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Phytochemistry Reviews (v.14, #5)
Stress alleviating plant-derived ‘green odors’: behavioral, neurochemical and neuroendocrine perspectives in laboratory animals by Jereme G. Spiers; Hsiao-Jou Cortina Chen; Nickolas A. Lavidis (713-725).
Exposure to physical or psychological stimuli perceived to be threatening activates the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) resulting in a classical stress response. Prolonged activation of the HPA and SNS is associated with many adverse physiological changes, most notable the development of anxiety and depression. Recently, a number of plant-derived aliphatic alcohols and aldehydes, termed ‘green odors,’ have demonstrated stress-alleviating properties. This novel method of stress-alleviation has been shown using a number of different animal and stress models utilizing numerous experimental techniques. The object of this review is to present a balanced and critical overview of the present literature on the mammalian effects of exposure to these odors. These findings will be discussed in terms of ongoing trends in the field and possible experimental outcomes will be suggested.
Keywords: Anxiety; Depression; Green odor; Olfaction; Stress
Nutritionally important carotenoids as consumer products by Judit Berman; Uxue Zorrilla-López; Gemma Farré; Changfu Zhu; Gerhard Sandmann; Richard M. Twyman; Teresa Capell; Paul Christou (727-743).
Carotenoids are nutritionally-beneficial organic tetraterpenoid pigments synthesized mainly by plants, bacteria and fungi. Although research has focused on the production of carotenoids in staple crops to improve nutritional welfare in developing countries, there is also an enormous market for carotenoids in the industrialized world, where they are produced both as commodities and luxury goods targeted at the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, food/feed additive, cosmetics and fine chemicals sectors. Carotenoids are economically valuable because they have diverse bioactive and chemical properties. Some are essential nutrients (e.g. β-carotene), others are antioxidants with specific roles (e.g. lutein and zeaxanthin) or general health-promoting roles that reduce the risk or progression of diseases associated with oxidative stress (e.g. lycopene), and still others are natural pigments (e.g. astaxanthin, which is added to fish feed to impart a desirable pink flesh color). Even carotenoid degradation products, such as damascones and damascenones, are used as fragrances in the perfumes industry. Here we discuss the importance of carotenoids in different market sectors, review current methods for commercial production and its regulation, summarize the most relevant patents and consider evidence supporting the health claims made by different industry sectors, focusing on case studies representing the most commercially valuable carotenoids on the market: β-carotene, lycopene, lutein, zeaxanthin and astaxanthin.
Keywords: Health claims; Intellectual property; Market production; Nutraceuticals; Regulation
Non-terpenoid biotransformations by Mucor species by Eliane de Oliveira Silva; Niege Araçari Jacometti Cardoso Furtado; Josefina Aleu; Isidro González Collado (745-764).
Biotransformation is an important tool for the structural modification of organic compounds, especially natural products with complex structures, which are difficult to achieve using ordinary methods. It is also useful as a model for mammalian metabolism due to similarities between mammalian and microbial enzyme systems. The development of novel biocatalytic methods is a continuously growing area of chemistry, microbiology, and genetic engineering, and novel microorganisms and/or their enzymes are being screened intensively. This review covers the transformation of non-terpenoid compounds such as steroids, coumarins, flavonoids, drugs, pesticides and others by Mucor spp. up to the end of 2012.
Keywords: Biotransformation; Mucor sp.; Non-terpenoid
Trigonelline and related nicotinic acid metabolites: occurrence, biosynthesis, taxonomic considerations, and their roles in planta and in human health by Hiroshi Ashihara; Iziar A. Ludwig; Riko Katahira; Takao Yokota; Tatsuhito Fujimura; Alan Crozier (765-798).
This review describes the occurrence and biosynthesis of trigonelline (N-methylnicotinic acid) and related nicotinic acid metabolites. High concentrations of trigonelline are found in seeds of coffee, and some members of the Fabaceae, while trace amounts occur in many other species. In contrast, the occurrence of other pyridine alkaloids derived from nicotinic acid is limited. Nicotinic acid, a precursor of the secondary pyridine metabolites, is derived from pyridine nucleotides. In planta, pyridine nucleotide biosynthesis de novo is initiated from aspartic acid. The degradation of NAD and its regeneration from the catabolites is called the pyridine nucleotide cycle (PNC). Isotopic labelling and enzymatic studies indicate a seven-component PNC VII pathway is the major route. All plants examined convert exogenous nicotinic acid to trigonelline and/or nicotinic acid N-glucoside (NaG). In general, NaG formation is restricted to ferns and selected orders of angiosperms, whereas other plants produce trigonelline. The biosynthesis of other pyridine alkaloids, of which many details remain to be resolved, is discussed briefly. The potential in planta roles of trigonelline, including detoxification, nyctinasty and host selection are discussed. Coffee beverage is the major food containing trigonelline and some vegetables also contain trigonelline. The possible effects of trigonelline on health mediated via hypoglycaemic, neuroprotective, anti-cancer, estrogenic, and antibacterial activities are reviewed. Finally, potential genetic manipulation of biosynthetic pathways to create trigonelline- and vitamin B3-rich plants and agricultural uses of trigonelline-rich genetically modified crops and trees are discussed.
Keywords: Pyridine alkaloids; Occurrence; Biosynthesis; Pyridine nucleotide cycle; Coffee
Phytochemical profile of Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb). Steud. by Kristýna Schneiderová; Karel Šmejkal (799-833).
Paulownia tomentosa, a member of the plant family Paulowniaceae and a rich source of biologically active secondary metabolites, is traditionally used in Chinese herbal medicine. Flavonoids, lignans, phenolic glycosides, quinones, terpenoids, glycerides, phenolic acids, and miscellaneous other compounds have been isolated from different parts of P. tomentosa plant. Recent interest in this species has focused on isolating and identifying of prenylated flavonoids, that exhibit potent antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiphlogistic activities and inhibit severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus papain-like protease. They show cytotoxic activity against various human cancer cell lines and inhibit the effects of human cholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, and bacterial neuraminidases. Most of the compounds considered here have never been isolated from any other species of plant. This review summarizes the information about the isolated compounds that are active, their bioactivities, and the structure–activity relationships that have been worked out for them.
Keywords: Bignonia tomentosa ; Flavonoid; Lignan; Paulownia tomentosa ; Paulowniaceae; Phenolic glycosides
The genuine structure of alectrol: end of a long controversy by Kotomi Ueno; Yukihiro Sugimoto; Binne Zwanenburg (835-847).
Alectrol was first isolated from root exudates of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), a genuine host of a root parasitic weed Striga gesnerioides, as a germination stimulant for seeds of the parasite. The proposed structure, an isomer of strigol, was disproven by chemical synthesis. Recently, another structure, namely orobanchyl acetate, was proposed. Surprisingly, however, the synthetic compound having this proposed structure for alectrol was not active in inducing germination of S. gesnerioides seeds although it was active toward seeds of other root parasitic weeds such as S. hermonthica and Orobanche minor. Detailed studies on 1H NMR, mass and CD spectra of naturally occurring alectrol, re-isolated from cowpea root exudates, revealed that the genuine structure of the germination stimulant is not orobanchyl acetate but its stereoisomer ent-2′-epi-orobanchyl acetate. Accordingly, the structure of natural orobanchol was revised to ent-2′-epi-orobanchol 12 years after a tentative structure of orobanchol was proposed. Strict stereochemical requirements of strigolactones for germination induction of S. gesnerioides seeds, authentic samples of synthetic strigolactones and advanced analytical instruments made the structural assignment possible, thus ending a 20 years controversy concerning the true structure of alectrol.
Keywords: Cowpea; Germination; Stereochemistry; Striga gesnerioides ; Strigolactone
Bioactive soy isoflavones: extraction and purification procedures, potential dermal use and nanotechnology-based delivery systems by Marina Cardoso Nemitz; Renata Cougo Moraes; Letícia Scherer Koester; Valquiria Linck Bassani; Gilsane Lino von Poser; Helder Ferreira Teixeira (849-869).
Isoflavones are polyphenol compounds found mainly in legumes such as soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merrill). These compounds can be found in different chemical forms; however, the beneficial effects for skin care have been mainly credited to their free forms. This manuscript claims to review the main effects of isoflavone aglycones on the skin, the different techniques for obtaining bioactive forms from soybeans, and the interest in incorporating them into topical systems. The benefits of dermatological application of isoflavones, as anti-aging action, estrogenic activity, wound healing properties, and antiphotocarcinogenic effects are highlighted. Moreover, the advantages and drawbacks of the extraction techniques of soybeans, methods for converting glucosides into aglycones, and purification procedures are described. Different strategies to incorporate these poorly soluble compounds in conventional or nanostructured delivery systems are also discussed. Illustrative examples especially for genistein-loaded liposomes, nanoemulsions, nanocapsules and cyclodextrin complexation are reported.
Keywords: Dermatological application; Extraction techniques; Nanostructured delivery systems; Skin care; Soybean isoflavones

domain: chemistry


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Eric Reynolds, a Central Bucks South (Warrington, PA) product, isn't as highly touted as Josh Haden, who chose Boston College over Florida. But with head coach Jeff Jagodzinski holding open casting calls for someone to replace graduates Andre Callender and L.V. Whitworth, Reynolds is optimistic that he can see plenty of action as a true freshman.
"I don't think I'm going to redshirt," Reynolds said. "I definitely want to compete for a starting job…I'm pretty sure the job is [potentially] open to a freshman."
The competition is thin. Sophomore Jeff Smith, a speedster who became a special teams phenom as a freshman, regrettably had to cut his playing career short because of recurring concussions. The status of A.J. Brooks, who redshirted as a sophomore under Tom O'Brien with hopes of being a starter when Callender and Whitworth left, is uncertain after the team suspended him for an on-campus altercation.
That leaves the freshmen: Reynolds, Haden, and Everett, Mass, three-star back Isaac Johnson. Another possibility is a spring experiment with a converted athlete already on the roster. With such apparent uncertainty, Reynolds is confident he can be a major player in BC's starting-halfback sweepstakes.
"Speed and athleticism, that would be my strong point," Reynolds said. "I wouldn't say I'm especially well-fit for the system, but I can bring those things to the field. [The coaches] recognized that that could be of use to them."
Reynolds isn't limiting himself to running back, though. Playing time is playing time, as far as he's concerned. It wouldn't matter if it comes on special teams. Or even on defense.
"Returning kicks, punts – I love to do that," Reynolds said. "It gives me open space on the field. Even if I have to move to defensive back, that would be fine."
Maybe Reynolds is trying to be realistic. He admits that Haden, who enrolled early and is already on campus, has an advantage as he spends the whole spring learning the offense and practicing with the team. But when he arrives in August, Reynolds knows what it will take to impress the coaching staff and compete for the job.
"I have to buckle down," Reynolds said. "I have to give 100% when I practice, when I lift, when I run drills. I have to learn the playbook. Everything."
Reynolds models his playing style after Joe McKnight, a star-caliber recruit last year who showcased his speed and versatility at USC this season as a true freshman. Reynolds said he is not a power back, but is elusive, like McKnight.
So he's not as big a name as McKnight was at this time last year. Or as Haden was in the fall, for that matter. But Reynolds knows an opportunity has presented itself. If the Eagles' starting running back spot is up for grabs, he'll be reaching for it.

domain: sports


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88th Annual Market Structure Conference
October 6-8, 2021
JW Marriott Washington DC
The Great Return perfectly illustrated the mix of old and new that defined our 2021 event. The previous two years had been long and difficult for all of us, and the return to Washington DC served as an important milestone on our way back to normalcy while also ushering in some new traditions. Below is a recap on our first ever hybrid event. Please take a moment to review the information and we look forward to seeing you October 12 – 14, 2022 when we return to Washington DC again!

domain: geography


- Reviews (0)
– Precision machined alloy body with control knob for
– Tap allows for partial filling and tops ups
– Compact and simple to use
– Fits Presta valves
– No valve mishaps
Only logged in customers who have purchased this product may leave a review.


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Policy Alert: CARES Act Expansion Bill to Revitalize PPP and EIDL Loans
On Thursday, April 23, Congress passed a bill with $484 billion in additional funding to revitalize the CARES Act. This includes $310 billion in new spending for the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) and $50 billion for Economic Injury Disaster Loans (EIDL). “Phase 3.5” of the CARES Act, or the Interim CARES Act, is expected to be signed into law on Friday, April 24.
New PPP & EIDL Funding
- Paycheck Protection Program: $310 billion in new funding for PPP
- There is a designation of $60 billion for small lenders, with an extended provision that $30 billion of that money will go to community development financial institutions (CDFIs). These institutions can ensure more funding access to smaller organizations that may not have strong bank relationships.
- Small lenders are defined as those with less than $10 billion in assets.
- Economic Injury Disaster Loan: $50 billion in new funding for EIDL
- The bill also increases the EIDL grants program by $10 billion.
- An additional $75 billion will go to hospitals and $25 billion for testing. This money will be split between the states and federal government.
SBA Loan Application ResourcesIf you have already submitted an application, but were not approved before federal funds depleted on April 16, please contact your lender to discuss the status of your application.
- IFF: A Community Development Financial Institution (CDFI) serving the Midwest, IFF has partnered with SBA-qualified lender CFA/USA. IFF is a Nonprofit Connect member. Nonprofit organizations in Missouri and Kansas are able to apply for a PPP loan through IFF.
- Free Webinar: Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) – What it is and how it works
- Monday, April 27 at Noon
- Learn more and RSVP.
- PPP & SBA Frequently Asked Questions: Visit our Coronavirus Resources for Kansas City Nonprofits page and scroll down to the SBA Loans dropdowns.
New ProgramThe Main Street Lending Program: $600 billion in loans to mid-size entities. This program is through the Federal Reserve Board, authorized by the CARES Act. Nonprofits will likely be eligible to apply.
- Loans are expected to be between $1 million and $25 million, available to organizations of up to 10,000 employees. They are to be based on a yearly-adjusted income of the last four years, meaning a yearly income of $250,000 would qualify.
- The expected interest rate is 2-4%.
Share Your Experience: Kansas City Nonprofits & SBA LoansNonprofit Connect is collecting data from Kansas City nonprofits about their experience applying for SBA Loans. The results will help us inform funders and policy makers about the effectiveness of this federal assistance. Please take 3-minutes to complete our survey.
To learn more about Nonprofit Connect's advocacy education efforts, please visit our Advocacy resources page. To receive policy updates like this in your inbox, sign up for our Advocacy mailing list.

domain: finance


iOS 14 preview is out that shows some new & extraordinary features, with a more interactive operating system (all new and modern) which also appears to be easily handleable on the go. We will simply focus on giving you clear and neat details for the new features of iOS14, and here they are as below.
iOS 14 Features & Facts:
With iOS 14 you will be able to add widgets on the home screen of your iPhone, these widgets will provide you essential information in short, and these will also be smartly manageable and arrangeable as per your own needs.
App Library is the new and very smart feature of iOS 14 which will enhance the way people locate their installed apps on an iPhone. So basically with App Library, you will be able to create and manage multiple clusters of similar-looking apps.
Compact Calls is another new feature of iOS 14. This feature will simply make the call box to appear smaller and short when you receive or make a call (Either an Audio or a Video), and this way you will also be able to use another app while you are engaged on a call with someone. See the picture below to understand it better with a single glance:
It means you will be able to watch your videos or continue your Facetime call while you are using another app.
iOS 14 has an enhanced and better messaging management system, see features below:
iOS 14 comes with an all-new translate app supporting conversation translations up to 11 different languages (Arabic, Chinese, English, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese, Russian & Spanish). Some basic features of Translation App include:
The new Siri in iOS 14 has the following additions:
iOS 14’s Home App along with the broad selection of HomeKit categories can help you to intelligently manage your smart home (More Importantly from the Saftey Point of View). Some of the key features include:
In iOS 14 Safari Browser support website language translation in 7 different languages (Beta), does password monitoring for you (warns you if a password you are using is not secure), reports you about a website’s privacy standards (the ways websites treat your privacy), and perform more better than the previous versions.
With the arrival of iOS 14, the mutual relationship of CarPlay & iPhone has become much better, now you can unlock your car with iPhone, and additionally, you can also share and manage your car keys with your family and friends (With a much better control).
iOS 14 has brought much more than the explained above, it’s more intelligent, powerful and easier to operate, it has a better user-friendly interface, it saves time and overall its totally new in design & features. If you want to learn in-dept about iOS 14 then you can visit here on the iOS 14 official page of Apple’s site.


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Students at an Arkansas junior high school this week were clearing the hall too slowly in the opinion of a police officer assigned to the school, so he did something mind-numbingly dumb: he pulled out his pepper spray and squirted it into the air. The result? Pandemonium, as screaming, gagging and vomiting students ran down the halls and out of the school. Three students were rushed to the emergency room and more than a dozen others were picked up by their parents because of difficulty breathing.
Clearly this officer is not the brightest porch light on the block, but the entire episode brings up something we’ve written about on MyBrownBaby on more than one occasion: Police officers and kids just do not go together. It’s simply asking for way more trouble than it’s worth.
An investigation by a Chicago advocacy group found that police officers in the Chicago schools resulted in far too many black juveniles being placed into the criminal justice system too easily and too early. The group, called Project NIA, analyzed Chicago Police Department data and found that 20 percent of all juvenile arrests took place on school grounds.
If you are a police officer and you are inclined to use pepper spray to help you control adolescents, I gotta come out and say it: you’re an idiot. School district officials in Pine Bluff haven’t released the officer’s name, so we’re not engaging in name-calling. We’re just stating the obvious. Yeah, we understand the students can get rowdy at times—hormones and knuckleheads are also not a good mix. But police officers can’t be the answer. If the school staff members can’t control 12-year-olds without the presence of law enforcement, perhaps they need to look for another line of work.
1. Police Officers in School? A Recipe for Student Failure
2 A Middle Schooler Strip Searched in Front of Classmates? This Needs to Stop
3. Black and Hispanic Students Face Harsher Discipline, Lower Grade Education In School
Mom. NY Times bestselling author. Pop culture ninja. Unapologetic lover of shoes, bacon and babies. Nice with the verbs. Founder of the top black parenting website, MyBrownBaby.

domain: news


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The man and I watched Bon Jovi on Oprah the other day (before we took the baby to the vet). We do not normally watch Oprah, but since the man used to be a big Bon Jovi fan, we watched the show.
Some history on my early years and Bon Jovi: As a child, I thought Bon Jovi (the whole band) looked like girls; granted, I was in elementary school and long hair on men wasn't in fashion. I did like the music though and had a lavender-colored portable tape player and listened to Bon Jovi's Slippery When Wet album religiously.
My current life as influenced by Bon Jovi: The man has a pair of ripped jeans that he refers to as his "Bon Jovi pants" and he often uses the phrase "Hell yeah, Bon Jovi!" at such random times that I don't quite know the reason for the utterance. The man was in high school during Bon Jovi's heyday and sported long locks of his own (which, apparently, was the fashion), the pictures of which are the cause for much mockery in our household.
Okay, getting back to what I thought of Bon Jovi's Oprah appearance. I was somewhat surprised by how much I like Bon Jovi as a person based on the interview. Gone is the bad hair (it's not great now, but it is much better than I remember). Gone are the spandex accoutrements. All-in-all, Bon Jovi is a good man - he and his band donated $1 million to Oprah's charity and he has been married to his high school sweetheart for 16 years despite the hoards of panty-throwers that would love to play Gina to his Tommy. The new single is being released sans music video with the money that would have been spent on production going to a Habitat for Humanity-type organization. He helps homeless kids in Philly. Like I said, he's a good guy.
Bon Jovi is what I think all rockers should strive for - using his wealth and celebrity to help others while remaining a values-driven human being with a real family that doesn't consist of a trophy-wife/stripper and a nanny. Hell yeah, Bon Jovi!

domain: entertainment


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AUTHOR: DODGSON, Charles L. (Lewis Carroll)
TITLE: A Tangled Tale.
PUBLISHER: London: Macmillan & Co., 1885.
DESCRIPTION: SECOND EDITION PRESENTATION COPY. 1 vol., inscribed in purple in on the half-title "Mrs. A. Severn from the Author Jan. 1889." Bound in the original gilt stamped red cloth, illustrations by Arthur B. Frost, three pen sketches of the White Rabbit, Flamingo and Duchess, in a skillful contemporary hand to frontispiece verso.
CONDITION: Outer hinges fine, inner hinges just starting, head and foot of spine with some mild rubbing, spine slightly darkened, overall still a VERY GOOD copy.
REFERENCE: WMG&C #182; Dodgson at Auction #1731
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION: "Mrs. A. Severn" may possibly be Joan Ruskin Severn, nee Agnew (1846-1924), niece of John Ruskin.

domain: artistic


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A lot happened in Khloe Kardashian and Tristan Thompson’s relationship that the public didn’t know about. In fact, he actually popped the question before cheating on her with Maralee Nichols in 2021! Kim Kardashian revealed the juicy tidbit, which Khloe confirmed, during the Sept. 29 episode of The Kardashians.
“I’ll never forget Tristan calling me and he was going to propose to her on Valentine’s Day, which was, like, a year since they had drama [with Jordyn Woods], so this was last Valentine’s Day,” Kim dished. “I called him the day after, like, ‘I never heard anything from Khloe, did you propose?’ And he’s like, ‘Oh yeah, I did it in December.’ She didn’t even tell us!”
Khloe and Tristan broke up after he cheated on her with Jordyn in Jan. 2019. However, they began to reconcile during the coronavirus pandemic in the spring of 2020, and slowly got back together in private. Still, Khloe had a reason for turning down Tristan’s proposal.
“I said, ‘I need to make sure this is a totally different relationship. I want to be proud to say I’m engaged to anyone,'” she revealed. “So that’s why I said, “I’m not comfortable accepting this right now. I’m not excited to tell my family.’ As hurtful as that probably was to hear for him, it was the truth. I’m not going to accept something and give someone false hope.”
Khloe and Tristan stayed together on and off after the proposal. By the fall of 2021, they were fully back together, and even made serious plans to expand their family. A surrogate was implanted with one of Tristan and Khloe’s embryos just ahead of Thanksgiving. It was only days later when Tristan’s paternity scandal was made public, and Khloe found out with the rest of the world that he had fathered a child with another woman. The court documents revealed that Tristan had known about this baby since July 2021 — the same time he was discussing a future with Khloe.
Khloe discussed how devastated she was by the timing of everything during The Kardashians premiere. This week, she added, “Going through what I went through with Tristan was incredibly hard. The hardest part was training yourself to unlove someone. This was my life for six years. We weren’t just a couple, we genuinely were best friends. He was my workout buddy. We did all these things together. So learning how to undo all those things take time. Just because someone does you dirty doesn’t mean you fall out of love with them instantly.”

domain: celebrity