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The goal of this article is to demonstrate and discuss the specific character of Poland with regard to international migration. Poland tends to play a double role in this area: that of a country both sending and receiving labour migrants. Both phenomena are on a large scale – the considerable outflow of Polish citizens abroad is accompanied by an increasing inflow of foreigners to the domestic labour market. As a consequence, these two roles, ones treated as separate (if not opposing) by theoretical models of migration, have for some time existed hand in hand in the case of Poland. The role of Poland as a country of emigration has a long historical tradition, dating as far back as the middle of the seventeenth century. At that time, the Polish economy, still predominantly agrarian, collapsed and the country’s significance in European international relations fell (eds Reddaway et al. 2016). This spurred an outflow of migration. On the other hand, Poland’s parallel status as a country of immigration is a relatively new phenomenon, having emerged in the twenty-first century. Consequently, in the past, and especially since the 1990s, studies of the role of Poland in international migration have assumed the perspective of a country sending migrants out). However, in response to the recently growing numbers of immigrants arriving and thereby gradually counterbalancing the trends caused by emigration, scholarly interest in the problems of immigration into Poland has been increasing.
From the broader perspective of international studies, the issues of the inflow of foreigners to Poland generally fit in the area of research on New Immigrant Destinations (NIDs) focusing on “examining new or emerging immigrant destinations and the implications of immigrant settlement in places that heretofore had no notable foreign-born populations” (Winders 2014, p 149). The parallel and complementary perspective of migrant research in Poland is that applied in the studies of the determinants of Poland’s migration transformation, that is, the process through which a permanent surplus of immigration over emigration is reached. These studies embark on an analysis of the determinants of the gradual decline of emigration from Poland and attempt to forecast when this migration transformation will occur (Iglicka 2002; Okólski 2010).
In what follows, an attempt will be made to demonstrate the current status of Poland in relation to international migrations. To this end, we rely on statistical data covering the years after 2000, as well as interviews carried out in 2017, both with Poles working abroad and foreigners working in Poland. In interpreting the migration status of Poland, the perspective of the world systems theory has been applied. According to that concept, the migration role that should be attributed to Poland is that of a semi-periphery, which means a specific kind of suspension between the immigration centre, formed by western European countries, and the migration periphery, formed largely by areas on the eastern part of the continent. This status of Poland results from the intermediate character of its labour market with regard to income earned, the stability of employment and social security. These factors are all considered less attractive than those in the migration centre and, at the same time, more attractive than in the migration peripheries. The paper proceeds as follows. The next section discusses the centre–periphery theoretical perspective in the context of international migrations. The third section describes the trends in emigration from and immigration to Poland between 2001 and 2016 in the context of the centre– periphery concept. The fourth section touches upon the design of the survey of migrant workers, constituting the basis for additional empirical analyses. The fifth section discusses the results of the survey. The last section concludes the paper.
Centre–periphery perspective in studies of international migrations
The concept of a division into a centre (core) and the peripheral and semi-peripheral areas surrounding it is often applied in the area of studies of disproportions in social and economic development. In particular, it refers to unequal distribution of significance and the power to exert influence in particular areas. The concept has found application in studies of diverse spatial structures as well as various aspects of development. In the aggregate approach suggested by Wallerstein (1974; 1984) in his world systems theory, the centre/periphery division refers to global and multidimensional diversity at the level of development, with special regard to economic interdependencies. It is also used in narrower studies, such as interdependencies of strictly political (Rokkan & Urwin 1983) or cultural (Hannerz 1998) character.
In the area of migration studies, the theoretical perspective of the centre–periphery division is applied only incidentally. In reference to migrations within the EU, it serves to emphasise the dichotomous division into western core and eastern peripheries. The latter are formed by “new” members, and the population flows between them and the former are considered to be an important factor reinforcing centre–periphery relations (Burrell 2009) as well as preserving the division (Ciupijus 2011). The perspective was implemented more consistently by Gois and Marques (2009) in a study demonstrating the semi-peripheral role of Portugal in the world migration system. The same authors pointed to arguments emphasising the usefulness of the categories derived from the world systems theory. The most important factor here is that they supplement the approach by monitoring the flows of people within the so-called migration systems. It requires a more precise definition of the functions fulfilled by particular regions. This is because assuming that the migration system is a multidimensional structure of links between countries sending out and receiving migrants, including (according to Kritz & Zlotnik 1992, p 2) “a group of countries exchanging relatively large numbers of immigrants with each other”, is not sufficient to describe the migration roles of those countries. As Gois and Marques (2009, p 27) point out, “we also need to conceive of a system as the interlinked product of differences between peripheries, cores and semi-peripheries that can only be understood in the context of one another. When we take this approach, the world systems theory emerges as an important theoretical instrument, since it allows us to assess the position of different countries within a system.”
The potential adaptation of the centre–periphery concepts suggested by Wallerstein to the analysis of international migrations could be as follows:
- –the migration centres are formed of countries most attractive to migrants, characterised by a constant positive net migration rate and – through their migration policies – having a significant impact on the size and dynamics of world migrations;
- –the migration peripheries are the areas with a very large potential for emigration, either realised or ready to be realised (under favourable conditions) and whose role in global migration movements is limited to the supply of the migrants either in response to demand in other countries or only in connection with their increasing openness to migration;
- –the migration semi-peripheries are those countries which play the intermediate role in global migrations, experiencing both an inflow and outflow of migrants. In comparison with the migration centres, the possibility to influence the course of global migrations is limited.
The above characteristics underline the status application of categories adopted in the core–periphery approach in this study, similar to the aforementioned works of Hannerz or Rokkan and Urwin. At the same time, this does not exclude the possibility of a wider use of this perspective in international migration research, including in-depth analysis of relations between centres, semi-periphery and periphery. This requires, of course, expanding and clarifying the criteria for belonging to one of these three migration statuses.
The adaptation of the centre–periphery theory to the positioning of the countries in migration flows seems useful, especially due to the possibilities created by the use of the semi-peripheral category. Irrespective of the criticism of that category, raising concerns with respect to the construction of the criteria of the semi-peripheral state, the category delivers a meaningful classification and explanatory advantages. Even if, in connection with the dynamics of the global socio-economic changes, the semi-peripheral status is not a permanent state of particular areas or countries, there can nevertheless be a specific kind of arena marked by the coexistence of divergent tendencies over a certain period of time (longer rather than shorter). Some of them can be unequivocally attributed to the centre, others are characteristics of the peripheries. This brings about divergent processes of development in the semi-peripheries.
Gois and Marques (2009) demonstrate convincingly the semi-peripheral migration status of Portugal as an aspect of a broader, semi-peripheral character of the country, resulting from its intermediate level of economic development and its role of intermediary between the “first” and the “third” world. An analogous role of the migration semi-periphery can be, for largely similar reasons, attributed to Poland, especially as analyses of other aspects of Polish society have oftentimes referred to the notion of the country’s semi-peripheral position (ed Zarycki 2016).
Dynamics of emigration from and immigration to Poland
Over the period of, roughly, the last dozen years, official statistics have indicated the tendency for Poland’s rate of permanent foreign migrations to approach zero. Accession to the EU in 2004 was the principal factor intensifying departures. The consequences of the accession and the gradual opening of the labour markets in the member states activated the emigration potential of Polish workers. An additional impulse to trigger emigration was created because of the within-country spatial disparities in the level of development (Stark, Micevska & Mycielski 2009). Despite the rapid growth of more than a dozen urban centres that attract migrants both from other parts of the country and abroad, foreign emigration from peripheral areas remains substantial. Between 2009 and 2012, the number of registered departures decreased slightly, in response to the global financial crisis, to grow again when the economic conditions in western European countries improved. The main migration destinations for Poles remain unchanged, however, with the UK, Germany and the Benelux countries occupying top positions on the list of receiving countries (Janicka & Kaczmarczyk 2016).
Unlike emigration from the country, permanent settlement immigration to Poland is characterised by a remarkably stable tendency (this includes permanent residence permits, naturalisation as well as – relatively few – repatriation visas, asylum and other forms of legal protection). The registered annual number of immigrants following Poland’s accession to the EU remained largely stable. As a result of all the aforementioned tendencies, the net migration rate in 2016 turned out to be marginally positive, the first outcome of this sort in the entire history of modern population statistics in Poland (Figure 1).
The net rate of long-term migration (over twelve months) is more advantageous for Poland. In 2016, the greatest diference (over 14,613 persons) between arrivals (61,739) and departures (47,126) was recorded. During the previous years, positive net rates of long-term migrations were also reported. In the period 2010–2012 it amounted to 15,164 persons altogether (Rocznik demograficzny 2017). Taking this kind of population flow into consideration (jointly with the short-term migrations – below twelve months) leads to a substantial revision of the stereotypical one-dimensional image of Poland solely as a country of emigration.
The aforementioned net rate of temporary migration, including short-term migration, shows high positive values. This type of migration distinguishes Poland from other EU countries; it marks the specific kind of migration associated with Poland. On the one hand, this results from the immigration policy implemented in Poland, focused on attracting temporary workers. On the other, it is an indicator of the semi-peripheral migration status of Poland – a country in which newcomers want to gain work and income rather than settle down for a longer time or for good (Górny & Kaczmarczyk 2018). In more recent years, Poland’s net rate of temporary migration is clearly positive. In 2016, following an unprecedented increase in this kind of migration by as much as 61 per cent compared to the previous year, it turned out that Poland had become the world leader with respect to the number of temporary immigrants received (Figure 2).
A difficulty arising when interpreting the above statistical data is that the official data cannot take unregistered definitive emigration into account, a phenomenon whose prevalence may be substantial. At the end of 2017, the number of Poles recorded as staying abroad temporarily amounted to 2,540,000 – a figure that is 25,000 higher than that reported in 2016 (Główny Urząd Statystyczny 2018). It would be difficult to forecast how many of those migrants will never return to Poland but the figures radically adjust the actual rate of foreign migrations. The number of foreigners in Poland is still relatively small, yet constantly increasing; growth has been particularly dramatic since 2015. In that year, 108,300 persons were recorded (0.3 per cent of the population), which means a nearly threefold increase compared to 2004. 202,000 applications for residence permits were registered in 2017, a 33 per cent and a 71 per cent increase relative to 2016 and 2015, respectively. In addition, 10,000 persons from EU countries registered their stay. At the beginning of 2019, Polish official statistics recorded 372,000 foreigners who held valid documents entitling them to stay in Poland (Urząd ds. Cudzoziemców 2019). Most of those foreigners had a permit for temporary residence (up to three years). There are also foreigners with permits for permanent residence as well as those enjoying the right to stay as citizens of EU states. These data do not take into account the increasing number of naturalised people; 43,258 persons were granted Polish citizenship from 2005 to 2017. A large number of people staying in Poland with short-term work permits are not included in the above figures either.
The increasing importance of Poland as a place of immigration can also be inferred from statistics showing the share of foreign nationals on the Polish labour market. The number of foreigners interested in taking up legal employment in Poland is growing dramatically. In 2017, there were 267,136 applications for work permits submitted by residents of third countries and 235,626 of these were accepted. This was nearly twice as many as in the previous year (Ministerstwo Rodziny, Pracy i Polityki Społecznej 2018). In that same year, the counties’ labour offices registered 1.8 million employer declarations of intent to hire a foreigner (an increase of 40 per cent compared to 2016), entitling them to work for six months within a period of twelve months. That legal instrument, introduced in 2007, is addressed to citizens of Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, Russia and Ukraine. While initially almost all foreigners benefitting from it were employed in agriculture, construction and domestic services, more recent years have seen a rapid growth of this type of employment in other sectors of the economy (Tyrowicz, Kaczmarczyk & Górny 2017). Yet, the number of migrants actually undertaking work on the basis of such declarations is significantly lower than the number of declarations issued, constituting between 60 and 65 per cent of the number of issued documents (Duszczyk & Matuszczyk 2018). The growing scale of labour migration to Poland is also confirmed by the data concerning foreigners registered for pension insurance. At the end of March 2019, there were 609,719 insured workers with citizenship other than Polish. This was six times as many as in 2013 and the vast majority (454,564) of those registered were Ukrainians (Zakład Ubezpieczeń Społecznych 2019). These data provide an incomplete picture of the legal employment of foreigners in the Polish economy (both holders of work permits and those employed under employer declarations). Among categories not included are farm workers, whose insurance status is distinct from that of those working in other sectors of the economy, and foreigners not covered by insurance at all.
Last but not least, a few remarks on the structure of the immigrants; countries of origin seem necessary here. Poland has so far been attractive primarily to labour migrants from Eastern Europe; the numbers of immigrants from Western Europe on the Polish labour market is rather miniscule. The vast majority of immigrants come from Ukraine (80 per cent of work permits, over 90 per cent of declarations of intent, 75 per cent of pension insurance). Other nationalities mainly include citizens of other countries that emerged following the dissolution of the USSR as well as citizens of various countries with restricted access to immigration centres. Thus, it is mainly the supply factor that determines the presence of immigrants in the Polish labour market. The growing demand for foreign workers is in turn caused by the increasing need for labour, a consequence of the prolonged persistence of low birth rates, which are below the levels that guarantee simple population replacement, and mass emigration. Yet, the role of the demand factor in making decisions to migrate to Poland is rather minor, although its significance has increased in the last twenty-five years as a result of the operation of cross-border migration networks (Górny 2017). The prevalence of factors pushing migrants from their country of origin over those attracting them to Poland, in conjunction with their limited possibility to choose a country of destination, is especially evident in the case of the Ukrainian labour force. The migration of Ukrainians to Poland is definitely related to two sets of circumstances: the chronic economic crisis in their country of origin and limited possibilities of acquiring employment in western Europe. Had these determinants been eliminated, the number of Ukrainian labour migrants in Poland would have dropped significantly. This also means that, unlike in the case of the migration centre, the extent of migration to Poland depends less strongly on the content of Polish migration policy than on the broader determinants occurring both in migrant-sending countries and the most important destination countries.
The analyses that follow are based on data of a research project on migrations to and from Poland. In order to verify the assumption of the semi-peripheral character of Poland in relation to migration and the perception of its labour market, part of the data coming from a survey (PAPI) conducted in 2017, have been subject to secondary analysis. The survey interviewees were recruited from two groups of labour migrants: Poles employed abroad and foreigners working in Poland. Each group consisted of 100 respondents, selected through purposive sampling. Due to the limitations of the data, the analysis is to a great extent exploratory.
To qualify for the research on Polish labour migrants, a potential respondent had to be resident abroad for at least twelve months. Respondents were recruited in four centres with a significant Polish diaspora, located in the UK and Germany: London, Newcastle, Berlin and Cologne. The UK and Germany are the two most important destination countries for Poles and, obviously, outperform all the other countries in this respect. An additional criterion for the selection of respondents was professional experience abroad – at least twelve months of stay (combined) within the last two years, regardless of the form of employment or whether a person performed the work legally or not. In the sampling, special attention was paid to equal representation of the following variables:
- –gender (fifty women and fifty men);
- –the country where the work is being performed (fifty persons from each of the two countries);
- –place of residence (twenty-five persons from each of the aforementioned cities/migration centres abroad).
Similar principles for respondent selection were implemented in the course of the research on foreigners working in Poland. The people who were selected for the survey had stayed in Poland for at least twelve months, in one of two urban centres: Warsaw or Lublin. Both of those cities stand out with respect to the (high) numbers of foreigners employed there. Additional criteria adopted included at least twelve months of experience of working in Poland within the last three years (whether legally or not) and at least a communicative command of Polish. The application of such a criterion was necessary because one of the topics of the survey was knowledge of the reality of the Polish labour market (especially with respect to the use of its institutions). In that group of respondents, special attention was paid to ensure equal representation of gender (fifty women and fifty men) and place of residence (fifty persons from both Warsaw and Lublin).
The sample is dominated numerically by Ukrainian citizens (eighty respondents), which reflects their substantial share in labour immigration to Poland. The other twenty were citizens of one of the following eastern European countries: Belarus, Moldova, Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia.
The respondents from both groups, that is, Poles in Germany and the UK, and foreigners in Poland, were asked to compare the labour markets in their country of origin and the country where they were currently working. Eleven issues (indicated in the tabular summaries later in the article) from the broad area of the functioning of the labour market were covered in the interview. In addition, questions were asked regarding the possibilities of getting support from labour market institutions as well as questions about the accessibility of social welfare benefits connected with the work performed.
Results and discussion
Views and attitudes expressed by the Polish interviewees indicate that the domestic labour market is perceived by them to be overwhelmingly inferior to the German and British markets. It confirms and reinforces the conclusions drawn by previous studies of Polish workers in these two countries, pointing to the lower attractiveness of the labour market in Poland (Drinkwater & Garapich 2015). In comparison to those two countries, the Polish labour market is viewed by respondents as unfavourable (Table 1).
Comparison of the labour market in Poland and the emigration country by Polish migrants in the UK and Germany (excluding respondents without work experience in Poland) (in percentages, N=80)
|Where it is easier to:||Poland||Abroad||The same||Hard to say||Total|
|find the first job||1.3||70.0||20.0||8.8||100.0|
|remain in work||1.3||43.8||32.5||22.5||100.0|
|lose a job||61.3||2.5||17.5||18.8||100.0|
|get a raise||6.3||57.5||10.0||26.3||100.0|
|reconcile work and private life||35.0||37.5||16.3||11.3||100.0|
|work according to qualifications||16.3||26.3||30.0||27.5||100.0|
|get new qualifications||6.3||28.8||11.3||53.8||100.0|
Of the several aspects of the Polish labour market examined in the study, the ability to accumulate savings is rated the lowest by respondents. This is unsurprising as it is a by-product of the perception of earnings in Poland as being relatively low. The ability to save money is actually an aspect with respect to which all the respondents pointed out the superiority of the foreign labour markets. None of them declared the superiority of Poland in this respect. A somewhat smaller perceived divergence between the Polish and the two foreign labour markets was observed with regard to the ease of finding their first job, sustainability of employment (i.e. chances of retaining or losing work) as well as the possibility of changing jobs. The vast majority of the respondents declared the superiority of Germany and the UK in all those aspects too. Only a handful of interviewees pointed to a more advantageous situation in Poland. More than half of them expressed the opinion that a wage increase is easier to obtain working abroad. Similar results were obtained by Parutis (2014) in her research on Poles and Lithuanians in the British labour market. The assessments concerning other aspects of the labour markets, especially those relating to the possibilities of reconciling work and private life, and securing employment consistent with qualifications, were more balanced. Yet, also with regard to the above aspects, the perception of both foreign labour markets as superior prevailed.
Poland also performs rather unfavourably with regard to support from institutions connected with the labour market. The institutions were understood broadly as: public institutions such as labour offices and clinics as well as different kinds of non-governmental organisations (NGOs), such as trade unions, employment agencies, charity institutions, church organisations, etc. (Table 2). All the dimensions of institutional support for people active in the labour market in Poland were assessed as weaker or less accessible than their British and German counterparts. The superiority of the UK and Germany was viewed as particularly pronounced with regard to unemployment benefits and assistance in finding a job. For both of these support aspects, an absolute majority of the respondents maintained that they were better organised in the two “old” EU countries. A somewhat smaller number of respondents emphasised the superiority of foreign institutions with regard to support to improve professional qualifications. Finally, the areas which the smallest numbers of respondents (below 40 per cent) pointed to with regard to the advantageous status of the UK and Germany were opportunities to acquire information about employees’ rights and the rights of the unemployed, opportunities to get help in changing jobs, and the availability of free health care. For each of the latter three domains of activity relating to the labour market, the overall sum of the percentages of respondents expressing an opinion about the superiority of Poland, those choosing the answer “the same” and those choosing the answer “difficult to say” was equal to over 60 per cent of the total sample.
Comparison of assistance from institutions related to the labour market in Poland and abroad by Polish migrants in the UK and Germany (in percentages, N=100)
|Where it is easier to get:||Poland||Abroad||The same||Hard to say||Total|
|information on the rights of workers and the unemployed||19.0||37.0||17.0||27.0||100.0|
|benefits for the unemployed||8.0||56.0||7.0||29.0||100.0|
|assistance in finding work||7.0||53.0||14.0||26.0||100.0|
|help in upgrading qualifications||10.0||43.0||11.0||36.0||100.0|
|help in changing profession||9.0||37.0||10.0||44.0||100.0|
|free medical assistance||8.0||38.0||31.0||23.0||100.0|
The comparison of social benefits connected with activity on the labour market is the one for which Poland performs the worst relative to the UK and Germany (Table 3). In assessing those benefits, the respondents – in approximately the same proportions – declared that these are more favourable in the UK or Germany, or they expressed indifference (“difficult to say”). This means that a simple majority of the interviewees (on average every second person interviewed) either had no knowledge of that type of benefit or showed no interest in them. Only a few people declared that such benefits were as advantageous in Poland as abroad, whereas hardly anybody expressed the opinion that they were regulated in a more advantageous way in their country of origin. Only two people declared that it was better to have an old age pension in Poland.
Comparison of selected social benefits in Poland and abroad by Polish migrants in the UK and Germany (in percentages, N=100)
|Where it is more profitable to apply for:||Poland||Abroad||The same||Hard to say||Total|
|allowances for mothers/parents||0||41.0||3.0||56.0||100.0|
The same questions comparing selected aspects of the labour market, institutional support for the professionally active and the possibilities of receiving social benefits were also asked of the labour immigrants in Poland. Just like the Polish emigrants, foreigners working in Poland evaluate the labour market they currently participate in as higher than that in their country of origin. Yet, the differences in assessment are noticeably smaller than in the case of Polish emigrants to the UK and Germany. The superiority of the Polish labour market was indicated with respect to seven aspects, but for just one of them, there was a clear-cut distinction in relation to the opportunity to accumulate savings: in the respondents’ view, the chances of an increase in wages as well as of retaining or changing jobs were better in Poland. At the same time, with regard to changing qualifications, or getting their first job, or especially the danger of losing a job, the superiority of Poland over their countries of origin does not seem to be significant for many respondents. By contrast, the countries of origin are assessed as being better for reconciling work and private life and for the possibility of finding legal employment as well as, to a lesser extent, of finding work consistent with qualifications and with chances for promotion (Table 4).
Comparison of Polish and native labour markets by migrants in Poland (excluding respondents without employee experience in the country of origin) (in percentages, N=67)
|Where it is easier to:||Poland||Native country||The same||Hard to say||Total|
|find the first job||40.3||29.9||16.4||13.4||100.0|
|lose a job||23.9||25.4||32.8||17.9||100.0|
|get a raise||49.3||4.5||22.4||23.9||100.0|
|combine work and private life||25.4||40.3||25.4||9.0||100.0|
|work according to qualifications||16.4||20.9||40.3||22.4||100.0|
|get new qualifications||28.4||7.5||19.4||44.5||100.0|
As in the case of evaluating the labour market, a tendency to favour Poland – but less pronounced than Polish emigrants’ tendency to prefer the British and the German markets – was noticed when comparing institutions supporting professional activity. In comparison to their country of origin, the immigrants to Poland rated the assistance in finding work highest; next, in order, was the assistance in upgrading qualifications, followed by help when changing jobs. The respondents’ tendency to evaluate Poland as better for providing information for professionally active people and for unemployment benefits is less manifest, even if still notable. The only aspect of the activities of institutions related to the labour market to receive roughly equal evaluation for their country and Poland is the possibility of receiving free health care (Table 5).
Comparison of assistance from institutions related to the labour market in Poland and in the country of origin by migrants in Poland (in percentages, N=100)
|Where it is easier to get:||Poland||Native country||The same||Hard to say||Total|
|information on the rights of workers and the unemployed||29.0||18.0||25.0||28.0||100.0|
|benefits for the unemployed||36.0||25.0||16.0||23.0||100.0|
|assistance in finding work||38.0||8.0||29.0||25.0||100.0|
|help in upgrading qualifications||29.0||11.0||18.0||42.0||100.0|
|help in changing profession||24.0||10.0||16.0||50.0||100.0|
|free medical assistance||17.0||17.0||29.0||37.0||100.0|
Just as in the case of labour markets and institutions supporting professional activity, the social benefits in Poland were evaluated as more advantageous by immigrants comparing them to those in their country of origin. Yet, in this dimension of the migrant situation the differences in their preferences were rather minor. Preference for the social benefits in the country of migration (Poland) was also weaker than in the case of the Poles interviewed in Germany and the UK. The latter group tended to view the German and British benefits (child benefit, employed parent benefits, housing benefits as well as the pension system) as unmatched in comparison to the same benefits in their country. It is still remarkable, however, that the foreign immigrants in Poland, more often than the Poles working abroad, chose the option “difficult to say” in response to the question about their views on social benefits. It was particularly difficult for foreigners in Poland to compare the housing benefits in Poland and in their country of origin (more than 80 per cent of the interviewees were not able to make such an assessment), as well as answer questions about working parent benefits (66 per cent of the people in the sample had such difficulties). Only slightly more than half of the people interviewed could give clear-cut answers to the questions concerning child benefit and pensions (Table 6). This suggests that their knowledge about the social benefits in the country of immigration is more limited. It can also be assumed that they rarely benefit from them. Participation in the social security system of the country of immigration is closely related to the time the person has stayed abroad. The results of other studies (Osipovič 2015) carried out in the UK demonstrate that the longer Poles stayed there the more aware they were of the philosophy of the British welfare state and the more they knew about its institutions.
Comparison of selected social benefits in Poland and the country of origin by migrants in Poland (in percentages, N=100)
|Where it is more profitable to apply for:||Poland||Native country||The same||Hard to say||Total|
|allowances for mothers/parents||20.0||12.0||2.0||66.0||100.0|
When comparing the opinions of respondents from each group studied, it is easy to see that the differences in the assessment of the conditions and benefits of working in the country of origin as opposed to working in the country of migration are, in virtually all aspects, smaller for foreigners working in Poland than for Poles in the UK and Germany. Therefore, the results of the above exploration suggest that the distance between the Polish and the British/German labour markets is larger than between the former and the labour markets of the countries that the immigrants in Poland come from. This fits the conclusions drawn by previous studies on the evaluation of the institutions of the Polish welfare state by selected groups of foreigners. While for Britons and Spaniards social benefits offered in Poland had no attracting power, what attracted the Ukrainians was the transparency of social institutions (health care among them) as well as the relative freedom from corruption (Andrejuk 2017).
The source of such diversity of opinions among the immigrants studied lies perhaps in their varying personal experience of workers’ cross-country situations. The context of that experience also includes each member of the group’s specific position in the labour market. The most important dimension of this position, and the most significant factor differentiating both groups, is the legality of employment. A significantly greater share of the immigrants in Poland are employed illegally. Only a little more than half of them declared that they were working under an employment contract (55 per cent, while 42 per cent were under indefinite duration contracts). The situation of the Polish group working in the west was definitely more advantageous – almost all of them (92 per cent) were employed under an indefinite duration contract. The above substantial divergence regarding the legality of work brings about further differences: it determines how deeply rooted in the local labour market the foreign workers are. It also translates into knowledge of workers’ rights and of the scope of protection against unfair practices by employers, the possibility of using the services offered by official institutions, and access to social benefits as well as to a higher level of income. Taking all these factors into consideration explains, to a certain extent, the disparity in the subjectively perceived distance between the labour markets mentioned. In other words, it throws new light on the comparison of the Polish labour market with labour markets in the countries of origin of the immigrants in Poland. It can be assumed that with a larger scale of legal employment of foreigners in Poland, their assessment of the Polish labour market would be more favourable and more similar to the evaluation of labour markets in the UK and Germany made by the Polish respondents.
In the context of the dynamics in changing labour markets, it is also interesting how respondents perceive the future of these markets in the country of origin and in the country of emigration. A comparison between the projections made by Polish immigrants in the UK and Germany and those made by foreigners employed in Poland discloses significant differences between the two groups of people seeking employment abroad and being in a similar situation of emigration. The Poles interviewed perceive the future of their country in a much more optimistic way. No more than one-sixth of them (only 16 per cent) expect that the present-day differences between Poland and the UK/Germany, unfavourable to Poland, will persist or even increase. By contrast, among the group of foreigners working in Poland nearly two-thirds (64 per cent) expressed the opinion that the position of their country in relation to Poland will not change or, a more prevailing opinion (expressed by nearly half of the respondents), that it will increase. On the other hand, nearly a fifth (19 per cent) of the Polish respondents and only 2 per cent of the foreigners working in Poland expect that the discrepancies between their country of origin and the country they migrated to will level out.
Translating the results of the research into the language of metaphor we can acknowledge that the most likely scenario for Poland is either “leaving the periphery” (in the perspective adopted by Polish emigrants) or strengthening the centrality (or quasi-centrality) in at least the regional dimension (in the perspective adopted by foreigners seeking employment in Poland).
The uniqueness of migration in Poland rests on the fact that it is simultaneously a migrant-sending and migrant-receiving country. While remaining a country of emigration, Poland, relatively soon after the onset of the systemic transformation, and then after accession to the EU, became a country of destination for numerous groups of migrants, especially temporary and seasonal.
From the perspective of the centre–periphery theory, this kind of heterogeneity of functions served within a definite spatial system fits with the characteristics of semi-peripheral areas. According to this concept, the semi-peripheries are characterised by a medium-sized concentration of resources, which also defines the roles fulfilled by this kind of area. These roles are not as significant for the functioning of the whole system as are the roles played by the central areas; nevertheless, the semi-peripheries are preponderant in significance over the classic peripheries, and in some aspects they can fulfil quasi-central functions for those peripheries and thereby compete in this respect with the core areas (Wallerstein 1984).
If we adapt the descriptive categories classifying space in terms of the core–periphery theory to the push–pull theory explaining the mechanisms of migration (Lee 1966), it should be assumed that the areas defined as migration semi-peripheries act as a source of multidirectional (often contradictory) stimuli, incentivising both departures and arrivals of migrants. This is due to the intermediate character of factors influencing migration decisions in those areas. Such migration settings are less favourable than the countries of the migration centre but, at the same time, more favourable than those of the migration periphery. This intermediate condition encompasses both the objective character of various solutions and the level of development of particular institutions of the labour market and social security, in addition to the push–pull factors of the non-material political and cultural character and the subjective evaluations made by potential migrants, resulting from their knowledge and experience.
Forecasts regarding the economic situation in the native country and the country of emigration by migrants (in percentages, N=100+100)
|Differences between native country and the country of economic emigration in 10 years ...||Poles in the UK and Germany||Immigrants in Poland|
|will remain unchanged||10.0||16.0|
|will even out||19.0||2.0|
|hard to say||51.0||25.0|
The results of the analyses presented in this study demonstrate explicitly the in-between migration attractiveness of Poland with regard to the aspects chosen (and of key significance) in the functioning of both the labour market and the social security institutions. According to the views expressed by the Polish respondents living in the UK and Germany, all the institutions mentioned are far better organised there than in Poland. In the same vein, foreigners working in Poland look favourably at the labour market and social security in that country when comparing it to their native country. Thus, adopting the above perspective of diverse worker experiences of the immigrants studied, some qualities of both the migration peripheries and the migration core can be ascribed to Poland.
Poland constitutes a periphery for its own citizens emigrating in search of work. This kind of evaluation made by them in international migration is, at the same time, a confirmation (evident also on the basis of the statistical data regarding the net migration rate) of the undoubted core character of the western European countries touched upon by the study. At the same time, Poland plays the role of the specific sub-core for the migrants from less-developed countries, especially Ukraine. The peripheral role in relation to Poland of the latter countries in the system of global migrations is also proved by the lack of migration in the opposite direction – Polish citizens do not emigrate (in any statistically noticeable numbers) to the countries from which the labour migrants come to Poland. This, in turn, puts the latter countries in a position of a migration periphery, both from the point of view of migration cores and migration semi-peripheries.
From the perspective of traditional migration studies, the semi-peripheral role of Poland in global migration could perhaps be explained with reference to the transitory phase of migration transformation in which the country still remains. As a consequence of generally positive economic and political changes initiated after the collapse of communism, Poland is no longer just a classical migrant-sending country. Yet, the long-lasting tendency of the increasing number of immigrants has not led to the transformation of Poland into a typical migrant-receiving country, as that tendency was not accompanied by a one-way decrease of Polish citizens emigrating. Moreover, Poland is still not attractive as a migration destination for residents of developed countries. The incomplete migration transition of Poland is statistically confirmed by the persistent negative indicator of the balance of external migration flows and the fact that its current values are near zero. The constant improvement of that index is evidence of the increasing migration significance of Poland in terms of the possibilities created for immigrants by the Polish labour market.
Recognition of Poland’s migratory semi-peripherality should be the starting point for further research related to the following questions. What exactly is this “semi-peripheral” status, how does it differ from the “semi-peripheral” and “peripheral” statuses of other countries in Central and Eastern Europe? What factors cause the migratory semi-peripherality of Poland and which of them should be considered key? What actions should Poland take (especially which migration policy should be followed) in order to evolve in the area of international migration towards the centre, and avoid the risk of degradation towards the periphery?
This article is an output of the research project In Search of Labour Market Security. Migration to and from Poland and the Attractiveness of the Polish Labour Market, financed by the National Centre of Science (contract UMO-2014/15/B/ HS5/01148). The author is grateful to Maciej Duszczyk, Kamil Matuszczyk and Maciej Górecki for their helpful comments.
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Islamabad: The All Pakistan CNG Association (APCNGA) on Saturday said all the concerned government departments and private bodies have agreed to follow Safety Rules 1992 for installation on CNG kits in the commercial vehicles.
Resultantly, the campaign initiated by various government departments to remove CNG cylinders from the public transport vehicles has been halted while the ban slapped on commercial vehicles barring them from getting CNG has also been lifted.
This was revealed by Ghiyas Abdullah Paracha, Chairman Supreme Council APCNGA in a statement. He said that 107 authorised workshops have initiated inspection, maintenance and verification of vehicles while 100 more workshops would soon start verification.
He said that APCNGA and all other stakeholders have agreed to allow Toyota Hiace to have two CNG cylinders in a box while Suzukis could have one. Those who tried to violate the decision would be dealt according to the law, he said.
Ghiyas Paracha said that all commercial vehicles using CNG fuel have been directed to complete formalities and get fitness certificates from approved workshops after which action would be initiated against them. Transporters violating orders would not get gas from filling stations, he added.
He said that the CNG outlets that continued to provide fuel to the commercial vehicles having faulty CNG kits would face fines and disconnections.
Paracha said that APCNGA is working with a Norwegian Company Kezzler to maintain record of all the vehicles converted on CNG employing latest technology. The record would also be provided to relevant authorities including Ogra, HIDC, Explosive Department and Police etc., he added.
He said that masses can find the details of approved workshops by calling offices of APCNGA or visiting the association’s website. Those who participated in the meeting which finalised guidelines included Ogra officials, Secretaries of Transport of all provinces, officials of district administrations and traffic police, transporters and others. Paracha asked the owners of CNG stations and owners of commercial transport the follow the decision in letter and spirit for smooth flow.

domain: law


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Event: Bollywood celebs gathered for the 'Chautha Ceremony' of late Shammi Kapoor.
Guest List: Imran Khan, Lara Dutta, Tabu, Prateik Babbar, Chunky Pandey, Jeetendra, Vinod Khanna, Prem Chopra, Randhir Kapoor, Aditya Raj Kapoor, Mukesh Khanna, Rishi Kapoor, Naseeruddin Shah, Ratna Pathak Shah, Jagmohan Mundhra
Bollywood celebs Hrithik Roshan, Athiya Shetty, Kanika Kapoor among others were seen at Anandita De's blog launch.
Bollywood actress Shilpa Shetty Kundra was snapped at the inaugurationof jewellery showroom of Varti Jewells.
Bollywood celebs Deepika Padukone, Anushka Sharma, Yami Gautam, Sonam Kapoor, Arpita Khan Sharma, Vijay Krishna Acharya, Arjun Kapoor among others were seen at the special screening of BEFIKRE.
Bollywood celebs Irrfan Khan snapped at the launch of Johnston & Murphy store.
Bollywood celebs Sunny Deol and Madhurima Tuli were snapped at the airport.

domain: celebrity


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Some like it at Shanghai Chic
|May 28, 2012|
The only time I remember visiting Ibn Battuta Gate Hotel Dubai was for their popular nightspot, Diablo. However, having heard much about the delectable cuisine offered at the five-star hotel, we at deluxmiddleeast.com decided it was now time to review one of their restaurants. And so we gave Shanghai Chic a shot.
Offering a dark and romantic decor, my friend and I were greeted by lovely Chinese staff and guided to a private booth. The menu – presented promptly – looked impressive, offering a wide range of Shanghainese and Cantonese dishes.
We decided to start with steamed dumplings of seafood and chicken. Although they looked rather exciting – complete with their soft succulent texture and scrumptious presentation – surprisingly, they tasted just about average.
Next came the hot and sour soup. I have to say, without any exaggeration, this was the best hot and sour soup I have had in Dubai. A big soup fan, this spicy little bowl made my day and I was ready to order more – until I realised I might not have room for the main course and dessert that were to follow later.
My main course, sweet and sour chicken, arrived in a bowl of deep-fried noodles, accompanied by sticky white rice. Instantly won over by the creative presentation, I crossed my fingers and hoped it tastes just as good as it looks.
And it did.
The chicken was soft and cooked to perfection. The sweetness was just right and the sourness couldn’t have been better. My dining partner’s crispy chicken with dry chilli and Szechuan pepper was also satisfying and well-liked by her.
Our desserts arrived – my favourite part – and as I rubbed my hands together with happiness, the friendly Chinese waiter smiled and placed my herbal Chinese jelly on the table with a grand swoop. My grin slowly faded. The dessert looked rather ‘odd’ – gooey green with a black centre – and tasted pretty odd too. As I swallowed the pungent jelly, I couldn’t help but feel utterly betrayed and dissatisfied.
If you like cardamom , this dessert is for you. Those who don’t, steer clear of this one – it killed a picture-perfect dinner for me!
My dining partner’s mango pudding was ‘safe’ – there was nothing exciting about the taste or the presentation.
With not many authentic five-star Chinese restaurants in town, Shanghai Chic has the potential of ranking among the best ones – only if it pays a little more attention to their dessert and dim sum menu.
I am definitely going back for the hot and sour soup, though.

domain: food


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The 22-year-old's contract with his Ligue 1 outfit is due to expire at the end of June, and he is widely expected to seek pastures new this year, either leaving in a cut-price deal this month or on a free this summer.
Man United continue to be strongly linked with the Frenchman, and Anthony Martial's move to Sevilla could open the door for the Red Devils to make a signing before the end of the month.
According to the Daily Mail, the 20-time English champions have spoken to Kamara's agent about the possibility of signing him over the next week.
Kamara has again been an important player for his French club during the 2021-22 campaign, making 24 appearances in all competitions, contributing one goal in the process. body check tags ::

domain: news


WILMINGTON, MA — Town Manager Jeff Hull recently announced a sizable donation to the Town of Wilmington Scholarship Fund.
Irene M. Brennan, a beloved school teacher and longtime resident, passed away on January 2013. At the time of hear death, she left a portion of her estate to the Town’s Scholarship Fund. The portion amounted to $53,171.96, which was recently donated by the Irene M. Brennan Family Trust.
Two $1,000 scholarships will be awarded annually to Wilmington residents attending Salem State University, where Brennan graduated from. Preference will be given to any student pursuing a degree in the field of education.
“It would give Irene Brennan great pleasure to know that a portion of her estate was being used for such a worthy purpose,” wrote Margaret McKenna, Trustee of Brennan’s Family Trust, in a letter to Selectmen. “I am so grateful that my Auntie El has chosen to leave such a lasting legacy to the community, and to the students, that she so dearly loved.”
(NOTE: Cover photo from Nichols Funeral Home.)
Like Wilmington Apple on Facebook. Follow Wilmington Apple on Twitter. Follow Wilmington Apple on Instagram. Subscribe to Wilmington Apple’s daily email newsletter HERE. Got a comment, question, photo, press release, or news tip? Email firstname.lastname@example.org.


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Guarantee that kid a separation in the household does not mean that the child isn't really enjoyed as well as nothing he could do can take care of the situation. Once your marriage starts to fall apart as well as start affecting your day to day life and also health, considering a divorce offers as a practical choice to earn. Once again, ensure you are particular a divorce is required to produce the right type of atmosphere for your kids. There are a variety of factors for a separation, but communication appears to be a significant one.
Divorce is anywhere, however however, it might still make great deals of people speechless. She is possibly among the hardest and also most tight spots anybody needs to go with. She can cause a huge amount of physical as well as mental pain. She is among the most complicated legal processes anybody could experience.
Divorce may be the only service for a marriage regardless of that began the technique. Divorce as well as its effects on men is amongst one of the most difficult and uncomfortable conditions that you will come in person with, yet it isn't really difficult to get over. Attending To The Telephone calls Cases involving divorce may not be as uncomplicated as you think.
If you keep away from the Divorce Attorney in San Bernadino, you won't be in a setting to learn more about the current needs or an extra file that you have to sign. Divorce Divorce is regularly a really undesirable experience, but at the precise same time that it can open up a whole world of new possibilities. Approaching a trusted Personal Investigative Firm for getting the assistance of Divorce Situations Examination will absolutely aid you to obtain a number of benefits.
The therapist will certainly address any kind of questions you might have about applying for a separation on your own and also provide you with the important documents. Selecting a gifted, dependable separation lawyer has the ability to extremely swim via the more considerable section of the choices that have to be made. Dealing with a specialist divorce attorney makes fantastic sense as they can provide a practical assessment of your divorce situation.
You need to speak with a divorce lawyer in your state to find out just how your unique conditions as well as the conditions of your marriage will affect an honor of spousal support to your ex-wife. It's possible to obtain yourself among the greatest divorce lawyers in the area but if it's feasible to reach a divorce settlement you are going to be able to have an extremely affordable as well as fast separation. If you're experiencing a divorce at this time, it's critical that you locate a great separation lawyer that could assist you with the whole process. Separation isn't really something that any kind of couple would want, but as quickly as the unwanted occurs, it is important that you have actually obtained a terrific separation legal representative to back you up.
Discover Credentials Since there are several scams seeking to earn individuals feel they are separation attorneys, you must ensure the one which you are selecting is legit. You may feel attracted to manage things all on your own, however it is advisable to allow an experienced divorce lawyer lead you through the procedure. If you are trying to find a family attorney that concentrates on separation situations, you should do your study well as a means making particular that you do not squander your cash on an individual who is inept. There are just a couple of factors one requires to take into factor to consider prior to picking a divorce lawyer.
Since divorce is frequently the consequence of highly controversial issues, such as economic problems or cheating, a couple might discover it difficult to connect in a positive means. While it is rather unlikely that you'll be encountering such a very lengthy procedure, the common time I see for opposed separation is all concerning six to nine months. The huge component of the moment, it's feasible for a couple to reach an agreement regarding their splitting up without requirement for legal help. When you're straightforward in concerns to the important things which you will certainly tell the attorney, the latter can produce an entire image of the circumstance.
Schaumburg separation lawyers could permit you to understand your due share as well as find the most appropriate amount of cash transferred in various bank accounts. Though the divorce says you get the house, you will certainly require to pay the judgment prior to you could offer or refinance the home. Once in a while the couple might not remain in a position to settle on how they are mosting likely to divide their money, property, and also valuables.
Determining to submit a mistake or no-fault separation will mostly affect the way the separation procedure will go and also the feasible result. The divorce treatment is stressful! If a person is determined on separation then it's far much better to go for uncontested splitting up because it's the practical methods to come to be separated. If it is possible to concur on your factors for divorce and the problems of your decree, you'll discover that the treatment is less complex in comparison to various other separation cases.
During the correct time of a divorce, individuals are usually overwhelmed as an outcome of the lots of stress factors. Between the 1950s-1970s states altered the separation legislations making it simpler to liquify a miserable Click for more info marital relationship. If you do not have youngsters, you could apply for separation within six months of your splitting up. There are occasions when beautiful and ignorant couples end up in a divorce as a result of unexpected problems.
Sadly, in the here and now situation, divorces are becoming significantly extra typical. No-fault divorces have actually only existed for the previous 40-60 years. Procedurally, uncontested separations are a breeze to take care of. Fault-based separations have existed for a lengthy time.


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A vulnerability in Google's Android mobile operating system allows attackers to hijack the installation of a seemingly safe Android application -- Android Package File (APK) -- on user devices, and replace it with an app of the attacker's choice, without user knowledge. Discovered by security firm Palo Alto Networks, the vulnerability, is estimated to affect about 49.5 percent of current Android device users. It allows attackers to potentially distribute malware, compromise devices and steal user data.
According to Palo Alto Networks researcher Zhi Xu, the vulnerability exploits a flaw in Android's "PackageInstaller" system service, allowing attackers to silently gain unlimited permissions in compromised devices.
During installation, Android applications list the permissions requested to perform their function, such as a messaging app requesting access to SMS messages, but not GPS location.
This vulnerability allows attackers to trick users by displaying a false, more limited set of permissions, while potentially gaining full access to the services and data on the user's device, including personal information and passwords.
While users believe they are installing a flashlight app, or a mobile game, with a well-defined and limited set of permissions, they are actually running potentially dangerous malware.
The vulnerability affects Android applications downloaded from third-party sources, and does not affect applications accessed from Google Play.
Google and Android device manufacturers such as Samsung and Amazon are aware of the issue and plan to patch the vulnerability in affected versions of Android. But some older-version Android devices may remain vulnerable.


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- Helps to Prevent Muscle Breakdown
- Helps to Maximise Recovery
- Helps to Maximise Strength and Lean Muscle Mass
- Can be used during or post workout
Defend by Grenade has been designed to help individuals avoid muscle breakdown and maximise their exercise recovery, strength and lean muscle mass.
Defend has been formulated using all of the most anabolic and anti-catabolic amino acids required by the human body and is designed to be used throughout the day, either with meals to enhance the amino acid profile of your diet or between meals as an anticatabolic. It also makes a perfect Intra-Workout or Post-Workout supplement (along with your protein shake) as a broader spectrum alternative to BCAAs. virtually all of the amino acids found in Defend are delivered in both the peptide-bonded and free forms, for a broader range of absorption and kinetics. Finally, Defend is formulated with key nutrients to enhance absorption, uptake and retention of its vital amino acid payload.
Several key, powerful and cutting-edge ingredients have been added to Defend, including:
probably the single most important amino acid for bodybuilders and strength and power athletes. This BCAA, even at modest levels, can literally ”turn on” muscle-building activity. No other single amino acid is known to do this to any significant extent on its own. Also, studies suggest that adding additional leucine to Protein can increase the magnitude of protein synthesis (the process that builds muscle). Defend contains both peptide-bound and free form leucine.
a patented combination of Astragalus and Panax Notoginseng has been added to Defend to support optimum absorption. Impressive results have been obtained using this ingredient from scientific studies into its activity in Human intestinal Caco-2 cells, which have the responsibility for nutrient absorption from the gut. L-Citrulline DL-Malate Of all of the amino acids, citrulline has been found to increase nitric oxide and blood flow the most, more than arginine and other amino acids.
High nitric oxide levels and improved blood flow have been associated with increased weight training performance, increased muscle protein synthesis, increased Protein content in muscle, reduced fatigue, increased energy production and increased creatine phosphate production.
Alpha Lipoic Acid
Alpha lipoic acid has been demonstrated in scientific studies to have a positive impact on insulin function in the body and effects on supporting creatine uptake and retention in the muscle cells.
Glutamine peptides have long been recognised as a stable form of glutamine by bodybuilders and other strength athletes who use them for their purported cell-volumising and anticatabolic effect synthesis, increased protein content in muscle, reduced fatigue, increased energy production and increased creatine phosphate production.

domain: chemistry


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Green Municipal Fund Commits $60,000 To the Town of Smithers To Improve Energy Efficency in Recreational Facilities
FCM President Gord Steeves and the Honourable Gary Lunn, Minister of Natural Resources, announced today a $60,000 Green Municipal Fund (GMF) grant for the Town of Smithers to conduct an energy efficiency feasibility study of its existing public recreational facilities. The Smithers Arena, erected in 1957, currently sits between the adjacent Bulkey Valley Regional District Pool and Racquet Courts and the Smithers Curling Club. The study will evaluate energy saving and water conservation opportunities associated with the retrofit of the three existing facilities and the construction of an additional ice surface.
“Canadians want to see real results. Through the Green Municipal Fund, Canada’s new government is helping municipalities across the country deliver results,” said the Honourable Gary Lunn. “With projects like this and the recently announced $300 million ecoENERGY Efficiency Initiative, we are demonstrating our commitment to the health and environment of all Canadians.”
“FCM’s Green Municipal Fund offers a range of resources and services that specifically address the sustainable community development needs of municipal governments and their partners,” said FCM President Gord Steeves. “The financing and knowledge provided by the Fund supports the development of communities that are more environmentally, socially and economically sustainable.”
The Government of Canada has endowed the Federation of Canadian Municipalities with $550 million to establish and manage the Green Municipal Fund. The Fund supports partnerships and leveraging of both public and private sector funding to reach higher standards of air, water and soil quality, and climate protection.
“Based on preliminary estimates, we expect that a new energy efficient ice rink, along with retrofits and system upgrades to existing buildings, could reduce overall greenhouse gas emissions by 50 percent or more and decrease total energy use of existing facilities by 50 percent,” said Mayor James A. Davidson.
The energy study will provide recommendations and cost estimates for energy efficiency improvements that use the most efficient technologies and systems available. These include providing the existing arena and proposed second sheet of ice with high efficiency lighting, optimized and automated system operations, infrared sensor ice temperature control, integration of refrigeration systems with heating and ventilation, seasonal heat and cold storage, and radiant heating as well as a heat recovery system for the heating requirements of the nearby Bulkey Valley Regional District Pool and Racquet Courts and the adjacent Smithers Curling Club.
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In a notification posted by the Executive Committee of the Consortium of National Law Universities, 22nd August, 2020 has been decided as the new date of the CLAT exam. The exam will be conducted online and will be held in an examination centre. The full list of the exam centres will be notified by 1st July 2020. Candidates can register for the exam or withdraw their candidature by July 10th, 2020.
For LLM candidates, there will be no descriptive questions. They will have to answer 120 multiple choice questions in 2 hours. The Consortium will also conduct mock exams for all registered candidates to build familiarity with the test application and interface.
The decision to conduct the exam online was taken because of the prevailing pandemic situations. Candidates will be allowed to carry masks, 50 ml sanitizer, gloves etc inside the examination hall. The test centres will be disinfected regularly and thermo guns will be used to check the temperature of candidates. Only those candidates whose temperature is below 99.14 degrees will be allowed to enter the exam hall. Staff will be deployed for orderly movement and crowd management.
Read the official Notifications below:


A coalition of progressive leaders from across the country called on the Democratic National Committee to boldly support abortion rights in a letter issued today to DNC members. The letter was signed by executive directors from 18 affiliates of ProgressNow, a network of independent state-based advocacy organizations, and urged party leaders to not compromise on abortion policy.
The advisory committees that federal agencies rely on for independent, expert scientific advice, are, by several measures, in the worst shape since the government began tracking them more than 20 years ago, according to the report “Abandoning Science Advice: One Year In, the Trump Administration Is Sidelining Science Advisory Committees” released today by the Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS).
Conservation and animal-protection groups today sued the National Marine Fisheries Service for failing to prevent critically endangered North Atlantic right whales from becoming ensnared by lobster trap lines and other commercial fishing gear.
Today, the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) under the Trump-Pence administration announced a new rule to allow medical providers to illegally discriminate against patients based on who they are, as long as the providers cite religion. Transgender Law Center, the largest national trans-led organization advocating self-determination for all people, issued the following statement from executive director Kris Hayashi:
In Advance of Trump’s March for Life Speech, NARAL Releases Unprecedented New Report to Expose Key Anti-Choice Actors, Their Ties to Trump, and Their Dangerous Actions
Today, the day before Donald Trump’s March for Life appearance, NARAL Pro-Choice America is releasing a new, comprehensive, opposition research report,
People have known for decades that solar and wind energy are cleaner and healthier than energy produced by fossil fuels. But utilities and consumers have sometimes expressed concerns about the variability and dependability of these renewable energy sources. Those concerns are starting to fade with the emergence of game-changing energy storage technologies.
Reacting to Met Office figures showing that globally 2017 was the hottest year ever recorded without the extra warming El Nino effect and overall the third hottest year on record, after 2016 and 2015, Friends of the Earth Scotland Climate Campaigner Caroline Rance, said:
The first year of US President Donald Trump’s administration was marked by a sharp regression in government efforts to protect and promote a range of human rights, Human Rights Watch said today in its World Report 2018. The Trump administration made policy changes that have harmed refugees and immigrants, undermined police accountability for abuse, and rolled back women’s rights, including access to important health services.
Sens. Sanders, Casey, Warren Join Advocates to Deliver 250,000 Petitions Opposing Social Security Administration Cuts
This Thursday, January 18th at 11am EST in 608 Dirksen Senate Office Building, Senators Bernie Sanders (I-VT), Bob Casey (D-PA) and Elizabeth Warren (D-MA) will join advocates and seniors for a press conference opposing Republican plans to cut $492 million from the Social Security Administration's budget in the upcoming government funding bill. Advocates and seniors will then deliver 250,000 petition signatures to Senator Mitch McConnell (R-KY.) The event will be livestreamed here.
As a “peaceful counter-presence” to the divisive, anti-abortion March for Life, supporters of reproductive freedom will gather at noon on Friday, January 19 in front of the U.S. Supreme Court.
“Imagine what it would be like if Roe v. Wade had never happened,” said Toni Van Pelt, President of the National Organization for Women (NOW).
The operation by security forces to arrest the former CICPC (Scientific Investigation Police) official Óscar Pérez and others who had risen against the government, appears to be illegal and raise multiple concerns of grave human rights violations and even crimes under international law, said Amnesty International.
“If We Don’t Stand Up For Our Rights, Donald Trump and his Right-Wing Allies Will Take Them Away From Us. We Must Get Out The Vote!”
National Organization for Women President Toni Van Pelt will be among the speakers on Saturday, January 20, Women’s March on Washington 2018.
Women and allies will once again take to the streets of the nation’s capital to make a powerful statement to the current administration and the rest of the world. In a follow-up to the largest demonstration in U.S. history, people from across the country will meet at the Reflecting Pool in front of the Lincoln Memorial at 11a.m., for a rally followed by a march on the White House.
Tom Homan, acting director of U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) and representatives of the National Sheriffs’ Association and Major County Sheriffs of America today announced a plan under which 17 local jails in Florida will keep people in custody for ICE after they should be released, on ICE’s request and without judicial warrant or approval.
Omar Jadwat, director of the American Civil Liberties Union’s Immigrants’ Rights Project, had this reaction:
According to reports, President Trump is considering a plan drafted by the Pentagon that would permit the use of nuclear weapons to respond to cyberattacks, including attacks on U.S. infrastructure like a power grid or communications. Daphne Eviatar, director of security with human rights at Amnesty International USA, issued this statement:
Responding to the ruling today by an Israeli court that 16 year-old Palestinian activist Ahed Tamimi, charged with aggravated assault of soldiers and incitement, will remain in custody until the end of her trial, Magdalena Mughrabi, Deputy Director for the Middle East and North Africa at Amnesty International said:
Common Cause Urges Supreme Court to Reject Stay Request for Order to Redraw North Carolina Congressional Districts
Today, Common Cause filed a brief in Common Cause v. Rucho urging the U.S. Supreme Court to reject a stay request of a federal court ruling which ordered that the North Carolina Legislature redraw the state’s unconstitutionally gerrymandered congressional districts by January 24. The U.S.
U.S. Gun Death Rate Jumps 17 Percent Since 2008 Supreme Court District of Columbia v. Heller Decision Affirming Right to Own a Handgun for Self-Defense
Gun deaths in the U.S. have jumped 17 percent since the 2008 District of Columbia v. Heller decision in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that there is a right to keep a handgun in the home for self-defense, according to a new analysis by the Violence Policy Center (VPC) of just-released 2016 data from the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s National Center for Injury Prevention.
A new online petition to keep Trump out of Canada has already gathered over 10,000 signatures since it was launched on Saturday by the Council of Canadians.
The Department of Labor (DOL) recently proposed a rule that would make it legal for employers to pocket the tips of their tipped workers, as long as they pay their workers the minimum wage. EPI previously estimated that if this “tip stealing” rule is finalized, workers will lose $5.8 billion every year, as tips are shifted from workers to employers.
Statement from Beatrice Fihn, Executive Director of ICAN:
"These new leaks from the Pentagon show they are trying to make it easier for Donald Trump to use nuclear weapons. Does anybody seriously think it was not easy enough already? There is something seriously wrong with an administration who thinks the unilateral power for one person to end the world is somehow not enough power. Common sense must prevail, and the US must move to a world where the use of nuclear weapons is less likely, not more likely. They are winding the Doomsday Clock in the wrong direction."


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“We should go to Africa for our next vacation.” said my friend.
“Africa?” I questioned. Imagining exotic diseases, I shuddered at the thought, while my friend was contemplating an open-jeep safari in the grasslands of Kenya racing a zebra.
Each year million of Americans travel overseas exposing themselves to uncommon illnesses. Though I fear and treat these illnesses, good preventive measures can almost always assure a healthy vacation.
One in three travelers returning from the tropics will bring back more than just photos, souvenirs, and pleasant memories; they will likely have traveler’s diarrhea. This illness may be as simple as nausea and stomach cramps or as sever as fever and bloody diarrhea. It is caused by contaminated food, water or ice from street vendors or local restaurants. The gospel on how to prevent diarrhea is well know: “Boil it, peel it, wash it or forget it.”
After your travels, if you are spending more time in the bathroom, then the treatment options include drinking lots of fluids to maintain hydration, taking an over the counter anti-diarrhea medicine, and consulting your doctor if you have a fever.
Another travel related illness which is more subtle is malaria. Sometimes, I get a call from an ER doctor to see a patient with a flu-like illness: high fevers, headache and muscle pain. The flu doesn’t occur in the summer so a question as simple as “have you traveled anywhere recently?” solves the mystery of the fever, only if the patient has traveled to South-East Asia or the African continent. It is most certainly suspicious for malaria.
Malaria occurs when a female mosquito bites and spits the Plasmodium parasite into the bloodstream. Malaria can be treated easily with medicines, but often the diagnosis is missed on an initial exam. Prevention is a must with protective clothing, bed nets, insect repellent with DEET and prophylactic medications.
Other common diseases among travelers include Hepatitis A, which is easily prevented by vaccination, and typhoid fever, which is treated by antibiotics.
Just be aware, precautions of food, water, and mosquitoes will go a long way in a healthy travel to the tropics. On second thought, maybe we will go to Africa next summer.

domain: medical


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Caring, passionate and hardworking individuals make GRO a special place. Our culture is defined by our values: Doing the right thing, going above and beyond, being bold and caring for each other. Our culture is the soul of our business and defines how we do business and how we interact with each other, our customers, our partners, and suppliers. We have an employee-centric company culture and we will not compromise our culture. We’ve worked hard to get our culture to where it is today and we are so thankful for the individuals that uphold our values. We are honored to receive this recognition.
Read or the full article The 45 best small employers in Oregon and SW Washington: Top Workplaces 2018

domain: sociology


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MSNBC’s Melissa Perry is featured in a video floating around the net, documenting what could be the pinnacle of some of today’s most viciously irresponsible ‘journalism.’ The clip shows her response to the Ferguson, Missouri situation. What she did with that crisis was as incendiary as tossing a lit match in a can of gasoline – and just as beneficial (if you’re looking to burn something to the ground).
As was the case with the Trayvon Martin Circus, here is another example of an avaricious, money-hungry liberal press supplanting law and order with an emotionally charged kangaroo court. Employing the assistance of our racist president (who has in six years done his Marxist best to reignite the worst black/white racial relations we’ve seen in 50 years), and a few grandstanding ‘reverends,’ their self-appointed jury will always hold in favor of anything that generates the most attention from the uninformed. Whatever remnants were left of the foundering “legacy” of an honest and candid Edward R. Murrow have been butchered simply to sell the most airtime and keep the pot stirred for incubating future product.
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If I hadn’t seen and heard the thing with my own eyes and ears, I would never have believed it: A three-minute rant, along with pictures, memorializing a group of unarmed black men who have, during the past decade, been shot and killed by WHITE police. She states that, for the past 10 years, at least two black people ‘per week’ have been killed by ‘white’ police officers. In keying that point, she conveniently inserts that “four hundred ‘people’ a year” are reported killed by local police* – but she doesn’t bother to clarify that, according to her own statistics, 75% of those people aren’t black. She nonetheless shamelessly uses that extra ambiguous weight in building momentum for what amounts to a terrorizing speech obviously designed to INFURIATE black people.
“From 2006 to 2012, a WHITE police officer killed a black person at least twice a week in this country.”
Her ‘reporting’ here is a gross oversimplification – and she doesn’t bother to put forth the much-needed details surrounding those killings. Instead, she makes it sound as though ALL those killings are purely a manifestation of whitey’s inborn addiction to hating black people – like a nagging nicotine monkey on the backs of ALL white cops: “Damn! It’s been a whole week, and I am really jonesing to kill a black person!” Well, common sense (if Ms. Perry would allow that to breathe) would tell anyone – anyone who would pause to think about it – that there is a whole lot more involved than simply the surface story of ‘two black people killed per week.’ As usual, though, Perry is relying upon the sad fact that most of her audience (most of 21st century America) is looking to be entertained and titillated rather than informed.
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But who can argue with Perry, when it comes to uniformed authority abusing its power? That’s a richly documented, regrettable fact (though not a new problem nor uniquely American), and it is way past time to address that. But that isn’t at all where she is headed with her diatribe. No. It’s obvious that Perry is quite shamelessly only using the Ferguson shooting as another opportunity to steel black people against white people – pure and simple. Because people are like pendulums: when they are not moving, nothing is working. Rest and peace are the bane of liberal media. When people aren’t angry, they don’t fight. Where there isn’t a fight, there is no news. And, in the absence of news, those who are given the trust to ‘report’ it lose money.
She finishes up the piece by repeatedly quoting the infamous words of a bigoted Chief Justice, Roger Taney, who has been dead for 150 years. In writing the majority decision for the Dred Scott Case, he said that black people didn’t qualify as Americans (people) and therefore could not sue Americans (people) in court. Taney was a big fan of slavery and a numbskull. It was the outrage generated from that decision that helped elect the Republican who went on to free the slaves. Those damned Republicans, though – eh, Melissa?!
She leaves this video with Taney’s stupid, inflammatory words droning over and over – as though those words have ANYTHING to do with sustaining the SIN of racial hatred which has divided ALL colors since the beginning of this fallen world.
There is a bunch more that could and should be said in exposing the cheap tricks of what appears to be a troublemaker posing as a ‘journalist.’ Anyone who would use such an artfully arranged presentation of drama and non-sequiturs to incite a mob to riot is every bit the coward of any of those rioters (who can only find their ‘bravery’ in the anonymity of a crowd). But, I mean, she’s in good company: Our president and his fellows have been faithfully playing the race card ever since he began ruining the history-yet-to-be-written regarding the performance of this country’s first black leader. SO MUCH GOOD COULD HAVE BEEN ACCOMPLISHED toward the interracial PEACE in this nation, by a black president and a powerful press COMMITTED to effecting that – but neither are present.
Ms. Perry, should a SINGLE injury or death result from the mangled ‘logic’ you have pawned off in commentaries such as these, I pray that the Lord who judges all of us will forever remind you of your deliberately catalytic role in bringing that about.
*The ‘400 police-committed killings per year’ is an unreliable figure based upon a voluntary reporting system with the FBI. She does not mention that these were documented justifiable homicides. Ms. Perry further neglected to mention the nearly 100 police who were killed during the last completed annual reporting period, as well as the 52,901 line-of-duty assaults upon police during that same period. I suppose Ms. Perry doesn’t wish to confuse her audience with bothersome facts.
The views expressed in this opinion article are solely those of their author and are not necessarily either shared or endorsed by WesternJournalism.com.


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It's official... going to see Meredith in May AND getting to see the National Stationery Show! I am so excited. Here a few of the booth pictures from last year, all courtesy of Oh So Beautiful Paper Blog (a wonderful blog by the way!).
Small Square Design booth

domain: design


Prosport Voltage Gauge Premium EVO SERIES
SKU: SCR PRS0014
Prosport Voltage Gauge Premium EVO SERIES - 52mm
The Prosport volt's gauge is a useful gauge for any vehicle. Not only will it help you know when your vehicles volt's drop below a safe level whilst driving or trying to start you car, it will ensure your electrical system is running at its peak.
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‚Äö√Ñ√∂‚Äö√∫√ñ Electrical volts gauge
‚Äö√Ñ√∂‚Äö√∫√ñ 52mm Gauge (2" diameter)
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‚Äö√Ñ√∂‚Äö√∫√ñ Electronic Volt Gauge
‚Äö√Ñ√∂‚Äö√∫√ñ 1/8th NPT Sender unit
‚Äö√Ñ√∂‚Äö√∫√ñ Mounting hardware ( Mounting cup not included)
Scarles has a huge range of various gauges for your vehicle, whether you need to measure your boost levels, water temp or exhaust temperature we have you covered.
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How to write a book report four parts: researching and outlining your report writing the body of your report finishing up your report sample book report and summaries community q&a writing a. Pmr essay sample entitled a school book report grade printable printable book report page and reading chart primary dashed writing paper with 1 lines student handouts, blank lined paper. Elementary level but i'm sure graders would love not writing book reports great ideas for doing a wax museum book report at your school with printables and pictures to use as examples. School essays~finished~ harry potter book report athia dovahkiin writing prompt: write a book report on your favorite book/book series ~~~~~ the first book in the harry potter series was.
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Book reports are popular assignments in school get the details on what these assignments entail and how to write a great book report. How to read a primary source how to read a secondary source taking exams taking lecture notes it is important to remember that a book review is not a book report you need to do more. Instructions and tips on how to write an elementary school level book report.
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What is creative writing creative writing in primary school a back to school book bundle from hachette go back to school with a bang enter the competition to win a hachette. Primary school 5 - 12 years old ideas to help with reading, writing and maths take some photos using a digital camera and write a picture book for a younger child using the photos. 6 tips on how to write a good composition for primary school students this post just briefly covers the basics of primary school composition writing there’s still a lot of things to.
How to write a biography - upper primary school students a free plan to download on how to put together a basic biography. Book report templates are going to vary from high school to middle school the expectations for high school students are going to be higher when it comes to book report templates the. Free printable book report forms for elementary and middle school level readers free printable book report forms for elementary and middle school level readers home kid’s crafts.
How can we monitor the teaching of writing we relay advice from one of our experts on what to consider when conducting a book scrutiny to monitor the teaching of writing we also link to a. Best 25+ information report ideas on pinterest | report writing inside report writing examples primary school non chronological report - google search | writing | pinterest [. When you go to write your book report, be sure to include the information completed on the following pages the final report must be typed and double spaced be sure to hand into your.

domain: literature


For Immediate Release
Thursday, October 30, 2014
Contact: James Evans
Utah Republican Party Exposes Myths Told by Doug Owens during Today’s 4th Congressional District Debate
Doug Owens continues to offer no solutions, just attacks. He also made several factual misstatements during today’s debate. Here are a few of them:
MYTH #1: "I certainly have never made a comment about my opponent’s faith. I have never attacked my opponent personally."
TRUTH: When speaking to a group of Democrats back in April, Doug Owens personally attacked Mia Love by saying, "I don't think Mia Love represents LDS values, frankly."
Earlier this month, a reporter questioned Owens on whether he still stands by that statement. He responded by saying, "I stand by what I said, absolutely."
Sources: http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/mobile/57869168-68/corroon-democratic-democrats-district.html.csp and http://www.good4utah.com/story/d/story/doug-owens-hopes-to-serve-utahs-4th-congressional/77369/p_xqOHcflUSqWwm5gTnemQ
MYTH #2: "I have out-fundraised Mia in the state of Utah."
TRUTH: As of the latest FEC report, Mia Love has fundraised $477,833 from Utah donors. Doug Owens has fundraised $440,997 from Utah donors.
Doug Owens has just 566 Utah donors. His Utah supporters give an average of $779.
Mia Love has 2,541 Utah donors. Love's Utah supporters give an average of $188. Her base of financial support in Utah is clearly much broader than that of her opponent.
MYTH #3: "There is no such thing as a federal monopoly on student loans."
TRUTH: The Department of Education has a huge monopoly on the student loan marketplace as a consequence of the 2010 federal takeover of the student loan industry. As explained in the Wall Street Journal, "The Department of Education became the originator of roughly 90% of U.S. student loans thanks to a provision passed along with the Affordable Care Act in 2010." Countless other publications agree with the Wall Street Journal on this point.
Moreover, Doug Owens admitted in today's debate that he supported the federal government's elimination of private student loan lenders "as a cost-saving measure." His position backs the Obama administration's 2010 takeover of the student loan marketplace, a takeover which has done nothing to stop tuition rates from skyrocketing and has resulted in fewer student loan options for student borrowers.
Sources: http://online.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324662404578332633167660430, http://www.sfgate.com/business/networth/article/Feds-take-over-student-loan-program-from-banks-3193888.php, http://www.forbes.com/2010/05/10/student-loans-hcera-leadership-education-fox.html, and http://www.deseretnews.com/article/765611230/Student-loans-fuel-rising-tuition-costs.html?pg=all
MYTH #4: "Mia supported the government shutdown."
TRUTH: Mia Love did not support the government shutdown. This is a ridiculous allegation that has no basis in fact. Mia has stated repeatedly that she would not have supported a government shutdown. Her long-standing position on the shutdown is as follows: "I would have voted against funding Obamacare and voted to keep open the rest of the government."
Source: http://www.theblaze.com/stories/2013/11/14/did-rising-conservative-star-mia-love-really-reject-tea-party-label/, http://www.deseretnews.com/article/865613137/Few-fireworks-in-Love-Owens-debate.html, and http://fox13now.com/2014/05/20/feisty-first-debate-between-mia-love-and-doug-owens/


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Picking the right graphics card for gaming is hard. We'll walk you through how to buy a GPU and get the right card for your PC without spending more than needed.
We track monthly prices of graphics cards sold on eBay. This update looks at pricing trends as we enter the holiday shopping season and Black Friday.
Unverified sources claim that the GeForce RTX 4080 will likely be discontinued if/when the GeForce RTX 4080 Super launches. Other rumors point to more incoming Super models.
Cyberpunk 2077 Phantom Liberty gives us our first look at Nvidia's vision for the future of graphics
Intel's upcoming Meteor Lake processor will pack an upgraded Arc Alchemist GPU into the package, doubling the performance per watt of the previous generation integrated graphics.
AMD and its partners are getting ready to release plenty of RX 7800 XT and RX 7700 XT cards. Here's the rundown of everything shown so far.
AMD announced the Radeon RX 7800 XT and Radeon RX 7700 XT at its Gamescom session today, powered by the Navi 32 GPU. The cards will be available on September 6.

domain: hobby