ICSPS), vol. 2, Dalian, China, October 2010.
D. Hadiya, R. Save, and G. Geetu, "Network Performance Evaluation of 6to4 and Configured Tunnel Transition Mechanisms: An Empirical Test-bed Analysis," in Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology (ICETET'13), Nagpur, India, December 2013, pp. 56–60.
P. Amr and N. Abdelbaki, "Convergence Study of IPv6 Tunneling Techniques," in Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Communications (COMM'14), Bucharest, Romania, May 2014, pp. 1–6.
S.-J. Yoon, J.-T. Park, D.-I. Choi, and H. K. Kahng, "Performance Comparison of 6to4, 6rd, and ISATAP Tunnelling Methods on Real Testbeds," International Journal on Internet and Distributed Computing Systems, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 149–156, July 2012.
F. Sans and E. Gamess, "Analytical Performance Evaluation of Native IPv6 and Several Tunneling Technics Using Benchmarking Tools," in Proceedings of the XXXIX Latin American Computing Conference (CLEI'13), Naiguata, Venezuela, October 2013, pp 1-9.
K. J. O. Llanto and W. E. S. Yu, "Performance of NAT64 versus NAT44 in the Context of IPv6 Migration," in Proceedings of the International MultiConference of Engineers and Compuer Scientists (IMECS' 12), Hong Kong, China, March 2012, pp. 638–645.
C. P. Monte, M. I. Robles, G. Mercado, C. Taffernaberry, M. Orbiscay, S. Tobar, R. Moralejo, and S. Pérez, "Implementation and Evaluation of Protocols Translating Methods for IPv4 to IPv6 Transition," Journal of Computer Science & Technology, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 64–70, 2010.
S.-Y. Yu and B. E. Carpenter, "Measuring IPv4 IPv6 Translation Techniques," Department of Computer Science, The University of Auckland, Tech. Rep. 2012-001, January 2012.
E. Hodzic and S. Mrdovic, "IPv4/IPv6 Transition using DNS64/NAT64: Deployment Issues," in Proceedings of the IX International Symposium on Telecommunications (BIHTEL'12), Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, October 2012, pp. 1–6.
G. Lencse and G. Takacs, "Performance Analysis of DNS64 and NAT64 Solutions," Infocommunications Journal, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 29–36, 2012.
G. Lencse and S. Repas, "Performance Analysis and Comparison of Different DNS64 Implementations for Linux, OpenBSD and FreeBSD," in Proceedings of the IEEE 27th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications (AINA'13), Barcelona, Spain, March 2013, pp. 877–884.
G. Lencse and S. Repas, "Performance Analysis and Comparison of the TAYGA and of the PF NAT64 Implementations," in Proceedings of the 36th International Conference on Telecommunications and Signal Processing (TSP'13), Rome, Italy, July 2013, pp. 71–76.
S. Repas, P. Farnadi, and G. Lencse, "Performance and Stability Analysis of Free NAT64 Implementations with Different Protocols," Acta Technica Jaurinensis, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 404–427, 2014.
M. Ahmed, A. Litchfield, S. Ahmed, A. Mahmood, Md. E. Hossain, "VoIP Performance Analysis over IPv4 and IPv6," International Journal of Computer Network and Information Security, vol.6, no.11, pp.43-48, October 2014.
C. Aoun and E. Davies, "Reasons to Move the Network Address Translator - Protocol Translator (NAT-PT) to Historic Status," IETF, RFC 4966, July 2007.
F. Templin, T. Gleeson, and D. Thaler, "Intra-Site Automatic Tunnel Addressing Protocol (ISATAP)," IETF, RFC 5214, March 2008.
B. Carpenter and K. Moore, "Connection of IPv6 Domains via IPv4 Clouds," IETF, RFC 3056, February 2001.
C. Huitema, "An Anycast Prefix for 6to4 Relay Routers," IETF, RFC 3068, June 2001.
M. Bagnulo, P. Matthews, and I. van Beijnum, "Stateful NAT64: Network Address and Protocol Translation from IPv6 Clients to IPv4 Servers," IETF, RFC 6146, April 2011.
C. Bao, C. Huitema, M. Bagnulo, M. Boucadair, and X. Li, "IPv6 Addressing of IPv4/IPv6 Translators," IETF, RFC 6052, October 2010.
K. Velásquez and E. Gamess, "A Survey of Network Benchmark Tools," Machine Learning and System Engineering, vol. 68, pp. 465–480, October 2010.
NLANR/DAST. Iperf Homepage. http://iperf.fr.
Nathan Lutchansky. TAYGA Homepage. http://www.litech.org/tayga.
Tecnológico de Monterrey. Jool Homepage. http://www.jool.mx.


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The ASU Department of English's Creative Writing Program presents its MFA Reading Series, this installment featuring poet Rachel Blau DuPlessis.
DuPlessis (PhD, Columbia University, 1970) is known as a poet and essayist, and as a critic and scholar with a special interest in modern and contemporary poetry. From 1986 until 2012, DuPlessis has been engaged in a long poem project, collected in several book-length installments from Wesleyan University Press and Salt Publishing. The newest book, Surge: Drafts 96-114 (Salt 2013), brings this 26-year long poem to a temporary fold. Books belonging to this project are Drafts 1-38, Toll (Wesleyan, 2001); DRAFTS. Drafts 39-57, Pledge with Draft, Unnumbered: Précis (Salt Publishing, 2004); Torques: Drafts 58-76 (Salt Publishing, 2007) and Pitch: Drafts 77-95 (Salt Publishing, 2010). This work in poetry is the subject of an online colloquium and set of essays published in Jacket2 in December 2011 (jacket2.org/feature/drafting-beyond-ending).
Her recent Purple Passages: Pound, Eliot, Zukofsky, Olson, Creeley and the Ends of Patriarchal Poetry (University of Iowa Press, 2012) is part of a feminist trilogy of works about gender and poetics that includes The Pink Guitar: Writing as Feminist Practice and Blue Studios: Poetry and its Cultural Work, both from University of Alabama Press. Another key critical book by DuPlessis is Genders, Races, and Religious Cultures in Modern American Poetry, 1908-1934 (Cambridge University Press, 2001). DuPlessis was a Distinguished Visitor in the English Department at the University of Auckland, has held an appointment to the National Humanities Center in North Carolina, and was awarded a residency for poetry at Bellagio, sponsored by the Rockefeller Foundation.
The MFA Reading Series is co-sponsored by the Virginia G. Piper Center for Creative Writing.
Wednesday, Oct. 23, 12 p.m


While you might not be thinking of snow in the middle of summer, now is a perfect time to consider getting a new snow blower for your home. Winter is around the corner and many parts of the country are expected to see plenty of snowfall.
This means that being prepared now will save you a lot of headache and money with the flurries do begin. Snow blowers come in many sizes from small snow brooms to large self propelled units. Regardless of the area, you have to take care of, there is a snow blower that is right for you.
It’s A Snow Job
Snow comes in different varieties and these can have a profound effect on your blower. Deep, well packed moist snow is typically very dense and can clog or slow a single stage blower. Lighter snows can make a self propelled snow blower superfluous. With any snow, small porches, decks, and patios can be difficult to clear with either a single stage or double stage blower as they tend to be too large.
Thus it is important to normally have two snow removal systems. A corded or cordless snow broom that is capable of clearing small areas like patios and porches and either a single or double stage, depending on the surface area, for driveways and sidewalks.
Double or Single Stage
A single stage blower is one that pulls in the snow and discharges it. A double stage is a more powerful type that uses an auger to force the snow into an impeller that then discharges the snow some distance way.
If you live in an area that sees a lot of deep, moist snow then usually a double stage blower is right for you if you have a large area to cover. Smaller homes with small walkways and perhaps a single car driveway, a single stage blower is sufficient. In either case, it is easy to get the right one for your snow needs.
Five Great Snow Removal Blowers
Best Lightweight Electric Snow Thrower
The Toro Model #38361 Power Shovel is a 7.5 amp, electric snow thrower that is specifically designed for small spaces such as patios, porches, and small walks. It can move up to 300 pounds of snow per minute and discharge it 20 feet away. It is corded electric with easy cable management and it is lightweight.
The cutting swath is 12 inches wide and six inches deep for fast snow removal. The handle is adjustable for height and the entire unit is backed by a two-year warranty. People who have purchased and used this power shovel love the fact it comes pre-assembled and it is very user-friendly.
Best Single Stage Snow Blower for the Home
The Poulan Pro Model #961820015 Snowblower is great for homes with medium sized to small driveways and with plenty of sidewalks to cover. The heavy duty single stage rubber auger/impeller system moves the system forward while dispensing the snow through a discharge chute. The gas powered mower can easily handle moderately packed snow and the system won’t damage the surface pavement.
The control system is easy to use, much like a lawn mower and the unit is also easy to store during the off-season. People who have this blower love the compact nature of the machine and how easily it takes care of the snow.
Best Cordless Snow Blower for the Price
Powered by a 40Volt cordless system, this snow blower – Snow Joe Model #iON18SB Snowblower weighs less than 32 pounds making it very portable for getting driveways and smaller spaces like decks. It has a 50 minute runtime with also provides for quiet running. It can handle almost 500 pounds of snow and will discharge up to 20 feet away.
The discharge tube is adjustable and the battery is easy to recharge in a few hours. People who have purchased this blower and use it love the fact they don’t have to contend with gas and oil and it can easily put back on for quick recharging.
Best Snow Blower for Large Area
Designed for well packed, moist and deep snow, this dual stage blower – Troy-Bilt Storm Series Model #2625 Snowblower will cut a 26-inch swath and up to 21 inches deep. The 15 inch snow tires offer plenty of traction and the unit is fully self propelled with both forward and reverse speeds.
There is a joystick control system for easy maneuvering and the discharge tube is adjustable up to 200 degrees. The forward snow catch has durable and adjustable skids to prevent damage to the surface and the all steel auger and impeller are resistant to rust. People who have and used this system love the power to deal with hard packed snow.
Best Snow Blower for Home Use
Briggs and Stratton is a leading manufacturer of all types of outdoor power equipment and this dual stage blower – Briggs and Stratton Model #169661 Snowblower is designed for power and performance. This engine supplied up to 11.5-foot pounds of torque to deal with very dense snowfall and it will easily chew through a swath up to 27 inches wide and 20 inches deep.
The engine is an electric start for reliable starting even in cold weather and the discharge tube is fully adjustable. It has multiple forward and reverse speeds and the controls are easy to use. People who use this blower love how powerful this unit is and how quickly it devours the snow.
Using any type of blower can be dangerous, so be sure to wear the appropriate safety gear during operation. Always be aware of your surroundings as blowers will discharge snow a good distance.


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Author and Publisher - Catholic Online
Beatified By: Pope John Paul II
He was born in Moncalieri, the eldest of ten children, three of whom died in infancy and three became priests, including Luigi Boccardo who, in turn, was beatified.
He studied at home, beginning to help the poor of the country and, in particular, taking care of a blind beggar. After the unification of Italy, in 1861, he attended the gymnasium of the fathers Barnabas, and ended the school he entered the seminary. During this period assiduously sought the "sanctity", thinking that it is clear from his writings (he drew something like 44 volumes, which is still almost completely unknown, containing thoughts and ideas of life).
On June 3, 1871, John was ordained a priest in Turin by Msgr. Balma. In 1873 he became spiritual director of the seminary of Chieri, where he entered as an assistant a few months after his ordination as priest.
In Turin, Giovanni and Luigi maintained a friendship with the great saints of the time: John Bosco, Murialdo, Joseph Allamano.
In 1882, he became pastor in Pancalieri, where he remained until his death. Much is devoted to catechism and was often called to preach in other parishes.
In 1884, after a terrible epidemic of cholera: the priest devoted himself, with the help of some young people, to the relief of the sick. This inspiration the opening of a hospice for people left destitute and in need of help.
Perhaps his greatest work was the foundation of women's religious congregation of the Poor Daughters of Saint Gaetano, currently active in Italy, Brazil, Benin, Argentina and elsewhere. The task given to the Poor Daughters is to assist the chronically ill and infirm, abandoned children, elderly people and sick priests. Before Sister Carlotta was consecrated to St. Gaetano Fontana, who took the name Sister Gatena of the Blessed Sacrament.
In 1911 John was struck by paralysis. On December 30, 1913 died in Pancalieri.
One of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales. He was born at Dufton, at Westmoreland, England, and studied at Oxford. Becoming a Catholic in 1576, he went to Reims and received ordination in 1581. ... continue readingMore Saint of the Day
"Jesus loved Martha and Mary and Lazarus." This unique statement in John's gospel tells us of the special relationship Jesus had with Martha, her sister, and her brother. Apparently Jesus was a frequent guest at Martha's home in Bethany, a small village two miles from ... continue readingMore Female Saints
Saint Michael the Archangel isn't a saint, but rather he is an angel, and the leader of all angels and of the army of God. This is what the title "Archangel" means, that he is above all the others in rank. St. Michael has four main responsibilities or offices, as we ... continue reading
Seraphina was born in San Gimignano, Italy, to a poor family. She was known for her self denial and acts of penance as a young girl. A mysterious illness left this beautiful girl unattractive; her eyes, feet, and hands became deformed and eventually Seraphina was ... continue reading
Saint Christopher is one of the most popular, yet most enigmatic Catholic figures. He is considered a saint, although he is not in the official canon of the saints. He is listed as a martyr, possibly named Reprobus, who died under the Roman Emperor Decius, in 251 AD. ... continue reading
By Deacon Keith Fournier
This great defender of the faith insisted on the central claim of Christianity: God can be known and loved-indeed, that is why He came into our midst in the person of His Son; so that through a relationship with Jesus Christ, man could participate in the very ... continue readingMore Christian Saints & Heroes

domain: library


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The flax seeds come from an herbaceous plant of the Lináceas family, and it is a product that has been cultivated annually in the Mediterranean countries for more than 5,000 years. Linseed was grown as a textile plant and also for the use of its seeds.
Nowadays there are many species of this plant and it is cultivated all over the world. Flax seeds have the role of maintaining a very good health. Besides, they improve health and well-being and reduce the risk of contracting or suffering from diseases.
In the composition of flaxseeds, there are many fibers and are very rich in essential fatty acids such as linoleic, omega 6, linolenic and omega 3. In order for a body to function very well, it will need all these fatty acids.
The benefits of flaxseed are as follows:
- Flax seeds help in the absorption of soluble vitamins.
- Their role is to improve the condition of people’s skin, helping to prevent eczema, acne, etc.
- Another of the properties of flax seeds is that they benefit the heart and the vascular system, preventing thrombus formation.
- Besides these very important benefits, with these seeds, you can prevent inflammatory problems, such as arthritis.
- Due to the fibers in their composition, you will favor intestinal transit.
- They are also recommended for people who want to get rid of unwanted pounds.
- Helping to control cholesterol is one of the properties of flaxseed.
- Breast, colon and prostate cancer can be avoided with these seeds because they have lignans in their composition.
- Blood pressure and diabetes can be controlled with flaxseed.
- Stimulating intestinal flora is one of the many benefits we get by incorporating these seeds into our diet.
- They are also rich in antioxidant properties.
- Its lignan content reduces the risk of estrogen-lowering diseases in women.

domain: medical


text:
Alexander Vucic just reported that several Western officials admitted him that they are involved in the war in Ukraine. They, according to Vucic, told him that if Serbia does not “behave” that it will be deprived of investments. As we read in Radio1:
Serbian President Vučić said that Western representatives admitted to participating in the Ukrainian conflict and exerting pressure
Serbian President Aleksandar Vučić said that Western politicians confessed to him involvement in the conflict in Ukraine and exerting pressure. About it writes RIA Novosti.
According to Vučić, due to the escalation of the conflict on the territory of Ukraine, conversations with Western representatives have become tougher and more demanding, including on the issue of a settlement in Kosovo.
“I was told: ‘We have a war going on in Europe, we are participating, even though we don’t say it.’ And they say that Belgrade will lose a lot or everything if it does not behave properly,” the agency quotes the words of the Serbian leader.
The President added that in the event of Belgrade’s intractability, Western representatives announced a possible termination of investments in Serbia, the withdrawal of already invested capital, as well as the suspension of its European integration and the closure of enterprises.

domain: news


text:
I was surprised to see a site still protesting Sunday Shopping. At one point the writer says he did not start out protesting due to religion. But, if not for religion it could be any week day. Sunday is the legendary “day of rest”. But, not if you’re an atheist. Why not keep Sundays for business and close down Monday? Or Friday? Maybe Wednesday, it’s right there in the middle of the week.
I might pick Thursday but then who would really want to go back to work on Friday knowing you have Saturday and Sunday off?
There can only be so many religious holidays. Christians already have more time off than any other religion in North America. I don’t think the Sunday Shopping protest is going any where. The real test is to see how many people are spending time in church. I’ve heard the numbers are dropping. A shame but… religion is a personal thing.
Image source: Save Our Sundays

domain: sociology


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A month of Vietnamese films will be held across the country, marking national holidays from April 20 to May 20.
|A scene in the film Duong xuyen rung (Journey across the forest)|
The event aims to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the South's Liberation Day (April 30), Labor Day (May 1), and Uncle Ho's 125th birth anniversary (May 19, 1890).
Movies include Nhung Dua Con Cua Lang (Children of the Village), Nhin Ra Bien Ca (Looking towards Sea), Duong xuyen rung (Journey across the forest), Tieng khen (The sound of Khen- a musical instrument used by the Mong ethnic minority), Dinh cao chien thang (The peak of victory).
They will be screened at National Cinema Center in Hanoi, Hung Dao Theater in Buon Ma Thuot City in the central highland province of Dak Lak, multi-function Film Center in the northern province of Nghe An and CineBox in Ho Chi Minh City.
The film week aims to honor glorious history and combats, promote patriotism and national pride in building and protecting the country.
The event is organized by the National Cinema Department in cooperation with local film studios.


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Tesla Invader 4X Starter Kit Parameters:
|Product Name||Tesla Invader 4X Kit|
|Mod Dimension||88 * 52 * 26mm|
|Mod Material||PC + ABS|
|Cell Type||2 * 18650 Cells (NOT Included)|
|Max Output Wattage||280W|
|Voltage Adjust||1-5 Level|
|Output Voltage Range||3-8V|
|Max Output Current||53A|
|Input Voltage Range||6.4-8.4V|
|LED Light Indicator||Blue-Green-Red|
|Atomizer Dimension||25 * 34mm|
|Post Holes||1.5 * 3.0mm|
|Drip Tip||Resin Wide Bore Drip Tip|
The package of Invader 4X KIT Comes With:
● 1 x Tesla Invader 4X Mod (no cells)
● 1 x Tesla Invader 4X RDA
● 2 x Wires
● 3 x Silicone Rings
● 1 x Wrench
● 4 x Screws
● 1 x Organic Cotton
● 1 x Data Cable A
● 2 x User Manuals
● 1 x Tesla Invader 4X Kit Package
● E-juice and battery are not included.
● Battery using notice: Make sure to charge in or on a fire-proof surface. Don't leave charging batteries unattended. Please have the fundamental knowledge about the batteries you are using and how to make use of them correctly.
90 Days warranty period for Invader 4X Vape KIT.
For "Dead on Arrival " (DOA) claims, please kindly report to us within 72 hours from the delivery time.
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Music enjoys an excellent reputation here at Blue Coat where our aim is to create a positive and creative environment in which the Blue Coat musician will thrive and make progress. Lessons at all Key Stages encompass the key musical activities of performing, listening, and composing in a creative and fun way, with students encouraged to develop their musical understanding and to express themselves in both musical and written form. Students enrich their classroom learning through our extensive and vibrant extracurricular program, from choirs and bands to orchestras and an annual school musical.
Please find below the Curriculum Mapping for each Key Stage. Please note that Curriculum Maps are currently under review.


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The Benefits of Insulin: A Comprehensive Guide
Welcome to our comprehensive guide on the benefits of insulin. In this article, we will explore the numerous advantages of insulin for individuals with diabetes and shed light on its crucial role in managing blood sugar levels effectively.
Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that plays a vital role in regulating glucose metabolism in the body. It acts as a key that unlocks cells, allowing glucose to enter and be utilized for energy. For individuals with diabetes, the body either does not produce enough insulin or cannot effectively use the insulin it produces.
The Benefits of Insulin
Blood Sugar Control
One of the primary benefits of insulin is its ability to control blood sugar levels. Insulin therapy helps individuals with diabetes maintain stable blood glucose levels, preventing dangerous spikes or drops. By ensuring that glucose is efficiently transported into cells, insulin helps keep blood sugar within a healthy range.
Prevention of Diabetic Complications
By managing blood sugar levels, insulin therapy plays a crucial role in preventing long-term complications associated with diabetes. These complications include heart disease, kidney damage, nerve damage, and eye problems. Insulin helps reduce the risk of these complications and improves overall health outcomes for individuals with diabetes.
Improved Energy Levels
When blood sugar levels are uncontrolled, individuals with diabetes often experience fatigue and low energy levels. Insulin therapy helps regulate glucose metabolism, providing cells with the energy they need to function optimally. By ensuring adequate energy supply, insulin can significantly improve energy levels and overall quality of life.
Enhanced Weight Management
Insulin plays a crucial role in weight management for individuals with diabetes. By facilitating the utilization of glucose for energy, insulin prevents excess glucose from being stored as fat. It also helps suppress appetite and promotes a feeling of fullness, making it easier to maintain a healthy weight.
Prevention of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
Insulin therapy is essential for preventing a life-threatening condition called diabetic ketoacidosis. This condition occurs when the body lacks insulin and starts breaking down fat for energy, leading to the accumulation of toxic ketones in the blood. Regular insulin injections help prevent DKA and maintain overall health and well-being.
Insulin is a vital hormone that offers numerous benefits for individuals with diabetes. From controlling blood sugar levels to preventing complications and improving energy levels, insulin therapy plays a crucial role in managing diabetes effectively. If you have diabetes, consult with your healthcare provider to determine the appropriate insulin regimen for your specific needs. Remember, proper insulin management can significantly enhance your overall health and well-being.
Frequently Asked Questions about the Benefits of Insulin
1. What are the benefits of using insulin for diabetes management?
2. Can insulin help prevent long-term complications of diabetes?
Yes, insulin therapy can significantly reduce the risk of developing complications such as kidney disease, nerve damage, and eye problems associated with diabetes.
3. Does insulin help with weight management?
Insulin can aid in weight management by controlling blood sugar levels, which can reduce cravings and promote a healthier eating pattern.
4. Are there any cardiovascular benefits to using insulin?
Yes, insulin therapy can improve cardiovascular health by lowering the risk of heart attacks, strokes, and other cardiovascular diseases commonly associated with diabetes.
5. Can insulin improve energy levels and overall well-being?
Adequate insulin levels can enhance energy levels, reduce fatigue, and improve overall well-being by allowing cells to effectively utilize glucose for energy.
6. Are there any psychological benefits to using insulin?
Yes, insulin therapy can help stabilize mood and reduce symptoms of depression or anxiety often experienced by individuals with poorly controlled blood sugar levels.
7. Can insulin therapy improve fertility in individuals with diabetes?
Proper insulin management can enhance fertility in individuals with diabetes, as it helps regulate hormone levels and improve reproductive health.
8. How does insulin benefit pregnant women with diabetes?
Insulin therapy during pregnancy can help maintain stable blood sugar levels, reducing the risk of complications for both the mother and the baby.
9. Are there any benefits of using insulin for type 2 diabetes?
10. Can insulin help prevent diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
Adequate insulin administration can prevent diabetic ketoacidosis, a potentially life-threatening condition caused by high blood sugar levels and a lack of insulin.