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Pakistani-Americans Largely Unaware of Stimulus Opportunities
The United States of America is the land of opportunity. However opportunities are only available to those who are aware of them. And, for the most part, the Pakistani community is in the dark when it comes to the $787 billion American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA), better known as the “stimulus package” signed into a law by President Obama in February 2009.
Pakistanis, like other immigrant communities, contribute significantly to the US economy. A recent study by the Fiscal Policy Institute found that in America’s 25 largest metropolitan areas, immigrants make up 20 percent of the population and are responsible for 20 percent of economic output. But Pakistani Americans -- like most other immigrant groups -- have no idea what the stimulus package is all about.
And, in this, the Pakistani community is not alone. A poll released last October by New America Media found a minority of non-white have seen signs of stimulus funds being used in their communities. Only 35 percent said the stimulus package has “allowed my state and local governments to avoid laying off a large number of teachers, firefighters and police officers.”
Only a quarter of those polled know of any new “green jobs” that have begun in their communities in the last six months, while roughly three-quarters or more of those surveyed from all ethnic and racial groups said they were unaware of any small business in their communities benefiting from a SBA loan.
“It’s hard to see stimulus package as an opportunity,” said David Kallick, the director of the Immigration Research Initiative at the Fiscal Policy Institute. A better way to look at is a government program to keep the economy from falling into a deeper recession.
“A lot of what you see in the stimulus is to an attempt to make the economy function at broader level, so, if you for example is a taxi driver, you may not be able to see what directly you are getting out of this package,” he added.
$400 Billion Yet to be Spent
So what’s in the stimulus package? The $787 billion Recovery Act splits the money almost equally between three areas: tax cuts, social services and infrastructure projects. So far, the Obama administration has spent $324 billion leaving more than $400 billion left to be spent.
There is “absolutely still ... a chance to catch the stimulus train,” said Lynda Turet advocacy coordinator for The Center for Social Inclusion (CSI). “Less than half of stimulus funds have been paid out, and there is still room to work with government agencies so that it gets to those who need it most.”
“Communities and advocates can work with their local elected officials and other advocacy groups who are working to make sure that the money is spent fairly,” she said. “A good place to start is to look at where stimulus funds are currently being spent that impact your community, and see what agencies are responsible for that spending.”
An interactive map showing where stimulus funds are being spent nationally can be found online at Recovery.gov, while the state of New York has its own website at > Recovery.ny.gov. One way that people can find new opportunities is by going to the City Record online which lists vendor opportunities.
The Stimulus and Immigrant Communities
Ericka D. Stalings, advocacy coordinator of The New York Immigration Coalition (NYIC) was not able to respond to a question that how many immigrants have been benefited from the stimulus.
“At this stage it is very difficult to say definitively if the stimulus has ‘worked’ or not for immigrant communities. What we do know is that Stimulus funding has been used to support important immigrant services, but we also know that unemployment and under employment in immigrant (as well as in other communities) communities remain problematic.”
One reason it’s difficult to tell whether immigrant communities are benefiting from the stimulus is because the government itself doesn’t track it.
For example, Michael Stamler, a spokesperson for the Small Business Administration (SBA) said that since the Recovery Act was signed into law on Feb.17, SBA had supported more than $19.7 Billion in loans to small businesses, as of Jan. 29.
“During the same period, the weekly average dollar volume in dollar terms has risen 86 percent compared to the weekly average before passage” of the stimulus package, he said.
However, Stamler could not provide any statistics when it came to immigrants and said, “At SBA, we have no data that tells us weather a loan recipient is an immigrant or not. US citizens and permanent resident aliens are eligible for SBA-backed loans, but we do not collect that data.”
“We are concerned about the federal government role in watching what’s going on. Not every project that invests money in the community of color is a good project, said Judith Browne, director of the Advancement Project, a racial justice organization.
Across the country, she said, major a projects are being launched but they do not necessarily benefit those who need them most.
“For example high speed project may be good for communities to go from one place to another but it does not mean poor members of the community of color could get jobs,” she said.
“We need to look at the projects and benefits that bring to low income communities,” she added, “not just the dollars that are going into those communities but the benefits for the communities of color.”
Programs Benefiting the Pakistani Community
While difficulty accessing business opportunities from the stimulus has been frustrating for many in the Pakistani community, the Recovery Act has provided a huge boost to every immigrant who uses the education system, rides the subway, benefits from government subsidized health insurance or received unemployment insurance.
According to Mayor Bloomberg’s Office of Operations, New York City has received over $6 billion in stimulus funding in the last year with the largest single share -- over $2 billion --- going to prevent layoffs in the city’s school system. The second largest share, $1.6 billion, has gone to prop up MediCaid, the government health insurance program for the poor, while the third largest share, $1.1 billion, has gone to support other health and social service programs.
At the state level, the stimulus package has increased the amount of money a laid off worker can collect in unemployment benefits and extended the length of eligibility for those benefits.
Pakistani American immigrants who lost their jobs due to economic recession were and are receiving these unemployment benefits. For example, Transportation Service Inc (TSI), which deals the transportation and traveling needs of the global investment firm, Goldman Sachs, laid off 27 Pakistani American dispatchers.
“All these laid off workers were happy with regards to receiving unemployment benefits,” said TSI supervisor Rao Shahbaz. The unemployment benefits, Shahbaz said, kept the workers financially afloat until TSI was able to hire them back six months later.
Muhammad Bilal Sharif and Waqar Iqbal, who were laid off from TSI said, “Although it was a bad news that we lost our jobs but the good news is that during our unemployment time, we used to receive unemployment benefits and many thanks to TSI that they hired us back.”
The website DailyFinance.com reports that more than six million workers have been unemployed for more than six months. That means the long-term unemployed represent more than 40 percent of all the unemployed - one of the highest levels ever. The average length of unemployment for this group is nearly seven months.
The payment of unemployment benefits for longer and longer periods of time adds to the deficit, and some experts worry that the high unemployment rate, plus longer time collecting jobless benefits, is a dangerous combination. The government could be on track to spend $250 billion a year on unemployment benefits alone.
It’s no surprise, then, that a new poll suggests that jobs are a top concern for many Americans. A Gallup poll shows 31 percent of those surveyed say unemployment is the most important problem facing the country today.
“The challenge we face is that president Obama inherited a record deficit,” said Dr. William Spriggs, a former economics professor at Howard University who now works as President Obama’s assistant secretary for Policy at the US Department of Labor.
But “this is the most severe recession other than the Great Depression,” Spriggs said. “When President Obama took office, job loss rate was at a record high. Now the economy is not in a free fall, it is moving in a correct direction, we are going on a path that will lead us out of it.”
Christopher Weller, a senior fellow at the Center for American Progress, says “there is a chance” that all of this stimulus money means “job growth could improve some time soon.”
“There are number of things in the pipe line that could stimulate the economy but there is no guarantee,” he said.
“Financial crisis moved towards recessions and now we are having jobs problem. If you look on the last 12 months, policy is successful and government is playing a successful role and trying to stabilize the market,” Weller added.
“The job loss rate for the last three months (of 2009) was 180,000 jobs per month that is substantially slower than we had before, so we have slowed the job loss rate, Weller said, adding “What we need is very strong job market growth. We need to create 12.5 million jobs in the next two and a half years just to get back there where we were in the end of 2007, 7.3 million jobs have been lost so for, we probably going to loose 300,000 more jobs in the next months to come.”
“We need 12.5 million jobs by the middle of 2012 and it is certainly possible but at this point we definitely need to have a policy attention that means it should not be meant that the market is turning around, so let’s have another war. The lesson that we learned is that the policy can play an important role,” Mr. Weller concluded. ( This story, which originally appeared in the Daily Khabrain, was produced as part of New America Media’s Stimulus Watch coverage and was funded with a grant from the Open Society Institute)


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Foundations of Cyclopean Perception. By Bela Julesz. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Pp. xiv, This book will be regarded as a classic in visual. Bela julesz. Foundations of cyclopean perception. Chicago: University of chicago press, John I. Yellott JR. University of California, Irvine. Search for more. Foundations of cyclopean perception by Bela Julesz, University of Chicago Press , Chicago, pages, £, US $ This beautifully produced.
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Lists with This Book. It was chosen as one of the one hundred most influential works in cognitive science in a poll conducted by the University of Minnesota’s Center for Cognitive Sciences.
Foundations of Cyclopean Perception – Wikipedia
Foundations of Cyclopean Perception has had a profound impact on the vision studies community. In Foundations of Cyclopean Perception first published in and unavailable for yearsBela Julesz traced the visual information flow in the brain, analyzing roundations the This classic work on cyclopean perception has influenced a generation of vision researchers, cognitive scientists, and neuroscientists and has inspired artists, designers, and computer graphics pioneers. Skip to main content. Trivia About Foundations of Cy Can’t find what you’re looking for?.
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Foundations of Cyclopean Perception by Bela Julesz
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fokndations See details for description of any imperfections. Return to Book Page. Open Preview See a Problem? The “off” amount and percentage simply signifies the calculated difference between the seller-provided price for the item elsewhere and the seller’s price on eBay.
Is it fair for me to rate a book I have a “with assistance from” bibliographic entry for? Want to Read Currently Reading Read. This reprint edition includes all 48 color random-dot designs from the original, as well as the special 3-D glasses required to view them. This item doesn’t belong on this page. This classic work on cyclopean perception has influenced a generation of vision researchers, cognitive scientists, and neuroscientists and has inspired artists, designers, and computer graphics pioneers.
Stephanie marked it as to-read Aug 01, Save on Textbooks, Education Trending price is based on prices over last 90 days. See all 2 pre-owned listings. In Foundations of Cyclopean Perception first published in and unavailable for yearsBela Julesz traced the visual information flow in the brain, analyzing how the brain combines separate images received from the two eyes to produce depth perception.
Foundations of Cyclopean Perception by Bela Julesz (1971, Hardcover)
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domain: library


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Auburn has a total population of 40,314 and a student population of 8,245. Of these students, 8,205 are enrolled in schools that offer property management programs.
Auburn's largest property management school is Green River Community College. Approximately 5 students graduated in 2010 from Green River Community College with credentials in property management.
A reported 5 students graduated with credentials in property management in Auburn in 2010. In 2009 tuition at property management schools in Auburn was $3,021 per year, on average.
In addition to tuition costs, you should plan on spending an average of $1,068 for books and supplies each year, while enrolled in a property management program in Auburn.
If you plan on staying in Auburn after graduating from property management school, you should know that job prospects for property managers in Auburn, which is the most popular property management profession, are not very good. In 2010, there were 7,150 property managers in Washington State. Of these property managers, 330 were working in the greater Auburn area. The government projects that the number of property managers in Auburn will increase by 2% by the year 2018. This projected change is slower than the projected nationwide trend for property managers.
As a property manager in Auburn, you can expect to make an average salary of $48,970 per year. This is lower than the average salary for property managers in the state.

domain: economics


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The Town of Porter announced this week it is considering some changes affecting four-legged friends at Porter on the Lake Town Park. According to Town Supervisor John “Duffy” Johnston, the problem is not with the dogs per se, but more with their owners and the growing problem of behavior and dog waste at the park.
“It is very sad that some pet owners are so disrespectful to this beautiful park,” he said. “Not only do they allow their pet to run around unleashed and relieve themselves anywhere, they can’t even pick up the waste right at the dog bag dispenser.”
As a result, the town is now considering not allowing dogs at Porter on the Lake Park.
Johnston said he has “received a lot of calls from town residents complaining about aggressive dogs and owners not picking up the waste. Some residents are reluctant to confront the dog’s owner which is fine, others have and are ignored.
“One resident even constructed a sign, that calls out these insulting owners. I am asking residents to keep an eye on these lawbreakers and remember the dog breed and the owner’s vehicle. Call the Town Hall and report it.”
Johnston said he would look into the dog’s license records and then turn the matter over to the Niagara County Sheriff’s Office.
“We do not want to punish the good owners that respect the park, but we he have no problem fining the ones that don’t,” he said. “Let’s all work together to solve this issue.”
To report problems at the park, contact Johnston at Town Hall at 745-3730.

domain: pet


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COVID-19 has had a significant impact on the country, and indeed the world, and amongst other things, the gathering of people in large groups is no longer a part of the “new normal.” Instead, we are encouraged to practice social distancing and to stay at home wherever possible. This had led to a significant change in the way we do many things, but it has also impacted the events hosted around the world.
Because of all of this, we will be changing the way we host the Administrators’ Seminar for 2020. We are unable to hold the Seminar at the Champagne Sports Resort venue this year. Although, we will miss the wonderful face-to-face fellowship and delicious food, we are planning to host a virtual seminar with relevant topics and great speakers.
Anchored to the Rock – Geared to the Times
Did you miss any of the 2020 Administrators’ Seminar Sessions? No problem, the clips are now available to watch – scroll down.
View the 2020 Administrators’ Seminar Speakers

domain: sociology


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Why Are Relationships among Financial Statements Important? | immobilier-haute-garonne.info
The cash-flow statement exists to bring transparency to how both the balance sheet and income statement impact a company's cash positions. The three primary financial statements of a business — the balance sheet, the income statement, and the statement of cash flows — are intertwined and. The income statement, balance sheet and cash flow statement are all interrelated . The income statement describes how the assets and liabilities were used in.
Depreciation and amortization Video transcript Let's see if we can use our example to understand the three types of income statements, and hopefully understanding those income statements will also help us understand this example.
So I'm going to start off-- we're going to focus on month two. And what I have done is I've just rewritten some of this accrual income statement down here. So it really looks like a statement. So this right here is the income statement for month two on an accrual basis. An income statement tells us what happened over a period of time. What was the activity-- how much revenue, how much expenses, and other things.
How the 3 Financial Statements are Linked Together - Step by Step
This is just a super simplified one without taxes, without interest, without other types of expenses over here. I also have drawn the balance sheet at the end of month one and the balance sheet at the end of month two.
Or you could also view this balance sheet here as the balance sheet at the beginning of month two. And the main thing to realize is income statement tells you what happens over a time period, while balance sheets are snapshots, or they're pictures at a given moment-- snapshots.
So this tells us essentially what did I have. The assets are the things that can give me future benefit, so what do I have. And the liabilities are things that I have to give future benefit to, or things that I owe. So this is what I have. This is what I owe. And then the equity is what I really have to my name if I net out the liabilities from the assets. And again in real life you would probably link all or most of these to the Loans on the Assets side. We can add up all of these. You link in the Net Income to Common at the top of Cash Flow Statement, and then you factor in any Common Stock Issuances and then any Dividends to Common as well, because those are going to reduce this number.
For Preferred Stock we just take our old number and then we add the Preferred Stock Issuances, this might also be projected as a percent of Loans or Deposits. Then we can add this up. And then for Total Liabilities and Equity we can just add these two numbers together. And for the Balance check, we can go up and just take our Total Assets and subtract our Liabilities and Equity.
Now, we have to go back and then flesh this out on the Balance Sheet. We can sum this up. Generally, as I said in the preceding lessons, these are going to be linked to the historical loan balance, and the percentages of these items as percentages of that loan balance.
Balance sheet and income statement relationship (video) | Khan Academy
It might be linked to what pure companies are doing or something else like that. This part is actually fairly easy, because we already have all our interest rates up here, and then down here for the Liabilities and Equity. So we have that. And then we can sum up everything here. So we have all these figures for the Interest Income and Interest Expense, and at this point we can actually go over to Step 4 and link and flesh out the Income Statement.
This is actually a Dividend. If we did not have these, we would have to project them ourselves based on the underlying metrics for these business divisions. Provision for Credit Losses is just going to be linked to our number over here for our Loan Loss Reserve Calculation math. So Tax Rate, and then Net Income.
And then for the Preferred Stock Dividend, remember we have this calculating on our Balance Sheet analysis below. So we can just go in and this is not really Interest Expense for the Preferred Stock.
Why Are Relationships among Financial Statements Important?
And then we get to our Net Income to Common below all of that. In real life, yes, it gets more complicated. And then you link them and show it on the Income Statement and you factor in these other items like the Provisions for Credit Losses that are coming from other schedules. And we can go up and take that number from right there. And then Changes in Other Assets, go over here and then subtract the ending one.
Changes in Deposits, this is considered an operational item for a lot of banks, so we take our Ending Balance and then subtract our Beginning Balance right here. AFS Securities we can link to our beginning number, and then just subtract our ending number right here.
But we can go back down and do that. To put everything together we can actually sum up Total Assets now and see what this comes out to. You can go in and test it yourself if you want to see exactly how this works. But for the most part, our jobs on the Balance Sheet here are done. So we have this in place, and this should be a good review of what these items mean and how they link together for now. The next step, really the last one here, is to calculate Regulatory Capital and then the Key Metrics and Ratios for commercial banks.
For this part to really, to really finish this off you have to calculate the Regulatory Capital, and then you also have to go over here and calculate the Key Operating Metrics and Ratios for this bank. Go through it and make all these calculations yourself. Calculations are laid out here pretty well. And then you can calculate the Assets and the Ratios, and some of the other Balance Sheet metrics at the bottom.
And you can find the formulas and the explanations for all of these in the slides in the Excel files.
Preferred Stock, we can just link in from our Balance Sheet, and then we can just add these up to get to our Tier 1 Capital. To simplify it, I just kept out all of that. And then Subordinated Notes, so we can add that. In real life, for both these, you might only have a portion that actually qualifies to be counted as Tier 2 Capital.


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domain: medical


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Inventory of 7 kinds of small healing recipes of kelp
Kelp is one of the most common foods for us, and it is good for cold salad or soup.
Eating kelp often has many benefits, and kelp also helps to treat hyperlipidemia.
Here’s a little recipe for kelp cures.
Kelp is a vegetable with high nutritional value. When Chinese medicine is used for medicine, it is called kumbu.
Traditional Chinese medicine believes that kelp-like salty cold has the functions of softening and firming, reducing phlegm, asthma, passing diuresis, reducing fat and blood pressure, etc., so eating kelp often is good for your health.
For treatment of hyperlipidemia, take kelp, 150 grams each of mung beans, and brown sugar.
Cook kelp and mung beans until they are cooked and season with brown sugar, 2 times a day.
For treatment of hypertension, take kelp, 30 grams of cassia grass, decoction, eat kelp and drink soup, or take an appropriate amount of kelp, dry it and grind it, boil water, 3 times a day, 5 grams each time, use 1?
3 for 1 course per month.
For treatment of constipation, take 60 grams of kelp, soak it and cook it, add appropriate amount of condiments, take it daily, take 1 dose daily.
For chronic pharyngitis, take 300 grams of kelp, and appropriate sugar.
Wash the kelp, shred them, remove them with boiling water, marinate with sugar for 3 days, and eat 30 grams each morning and evening.
Treatment of skin itching to take kelp 60?
90 grams, 150?
250 grams, add water and simmer until cooked, season with salt, eat twice.
To treat osteoporosis, take 150 grams of kelp and 1000 grams of pork bones, add them to a pressure cooker, add 2000 milliliters of water, boil and simmer in high heat, season with spices and serve.
For the treatment of auntie liver, take an appropriate amount of kelp silk, an animal spine, and an appropriate amount of spices.
Wash the kelp shreds and steam them first; the animal spine stew soup, skimming the floating foam after the soup is opened, add the kelp shreds and simmer, season with seasoning.
Kelp diet taboo 1, do not drink tea immediately after eating kelp (tea contains residual acid), and do not immediately eat sour fruits (acid fruits contain plant acids).
Because kelp is rich in iron, these two foods will hinder the absorption of iron in the body.
2. Patients with hyperthyroidism should not eat kelp, because the content of iodine in kelp is rich, which will aggravate the disease.
3, pregnant women and nursing mothers do not eat kelp.
This is because the iodine in the kelp can enter the plasma and the baby with the blood circulation, causing thyroid dysfunction.

domain: food


text:
Why do we recommend BioTechUSA 100% Pure Whey?
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The renewed 100% Pure Whey is available with no added sugar (except black biscuit flavour) and added bromelain enzyme. Bromelain contributes to the breakdown of proteins into smaller polypeptides or amino acids. Besides its new features, the product remains gluten- and palm oil-free.
The unflavored version, 100% Pure Whey Natural contains only whey protein concentrate without added sweeteners, colorings and aroma.


text:
Please see below for summer assignments for AP classes as well as English reading assignments required for all students grades 9-12. If you have any questions please reach out to the specific teacher directly.
For classes that need a textbook to complete the assignments, please come to school on Tuesday, June 16th between 9-2 to pick up your books. Students needing to pick up a book after the 16th please contact Mrs. Robles at firstname.lastname@example.org to schedule a time to come to school.
For AP Physics C students, the Summer Work is completely optional and helpful for those who like to work ahead. The instructions for how to do it are the cover sheet of the packet below, and it also requires the book entitled 'Quick Calculus' which needs to be obtained from the PVHS Library. We do not recommend navigating the Quick Calculus book without the packet, and at the library, a hard copy of the packet will be included with the book as well. That hard copy is identical to the attachment below.


A fight is brewing on the Outer Banks at the Currituck Wildlife Refuge.
Ducks versus horses are battling over the same land.
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For five generations, the Corolla Wild Horses have roamed the banks of North Carolina.
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So those who serve to protect these horses went to Congress to get a protection act passed in the House of Representatives.
But then came the attack of the ducks.
The biggest lobbying group for duck hunters in the nation is now calling for the bill's demise with the backing of local wildlife refuge managers.
So what is all the fuss about? Why can't all these animals share the land together?
A NewsChannel 3 investigation finds out why it’s either the ducks or the horses, tonight at six.


text:
Claudia knew that she could never pull off the old-fashioned kind of running away...Therefore she decided that her leaving home would not just be ...Show synopsisClaudia knew that she could never pull off the old-fashioned kind of running away...Therefore she decided that her leaving home would not just be running from somewhere but would be running to somewhere. To a large place, a comfortable place, an indoor place, and preferably a beautiful place. And that's why she decided upon the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. Claudia plans everything very carefully. But neither she nor her younger brother and chosen companion Jamie could possibly expect to find themselves involved in an intriguing art mystery. But that's just what happens!Hide synopsis
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This book is a wonderful read for adults and children. As a mature adult it awoke the sense of adventure I had as a child, and maybe still have as an adult. I have sent it on to my grandchildren a girl age 9 and boy age 7. I hope they don't test the adventure in reality though.
A real classic. everyone should read it.
A great read for all ages, this is the story of a young girl who runs away from home with her little brother and lives in a museum. One of the most creative and entertaining books I have ever read in my life, I was enthralled to learn the logistics of life in a museum after hours. I loved this book.
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domain: literature


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This second generation ProStar Unit:
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• Tropicalization: conformal coating, stainless steel fasteners & anodized aluminium heat sink.
• No switching or measurement in the grounded leg.
• 100% solid state.
• Very low voltage drops.
• Current compensated low voltage disconnect (LVD).
• LED’s indicate battery status and faults.
• Capable of 25% overloads.
• Remote battery voltage sense terminals.
• Estimated 15 year life.
• PWM series battery charging (not shunt).
• 3-position battery select: gel, sealed or flooded.
• Very accurate control and measurement.
• Jumper to eliminate telecom noise.
• Parallel for up to 300 amps.
• Temperature compensation.
Voltage - 12 V /24 V.
Temp. Comp. (mV/˚C)* - (-30mV / -60mV).
Accuracy - 40mV / 60mV.
Min. Voltage to Operate - 8 V.
Self-consumption - 22mA / 25mA.
Lvd Current Coefficient** - (-20mV / -40mV).
Charge Algorithm - PWM constant voltage.
Operating Temperature - (-40˚C to + 60˚C).
- Operating Temp. - (-30˚C to + 85˚C).
- Voltage Accuracy - 0.5%.
- Current Accuracy - 2%.
- Self-Consumption - 1mA.
Dimensions (L x H x W) - 15.26cm x 10.5cm x 5.51cm.
|Disclaimer||Please note that stock availability is subject to prior sales. Prices exclude delivery. The image serves as an example of what the product looks like and may differ slightly in appearance.|
|Guarantee/ Warranty||5 year product warranty|
|Charge Controller Type||PWM|
|Charge Controller Amps||30 Amps|
|Maximum Input Voltage||150Vdc|
|Output Voltage||12Vdc, 24Vdc|
|Product Dimensions||15.2cm x 10.5cm x 5.5cm|


What is the history of clocks timeline? Information on the early non mechanical clocks in history and the changes on clocks to mechanical and electrical clocks.
CLOCK, a machine that indicates or records the time of day by dividing the earth’s period of rotation as accurately as possible into equal time intervals. Conventionally the period is divided into 24 hours, each hour into 60 minutes, and each minute into 60 seconds. All clocks do this by means of some kind of regular motion that governs the indicating or recording elements so that they make equal movements in equal intervals of time.
EARLY NONMECHANICAL CLOCKS
The earliest timekeepers that have survived to the present are sundials and water clocks of ancient Egypt. A fragment of a simple sundial of about 1500 b. c. is in the Neues Museum in Berlin, and an alabaster water clock of about 1380 b. c. is in the Cairo Museum. The sundials were designed to divide the period from sunrise to sunset into 12 equal intervals, and the water clocks were used to divide the period from sunset to sunrise into 12 equal parts. So, in general, a day “hour” was not the same length as a night “hour,” and both varied according to the season.
The Egyptian water clock, also called a clepsydra, consisted of an alabaster bowl with sloping sides and a small hole in the bottom, from which a small metal outlet pipe protruded. (In surviving clepsydras the pipes have been destroyed by erosion.) It depended on the uniform flow of water through the hole to indicate passage of time. A plaster cast of a water clock of about 1380 b. c. is shown on this page. On the interior surface of the bowl there are 12 hour-scales, one for each month of the year. The vessel was filled with water to the topmost hour mark. The water was then allowed to leak out through the outlet pipe. Because of the shape of the bowl, the water level fell at an almost uniform rate.
Greece and Rome.
In the great Greek and Roman civilizations, sundials and water clocks continued to be the only timekeepers available. The sundials, though still made of stone, became rather more sophisticated in design and varied in form. One of the best and most common types was the so-called hemicycle of Berosus, which was invented about 300 b. c. The hollowed-out bowl was placed so that it faced due south. Lines on its inner surface corresponded to the 12 hours of the day from sunrise to sunset. A horizontal gnomen projected from the center of the top edge of the sundial so that the shadow of its tip fell on the hour scales.
Greek and Roman water clocks were generally cylindrical vessels into which water flowed at a uniform rate from a constant-head device. The time indicator was attached to a rising float. None of these water clocks has survived, but it is believed that some were quite elaborate and may have incorporated striking or alarm mechanisms.
A remarkable series of water clocks was constructed in China between about the 8th and 11th century a. d. These clocks were large structures with moving figures. They drove celestial globes and sounded the time by gongs or bells. Their timekeeping was controlled by the steady flow of water through a pipe, but the motion of the wheelwork was intermittent.
Sandglasses originated in Europe in the 14th century. They are essentially two glass bulbs, connected by a narrow neck, that contain a certain amount of sand. Intervals of time, usually small, are measured by the time it takes for all the sand to fall from the top bulb through the narrow neck to the bottom bulb. The sandglass is turned over for reuse.
Candle or oil-lamp clocks were also used to a very limited extent. The hour scales were marked on the side of the candle or on the glass oil reservoir. The shortening of the candle or the fall of the oil level indicated passage of time.
Sundials continued to be used in medieval Europe. Some were made portable and were equipped with a compass.
The first all-mechanical clocks known were probably made about 1300. They were large iron-framed structures, driven by weights. The cyclic motion they utilized was produced by an escapement known as the verge and foliot. A horizontal iron bar with adjustable weights at its ends (the foliot) was suspended at its center on a vertical spindle (the verge). The foliot was pushed first in one direction of rotation and then in the opposite direction by the teeth of the crown wheel, which “escaped,” one by one. The crown wheel itself was driven, through one or more stages of gearing, by a weight suspended from a rope that was coiled on a drum.
The function of these first European mechanical clocks was not to indicate the time on a dial, but to drive dials that gave astronomical indications, and to sound the hour. They were located in monasteries and public bell towers. The earliest surviving example is in Salisbury Cathedral, England. It was constructed in 1386.By this time, clocks for civil use in Europe were designed to divide the day-and-night period into 24 equal hours.
According to a contemporary manuscript, Richard of Wallingford made an elaborate clock, with many astronomical indications, for St. Albans Abbey in England in 1330. An equally elaborate clock was made by Giovanni Dondi in Italy. He completed it in 1364, and it survived for nearly 200 years. A reconstruction of it was made in England in 1961 and is now a permanent exhibit in the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D. C.
Domestic clocks were scaled-down versions of the public clocks, but without the astronomical indications. Their frames and wheels were also of iron, and they usually had a striking mechanism or an alarm. In domestic clocks, the weighted bar controlling the timekeeping was soon replaced by a balance wheel, but the verge escapement was the same. The clock could then be regulated only by varying the driving weight. The earliest extant illustration of such a clock is in an illuminated manuscript of 1406 in the National Library of France in Paris.
From the mid-14th to the mid-17th century, the mechanism of weight-driven clocks underwent surprisingly little alteration in principle, but the construction of both the mechanism and the case became much more refined. After about 1600, brass took the place of iron for frames and wheels.
Springs were first used instead of weights for the driving power of clocks in the second half of the 15th century. They had the disadvantage that their drive was not constant; the pull, or torque, was greater when the spring was fully wound than when it was nearly unwound. Since the timekeeping j ability of the verge and foliot escapement depends very much on a constant driving force, some form of compensation was needed.
Early French spring-driven clocks employed a device called a fusee to equalize the force of the uncoiling spring. The spring is contained in a drum, and its power is transmitted through a gut cord or chain wound on the drum. The other end of the chain is wound round a spiral groove in a pulley, which then passes the drive on to the clock mechanism through gearing. When the spring is fully wound, the cord or chain unwinds from the narrow end of the pulley, where its radius and consequently its leverage are small; but as the spring runs down, the cord unwinds from increasingly wider parts of the pulley. Therefore the leverage increases, compensating for the weakening pull of the spring. Spring-driven clocks were often regulated by allowing the single crossbar of the balance wheel to strike two short pieces of gut that projected from an adjustable arm.
The earliest German spring-driven clocks employed a kind of friction brake called a stack-freed, which reduced the spring power markedly when it was fully wound, but only slightly toward the end of its run.
The earliest spring-driven clocks were in the form of metal drums a few inches in diameter, with the dial on the top. About the middle of the 16th century, clocks in the form of small vertical towers, with the dial on one side, took their place. They were often elaborately decorated.
The early domestic clocks had only a single hand, but in the 16th and early 17th centuries a few minute hands appeared. They were, however, hardly justified by the accuracy of the clocks, which were in error by at least a quarter of an hour a day.
Watches were first made in about 1500.
Great accuracy in time measurement was first made possible when the pendulum was applied as a regulator in clocks. Galileo, in 1582, had noticed that, as timed by his pulse, a swinging lamp in the cathedral of Pisa seemed to have the same time of swing for large as for small arcs. This observation was used in reverse by physicians, who timed their patients’ pulses by a simple pendulum, or “pulsilogium,” which they carried. Toward the end of his life, Galileo attempted to apply the pendulum to clocks as the timekeeping element. However, he died in 1642, before the clock he designed was constructed.
Christian Huygens, working independently in Holland, completed a preliminary model of a pendulum clock in 1656. In the following year, his clockmaker Salomon da Coster began constructing spring-driven pendulum clocks in The Hague. Two of these have survived to this day. The escapement was the same, but the pendulum, with its characteristic period, replaced the foliot balance or balance wheel. The employment of pendulums improved the timekeeping of clocks so much that all new clocks incorporated them, and many an older clock was converted to employ one.
Coster’s first pendulum clocks were housed in very simple wooden cases. In Holland and England these evolved into the typical wooden long-case, or grandfather, clock and the bracket clock. In France the evolution was to the mantel clock, which became very ornate in the 18th century.
An innovation in clocks parallel to that of the pendulum was the application of the balance spring to the balance wheel, which gave the regulating system a characteristic beat. Robert Hooke was the first to experiment with a straight spring, but it was again Huygens who, in 1675, first successfully applied a spring. He used a spiral spring in an arrangement that persists in clocks and watches to this day. Clocks employing spring-controlled balance wheels are regulated by varying the effective length of the spring.
Pendulums, used in conjunction with the verge escapement, made clocks accurate enough for normal domestic requirements, but for observatory or other scientific purposes considerably higher accuracy was required. Efforts were next directed toward improving the verge escapement mechanism, which gave an impulse to the pendulum on every swing and allowed the escape wheel to move through the pitch of one tooth for each double swing of the pendulum.
Huygens had discovered that the ideal curve of the pendulum swing for regular, or cyclic, motion is similar to, but not exactly the same as, the arc of a circle. He devised a mechanical means of changing the actual curve traced by the pendulum. However, other inventors found that the error introduced by allowing the pendulum to swing in a circular arc was more easily minimized by simply shortening the arc of swing. Attempts were also made to make the pendulum swing as free as possible from external interference. Pendulum clocks are usually regulated by raising or lowering the pendulum bob with a screw arrangement.
About 1670 the recoil, or anchor, escapement was devised by William Clement in England. It allowed the pendulum to swing with a smaller arc than the earlier verge allowed, and became the standard for domestic clocks. More accurate clocks were made possible by the deadbeat escapement, introduced by George Graham in England in about 1715. With the deadbeat escapement, the pendulum received an impulse near the center of its swing and was subject to only slight friction for the rest of its swing. A good pendulum clock with a deadbeat escapement is accurate to a few seconds per day.
Smaller portable clocks, whose timekeeping element is a balance and spring, require escapements of a different type, since in these clocks the balance may have quite a large arc of swing. For these, Graham devised his cylinder escapement in about 1720. It had properties similar to the deadbeat for pendulum clocks. Although it was difficult to make, it achieved considerable success and was widely used in watches and small clocks. It was later superseded by Thomas Mudge’s detached lever escapement, in which the balance wheel receives an impulse at the center of its swing and is entirely free of outside interference for the rest of its swing. It was invented in 1765 but was not in general use until much later. Since about the mid-19th century it has been almost universally employed in small clocks and watches.
Other types of escapements have been devised for use in large tower clocks, which have their hands exposed to the wind and precipitation. The varying forces on the hands lead, with an ordinary escapement, to a varying impulse to the pendulum. In a gravity escapement the force at the escape wheel is not applied directly to the pendulum, but lifts gravity arms, which, on their subsequent fall give a constant impulse to the pendulum. The first wholly successful escapement of this type was invented by Baron Grimthorpe in England and applied by him to Big Ben, the tower clock built for the new Houses of Parliament in 1854.
A pendulum rod expands or contracts with a rise or fall of temperature according to the material of which it is made. This change of length alters the time of swing, and for a brass rod will produce a losing rate of five seconds per day for a temperature rise of 10°F (5.5°C). The corresponding change in a steel rod is 2.5 seconds per day.
Devices compensating for the effects of temperature were invented by George Graham in London in 1721 and by John Harrison in the Lincolnshire village of Barrow-on-Humber in 1726. Graham attached to the lower end of the pendulum rod a jar containing mercury, which served as the pendulum bob. The upward expansion of the mercury compensated for the downward expansion of the rod as the temperature rose. Harrison’s gridiron pendulum was a more complicated device, made of brass and steel rods, which produced the same effect. These two types of compensation were used for all precision long-case clocks, in Britain and on the Continent, until the 19th century, when a combination of zinc and steel tubes was occasionally employed.
The problem was finally solved by Charles Guillaume, working in Paris in 1895, who produced a nickel-steel alloy called invar. Rods of invar effectively remain the same length over a wide temperature range. Methods used to compensate timekeepers controlled by a balance and spring involve the use of two metals fused together for the balance wheel, moving weights inwards or outwards to compensate for the change in stiffness of the balance spring with temperature.
In colonial days the domestic clocks found in America bore a close resemblance to their European counterparts, particularly the English long-case clock. After 1776, however, American clockmaking began to diverge into various new forms.
The “case on case” clock of about 1790 was an attempt to produce an apparent bracket clock (which is portable spring-driven clock) that was, in fact, driven by weights; and in 1802 Simon Willard patented his improved timepiecenow well-known as the banjo type—in which a heavy weight with limited fall acted on a small-diameter drum, to which was attached a large gear wheel. This developed later into the lyre and girandole types.
The next important American development was the mass production of wooden clock movements by Eli Terry, which led to the establishment of clockmaking as an industry in Connecticut. Terry introduced many of the well-known designs of shelf clocks that are now sought after by collectors. In the 1840’s Chaun-cey Jerome began the manufacture and export to Europe of mass-produced clocks with brass movements.
The train of gears that drives the striking mechanism of a clock is called the striking train. The striking train of early clocks was impelled by a separate driving weight, which was released each hour by the timekeeping mechanism. From the 14th to the late 17th century the striking train was of the count-wheel, or locking-plate, type. In this type, the number of blows struck is determined by a set of notches in the outer rim of a wheel, into which a pallet falls. With locking-plate striking, the hours must follow in their normal sequence.
In 1676, Edward Barlow, in England, introduced the rack, a striking mechanism in which a stepped cam, or snail, is attached to the axis of the hour hand. The number of blows struck is then determined by the depth of the step opposite the controlling pallet. In the rack type it is possible to utilize a repeating mechanism with which the nearest hour is struck “on request” as well as, or instead of, the automatic release at exactly the hour.
Electricity is used both to replace the springs and weights as a power source in clocks and to supply the regular motion necessary for timekeeping. It has enabled a single central master clock to control the dials of a number of remote clocks, and thus supply a unified timekeeping service to a whole building or institution. When used to give impulse to the pendulum, it greatly increases accuracy, because the impulse can be applied less frequently and with greater precision than in wholly mechanical clocks.
The earliest inventors of electric clocks were Alexander Bain in Scotland and Sir Charles Wheatstone in England, who worked independently and in some rivalry in 1840. Their master clocks sent a signal every second or two seconds to secondary clocks and thus controlled the time indicated on their dials. The system of synchronization that is most widely employed is that in which a master clock sends out a signal every minute or every half minute to advance the hands of remote clocks.
Other inventors between 1850 and 1890 tried systems in which each distant-controlled clock had a pendulum of its own, which was synchronized by signals from the master clock. Some incorporated systems of hourly correction.
In 1898, Robert James Rudd in England realized that it was possible to transfer the impulsing and counting functions of the escapement to a “slave” clock, which released an impulse to the “free” master pendulum every minute. The “slave” clock then received a synchronizing signal from the “free” master pendulum. Rudd built an all mechanical clock on this principle.
William Hamilton Shortt, in 1921, devised a clock similar in principle to Rudd’s, in which the linkage between the master pendulum and the slave clock is electrical. Shortt clocks have an accuracy of a few thousandths of a second per day. They were the standard timekeepers of the Greenwich Observatory from 1924 to 1942.
Synchronous Electric Clocks.
Wheatstone devised a system in 1869 in which the electric circuit was closed, and the pendulum acted as a dynamo. A more practical system of this type was developed by Henry E. Warren in 1916 in the United States. He used a small electric motor to drive the hands of a clock, through reduction gearing. It operated on commercial alternating current. Warren also developed a suitable master clock for use at power stations. The frequency of the power distributed could be controlled accordingly. The system was soon widely adopted in the United States and in Europe. Ordinary electric clocks are usually accurate to within a few seconds.
QUARTZ CRYSTAL AND ATOMIC CLOCKS
The Shortt free-pendulum clock appears to have reached the limit of accuracy that is attainable utilizing the pendulum for regular motion. Greater accuracy is obtainable by utilizing the vibrations of a quartz crystal. Quartz is a piezoelectric material. When it is compressed, small electric charges and voltages appear on its surface; these can be amplified and fed back to the crystal to maintain it in oscillation. The frequency of vibration of quartz is very high. It is on the order of 100,000 vibrations per second, but it can be reduced by various forms of electrical “gearing” to frequencies such as 60 vibrations per second. At this level it can drive a common synchronous electric clock.
Walter G. Cady, in 1922, was the first to employ a quartz crystal as a frequency standard, but it was W. A. Marrison who first worked out the full possibilities of quartz crystals for time-keeping. By 1929 he had constructed a ring-crystal timekeeper that was accurate to a hundredth of a second a day and 10 times as accurate for short periods of seconds or minutes. By 1938, L. Essen at the National Physical Laboratory in England had increased this accuracy by five times, which made the quartz clock more accurate than the Shortt clock. In 1942 the Greenwich Observatory replaced its Shortt clocks with quartz crystal clocks.
The most accurate clocks utilize the oscillations of atoms and molecules for regular motion. These extremely high-frequency oscillations are used to synchronize a lower-frequency quartz clock. Atomic clocks are accurate to one part in 1011 or in 1012. This is equivalent to an error of only one second in 3,000 years or in 30,000 years, respectively.


text:
Madison House Autism Foundation’s Co-founders Dr. Gregory and JaLynn Prince recently had the honor of enjoying dinner with the insightful, resilient, and inspiring autism pioneers, Ron and Cornelia Suskind. The Princes were not only impressed by the Suskinds’ vast knowledge in the autism realm but their kindness as well. Pulitzer Prize-winning author Ron Suskind’s book “Life, Animated: A Story of Sidekicks, Heroes, and Autism” has received critical acclaim from respected thinkers and writers alike, including Philip Zimbardo, Ph.D., and Geraldine Brooks. “Life, Animated” reveals the real-life, heart-wrenching story of Owen Suskind, Ron and Cornelia’s son on the autism spectrum. Just before Owen’s third birthday, this once seemingly typical child suddenly lost speech, stopped eating and sleeping, and lost receptive language abilities as well. The story details how Ron and Cornelia persevered by using Owen’s love for Disney to communicate with their son.
Please read a brief excerpt below:


Cowichan Bay Improvement District
The Cowichan Bay Improvement District (CBID) and the Cowichan Bay Volunteer Fire Rescue (CBVFR) are served entirely by volunteers. CBID is focused on providing local fire protection services through the CBVFR, rather than general governance or land use planning. These services are financed by taxation.
CBID is governed by a board of five elected trustees (elected by area property owners) one of whom acts as chair. The powers exercised by the trustees (to enact and enforce its regulations and charges, to assess and collect taxes, to acquire, hold and dispose of assets and to borrow money) flow from the improvement district's bylaws, the Local Government Act and other applicable provincial statutes.
CBID is located within the boundary of the Cowichan Valley Regional District, yet they are independent of each other. Overlaps in jurisdiction can and do occur, so co-ordination between the two is essential.
Improvement districts are local authorities responsible for providing local services for the benefit of the residents in a community. They vary considerably in size from small subdivisions to larger communities and are usually located in rural areas of the province.
The Local Government Department actively works with improvement district boards of trustees and staff to provide information and develop advisory materials, such as the Improvement District Manual, the Improvement District Conversion Guide and Improvement District Governance Policy and the Improvement District Trustee's Handbook. The Department also plays a role in reviewing improvement district bylaws, annual general meeting minutes, financial statements, and facilitating changes to improvement district boundaries.
The CBID meets at the Cowichan Bay Fire Hall on the third Tuesday of each month to review the operations of the Fire Department, review and approve spending and ensure that the Fire Department has the necessary equipment, tools, and personnel to fulfill their duties. The CBID holds an Annual General Meeting once a year at the Fire Hall where Annual Reports are presented, and Trustees are elected to a 3-year term. Every landowner in the CBID is encouraged to attend the AGM and allow their name to be nominated for a trustee’s position. A background in business is an asset, but there are no qualifications required for a landowner to become a trustee. The CBID is a great way for individuals to get involved in the Fire Department and their community, without becoming a Firefighter.
- Marsha Stanley – Chair
- Craig Krystia - Trustee
- Dean Stennes - Trustee
- Ron Mellson - Trustee
- Kim Huebner - Trustee


text:
Obama nominates Janet Yellen as next Fed chair
Issued on: Modified:
US President Barack Obama on Wednesday nominated economist Janet Yellen to replace outgoing Chairman Ben Bernanke as the next head of the Federal Reserve Board, making her the first woman ever to lead the world's most powerful central bank.
President Barack Obama nominated Janet Yellen to be the next chair of the Federal
Reserve Board on Wednesday and said she is a proven leader who knows how to build consensus in managing the Fed's dual mandate of controlling inflation and increasing employment.
At a White House event, Obama also hailed current chair Ben Bernanke, whose term on the board ends in January. Obama urged the Senate to confirm Yellen as soon as possible.
Yellen, 67, will be the first woman ever to lead the Fed and is widely expected to maintain Bernanke's focus on supporting the US economy until joblessness can be brought down.
"America's workers and families will have a champion in Janet," Obama said in a White House ceremony, flanked by Yellen and Bernanke.
He called Yellen "exceptionally qualified" for what he said was one of the most important jobs in the world.
"She is a proven leader, and she's tough. Not just because she is from Brooklyn," Obama said.
He cited her record of having "sounded the alarm early" about the housing and financial bubble that led to the 2008-2009 recession.
"She calls it like she sees it," Obama said.
Obama paid tribute to Bernanke, calling him a voice of wisdom during a time of market volatility who helped repair the US economy from the worst recession since the Great Depression.
(FRANCE 24 with wires)


How do we know more CO2 is causing warming?
What the science says...
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The amount of warming caused by the anthropogenic increase in atmospheric CO2 may be one of the most misunderstood subjects in climate science. Many people think the anthropogenic warming can't be quantified, many others think it must be an insignificant amount. However, climate scientists have indeed quantified the anthropogenic contribution to global warming using empirical observations and fundamental physical equations.
Figure 1: Carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere over both the last 1000 years and the preceding 400,000 years as measured in ice cores
As a greenhouse gas, this increase in atmospheric CO2 increases the amount of downward longwave radiation from the atmosphere, including towards the Earth's surface.
Surface measurements of downward longwave radiation
The increase in atmospheric CO2 and other greenhouse gases has increased the amount of infrared radiation absorbed and re-emitted by these molecules in the atmosphere. The Earth receives energy from the Sun in the form of visible light and ultraviolet radiation, which is then re-radiated away from the surface as thermal radiation in infrared wavelengths. Some of this thermal radiation is then absorbed by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and re-emitted in all directions, some back downwards, increasing the amount of energy bombarding the Earth's surface. This increase in downward infrared radiation has been observed through spectroscopy, which measures changes in the electromagnetic spectrum.
Figure 2: Spectrum of the greenhouse radiation measured at the surface. Greenhouse effect from water vapor is filtered out, showing the contributions of other greenhouse gases (Evans 2006).
Satellite measurements of outgoing longwave radiation
The increased greenhouse effect is also confirmed by NASA's IRIS satellite and the Japanese Space Agency's IMG satellite observing less longwave leaving the Earth's atmosphere.
Figure 3: Change in spectrum from 1970 to 1996 due to trace gases. 'Brightness temperature' indicates equivalent blackbody temperature (Harries 2001).
The increased energy reaching the Earth's surface from the increased greenhouse effect causes it to warm. So how do we quantify the amount of warming that it causes?
Radiative Transfer Models
Radiative transfer models use fundamental physical equations and observations to translate this increased downward radiation into a radiative forcing, which effectively tells us how much increased energy is reaching the Earth's surface. Studies have shown that these radiative transfer models match up with the observed increase in energy reaching the Earth's surface with very good accuracy (Puckrin 2004). Scientists can then derive a formula for calculating the radiative forcing based on the change in the amount of each greenhouse gas in the atmosphere (Myhre 1998). Each greenhouse gas has a different radiative forcing formula, but the most important is that of CO2:
dF = 5.35 ln(C/Co)
Where 'dF' is the radiative forcing in Watts per square meter, 'C' is the concentration of atmospheric CO2, and 'Co' is the reference CO2concentration. Normally the value of Co is chosen at the pre-industrial concentration of 280 ppmv.
Now that we know how to calculate the radiative forcing associated with an increase in CO2, how do we determine the associated temperature change?
As the name suggests, climate sensitivity is an estimate of how sensitive the climate is to an increase in a radiative forcing. The climate sensitivity value tells us how much the planet will warm or cool in response to a given radiative forcing change. As you might guess, the temperature change is proportional to the change in the amount of energy reaching the Earth's surface (the radiative forcing), and the climate sensitivity is the coefficient of proportionality:
dT = λ*dF
Where 'dT' is the change in the Earth's average surface temperature, 'λ' is the climate sensitivity, usually with units in Kelvin or degrees Celsius per Watts per square meter (°C/[W/m2]), and 'dF' is the radiative forcing.
So now to calculate the change in temperature, we just need to know the climate sensitivity. Studies have given a possible range of values of 2-4.5°C warming for a doubling of CO2 (IPCC 2007). Using these values it's a simple task to put the climate sensitivity into the units we need, using the formulas above:
λ = dT/dF = dT/(5.35 * ln)= [2 to 4.5°C]/3.7 = 0.54 to 1.2°C/(W/m2)
Using this range of possible climate sensitivity values, we can plug λ into the formulas above and calculate the expected temperature change. The atmospheric CO2 concentration as of 2010 is about 390 ppmv. This gives us the value for 'C', and for 'Co' we'll use the pre-industrial value of 280 ppmv.
dT = λ*dF = λ * 5.35 * ln(390/280) = 1.8 * λ
Plugging in our possible climate sensitivity values, this gives us an expected surface temperature change of about 1–2.2°C of global warming, with a most likely value of 1.4°C. However, this tells us the equilibrium temperature. In reality it takes a long time to heat up the oceans due to their thermal inertia. For this reason there is currently a planetary energy imbalance, and the surface has only warmed about 0.8°C. In other words, even if we were to immediately stop adding CO2 to the atmosphere, the planet would warm another ~0.6°C until it reached this new equilibrium state (confirmed by Hansen 2005). This is referred to as the 'warming in the pipeline'.
Of course this is just the temperature change we expect to observe from the CO2 radiative forcing. Humans cause numerous other radiative forcings, both positive (e.g. other greenhouse gases) and negative (e.g. sulfate aerosols which block sunlight). Fortunately, the negative and positive forcings are roughly equal and cancel each other out, and the natural forcings over the past half century have also been approximately zero (Meehl 2004), so the radiative forcing from CO2 alone gives us a good estimate as to how much we expect to see the Earth's surface temperature change.
Figure 4: Global average radiative forcing in 2005 (best estimates and 5 to 95% uncertainty ranges) with respect to 1750 (IPCC AR4).
We can also calculate the most conservative possible temperature change in response to the CO2 increase. Some climate scientists who are touted as 'skeptics' have suggested the actual climate sensitivity could be closer to 1°C for a doubling of CO2, or 0.27°C/(W/m2). Although numerous studies have ruled out climate sensitivity values this low, it's worth calculating how much of a temperature change this unrealistically low value would generate. Using the same formulas as above,
dT = 1.8 * λ = 1.8 * 0.27 = 0.5°C.
Therefore, even under this ultra-conservative unrealistic low climate sensitivity scenario, the increase in atmospheric CO2 over the past 150 years would account for over half of the observed 0.8°C increase in surface temperature.
Conservation of Energy
Huber and Knutti (2011) published a paper in Nature Geoscience, Anthropogenic and natural warming inferred from changes in Earth’s energy balance. They take an approach in this study which utilizes the principle of conservation of energy for the global energy budget using the measurements discussed above, and summarize their methodology:
"We use a massive ensemble of the Bern2.5D climate model of intermediate complexity, driven by bottom-up estimates of historic radiative forcing F, and constrained by a set of observations of the surface warming T since 1850 and heat uptake Q since the 1950s....Between 1850 and 2010, the climate system accumulated a total net forcing energy of 140 x 1022 J with a 5-95% uncertainty range of 95-197 x 1022 J, corresponding to an average net radiative forcing of roughly 0.54 (0.36-0.76)Wm-2."
Essentially, Huber and Knutti take the estimated global heat content increase since 1850, calculate how much of the increase is due to various estimated radiative forcings, and partition the increase between increasing ocean heat content and outgoing longwave radiation. The authors note that more than 85% of the global heat uptake (Q) has gone into the oceans, including increasing the heat content of the deeper oceans, although their model only accounts for the upper 700 meters.
Figure 3 is a similar graphic to that presented in Meehl et al. (2004), comparing the average global surface warming simulated by the model using natural forcings only (blue), anthropogenic forcings only (red), and the combination of the two (gray).
Figure 3: Time series of anthropogenic and natural forcings contributions to total simulated and observed global temperature change. The coloured shadings denote the 5-95% uncertainty range.
In Figure 4, Huber and Knutti break down the anthropogenic and natural forcings into their individual components to quantify the amount of warming caused by each since the 1850s (Figure 4b), 1950s (4c), and projected from 2000 to 2050 using the IPCC SRES A2 emissions scenario as business-as-usual (4d).
Figure 4: Contributions of individual forcing agents to the total decadal temperature change for three time periods. Error bars denote the 5–95% uncertainty range. The grey shading shows the estimated 5–95% range for internal variability based on the CMIP3 climate models. Observations are shown as dashed lines.
As expected, Huber and Knutti find that greenhouse gases contributed to substantial warming since 1850, and aerosols had a significant cooling effect:
"Greenhouse gases contributed 1.31°C (0.85-1.76°C) to the increase, that is 159% (106-212%) of the total warming. The cooling effect of the direct and indirect aerosol forcing is about -0.85°C (-1.48 to -0.30°C). The warming induced by tropospheric ozone and solar variability are of similar size (roughly 0.2°C). The contributions of stratospheric water vapour and ozone, volcanic eruptions, and organic and black carbon are small."
Since 1950, the authors find that greenhouse gases contributed 166% (120-215%) of the observed surface warming (0.85°C of 0.51°C estimated surface warming). The percentage is greater than 100% because aerosols offset approximately 44% (0.45°C) of that warming.
"It is thus extremely likely (>95% probability) that the greenhouse gas induced warming since the mid-twentieth century was larger than the observed rise in global average temperatures, and extremely likely that anthropogenic forcings were by far the dominant cause of warming. The natural forcing contribution since 1950 is near zero."
A number of studies have used a variety of statistical and physical approaches to determine the contribution of greenhouse gases and other effects to the observed global warming, like Huber and Knutti. And like Huber and Knutti, they find that greenhouse gases have caused more warming than has been observed, because other factors have had a net cooling effect over the past century (Figure 5).
Figure 5: Greenhouse gas contribution to global warming according to various peer-reviewed attribution studies
Advanced rebuttal written by dana1981
Update July 2015:
Here is the relevant lecture-video from Denial101x - Making Sense of Climate Science Denial
Last updated on 5 July 2015 by skeptickev. View Archives


This blind 10 year old boy from Quebec named Felix sings B.B. King's classic song, "Every Day I Have the Blues." He performs the song at the Quebec Foundation for the Blind summer camp during the nightly talent show.
When you hear how well he performs this song you will clap along with the audience. God gives us all talents and it is a true blessing when we realize how well we are able to use them. Felix brings his talent each and every time to the night talent show at camp.
Watch this amazing blind boy play the blues: more >>
The annual Misfit the Conference event kicked off in the Salvation Army Centennial Memorial Theater in New York City last Thursday, and featured prominent Christian pastors and artists from all over the world.
The sold-out 3-day conference, coordinated by Pastor Chris Durso of Christ Tabernacle Church in Queens, NY, included sermons from Hillsong NYC's Carl Lentz, Chris's mother Pastor Maria Durso, Erwin Mcmanus, Chris Hill, Chad Veach, Durso himself, and Rich Wilkerson Jr., the Florida minster who recently made headlines for marrying rapper Kanye West and Kim Kardashian.
The event, which appeals to youth and young adults by using hip-hop artists such as Andy Mineo, and worship bands like Hillsong Young and Free, also pushes the envelope by playing instrumentals from secular songs to engage the crowd. more >>
Kevin LeVar, a Gospel singer whose music has touched the lives of Christian music powerhouses such as Tina Campbell and Deitrick Haddon, recorded his latest album with the help of reformed drug dealers and prostitutes.
The singer, a 37-year-old Washington D.C. native, is releasing his second studio album "Destiny! Live at the Dream Center …and More." Instead of recording his latest material in a fancy studio with some of gospel music's biggest names that he might have had access to, LeVar opted to work out of The Dream Center, a rehabilitation facility in Los Angeles, Calif.
It is there that gang bangers, drug dealers, prostitutes and others who seek help find refuge, Bible studies and rehabilitation for themselves and their families. more >>
JahRock'n Studios, a recording facility located inside Brooklyn, New York's Park Slope Tabernacle Christian church provides a place for both Christian and secular artists to record music.
The studio, which has been an active business for over a year, has hosted Christian artists such as Andy Mineo, HeeSun Lee and MC Jin, along with many aspiring rappers and singers from NYC and other areas.
Chris Belmont, the head of JahRock'n productions, previously operated the studio at a different location until his partner, and "God Belongs In My City" prayer walk pioneer Daniel Sanabria, suggested he move the studio into the church he was now using as a base for the movement. more >>
Nearer, My God, to Thee is the best-selling song on iTunes for BYU Vocal Point. This song focuses less on peace and more on the struggles in life that bring us closer to God. It's a beautiful video that shows us each member of the chorus performing live on stage.
The meaning of this song is so important to believers because it signifies the importance of God even in our bad times. This song is guaranteed to give you the chills from start to finish when you hear their beautiful voices sing together.
Watch the BYU Chorus sing Nearer, My God, to Thee below: more >>
After Drake's performance on Monday night at the OVO Fest in Toronto seemed to imply that his ex-girlfriend Rihanna was the worst kind of evil, the rapper took to Twitter to clear things up.
"My album title is VIEWS FROM THE 6. The 6 is Toronto. Rih is a great girl who I know is about to kill this tour with Eminem. It's all love!!" Drake wrote.
Speculations that the rapper might be harboring some ill feelings toward his ex-girlfriend spread like wildfire when Drake performed "Days in the East" against a backdrop of Rihanna's face juxtaposed with a 666. more >>


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This week we’re introducing a slight fast. We’re going to get full on fats in the morning and fast all the way until dinner time. Not only are there a myriad of health benefits to this, it’s also easier on our eating schedule (and cooking schedule). I suggest eating (rather, drinking) your breakfast at 7am and then eating dinner at 7pm. Keeping 12 hours between your 2 meals. This will help put your body into a fasted state.
What's more, it's especially important to make sure your diet is well-planned when you're eating keto-style, because the foods you can choose from are limited. In addition to checking in with a dietitian if you're able, Stefanski recommends that you "talk to your doctor and make sure she or he is aware that you'll be starting a diet that completely changes how your body metabolizes energy." You might also want to check your most recent bloodwork levels for things such as cholesterol, vitamin D, and other indicators of health because these can change while on keto. That's because for some people, a prolonged keto diet can result in certain nutritional deficiencies or even high cholesterol. But most experts will tell you that the ketogenic diet is not a permanent lifestyle change (as could be the case for something like the 80/20 approach to eating or a Mediterranean eating style).
As you can see all of the sample intermittent fasting meals included in the fat loss diet have a convenient source of protein, fruit and some healthy fats. This food combination is what I have personally found to be the most effective for staying satisfied on low calorie meals. The fruit is highly nutritious, easily digestible and is effective at replenishing liver glycogen.
Carbs are only problematic when eaten excessively, beyond what your body requires. As long as you are eating low calories then carb intake will make very little difference in respect to fat loss. In other words, two diets of equal calories with varying levels of carb intake will result in the same level of fat loss. If you are still unsure then you can read this brilliant article by Lyle McDonald, Low Carbohydrate Diets Have No Metabolic Advantage. In addition, carbs in the main meal serve very important functions such as increasing leptin (improved satiety and metabolic rate), refilling depleted muscle glycogen stores and triggering the release of serotonin which will improve your quality of sleep and make you feel good.
Whenever you work out, it’s important to allow ample time to recover. In fitness terms, recovery is the period in which you allow your body to heal and rest after you push it to the limits during a workout. However, recovery isn’t just about sitting on the couch and relaxing. In fact, Kinobody recommends that you engage in active recovery to get the most out of your workout.
"You can find a lot of "fat bomb" recipes on the Internet," Wittrock says. "These are very good at satisfying your sweet tooth, and are a great way to increase fat consumption without going over on protein. Also, I'm a huge fan of salted pumpkin seeds and salted sunflower seed kernels. Believe it or not, pork rinds are also a very good keto snack."
hi I have been following this diet have not had any sugar and I just want to know how am I going over the carbs I’m eating vegetables which I know are carbs but I’m not overdoing it. What is the best way to keep up with your carbs fats and proteins also do I need a scale? I feel like I lost weight this week but most of it was probably water weight I was in ketosis on Thursday and today it shows I’m not. Any help would be greatly appreciated
On a ketogenic diet, you’re generally eating a diet that’s high in fat (roughly 70 percent of your total calories come from fat), moderate in protein (about 20 percent of your calories), and low in carbohydrate (about 5 percent of calories). By limiting carbohydrates (to usually less than 45 grams for the average person), your body lacks the glucose (from carbs) that it normally uses for energy, so it eventually switches over to burning fat as its primary fuel source instead; through a metabolic process called ketosis, the liver converts the fat into fragments of fatty acids called ketones, which power the brain and other organs and tissues.


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Effects of Nandrolone Decanoate on Spermatogenesis in Wistar Rats With and Without Physical Training
DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-95022015000300046
Bernardo Porto Maia; Jéssica de Oliveira Silveira; Mariana Garcia Lisboa Borges; Danilo Ales Ponzi Pereira; Julyara Lima Pinheiro; Jofre Jacob da Silva Freitas & Katia Simone Kietzer
Androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS) are artificial testosterone analogues, used as medicine in chronic diseases, because they increase protein synthesis generating muscle hypertrophy. Its effect has caught the attention of athletes and gym users, thus their consumption has become epidemic, due to easy marketing, the immediate results and the false impression that it doesn't carry health risks. Such risks may globally harm the body. This study aims to investigate the influence on spermatogenesis of using nandrolone decanoate with or without physical training. Twenty-four rats, divided into four groups were used: sedentary group (SG), sedentary on steroids group (SSG), trained group (TG) and trained on steroids group (TSG). The animals were trained on voluntary exercise wheel twice a week during 12 weeks, and were subsequently euthanized by decapitation. Groups TSG and SSG received intramuscular injections of 5 mg / kg of the AAS. It was found that there was a greater cellularity in TSG, suggesting interference between androgen therapy and physical training on the mount of cells in the seminiferous epithelium. Comparing the TSG group with the SG, it is noticed that the physical training associated with the use of steroid tends to affect cell division without compromise, however, the number of spermatogonia, did not significantly vary compared to the control group. Finally, it seems that there was no significant statistical difference among the groups in terms of spermatogenesis yield, so that can not be said that the use of nandrolone decanoate, with or without the physical training, interfere with fertility.
KEY WORDS: Spermatogenesis; Anabolic agents; Nandrolone ; Exercise; Fertility.
How to cite this article
MAIA, B. P.; SILVEIRA, J. O.; BORGES, M. G. L.; PEREIRA, D. A. P.; PINHEIRO, J. L.; FREITAS, J. J. S. & KIETZER, K. S. Effects of nandrolone decanoate on spermatogenesis in Wistar rats with and without physical training. Int. J. Morphol., 33(3):1102-1107, 2015.


The all-new Peugeot 3008 SUV reveals both its strength and its character. Reinforced by its streamlined design, this distinct SUV combines robustness with elegance. Jump on board the all-new 3008 SUV and find yourself immersed in a sensory and technological world that will guarantee an enhanced driving experience.
Available to order.
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Fall in love with the powerful front of the all-new Peugeot 3008 SUV, with its stylish chrome detail and full LED headlights* adding to the sleek, feline look. Discover the car’s fluid and dynamic lines, further emphasised by a strong shoulder line running the length of this striking SUV. The sharp design continues at the rear, thanks to its Black Diamond roof* and gloss black rear panel incorporating the Peugeot signature claw effect LED lighting.
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Secret cake revealed: this is the easiest and most delicious cake you’ll ever make!
In just 20 min. you can create a nutritional cake that will surprise your taste buds: made as healthy as possible (for a cake I mean), it is exactly what you need if you have guests coming and you are running out of time. Or if you just want a healthier treat for breakfast/snack.
We all associate cakes with tons of sugar, chocolate, cream and so much guilt after that. Yet with this easy recipe, you can actually enjoy the taste without feeling conscious about it.
- 1 cup Yogurt (Greek; Bulgarian)
- 2 cups whole-wheat flour
- ½ cup olive oil
- 1 cup brown cane sugar
- 1 tsp. soda
- 1 cinnamon
- 3 peaches
- Pour the yogurt in a mixing bowl.
- Add in the soda, mix with a spoon and wait for a minute or two.
- Add in the flour, sugar, olive oil and cinnamon.
- Mix by hand and pour in a large baking dish.
- Cut the peaches in pieces and arrange on top of the cake.
- Put in the oven for 20 min. at maximum heat (and reduce heat after 10 min.)
Tip: You can replace the peaches with other fruit of your choice. It works great with plums, since they are a bit sour and it makes great combination with the sweet taste of the flour base – for all the sweet & sour lovers out there! J
Nutrition: Cinnamon is a wonder spice: it stimulates digestion, fights infection and even aids in weight loss. Whole wheat flour is a healthier option for baking, since it contains all the fiber that is usually removed from white flour. Reminder: fiber is what slows down absorption of sugar in your blood and keep your bowels moving.
I hope you like it!


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- Search among all miso soups
Edamame and Yam Miso Soup
Enjoy yam (nagaimo), full of dietary fiber, together with green in season.
Ingredients (4 servings)
Type of Miso
Mugi (Barley) miso
Our product used in this recipe
Nama-zume Mutenka Mugi Miso
(Fresh-packed, Additive-free Barley Miso)
- Boil the edamame and take the edamame beans out of the pods. Cut the nagaimo into proper sizes.
- Bring the dashi stock to a boil and add the edamame and nagaimo. After the ingredients are cooked, dissolve the miso and boil only for a moment.
- Serve the miso soup in bowls.
★ A Note
White nagaimo and green edamame give a vivid contrast to enjoy the miso soup.


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