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|Subsidiaries||Volaris Costa Rica|
|Company slogan||Precios que te hacen viajar (Spanish) |
Get out of town prices (English)
|Parent company||Vuela Compañia de Aviación|
|Headquarters||Mexico City, Mexico|
Volaris, legally Concesionaria Vuela Compañía de Aviación, S.A.B. de C.V. (BMV: VOLARA, NYSE : VLRS), is a Mexican low-cost airline based in Santa Fe, Álvaro Obregón, Mexico City with its hubs in Guadalajara, Mexico City, and Tijuana, and focus cities in Cancún, León, Los Angeles, and Monterrey. It is the country's second largest airline after Aeroméxico and serves domestic and international destinations within the Americas. It is a leading competitor in the Mexican domestic airline market, with a market share of over 21% of domestic traffic.
The New York Stock Exchange is an American stock exchange located at 11 Wall Street, Lower Manhattan, New York City, New York. It is by far the world's largest stock exchange by market capitalization of its listed companies at US$30.1 trillion as of February 2018. The average daily trading value was approximately US$169 billion in 2013. The NYSE trading floor is located at 11 Wall Street and is composed of 21 rooms used for the facilitation of trading. A fifth trading room, located at 30 Broad Street, was closed in February 2007. The main building and the 11 Wall Street building were designated National Historic Landmarks in 1978.
Mexico City International Airport ; officially Aeropuerto Internacional Benito Juárez is an international airport that serves Greater Mexico City. It is Mexico's and Latin America's busiest airport by passenger traffic and aircraft movements. The airport sustains 35,000 jobs directly and around 15,000 indirectly in the immediate area. The airport is owned by Grupo Aeroportuario de la Ciudad de México and operated by Aeropuertos y Servicios Auxiliares, the government-owned corporation, which also operates 22 other airports throughout Mexico. In recent years Toluca Airport has become an alternate airport.
Tijuana International Airport, sometimes referred to as General Abelardo L. Rodríguez International Airport, in Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico, is Mexico's second northernmost airport after Mexicali International Airport. The airport is located in the city's Otay Centenario borough, just immediately south of the U.S border. It's one of the 25 busiest airports in Latin America, handling 7,835,100 passengers in 2018, and the fifth busiest in Mexico after Mexico City, Cancun, Guadalajara and Monterrey airports. The airport can handle up to 10 million passengers per year and 360 flights per day.
The pre-operations phase (founding of the legal entities and setting up of the required infrastructure) started in August 2005 under the name Vuela Airlines. Major initial shareholders of the company were Grupo Televisa (the world's biggest Spanish-language media conglomerate), Inbursa (an insurance company owned by multi billionaire Carlos Slim), TACA Airlines and the Discovery Americas Fund. Each of these partners invested 25% of the initial cost of activities, or 100 million USD. On July 2010,it was announced that Televisa and Inbursa had sold their stake in Volaris leaving the ownership of Volaris as follows: TACA Airlines with Roberto and Maria Cristina Kriete (50%), Investment fund Discovery Americas (over 25%) and Indigo Partners: Fund led by former America West CEO B. Franke.
A shareholder is an individual or institution that legally owns one or more shares of stock in a public or private corporation. Shareholders may be referred to as members of a corporation. Legally, a person is not a shareholder in a corporation until their name and other details are entered in the corporation‘s register of shareholders or members.
Inbursa is a financial company which, through its subsidiaries, provides banking and related services in Mexico. The company operates business lines in investment funds, general insurance, automobile insurance, mortgages, health insurance, retirement funds and commercial banking. The company is owned by Mexican billionaire Carlos Slim.
Carlos Slim Helú is a Mexican business magnate, engineer, investor and philanthropist. From 2010 to 2013, Slim was ranked as the richest person in the world by the Forbes business magazine. He derived his fortune from his extensive holdings in a considerable number of Mexican companies through his conglomerate, Grupo Carso. As of April 2019, he is the fifth-richest person in the world according to Forbes' listing of The World's Billionaires, with him and his family having a net worth estimated at $63.1 billion. He is the richest man in Mexico and Latin America.
Ticket sales started on January 12, 2006, and, following the delivery of the airline's first aircraft, the first (non-commercial) flight was operated in February 2006. Scheduled revenue flights were launched on March 13, 2006, with the inaugural flight having been operated from Toluca to Tijuana.
Initially, the airline avoided flying to Mexico City because of it being a congested and expensive airport. The airline took over several slots that had been owned by now-defunct Mexicana and its subsidiaries MexicanaClick and MexicanaLink, establishing service in September 2010. In March, 2011, it announced that its hub in Toluca would move to Guadalajara.
Compañía Mexicana de Aviación, S.A. de C.V. was Mexico's oldest airline and one of the oldest continuously single-branded airlines, and Mexico's biggest and flagship airline before ceasing operations on August 28, 2010. The group's closure was announced by the company's recently installed management team a short time after the group filed for Concurso Mercantil and US Chapter 15. On April 4, 2014, a judge declared Mexicana bankrupt and ordered to start selling off the company's assets to repay the airline's obligations. The headquarters of the company were in the Mexicana de Aviación Tower in Colonia del Valle, Benito Juárez, Mexico City.
MexicanaClick, formerly Click Mexicana, was Mexicana's regional operator, serving most of Mexicana's domestic routes between more than 25 Mexican cities. It was founded as a low-cost carrier, but changed its market to regional operations after its acquisition by Mexicana. Its main base was Mexico City International Airport.
MexicanaLink, a subsidiary of Mexicana, was a regional airline based in Guadalajara International Airport that operated as a feeder airline for both Mexicana and MexicanaClick. It operated into markets that were considered too thin to justify the use of larger aircraft. It was Mexicana's regional carrier, while MexicanaClick was a low-fare domestic airline competing against Interjet, Volaris, and VivaAerobus. MexicanaLink used to compete against Aeromar and Aeroméxico Connect.
On June 5, 2012, the airline launched a frequent flyer program called VClub.It is the membership program that provides special fares, offers, last minute travel deals and other perks. Customers can save up to 40% using the VClub membership. On June 6, 2012, PayPal became a payment alternative for the airline, enabling customers to purchase tickets directly from the airline's website. On September 17, 2012, Volaris announced a codeshare partnership with a German airline, Condor. Passengers of Condor are able to fly to more international destinations.
PayPal Holdings, Inc. is an American company operating a worldwide online payments system that supports online money transfers and serves as an electronic alternative to traditional paper methods like checks and money orders. The company operates as a payment processor for online vendors, auction sites, and many other commercial users, for which it charges a fee in exchange for benefits such as one-click transactions and password memory. PayPal's payment system, also called PayPal, is considered a type of payment rail.
On March 13, 2013, the airline celebrated its seventh anniversary, offering passengers 70% off all flights, it has done this every year since then.Volaris announced the creation of a subsidiary, Volaris Costa Rica, in March 2016. The subsidiary, based at Juan Santamaría International Airport in Costa Rican capital San José, started operations in November 2016.
Volaris Costa Rica is a low-cost airline based at Juan Santamaría International Airport in San José, Costa Rica. It is a subsidiary of Mexican airline Volaris. Announced in March 2016, the airline began operations in November with flights to Guatemala City.
Juan Santamaría International Airport is the primary airport serving San José, the capital of Costa Rica. The airport is located in the city of Alajuela, 20 km west of downtown San José. It is named after Costa Rica's national hero, Juan Santamaría, a courageous drummer boy who died in 1856 defending his country against forces led by US-American filibuster William Walker.
In November 2008, Volaris announced a codeshare agreement with US-based low-cost carrier Southwest Airlines.
In April 2009, Volaris announced the start of US-bound flights out of Toluca and Guadalajara (initially to Los Angeles and Oakland) to feed into the hubs of Southwest Airlines. Later on, US-flights were also offered from Zacatecas and Morelia, with Monterrey-Los Angeles and Fresno in planning.
On December 13, 2010, Volaris started services between Chicago/Midway and Guadalajara. It was Volaris' fourth international destination, first international service to a secondary airport and the longest route in Volaris' history. After Mexicana de Aviación's shutdown, Volaris took over many of Mexicana's international destinations and flights from its focus city, Guadalajara.
On February 25, 2011, it was announced that Volaris would begin service to Fresno on April 14, 2011. Fresno was Volaris' first US destination where it did not partner with Southwest Airlines. The airline began using Guadalajara International Airport as an American gateway hub in late 2011.
Volaris sought permission to fly between Dallas/Fort Worth and Mexico City, along with a number of other U.S.-Mexico routes. Volaris submitted the request on February 3, 2011 and the U.S. Department of Transportation granted approval on February 11.However, Volaris did not launch the service until over four years later, on April 29, 2015, when it began flights between Dallas/Fort Worth and Guadalajara.
Volaris received approval to fly to San Diego International Airport on July 12, 2012. Volaris then began non-stop flights between Orlando and Guadalajara on July 14, 2012.
Volaris started service between Sacramento and Guadalajara on November 15, 2012. Volaris began flights between Denver and Mexico City on December 8, 2012.
On February 22, 2013, Volaris and Southwest stopped codesharing. Southwest decided to focus more on the Mexican market with AirTran Airways, instead of codesharing with Volaris.
Volaris began flights between Phoenix and Guadalajara on October 19, 2013.
Volaris began flying to its first destination in Texas, San Antonio, from Guadalajara on December 14, 2013.Volaris also started its new route from Mexico City to San Antonio on September 15, 2017.
Volaris began non-stop flights between Chicago/O'Hare and Mexico City on December 17, 2013.This replaced Volaris' Chicago/Midway-Mexico City flights.
Volaris began flights between Guadalajara and Ontario, California, a reliever airport in the Greater Los Angeles Area, on April 12, 2014.
Volaris applied to fly Mexicana's former Portland to Guadalajara route. The application was granted and service to Portland began on October 6, 2014.
Volaris began serving its second destination in Florida, Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport, from Mexico City on December 1, 2014 and then from Guadalajara on December 4, 2014.The airline later ceased flying to Fort Lauderdale and replaced the route with non-stop flights to Miami from Mexico City and Guadalajara.
Volaris began non-stop flights between Reno–Tahoe International Airport and Guadalajara on December 16, 2014.
Volaris planned to launch service to William P. Hobby Airport in Houston, Texas as soon as the new terminal was completed,but the airline chose to begin flying to Houston-Intercontinental from Guadalajara on March 26, 2015, instead.
Volaris began its first non-stop flights to the Northeastern United States, when it began service between New York-JFK and Guadalajara on July 15, 2015,and on March 1, 2017, started non-stop service between Mexico City and New York-JFK.
In the summer of 2015, Volaris launched its first ever international flights outside the Continental United States; to Guatemala on June 18,to San Juan, Puerto Rico on July 2, and to San José, Costa Rica on September 10.
On July 7, 2016, Volaris began service to Seattle from Guadalajara.
On May 9, 2016 the airline announced non stop flights between Monterrey and Dallas/Fort Worth beginning on July 8, 2016.
Volaris began the first service link between Austin and Guadalajara on August 7, 2016.
Volaris has confirmed it does not plan to fly to Santiago de Chile,and rather focus in the US, Central America and domestic markets, after a local newspaper announced the airline had plans to begin operations in South America.
In March 2017, Volaris began non-stop service between Guadalajara and Milwaukee.
On January 16, 2018, Volaris announced a codeshare agreement with American low-cost carrier Frontier Airlines.
On November 17, 2018, Volaris started flights to Albuquerque from Guadalajara. Volaris was the first Mexican airline to fly to Albuquerque since Aeroméxico in 2009.
On November 22, 2018, Volairs started flights to Charlotte from Guadalajara.
The airline is headquartered in Santa Fe, Álvaro Obregón, Mexico City.It formerly had its headquarters on the first floor of Prolongación Paseo de la Reforma 490 in Peña Blanca, Santa Fe.
Volaris operates scheduled flights to Mexico (43) and elsewhere in the Americas (22) from its hub at Guadalajara International Airport in Guadalajara, Mexico City International Airport in Mexico City, and Tijuana International Airport in Tijuana, and focus cities in Cancún International Airport in Cancún, Del Bajío International Airport in León, Los Angeles International Airport in Los Angeles, and Monterrey International Airport in Monterrey.
As of May 2019, the Volaris fleet consists of the following aircraft:
On November 15, 2017 during the Dubai Airshow, Indigo Partners announced an order for 430 aircraft of the Airbus A320neo family of which 80 will be for Volaris as follows: 46 A320neo and 34 A321neo.
Aerovías de México, S.A. de C.V. operating as Aeroméxico, is the flag carrier airline of Mexico based in Mexico City. It operates scheduled services to more than 90 destinations in Mexico; North, South and Central America; the Caribbean, Europe and Asia. Its main base and hub is in Mexico City, with secondary hubs in Guadalajara and Monterrey, and focus cities in Cancún and Tijuana. The headquarters is in the financial district on Paseo de la Reforma, formerly in its own building overlooking the Diana the Huntress Fountain, but moved down the street in 2017 to the Torre MAPFRE tower across from the Mexican Stock Exchange while the old building is demolished and replaced with a much taller new tower.
Fresno Yosemite International Airport, is a joint civil-military airport in Fresno, California. It is the primary commercial airport for the San Joaquin Valley and three national parks: Yosemite, Sequoia and Kings Canyon. It offers scheduled passenger flights to several major airline hubs in the United States and international service to Mexico. The facility opened in June 1942 as Hammer Field, a military airfield. The airport is owned and operated by the city of Fresno and has two runways on a property spanning 1,728 acres (699 ha). Its airport code 'FAT' stands for "Fresno Air Terminal," a former name for the airport.
Compañía Panameña de Aviación, S.A., is the flag carrier of Panama. It is headquartered in Panama City, Panama, with its main hub at Tocumen International Airport. Copa is a subsidiary of Copa Holdings, S.A. as well as a member of Star Alliance. The airline is also the main operator and owner of Colombian airline AeroRepública, currently known as Copa Airlines Colombia.
Sacramento International Airport is 10 miles (16 km) northwest of downtown Sacramento, in Sacramento County, California. It is run by the Sacramento County Airport System. Southwest Airlines carries about half the airline passengers.
Guadalajara International Airport, officially known as Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla Guadalajara International Airport, is the main airport of Mexico's second-largest city Guadalajara. Opened in 1966, it is located 16 km south of the city center. In 2017 it handled 12,808,000 passengers, and 14,351,800 in 2018, an increase of 12.05%. It is Latin America's eleventh and Mexico's third-busiest airport, after Mexico City International Airport and Cancún International Airport and second-busiest for cargo flights.
Transportes Aeromar, S.A. de C.V, doing business as Aeromar, is a Mexican airline that operates scheduled domestic services in Mexico and international services to the United States. Its main base is Mexico City International Airport.
Aerolitoral, S.A. de C.V., DBA Aeroméxico Connect, and formerly known as Aerolitoral, is the regional airline of Aeroméxico operating Embraer E-170 and E-190 aircraft, with crew bases in Mexico City and Monterrey. It is headquartered in Monterrey. It operates feeder services to AeroMéxico's hub airports, using 4 digit flight numbers. It is considered the biggest and most important regional airline in Mexico, offering more than 300 scheduled flights daily to 45 destinations in Mexico, 11 in the United States, 6 in Central America, 2 in the Caribbean, and 1 in South America. Its main bases are Mexico City and Monterrey and as well focus cities in Guadalajara, Leon, and Tijuana. Aeromexico Connect flights are marketed as Aeromexico.
Aerocaribe was an airline based in Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico. It was a regional affiliate of Mexicana operating services under the Mexicana Inter banner and codeshares with its parent company. It operated almost 120 flights a day. In 2005 Mexicana decided to rebrand Aerocaribe as a low-cost airline, MexicanaClick.
Monterrey International Airport,, ceremonial name General Mariano Escobedo International Airport, is an international airport located in Apodaca, Nuevo León, Mexico. Together with Del Norte International Airport, the airport handles domestic and international operations for the city of Monterrey and its metropolitan area.
Cancún International Airport is located in Cancún, Quintana Roo, on the Caribbean coast of Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula. It is Latin America's fourth and Mexico's second busiest airport, after Mexico City International Airport. In 2018, Cancún airport handled 25,202,016 passengers, a 6.8% increase compared to 2017.
General Guadalupe Victoria International Airport, also known as Durango International Airport, is located northeast of Durango, Durango, Mexico. It is named after Guadalupe Victoria, the first President of Mexico.
Interjet, also known as Interjet Airlines, is a Mexican low cost airline headquartered in Mexico City, Mexico's third largest airline after Aeroméxico and Volaris. The airline operates scheduled flights to and from various destinations within Mexico, as well as to and from the Caribbean, Central America, North America, and South America.
Aeroenlaces Nacionales, S.A. de C.V., trading as VivaAerobus, is a Mexican low-cost airline fully owned by the largest bus company group in Mexico, IAMSA.
Aerolíneas Mesoamericanas, S.A. de C.V., operating as ALMA de Mexico, was a low-cost airline based in Guadalajara, Mexico. It suspended all service on November 7, 2008. The airline once operated flights to more than 18 domestic destinations, with plans for international service to the United States. Its main base was Don Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla International Airport, Guadalajara.


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More Fantasy News
Retires while down
Knocked out in quarters of Chengdu
Ebden lost 6-4, 6-2 to Fabio Fognini in the quarterfinals of Chengdu on Friday.
Eliminated in Atlanta semis
Ebden lost 6-4, 6-7 (6), 6-1 to John Isner in the semifinals of Atlanta on Saturday.
Knocked out early in Newport
Ebden lost 6-3, 6-3 to Tim Smyczek in the second round of Newport on Wednesday.

domain: news


Ripple XRP is the only Crypto inside the ‘top 10’ that is currently spending the day on the rise.
Ripple’s XRP has risen from $1.29 to $1.44 in the last 24 hours, whilst Bitcoin has dropped from $15,702 to $14,687. The news surrounding Ripple has been positive for a while now. Banks and big institutions appear to be turning to Ripple in order to explore faster and cheaper options for cross boarder payments, as well as the use of Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT).
At this moment in time we would not be surprised if Ripple’s XRP were to reach $2 by the end of the year. We also believe that it is only a matter of time before Coinbase adds XRP to its platform; if this happens, we expect a spike in price (for the short term at least).
Whether Ripple can keep this momentum going on through 2018 is yet to be seen. Many announcements in relation to Ripple do not actually include the use of its ‘XRP’ token. We await an announcement that a major Bank or institution will adopt Ripple’s XRP and not just its network.
Why has bitcoin fallen?
As stated above, whilst XRP has been rising, Bitcoin has seen a drop in price. The reason for Bitcoin’s recent decline is likely to be linked to announcements that South Korea will be introducing tougher regulations on Bitcoin trading.
We have been stating that we expect 2018 to be a year where governments around the world introduce more regulations on Bitcoin and Cryptos. More regulation does not necessarily mean that prices will fall in the long term.
Cryptos have had a massive impact in 2017, will we see the same again in 2018.
Subscribe for free by entering your email address below in order to receive new post updates. You can always unsubscribe with one click, if you don’t like us anymore! If you have Instagram or Twitter then why not follow us, our handle for both is ‘@enterthecrypto.’
If you find our site useful then please also consider supporting us.
We are not investment or financial advisors and are here to provide news and our opinions. Please be fully informed regarding the risks and costs associated with trading the financial markets and the Cryptocurrency market, it is one of the riskiest investment forms possible.


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Czernin Palace is a very large building near "Our lady of Loreto' Church.
Unfortunately, as it is used as the offices of Foreign Affairs. It is now visited by presidents, ministers of foreign affairs and other prominent people from all over the world, but NOT the general public.
The Czernin Palace is the largest of the baroque palaces of Prague.
The Palace belonged to the noble family Czernin of Chudenice, one of the oldest noble families in Bohemia. The Palace was built by an Italian architect in 1668, then was used as a famous picture gallery.
The Palace has quite a history, starting with being looted by the French in 1742, bombed by the Prussians, used as a shelter for the poor, used as Barracks, and used for the gala ball on the occasion of the coronation of Leopold II.
Czernin Palace is open only on special occasions.
How to get there:
Take trams no. 22 or 23 and take off at the Pohorelec stop. Then walk up the Loretanska street.
Cernin palace is situated right across Loretto. It was constructed trough centuries ( from last part of 17th till first part of 20th c ). It is used as the Ministry of External Affairs from 1918 'till today.
This big palace was built in 1668-1688 for Count Humprecht Jan Cernin. It really is huge and, compared to the Loreto on the other side of the street, a bit ugly. Like its neighbour it was built to impress, but in another way than the Loreto. This is architecture of power. It's now the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
This early Baroque palace, now the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, was built by Francesco Caratti in 1669-87. Its garden is open to the public from time to time in the summer months.
My friends and I (she studies political sciences) were making jokes that this building could have been a potential traineeship place!! When are we applying? :P

domain: history


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Use now this beautiful mockup of a black woman wearing a round neck t-shirt while sitting on a stool at a photo studio and promote your latest designs for round neck tees in a more photorealistic and professional way! Use the HEX tool on the right to choose a color for the tee and the upload button on the left to put your design on her garment. Try another T-Shirt Mockup!
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domain: artistic


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Children's book author and illustrator Mo Willems hit the scene with Caldecott Honor awards in 2005, 2006 and 2008 for his Don't Let The Pigeon Drive The Bus, Knuffle Bunny: A cautionary tale and Knuffle Bunny Too: A case of mistaken identity. On September 28th his newest book, Knuffle Bunny Free will be available.
On July 27th this summer Tad Hills another outstanding children's book author and illustrator who is best known for his Duck and Goose books gave us How Rocket Learned to Read.
Actor and film director Rob Reiner states in an interview that he became acquainted with Wendelin VanDraanen's book, Flipped, when his 5th grade son brought it home as required reading. He was so taken with the writing style and story that on August 6, 2010 his film version hit the screen. It has already received the Truly Moving Picture Award but that is not surpring given his record in the past as well as VanDraanen's success as a young adult author.

domain: library


Now, as they take a six-game winning streak to a
"We're making it difficult for teams to score," defenseman Hampus Lindholm said. "Hard work always beats talent."
In the Ducks' past five games, they've given up only six goals and have two shutouts. They returned from the All-Star break to win Tuesday at Vancouver, 4-0, with only 17 shots sent at goalie
"We check the puck a lot harder, rather than just trying to contain, as we were in the start of the year," Ducks assistant coach Trent Yawney said. "Lately, we've been coming out of our zone a lot cleaner, and when we do that, it puts us into our strength zone, which is down low.
"It's a credit to the guys for understanding who we are — how we have to play — to get the results that we want."
Yawney said the team's attention to defensive detail sharpened this month with a wealth of practice time.
"To play like we are defensively, it has to be every single guy on the ice," center
Thompson and fellow off-season addition, defense-minded center
"Guys take a lot of pride in filling in shooting lanes and blocking shots," Yawney said. "We might not be where we want to be [in
What looked like a troublesome hit by Kesler on Vancouver's
Several Ducks brought their fathers along on the journey north, the team arranging a special dinner Monday and bringing the dads to practice and games.
"To be around the guys in the locker room, get to converse with other dads, get to see what it's like to be on the road … it's been great," said Thompson, accompanied by his father, Robert.
As a youth in Anchorage, Thompson said his father would take him to early-morning games and practices — indoors and outdoors.
"This is kind of a payback to him," Thompson said. "It's incredible and I know every other player feels the same way."
DUCKS AT SAN JOSE
On the air: TV: NBC Sports Network; Radio: 830.
Etc.: Ducks Coach Bruce Boudreau said defenseman


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17º Festival de Jazz de Panamá – Concierto de Cierre
The “17th Panama Jazz Festival” comes to an end and will do so with a “Great Patio Party” outdoors. A Closing Concert where a variety of artists will be presented, who were present throughout the week of the Festival.
You can attend as a group or as a family, have a picnic and spend a delicious evening with a bohemian and spectacular atmosphere. The evening starts at 3:00 p.m. in the City of Knowledge Quadrangle, admission is free this Saturday, January 18.
The tribute in this edition was for the renowned Panamanian saxophonist “Reggie Johnson”, a meritorious musician, whose journey has carved the Isthmus musical history. From its beginnings in the dance, to its innumerable concerts with international luminaries.
For more information you can contact: [email protected] / (507) 317-1466 or visit the attached links.


Nearly a million pounds of lottery money will be invested to turn Dyfi Nature Reserve in Ceredigion into a leading visitor attraction.
A series of cameras will give visitors access to the wildlife along the Dyfi Estuary corridor. Overall, £3.2 million is being spent on projects in Wales.
"The projects we fund mean people can get involved with their heritage" says Jennifer Stewart, Head of the Heritage Lottery Fund in Wales.
"It can be through volunteering or skilling themselves up, and learning about their heritage."
"The other aspect that's really important is for us to know that the scheme is good value for money, and can be sustained in the long term".
More top news
A dry start to the night with low cloud and mist but a strengthening breeze will blow rain in to the west by the early hours!
A man accused of killing his grandmother lied when he told partners he had smothered the 84-year-old, Swansea Crown Court has heard.
Supermarkets are trying to create less waste, but some disabled people are worried the foods they rely on might not be available.


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- What not to eat with a stoma bag?
- How long can you live with a colostomy bag?
- Can you still poop if you have a stoma bag?
- Does having a stoma shorten your life?
- Does a stoma bag smell?
- What does stool look like from a colostomy?
- Which is better colostomy or ileostomy?
- What is a stoma bag?
- What does an unhealthy stoma look like?
- How long do you stay in hospital after an ileostomy?
- What can’t you eat with a stoma bag?
- Does a colostomy shorten your life?
- What celebrities have colostomy bags?
- Is having a stoma a disability?
- How often should you change a stoma bag?
What not to eat with a stoma bag?
Diet and your stoma Some people may be advised to avoid eating very fibrous foods or foods with tough outer skins such as sweetcorn, popcorn, peas and potato skins to avoid causing a blockage in the bowel.
Avoid fizzy drinks if you produce a lot of gas..
How long can you live with a colostomy bag?
“There is a different reality for someone who is going to live with a bag three or five years, vs. 60 or 80 years,” she says. “This brings a significant impact, in my opinion, to the pediatric population. This also can have a significant impact on the female population.
Can you still poop if you have a stoma bag?
Waste material (stool) will leave the body through the stoma, where it is collected in an ostomy bag or pouch. In some cases, a person will have a stoma but will also still have their rectum. In this case, though, the rectum is not currently being used to hold stool.
Does having a stoma shorten your life?
Despite efforts to maintain the intestinal tissue and treat these diseases, a large number of patients undergo ostomy surgery each year.  Using stoma, either permanent or temporary, greatly reduces the patient’s quality of life (QOL).
Does a stoma bag smell?
Most people will be aware of the smell of their colostomy because it’s their own body. But someone standing next to you will not be able to smell the stoma. You’ll have more gas than usual immediately after having a colostomy, but this will slowly reduce as your bowel recovers.
What does stool look like from a colostomy?
Your stoma is made from the lining of your intestine. It will be pink or red, moist, and a little shiny. Stool that comes from your ileostomy is thin or thick liquid, or it may be pasty.
Which is better colostomy or ileostomy?
Colostomy was our preference earlier but Ileostomy is better as it can be easily performed and later take down is also easier using suture or stapler(no compromise of lumen). We have not come across any dyselectrolaemia or fluid imbalance so far having a long experience. Further stoma care management is also easier .
What is a stoma bag?
What is a stoma bag? Stoma surgery creates a small opening on the surface of the abdomen in order to divert the flow of faeces or urine from the bowel or bladder. The waste is then collected instead in a stoma bag, which is a pouch made from a soft, waterproof material.
What does an unhealthy stoma look like?
The skin around the stoma appears infected and/or it is red or angry in appearance. There is pus or discharge present. The skin isn’t healing well. The skin around the stoma appears irritated by the stoma appliance and may be red, chapped, flaky, scaled, raw, or burn-like in appearance.
How long do you stay in hospital after an ileostomy?
You’ll typically need to stay in the hospital for at least three days. It’s not uncommon to remain hospitalized for a week or even longer, especially if your ileostomy was done under emergency circumstances. Your food and water intake will be limited for a while. On the day of your surgery, you may only get ice chips.
What can’t you eat with a stoma bag?
Tips to avoid food blockages:Nuts.Coconut.Celery.Mushrooms.Sweetcorn.Raw fruit skins.Bean sprouts and bamboo shoots.Dried fruit such as currants and raisins.More items…
Does a colostomy shorten your life?
The studies revealed the average age of a person with a colostomy to be 70.6 years, an ileostomy 67.8 years, and a urostomy 66.6 years. Using these numbers, the average age of an American with an ostomy is about 68.3 years; he or she is, therefore, a Medicare beneficiary.
What celebrities have colostomy bags?
Famous People with OstomiesAl Geiberger. Al Geiberger is a former professional golfer who won 11 tournaments on the PGA tour, one of them being the 1966 PGA Championship. … Dwight “Ike” Eisenhower. … Jerry Kramer. … Marvin Bush. … Napoleon Bonaparte. … Rolf Benirschke. … Thomas P. … Babe Zaharias.More items…•
Is having a stoma a disability?
Having a stoma can also be classed as having a disability, but this is where I struggle. I use a disabled (or accessible, as I prefer) toilet on occasion, as is my right. However, as someone once chose to tell me when I came out of a disabled toilet – ‘I don’t look disabled’.
How often should you change a stoma bag?
between 1 to 3 times a dayYou can change your stoma bag as often as you feel you need to. If you have a colostomy and wear a closed bag you will most likely change your pouch after every bowel movement – approximately between 1 to 3 times a day.

domain: medical


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There has been a lot of controversy recently over gun control issues, especially because of the recent mass killings involving assault weapons. I recently went to a re-enactment of a Revolutionary War battle. The framers of our Constitution were using muskets at the time of the signing. As demonstrated at the event I attended, muskets are very cumbersome to load, and frequently don't even fire after loaded. These were the arms that the citizenry had the right to own.
I am sure the framers of our Constitution never envisioned assault weapons when the Second Amendment was written. So my response to gun rights advocates is that you have the right to bear muskets! That would eliminate much of the carnage that is taking place in our country right now. It is hard to have mass shootings when you have to reload an unreliable firearm after each shot.
Carolyn Robins, Newington

domain: sociology


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I remember going into the main library, that first room on the right with the little rooms lining the wall facing the inner courtyard. Each had a pair of plush chairs upholstered in green leather facing the courtyard. A covered radiator, useful during the snow in winter, was between the chair and the window. I used to like to go there in the evening to study. The trouble was, I often had to read a book in French. It was rather boring, having to stop and look up frequent words in a story that wasn’t terribly interesting to begin with. Unfortunately, I almost always got too relaxed and sleepy to accomplish much. However, I felt very collegiate.
– Robert Schechter
The reading alcoves in the L&B room at Sterling Library were cozy little chapels where I went to worship the written word. They had wonderful views of the courtyard plus sleep-inducing green leather chairs. Truth be told, I may have napped more than I read at the L&B. Whenever I’m back in New Haven, I always make a pilgrimage to the L&B.
– Scott Simpson
L&B reading room on a February afternoon – the over-stuffed leather chairs so inviting.
– Mark Fulford
I was particularly fond of the L & B alcoves overlooking the Sterling courtyard. Both the lovely setting and the comfortable leather chairs helped to take the sting out of studying.
– Gordon Clark
Having spent quite a bit of time reading history in campus libraries, I have fond memories of Sterling–green leather L&B couches, a fifth-floor carrel with a magnificent view for writing papers, and the manuscript room that housed the nineteenth century diaries of Yalies who studied in Germany I studied for my senior thesis. It was a moveable feast studying in all the residential colleges but Georgian Pierson and Gothic JE were like home.
– Paul Chapman


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Trisha Krishnan is the star of South Indian cinema. The actress has shared the memory of winning the Miss Chennai title at the age of 16. “30/09/1999 was the day my life changed” -Trisha wrote. After this, Trisha participated in many beauty pageants. The actress had participated in the Miss India pageant and ‘Nee Manasu Naku Telugu Actress’. Trisha won the ‘Beautiful Smile’ award.
The actress acted in the Tamil film Jodi in 1999 and became the heroine in the 2002 film Maunam Pesiyathe. Later, Sami (2003), ACA (2004), films, and Trisha became the leading actress in Tamil cinema. The actress made her Bollywood debut with Akshay Kumar’s Khatta Meeta. Meanwhile, Trisha is part of Mohanlal’s ‘Ram’.
Trisha is an Indian actress and model, who primarily works in Tamil and Telugu language films. She was noticed after winning several beauty pageants like the Miss Madras contest (1999), which marked her entry into the film industry.
After appearing in a supporting role in the 1999 Tamil film Jodi, she had her first lead role in the 2002 film Mounam Pesiyadhe. She later rose to fame starring in the successful films, Saamy (2003) and Ghilli (2004) in Tamil cinema and Varsham (2004) in Telugu cinema, for which she secured her first South Filmfare Best Actress Award. She went on to win the award two more times for Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana (2005) and Aadavari Matalaku Ardhalu Verule. In 2010, she made her Bollywood début in Khatta Meetha. She was seen in her career-best performances in Abhiyum Naanum, Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa for which she won Vijay Award for Favourite Heroine and was nominated for Filmfare Best Tamil Actress Award.


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The Great Food Truck Race is returning to Food Network. The cable channel has picked up a 15th season of the cooking competition series. Hosted by Tyler Florence, the eight-episode season will debut in June.
Food Network revealed more about the new series in a press release.
“The Great Food Truck Race heads to the beach for the hottest season ever this summer with a brand-new action-packed culinary road battle along the sunny Southern California coast, premiering Sunday, June 5th at 9pm ET/PT on Food Network and streaming on Discovery+. In the eight-episode season hosted by Tyler Florence, nine teams of aspiring food truck owners with specialties ranging from fresh pasta to plant-based Cuban dishes must prove their cooking chops, marketing savvy and selling skills in high-stakes challenges to beat their rivals and stay in the race. Kicking off in Laguna Beach with a spicy hot pepper challenge, the route then hits beach locations for intense cooking rounds and selling challenges, from Venice for a visit from Chef Antonia Lofaso and a hemp-inspired menu challenge to a selling competition at The Grand Prix of Long Beach. Other stops include Los Angeles where the teams compete against two-time Race winners The Lime Truck, Redondo Beach for a lunch-on-the-go challenge judged by Race alumni Seoul Sausage, serving beach volleyball players in Manhattan Beach and a visit to the Glamis Dunes, culminating in a head-to-head finale in San Diego where only one team is awarded the life-changing $50,000 grand prize.
“The Great Food Truck Race’s innovative teams, mind-blowing food and beautiful locales make this show a perfect way to celebrate summer,” said Jane Latman, President, Home and Food Content & Streaming, Warner Bros. Discovery. “The only thing hotter than the food is the rivalries – these teams are truly in this competition to change their lives and move forward in their quest to have their own business.”
The teams competing are: Amawele’s – San Francisco, California (Pamela Drew, Wendy Drew, Emma Januarie); Eso Artisanal Pasta – Morristown, New Jersey (AJ Sankofa, Kristina Gambarian, Matt McFadden); Food Flight – Atlanta, Georgia (Kate Schulz, Betsy Wallace, Grant Stevens); Girl’s Got Balls – Fox River Grove, Illinois (Shauna Fetterman, Lizzy Scudder, Carrie Jones); Maybe Cheese Born With It – Toledo, Ohio (David Gedert, Mahogany Reign, Keith Logue); Salsa Queen – Salt Lake City, Utah (Salsa Queen Zapata, Jim Birch, Missy Workman); Sauté Kingz – Daytona Beach, Florida (Count Foreman, Jessica Foreman, Jesshuan Foreman); Señoreata – Los Angeles, California (Evanice Holz, Adri Law, Chelly Saludado) and Southern Pride Asian Fusion – Colorado Springs, Colorado (DJ Williams, Houston Greenlee, Gio Palacio).
In the season premiere, the competitors meet Tyler and see their food trucks for the very first time in Laguna Beach. Things get spicy very quickly in the first challenge as Tyler reveals a table stocked with colorful hot peppers – and the teams must create their hottest dish to impress Tyler. In the selling round, rivalries and alliances are quickly born as the teams battle to get customers and one truck is sent home. Upcoming episodes visit Los Angeles where the trucks must sell against two-time Race winners The Lime Truck, a high-energy Venice Beach challenge inspired and judged by Chef Antonia Lofaso and on-the-go lunch delivery in Redondo Beach with Race alumni Seoul Sausage. In the finale on Sunday, July 24th at 9pm ET/PT, the two remaining teams go head-to-head in San Diego and the last truck standing is awarded the $50,000 grand prize.
Fans can get to know the competing teams and find out where Tyler likes to eat when he’s on the road at FoodNetwork.com/GreatFoodTruckRace. Follow along with the competition on social media and tell us which truck is serving up the best grub using #GreatFoodTruckRace.”
What do you think? Do you plan to check out the return of this series on Food Network?
I just started watching it and could not believe what I just watched . Not appropriate for food network I turned it off.
I will be watching! So excited!

domain: geography


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Route & dates
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Hyderabad— 16 nights
City of Pearls
Teeming with history and heritage, Hyderabad draws visitors from all over the world with its old Indo-Islamic buildings, forts, and museums.Satisfy your inner culture vulture at Salar Jung Museum and Chilkur Balaji Temple. Kids will enjoy Ramoji Film City and Sri Ramakrishna Math. Go for a jaunt from Hyderabad to Secunderabad to see Guruvayurappan Temple - Mceme - Secunderabad about 42 minutes away. Spend the 20th (Sat) exploring nature at Mrugavani National Park. Pack the 24th (Wed) with family-friendly diversions at Wonderla Amusement Park. There's still lots to do: explore the historical opulence of Golkonda Fort, stop by Krishna Pearls & Jewellers, hunt for treasures at Laad Bazaar, and browse the different shops at GVK One Mall.
For more things to do, traveler tips, other places to visit, and more tourist information, refer to the Hyderabad custom trip planner.
Use the Route module to find travel options from your starting location to Hyderabad. In May, daytime highs in Hyderabad are 46°C, while nighttime lows are 32°C. Finish your sightseeing early on the 25th (Thu) so you can travel back home.
Things to do in Hyderabad
Get expert advice on where to stay in Hyderabad.Find places to stay »


The term “internet advancement” defines the procedure of bringing a suggested internet site to life. It can encompass a selection of activities, including visuals design and also prototyping, interactive style, content writing, and web programs. A web programmer is the one in charge of transforming an internet site idea or idea into a reality. Internet designers operate in close partnership with internet developers as well as typically play an energetic role in the imaginative procedure of developing and also building a website. Internet development is among one of the most essential components of any effective website. Without it, the suggestion of the site in its entirety will be provided moot.
As an example, if you have an internet site that advertises your company, without a well-developed web advancement prepare the website may never obtain much website traffic, let alone considerable income. Poor web development can additionally set you back a company owner money because of the costs connected with upgrading the website and also possible delays in the delivery of its materials. When taking into consideration a web growth strategy, entrepreneur need to first determine what they intend to achieve with their site. Once this has been established, the following action in the procedure is to determine how much money, if any, is offered to be invested in internet advancement. While budget plans can be gone over, it is often best to have a firm idea in mind before approaching a variety of business with varying deals. Local business owner should also consider the current state of their company and whether or not they are far better off with an extra fundamental website or one that offers a great deal of additional performance. Once the budget plan has been established and also a listing of potential web sites has been created, it is time to start the real internet advancement process. Throughout this factor, an internet designer will certainly sit down with the business proprietor and also review the feel and look that will certainly be preferred for the site. Often times this will consist of brainstorming ideas about the layout as well as overall function of the internet site. By using an above projector, a local business owner can think of the website he or she hopes to create. The next phase is one that several firms avoid: employing an internet programmer that will be the sole voice of business. While it may appear as if having an only web developer will cost more, it can actually lead to a lower expense when contrasted to the choice. When dealing with a professional, business proprietor is able to communicate with the individual every action of the way. In addition to this, the web programmer will certainly supervise of the instructions his/her firm tackles the internet.
Alongside the design of the site, the internet programmer will certainly additionally be accountable for developing a solid as well as fascinating sales copy for the site. This will confirm to be an indispensable asset to the business in the future. While internet growth is a difficult job, it can be done by any person with understanding of the net and also shows languages. Before hiring somebody to tackle the obligations of establishing a web site for your service, make certain to take a close check out their previous work experience. If you are unclear of the abilities of the internet designer, it might be an excellent concept to work with a consultant. A consultant will not only provide the required work however will be a lot more reputable as well. By working with a professional, you will have the ability to create your web site while conserving money over the future.


Senator Recto's mom passes away in Cambodia-A A +A
Monday, November 4, 2013
CARMEN Gonzales-Recto, the mother of Senator Ralph Recto, passed away while on vacation in Cambodia, her daughter-in-law Batangas Governor Vilma Santos-Recto confirmed in her Facebook account Monday.
According to the senator's office, Mrs. Recto died in sleep on the day she was supposed to return to the Philippines. She was 72.
It was reported that Mrs. Recto who was already on her way back to the Philippines opted to take a nap but did not wake up anymore.
According to reports, Mrs. Recto suffered from pneumonia. (Camille P. Balagtas/Sunnex)


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||Herbie the Lovebug
||Less than a year old|
||English Short-Hair Cavy/Guinea Pig|
Our precious Herbie the Lovebug was rescued from a heartbreaking situation at a dirty, crowded, made-for-profit, inhumane, small pet mill (similar to a puppy mill) where small pets are overbred, separated from their mothers when they are too young and sold as tiny babies to pet stores. Unfortunately, many of these poor little babies did not survive the long truck ride to the pet stores due to their young age, early separation from their mothers, pneumonia, illness, lack of heat/air conditioning in the trucks. Our Herbie was one of the lucky youngsters who survived his horrific early life (the only remnants are his chewed-up ears from overcrowded conditions).
We adopted Herbie during March's Adopt-a-Homeless GP Month 2021 and he was quite outgoing from Day 1! He enjoyed interaction with us, eating out of my hubby's hand immediately, enjoyed a chin/chest rub and wanted to be a part of our daily life every minute (his cage is in our living room so he can keep an eye on us!)
How Herbie got his name: Herbie IS a lovebug because he loves to curl up around my neck, snuggle, lick my face; however, he can only sit still for a few minutes at a time, then he has to move on and explore his surroundings, get into mischief, bite on everything and look for a secret place to pee. I cannot wear my eyeglasses when Herbie is snuggling at my neck - he has bitten them and scratched the lenses twice! When he is on my hubby's lap on a towel, it will be soiled within a few minutes as Herbie has to "mark" his spot. Beloved legendary comic actor, Lou Costello, often said his famous line, "I'm a baaad boy," when he got into trouble and he played "Herbie" in 2 classic films ... Needless to say, Lou's hilarious character also influenced naming our Herbie! (Plus they both look great in derbys!) We love our "baaad boy" Herbie the Lovebug!
It took Herbie a little while to get a taste for vegetables, which he had never had before; however, his favorite foods now are Timothy hay, Oxbow's food and Vit. C tablets, greenleaf lettuce, cucumber, parsley, celery, carrot shreds. (I'm still working on getting him to love green peppers.) Good nutrition has helped Herbie gained almost 1.5 lbs. since we adopted him.
erbie is very spoiled like all of our adopted guinea pigs have been and like all pets should be! If he doesn't get veggie treats immediately, he starts whistling loudly or throwing a wooden toy around so we know that, under no uncertain terms, he is hungry and waiting! He adds so much laughter and love to our lives every day with his antics and affection.
Please Spread the Word: Opt to Adopt Homeless Pets from Shelters/Humane Societies because ALL Pets (big OR small) Deserve Loving Fur-ever Homes! Every living creature has their own special and unique personality and likes/dislikes. We have thoroughly enjoyed getting to know and love every little scamp we've adopted over the past 30+ years. (We are not breeders.) www.Petfinder.com is a free site where you can find homeless pets near you!
Here is Herbie's Fun Photo Web Page
Talk about Herbie in Pet Talk!

domain: pet


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Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Este
Franz Ferdinand Carl Ludwig Joseph Maria of Austria-Este (born December 18, 1863 in Graz , † June 28, 1914 in Sarajevo ) was Austrian Archduke and heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary from the House of Habsburg-Lothringen since 1896 . During the assassination attempt in Sarajevo , he and his wife Sophie Duchess von Hohenberg were murdered by the Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip . The act sparked the July crisis from leading to the First World War led.
Childhood and youth
Franz Ferdinand, only known as Archduke Franz in his younger years, was the son of Karl Ludwig of Austria , the second eldest of the three brothers of Emperor Franz Joseph I , and Princess Maria Annunziata of Naples-Sicily . When he was eight years old, his mother died. He spent the summers near Reichenau an der Rax in the Villa Wartholz or in Artstetten Castle in Lower Austria. He was close friends with his cousin Rudolf , the Austro-Hungarian Crown Prince . He developed a close relationship with his stepmother Marie Therese of Portugal ; she married his father when Franz Ferdinand was nine and a half years old. Later she was also in a crisis about his inappropriate marriage in contrast to his relatives to him.
Archduke Franz V of Austria-Este , until 1859 Duke of Modena , Massa , Carrara and Guastalla († November 20, 1875), offered the father of Franz Ferdinand to appoint one of his sons as heir - on the condition that he had the Accept the name Estonian and learn a fair amount of Italian within twelve months . Karl Ludwig informed his two older sons about it (Archduke Ferdinand Karl was still too young), whereby Archduke Otto strictly rejected the request to learn the Italian language. Franz Ferdinand, however, undertook to do so.
After the emperor gave his permission, "-Este" was added to his Habsburg name and he received Italian lessons. However, it was very difficult for him to learn Italian. He passed on his aversion to the language to the Italians and never visited his extensive estates in northern Italy . According to the will, he was not allowed to sell the inheritance. After the heir to the throne was assassinated in 1914, the name Austria-Este passed to Franz Ferdinand's great-nephew, Archduke Robert , the son of the later Emperor Karl I. A large part of the Este archive has remained in Artstetten Castle .
Franz Ferdinand's stepmother Marie Therese of Portugal then looked for new teachers and won over the historian Onno Klopp , who taught the Archduke history for six years, from 1876 to 1882, and the provost Godfried Marschall . Both gained great influence on the young Archduke and decisively shaped his attitude towards life. Klopp influenced the young man by giving him an exaggerated Habsburg sense of mission and gave him lectures on his high calling and divine grace . His new religion teacher Marschall managed to win the affection of Franz Ferdinand. Marschall, who became provost of the Votive Church in Vienna in 1880 and auxiliary bishop in Vienna in 1901 , was Franz Ferdinand's closest friend and advisor for many years and had a great influence on him. The relationship of trust later broke due to the morganatic marriage of the heir to the throne.
Franz Ferdinand shot his first game at the age of nine. Hunting later became his great passion, and he is said to have been an extremely good shooter. He maintained several large hunting grounds. As can be seen from the fully preserved shot lists, Franz Ferdinand shot 274,889 game heads in the course of his life. Including many exotic animals such as tigers, lions and elephants when hunting big game on his long trips around the world. In 1911 alone he shot 18,799 game, the “daily record” was 2763 black-headed gulls on a June day in 1908 . He has been considered one of the best marksmen in the world since the early 1890s. His huge trophy collection is still in Konopiště Castle . In Artstetten Castle you can see the coins that he struck with the same shotgun after placing a bet on his trip to India.
The “passion bordering on the addict” is unanimously perceived as one of the darkest sides of Franz Ferdinand's personality and is described by historians as “feudal mass slaughter”, “game slaughter, carrion, mass murder” or “pathological gunfury”, in which he uses “ruthless energy “Proceeded. Paul Sethe analyzed that Franz Ferdinand was "a child of the signs of decay of his time", "that numbers, the masses, are more important to him than the joy of stalking ..."
It should be noted, however, that the heir to the throne was usually invited as a guest of honor at hunts and the drivers directed the game to its shooting range. At the same time he developed a strong environmental awareness and promoted numerous ecological projects on his property.
Before the succession
From 1878 Franz Ferdinand received military training that led him through the entire monarchy: He was with the infantry in Bohemia, the hussars in Hungary and the dragoons in Upper Austria . In 1889 his father gave him Artstetten Castle in Lower Austria, which is now a museum for Franz Ferdinand. In 1899 he was promoted to general of the cavalry ; he also held the rank of admiral . During his military service, he contracted pulmonary tuberculosis several times , from which his mother had already died, and in the fall of 1895 even had to temporarily retire from active service.
In 1892/1893 he undertook a trip around the world on medical advice with a large entourage on the torpedo cruiser SMS Kaiserin Elisabeth . The trip was officially declared a scientific expedition in order to silence rumors about the Archduke's poor health. The journey took him from Trieste to India , Indonesia , Australia , Japan , Canada and North America . He described his resulting impressions and experiences in the book Diary of my journey around the earth ( Vienna , Alfred Hölder, 1895). This diary, which is kept in Artstetten Castle, clearly shows the influence the world tour had on his later political ideas. Among other things, he was convinced that only a federal system could keep the multi-ethnic state alive and that Austria absolutely needed a stronger navy in order to be politically active internationally. 14,000 ethnological objects from this trip are now in the Weltmuseum Wien . In the winters of 1895 and 1896 he undertook further extended spa stays , including in Egypt , and, contrary to many expectations, recovered from his illness.
After the suicide of his cousin Crown Prince Rudolf at Mayerling Castle on January 30, 1889 and the death of his father Karl Ludwig in 1896, Franz Ferdinand was the heir to the throne of his ruling uncle Franz Joseph I according to the Habsburg house laws . Several attempts to marry him befitting his status , among others with the widowed Crown Princess Stephanie or the Saxon Princess Mathilde , failed.
Marriage to Sophie Chotek
On July 1, 1900, Franz Ferdinand Sophie married Countess Chotek , lady-in-waiting to Archduke Friedrich and his wife Isabella von Croy-Dülmen and daughter of a Bohemian count, who was made Princess of Hohenberg by the Emperor and Duchess of Hohenberg in 1909 on the occasion of the wedding.
Despite her origins from the Bohemian nobility ( see Chotek von Chotkow ) she was not considered equal to the Habsburgs ; Moreover, she was perceived by courtiers who were not well-meaning to her as simple, austere, rarely smiling, willing to serve, housewife, modest and faithful to the letter, godly. Since Emperor Franz Joseph I could not bring himself to include her family in the list of equal sexes, after long reluctance he only allowed an morganatic marriage on the condition that Sophie was not "the future Empress-wife", but only "wife of the future emperor ”and the later descendants of the couple, who bore the von Hohenberg family name , had no claim to the throne.
A study commissioned by him shows that Franz Ferdinand had his morganatic marriage justified by historians to the extent that the usual inter-family marriages affect the health of the offspring. The choice of the name Hohenberg is also astonishing, which appears with Gertrude von Hohenberg as the wife of Emperor Rudolf I at the very beginning of the Habsburg monarchy and finally becomes prominent again at the very end of the same monarchy. In the circle of the immediate family, the choice of name is interpreted as an act of donation from Emperor Franz Joseph and renewal.
Franz Ferdinand signed an official act on June 28, 1900, acknowledging the inequality of his bride and the renunciation of the throne for his descendants from the planned morganatic marriage in the Vienna Hofburg in the presence of the emperor and numerous high dignitaries.
These strict inheritance regulations only applied to Austria. In Bohemia and Hungary, however, Sophie could very well have become queen and her children heir to the throne. Franz Ferdinand renounced these claims in his declaration, however, with regard to the unity of the empire.
The wedding with Sophie brought Franz Ferdinand into a big conflict with his relatives. Franz Ferdinand's younger brothers Otto and Ferdinand Karl did not appear for the wedding, nor did their sister Margarete Sophie . On the wedding photo, which can be seen at Artstetten Castle , the small circle of guests is shown. The widespread contempt and humiliation can be measured by the fact that at weddings of other heirs to the throne or monarchs, an opulent ceremony in the presence of representatives of many other ruling houses was customary. From his extensive family, only his stepmother Maria Theresa and her two daughters Maria Annunziata and Elisabeth Amalie took part.
The couple will never have regretted their decision to marry, despite this and many other humiliations. According to the strict court protocol, Sophie was not allowed to appear at her husband's side on official occasions. While Franz Ferdinand came as heir to the throne right behind the emperor, Sophie had to line up after the various ladies-in-waiting and dignitaries of the monarchy. In his function as Inspector General of the Armed Power, Franz Ferdinand was allowed to appear as an officer with his wife according to the protocol. The couple took advantage of this loophole in the otherwise strict protocol of the monarchy, tragically also in Sarajevo in 1914.
Franz Ferdinand's marriage to Sophie von Hohenberg had four children who had to bear the family name of their mother:
- Sophie, Princess von Hohenberg (1901–1990) ⚭ 1920 Count Friedrich von Nostitz-Rieneck (1893–1973),
- Maximilian von Hohenberg (1902–1962) ⚭ 1926 Countess Elisabeth von Waldburg zu Wolfegg and Waldsee ,
- Ernst von Hohenberg (1904–1954) ⚭ 1936 Maria Therese Wood,
- a stillborn son (1908), buried in the family crypt of Artstetten Castle, which was built for the occasion.
Franz Ferdinand and Sophie were thus the first parents of the Hohenberg family, which was noble in Austria until 1919 . The family had their seat in the Belvedere Palace in Vienna , their summer residence was Konopiště Palace in Bohemia , which was expropriated by the Czechoslovak state at the end of 1918 without compensation. The children were then moved to Austria. The brother-in-law of the heir to the throne, Count Thun-Hohenstein, became her legal guardian and negotiated with Emperor Karl I on her behalf to legally withdraw from the family fund. The headquarters of the descendants became Artstetten Castle in Lower Austria. The eldest son, Max Hohenberg, became a legal representative of Otto Habsburg-Lothringen in Austria.
Although he was never officially involved in the leadership of the Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy , Franz Ferdinand was actively involved in imperial politics. To this end, he resided with a staff of advisors - the so-called "military chancellery", headed by Alexander von Brosch-Aarenau and his successor Carl von Bardolff - in Belvedere Palace . After his accession to the throne, he would have chosen the name Franz II . He pushed the military development of the armed forces ( joint army and navy ) and planned to strengthen the central power and weaken dualism .
Trialism - Federalism - Centralism
The reforms would have led to the amalgamation of Croatia , Bosnia and Dalmatia into a separate part of the empire ( southern Slavia), which would have competed with Serbia's interest in founding a southern Slav kingdom under Serbian leadership. These plans and the heated public discussion fueled the Serbs' hatred of Franz Ferdinand and the Habsburgs .
“ Trialism ” (Austria-Hungary-South Slavia) had, in addition to Croatian conservative circles, Franz Ferdinand as a sponsor at times; however, its reform plans soon developed in the direction of comprehensive federalization . His anti-Hungarian plans related primarily to the Hungarian nationalities, not because they were socially and politically disadvantaged, but because he considered them loyal to the state. However, this goal could hardly be achieved by the Crown Land federalism, initially favored by Franz Ferdinand, which did not take ethnic conditions into account.
Ultimately, the heir to the throne became the focal point of the Greater Austrian movement , which envisaged a federalization of all the peoples of the empire on an ethnic basis, although ultimately he could not fully agree with their most pronounced ideological support, Popovici's federalization concept . Franz Ferdinand technically never committed himself to any of these plans; his intentions sometimes contradicted each other and were often vague. He pursued a mixture of ethnic and historical-traditional federalism, occasionally reverted to trialism and advocated a kind of watered-down centralism. In addition to the political archive of the military chancellery in the court and state archive, there is extensive documentation at Artstetten Castle about his plans and those of his advisors.
Strengthening the defense force
The heir to the throne was placed by the emperor on March 29, 1898 as an officer "at the disposal of my supreme command"; the emperor granted him his own military staff and announced that Franz Ferdinand would now "gain ample insight into all the conditions of the armed forces on land and at sea, which one day will serve the common good for the best".
From 1906 on, Alexander Brosch, as a wing adjutant for Franz Ferdinand, expanded his military chancellery into an instrument of observation and influencing of the entire policy of the dual monarchy; it has been called a subsidiary government by critics.
Commissioned with an analysis of the military strength of the monarchy, the heir to the throne succeeded in 1906 in the removal of the 65-year-old Minister of War Heinrich von Pitreich and the 76-year-old Chief of Staff Friedrich von Beck-Rzikowsky (popularly jokingly called " Vice Emperor "), a special confidante of the of the same age as the emperor; this was replaced by the 54-year-old Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf .
When Conrad was ousted by the emperor in 1911 for pursuing preventive war plans against Serbia, the heir to the throne ensured that he could return to office in 1912. However, Franz Ferdinand was an opponent of the ill-considered military approach and wanted to avoid a war with Russia , so that “the Tsar and the Emperor of Austria would not overthrow each other from the throne and clear the way for the revolution”. In doing so, he repeatedly opposed Conrad, who was a proponent of preventive wars.
A war against Serbia was also rejected by Franz Ferdinand in a letter to Count Leopold Berchtold as early as 1913 : “If we wage a special war with Serbia, we will destroy it in the shortest possible time, but what then? And what do we get from it? First of all, then all of Europe will attack us (...) and God forbid us if we annex Serbia; a totally indebted country with royal killers, rascals etc. And where we can't even cope with Bosnia (...) And now, in my opinion, there is only politics to watch how the others cut their heads in, incite them as much as possible and to keep the peace for the monarchy. "
Franz Ferdinand also played a major role in the expansion of the Austro-Hungarian Navy . After 1900 he was able to enforce numerous new ships and was also responsible for the introduction of submarines from 1908.
On the eve of his 83rd birthday, Emperor Franz Joseph I appointed the heir to the throne on August 17, 1913 as inspector general of all armed power and decreed that Franz Ferdinand's military chancellery should now be called the chancellery of the inspector general of all armed power .
honors and awards
The heir to the throne was awarded high orders, often for reasons of protocol. Like all archdukes of age, he was the bearer of the Golden Fleece (the house order of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty, which was ranked above all other honors in Austria), knight of the British Order of the Garter , bearer of the Grand Commander's Cross of the royal house order of Hohenzollern , owner of the Japanese chrysanthemum Order and various orders of sovereigns from Sweden to Sicily and from Spain to Bulgaria. In addition, he has received numerous other domestic and foreign medals.
Preparations for the accession to the throne
Broch and his successor Bardolff prepared very detailed plans for Franz Ferdinand's accession to the throne in the military chancellery of the heir to the throne. They took into account that he intended a reconstruction of the dual monarchy decreed by the ruler before he could be tied to the traditional order by coronation silk and the like. The Magyar upper class would have been particularly hard hit by this (for whom the grief over his death was then very little). Therefore, in the deliberations, loyal forces who would support Franz Ferdinand had to be valued as well as expected opponents of his state restructuring from above, who intended to push the previous constitutions aside. This is where the diary of his trip around the world becomes important again.
In the so-called “Sarajevo Hall” of the Vienna Army History Museum there is a particularly curious oil painting by Wilhelm Vita . The portrait shows the Archduke in a white gala tunic with the rank of field marshal and with the four grand crosses of the Maria Theresa Order , the Austro -Hungarian Order of St. Stephen and Leopold as well as the Order of the Iron Crown . With the exception of the Order of St. Stephen, these are all attributes that Franz Ferdinand as Archduke and heir to the throne was not entitled to, but which he would have put on in the event of an accession to the throne.
The picture therefore depicts Franz Ferdinand as emperor and may have been intended as a template for official images of the emperor in the event of his accession to the throne. After the assassination of the heir to the throne, the portrait, which had become a utopia, was painted over. In this condition, the painting was acquired by the Army History Museum in 1959 and restored to its original condition after the overpainting was removed.
A similar picture can be seen in Artstetten Castle. It was ordered for the Hofburg from the Czech painter Václav Brožík , who commutes between Prague and Paris , and according to protocol it was supposed to represent the entire imperial family. After Emperor Franz Joseph I fell ill, in order not to lose his commission, the artist took the liberty of making a new sketch in which the heir to the throne is depicted as emperor. The final execution was not carried out because the artist died on April 15, 1901.
Assassination attempt in Sarajevo
Franz Ferdinand and his wife were in Bosnia-Herzegovina in June 1914 as part of maneuver visits . On June 28, 1914, they paid an official visit to its capital, Sarajevo. The underground organization “ Mlada Bosna ” planned an assassination attempt on this occasion with the help of members of the Serbian secret organization “ Black Hand ”. After an initially unsuccessful attempt at assassination with a hand grenade, the 19-year-old schoolboy Gavrilo Princip killed the Archduke and his wife with two pistol shots, with the heir to the throne being hit in the jugular vein and trachea, shortly thereafter losing consciousness and bleeding to death.
The automobile in which Franz Ferdinand and his wife were shot can be viewed in the Army History Museum in Vienna, where the bullet hole of the bullet that fatally hit Sophie can be clearly seen. The blood-soaked uniform of the heir to the throne can also be viewed (loan from the Archduke Franz Ferdinand Museum, Artstetten Castle). The medals and decorations worn by Franz Ferdinand on the day of his murder, however, are in Konopiště Castle . The blood-stained dress of the Duchess von Hohenberg is also preserved.
The funeral ceremonies were deliberately kept modest by the court because of the inappropriate marriage, the press spoke of a “funeral III. Class".
A full state funeral was out of the question for the heir to the throne anyway; only the monarch himself was entitled to this. Otherwise, Obersthofmeister Prince Montenuovo , not prevented by the Emperor, was content with a minimal program. Burial in the Capuchin Crypt was not possible for the Duchess von Hohenberg . That is why Franz Ferdinand had a crypt built for himself and his family in his Artstetten Castle . Attempts were made to keep the nobility from a funeral procession; The transfer of the coffins to Artstetten took place without the participation of (court) state agencies by the Vienna City Burial. The burial in the family crypt under the parish church in Artstetten Castle took place on July 4th in the family circle.
From the estate of Franz Ferdinand, a museum was built by his descendants in the castle, which shows him not only as an official and dignitary, but also as a private person.
The car in which Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie were shot ( Heeresgeschichtliches Museum Vienna )
Lay out of Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie in the Konak of Sarajevo
Crypt in Artstetten Castle with the marble sarcophagi of Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie
Political consequences of the attack
As can be seen from the minutes of meetings of the Austro-Hungarian Council of Ministers for Common Affairs , Austria-Hungary then wanted to make Serbia harmless forever with a war, and on July 23, 1914, presented the Serbian government with an extremely tough ultimatum limited to 48 hours in which it u. a. demanded the suppression of all actions and propaganda against the territorial integrity of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy and a judicial investigation of the assassination with the participation of Austro-Hungarian officials. The ultimatum was deliberately written in such a way that a sovereign state could not accept it. However, the ultimatum only threatened diplomatic relations and not (yet) war, a delicacy that the Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister Leopold Graf Berchtold attached great importance to.
Serbia responded to the ultimatum within the given deadline, but did not accept it unconditionally. Finally, Austria-Hungary, with German support, declared war on Serbia on July 28, 1914. The First World War was triggered by the alliance obligations of the great powers of the time .
Despite his reform plans and unconventional marriage, Franz Ferdinand did not become a popular figure. This was probably due to the resentment of all those who resented his inappropriate marriage and his reform plans, as well as to his being, described as harsh and uninspiring.
The Viennese publicist Karl Kraus , who at times sympathized with him, put it in his obituary as follows: He was not a greeter (...) He was not aiming for that unexplored area that the Viennese call his heart .
His lack of understanding of all new cultural developments (e.g. the architecture of Otto Wagner ; see the church at Steinhof opened by Franz Ferdinand in 1907 ), which went as far as reactionary , also contributed to bad defamation. There is a tradition, for example, that at an exhibition he expressed the opinion that all the bones in Oskar Kokoschka's body should be broken.
In 1912, Esteplatz in Vienna- Landstrasse (3rd district) was named after the heir to the throne. The Ferdinand brewery , which Franz Ferdinand moved from Konopischt (Konopiště) to Beneschau ( Benešov ) and still produces beer under his name, was named after him.
In 1917 a memorial to the murdered couple was unveiled in Sarajevo. It was removed from the SHS state in 1919 .
Ludwig Winder published a near-source novel in Zurich in 1937 with the title The Heir apparent . It was reissued in East Berlin in 1984. Marcel Reich-Ranicki had the work presented in March 1987 in the series “Novels from yesterday - read today”. Paul Zsolnay Verlag brought out a new edition in 2014 .
In 1989 the Archduke Franz Ferdinand Museum was established in Artstetten Castle .
The Scottish band Franz Ferdinand , founded in 2001, is named after the Archduke.
2014 marked the hundredth anniversary of the beginning of the First World War; this has been the subject of numerous books, documentaries, etc. The journalist Frank Gerbert (* 1955) published a book in 2014 in which he detailed the last journey of Franz Ferdinand that ended in Sarajevo. In addition, 2014 provided the occasion for numerous other new publications.
In 2014 Artstetten Castle organized a requiem in the castle church and in the basilica of Maria Taferl with more than 90 members of the former imperial family. This became the occasion for larger commemorative events in which numerous politicians also took part.
- “The natives didn't make a particularly favorable impression.” Diary of my trip around the earth 1892–1893. Edited, introduced and commented on by Frank Gerbert, Kremayr & Scheriau, Vienna 2013, ISBN 978-3-218-00862-4 .
- Wladimir Aichelburg : Sarajevo - the assassination attempt on June 28, 1914. The assassination attempt on Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria. Österreichische Staatsdruckerei, Vienna 1999, ISBN 3-7046-1386-X .
- Wladimir Aichelburg: Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Este 1863–1914. Notes on an unusual diary of an extraordinary life. Berger, Horn / Vienna 2014, 3 volumes, ISBN 978-3-85028-624-4 .
- Erika Bestereiner : Franz Ferdinand and Sophie von Hohenberg. Forbidden love at the imperial court. Piper, Munich / Zurich 2004, ISBN 978-3-492-04514-8 .
- Gordon Brook-Shepherd : The Victims of Sarajevo. Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Sophie von Chotek. Engelhorn, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-87203-037-X .
- Theodor Brückler: heir to the throne Franz Ferdinand as monument curator. The "art files" of the military chancellery in the Austrian State Archives (war archive). Böhlau, Vienna 2009, ISBN 978-3-205-78306-0 .
- Beate Hammond: Habsburg's greatest love story. Franz Ferdinand and Sophie. Ueberreuter, Vienna 2001, ISBN 3-8000-3794-7 .
- Alma Hannig: Franz Ferdinand, the biography. Amalthea Signum Verlag, Vienna 2013, ISBN 978-3-85002-845-5 .
- Robert Hoffmann : Archduke Franz Ferdinand and progress. Preservation of the old town and civic will to modernize in Salzburg. Böhlau, Vienna / Cologne / Weimar 1994, ISBN 3-205-98232-0 .
- Rudolf Kiszling : In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 5, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1961, ISBN 3-428-00186-9 , p. 364 f. ( ).
- Lucian O. Meysels : The prevented dynasty. Archduke Franz Ferdinand and the House of Hohenberg. Molden, Vienna 2000, ISBN 978-3-85485-051-9 .
- Hertha Pauli : The Secret of Sarajevo. Zsolnay, Vienna / Hamburg 1966; as TB: Bastei Lübbe 63026, Bergisch Gladbach 1978, ISBN 3-404-00886-3 .
- Justin Stagl (Ed.): An Archduke travels. Contributions to Franz Ferdinand's world tour. Society for Cultural Sociology, self-published by the Society for Cultural Sociology of the University of Salzburg, Salzburg 2001.
- Friedrich Weissensteiner : Franz Ferdinand, the prevented ruler. Kremayr & Scheriau, Vienna / Munich / Zurich 2007, ISBN 978-3-218-00769-6 .
- Janko Ferk : The emperor sends soldiers out. A Sarajevo novel. Vienna / Graz 2014, ISBN 978-3-222-13408-1 .
- Literature by and about Franz Ferdinand von Österreich-Este in the catalog of the German National Library
- Works by and about Franz Ferdinand von Österreich-Este in the German Digital Library
- Newspaper article about Franz Ferdinand von Österreich-Este in the 20th century press kit of the ZBW - Leibniz Information Center for Economics .
- Life and history of Franz Ferdinand. ( Memento from May 14, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
- Miklós Horthy: Memories of Franz Ferdinand. (English)
- Assassination attempt on Franz Ferdinand in the Austrian press. Austrian National Library
- Pictures by Franz Ferdinand in the picture archive of the Austrian National Library
- Film recordings of Franz Ferdinand and newsreel reports on his murder on the European Film Gateway
- Website of Artstetten Castle (near Pöchlarn, Lower Austria)
- Marc von Lüpke: Assassination attempt in Sarajevo - "We'll get a few more balls today" . In: one day , June 27, 2014
- Franz Ferdinand <Austria, Archduke>; 1863–1914 , entry in the German Central Library for Economics
- Friedrich Weissensteiner: Franz Ferdinand - The prevented ruler . Austrian Bundesverlag, Vienna 1983, pp. 65–68.
- Friedrich Weissensteiner : Franz Ferdinand. The prevented ruler . Österreichischer Bundesverlag, Vienna 1983, pp. 52–59.
- Linhart reports (with reference to "Borneo cannot keep up with Gmunden") from a competition with art shooters Buffalo Bill in Vienna, which Franz Ferdinand won in LB. In: FAZ , July 16, 2013, p. 30.
- Wladimir Aichelburg: Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Este and Artstetten. Lehner, Vienna 2000, ISBN 3-901749-18-7 , p. 32.
- Wladimir Aichelburg: Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Este and Artstetten. Lehner, Vienna 2000, ISBN 3-901749-18-7 , p. 33.
- Gerhard Roth : A journey into the interior of Vienna. Essays. S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 1991, ISBN 3-10-066045-5 , p. 182.
- Wolfram G. Theilemann: needle in the green coat. Noble hunters, large private forest property and the Prussian forest officials 1866–1914. Akademie Verlag, Berlin 2004, ISBN 3-05-003556-0 , p. 73.
- Emil Franzel : Franz Ferdinand d'Este. Model of a conservative revolution. Munich 1964, p. 60.
- Friedrich Weissensteiner: Franz Ferdinand. The prevented ruler. Österreichischer Bundesverlag, Vienna 1983, p. 224.
- Wolfram G. Theilemann: needle in the green coat. Noble hunters, large private forest property and the Prussian forest officials 1866–1914. Akademie Verlag, Berlin 2004, ISBN 3-05-003556-0 , p. 140.
- Gerd Holler: Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Este. Ueberreuter, Vienna 1982, ISBN 3-8000-3182-5 , p. 41.
- Paul Sethe: That made history. Panoramas from a century. Scheffler, Frankfurt am Main 1969, p. 42.
- Wladimir Aichelburg "Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria Este 1863-1914". Berger publishing house, ISBN 978-3-85028-625-1 .
- Friedrich Weissensteiner: Franz Ferdinand - The prevented ruler , Öst. Bundesverlag, Vienna 1983, pp. 85-88.
- Wladimir Aicheburg: Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria Este 1863-1914. Publisher: Berger & Söhne, Ferdinand (February 3, 2014), ISBN 978-3-85028-625-1 .
- Archives Schloss Artstetten, private correspondence Duke Max v. Hohenberg
- Official part . In: Wiener Zeitung newspaper , Vienna, No. 147, June 29, 1900, p. 1.
- Christopher Clark : The Sleepwalkers. How Europe moved into World War I. Deutsche Verlagsanstalt, Munich 2013, pp. 152–152.
- Friedrich Weissensteiner: Franz Ferdinand - The prevented ruler. East Bundesverlag, Vienna 1983, pp. 114-138.
- Wladimir Aichelburg: Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Este . Verlag Berger, Horn and Vienna 2014. ISBN 978-3-85028-624-4 .
- Robert A. Kann : The nationality problem of the Habsburg Monarchy. History and ideas of the national efforts from the Vormärz to the dissolution of the Reich in 1918. Volume 2: Ideas and plans for reform of the Reich. Böhlau, Graz / Cologne 1964, pp. 193–197.
- high handwriting of March 29, 1898. In: Official part . In: Wiener Zeitung newspaper , No. 75, April 1, 1898, p. 1.
- cit. after Friedrich Weissensteiner: Franz Ferdinand - The prevented ruler. Austrian Bundesverlag, Vienna 1983, p. 214.
- high handwriting of August 17, 1913. In: Official part . In: Wiener Zeitung daily , No. 192, August 20, 1913, p. 1.
Lists of his awards (as of January and November 1913):
Hof- und Staats-Handbuch der Austro-Hungarian Monarchy for 1913 , section Genealogy of the Most High Rulers , p. 2. kk Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, Vienna 1913.
Adolph Lehmann's General housing indicator: in addition to trade and Business address book for dkk Reichshaupt- u. Residence city Vienna a. Surroundings. Vienna 1914, Volume 1, section Austrian Imperial House , digital p. 36, 1st and 2nd column
- Manfried Rauchsteiner , Manfred Litscher (Ed.): The Army History Museum in Vienna . Graz / Vienna 2000, p. 56 f.
- Johann Christoph Allmayer-Beck : The Army History Museum Vienna. The museum and its representative rooms. Salzburg 1981, p. 52.
- Archduke Franz Ferdinand Museum Schloss Artstetten. Military Chancellery room.
- Johann Christoph Allmayer-Beck : The Army History Museum Vienna. Hall VI - The k. (U.) K. Army from 1867-1914. Vienna 1989, p. 53.
- Manfried Rauchsteiner , Manfred Litscher (Ed.): The Army History Museum in Vienna . Graz, Vienna 2000 p. 63.
- Friedrich Weissensteiner: Franz Ferdinand - The prevented ruler. Österreichischer Bundesverlag, Vienna 1983, p. 39.
- State history of Lower Austria . 2nd edition 1994, p. 340, see also biography in the personal dictionary of the state of Lower Austria.
- Franz Ferdinand and the Talents . In: Die Fackel , Vienna, XVI. Jahr, No. 400–403, July 10, 1914, p. 1 ff., Quoted on p. 3 below
- Otto Hans Ressler: "The" value of art , Böhlau, Vienna 2007, p. 64.
- Alma Hannig, Paul Miller: No memorial for the dead. In: Die Zeit , Hamburg, No. 27, June 26, 2014 .
- Frank Gerbert: Sarajevo final stop. The last days of the heir to the throne Franz Ferdinand. A search for traces from Bohemia to Bosnia. Kremayr & Scheriau, Vienna 2014, ISBN 978-3-218-00908-9 .
|SURNAME||Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Este|
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES||Franz Ferdinand d'Este; Archduke Franz Ferdinand|
|BRIEF DESCRIPTION||Austro-Hungarian Archduke and heir to the throne|
|DATE OF BIRTH||December 18, 1863|
|PLACE OF BIRTH||Graz|
|DATE OF DEATH||June 28, 1914|
|Place of death||Sarajevo|


A Companion to Reality Television.pdf
Laurie Ouellette is Associate Professor in the Department of Communication at the University of Minnesota, where she teaches Critical Media Studies. She has published extensively on reality television and is co-author of Reality TV: Remaking Television Culture (2004 and 2009), and Better Living Through Reality TV: Television and Post-Welfare Citizenship (Wiley, 2008).
Introduction Laurie Ouellette Part 1: Industry Moves: Producing and Selling Reality 1. Mapping Commercialism in Reality Television June Deery 2. Reality TV and the Political Economy of Amateurism Andrew Ross 3. When Everyone Has Their Own Reality Show Mark Andrejevic 4. Cast-aways: The Plights and Pleasures of Reality Casting and Production Studies Vicki Mayer 5. Program Format Franchising in the Age of Reality Television Albert Moran Part 2: Blurred Realities: History, Genre and Realism 6. Realism and Reality Formats Jonathan Bignell 7. Reality TV Experiences: Audiences, Fact, and Fiction Annette Hill 8. From Participatory Video to Reality TV Daniel Marcus 9. Manufacturing "Massness": Aesthetic Form and Industry Practice in the Reality Television Contest Hollis Griffin 10. God, Capitalism and the Family Dog Eileen Meehan Part 3: Dilemmas of Visibility: Identity and Difference 11. The Bachelorette's Postfeminist Therapy: Transforming Women for Love Rachel E. Dubrofsky 12. Fractured Feminism: Articulations of Feminism, Sex and Class by Reality TV Viewers Andrea Press 13. "It's Been a While Since I've Seen, Like, Straight People:" Queer Visibility in the Age of Post-Network Reality Television Joshua Gamson 14. The Wild Bunch: Men, Labor and Reality Television Gareth Palmer 15. The Conundrum of Race and Reality TV Catherine Squires 16. Tan TV: Reality Television's Post-Racial Delusion Hunter Hargraves Part 4: Ordinary People on TV: Empowerment or Exploitation? 17. Reality TV and the Demotic Turn Graeme Turner 18. DIY(t)Y, Reality-Style: The Cultural Word of Ordinary Celebrity Laura Grindstaff 19. Reality TV's Construction of Ordinary People: Class-Based and Non-Elitist Articulations Nico Carpentier Part 5: Subjects of Reality: Making and Selling Selves and Lifestyles 20. Mapping the Makeover Maze: The Contours and Contradictions of Makeover TV Brenda Weber 21. House Hunters, Real Estate TV and Everyday Cosmopolitanism Mimi White 22. Life Coaches, Style Mavens and Design Gurus: Everyday Experts on Reality TV Tania Lewis 23. Reality Television Celebrity: Star Consumption and Self-Production in Media Culture Julie Wilson 24. Producing "Reality": Branded Content, Branded Selves, Precarious Futures Alison Hearn Part 6: Affective Registers: Reality, Sentimentality and Feeling 25. A Matter of Feeling: Mediated Affect in Reality TV Misha Kavka 26. "Walking in Another's Shoes: Sentimentality and Philanthropy on Reality TV Heather Nunn and Anita Biressi Part 7: Political Realities: Citizenship, Policy and Public Life 27. Reality Television and the Reinvention of Government James Hay and Laurie Ouellette 28. Reality Television, Public Service and Public Life: A Critical Theory Perspective Peter Lunt 29. Reality Talent Shows in China: Transnational Format, Affective Engagement and the Chinese Dream Ling Yang 30. Reality Television From Big Brother to the Arab Uprisings: Neoliberal, Liberal and Geopolitical Considerations Marwan Kraidy
International in scope and more comprehensive than existing collections, A Companion to Reality Television presents a complete guide to the study of reality, factual and nonfiction television entertainment, encompassing a wide range of formats and incorporating cutting-edge work in critical, social and political theory. Original in bringing cutting-edge work in critical, social and political theory into the conversation about reality TV Consolidates the latest, broadest range of scholarship on the politics of reality television and its vexed relationship to culture, society, identity, democracy, and "ordinary people" in the media Includes primetime reality entertainment as well as precursors such as daytime talk shows in the scope of discussion Contributions from a list of international, leading scholars in this field


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