text:
Acculturation, Not Socialization, for African American Females in the STEM Fields
by Joretta Joseph
The National Physical Science Consortium
Sociological Research Online, 19 (2) 8
Received: 23 Apr 2013 Accepted: 18 Feb 2014 Published: 31 May 2014
This article takes a brief look at the manner in which African American females in the fields of science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) have been studied over the years. Noting that this group faces challenges due to gender and race, research has not always presented their struggles and successes from both a sociological and psychological view. Socialization theory has yielded a great deal of information despite the socialization process being driven by those in charge of the structure by which a person progresses through the STEM fields. Acculturation theory provides a glimpse of how African American females in these aforementioned fields progress from their perspective. Acculturation framework is of value because it parallels the emotional, cognitive, and behavior patterns students take as they progress through graduate school in order to become colleagues of the very professors that taught them. The framework considers the effects of the person's previous background and experiences, their coping skills and tactics, which are important to the success of African American females. Another common dynamic across the theory of acculturation and the experiences of these women is choice and the freedom to choose their own acculturation patterns.
Keywords: African American Females, Women of Color, Acculturation, Sociology, Socialization, Psychology, STEM
Introduction1.1 In 1976 The Double Bind: The Price of Being a Minority Woman in Science report was born out of a conference of thirty women of color (Native American, African American, Mexican American, and Puerto Rican) at a Minority Women Scientists Conference in December of 1975 (Malcom, Hall, & Brown 1976). By sharing their experiences from their pre-collegiate, academic, and professional journeys they exposed their resilience and commitment to being the best that they can be. They also wanted to ensure that other women of color could 'have a better chance in science' (Malcom et al. 1976: 39). This particular report is the first to observe and discuss obstacles that women of color, who are at the 'intersection of race and gender' (Johnson 2011; Settles 2006; Wang & Raber 2009), come up against in the sciences, then and now.
1.2 The research, in 1976 and today that does deal with how women of color move along in graduate school tend to be coupled with either women or minorities, and at times both. Although it may be disingenuous it does ultimately provide beneficial insight into experiences of underrepresented students (Malcom et al. 1976). For example, Turner and Thompson's 1993 research explores the socialization process of 37 minority women doctoral students and 25 majority women doctoral students. The results of this study were that the minority students had fewer professional socialization opportunities, while the social environment was richer for majority students, and more majority students had greater mentoring and apprenticeship experiences. Ellis (2001) interviewed 67 minority persons. The purpose of the interviews was to explore the concepts and factors that impact doctoral study. The results were that a good relationship with one's mentor or advisor was critical. This relationship influenced both their social and academic integration and their satisfaction with their doctoral program. In 2002 and 2004 Abbe Herzig explores the progression of minority and female doctorate students in math programs. Herzig expands Tinto's (1993) theory, which states that by including the influence of participation the student's progression through a doctorate program is reflective of the specific field of study and what is considered normal, acceptable performance, and behavior that is germane to that particular field. In her research about female and minority doctoral students in mathematics she developed a persistence framework for such doctoral students. Herzig also maintains that as doctoral students participate in a community of practice (academically and socially) they are more likely to become integrated into the community and persist to degree completion.
1.3 As presented above, women and minorities are often treated as a homogeneous group with parallel perceptions and experiences (Litzler, Mody-Pan, and Brainard 2011). This perception marginalizes race and ethnicity by minimizing the experiences of women of color that are based on both race and gender (Lizter, Mody-Pan, & Brainard 2011; Malcom, Hall, & Brown 1976; Johnson 2011; Settles 2006). Research that is about transforming the underrepresentation of women of color in the STEM fields should consider both the differences in the experiences of women of color and the racial privilege for white women (Johnson 2011, p.75). The intersection of gender and race is more than a theoretical concept. For African American women it is both race and gender shape their attitudes and identity (Patterson, Cameron, & Lalonde 1996; Settles 2006).
1.4 This article is a small part of a larger study that deal with the transition of African American Females in math and chemistry from Historically Black College and University (HBCU) undergraduate institutions to majority institutions for graduate school. The purpose of this study is to provide a brief look and comparison of the theory of acculturation and the theory of socialization. The theory of acculturation is both a psychological and sociological snapshot that allows for the use of culture as a contextual element that actually exists as part of an individual whose perceptions are based on their racial and gender identities. This is particularly important when a case study methodology is used to study marginalized groups that may face difficulties that are based on both race and gender and their maturation in a culture that is controlled by a dominant culture when it may be difficult to separate the independent effects of race and gender (Settles 2006:590).
1.5 Well-intended inclusive research, like those mentioned above, that focus on the factors of socialization, is accommodative but they do not bring about transformative change (Patterson, Cameron, & Lalonde 1996:236). This is of particular importance since women of color pursuing careers in the STEM fields are going against societal norms. Despite the many contribution that women of color have made to the STEM fields, the STEM culture is characterized as insular, masculine, and white male dominated. This culture has a habit of not extending beyond race and gender and associate success with those that think and look like the people that are at the forefront of their individual subject matter (Joseph 2007:197-198)
1.6 For African American female students it is the effects of this process of socialization; how new skills, beliefs, patterns of action, and at times, personal identities are acquired by people as they move into a new setting (Van Maanen 1983), that determines their success as a scientist. This may be daunting for African American females since the culture of the STEM fields are characterized as white and predominantly male in the academia and the work place (Johnson 2011; Moss-Racusin, Dovidio, Brescoll, Graham, & Handelsman 2012; Turner & Thompson 1993). Under the conditions of isolation, lack of advisement, and just plan indifference, on the part of implied and inadvertent biases, which so many African American females face (Ellis 2001; Moss-Racusin et al. 2012), it takes a strong commitment, discipline, and a high cognitive level to acquire the skills in order for minority students to persist under these conditions (Hamilton 2001). This is particularly important since socialization is a never-ending process that shapes human interactions, behaviors, and attitudes (Antonacopuolou & Pesqueux 2010; Choi, Alexander, Kraut, & Levine 2010; 'socialization' 2004).
Socialization2.1 Socialization refers to people processing as one crosses organizational boundaries (Van Maanen 1978). The people processing of socialization is a three step process of acquiring the suitable behaviors of the role for a person that either joins a new organization or a new position in the old organization, of acquiring the needed skills and abilities to do what is expected of them, and amending to the organizations' cultural norms and values (Feldman 1981; socialization 2004; Van Maanen 1978). Typically, the socialization process is directed by those that are in charge, who may be the most interested (those that are dominant within the group) in perpetuating the historical and current social structure of behaviors and norms of the organization (Bloor & Dawson 1994; Van Maanen 1978; Bada 2003; Elwell 2003). This is particularly important because culture is an active participant in the make up of social structures (Bada 2003). Social structures, like socialization, is a phenomenon of human relation arrangements that determine one's place within society, determine what relationships are appropriate, and defines organizations' and individual function (Bada 2003; Elwell 2003;`Antonacopuolou & Pesqueux 2010; Choi, Alexander, Kraut, & Levine 2010; 'socialization' 2004).
2.2 Socialization consists of a multitude of relationships and experiences which may or may not have the same effect or be perceived of similarly by others with both similar or different backgrounds (Weidman, Twale, & Stein 2001). This sentiment is consistent with recent research that finds that both male and female faculty perceives women less worthy and less competent compared to a male student in being successful in the STEM fields (Moss-Racusin et al. 2012). In order to conquer the socialization process successfully in the STEM fields, which is built around a culture of masculinity, gender bias, and an intellectual hierarchy (Johnson 2012; Ladson-Billings 1997; Ong 2011) women of color need to be able to navigate the cultural context of their respective discipline and understand that their values and expectations are also influential in their achievements (Turner 2002). With this being said, culture, a powerful contextual influence (Schein 2010), lies at the intersection of success via socialization. For a person whose identity and cultural background is in conflict with that of their academic and professional goals (Boykin & Toms 1985; Ibarra 1996; Johnson 2012), culture and identity are often an afterthought in research about African American females, that uses the socialization theory, in the STEM fields (Johnson 2011;Leggon 2010; Feldman 1981).
Culture3.1 Culture, a concept 'that describes the total body of belief, behavior, knowledge, sanction, values and goals that mark the way of life of any people' (Herskovits 1948 as cited in Kroeber & Kluckholm 1952). This refers to the learned 'complex whole' that is inclusive of artifacts, beliefs, art, and all other ways of life by a person as a part of the populace (Kluckholm & Kelly 1945 as cited in Kroeber & Kluckholm 1952: 44; Schein 1990) that are passed down from one set of contemporaries to another (Young 1934 as cited in Kroeber & Kluckholn 1952). Culture, a means of expression does not exist outside of society. It is an expression of identity that identifies certain cultures (Bada 2003). It is also evident that culture, and the consistency of that culture, is based on the stability of the group and the individuals of the group with which people identify (Schein 1990).
3.2 For African American female scientists, who are bicultural by nature (Boykin & Toms 1985), may identify with many groups (African American, women, and scientist), they may have both positive and negative attitudes toward that group (Settles 2006). The assessments of positive aspects of that group or groups are found in the contentment, pleasure, and cultural pride with that group(s) (Phinney 1990; Settles 2006). A sense of belonging to one group over another, which is crucial to a person being able to attain and retain a particular culture, can be described by the exclusion of and contrast one feels within another group. African American females who are not accepted by STEM community members and perceived to be lacking in confidence, skills, and abilities have fewer opportunities to build successful relationships with peers and faculty members that are so important to a person's persistence and overall experiences (Herzig 2004; Johnson 2011& 2012; Moss-Racusin, et al. 2012; Ong 2011).
3.3 Culture is collective (shared by everyone in the group) and perpetuating (continuously evolving with the introduction of new elements over time) (Schein 1990; White 1949 as cited in Kroeber & Kluckholn 1952). Like acculturation, a multitude of relationships and ideas (Murdock 1941 as cited in Kroeber & Kluckholn 1952), culture of the respective organization is not always grasped or accepted by those within the socialization process (Schein 1990). For individuals who are not able to understand the socialization process, which is influenced by the dominant group, it is usually because, there is a cultural conflict, they have a completely different perception of the organization cultural, and they may not be willing to accept the values and behaviors of the dominant culture (Bloor & Dawson 1994; Schein 1990). On the other side, the socialization process can result in loyal people dedicated to the organization and its culture all of which are a consequence of both the cultural and societal factors of the group and its individuals (Feldman 1981; Schein 1990).
Why Acculturation?4.1 Cultural and societal factors need to be addressed when one is studying the abilities and representation of African American females in the STEM fields (Hennessey, Hockfield, & Tilghman 2005). Acculturation theory is appropriate for studying African American females in the STEM fields because of the intersection of race and gender (Leggon 2010; Litzler, Mody-Pan, & Brainard 2011; Ong, Wright, Espinosa, & Orfield 2011). For African American women that face racial, gender, and bias of both that situates them in a position to experience oppression from multiple systems (Grant 2012; Litzler et al. 2011; Ong 2011; Ong et al. 2011). Acculturation theory provides a sociological and psychological snapshot of the process that one goes through in order to understand, as well as, deal with and within the reality of the organizational culture of their respective chosen STEM field.
4.2 Acculturation, which is rooted in the fields of anthropology, sociology, and psychology, has been studied for decades. The acculturation process is appropriate when studying African American females because it presents the identity changes and developmental choices students from non-dominant cultures face when they interact with the dominant culture of both the chosen school and field of study. The acculturation process should also be selected because African American females may have to choose between the dominant culture and their culture of origin, which places additional stress on African American females as they transition to becoming scientists (Torres, Howard-Hamilton, & Cooper 2003).
4.3 Plato argued that humans have a predisposition to imitate strangers as they travel which result in new cultural practices (Plato 1892 as cited in Rudmin 2003). Plato urged that this behavior pattern (cultural contamination) should be minimized (Plato 1892 as cited in Rudmin 2003), but not to the point of cultural isolation (Rudmin 2003). The classical definition of acculturation 'comprehends those phenomena that result when groups of individuals having different cultures come into continuous first-hand contact, with subsequent changes in the original cultural patterns of either or both groups' (Redfield, Linton, & Herskovits 1936). Typically, acculturation occurs in one of two ways: first, where elements of culture may be forced upon a group of people (imposed); or when cultural elements are voluntarily received (blindly or democratically). Acculturation may also transpire when social, economic, and political inequities exist (or are perceived to exist) between groups of people (Redfield et al. 1936). Since cultures do not exist without human interaction, acculturation is the process of change as experienced by individuals (Gillin & Raimy 1940).
4.4 Acculturation models describe the process as linear, two-dimensional, and multidimensional. One side of the continuum encompassing the dimensions of acculturation is assimilation, where the acculturation process is a total loss of an individual's identification with his/her traditional culture and absorption of the dominant culture. The other side of that continuum is rejection of the dominant culture, (if voluntary), or segregation, which involves a separation of the dominant culture (Berry 2003).
4.5 Linear models describe the acculturation process as the absorption at both the group and individual levels of the dominant/host culture with which the other individuals are in contact (Castro 2003). These models are simplistic in that they assume that a stronger mainstream or dominant identification requires individuals to weaken and eventually dismiss their ethnic/cultural identification and make room for entirely new values, attitudes and behaviors (Torres et al. 2003). With no room for the existence of two cultures the linear model provides an incomplete and fragmented measure of the multifaceted cultural process (Cabassa 2003). The unidirectional process can be determined by an individual's change in values, cultural patterns of the host society, interactions and societal networks of groups and institutions within the dominant culture, marital assimilation (interracial marriages), self-identification with the main culture, and attitude/behavior assimilation (Castro 2003; Teske & Nelson 1974).
4.6 When there is consideration given to the effect that the underrepresented group's culture has on the dominant culture, both simultaneously and independently, there is a two-way dimensional acculturation relationship (Torres 1999). Since these dimensions are independent, the adaptation to the host/dominant culture does not require the reduction of any aspect of the culture of origin (Arends-Toth & van de Vijer 2004; Berry 1997b; Flannery, Reise, & Yu 2001; Phinney 1990). The continuous contact in the given definition of acculturation, implies an interchange between both groups, thus a bi-directional process (Teske & Nelson 1974; Torres et al. 2003). A bicultural model also assumes that as individuals spent more time within the host culture, they adapt to the new culture while retaining their original cultural ties. This model also depends on the uniqueness of the community of reference and their degree of support (Castro 2003). The variables that are most influential in this kind of model are the community and degree of support of the original culture. Based on this, a bicultural model may lead to the following relationships between the two dimensions: 1) High Cultural Involvement and Bicultural 2) High Cultural Involvement and Monoculture, 3) Marginal and Monoculture, and 4) Marginality and Bicultural (Szapocznik & Kurtines 1980; Torres 1999).
4.7 The multi-dimensional model is more specific in that every cultural trait varies and is evaluated independently on a continuum as a trait to be accepted or rejected (Torres et al. 2003) without discussion of the interaction among those traits (Torres 1999). As acculturation research has and continues to evolve, we understand that the process, whether smooth or rocky, and the pace of acculturation is dependent on certain social characteristics. The process of acculturation requires contact between two independent cultural groups. This assumes that one group dominates the other group and that there must be change in one or both of the groups as a result of the contact. Such domination of one group over another suggests that there is a difficult, reactive conflict rather than a smooth transition (Berry 1980).
Acculturation for African American Females
4.8 A bicultural acculturation model used to study African American females may lead to an acceptance and adaptation of new cultural patterns or traits while they are also retaining aspects of their previous culture as they transition to scientist in the STEM fields where African American females are still considered new comers. Research shows that a person without a sense of self, and who feels rejected by others is exposed to considerable psychological costs in their own communities. This also imposes costs on the dominant society. Members of the non-dominant community that do not understand and accept the core values and norms of the society of settlement may irritate members of the larger community. Managing both cultures is dependent on both the person's acceptance as a contemporary fact of life and a willingness to change as well as the dominant culture's acceptance of the other person (Berry 1997a). As previously mentioned, a psychological and sociological 'snapshot' will be provided of the individuals because it examines feelings, behaviors, attitudes, and values and not just events and activities throughout time and space (Anderson & Jack 1991) by discussing multiple factors of being acclimatized with the characteristics of both the acculturating person and the acculturation situation being described (Ward 1996).
|A Model of the Acculturation Process (Ward 1996)|
4.9 The presentation of acculturation in this manner is different from past acculturation research. Past research has been largely interpreted within a stress and coping framework and where social cognition approaches have not been well developed and examined as ends in themselves, but in relations to larger patterns of adaptation (Ward 1996). Also, many researchers consider acculturation as a state where the definition and its measurement (Ward 1996) are the focus where researchers have only examined the psychological aspects and have not paid attention to the individual's development. When studied from a psychological aspect acculturation focuses on the person and his/her emotional well-being in terms of stress. When studied from a sociological aspect the concern is the acquisition of social skills and cultural learning (Ward & Kennedy 1999). However, transition and adaptation are both psychological and sociological (Pope-Davis et al. 2000). It is those psychological and social changes that encompass acculturation that individuals experience when they enter a new and different cultural environment (Cabassa 2003). Psychologically, acculturation looks at a person's satisfaction and sense of well-being. Sociologically, it considers a person's ability to fit in and negotiate the aspects of the new culture (James, Hunsley, Navara, & Alles 2004). It is these aspects of acculturation that this study will explore: the ability to fit-in (behaviors) and the students' feelings of well-being and satisfaction (values).
4.10 Ward's (1996) acculturation model pertains to the ability to negotiate the interactive aspects of the new culture with the greatest point of adjustment difficulties being in the beginning (Ward & Rana-Deuba 1999). In this model acculturation is a process with emphasis placed on emotional well-being, which is effected by life changes, coping styles, and social support and behavior competence, which is in-turn influenced by cultural learning and the acquisition of social skills (Ward & Kennedy 1999). This model also facilitates the development and research of acculturation theory by offering a basic distinction of psychological and sociocultural adjustment, by presenting a combination of personal and situational, cultural and noncultural, individual and societal level variables with descriptions of their roles and interactions (Ward 1996).
4.11 This model aids in the understanding that the behaviors of the students within the acculturation process are dependent upon the attitudes they have in regards to the four-acculturation strategies: integration, assimilation, separation, and marginalization. This model accomplishes this by presenting a complete grasp of the internal and external aspects of the "phenomena, which result when groups of individuals having different cultures come into continuous first-hand contact, with subsequent changes in the original cultural patterns of either or both groups" (Redfield et al. 1936). Like this definition, the model considers culture contact as a major life event (Berry 1997b; Ward 1996). This life event can place a burden on the person(s) involved. Such a load stems from the experience of having to negotiate and participate to some extent in the two cultures in contact. Next the person considers the meaning of their experiences and evaluates them for difficulty, opportunities, or as neutral. It is the evaluation process that will determine the need for behavioral shifts. Some conflict may occur where some adjustment and adaptive changes may be needed in order for the person to fit into the dominant culture (Berry 1997b).
4.12 This perspective is particularly important to African American females since issues of diversity are prominent for them in the STEM fields. Cultural predispositions may arise when women of color face cultural conflicts. Discord arises for many students of color that enter PWIs. The reason for this is not always due to incidents of racial discrimination but it may be a result of cultural conflict. Robert Ibarra (1996) argues that women and students of color tend to be very personal and specific, highly emotional and group oriented, which is the opposite of STEM culture. Socialization is closely related to integration. Women of color who succeed in maintaining their cultural identities while accepting the ways of their respective fields are successful by becoming 'cultural brokers' by attempting to blend the two cultures (Ibarra 1996; Tinto 1993; Young, Ekeler, Sawyer, & Prichard 1994) along with a strong sense of determination and personal drive (Moss-Racusin et al. 2012; Ong 2011)
4.13 The limitations of the theory of acculturation are what the community of practice literature considers as social learning systems. In brief, communities of practice are societal structures and organizations that are establishes and participates in social learning where competence and experience are crucial (Wenger 2000). This theory considers a two way dynamic that shapes a person, the structure or both via an interplay of a person's experience and social competence as the newcomer is pulled to align their experiences with what it means to be competent in their particular environment (Wenger 2000; Wenger, McDermott & Snyder 2002).
Discussion5.1 The acculturation framework, as presented, is an ongoing process, which can be lost when acculturation theory is used as an instrument of measurement (Berry 1997b; Cabassa 2003). This framework is of value because it parallels the emotional, cognitive, and behavior patterns students take as they progress through graduate school in order to become colleagues of the very professors that taught them. The framework considers the effects of the person's previous background and experiences, their coping skills and tactics, which are important to the success of African American females. This acculturation framework does all of this by providing a space for exploring the study participant's emotions, the manner in which they acquire knowledge by their use of reasoning, and behavioral changes as a consequence of their first hand contact with persons and engagement within a cultural structure that is different from that which they are familiar.
5.2 Identity, whether it is an integrated identity or a separated identity, is a salient factor in acculturation. It evolves and changes as a result of both developmental and contextual factors, which vary over time (Phinney, Horenczyk, Liebkind, & Vedder 2001). Individuals are not autonomous units of mental analysis. Their thoughts and behaviors are reflective of a membership in a collective group of influences. The notion of identity is twofold in that individuals have a need to be distinct and differentiated and simultaneously need to be affiliated and associated with a group (Padilla & Perez 2003). This is particularly important because a sense belonging to one group over another may be considered exclusion of one group and cause contrast of how one feels in another group. As a person attempts to proceed in unfamiliar territory they may be pressured to give up or compromise their sense of identity as the values and culture of the group may a person's personal preferences (Bada 2003). Pressure of this nature may result in depression, anger, low self-esteem, and at times violence due to varying degrees of social isolation (Bada 2003). In such an atmosphere where the positive self-image of a person may be deteriorating, one seeks to hold on to those favorable comparisons between an in-group and relevant out-group that allow the person to maintain a positive identity (Phinney et al. 2001).
5.3 As a person identifies with one group or many groups (African American, women, and scientist), they may have both positive and negative attitudes toward that group (Litzler et al. 2011; Phinney 1990; Settles 2006). The assessments of positive aspects of that group or groups are found in the contentment, pleasure, and cultural pride with that group(s) (Phinney 1990; Settles 2006). Also related to ethnic identity and a sense of belonging to a group is the process of enculturation. This process refers to conforming to the values, beliefs, and behavioral standards of one's ethnic culture. Coupled with acculturation, a sense of belonging assists in the understanding and perseverance of ethnic identity (Torres & Phelps 1997). The ability to stay connected to one's cultural heritage as well as the people and things that provide them internal strength and pride assists people if/when they are in difficult situations (Anderson & Jack 1991).
5.4 Another common dynamic across the theory of acculturation and the experiences of these women is choice and the freedom to choose their own acculturation patterns. Applying acculturation theory to the stories of African American females suggests that there were purposeful choices about the 'society of settlements' and the pathways that were selected in order to pursue their academic dreams. But the notion of free choices is challenged when people are forced or highly discouraged to take pathways that are selected for them without their input (Berry 1997b; Cabassa 2003). As the acculturation theory suggests, it is necessary to distinguish between those moderating factors that existed prior to the acculturation process taking place because the moderating factors that existed prior have an effect on those moderating factors that arise during the acculturation process. Both the pre-acculturation moderating factors and the moderating factors that arise during the acculturation process influence the course of adjustment for these women (Berry 1997b). Moderating factors, collectively and individually, also affect the coping strategies that these women applied. Moderating factors that link stressors and stress reactions can be viewed as both risk and protective factors.
Conclusion - A Final Remark6.1 Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics are areas thought of as 'facts', created by human beings (Leggon 2010), that hold a great deal of prestige in the hands of a few. Science and the relationship between gender, race, education and status are also complex. Those that are a part of the STEM fields have influence over the questions that are asked, framed, and how the evidence is collected (Leggon 2010; Leggon & Pearson 1995). It is not enough for African American females to increase their education, in turn, their professional status (Fox 2001). It is also necessary for those that perpetuate the culture of the STEM fields to understand the varied positions of African American females according to the condition of their lives and cultural backgrounds (Beoku-Betts 2004). Conflict may come about when more than one culture is a part of the same social structure as a result of cultural conflict and tension generated frustration (Bada 2003).
6.2 African American females that succeed academically and professionally in the STEM fields do so with a great deal of goal commitment and determination and forge ahead in spite of obstacles that they may face (Grant 2012; Litzler 2011; Moss-Racusin et al. 2012; Ong 2011; Schwartz, Bower, Rice, & Washington 2003). Per the limited amount of available literature regarding the experiences of African American females in the STEM fields, the socialization process is a contributing factor to the loss of human capital in the STEM fields. Such a loss in human capital effects the production of scientific knowledge that African American women have to offer (Ferreira 2002; Leggon 2010; Litzler 2011; Ong 2011).
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LITZLER, E., Mody-Pan, P., & Brainard, S. (2011). Intersections of Gender and Race in Engineering Education. Paper presented at the American Society of Engineering Education.
MALCOM, S., Hall, P., & Brown, J. (1976). The Double Bind: The Price of Being a Minority Woman in Science. Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science.
MOSS-RACUSIN, C., Dovidio, J., Brescoll, V., Graham, M., & Handelsman, J. (2012). Science faculty's subtle gender biases favor male student. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, p. 6. [doi://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1211286109]
ONG, M., Wright, C., Espinosa, L., & Orfield, G. (2011). Inside the Double Bind: A Synthesis of Empirical Research on Undergraduate and Graduate Women of Color in Science, Technology, Engineering and mathematics. Harvard Educational Review, 81(2), p. 37.
PADILLA, A., & Perez, W. (2003). Acculturation, Social Identity, and Social Cognition: A New Perspective. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 25(1), p. 35-55. [doi://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739986303251694]
PATTERSON, L., Cameron, J. E., & LaLonde, R. (1996). The Intersection of Race and Gender:Examining the Politics of Identity in Women's Studies. Canadian Journal of Behavior Science, 28(3), p. 11. [doi://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0008-400X.28.3.229]
PHINNEY, J., Horenczyk, G., Liebkind, K., & Vedder, P. (2001). Ethnic Identity, Immigration, and Well-Being: An International Perspective. Journal of Social Issues, 57(3), p. 493-510. [doi://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00225]
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SZAPOCZNIK, J., & Kurtines, W. (1980). Acculturation, Biculturalism, and Adjustment among Cuban Americans. In A. Padilla (Ed.), Acculturation theories, models, and some new findings p. 139-159. Boulder: Westview.
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WEIDMAN, J. C., Twale, D., & Stein, E. L. (2001). Socialization of Graduate and Professional Students in Higher Education (No. 28). Washington, DC.
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YOUNG, T., Ekeler, W., Sawyer, R., & Prichard, K. (1994). Black Student Subcultures in American Universities: Acculturation Stress and Cultural Conflict. College Student Journal, 28, p. 504-508.


text:
White teas are made from buds and young leaves, which are steamed or fired to inactivate polyphenol oxidase, and then dried. Thus, white tea retains the high concentrations of catechins present in fresh tea leaves. When brewed, white teas give hardly any color and infuse a very delicate flavor into the water. A few types of white tea: Ceylon, Darjeeling White Tip, Silver Needle, Sowmee, White Needle.
Tasty Tea Sandwiches! Recipe calls for butter, but you may replace it with a low-fat cream cheese. If you would like to take it up a notch use low-fat cream cheese with your favorite jam to create a cheesecake bite.
Just brew, steep, chill and enjoy. • Boil up some water and pour 2 quarts into a large pitcher with 2 Southern Breeze tea bags. • Skip the sugar. The sweetener is already in the bag. • Steep for 3-5 minutes. It might seem like forever, but it’s worth the wait. • Toss out the tea bags and put your pitcher in the ice box. • Enjoy. See? Four easy steps (when you skip the sugar). •

domain: food


text:
- Video: Orioles Kevin Gausman, Jays Marcus Stroman engage in doughnut-eating contest
- Orioles News: Baltimore acquires Jimmy Paredes
- Rockies seek Gausman for De La Rosa; Orioles not biting on that
- Orioles Injury Update: Manny Machado sits with back issue
- Gonzalez shuts down Angels in Orioles' 4-2 win
- Orioles Rumors: Baltimore looking hard for a reliever and starter
- 2014 Midseason Rookie Report- Pitchers
- Baltimore Orioles trade deadline: Trade rumor update
- Baltimore Orioles OF Adam Jones Pokes Fun at Himself After Brain Fart Leads to Run For Oakland A's
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Jose Bautista discusses Derek Jeter's career and his final appearance in the MLB...
Derek Jeter compares his first All-Star Game experience with his last, Mike Trou...
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text:
Genome editing technologies simplify our ability to rewrite genetic blueprints of life. However, CRISPR-Cas enzymes found in nature can only manipulate a fraction of the genome. To overcome this limitation, new Cas variants have been developed that unlock nearly the entire genome ...Learn More
Ambient air pollution and low temperature associated with case fatality of COVID-19: A nationwide retrospective cohort study in China Link: https://www.cell.com/the-innovation/fulltext/S2666-6758(21)00064-3
Behind the scenes of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Gene editing is a group of technologies that give scientists the ability to change an organism's DNA. CRISPR is the most popular and widely used gene-editing technology today. MolecularCloud has initiated a reward-winning campaign for this specific topic "Gene Editing". There are ...Learn More
Interview with the 2010 Nobel Laureates in Chemistry Richard F. Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi and Akira Suzuki, 6 December 2010. The interviewer is Adam Smith, Chief Scientific Officer at Nobel Prize Outreach.

domain: chemistry


text:
- Researchers say pregnant women should avoid all caffeine after they reviewed 48 existing studies on caffeine consumption and pregnancy.
- The researchers said any amount of caffeine can increase a pregnant woman’s risk of miscarriage, stillbirth, and low birth weight. They found an association, not a direct link, between caffeine and pregnancy risk.
- Existing health recommendations say women can consume less than 200 mg of caffeine, or two cups of coffee, every day and still have a safe pregnancy.
- Visit Insider’s homepage for more stories.
Pregnant women should avoid coffee, soda, and other caffeine-containing products for the safest pregnancy possible, according to a review of 48 existing studies published in the journal BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine.
Caffeine can cause a person’s heart rate and blood pressure to spike, Insider previously reported, two conditions that can negatively impact a foetus during pregnancy.
For the review, researchers from Reykjavik University in Iceland looked at data from 37 observational studies that were published after 2000, plus 11 articles that reviewed previous studies on caffeine and pregnancy. Those 11 article were published after 1998.
After reviewing the existing findings, they determined any level of caffeine consumption can increase a pregnant woman’s risk of miscarriage, stillbirth, and low birth weight.
These findings go against the official existing recommendations in the UK, US, and the European Commission, which all say pregnant women can consume a moderate amount of caffeine, about the equivalent of two cups of coffee, and still be safe.
The researchers said existing guidelines need “radical revision” in light of their findings.
The study found caffeine consumption could increase the risk of miscarriage, stillbirth, and low birth-weight
After examining studies on caffeine consumption and miscarriage, nine in total, the researchers found that eight of those studies showed “significant associations,” but not a direct link, between the amount of caffeine a pregnant woman consumed and her risk of experiencing a miscarriage.
One of those studies concluded caffeine-consuming pregnant women could be one-third more likely to experience miscarriage than those who don’t consume any caffeine.
When it came to stillbirth, or losing a pregnancy after 2o weeks, four of the five studies the researchers examined found caffeine could increase stillbirth risk up to five times if a woman consumed a high level of caffeine.
Of the 10 low birth-weight and caffeine studies the researchers looked at, seven found a caffeine consumption increased low birth-weight risk.
The study had limitations
The review’s authors didn’t look at any randomised controlled trials (the “gold standard” of scientific research), so their conclusions could be flawed.
They relied on observational studies, which can lead to skewed results if a study participant misreports information, or if lifestyle factors like smoking and diet also played a role in a pregnant women’s birth outcomes.
Most doctors say a moderate amount of caffeine is safe
Existing recommendations from various countries’ health organisations say women can safely consume a moderate amount of caffeine during pregnancy.
The American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology suggests consuming less than 200 mg, which is equal to two cups of coffee, daily if you’re pregnant. NHS, the UK’s national healthcare organisation, has the same recommendation.
And the World Health Organisation (WHO), a global organisation that offers health recommendations for countries in Europe, Southeast Asia, and Africa, says pregnant women who typically have 300 mg of caffeine daily should lower their intake.
“When it comes to the baby, their metabolism is not yet as sophisticated as an adult’s, so it is harder for them to metabolize the caffeine, which means that their sleep pattern could be disrupted and they could become restless,” Dr. Isis Amer-Wahlin, obstetrics and gynecology consultant for midwife app Bonzun, previously told Insider.
“When looked at together, the evidence doesn’t suggest that caffeine should be eliminated entirely, but instead, that it should be limited to a moderate amount,” Amer-Wahlin said. “If you are worried or feel that you would like further clarification on the subject, make sure to speak to your doctor.”
- Read more:
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- How and when to have sex for the first time after giving birth, according to sexual health experts
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text:
October 15, 2021
Roads are open. It was time to head south and perhaps explore some new territory that was closed off the last couple days. Darkness blanketed the northeast corner, but thankfully we didn’t have any significant fresh snow or ice on the road.
Arriving at Canyon about two hours later, we felt we were arriving right on time. Well, not quite. Turns out we missed seeing some wolves by just a couple minutes.
All was not lost, however. There was a chance they’d reappear, so we settled into cruising mode to see if something might pop out along the tree line. On our way back north, I noticed someone filming something in the river. No, not the ducks. Oh hey, an otter jumped out and ran across the snow!
They were some distance away, but we tried to snap some photos and capture some video. The first otter disappeared downriver pretty quickly, but the remaining three lingered. Then they too started swimming north.
We’d catch sight of them here and there, all while keeping an eye on the forest just in case, you know… wolves. Occasionally someone would report howling, but they remained invisible. The otters occupied our attention, but based on repeated howling, we knew we might have a chance to catch the wolves out in the open to the north. Finally, we arrived to get a distant view of them on a hillside.
They kept howling a bit on and off, but putting on a nice show for folks, even if they were several hundred yards away.
Afterward, we turned back south, finally getting a chance to get out on the east road, which opened Thursday afternoon. Some initial exploration yielded no results, but I urged my travel companions to continue eastward… and we were instantly rewarded with a nice roadside grizzly bear encounter. One of them had a bit of an itch that took a full minute or two to scratch.
Overall, it was a great morning (no owls, we checked), but we decided to head back north a bit early since I had promised to make a steak dinner to my companions. That made for a nice evening!
October 16, 2021
We opted to return to Hayden Valley early this morning. Arriving a bit later than Friday, we were treated to some lingering mist. A pair of muskrats warmed themselves in the emerging sunlight. Two snipes huddled in the shallows of the river just a few feet away.
One of yesterday’s otters was out in the river near Alum Creek.
This may have been our last well-timed encounter of the day. The rest of the way, it was a series of decisions on top of decisions that threw our timing off. We chose to look for owls when we should have gone to the lake for bears. We opted to skip exploring around the Lake Hotel, missing a pine marten. Then we finally went for the bears—despite the fact that they had already been hazed away from the road—postponing a planned hike… that might have yielded us a wolf sighting.
We did return to hike a short ways out to Pelican Valley, a location I’ve only seen from the air (during my 2013 aerial excursion over the park). We were two minutes late to catch a black wolf out in the first meadow. That wolf joined a gray out in the valley a mile out, but we only arrived to see their fresh tracks in the snow. It’s a bummer to miss such encounters on foot of course, but pretty cool to walk in the footsteps of these wild animals.
We made one more pass south, and did catch a fox at Lake. It hunted in a field, against the light.
We continued to strike out on owls afterward. Another walkabout yielded wet shoes in the snow, and the only excitement came in the form of finding grizzly and many, many wolf tracks on a trail in the woods.
This is an odd trip for me, because I’m not doing any driving. It would normally be a luxury, except that I keep falling asleep! Hopefully the reason we kept missing things wasn’t because I couldn’t see past my eyelids…

domain: geography


VATICAN CITY (CNS) — Catholic men and women formally installed in the new ministry of catechists are not simply religious education teachers but are engaged in “the proclamation and transmission of the faith, carrying out this role in collaboration with the ordained ministers and under their guidance,” said a letter accompanying the Latin text of the Rite of Institution of Catechists.
Archbishop Arthur Roche, prefect of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Sacraments, released the Latin text and a letter Dec. 13, seven months after Pope Francis instituted the “ministry of catechist” as a formal office and vocation in the church.
Bishops’ conferences will be responsible for translating the rite into their local languages and seeking Vatican approval for local adaptations, which are expected given the variety of roles catechists play in different parts of the world.
In 2022, Archbishop Roche said, his office would release the revised text for the Rite for the Institution of Lectors and Acolytes, a ministry Pope Francis opened to women in January.
“The term ‘catechist’ indicates different realities in relation to the ecclesial context in which it is used,” Archbishop Roche wrote. “Catechists in mission territories differ from those working in churches of long-standing tradition. Moreover, individual ecclesial experiences also produce very different characteristics and patterns of action, so much so that it is difficult to give it a unitary and synthetic description.”
In different parts of the world, he said, formally recognized catechists can be found “guiding community prayer, especially the Sunday liturgy in the absence of a priest or deacon; assisting the sick; leading funeral celebrations; training and guiding other catechists; coordinating pastoral initiatives; human promotion according to the church’s social doctrine; helping the poor; fostering the relationship between the community and the ordained ministers.”
Archbishop Roche said people should not be surprised by the “breadth and variety of functions” associated with catechists because “the exercise of this lay ministry fully expresses the consequences of being baptized and, in the particular situation of the lack of a stable presence of ordained ministers, it is a participation in their pastoral action.”
“This is what the Code of Canon Law affirms when it provides for the possibility of entrusting to a non-ordained person a share in the exercise of pastoral care in a parish, always under the moderation of a priest,” he wrote. “It is necessary, therefore, to form the community so that it does not see the catechist as a substitute for the priest or deacon, but as a member of the lay faithful who lives their baptism in fruitful collaboration and shared responsibility with the ordained ministers, so that their pastoral care may reach everyone.”
Those chosen for the ministry of catechist, he said, are to be called by their bishop and instituted in what the church calls a “stable” way. While the specific terms of their ministry are up to the local bishop, they are installed in the ministry only once and for a substantial period of time.
Archbishop Roche also include a list of those who “should not be instituted as catechists”:
— “Those who have already begun their journey toward holy orders and in particular have been admitted among the candidates for the diaconate and the priesthood,” because the ministry of catechist is a lay ministry.
— “Men and women religious — irrespective of whether they belong to Institutes whose charism is catechesis — unless they act as leaders of a parish community or coordinators of catechetical activity.”
— “Those who carry out a role exclusively for the members of an ecclesial movement” since that role is assigned by leaders of the movement and not by the diocesan bishop.
— “Those who teach Catholic religion in schools, unless they also carry out other ecclesiastical tasks in the service of the parish or diocese.”
The pope’s institution of a formal ministry of catechist, he said, also should not end the practice of all a parish’s or school’s religion teachers being commissioned and given a mandate at the beginning of each school year.
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text:
FRANKIE AND THE WITCH FINGERS
+ Japanese Television
Live at Oslo, Hackney
Tickets are on sale now from Alt Tickets.
Bubbling up from the psychedelic tar pits of L.A., Frankie and the Witch Fingers have been a constant source of primordial groove for the better part of the last decade. Formed and incubated in Bloomington, IN before moving west to scrap with Los Angeles’ garage rock rabble, the band evolved from cavern-clawed echo merchants to architects of prog-infected psych epics that evoke a shift in reality. After a stretch on Chicago/LA flagship Permanent Records the band landed at yet another fabled enclave of garage and psychedelia – Brooklyn’s Greenway Records, now working in tandem with psych powerhouse LEVITATION and their label The Reverberation Appreciation Society, the group’s latest efforts are dually supported by a RAS / Greenway co-release.

domain: artistic


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Packages and Prices
OWASP’s new corporate membership packages now contain more benefits than ever. New benefits include Corporate Membership logos for your website, OWASP trademark licensing, including registration discounts, early access to our events, and more. There’s a package with affordable prices for all. We have steep discounts for emerging or developing economies or are a startup or both. Corporate Membership is valid for 365 days from the date payment is received.
Become a Corporate Member Today
To learn more please Contact Us today!
OWASP has three Corporate Membership packages:
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One of OWASP’s core values, which drives our mission, is that “anyone around the world is encouraged to participate in the OWASP community.” The financial burden of standard Corporate Membership pricing in countries with emerging or developing economies can be a barrier to participation. OWASP offers affordable Regional Corporate Memberships to companies headquartered in emerging and developing economies.
Companies whose headquarters are based in these locations are eligible for discounted corporate membership.
The OWASP Foundation may grant Regional Corporate Membership at its sole discretion after obtaining additional information.
What are Startup Corporate Members?
Startups founded for less than 24 months at the time of joining or renewal are eligible to access the Corporate Membership Startup discount. Evidence such as a company registration record will be required.

domain: finance


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News Summary: PT Pertagas Niaga will supply CNG for all trucks at Teluk Lamong that owned by Pelindo III
BISNIS INDONESIA: Saturday, 06 September 2014 Page. 9, Thomas Mola
SURABAYA – PT Pertagas Niaga will supply CNG for all trucks at Teluk Lamong that owned by Pelindo III. Gas is claimed more efficient than oil. President Director PT Pertagas Niaga Jugi Prajogio said the CNG utilization at Teluk Lamong propose to support the energy conversion that proclaimed Government. Its relevant with the terminal vision to support eco green port concept.
“It’s a synergy among Government Own Companies,” he said to Bisnis, at Surabaya, Friday (5/9)
Jugi explained in the first stage, CGN supply to Teluk Lamong will use Gas Transport Module (GTM) or trucks. But, in future the company will build distribution pipe and mother station at Teluk Lamong Terminal in order to better service quality.
The company target is the both development will be started next year then the operation can be started in 2016. Because, the company projected the CNG requirement at the terminal will growth significantly in line with the terminal operation.
Jugi projected demand in 2015 is 21.9 million liters of premium equivalent (lsp). It's growing up to 73 million lsp in 2020. Within this context, Thursday (5/9), PT Pertagas Niaga and PT Terminal Teluk Lamong do Head of Agreement (HoA) for the CNG transaction. At the occasion the company also did MoU with PT Pertamina Lubricants to supply lubricants for all machines at the terminal.
President Director PT Terminal Teluk Lamong Prasetyadi said fuel gas utilization will reduce operation cost which increase revenue. The use fuel gas is claimed more efficient than oil up to 40%.
“Oil price most probably will increase, so the choice to use fuel gas will be more efficient. The comparison is premium price Rp. 12,000 currently while gas still Rp. 5,000,” he said.
Prasetyadi said the terminal is the first port in Indonesia that apply eco green port concept. The CNG utilization more promising because government plan to remove oil subsidy that increase significantly.
Meanwhile, Teluk Lamong Terminal is part of MP3EI project for reducing overload of Tanjung Perak Terminal. The project with Rp. 4.1 trillion investment is scheduled to operate in next October.
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources to Support Urban Gas Network in East Java
The Energy and Mineral Resources Minister Ignasius Jonan specially inspected the urban gas network construction in Mojokerto Regency, East Java, on Sunday (11/08). The construction project is carried out by Pertamina. The visit was meant to see firsthand the progress of the project financed with APBN 2017 of Rp 37.8 billion.....
Gresik-Semarang Pipeline to Supply Gas from JTB
Pertagas steps up completion of the open access Gresik-Semarang gas pipeline construction project so as to ensure energy supply in the island of Java. The 267 Km-long pipeline with a diameter of 28 inches stretching from Tambak Lorok, Semarang, Central Java, up to Gresik, East Java is expected to be completed in mid-2018.....


text:
NICE pushes Doptelet for pre-surgery liver disease treatment
The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) has published a new final draft guidance recommending Dova Pharmaceuticals’ Doptelet (avatrombopag) for thrombocytopenia - or low platelet count - in people with chronic liver disease needing surgery.
NICE says that the drug will be a “welcome innovative treatment”, as it can be administered at home, ultimately reducing the time spent in hospital. It also helps raise platelet levels for longer compared to platelet transfusions.
As it stands, the list price of the drug is £640.00 per five‑day treatment course for patients with 40,000 to below 50,000 platelets per microlitre of blood, and £960.00 for those with less than 40,000 platelets. Taken orally, the recommended dosage is 40mg or 60 mg once daily respectively.
NICE says that people with chronic liver disease and a count of below 50,000 platelets per microlitre of blood would be eligible for this treatment.
Last year, the therapy received a positive opinion from the European Medicines Agency’s (EMA) Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) for the treatment of severe thrombocytopenia.
Liver disease is the third leading cause of premature death in the UK and is soon expected to overtake heart disease as the biggest cause of death in under 65s. Almost 62,000 people between the ages of 18 and 65 die each year.
5th March 2020

domain: medical


Monday December 17, 2018
Kaye Tells Whirlpool His Office's IoT Report to Be Ready Soon
Expect a separate, early report on the Internet of Thing (IoT) prior to the one being worked on by CPSC staff. This one would be from Commissioner Elliot Kaye's office. Look for it in early 2019, he told visitors from Whirlpool, who met with the five commissioners December 13.
He characterized it as a discussion opener and acknowledged that his office cannot be the source of final expertise. Indeed, he said he welcomed contrary, even oppositional, feedback. He said the impetus was his desire that sufficient urgency be given to IoT safety as well as the need of industry to better understand safety vulnerabilities. He had mentioned the project in October when discussing IoT work in the FY2019 operating plan.
The pending release of his staff's paper arose in a discussion of safety and IoT adoption. That conversation touched on issues that have become typical – safety worries about a range of issues like faulty updates but also potential benefits like recall effectiveness or product monitoring.
Nathan Mouw, director of Whirlpool's product safety team, said the monitoring aspect could be promising. Data sent from units could identify operating conditions that trigger safety investigations. He later observed, however, that how to handle such data must be sorted out. If monitoring indicates an X% chance of something happening, what response would be appropriate and when triggered?
As for a general approach, Mouw pointed to existing voluntary standards as a start. They establish the safety expectations for products, so the challenge for SDOs is ensuring both that mandates continue to be met in connected devices and that IoT adaptations do not introduce new hazards.
On recall data generally, Laura Siegrist, Whirlpool's government relations manager, pointed to a challenge manufacturers face with retailers. Who bought a product often is not information sellers are comfortable sharing for competitiveness reasons. Thus, the makers often use third parties for customer contacts. Each retailer has different demands and needs. She wondered if CPSC has a role – not to demand behavior but, for example, to recommend best practices.
On the other hand, Mouw noted the IoT potential of better recall registration rates but said traditional consumer reluctance likely would remain a challenge. Companies would need to ensure that the contact information they provide would not be used for other purposes like marketing, he said.
Kaye agreed it is a challenge, adding that single companies cannot not always effectively reassure customers about privacy. Lone bad actors can affect the reputation of an industry because consumers might not distinguish between the good and bad.
Related to Mouw's observation about using existing standards, UL staff recently told CPSCers about a strategy of setting broad IoT safety expectations to be adapted for particular standards (PSL, 11/19/18). They said the hope is that panels will initiate actions themselves but indicated willingness to prompt projects if needed.
At the November meeting, CPSC staffers told the UL visitors that the timing of their report was uncertain but that the later it comes out in FY2019, the more thorough it will be.
Commissioners added the project to the FY2019 operating plan via an amendment offered by Kaye (PSL, 10/15/18). They will identify and outline the statuses of CPSC's IoT efforts. At the October decisional meeting, Kaye urged them to go beyond the directive and to provide timelines and strategies.
Other points arising at the meeting with Kaye included:


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Neuraxial anaesthetic techniques in children: Using the evidence to make it safer
AbstractPersistent postsurgical pain (PPSP) is a recognised complication following a surgical insult in children, with a prevalence of 20% at one year postop.1 As anaesthetists caring for children, the question posed to us is simply: How can this child be guided through this traumatic event safely, while at the same time minimising his/her pain and suffering? We tend to prioritise safety, while largely neglecting pain control. This results in significant moderate-severe postsurgical pain, with all the deleterious consequences thereof. In the South African context, where postoperative pain management is a largely neglected priority and concerns around nursing care in wards are prevalent, neuraxial techniques remain an important method of providing good postoperative analgesia for painful procedures.
By submitting manuscripts to SAJAA, authors of original articles are assigning copyright to the SA Society of Anaesthesiologists. Authors may use their own work after publication without written permission, provided they acknowledge the original source. Individuals and academic institutions may freely copy and distribute articles published in SAJAA for educational and research purposes without obtaining permission.
The work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial Works 4.0 South Africa License. The SAJAA does not hold itself responsible for statements made by the authors.


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To E.W. Beck’s Restaurant and Pub
E. W. Beck’s Restaurant & Pub is a family owned restaurant in Sykesville, Maryland. It was founded in 1992 by brothers, J. Scott Beck and Brian W. Beck. We are proud to support local farms and markets. When available, we purchase our produce, meats, and seafood locally. We are known for large portions accompanied by affordable prices for the highest quality meats, seafood, and poultry.
Locally sourced foods:
Taharka Brothers (ice cream) Baltimore,MD; http://www.taharkabrothers.com
Buppert’s Doran’s Chance Farm (local produce when available) Marriottsville, MD; http://www.bupperts.com/
Uptown Bakers (breads) Hyattsville, MD; http://www.uptownbakers.com/
Baltimore Coffee Co. (coffee & teas) Lutherville, MD, https://www.baltcoffee.com/


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Danny Thomas(January 6, 1912 – February 6, 1991) was a nightclub comedian and television and film actor, best known for starring in the television sitcom Make Room for Daddy. He was also the founder of St. Jude Children's Research Hospital. He was the father of Marlo Thomas, Terre Thomas, and Tony Thomas. TCM, is showing a couple of his movies today:
I'll See You in My Dreams(1951). Cast: Doris Day and Danny Thomas, directed by Michael Curtiz. The film is a biography of lyricist Gus Kahn, and includes songs written by Kahn.
The story is about, aspiring lyricist Gus Kahn, who wants Grace LeBoy, who works for a music company to read some lyrics he has written. She then tells him that the most popular songs give people a way to say "I love you."
Later that evening, Gus, surprises Grace at her home where she lives with her parents. Her parents, invite him to have dinner with them. During dinner, Grace's father recites "Songs from the Portuguese". Gus, begins to feel uncomfortable and leaves his new song with Grace. The next morning Grace, brings the song into her boss, but... he refuses to listen to it. She quits her job and sells the song, to Fred Townsend. The song turns out to be very successful. but, the team's other songs do not do as well.
It is not long before Townsend, wants Gus team up with composer Egbert Van Alstyne. After John McCormack introduces Gus and Van Alstyne's song "Memories," Gus finally proposes to Grace, and the two are married. When Grace announces her pregnancy, Gus writes a song "Pretty Baby,".
Gus goes on to write many wonderful songs, but when Townsend refuses to publish "The One I Love Belongs to Somebody Else," Grace takes the song to Sam Harris, who wants it for his new show.
Gus leaves to fight in World War I and when he gets home, Gus and Grace have another baby. As Gus's reputation grows, Ziegfeld asks him to write a show for him. Gus at first refuses, but.. Grace again accepts the offer for him.
Gus writes the song "Carolina in the Morning," while sitting at the race track with Donaldson and his girl friend. Gloria Knight, the Ziegfeld star, does not like the song, so.. Gus writes another song, "Love Me or Leave Me," which Gus has Gloria sing over the phone to Grace. When the new show, opens, Grace, who has her suspension's of Gloria and Max, makes a surprise visit to New York, where Gloria tells her that Gus, has always been faithful to her..
Sometime later, Gus and Donaldson do not have a meeting of the minds and end their partnership. Gus cannot find work and Grace wants Gus, to call Townsend in Hollywood. Gus's pride prevents him from making the call, so, Grace makes the call for him, and Gus is soon leaving for California. Grace flies out to Hollywood to talk him into continuing working, even though his doctor has warned him to get more rest because of his heart problems. Grace sends for Donaldson, and reunited, the team writes "I'll See You in My Dreams".
You will want to watch the movie, because of the great songs, "Ain't We Got Fun," "My Buddy," "Toot Toot Tootsie," and "Yes Sir, That's My Baby". The highlight of the film is the duet with Thomas and Day, "Makin' Whoopee".
With a "girl-next-door" image and capable of performing in comedy, romance as well as drama, she performed in 39 films, recorded 28 albums. She also received an Academy Award nomination for her performance in Pillow Talk.
The Jazz Singer(1953). Directed by Michael Curtiz. Cast: Danny Thomas, Peggy Lee and Mildred Dunnock.
War veteran Jerry Golding, returns home to celebrate the Jewish New Year with his family. Later, at a nightclub, Jerry sees Judy Lane, a U.S.O. singer he met while in Korea, and she introduces him to her producer, George Miller. Miller, who is very impressed with Jerry's performance offers him a part in the show. His father is very disappointed, when he goes to New York, to begin rehearsing for the musical show "Top of the Town." The show is a huge flop and closes after the first night. Judy has another job to go to, but Jerry is left in New York, with work for one night at a bar in Hoboken. Judy tries to talk her producer, Ray Mullins, to hire Jerry to sing her on her next record, but he refuses.
Jerry gets an audition for the lead in Judy's next show. Unfortunately, Jerry finds himself back where he started. Jerry returns to Philadelphia with Louie, and Judy, who quits the show to be with him. Jerry decides to go back to his family, but Judy, is unconvinced that Jerry, really wants to sing for his father's choir.
It is not long before Jerry leaves the congregation. His father, is furious and throws him out of the house. Back in New York, Jerry gets back with Judy and back into show business. Miller casts Jerry, in the lead role of his next show. Hours before the show is to open, Jerry gets a phone call from home, informing him that his father is very ill, Jerry and his father reconcile and Jerry sings for his father the song, "Kol Nidre" at the synagogue. His father makes a full recovery, and Jerry returns to Broadway.
If you love classic musicals, you will love this movie. Danny Thomas, gives a wonderful performance. Peggy Lee, also is wonderful in her role as a Broadway and recording star.
Big City(1948).Directed by Norman Taurog. Cast: Margaret O'Brien, Robert Preston, Danny Thomas, and George Murphy.
One day, singer David Irwin Feldman, finds a abandoned baby girl on an apartment building steps. David and his friends, Phillip Y. Andrews, a minister, and Patrick O'Donnell, a police officer, all decide to adopt the baby girl. Judge Abercrombie, agrees to the adoption, but, wants the first of the three men to marry to become her foster father. They name the baby Midge and they go on with their lives. As time passes, Midge, now in grade school student, is unhappy when the other children make fun of her for not having a mother. When, Lewis Keller, hits her with a tomato, Midge tells Phillip, that she wants a mother.
Midge's teacher, Florence Bartlett, tells Phillip that Midge is "different" from the other children, because of their family arrangement. Phillip, decides to invite Florence to visit their home and see their home life for herself. Midge, changes her mind about their unconventional family.
The real trouble begins when Feldman and O'Donnell, each fall in love and marry. Both want to adopt Midge and have her live with them and their new wife. Now, Midge has to find some way for them to all be happy again..
This is a very charming family movie and you will love when Margaret sings the Shu-Shu song.
She made her first film appearance in, Babes on Broadway (1941) at the age of four, but it was the following year she performed in her first major role. As a five-year-old in Journey for Margaret (1942), O'Brien won wide praise for her acting style. By 1943, she was considered a big enough star to have a cameo appearance in the all-star military show finale of, Thousands Cheer.
She played a young French girl, and spoke and sang all her dialogue with a French accent, in Jane Eyre (1944). Her most memorable role was as "Tootie" in Meet Me in St. Louis (1944), opposite Judy Garland. O'Brien had by this time added singing and dancing to her achievements and was rewarded with an Academy Juvenile Award the following year as the "outstanding child actress of 1944." Her other successes: The Canterville Ghost (1944), Our Vines Have Tender Grapes (1945), The Secret Garden (1949).


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RALEIGH, N.C. (WTVD) -- The Supreme Court's ruling to overturn the landmark abortion rights case Roe v. Wade will create a battle in North Carolina.
The decision does not immediately make abortion illegal. Instead, it removes the constitutional protection for a woman's right to an abortion. That means the legality of abortion would fall to state governments.
So what happens to abortion rights in North Carolina?
Abortion is currently legal in North Carolina, but there are some restrictions on the service in the state.
In 2010, Republicans in the state legislature passed the "Women's Right to Know Act" which requires people seeking an abortion to undergo an ultrasound and implemented a 24-hour waiting period. In 2015, former Republican Gov. Pat McCrory signed a law extending the waiting period to 72 hours.
Republicans have continued to try to pass more restrictions on abortion in the state, but those efforts have been stopped by vetoes from North Carolina Gov. Roy Cooper. The overturning of Roe v. Wade could reinvigorate the Republican push to restrict access to abortions.
Cooper recently stated that he will stand up for a woman's choice.
In addition, the federal government could try to pass a law concerning abortion. Democrats control the House, Senate and Presidency. However, the party has not yet shown the ability to get all members to fall in line and vote together on contentious issues.
According to NC Policy Watch, North Carolina is one state that may see an increased demand for abortion services now that the Supreme Court has overturned the decision. That's because a couple bordering states have more restrictive abortion laws that will now be in effect.
Tennessee, for example, is one state with a so-called "trigger law." Because of the ruling, that trigger law is now in effect and means abortions are now illegal in Tennessee.
South Carolina passed a law in 2021 that prohibits abortion in most cases if a "fetal heartbeat" is detected, or at about six weeks.
Conversely, at least eight states have moved to strengthen existing protections or expand abortion access this year: California, Colorado, Oregon, Vermont, Washington, New Jersey, Maryland and Connecticut.
Abortion battle coming to North Carolina
A number of organizations are stepping up, saying they will do whatever is necessary to keep abortion legal in the state.
"Make no mistake, this decision goes beyond abortion. This ruling is about power and control," ACLU of North Carolina Executive Director Chantal Stevens said. "The ability to make decisions about our own bodies, health and futures is a fundamental human right."
"This decision is truly dangerous and harmful," Equality NC Executive Director Kendra Johnson said.
Meanwhile, NC Values Coalition sees the Supreme Court ruling as a call to pass more restrictive abortion regulations.
"It's very important pro-life voters get out and vote this fall," Tami Fitzgerald said. "We need veto-proof majorities in the General Assembly, and we need a majority of pro-life justices on the state supreme court, so life is on the ballot."

domain: sociology


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Okay, so over the weekend I went to watch Catching Fire and I am absolutely besotted with this series, with the books and the films (so far) (Despite the face the first film sucked ass). Book two – Catching Fire obvs – is my favourite of the series. To see it on screen, oh god, although knowing what was coming, it was still so stressful to watch and seeing the fog and the monkeys and that ending…holy crap, i was crying. SERIOUSLY though, get your ass to a cinema and watch it now!!
I love the soundtrack to both films, but I think this song is the one for me. The one that I had on repeat for weeks and now the second film is out, I have become obsessed with it yet again.
THIS is what I have been waiting for for months and THIS was revealed last night. AAAHHHH! How much do you wish it was November now that you have seen this trailer? YAY! More Peeta ❤ This is my favourite book out of the series and from this trailer, it looks like its going to be a bloody good one!
Jessie J – Domino
When I read The Hunger Game’s Trilogy, this song seemed to always be playing on the radio. Then i would listen to it constantly on my Ipod and it would also always place in work when i was on my break and reading the books. The lyrics kind of ‘suit the books too. For example “Take me down like I’m a Domino.” Yeaah, that kind of reminds me of the arena and the tributes being killed and going down ‘like dominoes’. Oh gosh, I’m so morbid with this song. BUT i know it has NOTHING to do with what happens in THG, but it’s due to the fact it was always playing when i was reading them.
MADversary – Jade C. Jamison
So there are three songs that remind me of MADVersary.
1)The first time they have sex – John Mayer – Your Body Is A Wonderland.
Tots approps as Megan kept going on about Tyler’s physique and how muscular it now is.
2)Blue – If You Come Back
When Megan leaves after having sex the first time and misses the second morning get-together and Tyler asks Lisa if he’s done anything wrong to Megan.
3)Robert Miles – Children:
The time they have sex in the locker room. This song plus that scene was pretty intense to me.
So my favourite series. That’s quite hard because there are sooo many series that I love, so because of that, I’m going to post the ones that I love reading and can’t wait for the next book to be out. If you click on the series, then it will link you to each one of my reviews on that book.
The books were put out, out of order, with Trey’s book being number 3 and Jace’s number 4, as the publishers felt Trey’s book would sell more than Jace’s but if you are yet to read any, i would definitely wait until Eric’s book is out then read it in this order. You will completely love every book and every Sinner’s guy.
Ryan and Taryn are so great together. Ryan is a hot shot actor who hates the paperazzi and hates being the centre of attention. He loves acting but would rather not be constantly hounded which is how to met Taryn when he ran into her pub to get away from the cameras. That is when the story truly begins.
Love Unguarded will be about Ryan’s bodyguard Mike and Taryn’s best friend/bodyguard Marie and their relationship.
So I haven’t written a review for these books but when I read them in my third year of university when I was meant to be doing my dissertation, I was hooked and couldn’t put them down. I love this series so much!
Peeta is my bread boy! HELL YEAHS!
So I just realized most of my favourite series involve bad boys and sex. (Apart from The Hunger Games and Love series). I think someone *points to self* has a major problem.
So whenever Hollywood decides to take my favourite book and turn it into a movie, I have to say I get excited about it. But I also feel apprehensive over it too. Many filmmakers turn the books into something great, others…not so much.
One film I absolutely hated was P.S I Love You. I adored the book, I read it over and over and when I found out they were making a film, well of course, I had to go see it. But it was a let down. The whole setting had changed from being set in Ireland to NYC. Holly now had a sister, instead of a lots of siblings and I just didn’t like it at all. I know that things in the book have to change in order to try to stay try to the book, and some parts have to be cut from the book, but in my opinion, I really didn’t like it and whenever it’s on TV, i always skip it because it frustrates me. Yes, I know, Gerard Butler is in it, but still.
But I’m not here to diss the films adaptions, oh no, I’m here to post the films I am most excited about that are out this year.
So without further ado, I present the ones I CANNOT WAIT to see.
By Stephanie Meyers Release date: March 29th 2013
Melanie Stryder refuses to fade away. Earth has been invaded by a species that takes over the minds of human hosts while leaving their bodies intact, and most of humanity has succumbed.
Wanderer, the invading “soul” who has been given Melanie’s body, knew about the challenges of living inside a human: the overwhelming emotions, the too vivid memories. But there was one difficulty Wanderer didn’t expect: the former tenant of her body refusing to relinquish possession of her mind.
Melanie fills Wanderer’s thoughts with visions of the man Melanie loves – Jared, a human who still lives in hiding. Unable to separate herself from her body’s desires, Wanderer yearns for a man she’s never met. As outside forces make Wanderer and Melanie unwilling allies, they set off to search for the man they both love.
The Mortal Instruments: City of Bones
by Cassandra Clare Release Date: 23rd August 2013
When fifteen-year-old Clary Fray heads out to the Pandemonium Club in New York City, she hardly expects to witness a murder — much less a murder committed by three teenagers covered with strange tattoos and brandishing bizarre weapons. Then the body disappears into thin air. It’s hard to call the police when the murderers are invisible to everyone else and when there is nothing — not even a smear of blood — to show that a boy has died. Or was he a boy?
This is Clary’s first meeting with the Shadowhunters, warriors dedicated to ridding the earth of demons. It’s also her first encounter with Jace, a Shadowhunter who looks a little like an angel and acts a lot like a jerk. Within twenty-four hours Clary is pulled into Jace’s world with a vengeance, when her mother disappears and Clary herself is attacked by a demon. But why would demons be interested in ordinary mundanes like Clary and her mother? And how did Clary suddenly get the Sight? The Shadowhunters would like to know. . . .
Catching Fire (The Hunger Games) By Suzanne Collins
Release date: 21st November 2013
Sparks are igniting, flames are spreading and the Capitol wants revenge.
Against all odds, Katniss has won the Hunger Games. She and fellow District 12 tribute Peeta Mellark are miraculously still alive. Katniss should be relieved, happy even. After all, she has returned to her family and longtime friend, Gale. Yet nothing is the way Katniss wishes it to be. Gale holds her at an icy distance. Peeta has turned his back on her completely. And there are whispers of a rebellion against the Capitol – a rebellion that Katniss and Peeta may have helped create.
Much to her shock, Katniss has fueled an unrest she’s afraid she cannot stop. And what scares her even more is that she’s not entirely convinced she should try. As time draws near for Katniss and Peeta to visit the districts on the Capitol’s cruel Victory Tour, the stakes are higher than ever. If they can’t prove, without a shadow of a doubt, that they are lost in their love for each other, the consequences will be horrifying.
Okay, so there are only three, but they will be total hits at the box office and I, for one, will totally be contributing towards that!
So, what book-to-films are you most excited about this year?

domain: literature


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The choice isn’t between animals and people. There’s no guarantee that drugs are safe just because they’ve been tested on animals. Because of the physiological differences between humans and other animals, results from animal tests cannot be accurately extrapolated to humans, leaving us vulnerable to exposure to drugs that can cause serious side effects. Drugs that sicken or kill animals don’t always prevent a drug from being marketed. So much evidence has accumulated about differences in the effects that chemicals have on animals and humans that government officials often do not act on findings from animal studies. In the last two decades, many drugs, including phenacitin, Eferol, Oraflex, Suprol, and Selacryn, were taken off the market after causing hundreds of deaths and/or injuries. In fact, more than half the drugs that the Food and Drug Administration approved between 1976 and 1985 were either removed from the market or relabeled because of serious side effects. If the pharmaceutical industry switched from animal experiments to sophisticated non-animal tests, we would have greater protection, not less.
In addition to saving the lives of countless animals, alternatives to animal tests are efficient and reliable. Non-animal methods usually take less time to complete, can be conducted at a fraction of the cost of the animal experiments that they replace, and are not plagued with species differences that make extrapolation difficult or impossible. Effective, affordable, and humane research methods include studies of human populations, volunteers, and patients as well as sophisticated in vitro, genomic, and computer-modeling techniques.


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The post Unknown Worlds details PC playtests for upcoming strategy game Moonbreaker appeared first on Destructoid.
Subnautica developer Unknown Worlds recently revealed its upcoming strategy game Moonbreaker.
And if en end-of-September Early Access launch seems too far away, the studio is hosting several playtest sessions very soon.
Prior to that, though, Unknown Worlds and Krafton will host two playtest weekends, on September 9 through 11 and September 16 through 18.
→ Full news story
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domain: news