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|Anatomical classification of accessory foramina in human mandibles of adults, infants, and fetuses.|
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|PMID: 22553081 Owner: NLM Status: MEDLINE|
|In the past few decades, a number of studies have reported that accessory foramina are located on the internal aspect of the mandible, indicating their potential importance for effective and successful clinical procedures. The aim of this study is to evaluate adult, infantile, and fetal human mandibles for occurrence of accessory foramina. To our knowledge, this is the first time that an attempt has been made to examine their particular co-location using a systematic approach and perspective. A total of 397 human mandibles, including 299 adult, 18 infantile, and 80 fetal, were investigated macroscopically for the frequency, position, and diameter of accessory foramina. In 96 % of investigated adult mandibles, at least one accessory foramen was found. Foramina were located either superior or inferior to the genial tubercle, as well as lateral to the tubercle. Bearing in mind their usual location, four different types of coexistence of foramina were distinguished. Accessory foramina were also present in similar locations in infantile and fetal mandibles. Accessory mandibular foramina are constant structures of human mandible. Their frequency, size, and location vary depending on the type of the foramen. Observations on children and fetal mandibles showed no significant differences in evaluation of accessory foramina, with the exception of lower occurrence in this group of subjects.|
|Agnieszka Przystańska; Małgorzata Bruska|
|Type: Journal Article Date: 2012-05-03|
|Title: Anatomical science international Volume: 87 ISSN: 1447-073X ISO Abbreviation: Anat Sci Int Publication Date: 2012 Sep|
|Created Date: 2012-08-27 Completed Date: 2013-01-09 Revised Date: 2013-06-25|
Medline Journal Info:
|Nlm Unique ID: 101154140 Medline TA: Anat Sci Int Country: Japan|
|Languages: eng Pagination: 141-9 Citation Subset: IM|
|Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Święcicki Street, 60-781, Poznan, Poland. firstname.lastname@example.org|
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Fetus / anatomy & histology
Mandible / anatomy & histology*
|Anat Sci Int. 2012 Sep;87(3):179
Journal ID (nlm-ta): Anat Sci Int
Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Anat Sci Int
Publisher: Springer Japan, Japan
© The Author(s) 2012
Received Day: 6 Month: 2 Year: 2012
Accepted Day: 3 Month: 4 Year: 2012
Electronic publication date: Day: 3 Month: 5 Year: 2012
pmc-release publication date: Day: 3 Month: 5 Year: 2012
Print publication date: Month: 9 Year: 2012
Volume: 87 Issue: 3
First Page: 141 Last Page: 149
PubMed Id: 22553081
Publisher Id: 136
|Anatomical classification of accessory foramina in human mandibles of adults, infants, and fetuses|
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|Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Święcicki Street, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
In the mandible, accessory foramina refer to all mandible openings excluding the mandibular and mental foramina, and the alveolar sockets (Sutton 1974). Numerous reports have confirmed the presence of accessory foramina in the human mandible, but their classification and nomenclature are not identical (Chapnick 1980; Fanibunda and Matthews 1999, 2000; Haveman and Tebo 1976; Jeyaseelan and Sharma 1984; Katakami et al. 2009; Kaufman et al. 2000; Kawai et al. 2009; Liang et al. 2004, 2006, 2007; McDonnell et al. 1994; Ossenberg 1987; Pyle et al. 1999; Rosano et al. 2009; Shiller and Wiswell 1954; Shirai 1960; Sutton 1974; Yoshida et al. 2005; Zivanovic 1970).
It was reported that accessory foramina are present more often on the internal surface of the mandible (Chapnick 1980; Fanibunda and Matthews 1999, 2000; Haveman and Tebo 1976; Sutton 1974) than on its external one. They are located more frequently in the anterior part of the mandible (Fanibunda and Matthews 1999; Sutton 1974), though they have also been observed in the retromolar area (Haveman and Tebo 1976; McDonnell et al. 1994; Ossenberg 1987; Zivanovic 1970; Carter and Keen 1971) or the ramus of the mandible (Casey 1978; Barker and Locket 1972).
A vast majority of researchers found the accessory foramen lying in the midline, either superior or within the genial tubercle, and named it therefore the lingual foramen (McDonnell et al. 1994; Shiller and Wiswell 1954). Sutton (1974) referred to this as the midline foramen, Madeira et al. (1978) as the superior retromental foramen, whereas Eriguchi (1954) and Shirai (1960) as the supraspinous foramen.
There are also different names used for accessory foramina lying in the midline, inferior to the genial tubercle; foramina in this location are referred to as the inferior lingual foramen (Shiller and Wiswell 1954), the inferior retromental foramen (Madeira et al. 1978), or the infraspinous foramen (Shiller and Wiswell 1954; Eriguchi 1954).
The undefined topography of the accessory mandibular foramina created some challenges for us, and our observations result in the first presentation of the types of coexistence of accessory foramina.
The current literature lacks observational evidence on accessory foramina in human mandibles of different age groups. This therefore inspired us to conduct macroscopic observations, and to determine whether accessory foramina are constant structures in infantile and fetal mandibles, and if their location and topography differ from those observed in adults.
The study was undertaken on 397 dry mandibles, including 299 adult (of undetermined sex) mandibles, 18 mandibles of children, and 80 fetal (from 18 to 38 weeks) mandibles. The bones were taken from a collection of the Department of Anatomy, Poznań University of Medical Sciences in Poznań, and from a collection of the Institute of Anthropology, Adam Mickiewicz University of Poznań.
The topography and frequency of accessory foramina on the internal surface of the mandibular body were investigated macroscopically. The diameter of the foramina was established using scaled wires (Ø 0.06–1.2 mm). To establish the exact location of the foramina, the height of the mandibular body was measured from the lowermost point of the symphysis lying in the midline to the uppermost point of the alveolar part of the mandible, lying between the alveolar juga of the central incisors.
The distance between the inferior border of the mandible and the foramen, and their location with respect to the genial tubercle, were established. The horizontal location of the foramen in relation to the mandibular body height was expressed in %. In case of lateral foramina, the distance from the midline to the foramen, as well as the distance from the inferior border of the mandible to the foramen, were measured to establish the position.
The average height of the mandibular bodies was 29 mm (from 16 to 42 mm). The total number of accessory foramina found on the internal surface of the bodies in all adult mandibles was 700. The number of foramina ranged from 0 (in 12 mandibles) to 7 foramina (in 2 mandibles). In 288 specimens (96 %), at least one accessory foramen was present on the internal surface of the mandibular body.
There were four different types of foramina found on the internal surface of the mandibular bodies:
- Accessory foramen within or superior to the genial tubercle
- Accessory foramen inferior to the genial tubercle
- Accessory foramina lateral to the genial tubercle (Fig. 1).
In 276 mandibles (92 %), at least one accessory foramen located in the midline was observed (either superior or inferior to the genial tubercle).
Accessory foramen located in the midline and superior to the genial tubercle was observed in 256 (86 %) mandibles (Fig. 2). The average position of the foramen was 48 % of the mandibular body height. Its position ranged from 21 to 81 % of the total height of the mandibular body (Fig. 3), and its diameter ranged from 0.3 to 1.5 mm.
Accessory foramen inferior to the genial tubercle was observed in 179 (60 %) mandibles (Fig. 2). It was located between 6 and 54 % of the total mandibular body height (Fig. 4). In 166 (93 %) mandibles, it was found in the inferior third of the mandibular body. In 12 (7 %) specimens, the foramen was twofold. Its diameter varied from 0.1 to 1.5 mm.
Accessory foramina lateral to the genial tubercle were located uni- or bilaterally. There were never more than two lateral foramina in one mandible. In 133 mandibles, the foramen was observed on the left side, and on the right in 132 mandibles (Fig. 2). In 109 mandibles, it was found bilaterally. The average position of the foramina was observed as 26 % of the mandibular body height, and in almost 90 % of the investigated mandibles, they were located in the lower third of mandible. The average distance between the foramen and the midline was 15.4 mm (left) and 15.2 mm (right). The diameter of the foramen varied from 0.1 to 1.5 mm.
In reference to the recurrent topographical patterns of the accessory foramina, an attempt was made to distinguish the particular types of their coexistence (Table 1). The accessory foramina coexisted in four different types:
Type I was present in 130 mandibles. It was subdivided into 3 groups:
- Type Ia: both midline foramina, superior and inferior to the genial tubercle, being observed in 66 (22 %) cases (Fig. 5)
- Type Ib: one single foramen located in the midline, superior to or within the genial tubercle (52 cases)
- Type Ic: one single foramen located inferior to the genial tubercle, observed in 12 (4 %) of the mandibles.
Type II was characterized by the presence of accessory midline foramina accompanied by lateral foramina. It was observed in 146 cases. It was subdivided into 3 groups:
- Type IIa was observed in 93 (31 %) mandibles. Two midline foramina were present (superior and inferior to the genial tubercle), and they were accompanied by either one or two lateral foramina (Fig. 6).
- Type IIb, observed in 45 cases (15 %): midline foramen located superior to the genial tubercle, accompanied by either one or both lateral foramina
- Type IIc, observed in 8 cases (3 %): midline foramen located inferiorly to the genial tubercle, accompanied by one or two lateral foramina.
In type III, only foramina lateral to the genial tubercle were observed. It was found in 10 mandibles (3.4 %). In 5 specimens, a single, unilateral foramen was present, whereas in 5 mandibles, bilateral foramina were found (Fig. 7).
Type IV included 13 mandibles with no foramina.
In the mandibles of 18 children that we examined, a total of 33 accessory foramina were found (Fig. 8), and their number in mandibles varied form 0 (4 cases) to 4 (3 cases).
In 14 mandibles (78 %), at least one accessory foramen was observed, and in all cases, it was located in the midline, just above the genial tubercle (Fig. 9).
Accessory foramen lying inferior to the genial tubercle was observed in 9 mandibles (50 %). In two cases, it was twofold. In 5 mandibles (28 %), foramina lying laterally to the genial tubercle were found, and they were bilateral in all cases. Type Ia was observed six times, and therefore with the highest frequency; type Ib and IIa were observed three times each, and type IIb was found twice. Types Ic, IIc, and III were absent. Type IV was found in 4 mandibles.
Of the 80 fetal mandibles investigated—from 4 to 9 months intrauterine period—a total of 72 accessory foramina were found on the internal surface of the mandible (Fig. 10). The number of foramina ranged from 0 (in 31 mandibles) up to 3 (in 5 cases). In 49 mandibles (61 %), at least one accessory foramen on the internal surface of the mandibular body was found. In 39 cases (49 %), a single foramen lying in the midline was observed. However, a foramen superior to the genial tubercle was present in 25 cases (31 %), and inferior to the genial tubercle in 19 cases (24 %). In 5 mandibles (6 %), both foramina were observed. Foramen lying lateral to the genial tubercle was observed in 12 cases (15 %) on the right, and on the left in 16 cases (20 %) (Fig. 10). In 6 mandibles (7 %), they were bilateral.
The diameter of the foramina in fetal mandibles ranged from 0.06 to 0.3 mm.
The accessory foramina in fetal mandibles formed type Ib in 14 cases, and type Ic and type III in 10 cases each. Type IIb was observed in 7, type IIc in 4, and type Ia in 3 mandibles. Type IIa was found only once. Type IV was found in 31 mandibles.
In some fetal mandibles, it was observed that the accessory foramina opened into the short interosseous canal that was directed anterolaterally and joined the mandibular canal (Fig. 11).
The presence of accessory foramina has been reported in many descriptive reports. Numerous studies which examined foramina have confirmed their presence and, furthermore, discussed their potential role in neurovascular transmission and possible clinical significance (Longoni et al. 2007; Gahleitner et al. 2001; Jacobs et al. 2007; Nagar et al. 2001; Przystańska and Bruska 2010; Tagaya et al. 2009). Morphological investigations of accessory foramina did not determine their detailed topography. Based on the literature reports, the frequency of accessory foramina differs, depending on the number of investigating mandibles and on the methods and criteria applied.
A vast majority of the morphological reports confirmed that accessory foramina occur in nearly all investigated mandibles (Shiller and Wiswell 1954; Sutton 1974). In contrast, it has been reported (Chapnick 1980) that the frequency of appearance of accessory foramina in mandible is much lower (68.9 %), although this study was performed on only 122 mandibles and only foramina larger than 0.5 mm in diameter were considered. Attempts to determine the topography of accessory foramina by using modern cone-beam computed tomography (Katakami et al. 2009; Kawai et al. 2009; Liang et al. 2006; Yoshida et al. 2005) reported evidence of accessory foramina in up to 100 % of investigated mandibles.
It is reported that, in the majority of investigated mandibles, at least one accessory foramen located on the internal surface is present (Baldissera and Silveira 2002; Butch 1978; Fanibunda and Matthews 1999; Katakami et al. 2009; Kaufman et al. 2000; Kawai et al. 2009; Liang et al. 2006, 2007; Shirai 1960; Sutton 1974). Different criteria for foramina qualification, and their acknowledgement within the study, may lead to overall underestimation of foramina. In the investigation of 122 human mandibles reported by Chapnick (1980), the incidence rate of foramina was 68.9 %; however, foramina with diameter of 0.5 mm and higher were included in that study.
Our results confirm the observations made (Baldissera and Silveira 2002; Eriguchi 1954; Fanibunda and Matthews 1999; Kawai et al. 2009; Sutton 1974) indicating that a vast majority of foramina are located in the symphyseal region of the mandible, being observed in most mandibles (Baldissera and Silveira 2002; Eriguchi 1954; Fanibunda and Matthews 1999; Kaufman et al. 2000; Shiller and Wiswell 1954; Sutton 1974).
Taking all the accessory foramina into consideration, it seems that foramina located in the midline appear with the highest incidence rate. Accessory foramen located superior to the genial tubercle is the most frequent (Eriguchi 1954; Shiller and Wiswell 1954; Sutton 1974); however, the rate of its appearance reported in literature differs (Sutton 1974; Fanibunda and Matthews 1999; Liang et al. 2004; Pyle et al. 1999; Rosano et al. 2009; Shiller and Wiswell 1954; Eriguchi 1954), reaching 99 % (Liang et al. 2004) and 100 % (Baldissera and Silveira 2002). Only some investigators mentioned its dual appearance (Shiller and Wiswell 1954). The diameter of this foramen ranged from 0.1 mm (Shiller and Wiswell 1954) to more than 1.5 mm (Shirai 1960). The frequency of the second midline foramen, located inferior to the genial tubercle, is lower (Shiller and Wiswell 1954; Eriguchi 1954), reaching an average of 60 % of mandibles.
On the internal surface of the mandible, accessory foramina located lateral to the genial tubercle are observed with frequency ranging from 30 % (Fanibunda and Matthews 1999; Carter and Keen 1971), 60 % (Haveman and Tebo 1976; Shiller and Wiswell 1954), 70 % (Fanibunda and Matthews 1999; Sutton 1974), up to 80 % (Eriguchi 1954). The different methods applied in determining their topography create confusion. It was suggested that their location depends on the attachments of muscles (Carter and Keen 1971; Eriguchi 1954; Jeyaseelan and Sharma 1984; Sutton 1974), and that they are bilateral structures (Fanibunda and Matthews 1999; Haveman and Tebo 1976; Kaufman et al. 2000). Our observations confirm their bilateral occurrence in 36 % of cases.
Current literature shows no evidence of attempts to distinguish the different types of coexistence of accessory foramina. We observed that they form repeated patterns, which we referred to as “types” according to their location on the internal surface of the mandible.
According to studies of the mandibular body, accessory foramina located in the alveolar part, between the alveolar sockets in the lower incisors region, were also distinguished. Detailed information, including the frequency, size, and topography of these foramina, was previously reported (Przystańska and Bruska 2005).
The idea of conducting studies on the development process of the mandibles was inspired by the fact that accessory foramina are present in adult mandibles. The first, and thus far only, research which mentions accessory foramina in fetuses was a study by Chavez-Lomeli et al. (1996) on the development of the human mandibular canal. Authors of that study described the presence of lingual foramina in the majority of the investigated fetal mandibles, and they observed their connections with the alveoli of the mandibular teeth (Chavez-Lomeli et al. 1996). The frequency of occurrence of accessory foramina may be influenced by the developmental modeling processes, starting from the internal surface of the mandible, where the Meckel’s cartilage is found. Accessory foramina present in the midline of the mandible imply their connection to the development of this portion of the mandible, which is formed from the accessory symphyseal ossicles and the medial portions of the opposing Meckel’s cartilages. With the exception of the frequency, which is considerably lower, our study showed no significant differences in the location of the accessory foramina in children and fetuses compared with adult mandibles. Our study confirms previously reported observations (Chavez-Lomeli et al. 1996) that accessory foramina located on the internal surface of the mandible are connected with the mandibular canal. This connection implies that the accessory foramina may be an important route for nerves and vessels.
In conclusion, it can be stated that macroscopic observations revealed the presence of accessory foramina in most of the investigated mandibles, and thus the foramina can be considered as constant anatomical structures and their nomenclature should be unified and standardized.
Ethical approval was obtained for the Department of Anatomy from the Institutional Review Board at Poznan University of Medical Sciences
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited.
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Incidence of accessory foramina in the mandibles of adults, children, and fetuses
|Total number of investigated mandibles||299||18||80|
|Total number of foramina found||700||33||72|
|Accessory foramen superior to genial tubercle||256 (86 %)||14 (78 %)||25 (31 %)|
|Accessory foramen inferior to genial tubercle||179 (60 %)||9 (50 %)||9 (11 %)|
|Accessory foramen lateral to genial tubercle (right)||132 (44 %)||5 (28 %)||12 (15 %)|
|Accessory foramen lateral to genial tubercle (left)||133 (44 %)||5 (28 %)||16 (20 %)|
|Type I||130 (43 %)
|27 (34 %)
|Type II||146 (49 %)
|5 (28 %)
|12 (15 %)
|Type III||10 (3 %)||0 (0 %)||10 (12 %)|
|Type IV||13 (4 %)||4 (22 %)||31 (39 %)|
Keywords: Keywords Mandible, Accessory foramina, Neurovascular bundle, Genial tubercle.
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Differently-abled Rights Forum to hold ‘chalo Delhi rally’ on Aug 7
The AllIndia Disabled Rights Forum is organising a chalo Delhi rally on August 7 demanding political reservations to disabled right from village to Parliament level
Adikmet: The All-India Disabled Rights Forum is organising a ‘chalo Delhi rally’ on August 7 demanding political reservations to disabled right from village to Parliament level. The other demands include provision of self-employment to all eligible differently-abled persons, setting up a special commission, a special free insurance facility, special housing scheme, filling of all backlog vacant posts across the country.
National president of the forum Kolli Nageswar Rao and other leaders at a press conference here on Friday held that all political parties should make public their stand on quota for the disabled, while recalling the assurance given by Congress leaders Sonia Gandhi and Rahul Gandhi before the last elections.
They stated that one crore signatures were being collected across the country to press the demand. Already some signatures had been handed over to President Ramnath Kovind. The leaders asserted that the recent Supreme Court ruling on provision of five per cent quota for the disabled in government offices was not being implemented. Forum vice-president Badda Dhananjay and secretaries Venugopal and K Narsing appealed to members to make the rally successful.


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Apparently, I complained at Thanksgiving about our roasting pan, but I was not expecting to receive a turkey cannon from my daughter. You use it to suspend the turkey in the oven and it keeps it moist. She claims it would work in a conventional oven, but it looked more camping-friendly and I've gone camping only once in my life.
We thought it would be better to take it back and get something different so we returned it on Dec. 26 and I got a sweater (pictured) -- a more traditional gift.
Maybe we'll learn to brine turkeys in the future -- I've heard that works well.
From cashmere to comforters, the discounts may seem good now, but just wait until the holidays are over.
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domain: hobby


FOX shares an extended trailer for its upcoming vampire drama The Passage, and finally tells audiences when the series will premiere.
San Diego Comic-Con 2018 is almost upon us. Here are all of the biggest movie and TV panels you need to be ready for at this year's SDCC
Just what panels can we expect at San Diego Comic-Con 2018? Here's a list of all the confirmations - and who's skipping Hall H this year.
FOX presents its upcoming slate of new TV series for the fall 2018 season, including The Passage and the return of Last Man Standing.
The broadcast networks are preparing their lineups for the 2018-2019 television season. See what show’s you’ll be watching in the fall.
Fox has given its first pilot-to-series order of the TV season to vampire drama The Passage, based on the book series by Justin Cronin.
FOX's upcoming vampire drama, The Passage, from Ridley Scott and Matt Reeves, has signed Mark-Paul Gosselaar in the lead role.
FOX orders The Passage to pilot, a vampire series produced by Ridley Scott and Matt Reeves based on Justin Cronin’s novel.
Matt Reeves is set to direct an adaptation of 'The Passage', a vampire tale in the vein of '28 Days Later'. Will it find the box office success that eluded 'Let Me In'?


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TIGHTENING EYELID FORMULA
Drooping eyelids are the result of photo- and chrono-aging processes that cause the relaxation of the dermal structures with consequent loss of tone of the eyelid thin skin tissues. The Tightening Eyelid Formula gel has a marked and immediate smoothing action for a medium-long term tensor effect thanks to the transdermic-technologically conceived active ingredients included in the formulation: Acetyl Tetrapeptide-2 counteracts the loss of tissue tone by increasing the cohesion between cells and collagen fibers; Tripeptide-10 Citrulline increases the skin density by regulating the organization of collagen fibers. To promote a general lightening effect, the formulation contains the complex of Sodium Ascorbyl Phosphate, Glutathione and Niacinamide.
Magnetic Eyes Intense Look - Tightening Eyelid Formula
Aqua, Sodium Hyaluronate, Lysine Aspartate, Niacinamide, Caprylyl Glycol, 1,2-Hexanediol, Glutathione, Sodium Ascorbyl Phosphate, Pentylene Glycol, Tripeptide-10 Citrulline, Acetyl Tetrapeptide-2, Tropolone, Lecithin, Sodium Hydroxide, Phenoxyethanol, Decylene Glycol, Triethanolamine, Hydrogenated Lecithin, Carbomer, Disodium EDTA.
The active ingredients of Labo products may be subject to possible modifications. For an updated version, before using the product, read the list of ingredients on the package.

domain: chemistry


text:
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N 160: Chapter 3 (terms/objectives)
Terms in this set (35)
a tablet that is placed in the buccal pouch (between the cheek and gum) to dissolve quickly
solid dosage forms in which the drug is usually encased in a shell of hard/soft gelatin
a clear hydroacloholic mixture that is usually sweetened or otherwise pleasantly flavored.
created when two liquids that do not mix well are combined and one liquid distributes uniformly thru the other
uses the GI tract for the ingestion and absorptions of drugs, most common is orally but could be permitted rectally
a wax-like layer that is used on some tablets to avoid dissolution in stomach (MADE TO BE DISSOLVED IN SMALL INTESTINES)
drug administration requires a surgeon to insert a catheter into an artery leading directly to the targeted area
injection is performed only by a skilled practitioner and involves injecting a drug into a joint
injections are made into the dermis just below the epidermis (ex. TB shot 0.5mL)
drug movement directly into blood stream after injection into muscle mass, absorption depends on he type of solution, size and circulation of muscle (deltoid 1ml, dorsogluteal, ventrogluteal, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis)
a drug is delivered into the cerebrospinal fluid (epidural), indicated when it is impossible to achieve sufficient plasma levels for diffusion
administered directly into bloodstream, absorption is instantaneous and complete, infused as a bolus or IV push or IV drip, Allows administration of large V of drug, avoid tissue irritation, circumvents impaired circulation, dangerous because unable to slow or stop distribution
adding secondary tubing, an intravenous line through which medication is introduced or administered in the body of the patient through vein. This medication can be anything from diluted medicine for any disease or energy giving solution or even an antibiotic for fast recovery
direct administration into a vein/ an established drug infusion lock of a concentrated drug in a very small amount of solution (usually 1-2mL)
a specific area
it circulates throughout the entire body and can exert an effect anywhere in the body
means it goes into a specific part like an inhaler, eye drop, ear drop.
avoids the GI tract and is associated with all forms (IM, SC, IV, ID,Intra-articular, Intra-arterial, intrathecal)
drugs are administered under the skin into fat and connective tissue (0.3mL), non-irritating, low volume, highly soluble drug use, one set less rapid than IM, more rapid than ID (upper lateral arm, anterior thigh, abdomen, midback (below scapula)
tablets placed under the tongue to dissolve
a drug preparation consisting of two agents; a finely divided solid dispersed within a liquid.
tablets formulated to release a drug slowly over an extended period, rather than rapidly
a concentrated solution of sugar in water
a solid dosage form that is prepared by compressing or molding a drug into various sizes and shapes
applied to the skin or mucous membrane, absorption occurs readily, drugs quickly enter the vascular system and GI secretions do not destroy them. Used for Localized or system effects through transdermal or transmucosal effects
used to achieve a local effect in the mouth/pharynx (A small, circular medicinal lozenge)
what are the 6 rights of drug administration?
-drug (make sure right drug for patient)
-dose (cannot be changed, only dr can
-documentation (always chart down everything you do)
-patient (correct pt, check arm band and 2 other forms of verification)
-route (CANNOT CHANGE!-ex. baby story)
-time (some meds are timed, need to stick with sched)
Benefit and risk of Enertal drugs
easy to administer, most complex of all administration forms, more dense drug... longer it takes to absorb, cant be opened/crushed/chewed
Benefit and risks of Parenteral drugs
Avoids GI tract, Injections... which work faster
benefit and risks of topical drugs
used for localized use on eyes, ears, nose, rectum and vagina. Can be either localized of system effect. Absorption occurs readily. Drugs enter the vascular system
What critical step must be done prior to administering medication via a nasogastric tube?
must be liquid/crushed or in a liquid vehicle.
identify the anatomic landmarks for intramuscular (IM) drug administration (5)
Identify the appropriate areas of the body for subcutaneous drug administration (4)
1. Supper lateral arm
2. anterior thing
4.midback, below scapula
which parenteral technique poses the greatest risk or benefit to a patient?
what is the purpose of an enteric coated drug?
To resist the acid environment of the stomach so that it can be administered in the Small intestines, to protect acid labile drugs to provide a sustained release dose
THIS SET IS OFTEN IN FOLDERS WITH...
N160: Chapter 2 (terms/Objective)
N 160: Chapter 4 (terms/objective)
N160: Chapter 5 (terms/objective)
N160: Generic Names-For Final
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domain: medical


COLUMBIA, S.C. (WIS) - Friday evening, roughly 30 protesters marched down Main Street to protest a variety of social justice issues.
The Party for Socialism and Liberation organized the march, titled "People's Assembly: Stop the War on Black America!"
Organizer Kym Smith said there needs to be a "revolution" over the failings of capitalism.
"This is a struggle for liberation, and there will be no liberation under capitalism. Socialism is the only key to liberation. Under capitalism, it's impossible. It's impossible to have freedom, it's impossible to have equal rights," she said.
She cited the issues of law enforcement’s use of force on minorities, eviction rates, incarceration, and the environment among other issues.
"We had a revolution here during reconstruction, we had a revolution, and we can have one again," Smith said.
Smith called for the defunding of law enforcement and the military and said the funding should be put toward other issues.
“Defund, take money, keep taking money, take as much money, take all the money from Columbia Police Department, and the military and put it to where it’s needed. Which it’s needed, education, we still have a Corridor of Shame, housing, house everybody, we have homeless people right here,” she said.
The protest began at the intersection of Laurel and Main streets and ended at the State Capitol.
Protesters read demands and gave speeches in front of the capitol.
WIS's crew on scene did not see any interactions with law enforcement and the protest was peaceful


GROWING cannabis becomes legal in NSW today - provided you are a licensed farmer who will harvest hemp for industrial use.
After years of debate, the State Government has approved large-scale hemp farming and will consider licence applications under a new scheme.
Hemp needs little water, grows quickly and the fibrous stems can be used in clothing, cosmetics, livestock and animal feeds, and building materials. The police-approved cannabis varieties all have low levels of tetrahydrocannabinol, the compound people smoke to get high.
"Industrial hemp has the potential to provide farmers with a much-needed additional fast-growing summer crop option that can be used in rotation with winter grain crops," said the Minister for Primary Industries, Ian Macdonald. "It's a potentially lucrative industry due to [its] environmentally friendly nature."
The new licensing system has been developed to prevent industrial hemp being grown to camouflage illegal crops of marijuana, which looks almost identical although it is cultivated to bear more foliage. Properties growing industrial hemp will be audited and inspected regularly.
Two hundred people have contacted the department to express an interest in hemp growing. But the peak farming bodies of Australia and NSW said they did not have policies on hemp growing and were unaware of a major interest in it.


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Ps i love you i have chosen to write my book review on ps i love you by cecilia adhern this book has recently been made into a film and is being enjoyed. That awkward moment when you feel you love someone but do not know how to express it sounds familiar here are some of the most unique ways to show your special. Credit brian rea updated: you can now hear this essay read by the actress debra winger in modern love: the podcast look for the “play” button below. I love you essays: over 180,000 i love you essays, i love you term papers, i love you research paper, book reports 184 990 essays, term and research papers available. Do i hate or love you essayswhy is it that you leave me feeling so alone and confused all i want in our relationship is a feeling of love, but something keeps me.
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First victory in GP3
Arriving at the Castelet, Anthoine dreamt of winning his first victory in GP3 on his lands. The dream came true, demonstrating a great expertise on the Paul Ricard track. He left the French rendezvous having increased his advance at the Championship. In front of his public, Anthoine dominated the free trials and he lost the pole position from nearly nothing. In race 1, he harassed the leader, Dorian Boccolacci, from the first to the last lap, without finding an opening. But a regulatory violation of his compatriot’s car let him win the fight on the green carpet. « It was a great weekend, even if I would have preferred to sign the pole position which escaped from me for 82 millimeters. Almost, I would have loved to feel the adrenaline of the victory on the podium and not at 7 pm in the truck with my team when the sanction was imposed, » Anthoine grimaces. « I didn’t want to win my first victory this way, but it’s mathematically an excellent operation! ».
In the second round, leaving from the 8th place, at the heart of the leading pack of private GP3 of DRS by decision of the race direction, Anthoine quickly understood where was his interest and he did everything in his power to claim the best lap in the race, as the day before. « It was hard to overpass and we lack the DRS. With it, the race physiognomy would have been different. But I was happy to score points again and I was satisfied of my best lap ! » Anthoine explains, as he now possesses 14 advancement points in the Championship. « Our potential is higher and we have to unlock it, to sign pole positions and to win other races. The Championship is still long and it’s important to aim as high as possible while we can. ».
- Anthoine Hubert (ART Grand Prix) 1:51.091
- Hughes (ART Grand Prix) 1:51.540
- Boccolacci (MP Motorsport) 1:50.615
- Anthoine Hubert (ART Grand Prix) 1:50.697
- Alesi (Trident) 1:50.708
- Anthoine Hubert (ART Grand Prix) / Best lap in race
- Mazepin (ART Grand Prix) + 5
- Ilott (ART Grand Prix)
- Piquet (Trident) +3.5
- Mawson (Arden International) +5.0
- Lorandi (Trident) +6.0
- Mazepin (ART Grand Prix) +6.8
- Alesi (Trident) +7.0
- Anthoine Hubert (ART Grand Prix) + 8.4 / Best lap in race
- Anthoine Hubert 63
- Nikita Mazepin 49
- Giuliano Alesi 42
- Callum Ilott 36
- Leonardo Pulcini 29
On the way to Austria
Hardly after packing their luggage at the Paul Ricard, Anthoine and the GP3 will have unpacked them in Austria for the 3rd round of the Championship (29-30 June). Last year, Anthoine failed at the last step of the podium, and he therefore looks forward to adding the Red Bull Ring to his ranking. "In 2017, the weekend went well and I think we’ll go to Austria with a good work basis and a good knowledge of the track. Our goal will as always be to start from the right foot to be performant in qualifications and so well placed in the long race.".
Ask for the programme !
The second race of the Red Bull Ring will be broadcast live on Canal + Sport.All the weekend may be watching on live timing on : http://www.gp3series.com/Live-Timing
- Free trial : 09:35 am (45 minutes)
- Qualifications : 5:45 pm (30 minutes)
- Race 1: 10:45 am
- Race 2: 10:00 am

domain: sports


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If you are seeking “Humble TX Lawyers for Traffic Tickets,” then get in touch with Monks Law Firm today. We have more than 30 years of experience in defending clients in the courtroom. We offer a variety of services for clients. Traffic tickets are a common practice of ours because they are common among drivers.
Traffic tickets are given out daily and are relatively low impact. However, if traffic tickets are not paid or forgotten, then they can become more significant problems later down the road. Monks Law Firm can help you fight the ticket you believe has been wrongfully issued to you. Furthermore, Mike and Pat can help you remove tickets from your record and so much more.
Pat and Mike both have more than 30 years of experience in law. Monks Law Firm focuses on a variety of different cases. They can range from traffic ticket cases and misdemeanor assault to criminal defenses and drug possession.
The Monks brothers are very versatile in what they do, which makes them some of the best lawyers in the Humble, Texas area. Get in touch with them if you need a lawyer. If you have been issued a speeding ticket and would rather fight it, then get in touch with their law firm. They can help.
The Options for a Traffic Ticket
There are two different ways of handling traffic tickets: pay the fee or contest it in court. The third option, ignoring it, will get you into a lot of trouble. Traffic tickets are issued for a number of reasons. You have been speeding, ran a red light, or simply turned without a turn signal. These citations are the lowest of illegal activity.
Traffic tickets are not the cheapest things in the world. Varying on what you were cited for, you may have a high fee. These fees can really hurt people financially, and so they may end up fighting the ticket. Do not ignore the ticket or forget about it. If tickets are not paid on time, or you do not show up in court, then heftier fees or a warrant for your arrest will be issued. It all varies on the judge.
If you end up contesting the ticket, you will arrive in court and give your statement on why you should not have to pay for the ticket. Monks Law Firm can help defend you in court and make a case for your side of the story. Of course, this is only one scenario in traffic tickets where we can help. Let us be your Humble TX Lawyers Traffic Tickets.
Traffic Ticket Attorneys
Mike and Pat Monks can do more than just help you defend a speeding ticket. We can also help clients with alcohol violations while in the vehicle. If you have been caught drinking and driving, then we can help defend your case. The Harris County District’s Attorney takes DWIs very seriously and moves very quickly with these charges. Let Monks Law Firm help defend you in the courtroom.
Monks Law Firm can also help clients with commercial driver’s license violations or help them with obtaining an occupational driver’s license. These areas of expertise will help clients gain back their lives without suffering from a lack of work. Let us show up in court with you to defend your case. We can show clients exactly how hard we fight when it comes to every single case.
More Than Just Traffic Ticket Lawyers
Monks Law Firm helps clients with more than simple traffic tickets. Our team can also assist clients in probate, drug possession, civil litigation, and felony assault. These cases are severe and could affect a person’s life drastically. Ensure you get the best defense possible when fighting for your life. Clients will find out how dedicated the team at Monks Law Firm is after working closely with us.
Probate is the legal process of handling a will or trust. Once a person dies, their estate or property will go through probate. This process can be very complicated and lengthy. A lawyer can help you navigate through this process and keep the property distribution fair. There are times family members may want to contest the will because of the lack of property they were left. A lawyer can help with these scenarios and anything else that may arise during the probate process.
If you are facing a complex lawsuit from a breach of contract, tenants/landlords, or even fraud, then Monks Law Firm can help. These few civil litigations are just a few types we can help clients with. Lawsuits can be very lengthy and feature many different levels of complexity. Mike and Pat can help individuals or businesses. Regardless, our team will help you with your civil litigation. You will find a full list of the types of civil litigation cases below.
- Breach of contract
- Real estate, tenants, and landlords
- Trade secrets
- Business litigation and defense
There are four penalty groups when it comes to drug possession. Types of the drugs are broken up into the groups, with a few having their own classifications. Mike Monks can guide, counsel, and represent you through the entire process. Substances like marijuana and LSD have their own classification from the regular drug penalty groups. Monks Law Firm will help you make your case when it comes to drug possession. Drug punishment range from hefty fees to jail time. Furthermore, you could receive counseling or probation.
Humble TX Lawyers for Traffic Tickets
Monks Law Firm can help clients with a wide variety of cases. Traffic tickets are a common occurrence, and we want to help as many people as possible. Be sure to get in touch with us early, so your tickets do not become more significant problems.
Get in touch with our team by calling (713) 666-6657. Mike and Pat Monks will help you defend your case, so your life is not impacted immensely. You can also find additional information on our website. Finally, stop searching “Humble TX lawyers for traffic tickets” and start calling our team.
Fun Facts about Humble
- First settled in the early 1800s by Joseph Dunman
- In 1904, the first railroad entered the city, and Humble was incorporated in 1933
- Humble has attractions such as the Botanical Gardens, Humble Historical Museum, and Sheldon Lake State Park.
- Find more fun facts about Humble here.

domain: law


- Make sure this fits by entering your model number.
- This rebuild kit kit has all the parts you need to freshen up that worn engine. These parts are manufactured directly from only high quality companies with ISO, QS & TS quality systems in place. These are not cheap Chinese parts, this is a quality kit that will last.
- This rebuild kit will include: Full Gasket Set w/ 1pc Rear Seal, Flat-Top Pistons, Premium Piston Rings, Main/Rod/Cam Bearings, 3pc Timing Set, Oil Pump, Camshaft, 16-Hydraulic Lifters, Freeze Plugs, Valve Stem Seals
- SIZES AVAILABLE: Pistons & Rings:STD, 020, 030, 040, 060 --- Rod/Main Bearings:STD, 010, 020, 030, 040
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- The pictures are accurate and show you the actual parts that you will be buying. Because of limits, sometimes not all the parts are pictured, but we always try to supply pics of the main pieces. If you have any other questions, feel free to send us a message, and we can usually get back to you within 1 business day. Thanks!
This fits your .
Master Engine Rebuild Kit FITS: 1983-1986 Ford SBF 302 5.0L V8 w/Flat-Top Pistons: Automotive
- Product Code: 4NEBK2000979
- Availability: In Stock


How to Test for a Bad Router on the Internetby Jason ArtmanUpdated September 28, 2017
Many routers exist between your computer and the websites that you visit online. If one of these routers has a problem, your access to websites may be slow, impaired or nonexistent. The Windows "Tracert" command allows you to check every router on the route between your computer and a given website. Use this command to check for a bad router on the Internet when you are having trouble reaching a website.
Press the Windows logo and "R" keys simultaneously. Type "Command" into the box and press "Enter" to launch the command prompt.
Type "tracert www.example.com" and press "Enter." (Substitute "www.example.com" for the name of the website that you are having difficulty reaching.) Your computer will send a "ping" to each router or server along the path between your computer and the destination website. If the router receives the ping, it will reply and Windows will record the amount of time elapsed in milliseconds.
Examine the results of the "Tracert" command to determine the possible cause of the problem. If the process completes and a reply is received from the destination website but you are unable to view the site in a Web browser, your computer may have a problem. However, if the command receives no replies, intermittent replies or extremely high ping times from a particular address, the router at that address may have a problem.
Browse to the Arin Whois Database Search if you are able to browse the Internet. Enter the address of the router that showed a possible problem in the Tracert results. If the address was not shown in the Tracert, enter the address shown before it. Click "Submit Query" to determine the owner of that router. If the owner is your Internet service provider (ISP), call your ISP's support phone number and give them the address of the faulty router for further research. If the address does not belong to your ISP, it may be necessary to wait for the problem to be resolved by the owner of the faulty router.
- Wireless image by Haris Rauf from Fotolia.com


Despite appearing to be the frontrunner as she poised to seek a third term, Hoboken Mayor Dawn Zimmer will not seek re-election, sources said.
By John Heinis/Hudson County View
Sources would not reveal what influenced, the mayor’s decision, but confirmed she was out of the November 7th municipal election.
Councilman-at-Large Ravi Bhalla is expected to have the endorsement from Zimmer to succeed her, according to sources who spoke under the condition of anonymity.
1st Ward Councilman Mike DeFusco and Freeholder Anthony Romano (D-5) are now poised for a slugfest, though business owner Karen Mason and local activist Ronald Bautista are still in the mix.
Zimmer endorsed 67 candidates in the June 6th primary election, with 63 winning their seats. 2nd Ward Councilwoman Tiffanie Fisher, who was endorsed by the mayor for council in 2015, was voted the new Democratic committee chair last week.
However, that’s all inconsequential now.
The mayor’s office has announced there will be a press conference at City Hall tomorrow at 11 a.m., but officials declined to say what the presser was about.


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I started writing in 2007 while travelling extensively with my husband after he had been diagnosed with cancer. Our holidays, once fast and furious, had to change pace. We bought ourselves an RV [Recreational Vehicle] which we kept in the USA. We made it our aim to spend most of our time ‘camping’ in the quite awesome National Parks of America. ‘RVers’ form a community – a rare, classless community always ready and willing to go that extra mile to help their fellow campers. I grew to admire their values and treasure their camaraderie. I started writing – about them - in a novel which I later called Lakeside.
It was worlds apart from my pre-retirement career, where I managed projects to restructure organisations. Reorganisation was the key to achieving efficiency and reducing costs and always resulted in a significant number of redundancies. Those times reminded me of the values of my upbringing and reinforced the critical importance of empathy, fairness, equality, and teamwork.
I lost my husband in 2009. Life changed. I lived in a village where people were more comfortable with couples than singles. Many were kind. Others did not share my values. Spurred on by my observation and experience of behaviours in a small rural community, the seed for my latest novel, The Gypsy Killer was sown.
Five years on, I wrote my way through breast cancer treatment. I continued as far as possible as though nothing had changed. But quietly it had. From carer to being cared for in the short space of time widened my horizons, deepened my empathy for others, and gave reason for me to reflect on how I might cope in my later years. I started writing my first novel in the Silveries series of novels, The Silver Sting, which encompasses my vision of where I would like to end my days, with whom, and how I would like to be perceived and treated in my later years.
At the same time, my mother was aging with the very early signs of dementia. I was reminded once again of the importance of empathy, kindness, respect, and consideration. I was reminded that the elderly have a wealth of experience and knowledge all too easily overlooked or set aside and that they are vulnerable. Recently my mother passed on but not without enriching my understanding of aging. The Silver Dollar was the natural successor to The Silver Sting.
The Gypsy Killer lay dormant whilst the Silveries took priority in my writing. The seeds that were planted back in that village started to germinate not long after I moved from the village into a town, ready to start a new life and build new relationships.
Stratford-upon-Avon has afforded me all that I could wish. I learn from and share my ideas with a writing group. I have expanded my horizons into playwrighting and acting through association with a local playwright and drama group. It was a red flag day when my first one-act play, Happy Talk, was staged in a Stratford theatre. Sad at leaving behind those I have loved, I feel lucky to be surrounded by a caring community and like-minded people who share my values.
I have made it my mission through my writing to be a voice for those who are so often not listened to or excluded from society for reasons outside of their own control.
I believe in positivity. The impossible we do at once, miracles take a little longer. There are always new challenges and opportunities. We just have to take that first step. A writer of novels, plays and short stories, and latterly actress, I would never have believed it possible. Here I am. Believe in yourself.”
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Featured news and video Chris Perez brought to you by Comcast SportsNet Bay Area
First MLB player fined for tweet - What did he say?
From Comcast SportsNetNEW YORK(AP) --Indians closer Chris Perez has been fined 750 by Major League Baseball for a "reckless" message on his Twitter account after a benches-clearing incident
Jays, Indians play longest opener in MLB history
1901. "If you're going to break records you might as well do it on opening day," said Indians All-Star closer Chris Perez , who was able to show some humor after allowing the Blue Jays to come back from a 4-1 deficit in the ninth. "No


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One third of the human population is estimated to be latently infected with M. tuberculosis and each year about 9 million new cases of active tuberculosis (TB) are reported. However, only about 30% of healthy people closely exposed to TB will get infected and of those only 5%-10% will go on to develop active disease - an indicative that a competent immune system is able to fight of the infection in the majority of cases. TB incidence is especially high in areas of poverty in low income countries, where infections with helminths also are common, and it has been proposed that immunological changes induced by a helminths infection leads to increased susceptibility to TB. It is generally accepted that cell mediated immunity play a pivotal role in controlling the initial TB infection, wth macrophages being key players with a somewhat ambiguous dual role. The macrophage can act both as a first-line effector cell, but also serve as a nutritious host cell for the mycobacterum to thrive in. Part of the explanation to this paradox may be found in the activation of the macrophage. A macrophage can be classically activated (CAM) or alternatively activated (AAM). The CAMs are pro-inflammatory and protects the host against various pathogens, whereas the AAMs are anti-inflammatory and are important for dampening inflammation and in the healing of tissue damage from inflammation. A problem may arise if one macrophage type is induced at an inappropriate time. It is thought that helminth infection give rise to alternatively activated macrophages. We suggest that helminths induced macrophages have low levels of intracellular glutathione and that this is a factor for the increased susceptibility to TB in helminths infected persons.
We aim to investigate the presence of such a macrophage polarization and glutathione depletion and the effect on macrophage killing of TB. Macrophages will be isolated from patients with TB with and without helminths co-infection, helminths infected and healthy controls. Macrophage activation profile will be assessed using luminex for cytokines;FACS for AAM and CAM markers, and colorimetric assays for iNOS and agrinase activity. Glutathione levels will be measured using a fluorophoric method. The effect of glutathione depletion on mycobacterial killing will be evaluated using an infection assay with a luciferase tagged Mycobacterial tuberculosis strain.
Over two billion persons are estimated to be infected with helminths and it is becoming clear that helminths infection may be a factor behind the high tuberculosis burden seen in poor communities. The proposed project aims to elevate if helminths infection leads to reduced levels of a substance called glutathione in an immune cell involved in the protection against tuberculosis infection, and if so, if this impairs the cells abiity to eradicate the infecting bacterium.

domain: biology


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The Kitchen Magpie
Need a delicious and easy slow cooker recipe? Then you've come to the right place. Here are my latest easy and delicious slow cooker recipes.
Beef Casseroles & Pies
Slow Cooker Recipes
Chicken & Poultry
Beef Stews & Soups
Ground Beef Recipes
Sandwiches, Pizzas & Burgers
Pasta and Rice
As Featured On:
Cookies, Candies, Cakes & More: Vintage Baking to Celebrate the Festive Season!
A Modern Baker’s Guide to Old-Fashioned Desserts
Suppers, Potlucks & Socials: Crowd-Pleasing Recipes to Bring People Together
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domain: food


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Did you know that beneath the rocky soil of southeastern Turkey lies a mystery waiting to be unraveled? Welcome to Göbekli Tepe, an archaeological site that is rewriting the history books. We will discuss the theories surrounding Göbekli Tepe’s Read more
In this video, we’re investigating the rise and ruin of the mysterious Aztec Empire. Armed with only our archaeological clues, we uncover their mysterious temple and what finds exist below Mexico City!
This historical discovery is sure to stimulating Read more
Hey everyone! This week I’ll be a guest on the Boîte Noire Radio podcast to learn about the Thanksgiving Day Killer – Paul Merhige. His crimes are a lot more recent than most of the historical events I cover, Read more
This week I’ll be a guest on Boîte Noire Radio Podcast, to talk about Dracula, specifically, Vlad the Impaler and other morbid archaeology goodies.
Listen in for all the spooky details!
Life is a series of beautifully unpredictable moments that shape our journey. As bloggers, podcasters and YouTubers, we often share our experiences and insights with our readers/viewers. However, sometimes life takes us on a new path that requires adjustments. Read more
Welcome to our fascinating exploration of York, England’s captivating history! In this video, we will delve into the irresistible allure that the city held for both Romans and Vikings. Join us as we uncover the intriguing factors that made Read more
In this fascinating video, join us on a mesmerizing journey through the picturesque landscapes and storied history of the Great Canal of China. Known as the world’s oldest and longest man-made waterway, this marvel of engineering stretches over 1,000 Read more
In this captivating video, join us as we embark on an extraordinary journey to explore the fascinating city of Knossos and unravel the mystical secrets of Ancient Greece. Prepare to be awestruck as we delve into the captivating ruins Read more
This week, we explore San Lorenzo and the remains of the Olmec civilization focusing on the infamous Olmec heads. What makes San Lorenzo so special and what happened to the Olmec culture?
Did you know that the ancient Aztecs had an enduring fascination with the Toltec civilization? Today, we will unveil the mysteries behind this obsession.
The Toltecs were renowned as skilled craftsmen, brilliant architects, and powerful warriors. Their influence spanned Read more

domain: history


WHEN Philip Kay collapsed and died after taking ecstasy at a London night club last November, his story did not make the news. But then, Kay was not the sort of casualty that excites newspapers. He was a 32-year-old tax inspector who had taken ecstasy many times before. And-to be blunt about it-his days were numbered anyway because he had AIDS.
The pathologist’s report blames his death simply on an overdose of ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine or MDMA). But nobody who knew Kay believes the official version. The levels of ecstasy found in his blood that night were staggeringly high-equivalent to most people having swallowed 22 tablets. Yet Kay’s friends insist he took only two. They claim the real reason for the high levels of MDMA was that these two pills interacted lethally with a newly approved prescription drug called Ritonavir which Kay was taking to control his HIV infection.
Ritonavir is designed to inhibit HIV’s protease enzyme, but it also interferes with a liver enzyme called CYP2D6 that metabolises MDMA. Thus someone who took both drugs could have problems clearing MDMA from their bloodstream.
Jim Lumb, who lived with Kay in London and also takes Ritonavir, says nobody told them that the medicine could form such a cocktail with MDMA. This is hardly surprising. Abbott Laboratories, the Chicago-based drugs company that makes Ritonavir, has never issued a warning, even though its own unpublished calculations indicate that Ritonavir could produce more than a threefold increase in blood levels of MDMA.
Despite Kay’s death, Abbott says it has no plans to investigate further the biochemical interaction. Nor, so far, has the company brought it to the attention of health officials who monitor the safety of medicines. Its behaviour is nothing exceptional. Although most prescribed drugs and over-the-counter medicines come with safety notes warning about potentially hazardous interactions with other prescribed drugs, pharmaceuticals companies hardly ever issue warnings about the dangers of mixing their products with illicit substances.
Some toxicologists defend this practice on the grounds that it is difficult to establish the facts in cases like Kay’s. Others point to apathy on the part of the regulators: neither Britain’s Medicines Control Agency nor the US Food and Drug Administration has a specific policy on how companies should deal with the problem.
But Kay’s death exposes a deeper reason for the lack of openness about the dangers of mixing prescribed and illicit drugs. Companies like Abbott argue that to clarify the dangers would be to send out a reckless signal to the public. “We would be seen to be condoning drug abuse,” says Gordon Boyd, head of clinical development for Abbott in Europe. “We can hardly say in our literature that our drug may be taken safely with heroin, cocaine or whatever but not with ecstasy.”
This defence does not go down well with the doctors whose daily business is to prescribe drugs like Ritonavir to patients who use illicit substances. Ray Brettle, who runs the infectious diseases unit at City Hospital in Edinburgh, says the companies are simply trying to protect their corporate image. He maintains they could still make the dangers clear without appearing to support illegal activity. “It’s possible to come up with a form of words that makes it clear you’re not condoning drug abuse.”
There is now an urgent clinical need for openness and research, claims Brettle. Ritonavir is just one of many powerful new medicines for treating people with HIV, many of whom belong to communities in which the use of illegal drugs is endemic. There is also evidence that drug users are deliberately mixing prescription medicines with drugs like LSD and MDMA to modify or enhance their effects.
For example, people have been mixing the antidepressant Prozac with MDMA in a bid to prevent a post-ecstasy depression. According to Geoff Tucker, a pharmacologist at the University of Sheffield, the cocktail could create the same sort of problems as those that may have killed Kay-like Ritonavir, Prozac inhibits the CYP2D6 liver enzyme.
Quantifying the risks of mixing Prozac and MDMA is not easy. Research has been hindered by red tape and the need for special licences, says Tucker. But the little biochemistry that has been done indicates that not everyone is equally at risk. Between 3 and 8 per cent of the population possess a genetic defect that makes them especially poor at metabolising certain drugs.
For these people, mixing drugs like Prozac with MDMA could be especially hazardous, perhaps tipping the balance between a strong reaction and a fullblown overdose. But drug abusers have no way of knowing if they belong to this high-risk group. Nor can researchers like Tucker discover if Kay or any of the other ecstasy users who have died in recent years carried the defective gene. Despite pleas about the need to learn from these tragedies, nobody kept any blood samples.
The prevalence of deaths caused by the interaction between prescribed and illegal drugs is unknown. Very few are ever recorded and there are no schemes in place for monitoring those that do come to light. Michael Rawlins, chairman of Britain’s Committee on the Safety of Medicines, says he has never been called on to investigate an adverse interaction of this type. In fact, says Rawlins, it is not even clear whether companies in Britain are legally required to notify officials about such interactions. “Rightly or wrongly, drug safety guidelines relate to normal use.”
In the US Curtis Wright, a drug safety expert at the FDA, claims his organisation “makes no distinction between illicit and legal drugs” when monitoring or investigating suspected cases of adverse interactions. But so far, the FDA’s interventions have been confined to a tiny number of “problem pharmaceuticals”-medicines that are open to abuse themselves or for which the risks of adverse interactions with street drugs are obvious.
The WHO’s internationally accepted guidelines on drug safety information say nothing about adverse interactions involving illicit substances. Ralph Edwards, director of the WHO’s drug monitoring unit in Uppsala in Sweden, says the pharmaceuticals industry lobbied to exclude any specific recommendations. Edwards now says he has misgivings about the omission.
Where information about the interactions of illicit and prescribed drugs does exist, there is disagreement over what should be done with it. Wright says the FDA’s obligation to the drug abusing community “is to keep them alive, not to provide them with quality control information”. Some would not even go that far. “Researchers have their work cut out monitoring licensed drugs,” says Joe Collier, editor of Drug and Therapeutics Bulletin and a clinical pharmacologist at St George’s Hospital Medical School in London. “If you take illicit drugs you’re putting yourself outside the law and you can lump it. You can’t expect the state to protect you.”
But most experts believe this is a dangerous argument. “Like it or not, a large percentage of the population uses recreational drugs,” says Katherine Bonson, a researcher at the US National Institutes of Health who has interviewed people about their experiences of mixing antidepressants and LSD. And Edwards asks: “Are we saying that drug addicts who overdose shouldn’t be admitted to hospital?”
Lumb will not be agonising over the niceties of medical ethics when he goes to a coroner’s court in London next week to press for an investigation into his partner’s death. He says he simply wants doctors and patients to know that mixing Ritonavir with ecstasy could be dangerous. And he wants the drugs company to tell them.
After all, he says, “the drug cost more than £4000 a year, so Phil was worth more to them alive than dead”.


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Treat friends and family to this refreshing treat.
Strawberry Ice Lollies
You will need:
- 250g strawberries (you could also use blueberries or raspberries)
- 100ml plain yoghurt or apple juice
- Honey to taste
- Ice lolly mould
- Wash and hull your strawberries.
- Place in a blender with yoghurt or juice if using. Blend till smooth
- Add honey to taste, put in a bit extra as freezing tends to dull flavours.
- Pour mix into ice lolly moulds. This mixture should make approximately 4 lollies.
- Freeze for 4 hours or until solid.
- Run the mould under the hot tap for a couple seconds to help them come out easily.


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A man was tasered with a stun gun and tied up along with his wife and daughter during a home invasion in Sydney's southwest.
Police say four men went to a Church Street house in Cabramatta about 8.40pm (AEDT) on Tuesday.
They then threatened the residents with a firearm, a stun gun and a crowbar.
A 59-year-old man and two women, aged 61 and 28, were tied up.
It is alleged the man was tasered with a stun gun and hit in the head.
The intruders then ransacked the house and stole cash before fleeing, giving the traumatised family a chance to call police.
Ambulance paramedics took the man to Liverpool Hospital where he was treated for facial injuries.
The women were uninjured.
Detectives are appealing for witnesses to come forward.


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The fertilizer industry plays a key role in increasing agricultural yields worldwide. While carrying out the construction of its new production facility for fertilizer, Lovochemie – the world’s largest fertilizer producer – scoured the market for a machine that could achieve the desired grading curve while ensuring consistent, sustainable quality. Ideally, the system would also simplify the production process in general. The machine should also eliminate the need for additional screens to sift out oversized grains. Working in cooperation with BHS-Sonthofen, Lovochemie was inspired to try the robust grinding technology commonly used in the building industry. BHS rotor impact mills have been used in other applications, for example, in the production of gravel, and had gained a reputation as an affordable and reliable solution. However, the technique had never been used to mill ammonium sulfate.
Crushing and grinding tests with the rotor impact mill
One unique challenge of this crushing process is the fact that the salt is delivered in open trucks or train cars. The salt may absorb moisture from the air during transportation and storage, increasing the likelihood of agglomeration. A reliable process would be required to break down any agglomerated material. BHS carried out a number of crushing and grinding tests with an RPM-type rotor impact mill at its technical center in Sonthofen, Germany. “The machine proved a reliable tool for grinding down the feed material to the desired size, with highly consistent results,” noted Helmut Schorn, Area Sales Manager at BHS. “The tests showed that an additional screening process was not required.”Based on the test results, BHS recommended the use of a rotor impact mill of type RPM 1113 with an electrical connection value of 132 kW. The machine can be used to crush minerals with feeding sizes of up to 56 millimeters. It features a standard configuration with a housing composed of commercially-available structural steel. In addition, Lovochemie selected an optional coating for the machine’s outer surfaces to protect the system from corrosion caused by the ammonium salt. This coating is also used in maritime applications.
Rotor impact mill simplifies fertilizer production
The defining feature of the BHS rotor impact mill is its impeller rotor, which is the only one of its kind in the world. The feed material is loaded into the top center of the machine. When it impacts the rotor, the material is accelerated towards the outside by means of centrifugal forces; there, the horseshoe-shaped hammers engage it and throw it against the anvil ring. In the milling gap, it is crushed as a result of the impact and shearing forces. The material leaves the rotor through the gap and falls down through two outlet chutes.
Highly consistent grading curve and quality end product
BHS commissioned the system in April 2017. The machine crushes up to 35 metric tons of ammonium sulfate each hour. Materials with feeding sizes of up to 2 millimeters are crushed to a maximum grain size of 0.2 millimeters. The machine runs continuously 24 hours a day, five days a week, and fulfills all of the customer’s needs to their complete satisfaction. The unique functional principle of the BHS rotor impact mill produces a highly consistent grading curve and an end product of excellent quality.
Our experts are at your disposal at any time for process consulting and technical questions. More information can be found on our website www.bhs-sonthofen.com.
Please visit also our YouTube-Channel!


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A round area rug is a versatile and attractive floor covering in the widest choice of colours, designs and material compositions you can possibly imagine! An area rug is versatile. They can create wonderful focal points with splashes of colour to be the unifying element in tying the design of a room together. Rugs can create cosy conversation areas and by their very nature of being round, they create a defined space to gather for intimate conversations. In a jiffy, they quickly and easily be laid down to give your house a burst of colour and character.
Area rugs are often intended to define and delineate space. If your rug is too big for the area you are decorating you will be tempted to tuck the edges of the rug under your heavier pieces of furniture. When heavy furnishings are placed on an area rug they can often cause bunching and wrinkling where the furniture legs are indenting their selves into your rug. This can cause the most beautiful and expensive rugs to look cheesy and warped. Indents, wrinkles and warping of rugs from heavy furnishings can also become more permanent.
Although cotton or jute backing is preferred, many rugs are manufactured with a secondary backing. I prefer rugs that are woven without the secondary backing. Because you can tell if it is a good quality rug when you can detect the pattern of the rug while looking at it from the back. Whether a rug is machine-made or hand-knotted it has to be woven into something. Cotton or jute is preferred, but polypropylene mesh is fine when used in the backing of a rug (but never the face fiber). However; some rugs need that secondary backing to add density and weight. Also consider how the are rug is bonded.
Small Round Rug or Square? It can be difficult deciding on a safe, square rug or a large or small round rug when it comes to the space in question. Take into consideration the area of the floor and what size would be best. A great trick is to use masking tape to get an idea. There are also many suppliers of area rugs online that will allow you to easily visualize the rug in your space by pulling it up on the computer whilst in the room. This is not something that is easily accomplished in a brick and mortar store.
PtBurnem is a place to collect living room decorations tips around the world. If readers need more information, just poke the title or related posts. And do not forget to poke all images reserved.
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domain: design


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MirageTable: Freehand Interaction on a Projected Augmented Reality Tabletop
Instrumented with a single depth camera, a stereoscopic projector, and a curved screen, MirageTable is an interactive system designed to merge real and virtual worlds into a single spatially registered experience on top of a table. Our depth camera tracks the user’s eyes and performs a real-time capture of both the shape and the appearance of any object placed in front of the camera (including user’s body and hands). This real-time capture enables perspective stereoscopic 3D visualizations to a single user that account for deformations caused by physical objects on the table. In addition, the user can interact with virtual objects through physically-realistic freehand actions without any gloves, trackers, or instruments. We illustrate these unique capabilities through three application examples: virtual 3D model creation, interactive gaming with real and virtual objects, and a 3D teleconferencing experience that not only presents a 3D view of a remote person, but also a seamless 3D shared task space. We also evaluated the user’s perception of projected 3D objects in our system, which confirmed that users can correctly perceive such objects even when they are projected over different background colors and geometries (e.g., gaps, drops).
In MirageTable, a 3D stereoscopic projector projects content directly on top of the curved screen. The information is captured by the Kinect camera, which also tracks the user's gaze. This enables presentation of correct perspective use to a single user on top of the dynamic changing geometry of the real world.


City of Industry, CA, January 21, 2016 --(PR.com
)-- Axiomtek, one of the world's leading designers and manufacturers of innovative, high performance and reliable PC-based industrial computer products, is proud to announce the IPC922-215-FL, an energy-efficient fanless 2-slot industrial system with rugged mechanisms and optimized expandability.
The extreme compact IP30-rated IPC922-215-FL utilizes a high performance onboard Intel® Celeron® quad core processor J1900 (2.42GHz) with one DDR3L 1333 up to 8 GB memory. To fulfill different application needs, the rugged Intel® Bay Trail SoC barebones embedded system provides great expansion capability with two flexible PCI/PCIe slots for customization. Additionally, the Axiomtek IPC922-215-FL has a wide operating temperature range of -10°C to +50°C (14°F to +122°F), and is equipped with a wide range 18V - 28 V DC power input for industrial applications.
“Axiomtek’s IPC922-215-FL is a rugged and highly configurable fanless industrial PC with PCI/PCIe expansions for a variety of embedded controller applications,” said Jack Tseng, product manager for Axiomtek’s Product PM Division. “It is also easy to maintain and upgrade, with its convenient front-facing I/O access and flexible expansion options. This Intel® Celeron® quad-core fanless industrial PC can be easily wall-mounted on any surface, making it easier to apply in a wide range of environments. This 2-slot rugged industrial computer is an application-ready embedded platform targeted at industrial automation, smart factory, gaming, DVR and digital signage applications.”
The IPC922-215-FL supports one 2.5” SATA HDD and an onboard CompactFlash™ for extensive storage needs. Moreover, the all-in-one Intel® Bay Trail SoC shoebox computer offers rich I/O connections on the front side of the housing, including two Gigabit LAN ports, four USB 2.0 ports, four RS-232/422/485 ports, one VGA port, and a PS/2 keyboard and mouse. Furthermore, the 2-slot fanless embedded PC supports various power protection including OVP (over voltage protection), OTP (over temperature protection), OPP (over power protection) and SCP (over circuit protection) for more system safety.
The Axiomtek IPC922-215-FL rugged shoebox computer will be available in March. Axiomtek provides a wide array of intelligent IoT and M2M solutions, network communication platform, industrial panel PCs, systems and platforms and embedded boards and modules solutions. For more product information or pricing, please visit our website at us.axiomtek.com or contact one of their sales representatives at firstname.lastname@example.org.
- 2-slot fanless industrial system
- High performance Intel® Celeron® Processor J1900 (up to 2.42 GHz) Bay Trail SoC quad-core
- Fanless design and ventilation-free
- Supports two expansion slots
- 18V - 28V DC to DC power supply
- Compact and front-facing I/O design
- Wall-mount supported
About Axiomtek Co., Ltd
Axiomtek Co., Ltd. is one of the world's leading designers/manufacturers of PC-based industrial computer products. From its roots as a turnkey systems integrator specializing in data acquisition and control systems, Axiomtek has mirrored the PC evolution in various industries by shifting its focus toward the design and manufacture of PC-based industrial automation solutions.
Axiomtek Co., Ltd. established in 1990, has more than 60 distributor partners globally. Axiomtek offers Industrial PCs (IPC), Single Board Computers and System on Modules (slot CPU card, small form factor embedded boards & SoM), Fanless & Rugged Embedded System (eBOX and rBOX), Intelligent Transportation System (tBOX), Industrial Firewall & Industrial IoT Gateway, EtherCAT Master Controller, Touch Panel Computers (TPC), Medical PCs (MPC), Human Machine Interface (HMI), Digital Signage Players (DS), Industrial Network and Network Appliances (NA).
As an associate member of the Intel® Internet of Things Solutions Alliance, Axiomtek continuously develops and delivers cutting edge solutions based on the latest Intel® platforms.


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FRESNO – The California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) today held a formal dedication and ribbon-cutting ceremony for its third Family Foundations Program (FFP) facility. It is located at 2855 W. Whitesbridge Avenue, Fresno. It will be operated under contract by WestCare California Inc., a non-profit organization founded in 1973, and serve up to 35 women and 40 children up to the age of six.
This smaller community-based program for female offenders is one of the key components of our prison reform efforts,” said CDCR Secretary James Tilton. “By providing the opportunity for these women to live with and be parents to their children, we hope to break the intergenerational cycle of incarceration that we see all too often. By opening the third such program in California’s Central Valley, we will be able to provide the type of wrap-around services commonly provided by community-based programs. It also allows for more family visiting with inmates’ families and friends within closer proximity.
The contract award was for $7.2 million over a five-year term. WestCare California, Inc. has nearly 35 years of experience operating therapeutic community drug treatment services in community-based, residential, and in-prison treatment environments. WestCare’s comprehensive experience includes substance abuse treatment and relapse prevention programs; parenting skills development; child development services; vocational skills training; ancillary services; and services to special populations that includes pregnant, post-partum and parenting women.
This is a wonderful opportunity for West Care to collaborate with the CDCR, said Maurice Lee, Regional Vice President for WestCare California, Inc. There is a tremendous benefit to working together to serve our clients in this community-based setting.
The Family Foundations Program is a community-based residential-type setting for non-serious, non-violent female offenders, the majority of whom have been convicted of drug-related offenses. On-site services include parenting skills, health services, child development services, and vocational skills training. Residents have the benefit of support groups and assistance to establish and enhance close ties with their young children. Additionally, the mothers share cooking and cleaning chores and learn life skills to help improve their employability.
The Family Foundations Program was created by the State Legislature in 1994 when then-Sen. Robert Presley (R-Riverside) sponsored legislation establishing The Pregnant and Parenting Women’s Alternative Sentencing Program Act. Each facility houses 35 women and up to 40 children. Overseeing each facility is a CDCR Correctional Counselor III, who supervises a staff of vocational and academic instructors, substance abuse counselors, and others. Sen. Presley, as Secretary of the Youth and Adult Corrections Agency, oversaw implementation of the first two programs. They are located in Santa Fe Springs (Los Angeles County) and in San Diego.
Learn more about Governor Schwarzenegger’s comprehensive prison reform package at:

domain: sociology