text:
By Gizem Orbey
Background summary: Legal history survey
Demographics. The Ottoman Empire was a sprawling and powerful multinational, multicultural state founded by Oghuz Turks in 1299 in Anatolia and dissolved in the wake of World War I to create Turkey, the modern Balkans, and other Middle Eastern states. The first Ottoman census, taken in the middle of the 19th century, reported a population of 35 million, which dwindled to around 24 million at the Empire’s dissolution.
Schools of Islamic Law. Though operating under the aegis of Sunnī Islamic law, with caliphate Sultans at the helm and a Ḥanafī jurisprudential heritage, the Empire remained both politically and religiously diverse throughout its turbulent 500-year history, accommodating numerous provinces and states with varying degrees of religious and political autonomy.
Constitutional Status of Islamic Law. As discussed further below, it wasn’t until the last 50 years of the empire that a more rigorous system with a central Constitution was attempted. This constitution confirmed the Sultan as the “person of the Sovereign the Supreme Caliphate of Islam,” and established that “Islam [was] the state religion.” However, it also guaranteed the state would protect “the free exercise of faiths professed in the Empire . . . on condition of public order and morality not being interfered with.”
Legal History Summary. The fragmented judicial system—the primary source of sharīʿa for much of the Empire’s history—promised jurisprudential consistency primarily through the parallel training of judges in mosque-affiliated colleges. Secular laws codified from custom coexisted with sharīʿa informally during this time, and were mostly applied in sharīʿa courts as a matter of course, or directly enforced by military police collecting taxes and criminal fines.
Court System. As mentioned above, from the founding of the Empire until the reform and Constitutional Eras that dawned in its final century around 1840, the primary form of law was judicial. Local judges (qāḍīs or mollas if they also served as the chief judge in a primary metropolitan district) were primarily appointed centrally by the Sultan and his Imperial Council and then dispatched to diverse sancaks, or local administrative districts. Judges offered binding but non-precedential edicts, or fiqh decisions, to resolve disputes, relying on the parties’ own efforts for enforcement. Many of the judges were Ḥanafī, but Ḥanafī judges could appoint non-Ḥanafī judges to diverse localities. The Islamic courts were open to non-Muslims, and Muslim judges could apply other laws when dealing with disputes among non-Muslims, but any case with a Muslim as a party had to be tried by a Muslim judge under Islamic law. The judges also played a central role in local communities and courts were often open around the clock to deal with all classes of conflicts.
In addition to judges, who were subservient to the Sultan and merely applied law and supplied informal continuity for the Sultan’s authority in far-off provinces, jurists referred to as muftīs were also dispatched locally to issue precedential fatwās interpreting Islamic law as applied to recurring categories of factual situations. Muftīs would be called to consult and issue fatwās in certain cases brought before the court; the most important muftis were often also the qāḍīs of important cities.
The fatwās were issued piecemeal based on circumstances, and did not attempt to derive a larger, cohesive unit of religious or legal philosophy. Often, they were simple yes/no answers to questions posed to the court given a certain conflict situation. However, fatwās were quite powerful—they were not only precedential but also binding on everyone, including the Sultan, and accordingly the Chief muftī, known as the Sheikh ul-Islām, had tremendous political power despite holding no formal executive position.
Ottoman Islamic jurisprudence recognized three main methods of dispute resolution: adjudication or “judge-ship” (kaza), amicable and/or negotiated settlement (sulh), and arbitration (tahkim). There is evidence that settlement was encouraged before trial, with the aim of reconciling family, friend, and neighbor relationships, and that it occurred quite frequently. Jurists considered settlements to be contracts consisting of offers of settlement terms (ijab) and their acceptance (kabul).
Law/Case Reporting System. In the 16th century the government started drafting, printing and compiling fatwās but they did not distribute them to the public. The great 16th-century Sheikh ul-Islām Ebussu‘ud (1545-74) established a Fatwā Office that survived until the end of the empire, where fatwās were compiled and ordered into groups and subgroups with headings such a “Sale,” “Marriage,” or “Evidence.” Permanent staff at the office received original fatwā questions from the public, from members of the legal profession, and from the government, and presented them to the Sheikh ul-Islām for answering. The final answers were organized into records and made available to legal scholars, serving as valuable legal references considered to be more relevant to daily life and easier to read (in Turkish) than the classical Arabic fiqh.
Until the second half of the 15th century, legal scholars, qāḍīs and muftīs had been rather informally organized and trained at colleges attached to mosques and supported by trusts. Although the mosques were mostly Sunni and followed Ḥanafī interpretations, there was a significant degree of diversity including other Sunni schools and little oversight from the central government. Gradually, the Sultans sought to control the progression of students and teachers, formalizing a hierarchy of colleges, which culminated with the 8 Colleges of Mehmet II (1451-1481). In these colleges, students trained to become muftīs, qāḍīs and mollas, or professors. Who was to become a muftī, a qadi, or both—and who could ultimately rise to the rank of the Sheikh ul-Islām—had more to do with politics and family relations than anything else, and both important judges and professors could later become muftis through such ties. Regardless, the increasing formalization of the college system and the Fatwā Office supplied some stability, consistency, and centrality to the judicial system.
Another formalization of the late 15th century was the central legislation of secular laws dealing with land, criminal penalties, and taxation. The sharīʿa judicial system as previously described had coexisted with informal kanunnameler, or secular laws derived from customs, with judges applying both in a given conflict depending on the situation at hand. Though customs were codified only informally and locally in the 13th and 14th centuries, in the 15th and 16th centuries, Sultans began formally enacting and modifying kanuns as a matter of course. Sultans essentially became legislators, issuing yasakname (rules of the forbidden), adaletnames (decrees requiring administrative issues to act within a realm of sharīʿa) and other decrees for implementation by the qāḍīs.
Over the next two centuries, as central codification led to increasing homogeneity of certain laws, so grew tensions between the local and central foci of Empire power. Resentment brewed in the localities over the politicization and nepotism in important judicial appointments, as well as in reaction to trade regulations that required, for example, sales of grain or animals to the central government at fixed prices. The mélange of cultures and interests attempting to grapple with one another—with the central government acting as a sort of arbitrator of trade interests between foreign neighbors and diverse localities—stirred the pot with diplomatic maneuvers and bargains. These troubles coupled with wars and increasing debt to foreign powers, which eroded the Empire’s tax base, resulted in instability that precipitated major reform efforts in the Empire’s final century.
Constitutional Status of Islamic Law
The Constitution. In 1839, Sultan Abdulmecid issued the imperial Rose Chamber Edict announcing major reforms and heralding what would come to be known as the “Tanzimat,” or reorganization era of the Empire. Following a preamble that attributed the Empire’s failings in recent centuries to its neglect of the Qur’ān and sharīʿa, the edict promised new, morally rigorous laws to, among other things, protect property, outlaw capital punishment without trial, and do away with bribery, tax farming, and other political corruption. The laws would be drafted by a Supreme Council of Judges and the Military Council, and crucially would apply to all Ottoman subjects, both Muslim and non-Muslim, alike. Indeed, the edict was implemented through several statutes and had far-reaching effect on the empire; however, since it never replaced the authority of the Sultan, it cannot be considered a constitution.
The Tanzimat culminated in the drawing up of a true constitution, called the Kanûn-u Esâsî in 1876 (full text available in Turkish and in English from the Boğaziçi University Atatürk Institute of Modern Turkish History). The document was drafted primarily by Midhat Pasha, a leading Tanzimat statesman, and implemented a constitutional monarchy with a single-party parliamentary system for two years (known as the “First Constitutional Era”).
Relevant Clauses. The Constitution implemented Islamic law in two clauses: Article 3, which confirmed the Sultan as the “person of the Sovereign the Supreme Caliphate of Islam,” and Article 11, which established that “Islam [was] the state religion,” but that the state would protect “the free exercise of faiths professed in the Empire, and uphold the religious privileges granted to various bodies, on condition of public order and morality not being interfered with.”
The Constitution described the Sovereign Rights of the Sultan and the Public Rights of Ottomans, covering topics such as property, education, schools, and taxes. For example, Article 21 guaranteed property rights, stating that “[p]roperty, real and personal, of lawful title, is guaranteed.” Echoing the U.S. Constitution’s 5th Amendment Takings Clause, this article further provided that “[t]here can be no dispossession [of property], except on good public cause shown, and subject to the previous payment, according to law, of the value of the property. . . .” The Constitution also established and elaborated on the administrative structure of the government, including the General Assembly, Senate, Tribunals, Courts, and Deputies.
Its existence was short-lived, as Sultan Abdulhamid II reverted the Empire back to absolute monarchy in 1878. The text enjoyed a brief revival in 1908 as the Empire was falling apart before World War I, in a period known as the “Second Constitutional Era.”
Primary Sources of Law: Notable legislation, cases, and fatwās related to Islamic law
Kanuname. As mentioned above, the 15th century saw the rise of Sultan-made secular laws, called kanunameleri, dealing with land, criminal penalties, and taxation. These included yasakname (rules of the forbidden), adaletname (decrees requiring administrative issues to act within a realm of sharīʿa) and other decrees for implementation by the qāḍīs.
The first centrally written law book appeared as a preface to a 1487 land and tax survey, and the first official compilation of kanun was created by Sultan Bayezit II in 1499. The basis for this Ottoman law was a sort of collage of kanun and fatwā, and primarily dealt with the legal and fiscal relationship of two dominant social classes: the askeri, who included the military, professors, judges, and muftis, who provided service to and collected salaries directly from the government, and the ra’iyyet, or peasants, who farmed land and generally owed the government taxes. This was the first instance of what can be referred to as Ottoman Law, and thereafter, local sancak codes began referring to and incorporating Ottoman Laws as shorthand. Sultan Suleyman al-Kanuni codified a final version of this central Ottoman code around 1550.
Examples. One interesting tax kanun provides that on agricultural products, tax is not to be taken in coin, but in kind, and only on the kind that is specified by the nature of the agricultural good (such that a tax on wheat cannot be replaced by another kind of produce, and such that farmers need not sell their crops to pay taxes).
The Ottoman Criminal kanunameleri (available in English from archive.org) include, inter alia, an interesting categorization of crimes based on theories of punishment. Art. 2.1 of the Criminal Code states that offences punished by law are of three kinds: Jinayet, Junha, and Qabahat. Jinayet are “acts which call for deterrent punishment.” Junha are “acts which call for corrective punishment,” defined as “imprisonment for more than one week; temporary exile; dismissal from office; and fine.” Qabahat are “acts and conduct which call for admonitory punishment.”
Fatwās. As discussed above, fatwā are precedential, binding, and piecemeal judicial-style opinions given as simple yes/no answers by a muftī in response to questions about religious and family life. In the 16th century the great Ottoman Sheikh ul-Islām Ebussu‘ud established a Fatwā Office where fatwās were compiled and organized around simple legal problems for ease of reference by scholars.
Examples. For example, one subgroup of fatwā from the era of Sheikh ul-Islām ‘Abdurrahim (1715-1716) asks about the legal status of mother and child when a man produces offspring by his wife’s female slave. Eleven fatwās are included in the group with the heading “Chapter on Affiliation and the Status of the umm walad.” The group is further divided into subgroups of eight and three, the former “[c]oncerning a wife’s permitting her husband to have intercourse with her female slave” and the latter “[c]oncerning intercourse with the female slave of a wife, father, son, etc., with and without permission.” The first fatwā asks about affiliation: “(I) Hind grants her husband Zeyd permission to have intercourse with her female slave, Zeyneb. Zeyd has intercourse with Zeyneb and impregnates her, and she gives birth to a child. Zeyd claims: “This child is by me.” Hind confirms that she granted permission and that the child is by Zeyd. Is the child affiliation to Zeyd? Answer: Yes.”
The Mecelle (available in English from the International Islamic University of Malaysia). During the Tanzimat, the Ottomans also made major attempts to codify the Ḥanafī- and custom-based civil law, particularly the commercial law (exempting purely sharīʿa -based family law) of the empire. Led by Ahmet Cevdet Pasha, jurists and statesmen gathered around 1,800 articles of commercial law to form the Mecelle, a process that began in 1869 and which produced a document that entered into force in 1877. In addition to incorporating mostly Ḥanafī fiqh rulings and fatwās, the drafters of the Mecelle used the method of preference or tahayyur (Ar. takhayyur) to incorporate other, more updated legal opinions, including from non-Hanafi judges. The Mecelle was applied in regular sharīʿa courts as well as in the new secular nizamiye courts established during this era, and for the first time subjected all Ottomans (regardless of religion) to a primarily Islamic commercial code.
Examples. The Mecelle is organized into sixteen “books” by topic, such as Sale, Hire, Transfer of Debt, Wrongful Appropriations and Destructions, and Joint Ownership. Each book begins with an introduction used to define terms. For example, Book 10 defines joint ownership as “consist[ing] of a thing itself belonging absolutely to more than one person, so that such persons enjoys a special position in relation to such thing. It is also customary to apply this expression to the contract whereby the state of joint ownership is brought about, and it is used in this sense in technical legal phraseology.” Subsequent articles in the chapter proscribe certain rules regarding joint ownership, such as that “[o]ne of the joint owners of property held in absolute ownership may deal with such property alone, with the permission of the other. He may not, however, deal with it in such way as to cause injury to the other joint owner.”
Court records (available in Ottoman Turkish from the European Capital of Culture Turkish Religious Foundation Centre for Islamic Studies). Court records (sicillât; sing. sicil) “may be the most extensively used documents in Ottoman historiography.” As summaries of daily legal proceedings, these registers contain much information about the inhabitants, officials, customs, and institutions of sancak throughout the Empire. The court records typically give detailed information about each case filed, including the identities of litigants and whether they ultimately settled without a trial.
Example. One sample of court records comes from Kastamonu, a small town of about 12,000 inhabitants and 3,500 households in northern Anatolia in from the late 17th to the late 18th centuries. The town was predominantly Muslim, and its main economic activities were agricultural production, animal husbandry, and copper-ware production. The town had only one court, and many of its cases appear to have settled, with one study showing a rate of 2.4 litigations and 1.2 settlements per month. The following is an excerpt from an exemplary property dispute in 1742 that ultimately went to trial:
The legal representative of Mehmed bin (son of) Ahmed Dede, Mütevellizade Hafız Mehmed Ağa bin Elhac Mehmed, sued Ebu Bekir bin Abdullah, stating the following: ‘Ebu Bekir refuses to transfer to Mehmed the shares that he inherited from his father and sisters in the goods and equipment in a tannery workshop located in Yukarı Debbağlar quarter. […] We want him to be questioned and Mehmed’s shares be transferred to him.’
Upon questioning, Ebu Bekir denied Hafız Mehmed Ağa’s allegation, claiming the following: ‘I purchased the materials in question from Mestçioğlu Ustad Mustafa for a certain amount of money. I do not know that Mehmed owns any share of these goods and equipment.’ Afterwards, the representative was asked to prove his claim. He presented as witnesses Mustafa bin Ismail of the Kibbeli quarter and Hüseyin bin Mustafa of the Ibn Sancar quarter, who both testified as follows: ‘The late Ahmed Dede [Mehmed’s father] owned a fourth of the goods and material in the workshop located in Yukarı Debbağlar. After his death, these assets were transferred to his heirs and were ultimately inherited by his son. We are witnesses to the fact that a fourth of this material was owned by Mehmed and we testify as such.’
After the testimonies of witnesses were accepted, the court invited Mehmed to take an oath that neither he nor other heirs of the late Ahmed Dede had sold their shares in the materials that they had inherited to anyone. When Mehmed took this oath, the court ordered Ebu Bekir to hand over or pay the value of the materials that belong to Mehmed.
Treaties. The Ottoman Empire made frequent bilateral treaties known as “capitulations,” or ahdnames, with European powers. Typically, capitulations were a sort of contract between a Sultan and the leader of a nearby Christian nation, wherein the Sultan would grant general and specific rights and privileges, including exemptions from local prosecution and taxation, to Christian citizens living in or trading with the Ottoman Empire, in return for trade benefits or reciprocal protections of some kind. There is evidence that in the 18th and 19th centuries, capitulations became increasingly and explicitly concerned with trade and less so with pure politics or religions, such that capitulations began to resemble treaties or conventions familiar in today’s international law.
Examples. For example, a 1604 capitulation involving Sultan Ahmad I and King Henry IV of France secured Henry IV of France protections for pilgrims and religious leaders in charge of the church of the Holy Sepulchre: “Article IV . . . We also desire and command that the subjects of the said Emperor [sic] of France, and those of the princes who are his friends and allies, may be free to visit the Holy Places of Jerusalem, and no one shall attempt to prevent them nor do them injury.”A later convention, the 1838 Balta Lima convention, was a free-trade treaty with Great Britain. Implemented in the aftermath of the Russo-Turkish War (1828–29), the Convention ended Ottoman monopolies, established fixed import and export duties, and confirmed “now and for ever” all “rights, privileges, and immunities which have been conferred on the subjects or ships of Great Britain by the existing Capitulations and Treaties” with the Ottoman Empire.
Sources / Further Reading
- Colin Imber, The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: The Structure of Power (2009) (surveying the realms and limits of the Sultanate’s power in the early Ottoman Empire).
- Leslie P. Pierce, Morality TALES: Law and Gender in the Ottoman Court of Aintab (2003) (analyzing one year’s worth of legal proceedings in the sixteenth-century Ottoman community of Aintab).
- John Robert Barnes, An Introduction to Religious Foundations in the Ottoman Empire (1986) (summarizing the religious sources of law and government in the Ottoman Empire).
- Şükrü Hanioğlu, A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire (2010) (examining the imperial Sultanate’s struggle to centralize power in the late Ottoman Empire).
- Umut Ozsu, The Ottoman Empire, in 18 The Oxford Handbook of the History of International Law 430 (Bardo Fassbender and Anne Peters, eds., 2003) (recounting the history of the Ottoman Empire with a focus on treaties and capitulations).
- Muhammad Khalid Masud, Brinkley Messick & David Powers, Islamic Legal Interpretation: Muftis and their Fatwās (1996) (examining the intersection between religious jurisprudence and legal interpretation from the early to the late Ottoman Empire).
- Metin M. Coşgel and Boğaç A. Ergenet, The Selection Bias in Ottoman Court Records: Settlement and Trial in Eighteenth Century Kastamonu, 67 Hist. Rev 517 (2014) (analyzing both the trial and settlement records from the court of an eighteenth-century Ottoman community named Kastamonu).
 See, e.g., Colin Imber, The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: The Structure of Power 1–75 (2009) (surveying the realms and limits of the Sultanate’s power in the early Ottoman Empire); M. Şükrü Hanioğlu, A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire 42–109 (2010) (examining the imperial Sultanate’s struggle to centralize power in the late Ottoman Empire).
 Hanioğlu, supra note 1, at 62–63.
 Thus, crucial to an understanding of Ottoman legal structures is a recognition of the fact that the Empire was marked by constant geographic expansion and recession, leading to tensile tolerance of the diversity absorbed from conquered groups, and constant sociopolitical conflict with unconquered neighbors in all geographic directions. See Umut Ozsu, The Ottoman Empire, in 18 The Oxford Handbook of the History of International Law 430, 430–48 (Bardo Fassbender and Anne Peters, eds., 2003) (recounting the history of the Ottoman Empire with a focus on treaties and capitulations).
 See Hanioğlu, supra note 1, at 55–109.
 The Ottoman Constitution of 1876, arts. 3, 11, available at http://www.anayasa.gen.tr/1876constitution.htm.
 The Ottoman Constitution of 1876, art. 11, available at http://www.anayasa.gen.tr/1876constitution.htm.
 See Imber, supra note 1, at 204–30.
 See id.
 See id.
 See id.
 See id.
 In the central lands; the judges were more diverse in provinces such as Egypt and Syria. See id.
 See id.
 A separate judicial system existed for the Military, or askeri class of citizens, defined by those who received salary from the central government to generally keep the peace, deal with international conflicts, and collect taxes. Military courts were used both for basic resolution of conflict and to address legal questions with a large political scope, such as questions related to treaties. Two military judges sat on the Imperial Council, at the highest level of government, and held political as well as legal power. Id.
 Id. See also Muhammad Khalid Masud, Brinkley Messick & David Powers, Islamic Legal Interpretation: Muftis and their Fatwās 141–49 (1996) (examining the intersection between religious jurisprudence and legal interpretation from the early to the late Ottoman Empire).
 Masud, Messick & Powers, supra note 15, at 141–49.
 See id.
 Id. See also Imber, supra note 1, at 204–30.
 See Metin M. Coşgel and Boğaç A. Ergenet, The Selection Bias in Ottoman Court Records: Settlement and Trial in Eighteenth Century Kastamonu, 67 Econ. Hist. Rev 517, 518–45 (2014) (analyzing both the trial and settlement records from the court of an eighteenth-century Ottoman community named Kastamonu).
 Masud, Messick & Powers, supra note 15, at 141-43.
 See Imber, supra note 1, at 204–30.
 See Leslie P. Pierce, Morality Tales : Law and Gender in the Ottoman Court of Aintab 106–25 (2003) (analyzing one year’s worth of legal proceedings in the sixteenth-century Ottoman community of Aintab).
 See generally Hanioğlu, supra note 1, at 42–72.
 In 1790, some localities petitioned the central government for the right to elect their own leaders according to local customs, resulting in the New Law of 1792, which made a failed attempt to regulate the balance of power between the two foci. Id.
 See id. at 72–150.
 See id. at 55–109.
 See id. at 72–109.
 See id. at 72–109.
 See id at 109–50.
 Id. at 86.
 The Ottoman Constitution of 1876, arts. 3, 11, available at http://www.anayasa.gen.tr/1876constitution.htm.
 The Ottoman Constitution of 1876, arts. 27–112, available at http://www.anayasa.gen.tr/1876constitution.htm.
 Revisions to the Constitution’s provisions on succession and the powers of the Sultan, Viziers, Ministers, and Parliament were made at this time. See The Ottoman Constitution of 1876, Amendments, available at http://www.anayasa.gen.tr/1876constitution.htm.
 See Pierce, supra note 23, at 106–25.
 See id.
 Id. at 108.
 Rifaʻat Ali Abou-El-Ha, Formation of the Modern State: The Ottoman Empire, Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries 133 (2005) (quoting Basbakanlik Arsivi (Government Archive), Tapu ve Tahrir Defteri Number 308, page 5 as translated and analyzed by Rifaʻat Ali Abou-El-Ha in La Vie Sociale Dans les Provinces Arabes a L’Epoque Ottomane 17–39 (Tunis Zaghouan ed., Centres d’Etudes et de Recherches Ottomanes 1988)).
 John A. Strachey Bucknill and S. Utidjian, The Imperial Ottoman Penal Code: A Translation From The Turkish Text (1913) [hereinafter “Ottoman Penal Code”] available at https://ia802704.us.archive.org/7/items/TheImperialOttomanPenalCode/OttomanPenalCode_text.pdf.
 Ottoman Penal Code, art. 2.1, available at https://ia802704.us.archive.org/7/items/TheImperialOttomanPenalCode/OttomanPenalCode_text.pdf.
 Ottoman Penal Code, art. 3, available at https://ia802704.us.archive.org/7/items/TheImperialOttomanPenalCode/OttomanPenalCode_text.pdf.
 Ottoman Penal Code, art. 4, available at https://ia802704.us.archive.org/7/items/TheImperialOttomanPenalCode/OttomanPenalCode_text.pdf.
 Ottoman Penal Code, art. 5, available at https://ia802704.us.archive.org/7/items/TheImperialOttomanPenalCode/OttomanPenalCode_text.pdf.
 See Masud, Messick & Powers, supra note 15, at 141–43; see also Imber, supra note 1, at 204–30.
 See Masud, Messick & Powers, supra note 15, at 141–43.
 See Hanioğlu, supra note 1, at 42–109.
 See id.
 See id.
 See id.
 Book 1: Sale; Book 2: Hire; Book 3: Guarantee; Book 4: Transfer of Debt; Book 5: Pledges; Book 6: Trust and trusteeship; Book 7: Gift; Book 8: Wrongful Appropriation and Destructions; Book 9: Interdiction, Constraint and Pre-emption; Book 10: Joint Ownership; Book 11: Agency; Book 12: Settlement and Release; Book 13: Admissions; Book 14: Actions; Book 15: Evidence and Administration of an Oath and Book 16: Administration of Justice by the Courts. See Al-Majalla Al Ahkam Al Adaliyyah (The Ottoman Courts Manual (Hanafi)) [hereinafter “Mecelle”] available at http://www.iium.edu.my/deed/lawbase/al_majalle/al_majalle.html (last visited Apr. 25, 2015).
 See id.
 Mecelle, art. 1045, available at http://www.iium.edu.my/deed/lawbase/al_majalle/al_majalle.html.
 Mecelle, art. 1071, available at http://www.iium.edu.my/deed/lawbase/al_majalle/al_majalleb10.html.
 An extensive Ottoman Turkish archive of such court records can be found at İstanbul 2010 Avrupa Kültür Başkenti Türkiye Diyanet Vakfi İslâm Araştirmalari Merkezi, Kadi Sicilleri, http://www.kadisicilleri.org/ (last visited Apr. 24, 2015).
 See Coşgel & Ergenet, supra note 19, at 517–29.
 See id.
 See id.
 See id.
 See id.
 See id.
 Id. at 531.
 See Ozsu, supra note 3, at 430–44.
 See id.
 See id. at 434–38.
 No. 4–Capitulations, Constantinople, May 20, 1604 in Treaties Between Turkey and Foreign Powers Compiled by the Librarian and Keeper of the Papers, Foreign Office 1535-1855 (1855), available at https://books.google.com/books?id=bmoDAAAAQAAJ&lpg=PA185&ots=_3GOfNx-_R&dq=may%201604%20capitulations%20france&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false
 Ozsu, supra note 3, at 437 (quoting the Convention of Commerce and Navigation between Great Britain and Turkey (signed16 August 1838)).


Lots of grooving jazz music is available for JazzBuffalo fans. No shortage of the great music of jazz happening in the Greater Buffalo area. Here are some notable Jazz In Town events to be on the look out for:
George Caldwell and Trio East
Master jazz pianist George Caldwell reunites with members of the Grammy Award winning Count Basie Band. He will be joined by Trio East, which are Clay Jenkins on trumpet, Jeff Campbell on bass, and Rich Thompson on drums. Trio East members are also on the faculty of the prestigious Eastman School of Music. George Caldwell is currently the Director of Jazz Ensembles at UB. This richness of jazz talent should make for jazz stellar night. These stars align and reunite this Friday at Pausa Art House beginning at 8pm.
Gruvology is one of Buffalo’s top jazz-fusion bands you will see. Weaving together jazz-fusion with a mix of blues, funk, and soul. The band features original compositions and is led by pianist Walter Kemp III and guitarist Bernard Kunz. Check out the 2014 JazzBuffalo Reader’s and Fan Poll winners in jazz-fusion at Pausa Art House, this Saturday beginning at 8pm.
Preceding Gruvology in Acoustic Preludes at 7pm will be Edward Chilunga, a very gifted pianist. Here is what Pausa Art House says about Edward: Ed Chilungu holds degrees from The University at Buffalo, where he studied with Eric Huebner and the late Frina Bolt. In addition to a substantial classical repertoire, Ed is known in the Gospel music scene, and is an accomplished improvisor. At this evening's performance, Ed will set some of his favorite Psalms to music.
More Jazz In Town
There is going to be a music revival of sorts at Nietzsche’s this Thursday beginning at 9pm. It will feature a mix of everything from old style traditional jazz, gypsy jazz, western swing, Appalachian jug music, and the funky grooving sounds of Blue Stone Groove. See the bands, Buffalo Hot Jass Revival, Bone Orchard Butchers, and Blue Stone Groove.
On Thursday at 7pm at Merge you can see the duo Alfie Alessandra and Phil Sims
At the Roycroft Inn in East Aurora, you can see the Matt Felski Quartet beginning at 7:30pm
See the Jazz Example, led Doug “Trigger” Gaston, this Friday beginning at 8pm at the Anchor Bar
In Niagara Falls on Friday beginning at 8pm at Wine On Third, see Christina Custode
Catch the Abdul-Rahman Qadir Trio with special guest Tony Gloster at the 31 Club this Friday beginning at 9:30pm
On Saturday see Sol Y Sombra at the Anchor Bar beginning at 8pm
At 8:30pm on Saturday, you can catch All Hands at Oliver’s
Next week, the band Why Not? and Jazz Vibes Featuring Joanne Lorenzo will be taking the stage on Friday and Saturday respectively at Pausa Art House.
Look for an announcement soon as JazzBuffalo, in collaboration with MusicalFare Premier Cabaret, brings recording artist and jazz vocalist Nancy Kelly to Buffalo on Friday, June 19th.
Keep Jazz Alive In WNY!!


text:
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domain: chemistry


text:
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domain: travel


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domain: artistic


Express FC have on announced the signing of goalkeeper Crispus Kusiima on a two year deal.
The 24-year old joins Wankulukuku after playing with Tooro United last season.
“I am happy to join this great club and I can’t wait to get started” Kusiima told the club website.
He is a big addition for the goalkeeping department after the club axed goalkeepers Tonny Kyamera and Joshua Adea.
Mathias Muwanga is the other goalkeeper at the club currently, but reports have it that they have signed youngster Denis Otim as well.
Kusiima joins with vast experience after previous stints with Kitara FC and Nyamityobora FC.
Kusiima is expected to be the first of many signings to be unveiled at Express FC before next season’s start.
The club has reportedly added Godfrey Lwesibawa, Mahad Kakooza, Charles Musiige, Abel Eturude, Murushid Juuko, Enock Walusimbi, Isa Lumu, Steven Luswata, Faisal Ssekyanzi and Saddam Juma.
Last season, Express FC finished 9th with 31 points and will be hoping to mount a stronger challenge when the season kickoff on October 17, 2020.
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Swamp Fly Honeysuckle
Caprifoliaceac (Honeysuckle Family)
General - small, erect shrub, less than 1 m high; branchlets green to purplish, smooth or lightly haired; greyish to blackish, shredding bark on older stems.
Leaves - opposite; ovate, tapering at the base to a short leafstalk; upper and lower surfaces hairless when mature; margins entire without hairy fringe
Flowers - paired, on long, slender stalks from the leaf angles; light yellow, 2-lipped, hairy, approx. I cm in length; appearing in June and July.
Fruit - paired, long-stalked, orangy-red to purple berries; sometimes joined at the base; ripening in July and August.
Throughout NW Ontario's boreal region; preferring moist/wet evergreen stands and calcareous soils; sometimes in marshes, swamps and along waterways.
Non-flowering specimens may be confused with the Spreading Dogbane which has a milky sap while the Swamp Fly Honeysuckle does not.
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domain: biology


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For a couple of months now, I have been thinking about how we treat you differently than mom, about why we celebrate Mother’s Day with such pomp – gift, outing, fancy dinner – and Father’s Day with just a cursory phone call to you, and why have you never complained about the differential treatment?
It’s certainly not that we love you any lesser than mom. What is it, then?
My homemaker mother has had such a powerful presence in my life, attending school parents meetings, taking me to the many hobby classes, checking my homework, yelling at me for every little thing, that you, always busy at work, seemed like a side hero in my movie. But the truth is that you are the supporting hero, without whom we wouldn’t be a close-knit family, you, me, mom and your son Bhavik or I wouldn’t be the person I am.
I am not undermining mom’s sacrifices, but you didn’t make any less either. You sacrificed the comfort of home, working 14-15-hour long days in scorching sun to feed us and pay for our fees and take us on trips. It sure took a toll on you. Your skin turned black, your stomach issues increased and retirement took a toll on your mental well-being as well. But you never complained, not once.
You never went into the dramatic frenzy of – “Don’t call me dad, I am not your father” or “Nobody values or respects me in this household”. You just did it all, quietly, behind the camera, never once asking for any credit.
But, sometimes, it’s important to ask for your due, to ask for that hug, to be vulnerable. But not being able to do so is not your fault. It’s your upbringing. Mom still remembers how you would be reprimanded by your elders if you cradled us or helped mom in putting us to sleep.
Now that I am a pet parent and see my husband with our furry baby, I realise that men too have a maternal side, but you, born in the early 60s were conditioned to be the strict, disciplined and distant father who shouldn’t hug his children.
But in your own way, you have challenged patriarchy and oppressive beliefs time and again. Take for instance, the saga of my name. You were ridiculed for wanting me to name Riddhi, your elder child. “If you name your daughter Riddhi, Siddhi, another girl child will follow,” they said (In Indian mythology, sisters Riddhi and Siddhi were married to elephant god, Ganesha). But you put your foot down because you were happy to have another girl child and I was finally christened Riddhi, a name I am very proud of. It is one of the many reasons that makes you my forever hero.
It was you who ignored society’s criticisms and let me pursue my hobby, dancing. It was who you encouraged Bhavik and me to attend every extra-curricular class, right from swimming, to skating and horse riding, and it was you who sent us for every school outing and trekking and ran behind us for hours teaching us how to cycle. And let me not forget how you were my rock when I got divorced. In the pain and shame and the agony of a wrecked marriage, and that too a love marriage, both, mom and Bhavik would have said things to me that they didn’t meant to. But you have always been by strongest ally, come what may.
As I write this, I realise that many busy fathers such as you have been fighting, struggling, sacrificing every day to give their children a good life, to teach them how to get back up after they fall, to be brave and courageous. And we have followed through because we know that our father, though underrated, is by their side and quietly rooting for us.
I also urge all the fathers to steal the spotlight once in a while, to hug their children, tell them that they are loved and demand for a grand Father’s Day celebration because you deserve it no less than a mother.

domain: literature


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The idea of racism seems to startle every individual that gets questioned about it. This comes as a surprising notion due to the fact that many deal with the problem of racism in their everyday lives. An African American has to worry about getting pulled over for no reason or even get followed in many stores. While other ethnic groups also have their own worries including the idea of taking part in cultural activities or celebrations which can result in one getting ridiculed or made fun of.
One would have thought that the idea of racism might have been on the downhill after the election of President Obama in 2008. Yet the different forms of digital networks always portray the different racial incidents that go on today. The idea of post racial society seems like a reach even considering how far along we have come. Tourre said it best while talking about the notion of a post racial society: “It’s a bankrupt concept that reflects a naive understanding of race in America. Post Black means we are all like Obama: rooted in but not restricted by blackness.” I think what he is trying to say is that we have come very far from the civil rights era yet we cannot develop a truly pure economy that destroys racism completely. Digital networks now a days come up with ideas that shape once thoughts and ideas. Some argue that African Americans like Obama cause racism to spread. Crazy notions like these may cause one to think that Obama is tearing the country apart due to the fact that he is African American. As long as digital networks are around, they will cause for the idea of racism to spread and continue rather than fall in decline. One good thing that has resulted from digital networks is to show the ability of how far one has come since Martin Luther King’s, “I have a dream” speech.
Ever since the 1960’s civil rights era, a possibility of a post racial society has been believable. One can see that this country has come very far from the hate and the racial crimes that were taking place in mid 20th century. On the other hand the creation of digital networks has caused for a halt of the idea of a post racial society. As long as one has the chance to spread their opinion there will never be enough minds that think alike on the idea of racism. Our society deals with this issue and will continue dealing with it since everyone has a chance to influence others with their theories.

domain: sociology


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The market eagerly awaits Ben Bernanke's press conference and the USD was weaker overnight on anticipation of the release. However,the USD strengthened heading into the NY trading session against the EUR, GBP, CHF, CAD and others, though not the JPY or AUD.
If Bernanke fails to hint at more stimulus, then the USD should gain as more easing would dilute the value of the USD.
We previewed his release in our fundamental update earlier in the week: 5 Reasons We Don't Get QE3 in Bernanke's Speech at Jackson Hole
From Reuters: Stock index futures were little changed on Friday as investors hesitated to make bets on when Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke would announce a new stimulus plan as a volatile week drew to a close. Stocks rallied early in the week as investors wagered the Fed could announce a new program to combat softness in the economy. That contributed to a three-day rally.
For three straight days, the S&P has moved more than 1 percent. On Thursday, it fell on continued concerns about the U.S. job market and the state of the European economy. Most analysts believe Bernanke, scheduled to speak on Friday at 10 a.m. EDT, is most likely to outline gradualist measures, which would disappoint those looking for dramatic action, such as a fresh round of asset purchases.
CHF Weakens Post Leading Index
The Swiss Franc bounced up of support at 0.7890, with the currency weakened by a poor KOF Leading Index report. From here we target the 0.7980 highs from yesterday.
From Bloomberg: The Swiss franc weakened against all its major counterparts after an index of leading indicators dropped more than economists forecast, adding to signs the currency's recent strength may be damaging the nation's growth.
The economic gauge shows that the strong Swiss franc is having a negative impact on the economy, said Marcus Hettinger, a foreign-exchange strategist at Credit Suisse Group AG in Zurich. The reason why the Swiss franc is not a lot weaker is that the markets are waiting for today's Bernanke speech. We need a stable external environment in Europe and the U.S. for safe-haven demand to fall a little bit, so the Swiss franc can weaken.
AUD Stronger Overnight on Hawkish RBA Comments
The Australian Dollar was stronger in the Asian trading session as RBA Governor Stevens put the bank into a neutral stance, saying that global uncertainies of late have weakenened the prospects for upside risks to inflation, however he did not make a case for a rate cut either. The market had been pricing in an interest rate cut for the RBA, and therefore his comments were taken as more hawkish than expected, and the AUD had a strong overnight session against its major rivals as a result.
For a Technical Look at the AUD/USD see the latest technical update: AUD Channeling, At Resistance
From Bloomberg: Reserve Bank of Australia Governor Glenn Stevens said weaker consumer confidence driven by the rout in global financial markets will help ease inflation pressures, making it prudent to sit still on interest rates.
Inflation bears careful watching, but we can keep it under control, Stevens told a parliamentary committee today in Melbourne. It would be reasonable to anticipate that a decline in confidence arising from the recent events internationally may well dampen demand somewhat compared with the outlook set out in the Statement on Monetary Policy published in early August.
If we did see a very dramatic change for the worse in the global economy, certainly we have plenty of interest rates to play with if need be, Stevens said in response to a question. In terms of macroeconomic ammunition, there would be not that many countries who could say they had more than us in the event of a really big episode. I don't think that's occurring at the moment.

domain: economics


The yeti, a legendary shaggy, bipedal beast from the Himalayas, made headlines last year when a geneticist said he had solved the mystery of its origins. But now, scientists have found the hair samples used in that study didn't come from a mysterious animal, but rather from the Himalayan brown bear.
"There is essentially no reason to believe that they [the hairs] belong to a species other than the brown bear," said one the new study's researchers, Eliécer Gutiérrez, a postdoctoral fellow of evolutionary biology at the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C.
Gutiérrez and a colleague re-examined a finding reported in 2014 in which geneticist Bryan Sykes and his colleagues looked at two hair samples from the Himalayan region: One sample came from an aggressive animal walking on its hind legs that was shot by a hunter about 40 years ago in northern India; the other had been found in Bhutan in a high-altitude bamboo forest, according to that study, published in the journal the Proceedings of The Royal Society B.
After a genetic analysis, Sykes' team said they had linked the "yeti" hair samples to the jawbone of an ancient polar bear (Ursus maritimus) that lived in Norway. It's likely the hairs came from "a previously unrecognized bear species," living in the Himalayas, the researchers wrote in the study. In fact, the species may have been a hybrid descendent of U. maritimus and the brown bear (Ursus arctos) of the Himalayas, the researchers said. [Rumor or Reality: The 10 Creatures of Cryptozoology]
Perhaps this unknown bear inspired the legend of the yeti, the researchers said in the study.
But Gutiérrez said he became skeptical of the study when he noticed the researchers only used a fragment of a gene to identify the species. He and a colleague looked up the genetic sequence of the two hair samples in GenBank, a database of publicly available DNA sequences.
"We made this discovery that basically that fragment of DNA is not informative to tell apart two species of bears: the brown bear and [modern-day Alaskan] polar bear," Gutiérrez told Live Science. The polar bear does not live in the Himalayas, so the hair samples likely belong to the Himalayan brown bear, he said.
The new study is the second to discredit the 2014 research. In a 2014 letter published in the same journal, two researchers also showed Sykes' team had not sufficiently analyzed their "yeti" data.
"Once they had determined that two of their samples were a match to a polar bear, they should have run further analyses on the extracted DNA to look at other regions of the mitochondrial genome [DNA passed down by the mother] in order to double-check this controversial result," said one of the letter's authors, Ceiridwen Edwards, a researcher in ancient DNA studies at the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom.
"Instead, after (incorrectly) establishing a direct link to a 40,000-year-old polar bear sequence, they then used this misinformation in the publicity for the paper," Edwards told Live Science in an email.
A researcher responds
Still, the new study doesn't discount his 2014 finding, said Sykes, a professor of human genetics at the University of Oxford. [Image Gallery: 'Yeti Footprint' Photos Up for Auction]
"What mattered most to us was that these two hairs were definitely not from unknown primates," Sykes told Live Science in an email. "The explanation by Gutiérrez and [Ronald] Pine might be right, or it might not be."
The only way to get to the bottom of the case is to find "fresh material" from an animal to see if it matches the genetic fragment they studied for the 2014 paper, Sykes said.
"The real heroes of the piece are the people who actually went to the Himalayas, spoke to the local people, found these hairs and then contributed them to the study," Sykes said. "This is the Himalayas, not Central Park."
He added that his book on the yeti project, "The Nature of the Beast" will be published by Coronet on April 9, and will contain additional details about his efforts to learn more about the animal behind the legend.
In spite of the new study, the public will likely continue to believe in the yeti, said Daniel Loxton, an editor of Junior Skeptic, a website published by the Skeptics Society, an educational nonprofit.
"People are fascinated by monsters, and they're fascinated by mysteries in general," Loxton said.
The yeti is especially puzzling because there are multiple cultures and languages in the Himalayas, making it difficult "to disentangle Western folklore from local legend from genuine anthropological or zoological fact on the ground," Loxton said.
It's common for people to mistake a bear for a yeti, particularly a Himalayan brown bear, as this bear can walk on its hind legs, he said. But, just like the Loch Ness monster, people will probably continue to believe in the yeti legend.
"Loch Ness is not as big as the Himalayas," Loxton said. "It is a finite body of water. It has been extensively scanned by sonar. It's been observed for decades. There's just really no possibility that there's a plesiosaur in Loch Ness, or even anything of comparable size."
"But people aren't giving up on the Loch Ness monster," he said. "I don't think they ever will. So I think the yeti will probably exist as long as there are people to think about mountains."
The study was published online today (March 16) in the journal ZooKeys.
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Laura is the archaeology and Life's Little Mysteries editor at Live Science. She also reports on general science, including paleontology. Her work has appeared in The New York Times, Scholastic, Popular Science and Spectrum, a site on autism research. She has won multiple awards from the Society of Professional Journalists and the Washington Newspaper Publishers Association for her reporting at a weekly newspaper near Seattle. Laura holds a bachelor's degree in English literature and psychology from Washington University in St. Louis and a master's degree in science writing from NYU.


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domain: medical


The Men’s Apex Bionic Jacket is water-repellent, wind-resistant, breathable, stretchable, and ready for adventure. For windy, cold-weather activities, this versatile shell is an easy choice.
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text:
Bin.Cheng wrote: > I don't know the implementation of the option, so two questions: > 1) When the repack is done during compilation? Is new code > manipulating data layout added > by frontend? If yes, better to do it during optimization thus is > can be on demanding? This > looks like one case of data layout transformation. Not sure if > there is enough information > to do that in optimizer.
Yes it adds a runtime check at function entry and packs array slices which have a non-unity step. Currently it uses a call to _gfortran_internal_pack, however this could be inlined and use alloca rather than malloc for small slices. It might be possible to check which parameters are used a lot (or benefit from vectorization) and only pack those. > 2) For now, does this option force array repacking unconditionally? I > think it won't be too hard > to model when such data layout transformation is beneficial by > looking at loop (nest) accessing > the array and comparing against the overhead. Yes, it ensures all slices are packed, but that isn't strictly necessary. >> it be feasible in Fortran to version functions or loops if all arguments are >> contiguous slices? > I think a cost model is still needed for function/loop versioning. Absolutely. If you staticially know at the call that all slices are contiguous you could compile a version of the function using the contiguous attribute and skip all runtime checks. Such function versioning would require LTO to work well. Wilco

domain: design


text:
Sort: Category . Published . Updated . Title . Words . Chapters . Reviews . Status .
The Host - Ian O'Shea's story
by Nerdy Birdy 1 reviews
Ian O'shea tells his story. His childhood, his history and how his feelings towards Wanda turned from hatred into love... (I do not own the rights to 'The Host')
Host - Rated: T - English - Romance/Sci-Fi - Chapters: 23 - Words: 32,933 - Reviews: 54 - Favs: 71 - Follows: 103 - Updated: 6/13/2016 - Published: 6/12/2013
Floating without Fear
by Elriaen reviews
Different POV re-telling of 'The Host' from Chapter 58. Will continue past the Epilogue.
Host - Rated: T - English - Romance/Fantasy - Chapters: 16 - Words: 22,206 - Reviews: 86 - Favs: 53 - Follows: 93 - Updated: 7/21/2015 - Published: 9/11/2010
Johanna Mason- I'll be free from them in the end
by JohannaMason33 reviews
Has anyone ever wondered what was going through Johanna Mason's head? Has anyone ever wondered what part she played as a rebel? This is a Hunger Games fanfic in the POV of Johanna Mason. It contains the 73rd, 74th and 75th hunger games and also Johanna's life after district 13 where Johanna falls in and out of love and becomes a true rebel.
Hunger Games - Rated: K+ - English - Romance/Adventure - Chapters: 39 - Words: 59,293 - Reviews: 43 - Favs: 21 - Follows: 24 - Updated: 9/26/2014 - Published: 5/11/2013 - Johanna M., Finnick O.
The Vulnerable Mockingjay
by BeebeeTheReader16 reviews
-FANFICTION IS GOING UNDER DEVELOPMENT!- THIS IS MY VERY FIRST FANFICTION AND COMING BACK TO IT YEARS LATER I'VE NOTICED THAT THERE ARE SO MANY SPELLING AND GRAMMAR MISTAKES! SOME OF THE NARRATIVE WILL BE CHANGED! This story is based one year after the war and focuses on District 12.
Hunger Games - Rated: T - English - Hurt/Comfort/Drama - Chapters: 7 - Words: 10,347 - Reviews: 12 - Favs: 7 - Follows: 11 - Updated: 5/27/2014 - Published: 7/5/2013 - Haymitch A., Katniss E., Peeta M.
Birds of Flames
by ME4427 reviews
Carmen Mellark is the daughter of Katniss and Peeta and although she is a strong girl just like her mother, an unfortunate event changes everything for her. It has the past, present and a blossoming friendship between her and the Odair son...(terrible at summaries but the story is good! I promise! Also PLEASE REVIEW) Rated T until further notice.
Hunger Games - Rated: T - English - Romance/Friendship - Chapters: 27 - Words: 75,305 - Reviews: 124 - Favs: 40 - Follows: 47 - Updated: 2/13/2014 - Published: 4/4/2013 - [Katniss & Peeta's daughter, Finnick and Annie's son]
Life After Nevermore
by KarleeRay reviews
The Flock has just survived an apocolypse, something they were created to do. Now, they live their lives in an underground city. What happens when enhanced people have become the norm? What happens when Max and the flock get to finally live like human beings? Note: the story picks up right where Nevermore leaves off. FAX. FAX. FAX. Some Eggy. Please read! Better than the summary!
Maximum Ride - Rated: T - English - Chapters: 47 - Words: 96,347 - Reviews: 521 - Favs: 88 - Follows: 101 - Updated: 10/15/2013 - Published: 11/23/2012
Missing Piece Of Me
by Doodelio-kid reviews
Since Wanderer got her new body, she's been fighting to save human kind from the souls who control them. When a blonde haired and blue eyed little girl comes, something inside of her changes. Her heart is wrapped around the little girl and all she wants to do is protect her. Follow Wanda as she fights to save human kind from the souls who say they only want to make Earth peaceful.
Host - Rated: T - English - Sci-Fi/Romance - Chapters: 15 - Words: 17,834 - Reviews: 77 - Favs: 28 - Follows: 38 - Updated: 9/7/2013 - Published: 4/6/2013 - Wanderer/Wanda, Ian O., Melanie S./Mel, Jared H.
Can't Let You Go
by iridebrooms reviews
Set right after the book;even though Mel and Wanda have their own separate bodies, things turn out to be a lot more complicated than initially thought- an alternative ending in which Jared realizes he's oddly attracted to Wanda, Ian still cares about Mel and Wanda isn't fully over Jared yet. A story in which the complicated love triangle continues for a little while longer. REVIEW!
Host - Rated: K+ - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 3 - Words: 5,836 - Reviews: 6 - Favs: 5 - Follows: 10 - Updated: 8/24/2013 - Published: 7/28/2013 - Jared H., Ian O., Wanderer/Wanda, Melanie S./Mel
The host-Jared's POV
by BekkiJane reviews
The host-Jared's POV .
Host - Rated: T - English - Romance/Adventure - Chapters: 8 - Words: 13,998 - Reviews: 34 - Favs: 51 - Follows: 54 - Updated: 5/8/2013 - Published: 4/5/2013 - Melanie S./Mel, Jared H., James S./Jamie
by readingmylifeaway reviews
So the rain cleared,Ian & Wanda confessed that they liked each other, Melanie & Jared united, and then what? What happpened to Ian & Wanda? Are they inseparable like Melanie & Jared? Just because the book stops...doesn't mean Ian & Wanda's story does.
Host - Rated: T - English - Romance/Humor - Chapters: 22 - Words: 41,148 - Reviews: 621 - Favs: 331 - Follows: 376 - Updated: 2/26/2013 - Published: 11/2/2008 - Wanderer/Wanda, Ian O.
The Story of Annie and Finnick
by LRoseC reviews
The entire journey of Annie and Finnick, starting the day that Finnick is reaped for the 65th Hunger Games to the aftermath of the revolution. True to books. Happy (albeit bittersweet) ending that doesn't have to do with the son (entirely).
Hunger Games - Rated: T - English - Romance/Adventure - Chapters: 50 - Words: 218,162 - Reviews: 725 - Favs: 517 - Follows: 325 - Updated: 12/1/2012 - Published: 3/27/2012 - Finnick O., Annie C., Katniss E., Peeta M. - Complete
The View of A Baker's Boy: Hunger Games
by BRIGHTSIDEash reviews
The Hunger Games in Peeta's Point of View
Hunger Games - Rated: K - English - Romance/Adventure - Chapters: 34 - Words: 60,194 - Reviews: 313 - Favs: 483 - Follows: 218 - Updated: 2/9/2012 - Published: 12/9/2011 - Peeta M., Katniss E. - Complete
MR: The Angel Experiment: Fang's POV
by FaxyBandNerd101 reviews
This is basically a chapter by chapter version of The Angel Experiment in Fang's POV. Tiny tiny fax if you really think about it. Rated T to be safe.
Maximum Ride - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Family - Chapters: 9 - Words: 7,519 - Reviews: 20 - Favs: 11 - Follows: 7 - Updated: 10/26/2010 - Published: 3/22/2010 - Fang, Max

domain: library


text:
A Polish hobbyist modifies a wheelbarrow with an internal combustion engine to make it go really fast.
World Cup 2014 begins on Thursday, June 12.
A Polish hobbyist has modified a wheelbarrow with an internal combustion engine to make it go really fast.
At Liverpool's Sound City conference, record business insiders discuss the world's biggest music platform and its "big scary lawyers".
A new 2D camera developed by a team of biomedical engineers is the fastest ever made, able to image light phenomena in more detail than ever before.
New mobile GTX 980M and 970M graphics cards promise desktop-like performance for laptops.
Honda gives us a second glance at the future of the Civic Type-R at the 2014 Paris Motor Show.
Honda claims that it's brought the fastest front-driven hatchback on the planet to the Geneva auto show, and then it backed up that claim by smashing the Nurburgring lap record with the new Type R.
A fun new visualization compares old tech with new and finds that computing power has increased a trillionfold since 1956.
The two companies are both looking to slice off a bigger chunk of the workplace. Will business users bite?
YouTube is the Web's de facto home for video. But 10 years ago, online video was anybody's game. As it celebrates a decade offering us everything from new celebrities to cat videos, YouTube has become a premier destination for content. Here's how it got there.

domain: news


In India vs South Africa, Test Series R Ashwin and Mohammed Shami can achieve a great achievement on the South African tour.
The series of three tests between India and the South will begin on December 26. Ravindra Jadeja and Axar Patel are not part of this tour and Ashwin is ready to play all three test matches.
During this, Ashwin can outrun former Indian captain Kapil Dev. On the other hand, fast bowler Mohammed Shami is only 5 steps away from his 'double century'.
Mohammad Shami can make this record
Indian spinner Mohammed Shami is also just 5 paces from 200 wickets in test cricket.
Shami has so far taken 195 wickets in 54 test matches for the India team.
Kapil Dev, Zaheer Khan, Ishant Sharma and Javagal Srinath alone have taken over 200 wickets in Indian team test cricket.
Under the captaincy of Virat Kohli, the Indian team has a golden opportunity to win the Test series in South Africa this time.
South Africa is the only team on whose soil Team India has not won a test series to date. The Indian team has toured South Africa seven times so far and faced defeat six times.
R Ashwin may break Kapil Dev's record
Team from India and South Africa or a series of 3 tests and 3 ODI. Under the leadership of Virat Kohli, Team India will begin their campaign with the Centurion Test on December 26.
In this series of tests, Indian racer R Ashwin and fast pitcher Mohammed Shami can achieve many records.
Ashwin has surpassed Harbhajan Singh and has reached number three in terms of India's largest wicket-taker test.
Ashwin is in great shape. He pitched amazingly in the T20 World Cup and in the New Zealand series.
R Ashwin now has a chance to overtake former Indian captain Kapil Dev on the South African tour. Ashwin has taken 427 test windows so far.
Anil Kumble (619) and Kapil Dev (434) are ahead of him among Indian bowlers.
Ashwin will overtake the legendary off-roader Kapil Dev as soon as he takes eight wickets in the test series against South Africa.
Ashwin also has a chance to overtake South African pacemaker Dale Steyn, who has taken 439 wickets in test cricket.


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17-year old Australian Diver Matthew Barnard has verbally committed to come to the United States and dive for the University of Minnesota.
Barnard was the favorite to win the platform at the 2013 Junior Diving World Championships, but a muscle strain forced him to pull out of the final.
He did place 2nd in that event at the 2012 Australian Open Championships, though, and is arguably the best junior platform diver in the world, at least, perhaps, outside of China.
At Minnesota, he will dive under Wenbo Chen: a former USA Diving head coach just before coming to the Gophers in 2009. His biggest success in four years at Minnesota was coaching NCAA springboard champion, and 2012 U.S. Olympian, Kelci Bryant. Bryant, along with Abby Johnston, took silver on the 3-meter synchro in London: the first time the Americans had ever medaled in that event.
Minnesota also had Maggie Keefer, a former Big Ten Diver of the year; and NCAA qualifiers Drew Brown and Kristoffer Jorgensen, who in 2010 became the first Gopher duo to both qualify for NCAA diving in a decade.
Chen’s history and resume in the sport is as impressive as anyone’s. In addition to leading Team USA, he was also the head coach at Purdue from 2001-2005, and spent almost a decade as a coach with Chinese globally-dominant national team, where he coached 6 Olympic medalists.


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Published on Mar 9, 2012
International Women's Day Celebration
There is no day on the calendar more important to the men of Vietnam than March 8th, International Woman's Day (IWD). If you forget an anniversary or your wife birthday there is sure to be penance to pay, but forget March 8th and you may as well pack your bags son. There is no day on the calendar more important to the men of Vietnam than March 8th, International Woman's Day (IWD). If you forget an anniversary or your wife birthday there is sure to be penance to pay, but forget March 8th and you may as well pack your bags son.
IWD began over a hundred years ago with the first International Woman Conference in Denmark and since that first conference women's equality has advanced tremendously. Another result of the conference was the institution of International Women's Day which has grown into a truly global event that now involves millions of women all around the world.
To make sure we had the day well covered at Doosan Vina we organized an event that would unmistakably assure the women that we appreciated all they do.
The event began at 09:15 with three buses heading out to the five shops to pick up our 230 female employees spread over the 110 hectare complex. Once transported back to the Main Office where the event was held, the ladies arrived to an honor guard of their male colleagues who applauded their arrival.
The Master of Ceremony welcomed the ladies and Mr. Hang Ha Ryu, General Director delivered the official greetings and thanked the ladies for their contributions to Doosan Vina. Ryu said, "For thousands of years, the women of Vietnam have played an essential role in the nation's history and are noted for their hard work, intelligence and creativity."
Next, on the program was the silver throated baritones of the Music Club who took center stage and soon had the ladies swaying, swooning and looking wistfully at the talented young men crooning away up front.
Following the entertainment, the ladies had a chance to win some cash and prizes by playing a popular TV Game Show called The Secret Door. Vietnamese women are known to drive a hard bargain and in a matter of minutes the contestants had snatched up all the prizes, cleaned out the host's pockets and left him pulling his hair.
To wrap-up the event the BOM served the specially baked 22 kilogram cake and as each lady left to return to work they received a gift and a rose to once again say thanks for all they do to make Doosan Vina the best place to work in Vietnam.


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GamesRadar writes: "Fighter planes have been landed without propulsion, with wings shredded by enemy fire, with tail sections shattered by flak, and with bullet holes peppering the fuel tanks and engine. World War II is a goldmine of tales of daring escapes and miraculous landings in direct defiance of the laws of physics. The real world can be weird in a way videogames can't – at least until now.
IL-2 Sturmovik is as real as it gets. The planes in Sturmovik fly in the game because they're built to fly in real life; so sophisticated is the physics model Russian developers 1C have designed. This isn't Ace Combat or HAWX, where your plane's energy bar is gradually reduced to nought by enemy fire. IL-2 knows where planes keep their engines, their fuel, their pilots and their ammunition, and can register unique hits on all of them. Every plane is an inch-by-inch recreation of the real thing inside and out, and the damage system so accurate, a single bullet in the right place on the right plane could puncture your fuel tank and blow you out of the sky; an inch or two to the right or left and it might have no effect at all. Sturmovik is a simulation, and it is perfect."

domain: hobby


text:
Alleviation of Negative Effects of Water Stress in Two Contrasting Wheat Genotypes by Calcium and Abscisic Acid
- 175 Downloads
The individual and interactive role of calcium and abscisic acid (ABA) in amelioration of water stress simulated by polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 was investigated in two contrasting wheat genotypes. PEG solution (osmotic potential −1.5 MPa) was applied to 10-d-old seedlings growing under controlled conditions and changes in photosynthetic rate, activities of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, water potential and stomatal conductance were observed in the presence of 0.1 mM ABA, 5 mM calcium chloride, 1 mM verapamil (Ca2+ channel blocker), and 1 mM fluridone (inhibitor of ABA biosynthesis). ABA and calcium chloride ameliorated the effects of water stress and the combination of the two was more effective. The two genotypes varied for their sensitivity to ABA and Ca2+ under stress. As was evident from application of their inhibitors, ABA caused more alleviation in C 306 (drought tolerant) while HD 2380 (drought susceptible) was more sensitive to Ca2+.
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.


Allu Arjun Next Host for Bigg Boss Season 2 Telugu language
Jr. Ntr hosted full episode of Bigg boss Telugu season 1. he did splendid job all over. jr ntr and his style and energy make more appreciated much by fans. the audience loved his performance, every weekend Saturday, Sunday he entertained very well. Bigg boss Telugu season 1 launched in July month. Jr Ntr style getting more common and best love. as per sources information, Jr Ntr takes a diversion from his host role. now he is busy with Next vakkantham vamshi, Rajamouli Ntr-Ram charan.
Jr. Ntr solid dance performance special attractions for the show. after completing season 1. Ntr busy with movies. now he is not doing shows now. the latest buzz is that season might see junior NTR Returning as the host. all Arjun might step in a host of the show. The former episode maker now searching for the best host. Bigg boss Telugu show makers planning to start next season episode very soon. Nothing confirmed on yet for next season host. The show had many 14 contestants. in the first season two wild-card entries. in the first season, many guests appeared Taapse Pannu, Sachin, Joshi, Rana Dasgupta. Entered the house as guests in a show.
Star maa offered the huge amount for everyone. provides more than 5 crores all participants. Siva Balaji won the season 1 of Telugu Bigg Boss while Aadarsh was the runner-up. for winner money offered 50 lakhs money. the audience is looking forward to next host for season 2. as per update info for season 2, Aryan Rajesh, Dhanya, Chandni Chowdhary, Harsha, Comedian Venu, Varun Sandesh, Anchor Laasya, Geeta Madhuri, Tanishq will be contestants for season 2. The Bigg Boss Season 2 start date is July 2nd Week of 2018.
You might also like:
Bigg Boss Telugu Season 2 Start Date / Release Date officially announced soon. waiting for official confirmation from Star Maa makers. It is reported that fans are going to host Nani Bigg boss show


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Southwest Airlines Co. (NYSE: LUV) has reported record fourth quarter net income of USD591 million, or USD.90 per diluted share, compared with fourth quarter 2014 net income of USD404 million, or USD.59 per diluted share, the airline said.
The company´s fourth quarter 2015 total operating revenues increased 7.5 percent, year-over-year, to USD5.0 billion, largely driven by fourth quarter 2015 passenger revenues of USD4.6 billion.
Operating unit revenues (RASM) decreased 0.7 percent, on an 8.3 percent increase in available seat miles, as compared with fourth quarter 2014. Based on current trends, the company expects its first quarter 2016 RASM to be in line with its first quarter 2015 RASM.
Fourth quarter 2015 total operating revenues included approximately USD125 million, recorded as a result of the amended co-branded credit card agreement with Chase during third quarter 2015 and the required change in accounting methodology.
This USD125 million net benefit reflects an approximate USD175 million increase to other revenues offset by an approximate USD50 million reduction to passenger revenues. An estimated first quarter 2016 total operating revenue benefit from the amended Chase agreement of approximately USD110 million is included in the company´s first quarter 2016 RASM outlook.
Total operating expenses in fourth quarter 2015 decreased 1.4 percent to USD4.0 billion, as compared with fourth quarter 2014. During fourth quarter 2015, the company expensed USD139 million related to union contract bonuses, which is a special item. Excluding special items in both periods, total operating expenses were USD4.0 billion in fourth quarter 2015, compared with USD3.9 billion in fourth quarter 2014.
For 2015, total operating revenues increased 6.5 percent to USD19.8 billion, which includes a USD172 million special revenue adjustment recorded in third quarter 2015 from a required change in accounting methodology as a result of the amended co-branded credit card agreement with Chase.
This special item was excluded from the company´s 2015 reported RASM. In addition, the combined impact of the amended agreement and the required change in accounting methodology benefited 2015 total operating revenues by approximately USD255 million, the impact of which was included in the company´s 2015 RASM.
Total operating expenses for 2015 were USD15.7 billion, including special charges (before profitsharing and taxes) of USD39 million associated with the acquisition and integration of AirTran and USD334 million associated with union contract bonuses. Operating income for 2015 was a record USD4.1 billion, and USD4.0 billion, excluding special items, compared with USD2.2 billion and USD2.4 billion, respectively, in 2014.
Annual net income for 2015 was USD2.2 billion, or USD3.27 per diluted share, compared with USD1.1 billion, or USD1.64 per diluted share, for the same period last year. Excluding special items, annual 2015 net income was USD2.4 billion, or USD3.52 per diluted share, compared with USD1.4 billion, or USD2.01 per diluted share, for the same period last year.

domain: finance


After five days of opening arguments from Democrat impeachment managers and attorneys representing President Donald Trump, Senators will now be able to submit their questions to each side. Here is how things will work.
Like in the Clinton trial, Republicans and Democrats will alternate questions. The questions will only be directed toward Democrat House managers and attorneys representing President Trump. Senators are not allowed to ask each other questions and cannot directly challenge answers once they were given. Questions will not be asked by Senators directly, but instead will be submitted in writing to Chief Justice John Roberts, who will then read them out loud. The questions cannot be asked anonymously and must be signed by the Senators submitting the question. Questions can also be submitted as a group and around a dozen questions will be allowed before Majority Leader Mitch McConnell calls for a break. Democrat managers and attorneys for the President can take as much time as they'd like to answer submitted question. There is no time limit on their response.
Like previous days, the Senate will convene at 1 pm et to begin.
Sixteen hours have been allotted for questioning. When the questioning period is over, the Senate will vote on whether to call new witnesses not previously interviewed during the House inquiry. As of Tuesday night, McConnell reportedly does not have enough votes to block additional and new witnesses from being called or subpoenaed.
A source with knowledge of McConnell’s comments confirmed to Fox Business that the Kentucky Republican told people in a private meeting Tuesday that the GOP did not have the votes to block impeachment witnesses. A second source stressed that McConnell said he didn’t yet have the votes, with other sources saying Senate GOP leadership didn’t think the fight was over, and conversations were ongoing. The Wall Street Journal first reported McConnell’s comments.


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Mimi Anderson is not your average 51-year-old grandmother. In fact, she’s not your average ultra-runner either. Mimi has completed challenges beyond what your average ultra-runner would even contemplate taking part in. She has run in the most extreme environments, including the Jungles of Peru, ran a gruelling 840 miles from John O’Groats to Lands End to set a new female world record, and this year has run 2000K across South Africa’s Freedom Trail to support Save the Children in establishing a Social Enterprise Business. This year Mimi was the only finisher in the Cyprus Ultra – a race she undertook in preparation for the Freedom Trail.
Mimi began running at the age of 36. Starting off with a couple of 10Ks and half marathons in 1999, Mimi took to ultras two years later. She now trains five or six times per week with a recovery week every fourth week. “Building up to South Africa I did ten back-to-back days of 20K runs on different terrain as well as a few longer runs of over 14 hours. I also try to fit in cross-training and core work at the gym,” she says. Mimi tells us that she does as much preparation as she can, including mental. ‘The mental side of racing is very important. I imagine what it’s going to feel like when my body is in extreme pain, then try and find ways that will help me deal with the scenario when it happens.”
Able to run 64 marathons back-to-back, Mimi is obviously doing something right. If you fancy an ultra, here are Mimi’s tops tips:
■ Choose a race that suits your strengths and the terrain you enjoy running on; this will help keep you motivated during training.
■ Ensure that your training fits into your busy life, build up the distances gradually to enable your body to get used to them and, if short on time, split the long run up, doing half in the morning and half in the evening. Incorporate speed work and fast walking into your training.
■ Listen to your body. It will tell you when things aren’t right, if you’re pushing yourself too hard and not sleeping properly. If you ignore these signs it could mean more time off training.
■ Prepare yourself mentally by not thinking about the whole distance. Break it down into smaller more manageable chunks, take one segment at a time, throw it away and move on.
■ Practice your nutrition and hydration strategies for race day; everyone is different so what works for others may not work for you. Eat little and often.

domain: sports


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Channel ONE Interview focuses on Carbon Footprints
NEEF reached out to Channel ONE, the major news and public affairs content provider to teens. Working closely with Channel ONE we were able to secure an interview with a student from a partner high school in New York City (New York High School for Environmental Studies) on April 14, the first day of National Environmental Education Week.
The interview focused exclusively on “the carbon footprint,” which directly supported this year’s EE Week theme: Carbon Footprints.In addition to the interview at the New York High School for Environmental Studies, Channel ONE also requested video footage from the La Mirada High School Walk-to-school event, which took place during EE Week on April 16, 2008.
Channel ONE plans to use this footage in future segments focusing on environmental education and awareness. Viewed by more than 6 million teens a day, Channel One News is a Peabody Award-winning newscast shown in more than 8,000 high schools and junior highs. It is the most highly rated teen show in the country, covering news and public affairs that matter most to young people in America.


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Indigenous designer, Adrienne Whitewood who affliates to Rongowhakaata took out the Cult Couture Supreme Award at the Southside Arts Festival held at the Manukau Telstra Events Centre over the weekend. The event hosted by Jackie Clarke and featuring top entertainers and dance choreographed by Aotearoas very own Parris Goebel.
The Cult Couture combines theatre, music, dance and fashion and celebrates the cultural flavours, innovation and originality emanating from Aotearoas fashion industry. The Cult Couture Awards encourage designers to push boundaries and create truly unique one off garments.
Whitewood’s piece “Taniko”, which finds a nexus between Lady Gaga and more traditional Maori costume is a garment constructed from thousands of tiny woollen stitches woven on board.
Whitewood says she is inspired by Maori art and culture, and likes to take traditional concepts and with them invents unique silhouettes exploring fabric manipulation and technology, her ethos is all about creating wearable clothing for women who want an emotional connection to clothing.
The win has seen her take home $6,000 in prize money which is going towards her fabric buying trip in Melbourne.
Her joint collection with local designer Amiria Skipwith, which will be debuted at the upcoming 2013 Te Matatini Kapahaka Festival held in Rotorua.
Bio | Adrienne Whitewood
Currently based in Rotorua with her work/showroom at RAVE (Rotorua Arts Village) She graduated from AUT with a Bachelor of Design in 2009, established her label Adrienne Whitewood in 2010. She has shown at NZ Fashion week for the last two years and is currently studying towards a Diploma in Maori at Te Wananga O Aotearoa.
Inspired by Maori art and culture, Adrienne Whitewood takes traditional concepts and with them invents unique silhouettes exploring fabric manipulation and technology, her ethos is all about creating wearable clothing for women who want an emotional connection to clothing.
In 2010 She debuted her first collection titled; Kimihia He Ngaro (Search for the unseen unobtainable)at NZFW and Most recently early in 2011 Adrienne Won the Supreme title at the Miromoda Fashion awards with her Collection Te Aho Tapu (the sacred thread) which will be shown at this years NZFW, part of her prize package will see her head to Melbourne fashion week, and be mentored by Jack Yan (Lucire Magazine) who has stated that She has one of the strongest futures out of any of the contestants that have ever entered Miromoda.
- Visit her website at www.AdrienneWhitewood.com
- Visit her Facebook page at www.facebook.com/AdrienneWhitewood
Stevie Bartle (photographer) and Andrew Strickland & Ike Proctor (creative directors)


Brand name: SMAO
Item name: M1 RC Quadcopter
Material: Electronic components, ABS/PS
Gyro: 6 axis
Pixel camera: 3MP
Flight Duration: About 7-9 Minutes
Remote Control Distance: About 100 meter
Battery Capacity : 220mAh
Charging Time: 30 mins
Battery For Quadcopter: 3.7V 220mAh (included)
Battery For Transmiter: 4x AAA Batteries (not included)
Product Size: 6.5x 6.5x 2.7cm
Night Flight: Yes
Function: ascend / descend / forward / backward / side flying / 360°rolling action / hover / 3D / LED / One keyreturn / High-speed aerobatics / synchronized rotation / Free to fold free to change shape, as long as the blade is not touching any shape can take off
Tips for beginner:
1. Please read the instruction manual carefully before flying the drone. RC drone is not a toy, the suitable age is above 14 years old.
2. Matching the drone and controller successfully and installing the propellers on right position ,otherwise the drone will not take off.
3. If the drone is flying to on side dramatically or spinning while hovering ,please switch off the power of both controller and drone and then match the drone and controller again.
4. Avoiding overcharging and excessive discharging the battery.
Q: Could I take this somewhere without internet and still fly it with the controller but without the camera?
A: Yes you can.
Q: Can I just use controller that came with drone or do I have to use my phone and/ or wifi?
A: If you want to take video and pictures, you need your phone. But if you are just flying it, then you don’t need.
1 x M1 RC Quadcopter
1 x Transmitter
1 x USB charger
4 x Propeller
1 x Screwdriver
1x Phone holder
[REAL-TIME IMAGE/VIDEO TRANSMISSION]: Linking to the drone wifi and begin to control fly and take picture at same time. 300,000 pixels HD FPV camera you can enjoy moving shot while flight.
[2.4GHz REMOTE CONTROL FREQUENCY]: The 2.4GHz Remote control frequency will transfer longer and harder to be interferenced.
[MINI BODY, EASY TO CARRY]: With its mini size, you can easily put it in you bag, pocket or just hold in your hand without difficulty. Just carry it out anytime you want.
[ONE KEY RETURN, 3D ROLLING]: Built-in positioning system, in Headless mode the drone could be return when it is far away from you. To fulfill the hovering and 3D rolling in just one key, with 6-axis gyro to keep the drone stable.


Win a NVIDIA GeForce RTX 2080 Ti
Complete actions on the link to enter the competition.
Review"Win a NVIDIA GeForce RTX 2080 Ti" is a competition by gleam.io and has a prize pool of $1,200 for 1 prize. The prize pool is in the mid-range. Entry is entirely for free. GeForce RTX™ graphics cards are powered by the Turing GPU architecture and the all-new RTX platform. This gives you up to 6X the performance of previous-generation graphics cards and brings the power of real-time ray tracing and AI to games. We are familiar with this brand and have listed quite a few of their competitions.
Our rating: 4 (of 5.0) © KiwiCompetitions,
This competition is organized by gleam.io and you can check out their latest competitions here:
You may also be interested in this:
- There are two comps right now worth mentioning for all of you who likes taking photographs.
In the one organized by The New Zealand Herald you can win a a Sony A6000 camera. There are 4 prizes.. - read more
Terms and conditions of the competition "Win a NVIDIA GeForce RTX 2080 Ti "
according to the competitions organizers.This giveaway will start and end on the dates specified within the Gleam platform. Winner will be selected in a random drawing held from among all eligible entries received during the Giveaways entry Period. All entries received after the end of the Giveaways entry Period will be ineligible for the chance to win a prize.
© Copyright with the competitions organizers


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Advanced Research 2-AEP Calcium
Brand: Advanced Research
Product Code: 2-aep-calcium-ADR-200-vg-cpsls
Quantity per Container: 200 Veg Capsules
Support for Healthy Cell Membrane Structure
The health of your cells and their membranes is crucial to maintaining optimal overall health. 2-AEP Calcium from Advanced Research contains elemental calcium from 2-amino ethanol phosphate that provides the support your body needs to nourish your nerves and cell membranes.
AEP (Amino Ethanol Phosphate) is attracted to your cell membranes and aids in the development of the phospholipid layers in every cell. Because the nerves throughout your body have a high phospholipid content, AEP provides great nourishment for your nerves.
- 2-AEP Calcium is free of common food allergens and is made in the USA
- It was developed by Dr. Hans Nieper in Germany
- 2-AEP Calcium comes in an easy-to-swallow vegetable capsule
Advanced Research 2-AEP Calcium delivers 59.5mg of elemental calcium in every capsule for proper bone strength and health when used with an additional calcium supplement. Calcium may also play a crucial role in reducing food cravings, which can help curb weight gain and promote weight loss.
Make the right choice for optimal cell membrane and nerve health. Give 2-AEP Calcium from Advanced Research a try today!
Professional-grade products adhere to the strictest standards for purity and potency, and use the highest-grade ingredients available.
- Serving Size: 1 Capsule
- Servings Per Container: 200
- Amount Per Serving:
- Calcium 2-AEP** 500 mg
- ---(59. 5mg elemental calcium)
- **2-amino ethanol phosphate
Keep out of reach of children.
Use only if safety seal is intact.


Matthew Scott Donnelly
Sara Bareilles Announces First Radio Single in 5 Years, ‘Armor’
With the exception of the 'Waitress' soundtrack, Bareilles' last work — 'The Blessed Unrest' — dropped in 2013.
Here’s Why ‘Modern Family’ Killed Off [SPOILER]
'Modern Family' co-creator Steve Levitan explains why the show decided one of its beloved characters had to kick the bucket.
Did Kelly Rowland Bleach Her Skin?
A certain Instagram image had fans wondering if Rowland had made some cosmetic adjustments.
Lauren Jauregui Drops Smoky Debut Solo Single ‘Expectations’
The erstwhile Fifth Harmony member is definitely making her personal identity clear.
Here’s When Mike ‘The Situation’ Sorrentino Will Begin Jail Sentence
The 'Jersey Shore' star was sentenced to eight months in prison for tax evasion.
Tracy Chapman’s Suing Nicki Minaj for Use of Forbidden Track
In this case, following directions was not Minaj's strong suit.
Kendall Jenner Draws Crazy Backlash for ‘Vogue’ Afro Photo
Jenner just can't seem to escape controversy,
Ariana Grande Posts Another Moving Tribute To Late Ex-Boyfriend Mac Miller
Miller died in September of a reported drug overdose.
Was Ariana Grande’s Engagement to Pete Davidson a Sham?
The lightning-quick engagement came crashing down earlier this month.
Kendall Jenner Lashes Out at ‘TMZ’ for Invasive Stalker Reports
Jenner accused the site of doing more harm than good by reporting in-depth about her stalker's actions.
This Is the ‘Strain’ That Led to Ariana Grande’s Breakup With Pete Davidson
The couple split earlier this week after a lightning-quick engagement.
Troye Sivan Deserves the Grammys’ Next Best New Artist Honor
The 'Bloom' singer is having a hell of a 2018.


Fiverr freelancers marketplace has presented a platform through which companies can manage employees.
The platform was named Fiverr Enterprise. In this case, enterprises receive a universal tool for finding, attracting, managing, and paying freelance workers. Also, the new tool greatly simplifies the process of tracking the budget. Another advantage is the simplification of tax and legal classification.
The new tool will also help determine compliance with the requirements of the workforce.
The platform is the result of integration into the overall business of Stoke Talent, which Fiverr acquired in 2021. The value of this transaction was $95 million. Misha Kaufman, founder, and CEO of Fiverr, says that the trend of integrating freelancers into the strategy of attracting labor to stimulate growth is gaining popularity at the international level.
Fiverr Enterprise will allow large companies to quickly and easily interact with an integral part of the workforce and seamlessly integrate talented freelancers into everyday work processes.
LendingClub Financial Health Officer Anuj Nayyar says that American workers are increasingly looking for additional earnings, and this trend is a new reality that is gradually transforming into the norm of the labor market. He also noted that the total income in the field of part-time work is more than $50 billion per month.
Among those Americans who work full-time, 29% receive additional income in various ways. The corresponding trend was marked at the beginning of 2022 against the background of the impact of the coronavirus pandemic and inflation. Anuj Nayyar believes that the situation will continue to develop along this trajectory. He noted that according to the results of a survey of Americans who do not have additional income, it turned out that 51% of them plan to find another source of profit as a result of work shortly.
Fiverr’s February earnings report contains information about the business community’s restrained approach to spending. The CEO of the company says that the trend towards remote work and a flexible workforce is long-term. He also stressed that for firms, attracting a workforce that combines full-time and independent employees is particularly relevant.
As we have reported earlier, popular online marketplace opens local platform in Europe.


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John Green books? ......?
I was just wondering if John Green's books like The Fault In Our Stars and Looking For Alaska are more targeted towards teens or adults. Basically is it like Nicolas Sparks because I don't particularly like his books as much.
- 8 years agoFavorite Answer
I’d say his books--at least those two, because those are the only I’ve read--are targeted more towards teens. They can be read by both, but they’re written from the perspectives of teenagers. And noooo, they’re not like Nicolas Sparks books at all, haha. The writing style is definitely different and the characters in Looking for Alaska especially have, well, unique and bold personalities. Both Looking for Alaska and The Fault in Our Stars do have sad endings (sorry if you didn’t know already) but they’re not as...should I say, serious?....as Nicolas Sparks books. John Green’s books have a lot of humor in them. They do have a little romance (at least The Fault in Our Stars does) but definitely not as much as Nicolas Sparks’ books.
By the way, The Fault in Our Stars is written from the eyes of a girl cancer victim and Looking for Alaska is from the point of view of your typical teenage boy. Just saying.
And maybe I’m just biased, but I love John Green’s books. If you’re looking for both humor and tragedy and doses of reality, read his books. His books definitely make you...feel something.
- 8 years ago
Actually John Green Books can be read by either Adults or YA but I think it was targeted for YA, I wouldn't say that Nicolas Sparks and John Green are alike they both vary in their writing styles and numerous of Sparks books the main theme is Romance but Green, well try it.
I read looking For Alaska, I loved it but some people may find it a bore to read so who knows what you will think.


text: Chap 4> Sometimes it’s hard for people to expect what they really are. What is the truth. I finally told my family I was gay. They were supportive, like I knew they’d be. We told all our fans, who were not so supportive. IT was either they were all mad because now they knew they could never have me, or they were all homophobic bitches, but they started rumors on the internet about how I was having a ‘affair” with Taylor. Taylor w as disturbed by it, but I found it amusing. And ironic. After all those years of wanting Taylor, I had finally partly gotten over him. I mean, I was 23 for god’s sake. I needed to let go. He was straight. I was gay. There was no question.---------à But sometimes, just SOMETIMES I look at him and those old feelings come rushing back. Like sometimes he’ll be standing there talking to someone, and he will move in some way that shows off his amazing beauty, his detailed perfection, and those feelings will be there again. Nagging at me very soul, threatening to suffocate me of they remain unfulfilled. I’ll see him sitting down, watching T.V or something, he will be perfectly still, like a statue. Not a hair out of place, except for a couple golden blond strands falling In his face. A sight relaxed pout on his lips from concentration. He doesn’t even try, and he always looks gorgeous. He’s perfect, like a statue, almost. I can’t breathe. I just stare at him, amazed that I’ve held out so long without him. How I’m still living without him. He’ll notice me staring at him and he’ll say, with a slight smile playing on his perfect lips, “ What you looking at, Ike? “ He will come up to me and breathe on my neck as he whispers in my ear, “You know you can’t have me. And it kills you, right?” He smells faintly of soap and some girly perfume and aftershave. I close my eyes and realize that feeling on my neck as he backs away, sitting back down. It feels cold now on my neck where his breath had just warmed it. He’s right. It does.