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During the 2020-2021 Chatham Bridge closure, the City of Fredericksburg Department of Economic Development and Tourism presented a weekly social media series, Spanning Chatham Bridge’s History. The series took a look back on the history of the bridge, and its prominence in downtown Fredericksburg throughout generations.
The first Chatham Bridge was built in the 1820s, however its namesake stood decades before its construction. The bridge was named after Chatham Manor, a Georgian-style home in Stafford, Virginia that overlooks downtown Fredericksburg and the Rappahannock river. It was built between 1768-1771 by William Fitzhugh (pictured above), who later served as a delegate to the Continental Congress of Virginia, and was a colleague and close friend of George Washington. Fitzhugh named his home after William Pitt, the first Earl of Chatham, a British statesmen that advocated for the rights of the American colonies.
Major Churchill Jones (who served in the Continental Army) purchased Chatham Manor from William Fitzhugh in 1806. In efforts to expand his economic prospects, Major Churchill Jones began the construction of the first formally named “Chatham” toll bridge across the Rappahannock river in July of 1821. The bridge only took two years to build, however Jones would never see it completed. According to his niece, Betty Churchill Lacey, he passed away on September 15, 1822 due to a fever “brought on by too much exposure in superintending the building of a bridge over the Rappahannock.”
Quote from “Memories of a Long Life” by Betty C. Lacey
After Major Churchill Jones’ death in 1822, both Chatham Manor and the Chatham Bridge were passed down to his brother, William Jones, who eventually sold it to his son in law, Judge John Coalter, in 1825.John Coalter was a judge of the Virginia Court of Appeals between the years 1811-1831 and a member of the Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1829-1830. After Coalter retired from the court in 1831, he spent his remaining years at Chatham Manor until his death in 1838.
In the summer of 1826, just three years after its construction, the Chatham Bridge was carried away in a flood. On July 28, 1826, The Virginia Herald mourned the loss of the bridge, as quoted below. Though the current owner of Chatham Manor and the Chatham Bridge, Judge John Coalter, promised the bridge would be replaced quickly, the replacement span was not completed until 1832. This second construction of the Chatham Bridge was then commonly referred to as “Coalter’s Bridge.” –
Quote from The Virginia Herald, July 28, 1826
This panoramic chromolithograph titled, View of Fredericksburg, VA, was produced in 1856 by Edward Sache & Co. (a Baltimore company specializing in large scale prints of cities) and overlooks the city of Fredericksburg from a point across the Rappahannock River in Stafford Heights. The physical copy of this print is quite large, measuring at two feet by three feet. Chatham Bridge is depicted on the bottom right side of the print. After this print was published, the bridge only stood for six more years, until the Confederate and Union Armies arrived in Fredericksburg.
If you are keeping up with our weekly series, you might have noticed the Chatham Bridge met quite a few fateful ends prior to the 1900s. In fact, between its construction in 1823 and present day, the bridge was destroyed and rebuilt five times. This leads to the question, who was rebuilding bridge? Little has been documented on the builders of the Chatham Bridge prior to the 1900s, but some evidence leads the National Park Service to presume the laborers included the enslaved population from Chatham Manor. The quote you see above is from a letter sent to a local Fredericksburg medical practice, Dr. Carmichael & Son (307/309 Hanover Street), reporting on the condition of Ned, a laborer rebuilding the bridge after the 1826 flood. This letter exemplifies the extremely poor conditions that workers were faced with in efforts to replace the bridge as quickly as possible under the command of Judge John Coalter.
Quote transcribed: “Chatham. Feb of 16, 1827. Dr. Carmichael. Sir, Ned unfortunately got his fingers frost bitten. The last freeze and I never have noticed them particular until this morning. They appear to be in a dangerous situation- I wish therefore you would examine them and if they can be cured without cutting I shall be glad. As Judge Coalter is absent and his work upon the bridge is a considerable loss- Any favor or any directions of yours shall be properly attended to. Respectfully yours, John Clark. Fredericksburg.”
The 1832 construction of the Chatham Bridge stood for 30 years until the Civil War arrived in Fredericksburg in April 1862. Union General Irvin McDowell brought 30,000 soldiers with him to Fredericksburg and took Chatham Manor as their headquarters. The Confederate Army retreated into downtown Fredericksburg, burning down all three bridges across the Rappahannock behind them on April 18.
This 1862 lithograph by E. Sachse & Co. depicts a view of Fredericksburg from the east bank of the Rappahannock. If you look closely on the bottom right, you will see the remaining piers of the Chatham Bridge after it was burned by the Confederates.
The drawing you see above is a zoomed in portion of a larger map prepared under the direction of Captain R.S. Williamson and First Lieutenant Nicholas Bowen with the U.S Corps of Topographical Engineers. It was drawn by C.A. Mallory during the Civil War in 1862. It denotes Chatham Bridge has been destroyed over Brown’s Island (now known as Scott’s Island), and marks Chatham Manor as J. Horace Lacy’s home. At the time, Lacy left his home to join the Confederate forces, which left Chatham Manor open for Union occupation. 1862 is also the same year that Abraham Lincoln visited Chatham, making it one of three houses visited by both President Lincoln and President George Washington!
Chatham Manor suffered major damage at this time due to the occupation. When Lacy returned from the Civil War to Chatham in November of 1865, he began restoring both his home and the bridge.
After the Confederate Army destroyed all three bridges crossing the Rappahannock River, the Union Army constructed several pontoon bridges to connect Falmouth and Fredericksburg. The two pontoon bridges you see above were located at Franklin’s Crossing, and enabled the travel of over 30,000 Union soldiers!
According to one Union soldier, Theodore B. Gates, one of the first pontoon bridges was constructed by Union engineers near the remaining Chatham Bridge abutments, on May 5, 1862. This pontoon bridge allowed Union soldiers occupying Chatham Manor direct access to the city. The bridge took just a few hours to complete, as it was assembled with only pontoon boats, side rails (bulks), and wooden boards (cheeses). Though the bridge was secured with anchors, the relatively fragile construction was carried away by a flood on June 4.
According to the National Park Service, this is believed to be the earliest known photograph of Fredericksburg. It was taken in the location of today’s Pratt Park in June 1862. On the right side of the photograph, between the trees, you are able to see one of the Civil War pontoon bridges at the base of Hawk Street. If you look farther downstream the remaining abutments from the destroyed Chatham Bridge are also visible.
Fredericksburg’s pontoon bridges were constantly being destroyed from frequent flooding, which created the need for a more permanent crossing over the Rappahannock. After the pontoon bridge pictured here was destroyed by a flood, Washington Roebling, a Union Engineer, began his construction of a “wire suspension bridge” over the Chatham Bridge abutments in July 1862.
As we introduced in last week’s post, the remains of the Chatham Bridge abutments were eventually put to use to support a new bridge designed by Union engineer Washington A. Roebling in July 1862. Construction of a new wire suspension bridge began on July 1 and was finished rather quickly on July 18.
Unfortunately, the National Park Service claims that no photographic evidence of the suspension bridge has been found (check your attics and basements!). However, it is important to note that this was the first bridge Washington Roebling created before eventually designing and constructing the Brooklyn Bridge in New York City with his father, John Roebling. Pictured above is a portrait of Roebling in a New York office with the Brooklyn Bridge behind him, painted by Théobald Chartran.
Though there are no photos of Washington Roebling’s wire suspension bridge, this photograph shows the remains of the Chatham bridge’s abutments, which Roebling would directly build his bridge on top of.
His aforementioned father, John Roebling, constructed the famed suspension bridge over the Niagara River near Niagara Falls. Following in his father’s footsteps as a Union engineer, Washington Roebling brought his own wire rope with him to war, which was able to support 30 tons. The bridge was completed in 18 days by the work of 10 soldiers and 30 “contrabands.” It spanned 1,028 feet and used all 13 remaining piers of the Chatham Bridge, making it about the same size as today’s bridge. Roebling claimed that this bridge “would defy the highest freshets that will ever come.” Unfortunately, that was never proven true, as it was burned on September 1, 1862 during the Union Army evacuation. It stood for just 2 months.
The Chatham Bridge was officially rebuilt after the Civil War ended in 1865. The third construction of the bridge began in July of 1866 by C.S. Scott (the namesake of Scott’s Island). Pictured above is a snippet from the ‘City and Vicinity’ section of The Fredericksburg Ledger from July 20, 1866, reporting on the state of the bridge’s construction.
It reads, “Chatham bridge is already begun. The lumber has arrived and the workmen have commenced. Our fellow-citizen, Mr. J.B. Ficklen, has contracted for the building of his stone piers on the Falmouth bridge, the wood work of which will also soon be contracted for.”
After just a summer of construction, The Fredericksburg Ledger reported on September 18, 1866, that “those men of work and energy, Beall & Morrison, are rapidly pushing this bridge to completion, and it will be finished by the 1st of October. Mr. Charles S. Scott has a Christmas turkey staked on accomplishing this much..” The odds were in C.S. Scott’s favor, because according to the National Park Service, the third Chatham Bridge was completed and in full use by October 1866.
After the Civil War ended, J. Horace Lacy sold his home, Chatham Manor, to the Watson family, eventually leading to the ownership of Oliver Watson Jr. in the 1880s. Watson was a local figurehead in Fredericksburg and was elected as one of the ten vice presidents of the local Agricultural Fair Association. He was also one of four owners of The Rappahannock Light Power Company which was chartered in 1887 to light over thirty downtown Fredericksburg street lights.
Oliver Watson Jr. hosted a number of lavish events and races at Chatham Manor, including a horse race on July 5, 1886, that utilized over a mile of circular track on the grounds. Over a thousand spectators crossed the bridge to attend Watson’s horse race. Thus, the Chatham Bridge connected the downtown community to events at Chatham Manor, and oftentimes was advertised in local newspapers as such. This photograph depicting the view west across the Chatham Bridge was taken in 1886, the same year as the famed horse race.
This news clipping, featured in the ‘Local News’ section of the July 22, 1886 publication of The Free Lance, advertises one of many races hosted across the bridge at Chatham Manor during the Watson ownership. Horse races, human races, and boat races made for an eventful summer in Fredericksburg, thanks to Oliver Watson.
The news clipping reads, “All of the races will be rowed over the usual course, passing Scott’s Island, on the Stafford side; finishing above the bridge. The best view of the races can be had from Scott’s Island, which is delightfully shaded and to which a small admission of 25 cents will be charged. There is nothing but the Regatta, that can be looked upon to bring a crowd to our city, with any certainty, and as it is proposed to establish a Jockey Club, should the races be successful, we trust they will be liberally patronized.”
In 1888, a series of 11 stereopticon images were taken of Fredericksburg from the steeple of St. George’s Episcopal Church to create a panoramic image of the city. This particular image looks northeast across the Chatham Bridge. During this time it was a toll-operated bridge for public use, but only remained so until 1889.
For this and next week’s Spanning Chatham Bridge’s History post, we will be sharing photographs of the bridge from F. Theodore Miller, taken in the mid 1870s.
Frederick Theodore (Theo) Miller was a local photographer whose work was most prominent between the 1860s and the 1880s. To him, we undoubtedly are grateful for his photographic documentation of Civil War battlefield scenes, family portraits, downtown buildings, and notable city sites in Fredericksburg. His photography business operated out of a building on Main Street (now Caroline Street) in the 1870s.
This particular photograph of his was taken from Chatham Manor’s Carriage Drive, and looks across the Rappahannock River and Chatham Bridge (left) towards downtown.
This week we are sharing another one of local Fredericksburg photographer, F. Theodore (Theo) Miller’s photographs of the Chatham Bridge, taken in the mid 1870s in Chatham Heights.
C.S Scott’s great bridge, the third construction of the Chatham Bridge, eventually met its end on June 1, 1889, when the City of Fredericksburg experienced a major flood, during which the Rappahannock river crested at 32.2 feet. Not only did the flood destroy the Chatham Bridge, but the rapids of the flooded river carried its debris and sent it barreling towards the Railroad Bridge. The Free Lance reported that just before the moment of impact, “women closed their eyes, some screamed and turned away their heads.” Magnificently enough, the Railroad Bridge remained unharmed. On the other hand, the destroyed Chatham Bridge would have to be completely reconstructed. Thus began a heated debate among citizens on the location of the new construction of the Chatham Bridge.
With the widely used and adored Chatham Bridge (Scott’s Bridge) gone, the post-Civil War city became divided over the location of its reconstruction: The Free Bridge. According to the Free-Lance Star, the half east of George Street (Darbytown) was represented by The Free Lance newspaper and the western half (mostly William Street merchants) was represented by The Fredericksburg Star. Both areas wanted the new Chatham Bridge to be constructed on their side of town, and presented their arguments in a series of letters and articles published in their respected newspapers. For the next few Spanning Chatham Bridge’s History posts, we will be sharing op-eds from the 1889 publications of The Free Lance Star and The Fredericksburg Star in regards to the location of the new Chatham Bridge.
‘The Free Bridge’ letter to the editor was published in the June 11, 1889 edition of The Free Lance. The anonymous writer voiced their support for the newspaper’s desire for its construction at French John’s Wharf.
Immediately after the Chatham Bridge (Scott’s bridge) was wiped away from the flood, The Free Lance quickly began pushing their idea for the new bridge to be constructed at French John’s Wharf. This leads us to question where exactly is French John’s Wharf? Who is “French John?”
French John’s Wharf was located at the end of today’s Canal Street alley, which is now owned by the city. John DeBaptiste, a free black man, owned the wharf and operated the Falmouth Ferry there in the late 1700s. DeBaptiste immigrated from St. Kitts, an island in the West Indies, and spoke French and English. Hence the nickname: “French John.” He served in the American Revolution alongside Fielding Lewis, Betty Washington’s husband, and had six children, all who grew up to be local entrepreneurs and tradesmen in the city. His grandson George DeBaptiste, became a leader in the Underground Railroad and helped nearly 200 slaves escape to freedom between 1841 and 1846.
Though John DeBaptiste passed away in 1804, 85 years prior to the Chatham Bridge reconstruction debacle in 1889, the DeBaptiste legacy lived on and still characterized the location of the wharf.
The Free Lance’s aspirations of the new bridge being built at at French John’s Wharf were quickly dismissed a week later on June 18, 1889 when they learned of a contract that bounded Stafford county to rebuild the Falmouth bridge for an indefinite period of time regardless of how often it was destroyed by inclement weather. Realizing this, they immediately shifted their argument to advocate for the purchase of the old Chatham Bridge site (Scott’s site, over Scott’s Island) by the city. In the efforts to build a second bridge as soon as possible to aid in the city’s business ventures, Scott’s site was deemed by The Free Lance as the most convenient and readily available location.
Fredericksburg City Council did not vote on the matter of the bridge until nearly a year later on April 29, 1890. By this time, the controversy attracted a large following and resulted in a “lengthy and heated” debate in the city council chambers. Onlookers overflowed the chambers and onto the streets as they anxiously awaited the council’s decision.
The Free Lance’s publication the morning of the vote on April 29 left some not-so-subtle hints sprinkled throughout the paper that urged for the bridge to be built as soon as possible at Scott’s site. After a year of trying to convince the public that Scott’s site was the best possible location for the new Chatham Bridge- for the interests of Fredericksburg merchants, distance away from the train, safety from potential flooding, and access to Scott’s Island- this was their last opportunity to send out their message.
The people have spoken. This was the title of the Free Lance Star article dated May 2, 1890, after the council’s decision to rebuild the Chatham Bridge at the original location. The spirited debate resulted in a 6-6 tie, to which Mayor A.P. Rowe broke in favor of Scott’s site. As it was quite a divided decision, anxiety began over a possible appeal. The resolution held strong, as not even a month later, the city’s Bridge Construction Committee began advertising for bridge contractors to construct an iron bridge with stone piers at Scott’s site.
James G. Rowe (pictured above) is considered to be one of thoroughbred horse racing’s greatest jockeys and horse trainers. In fact, he was the youngest trainer to win the Kentucky Derby, is only one of two players who have won the Belmont Stakes as both a jockey and a trainer, and holds the record for 8 total trainer wins. Rowe, who is in the Racing Hall of Fame, trained horses for many notable owners such as August Belmont, a wealthy New York banker and politician.
His connection to the Chatham Bridge?
The September 9, 1890 publication of The Free Lance gave a shout out to the locally born sportsman. Rowe was born in Fredericksburg, Virginia in 1857, where his father worked as a toll collector on none other than the Chatham Bridge (Scott’s Bridge).
Terrance McCracken, a prominent local businessman, city councilman, and chairman of the Bridge Construction Committee, put up a notice in The Free Lance on June 13, 1890 for bridge contractors to submit their proposals for the new Chatham Bridge. The new proposed construction was described as “an iron bridge with stone piers, at Scott’s site, across the Rappahannock River…” Work on the bridge would begin rather quickly later that summer.
The city’s purchase of Scott’s Site in 1890 also meant they now owned Scott’s Island, located relatively underneath the future Chatham Bridge reconstruction. While today the land mass isn’t used for large scale recreational activity, during the late 19th and early 20th century the city leased the land to various entertainment enterprises. Some of the more well known events stemmed from when the land was known as Pleasure Island, a result of Richard Southerworth’s lease on the island from 1919-1924. During this time it hosted spectacular carnivals, patriotic picnics, boat races, and spirited games for the community.
30 years prior to Pleasure Island, The Free Lance reflected the wishes of Fredericksburg’s residents to use excess bridge funds on beautifying the city’s beloved Scott’s Island, laying the groundwork for future historic Fredericksburg traditions such as Pleasure Island to soon take place.
With the holiday season looming ahead, anxiety increased as bridge construction began to slow down, making it clear the bridge would not be completed for its initial date of December 1st, 1890. The Chatham Bridge in its location at the end of William Street (then Commerce Street) was necessary for business relations with King George, and merchants depended on an influx of travel and sales leading towards Christmas. With two spans completed, public pressure on the third span created a new projected completion date of December 10, 1890- 130 years ago to the day.
The closer Christmas approached and the Chatham Bridge was not completed as scheduled (and rescheduled), the more impatient the public grew. The Free Lance turned their blame on the bridge contractors, and pushed for the Bridge Construction Committee to apply pressure on them to increase their productivity. The committee itself was made up of individuals who were also community members and merchants, which meant having the bridge completed on time would personally benefit them and their businesses. The committee decided to hold the contractors liable for any unnecessary delays, which answered everyone’s wishes, and progress on the bridge began to increase. Moral of the story: “Some contractors are slippery as eels, and to be subdued must be handled with sand and by a strong grip.”
130 years ago, amidst the magical snowfall on a peaceful Christmas morning in Fredericksburg, the fourth construction Chatham Bridge was opened for the first time to the public in 1890. The “first” citizen to cross the bridge in their vehicle was Captain Terrance McCracken of the city’s Bridge Construction Committee. However, later in the afternoon a local boy revealed that on Christmas Eve the day before, Charles Wallace and Mayor A.P. Rowe, also members of the committee, caught wind of said trip and “deemed it prudent to cross the bridge in a buggy just to test its strength.”
Despite the discrepancy of who got the honor of declaring themselves “the first to cross” the new iron bridge over Scott’s Island, it was officially opened to the public on Christmas Day. Echoing the community’s wishes, crossing the bridge was free of charge until January 1.
The months following the opening of the newly constructed Chatham Bridge were marked with a surplus of patrons, who had been anticipating its reopening for over a year and a half. The Free Lance reported on some occasions the crowds on the bridge were so large that it made it difficult for people to pass one another.
This photograph depicting a peacefully empty Chatham Bridge was taken from Stafford Heights in the early 1900s.
Even in 1908, the Chatham Bridge and its ironwork served as an iconic mark of Fredericksburg. The appreciation for the bridge over the Rappahannock made its way to numerous postcards throughout the 1900. This particular postcard stamped April 1, 1908 (3:00pm to be exact) was produced by The Rotograph Co., a German-based postcard printing company between 1904 and 1911.
The view of the Chatham Bridge (which was commonly referred to as ‘The Free Bridge” in the late 1890s and early 1900s) from Stafford Heights was quite popular in both photographs and postcards of Fredericksburg. This rendition is produced by the Albertype Company, which originated in 1890. The company’s namesake was Josef Albert, a German photographer who invited Albertype: the process in which a photograph negative is printed from a gelatin-coated plate. Albertype Company was founded by the Wittemann brothers (Adolph and Herman) in Brooklyn, New York. Between 1890 and 1952, the Albertype Company produced over 25,000 postcard “views” from negatives of American towns and cities, including this postcard titled “Fredericksburg, VA and the Rappahannock.”
The Chatham Bridge has long been a popular location for photos. This photograph taken from the Chatham Bridge in 1910 originates from the scrapbook of Frances Robb. Her father was Allan Randolph Howard, a direct descendent of Francis Scott Key. The Howards purchased Chatham Manor on January 30, 1909 and kept it within the family until January 1913, when it was sold to the Conway, Gordon & Garnett National Bank of Fredericksburg during the economic recession.
When the Chatham Bridge reopens this October, it will feature a new scenic Rappahannock River overlook area accessible from the pedestrian path, perfect for photos just like this one!
Over the span of Chatham Bridge’s history, it fluctuated between operating as a toll bridge and a free bridge. This toll bridge token dates to around 1921 and advertised the 8 cent toll that was required for four-wheeled vehicles to cross the Chatham Bridge. Pedestrians walking across the bridge were also required to pay a toll of 2 cents. According to author Roy Butler in his book “Fredericksburg Underground,” the toll price was quite expensive considering the living wage during this time was 50 cents to two dollars per day. The Chatham Bridge toll was reinstated between January 1, 1921 and August 13, 1922 to pay for intensive repairs on the bridge, including replacing the old wooden stringers with steel, reinforcing beams, adding steel guard, handrails, and constructing ornamental pedestals with electric lamps at each end of the bridge.
This bridge toll token is courtesy of Jim Schroetter & family. The token was passed down to Schroetter through the Rowley Family.
Between 1920 and 1931, Helen and Daniel Devore owned and made extensive repairs to Chatham Manor. To carry out the restoration they hired D.C. architect Oliver Clarke and landscape architect Ellen Biddle Shipman, who is famous for her work in gardens at Duke University, Manhattan’s Astor Court Building, and many other residential properties. After Chatham Manor’s restoration was complete, the Devores hired renowned photographer Frances Benjamin Johnston to document the renovations as well as other notable buildings in the Fredericksburg and Falmouth area. These photographs contributed to Johnston’s Carnegie Survey of the Architecture of the South, which aimed to preserve vernacular and high style structures.
One of the contributing structures to the survey was the Old Stone Warehouse, photographed by Johnston from the Chatham Bridge in 1927.
This aerial view of downtown Fredericksburg and the Chatham Bridge (lower left) was taken in 1933 by the Army Air Corps as a part of an effort to document aerial views of important places. Four years after this photograph was taken, the Chatham Bridge would be completely destroyed by the 1937 flood.
Learn more about this image from Mysteries and Conundrums.
The infamous Fredericksburg flood of 1937 occurred on Monday April 26th, with precipitation totaling at 39.10 feet. This image of Chatham Bridge from William Street was taken on Monday afternoon as the Rappahannock river was still rising. Just a few hours after this photograph was taken, the Chatham Bridge collapsed and a large section of William Street became completely submerged by flood waters. Seven people died and the damages of the flood totaled to over $1,000,000, with the largest expense being the Chatham Bridge replacement which was estimated to cost $200,000.
After the flood of 1937 destroyed the Chatham Bridge, temporary repairs were made to aid in the flow of traffic between Stafford and Fredericksburg. In 1940 the State Highway Department, with funds from the Federal Government, the State of Virginia, and the City of Fredericksburg, began construction on the new permanent Chatham Bridge, in its same location at the foot of William Street. To prevent future flooding and damages, Sophia Street was raised to accommodate the new bridge. This resulted in the second floor of the Old Stone Warehouse being the only level accessible from the street. The new bridge consisted of reinforced concrete and steel with a four lane roadway and two sidewalks.
These photographs of the Chatham Bridge construction were taken in 1940.
The last opening of the Chatham Bridge occurred on August 15, 1941. After the completion of the $325,000 new concrete bridge, the City of Fredericksburg held a ceremony with Virginia and Fredericksburg public officials. United States Senator Carter Glass made the ceremonial “first walk” across the bridge, however being 83-years old, he was restrained at the one-third mark by the Virginia State Highway Commissioner who insisted he reserve his strength. “I wanted to walk the entire distance,” he announced to the crowd, “but I didn’t think the bridge was strong enough to bear the weight of the United States Senate!” The ceremony was followed by an official ribbon cutting and a city parade through downtown Fredericksburg. Pictured here is the official Chatham Bridge opening ceremony itinerary from 1941.
The Virginia Department of Transportation and the City of Fredericksburg will have the Chatham Bridge open to pedestrian traffic only on Saturday, October 9. The bridge will reopen for vehicle traffic on Sunday October 10, after 16 months of reconstruction.
It was a Thursday afternoon on October 15 in 1942 and Fredericksburg was experiencing its third day straight of rain. The Rappahannock River was rising three feet an hour and finally crested at 42.6 feet on October 16. Water rose over the Chatham Bridge, stranding trucks that had to be rescued by an Army Wrecker from Fort AP Hill. Despite the intense flooding, the Chatham Bridge remained standing, though the damage to the city was estimated to cost $836,742 (12.3 million dollars today). Pictured here are photographs during the 1942 flood taken on William Street looking towards the Chatham Bridge.
During World War II, Fredericksburg held a scrap drive in September of 1942 to help the war efforts. Scrap metal came from everywhere downtown, including those in which contributed to the historic fabric of the town: the fence from the Jackson’s wounding monument, the 122 year old furnace from the National Bank Building (which was 1,500 pounds and had not been used in at least 50 years), and the old Chatham Bridge sign from 1890. The drive resulted in 463,000 pounds of scrap being donated- which is more than 100 pounds per resident. This is considered to be the biggest World War II related event in Fredericksburg (aside from Greer Garson’s appearance in town for a war bond drive which took place a few weeks later).

domain: geography


After spending three years apart, Marco Belinelli and San Antonio could finalize an NBA reunion. ESPN’s Adrian Wojnarowski reports that the two sides have come to terms on a two-year deal that would add extra perimeter shooting to the Spurs’ roster. According to Wojnarowski:
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Movers: CME, CBOT, Goldman, Bear Stearns, Sanofi
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Sets $500M stock buyback.

domain: finance


BOEING has chosen Brisbane firm Ferra Engineering to make wing kits to extend the range of GPS-guided bombs carried by US and Australian combat aircraft.
Defence Materiel Minister Mike Kelly says the JDAM-ER (joint direct attack munition extended range) is an Australian initiative to increase the range of existing JDAM bombs through use of bolt-on wings.
JDAM is a kit which converts a conventional aircraft-dropped freefall bomb into a guided weapon, using GPS satellite navigation to home in on its target.
These are widely used in recent conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan.
The ER kit, which is the one that will be made by Ferra Engineering, comprises fold-out wings that are bolted to the bomb body and triples JDAM range to about 80 kilometres.
"The wing kit will almost triple the weapon's current range, making the JDAM-ER a very cost effective weapon," Mr Kelly said in a statement.
Ferra will be the sole worldwide supplier of the wing kits to Boeing.
Dr Kelly said Boeing's choice demonstrated its confidence in Australian industry.
The first ER wing kits will be used for JDAM-ER flight tests scheduled for later this year.
Initial production orders are expected to be completed by 2015.
This program provides potential for future worldwide sales and exports worth millions.
Queensland Premier Campbell Newman welcomed the announcement as a great Australian success story.
"This Queensland aerospace company began as a two-man operation in 1992 and has grown to become a great Australian success story with more than 130 employees," Mr Newman said.
Trade Minister Tim Nicholls said the deal was made off the back of alliances formed during government-led overseas trade missions.
"As a result of their hard work and dedication, Ferra Engineering has now become an important supplier to a string of high profile aviation giants," he said.
Originally published as Kits extend bomb range for combat aircraft


Feel Good Story
My first husband, Dave, had not only good taste in women, but also in acoustic guitars. He played them all the time. My children inherited his beautiful guitars after their father died in 2006. Rowan was four years old. I’ve been saving the guitars, of which there are three, hoping one or all of the children would learn to play. So far, my most musically curious child is eleven year old Rowan. She’s been playing the piano for three years and started flute this year. A few months ago Rowan asked if she could start learning how to play the guitar.There is an independent music shop in The Loop
called Go Music STL
that gives lessons. I dragged all three guitars, plus two others, to the shop to see which guitar would work best for Rowan. It was like walking fourteen dogs at the same time. The owner’s jaw dropped when he saw Dave’s collection of guitars: a 1998 Goodall, a 2002 Martin
, and a 1990 Mossman (Texas Plains model)
. A proverbial guitar woody. After asking me if I would adopt him so he could play the guitars all the time, he had Rowan “try on” the guitars for size. Turns out that the Martin suited her frame the best.
Rowan starts lessons playing her father’s Martin guitar next Sunday. She is over the moon. I think Dave would have been pleased.


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PALM BEACH, Fla. – When it comes to the national news media’s perceived affection for President Obama, radio giant Rush Limbaugh has a unique way of describing the love.
On today’s broadcast, as he analyzed NBC News coverage of Obama’s bus tour in Midwestern states, Limbaugh said, “I don’t know of a classy way of saying this.”
“Next time Obama has a colonoscopy, I wonder who they’ll find in there. Which NBC personality will show up first?”
His comments came after listening to discussion between NBC anchor Andrea Mitchell and Chuck Todd, the network’s chief White House correspondent and political director.
Mitchell said of Obama’s bus tour, “Chuck, it sounds to me as though he’s campaigning as though he were Harry Truman. This is right out of that whole playbook, running against Congress.”
“These people waited in line to get tickets,” said Todd. “You had to wait two or three hours standing in line … they were excited to be here, excited to be at the event. They were all excited supporters, you could tell, of him in 2008, and they felt very nervous, like nervous supporters of him is probably the best way to describe them.”
“Nervous supporters?” asked Limbaugh. “Nervous is how you feel when your team’s in the Super Bowl and you got no confidence they’re going to win. That’s what a nervous supporter is. … Why would they be nervous?”

domain: news


text:
Leading in COLOUR was founded on July 25, 2019 by Serisha Iyar - who serves as our Executive Director. After experiencing the rejection of racialized experiences in activist movements firsthand, Serisha decided to create a space where racialized leaders, particularly youth, could come together to learn and mobilize.
At Leading in COLOUR we equip young people with the necessary tools needed to conduct their advocacy efforts. We offer FREE training opportunities for racialized youth under 26 years old in the form of webinars, workshops, and events where they can develop their advocacy skill set.
We additionally work with partner organizations to provide programming for their constituents that is built on the frameworks of anti-oppression, anti-racism, intersectionality and decolonization. Learn More

domain: sociology


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Dot Foods, Dallas, Texas, broke ground on its 11th distribution center. The new $30 million facility will be built on a 45-acre plot of land in Bullhead City, Ariz., 100 miles southeast of Las Vegas.
The 185,000-square-foot facility will be located at 2565 Landon Drive, near the Laughlin Bullhead International Airport. The development includes offices, dry, refrigerated and frozen warehouse space and a truck yard and garage to service Dot's fleet.
"We are excited to start the next phase of this project," says Joe Tracy, chief executive officer. "Our Bullhead City location will allow us to better serve our customers in Arizona, Nevada and California and become more efficient by reducing our miles driven. We've already received a warm welcome from city, county and state officials, and we look forward to building relationships with many more people in the region as we become a part of this community."
Dot began work on the distribution center in mid-March, with an estimated completion date for early 2018. Dot will also hire up to 125 people in the first year, and plans to employ 170 people by 2020.
"We have been working on this new location for several years," Tracy says. "A lot goes into our decision to build a new distribution center. We're very happy to now be at the point that we can start meeting with potential employees and build the team that's going to be the key to our success in this area."


Incredible ensembles, global superstars, legendary instrumentalists and genre-bending up-and-comers make up the first wave of artists announced today for the 66th edition of Newport Jazz. Curated by Artistic Director Christian McBride and founder George Wein, the Festival takes place August 7-9 at Fort Adams State Park and the International Tennis Hall of Fame at the Newport Casino.
All tickets, except for the Friday evening concert at the International Tennis Hall of Fame are on sale now at www.newportjazz.org.
With more than 20 GRAMMYS between them, the festival will be anchored by Norah Jones, Wynton Marsalis and Diana Krall. Pianist Robert Glasper will take up residency across all three days of the festival, bringing something new at each performance. Drummer Makaya McCraven will return for a second year, fresh off of his re-imagining of Gil Scott-Heron’s, I’m New Here. Reggae legend Jimmy Cliff, “Africa’s Premiere Diva,” Angélique Kidjo performing the Talking Heads’ Remain In Light and Japanese jazz-composer Hiromi will bring a global perspective to the Fort. Genre-bending indie-jazz artists such as Khruangbin and Cory Wong will perform alongside a whole host of other artists including the Newport Jazz Artistic Director’s own A Christian McBride Situation. Other artists include Charles Lloyd Kindred Spirits, Maria Schneider Orchestra, Chris Potter Circuits Trio featuring James Francies and Eric Harland, Joe Lovano “Trio Tapestry” featuring Marilyn Crispell & Carmen Castaldi, Nicholas Payton, Hiromi, Nate Smith + KINFOLK, The Comet is Coming, The Soul Rebels, The Jazz Gallery All-Stars, Arturo/Zack/Adam O’Farrill Quintet, Avery*Sunshine, Jeff “Tain” Watts, Nubya Garcia, Michela Marino Lerman – Love Movement, Warren Wolf and Wolfpack, Somi, Catherine Russell, Miguel Zenón Quartet, and an extended The History of Jazz set that will feature Tuba Skinny, Vince Giordano & The Night Hawks, David Ostwald’s Louis Armstrong Eternity Band, Mike Davis’ The New Wonders, Colin Hancock & His Signature Seven.
“This year’s Newport Jazz Festival continues the tradition of presenting jazz, as George Wein would say, “from J to Z,” said McBride. “For three days in August, all eyes and ears in the jazz world focus on what happens at Newport. It’s a thrill to present everyone from the great Wynton Marsalis, who’s making his first appearance at the festival in 9 years, to Diana Krall, who’s making her first appearance at the festival in over 20 years. We welcome back old friends like Charles Lloyd, who served as our artist-in-residence in 2018, and Robert Glasper, who serves as this year’s artist-in-residence. Newport Jazz has always featured artists from all areas, from Chuck Berry to Mahalia Jackson to Aretha Franklin to James Brown to Led Zeppelin to the Allman Brothers. Since 2017, artists like The Roots, Common, Living Colour and George Clinton and more have all played the festival. This year, Newport Jazz presents reggae legend, Jimmy Cliff. Oh yes, this year’s going to be deep. Norah Jones is back after her smashing 2016 Newport debut, Avery*Sunshine makes her debut, as does vibraphonist Warren Wolf. There’s just way too many great artists to name. Just make sure you come. You won’t be disappointed!”
A breeding ground for the best and brightest shining stars since the Festival started 66 years ago in 1954, the Newport Jazz Festival celebrates a bevy of award-winning artists. Showcasing more than 50 individual Jazz ensembles, the festival will offer music on four stages, including the Fort, Quad, Harbor stages and Storyville, the intimate venue located in the Newport Festivals Museum.
The first wave of artists for the 2020 Newport Jazz Festival are:
Friday, August 7, 2020 – Fort Adams State Park
A Christian McBride Situation
Chris Potter Circuits Trio
The History of Jazz
Vince Giordano & The Night Hawks
David Ostwald’s Louis Armstrong Eternity Band
Mike Davis’ The New Wonders
Colin Hancock & His Signature Seven
Saturday, August 8, 2020 – Fort Adams State Park
Angélique Kidjo’s Remain In Light
Charles Lloyd Kindred Spirits
Nate Smith + KINFOLK
The Jazz Gallery All-Stars
The Comet is Coming
Arturo/Zack/Adam O’Farrill Quintet
Michela Marino Lerman – Love Movement
Miguel Zenón Quartet
Sunday, August 9, 2020 – Fort Adams State Park
Maria Schneider Orchestra
Joe Lovano “Trio Tapestry”
The Soul Rebels
Jeff “Tain” Watts
Warren Wolf and Wolfpack


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Granada Pass with Priority Access to Alhambra
Discover the city of Granada at your own pace with this City Card that gives you access to a variety of historic monuments as well as to public transportation. Don't miss any attractions of this historic sight, like Alhambra and Generalife. Save time and money with this special combo and explore the hidden jewel of Andaluzia.
- Explore the city of Granada at your own pace with the Granada City Card and visit a variety of monuments and historic attractions such as Alhambra (access to Alcazaba, the Generalife, and the Nasrid Palaces), Cathedral, Royal Chapel, Cartuja Monastery, San Jerónimo Monastery, Science Park Museum, Zafra’s House, Cuarto Real, Sacramonte Abbey and the Casa de los Tiros Museum.
- Save time and money with this card that gives access to 9 bus rides in the Alhambra public transport network and 1 ride on the touristic train. Reach your destinations easily and conveniently.
- The card is valid for the 5 consecutive days prior to the day you choose to visit Alhambra and expires on the day of your visit to Alhambra.
strict cancellation policy
These tickets cannot be canceled, amended or rescheduled.
about your granada city card
Visit Granada, the Andulasian city located at the foot of the Sierra Nevada mountains, and at the confluence of four rivers. This picturesque city occupies a vital role in Spanish history, with a long line of famous Spanish artists, thinkers, and leaders claiming origin from here. Witness the harmonious confluence of the various influences over the city, such as the Moorish architecture at the Alhambra, the Christian-built Palace of Charles V, and much more. Marvel at the distinct beauty of this jewel of Andulasia with this City Card, that gives you access to the many attractions in and around the city.
Using your City Card, you can explore Granada at your own comfortable pace without missing out on any of the major attractions. The Granada Card includes entrance to the Alhambra, Generalife, and other major monuments across the city, as well as access to public transport to get you there. Experience the wide variety of what the city has to offer, with night visits to the Nasrid Palaces and a daytime visit to the Alcazaba and Generalife the following day, guided tours through the Sacromonte Abbey, and much much more. So, avoid the hassle of standing in queues for tickets, and save time and money with the Granada City Card.
How to use your Granada City Card
The Granada card is not activated with the first use. Rather, you must choose the day of your visit to the Alhambra while booking it, and the card will remain valid for 5 consecutive days before the day of visit to the Alhambra, ending on the day of your visit to the Alhambra. You can also use the card to access public transport, with 9 trips on the local bus network and 1 trip on the tourist train included in the price of the Card.
Alhambra | Alcazaba and the Generalife | Cathedral | Royal Chapel | Cartuja Monastery | San Jerónimo Monastery | Science Park Museum | Zafra’s House | Cuarto Real | Sacromonte Abbey | Casa de los Tiros Museum | Nasrid Palaces (Optional)
know before you go
- When you book your Granada Card, is it obligatory to choose the date and the time of your visit to the Alhambra Palace. Your card will be activated 5 consecutive days prior to your visit to Alhambra.
- Nasrid Palaces visit must be done at the specific time showed in the ticket.
- Sacromonte Abbey’s visit is guided. Check tour hours displayed on your ticket.
- The Granada Card does not include access to the Planetarium and to the Biodomo. Due to limited capacity, it is necessary to purchase tickets to a specific day and hour directly at the ticket counter.
- Monuments operate daily. They are closed on the 25th of December (Christmas Day) and 1st of January.
- Monuments visitation may be subject to alterations or cancellations without previous warning.
Reduced Price Tickets
- Children (2-11 years old) are eligible for reduced ticket prices. Select the appropriate ticket option during check out.
- Children below the age of 2 do not need to purchase the Granada City Card. Families can request free entrance for infants at the main entrance of the monuments. Pushchairs are not permitted.
How to Redeem Your Granada City Card
You will receive an email confirmation with your Granada City Card shortly. Download the voucher on your mobile device and display it at any of the attractions included in your pass to avail free entry. You can also use the card to access public transport, with 9 trips on the local bus network and 1 trip on the tourist train included in the price of the Card.
You can use the card for 5 consecutive days before the date chosen for the Alhambra visit and it expires on the day of your visit to the Alhambra.


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Today is the day!
More Than Money, the collaborative book from The AGC™, is officially available for purchase and should be hitting the mailboxes of the individuals who preordered today. To say I am excited is an understatement–29 of my friends can now call themselves published authors with Harriman House, which happens to be THE publisher for financial books.
Not only am I excited for the advisors to become authors, but I’m also excited to see the proceeds from the book sales benefit our profession. None of the authors or The AGC™ will receive any financial benefit from the book–we decided on day one that all of the proceeds would be donated to organizations in our profession. To start, those donations will be going to The BLX Internship Program and The Foundation For Financial Planning, although we’d love to donate money to more organizations as we see the book move up the best sellers list.
I’m also excited for the readers (or audiobook listeners). More Than Money shows the public what REAL financial planning looks like–it’s More Than Money and the book is full of real stories of financial advisors helping their clients navigate exciting, tough, sad, and life-changing events. As you’ll see, there’s always a money component but when you dig deeper you realize every financial decision is rooted in emotions. More The Money is going to breakdown the stereotypes financial advisors are constantly trying to overcome.
And the book isn’t just for non-financial advisors. Early in my career I had no guidance as a financial advisor and didn’t know what I didn’t know. I grew up in the sales culture and eventually found my way to the advice and planning side of the business–I know for a fact there a lot of financial advisors that have never been taught to approach financial planning and their relationships with clients like they will read in More Than Money. This book is going to be eye-opening for many financial advisors and for some it will be a red pill from The Matrix.
More Than Money would not have been possible without a lot of people.
First, Amar Pandit suggested to me that the community should come together to write a book–it was his idea that I took back to The AGC™ and it was immediately welcomed by a resounding “yes” from the community. Amar could have very easily kept the idea to himself, as he’s already written a number of books and surely could write his own version with all of the client experiences he’s had building THE financial planning company in India. Instead, his abundant mindset saw that a greater impact could be made by including more advisors. So, Amar thank you for planting the seed and allowing the community to run with it–and thank you for leading the way as a trailblazer in the profession. You can check out what he and his team at the Happyness Factory are doing to bring financial planning to India in a major way.
Amar may have planted the seed of More Than Money, but it was Shanna Due that watered, protected, and fed More Than Money to make sure it grew to become the book it was supposed to be. Once we decided as a community to publish a book we need someone to lead point and Shanna didn’t hesitate to volunteer for the role. Shanna absolutely crushed it–imagine how hard it would be to organize and get 29 individuals who have practices, families, and other obligations from all over the world to hit deadlines, participate in peer editing, vote on book covers, and countless other tasks to write a book. However hard you THINK it would be, multiple by 10. There is no way More Than Money is complete without Shanna’s leadership (and patience)–it also isn’t published by Harriman House. Our original plan was to self-publish on Amazon, but Shanna pulled some strings and got the idea in front of Harriman House and they immediately saw that it would be a hit. Shanna, thank you , thank you, thank you, thank you!!! And please come back and lead volume 2 😉.
Outside of the community, we had tons of support helping us as well.
Without Wendy Cook’s guidance and editing the flow of the book would not have been as natural as it is now. We’re financial advisors, not authors and Wendy helped us navigate the things we didn’t know we didn’t know.
The AGC’s friend Carl Richards provided much-needed accountability and helped spread the word of More Than Money. Carl entered into a friendly wager–the community sent him a $5,000 check that he was to cash if we didn’t hit our deadline and we were all glad to see him share a video where he acknowledged he wouldn’t be cashing the check! We all look up to Carl, so to have his support, his participation in sharing the book, and his quote in the book meant the world to the us.
We also had some significant contributions from our friends Morgan Housel, Perth Tolle, Josh Brown, and Luis Rosa who wrote very kind quotes for the cover and inside of the book. Christine Benz was kind enough to write the foreword. Thank you Morgan, Perth, JB, Luis, Carl and Christine for sharing your kind words and your support—it meant a lot to the community and to me.
I can’t forget to thank our publisher Harriman House…it’s still so surreal to write that. Thank you for seeing the greatness this book would become when we were early in the process. Thank you for welcoming us to the Harriman House family and helping us bring these stories to more individuals and families than we could have on our own. I’ve never worked with a publisher before but I would have never imagined it would be such an enjoyable process…here’s to many more volumes of More Than Money 🥂.
Finally, thank you to everyone who has pre-ordered, purchased today, or will be purchasing a copy in the future. With your help we get to spread the word of what we financial advisors really do, inspire more people to seek financial advisors, encourage financial advisors to shift their focus beyond the spreadsheets, and hopefully raise a bunch of money for our profession. THANK YOU!
If you haven’t ordered your copy, what are you waiting for?
Head to www.morethanmoneybook.com to get your copy today and buy an extra to give to someone you love!
Disclaimer: Nothing on this blog should be considered advice, or recommendations. If you have questions pertaining to your individual situation you should consult your financial advisor. For all of the disclaimers, please see my disclaimers page.

domain: literature


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SYMPTOMS. This disease is severe on cucumber and melon, but is less damaging to squash and watermelon. Symptoms begin with wilting, which may be confined to individual runners or may involve the entire plant. Plants may wilt at any growth stage, but wilting is often most severe during periods of rapid growth The bacterium that causes bacterial wilt in cucurbits, Erwinia tracheiphila, is in the cucumber beetle's feces. As the beetles defecate on the leaves where they are feeding the bacteria can be moved into open (feeding) wounds with water that is in the form of precipitation or dew
A cucumber plant infected bacterial wilt will wither away and die soon. To check if a plant has this disease, you can rub white substances by fingers to see if they stick your palm skin. As its name, this disease is from a kind of bacteria. It infects vascular tissues, so the plants get fast wilt The main culprit for cucumbers seems to be bacterial wilt, while the squash vine borers are attacking all sorts of vine crops. Seeing your plants suddenly die just as they are about to bear fruit..
Bacterial wilt is spread mainly through cucumber beetles (striped and spotted). The cucumber beetle is a small insect—yellow in color with either black stripes or spots on its back. It picks up the bacteria while feeding on infected cucumbers and transfers them to other plants in the same manner Bacterial wilt can cause severe losses in cucumbers and muskmelons. Leaves eventually yellow and brown at the margins, completely wither and die. Wilt progresses down the vine until the entire vine wilts or dies. The bacteria overwinter in the gut of striped and spotted cucumber beetles Cucumber beetle Bacterial wilt disease is a bacterial infection spread by cucumber beetles. When the beetles wake up in spring after overwintering they start to feed on the leaves of your cucumber plants. The bacteria that causes bacterial wilt (Erwinia tracheiphila) passes from the stomach of the beetles into your plants By cucumber wilt I assume you are referring to bacterial wilt, which cucumbers are very susceptible to. As far as how the bacteria interact with resistant varieties, the mechanism isn't well understood. I would guess bacteria could still survive in resistant varieties, but it isn't known for sure P seudomonas, Erwinia species Bacterial Wilt is primarily a disease of the Cucurbits, particularly cucumbers and melons, though it can also attack the Solanum crops (tomato, pepper, potato, eggplant) and corn. It is commonly transmitted by Cucumber Beetles (they transport the bacteria and create wounds for it to enter the plant)
Bacterial Wilt Bacteria wilt is caused by the bacterial pathogen Erwinia tracheiphila which is vectored by the cucumber beetle. It is most damaging on cucumber and muskmelon, less so on pumpkin and squash and not a considered problem on watermelon Cucumber bacterial wilt is caused by the bacterium, Erwinia tracheiphila, and is characterized initially by wilting and drying of individual leaves, especially those exhibiting cucumber beetle injury.Cucumbers and muskmelons are more susceptible than pumpkins or squash; the disease is rarely a problem on watermelons
Bacterial wilt also affects cantaloupes, cucumbers, zucchinis, gourds and squash One common disease that infects cucumber plants is bacterial wilt (which can also infect tomatoes and other plants). According to the University of Kentucky Extension, bacterial wilt is spread by the cucumber beetle, so look for damage from their feeding A few of the most common cucumber diseases include powdery mildew, bacterial wilt, cucumber beetles, cucumber mosaic, and downy mildew. Fortunately, lots of these diseases can be treated. Take a peek at the article below to learn how to keep your cucumbers happy, healthy and tasty. Contents If you see a substance resembling thick white liquid, then you have confirmed your plant indeed has bacterial wilt. With regard to how to save your remaining plants, remove all plants showing signs such as wilted leaves, as infected plants serve as vectors for cucumber beetles
If exposure to cucumber beetles is a possibility, then it may be bacterial wilt, for which there is no treatment. The test for this is to slice off the stem of an infected plant and squeeze out some sap. If it's stretchy/slimy, it's wilt. I think this is a problem in the UK too, but I'm not certain Cucumber bacterial wilt treatment consists of removing the affected parts of the plant and taking preventive measures to prevent further spread. Brown Spots on Cucumber Leaves. This may be indicative of fungal cucumber plant diseases such as Alternaria leaf blight. Cucumber leaves turning brown, yellow edges appear around the spots
This vascular wilt disease is caused by the bacterium Erwinia tracheiphila and affects members of the cucurbit family, including cucumber, squash, muskmelon, pumpkin, and gourds. Watermelon is resistant to the disease and certain varieties of cucumber and squash show varying levels of resistance The culprit is -not squash vine borer, like you thought-but bacterial wilt. Yep, bacterial wilt. So learn why this bacteria is not your friend and how to avoid it like the plague. In my 10+ years of gardening, I have never lost a plant to bacterial wilt until this year thanks to the cucumber beetles that took up residence in my garden
#Gardening #Cucumbers #CucumberBeetlesSOURCE: http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/gardens-gardening/your-garden/help-for-the-home-gardener/advice-tips-res.. gestions to manage cucumber beetles in cucurbit crops: Select resistant varieties. While no truly resistant vari-eties have been developed, those which are less attractive to cucumber beetles or more tolerant of bacterial wilt yield much better than susceptible varieties. The varieties County Fair 83 and Saladin are more tolerant to bacterial wilt Your cucumber plants start out great and suddenly wilt and seem to die overnight. The problem is bacterial wilt, but the real culprit is the yellow and green striped, banded or spotted cucumber beetle. These beetles stunt plant growth, reduce fruit set, scar the fruit and transmit the deadly bacterial wilt disease
Often our melon, cucumber, and squash plants are doing great but then they wilt overnight! The most common cause of wilting on melon and cucumber is the cucurbit bacterial wilt. This is a bacterial disease that's transmitted by the striped and spotted cucumber beetles. The first symptoms of wilt are droopy leaves on a single vine or entire plant Bacterial wilt usually strikes just as the plants develop vines. Individual leaf tips will suddenly begin to wilt, with the wilting becoming more extensive each day. Within a few days the vine dies, and other vines nearby show symptoms of infection. To diagnose bacterial wilt, cut off the wilting vine and squeeze the stem. Press your finger to the juice that comes out of the stem and slowly.
Striped cucumber beetles feeding on leaf Early wilting symptom. Bacterial wilt disease spreads rapidly inside infected plants. To test for the disease cut a wilted stem, press the side of a knife to the exposed surface and draw it away. If the plant is infected with bacterial wilt disease you may notice white strands of bacterial ooze The cucumber Fusarium wilt disease incidence and FOC/EGB abundances under all treatments were investigated after 15 and 27 days, respectively. The strain EGB solid culture significantly reduced the incidence of cucumber Fusarium wilt in pot experiments with relative control efficiencies of 67.4% and 79.6% on days 15 and 27, respectively (Table 1) . The causal agent, Erwinia tracheiphilia, overwinters in the digestive system of spotted ( Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi) and striped ( Acalymma vittatum) cucumber beetles
Bacterial wilt, caused by the bacterium Erwinia tracheiphila, is a common and destructive disease of cucurbits. The disease is most common on cucumber and muskmelon (cantaloupe), but less damaging to squashes and pumpkins. Watermelons are apparently not affected by it. Losses from bacterial wilt vary from the premature death of occasional. Below is a list of common vegetables and seed varieties that are resistant to disease and other conditions. It is only a starting point, but gives you a good idea of the resistance of some of the more popular cultivars. The vegetable variety is listed first followed by the resistant diseases And the most alarming damage cucumber beetles cause is the transmittal of bacterial wilt, an infection that plants definitely do not survive once infected. Many backyard growers find natural ways to control severe damage caused by the concentrated population of cucumber beetles and the transmission of deadly bacterial wilt Bacterial wilt (BW) is a disease that is transmitted by cucumber beetles, an insect native to North America. The disease starts at the leaves and travels through vines, eventually destroying plants. Frost has found that the levels of resistance vary significantly between varieties of cucumber
The bacteria spread to the plant's vascular system, which causes the leaves to wilt. If not contained (by pruning infected stems), the wilt will eventually spread and kill the entire plant. Also, plants infected with bacterial wilt attract more cucumber beetles, which will eat the infected leaves and continue spreading the bacteria throughout. . Although these striped and spotted cucumber beetles do cause a great deal of direct physical damage, that's not the worst of the problems they cause. In addition to chewing up leaves, flowers, roots and fruit, cucumber beetles transmit Erwinia tracheiphila, a pathogenic bacterium that is the cause of bacterial wilt in cucurbit. University of Kentucky College of Agriculture Striped and spotted cucumber beetles can cause serious losses in cucumbers, muskmelons, and watermelons in Kentucky. Cucumber beetles are a major concern to muskmelon and cucumber growers because they vector the bacteria that causes a disease, bacterial wilt of cucurbits
Cucumber bacterial wilt and cucumber mosaic can survive in the digestive system of a cucumber beetle and as a cucumber beetle moves from plant to plant to feed, it spreads these diseases to all the plants it eats. Once a plant is infected with either bacterial wilt or cucumber mosaic, it cannot be cured and will either die or become. Bacterial Wilt Symptoms. Symptoms begin in individual leaves, where they suddenly wilt and eventually shrivel (Smith, 1911). Early in the disease, leaves may droop during the heat of day but revert to normal in the evening or under cooler conditions Bacterial Wilt of Cantaloupe. This disease has been observed in the southern part of Indiana. To identify bacterial wilt, look for the characteristic wilt and beetle feeding on the leaves and stem (Figure 1). The bacterium that causes this disease, Erwinia tracheiphila, is spread by the striped or spotted cucumber beetles
Cucumbers are far more resistant to disease than other plants in the cucurbit family (melons, squash, etc.), but they're still susceptible to powdery and downy mildew, bacterial wilt, angular leaf spot, and cucumber mosaic virus. Bacterial wilt can be spread by insects, so it can be helpful to tent or cover cucumber plants up until they set. Like in the case of other pests, the damages from cucumber beetles can be devastating. When they feed on young plants, the latter will no longer reach maturity. If they are standing in an upright position, after infestation, they will wilt and fall. The most obvious from the results of the infestation caused by the pest is bacterial wilt. They. Cucumber beetles also transmit bacterial wilt of cucurbits. This disease overwinters (survives the winter) in the intestines of the beetles and is spread from plant to plant as the beetles feed. Infected plants eventually wilt and die. Many new varieties of cucurbits have resistance to bacterial wilt Bacterial wilt is a complex of diseases that occur in plants such as Cucurbitaceae and Solanaceae (tomato, common bean[1,2], etc.) and are caused by the pathogens Erwinia tracheiphila, a gram-negative bacterium, or Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens, a gram-positive bacterium. Cucumber and muskmelon plants are most susceptible, but squash, pumpkins, and gourds may also become.
Cucumber beetle crop damage to cucurbit crops. Cucumber beetles damage cucurbit crops in at least three ways. First, their feeding directly stunts plants and, when flowers are eaten, can reduce fruit set (Fig. 2A). Second, cucumber beetles transmit bacterial wilt disease ( Erwinia tracheiphila ) Striped and spotted cucumber beetles can cause damage in vine crops, but the striped beetle is more common in Wisconsin. Feeding from larvae and adults causes direct damage to roots, leaves, flowers, and fruits. Adults can also vector fusarium wilt and the bacteria, Erwinia tracheiphila.Cucumbers and melons are particularly susceptible to bacterial wilt, and damage from this can be severe Bacterial wilt is caused by Erwinia tracheiphila; striped and spotted cucumber beetles serve as vectors, carrying the bacterium from plant to plant during the growing season. The life cycles of the bacterial wilt organism and its vectors are closely associated, and bacterial wilt is directly correlated to striped and spotted cucumber beetl Bacterial wilt is a common and destructive disease that affects cucurbits (i.e., plants in the cucumber family), including economically important crops such as melon ( Cucumis melo ), cucumber ( Cucumis sativus) and, to a lesser extent, squash and pumpkin ( Cucurbita spp.). This disease is distributed throughout the United States; and can be.
Striped or spotted cucumber beetles spread bacterial wilt. The bacteria overwinter in the beetle and spreads to the cucumber when the beetles feed on seedlings. 4 Scab. Scab is a fungus infecting all parts of the plant growing above the ground. A brownish mat of spores forms on the fruit, and it develops scablike lesions Bacterial Wilt is a disease caused by the bacterium Erwinia tracheiphila, affecting the cucurbits family. The bacteria survive through the winter by overwintering in the digestive system of the cucumber beetle. Once spring comes, the striped and spotted cucumber beetles feed from plant to plant, spreading bacterial wilt through the release of. Make sure your cucumber plants don't get chilled - they must be kept above 12-15°C (53-59°F). Transfer young plants to 25cm (10in) Pots are plastic, metal, ceramic (incl. terracotta) or biodegradable containers with drainage holes in their base. They range in diameter typically from 5-90cm (2in-3ft), but 7.5-15cm (3-5in) are most. When your cucumber plants wilt or droop, it can be sure to cause a number of problems. One of the biggest issues when it comes to growing conditions that can cause cucumber plants to droop is the moisture level in the soil. An expert horticulturalist from the Daviess County Extension in Kentucky believes that both too much and too little soil.
Wilting is the outward expression of bacterial wilt of cucumber and related plants in the Cucurbitaceae, the cucumber family. This includes squash, pumpkins, gourds, muskmelons, and wild cucumbers. Watermelon, another relative, is relatively resistant. The causal organism is Erwinia tracheiphila In the early stages, bacterial wilt will cause cucumber leaves to wilt during the day but look completely normal at night. Because this symptom makes it look like the plant simply hasn't received enough water or is stressed by the heat of the day, it can come as a shock when the cucumber plant suddenly takes a turn for the worse and completely dies important crops, cucumber and cantaloupe are highly susceptible to bacterial wilt. Although bacterial wilt can cause devastating losses in commercial pumpkin plantings (B. Bruton, personal communication), Cucurbita species are generally less susceptible than Cucumis species. Durin Striped cucumber beetles can carry the bacteria that causes bacterial wilt. The bacterium infects the plants' vascular system and causes plants to wilt. Once the plant is infected, it cannot be saved. Striped cucumber beetles pick the bacterium when they feed on infected weed hosts or infected cucurbits
Cucumber Beetles Ric Bessin, Extension Specialist Entfact-311 Striped and spotted cucumber beetles can cause serious losses in cucumbers, muskmelons, and watermelons in Kentucky. Cucumber beetles are a major concern to muskmelon and cucumber growers because they vector the bacteria that causes a disease, bacterial wilt of cucurbits Bacterial Wilt. An early symptom of bacterial wilt is drooping leaves on squash or cucumber vines — even when the plants have been well watered. This happens because the wilt bacteria clog the vascular systems of plants, blocking the flow of water and nutrients from the roots to the leaves. If infected stems are cut open, they may release a.
Bacterial wilt — plants wilt and die. This disease is transmitted by cucumber beetles. When stems are cut, bacterial ooze strings between the cut stems. Improve soil drainage. Floating row covers up to flowering. Control striped and spotted cucumber beetles. Sanitation 1: Kaolin clay (prevent insect feeding Bacterial wilt is a serious threat to commercial melon and cucumber production in some parts of the world, including parts of North America. The disease is not as damaging to squash and pumpkin, and watermelons are apparently not affected by it. Symptoms. The expression of bacterial wilt symptoms varies with different crop species Cucumber and melon species are most susceptible to bacterial wilt, squash and pumpkin less so, and watermelon is not affected by the disease. Observations over the past few years in New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and Pennsylvania, however, suggest that this disease may not be as widespread in the northeastern United States as once perceived
In addition to direct damage to plants, cucumber beetles can also inoculate vine crops with Erwinia tracheiphila, the bacterium that causes bacterial wilt [see University of Wisconsin Garden Facts XHT1229 (Bacterial Wilt of Cucurbits) for details]. This disease is typically fatal Cucumber bacterial wilt is caused by the bacterium, Erwinia tracheiphila, and is portrayed at first by shrinking and drying of individual leaves, particularly those showing cucumber creepy beetle damage. Cucumbers and muskmelons are more vulnerable than pumpkins or squash; this infection is not very common an issue with watermelons Cucumber and muskmelon are highly susceptible to bacterial wilt with yield losses of up to 80% reported, while squash and pumpkin are moderately susceptible. Cucurbit plants exhibiting bacterial wilt. Photo courtesy of the Missouri Botanical Garden. The bacterium that causes the wilt overwinters in the gut of some of the striped cucumber beetles
Bacterial wilt (see Cucurbits, bacterial wilt, 9.2) is occasionally a problem on greenhouse cucumber. Management Cultural practices — The disease can be controlled in greenhouses by placing screens on ventilators and doors to prevent entry of cucumber beetles, which vector the pathogen, and by roguing diseased plants as soon as possible The Spotted and Striped Cucumber Beetle wreak havoc on cucumber, melon and squash (Cucurbits). Here is another great trap crop, Amaranth. One bite from these nefarious beetles and bacterial wilt enters the vines causing them to collapse and die. The vascular bundles (the nutrient transport system of the plant) get filled with bacteria and shut down the plant Bacterial Wilt It's normal for cucumber plants to wilt during the day and perk back up at night. If your plant's leaves seems to droop all the time, it may have a disease called bacterial wilt Cucumber, Cucumis sativus, is a warm season, vining, annual plant in the family Cucurbitaceae grown for its edible cucumber fruit. The cucumber plant is a sprawling vine with large leaves and curling tendrils. The plant may have 4 or 5 main stems from which the tendrils branch. The leaves of the plant are arranged alternately on the vines, have.
Cucumber beetles are vectors (carriers) of cucumber bacterial wilt and cucumber mosaic virus, which. affects squash, melons, and cucumbers. Once a plant is infected with either bacterial wilt or cucumber mosaic, it cannot be cured and will either die or become unproductive after they are infected Control insect pests to prevent bacterial wilt. INSECT PESTS: Exclude cucumber beetles with row covers at planting, or control with insecticides such as pyrethrin or azadirachtin. HARVEST: Once fruit bearing begins, pick daily. STORAGE: Hold cucumbers at 45-50°F (7-10°C) and 90% relative humidity for up to 2 weeks Cucurbit Grafting - Management of Cucumber Beetle Complex and Bacterial Wilt in High -Tunnel Cucurbit Production Introduction The cucumber beetle complex causes serious damage, both direct and indirect to cucurbit crops such as cucumbers, melons and squash. Overwintering adults cause feeding damage on young plants, larvae in the soil feed on. Spotted cucumber beetles are the same length but have 12 black spots on a yellow abdomen. The larvae are worm-like, white, dark-headed, and have three pairs of legs on the thorax. Striped cucumber beetle feeding on cucurbit leaves, which will lead to stunted plant growth and the spread of bacterial wilt Pickleworms (on most cucurbits) and squash vine borers (on squash) can cause serious damage to field-grown cucurbits. In the greenhouse, cucumbers are likely to be infested with aphids, spider mites, leafminers, and cucumber beetles, which are common outdoors and in greenhouses, are vectors of the bacterial wilt organism and help spread cucumber mosaic Anna: Watermelon is not susceptible to bacterial wilt so it generally tolerates a few cucumber beetles. Relying on behavioral manipulation for pest management usually works best when you have a high acceptable threshold

domain: agronomy


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Motivating speech by Mahesh Zagade captivated students at the Pharmacist Awareness Programme at Dr Vasantrao Deshpande Hall in Nagpur
Zagade was in the city to address pharmacy students and chemists during an awareness programme organized by the Maharashtra State unit of Association of Pharmaceutical Teachers of India.
Despite a mass movement for the promotion of generic medicines in the country, recommendations made by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in this regard have not got due attention
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) cannot change or make laws and is only an enforcer. As an organization closely associated with the government as well as chemists and doctors, they have made several recommendations to solve deadlocks which have not really been given their due importance.
The government on Friday released guidelines for doctors to write prescriptions giving more information about their qualifications, field of specialty and other professional details, besides ensuring that it is easily legible and conforms to standards.
Chemists who have been avoiding following certain rules, saying that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) officials are being too strict with them were given a firm warning by the state's FDA commissioner on Tuesday. Mahesh Zagade stressed that though the laws may be old, they are logical and are meant to ensure safety of the patients as well as the chemists.

domain: medical


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Platform: ZX Spectrum 128k
Back in 1991, C64 developer and musician Dave Spicer decided to put together a technical demo for a potential conversion of Xenon 2 for the ZX Spectrum.
What was produced was pretty stunning – with a 25 fps scrolling demo that was full-screen and featured some very nice graphics by Jason Brashill. Even though they were quite minimal to give a feel of the game, they still looked amazing at that early stage.
Unfortunately, Mirrorsoft were not keen on doing any 8-bit conversions, so turned down the submission. At a slightly later date, Dave added parallax scrolling to match the 16-bit conversions, which slowed the game down slightly.
The plan was to send both this new version and the faster version without parallax scrolling to Your Sinclair magazine to try and publicize the conversion and hopefully drum up interest to get Mirrorsoft to reconsider. Sadly it didn’t happen, and as a result the game was cancelled.
Some 30 years or so since, the demos have finally been digitally preserved and Dave has made video available of the game in action. Not long afterwards, the demos were released for people to check out, so we have added to the entry here to download too.
You can also read about various rumours and details of a C64 conversion that seemingly never was. With thanks to Dave Spicer for the details about his development and preserving his work.

domain: game


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Huang Qingjun is a Beijing-based freelance photographer.His works show the everydayobjects or work tools of Chinese families.
He was born in Daqing, Heilongjiang, China, on September 30, 1971.For the past 26 years, he has been creating photography art.Huang became a member of the China Photographers Association in December of 1998. Steam Locomotive, from 1992 to 2002, and Family Stuff, from 2003 to the present, are two of Huang Qingjun’s most well-known works. Two unique series are Online Shopping Family Stuff and Homeless People’s Family Stuff. Huang has received numerous awards, including the 2020 London International Creation Competition (shortlist), the 2020 10th Annual International Photography Competition, the Florida Museum of Photography Arts (second place), the 2020 Tokyo International Foto Award (TIFA), (Gold), the 2015 China International Press Photo Contest, (Bronze), the 2016 MIFA Moscow International Foto Awards, and many others. These works have also been reported by worldwide media outlets such as the New York Times, Bloomberg, and Wired. Architecture Boston, Business Insider, Chinese National Geography, Discovery Cultural Geographic Monthly, China Daily, Grazia France, and other magazines have featured his work.
Featured image: Liu Jun, 33 years old, Inner Mongolia. Distribution time: 5 days. Time of the first online shopping: 2012. Liu and his family are Mongolian, whose elder generation lived a nomadic and herding life. He settled down in the town of Ulanhot and goes back to the Mongolian yurt every spring and autumn. While living in the yurt, he had to drive 140 kilometers to the town to buy necessities. Since he began to shop online in 2012, he has spent over 30,000 yuan on Taobao, mostly on the necessaries as well. To Liu Jun and his family, the greatest benefit brought by online shopping is its convenience, which saves his time and energy on the rushing road.
When and how did you begin your profession as a photographer? Can you tell us about your career’s beginnings? What were the most difficult obstacles you faced throughout that time?
I started my profession as a photographer when I met Photographer Wang Fuchun in 1992. I visited his exhibition in Beijing and saw great works and the possibilities of photography. He was my teacher. I had my first 10 years project about Steam Locomotive, recording the disappearing Steam locomotives running in China (1993-2003). The most difficult obstacle would be the financial situation at that time; freelancers photographer was very difficult to make a living on photographs.
What are your primary sources of artistic inspiration?
Mainly from society and family.
What are your favorite subjects to photograph?
Make camera lens facing people, record the time, at the same have own expressions.
Online Shopping Family Stuff. Everyone’s life is being influenced and changed by the internet. According to Chinese official figures, internet sales increased by 49.7% in 2014, compared to a 12% increase in all retail sales across the country. In January 2015, Huang Qingjun invited people to show him everything they’d ever purchased on the internet. Huang wanted to meet people from all over the world: east, west, south, and north, in both big cities and tiny towns. The findings demonstrate the enormous popularity of online purchasing. Internet shopping is a lifeline to the outside world for people living in isolated places, providing access to a wide range of things that would otherwise be unavailable where they live. Delivery employees must occasionally exit their vans to drop off products on foot in some of China’s most inaccessible areas. Huang Qingjun’s Online Shopping Family Stuff series is a sub-series of Family Stuff series of photographs. Huang hopes to use the same approach to show how the Internet is changing people’s lives at this time in history.
How did you come up with the idea for “Family Stuff”? How did you organize it? How did you contact the families portrayed in the project? What were the biggest challenges in making “Homeless People’s Family Stuff”?
In 2003 I was asked by China National Geography magazine to find four families from 4 provinces to take their portraits with their belongings, I traveled around by car and finished the task and I began to think to develop this project with a deeper idea. I started looking for more families of different typical social backgrounds and Family Stuff became my long-term project as it is still ongoing. Viewers think I am recording an era. It is so, and in fact, in each photo, there is something that I am trying to show that is related to certain factors: for example the environment, social phenomena, the change in the economy, the change in the habits of life of people and so on … I contacted the families sometimes by random visits, telling them what I was doing, and asking their permission of being photographed. Sometimes I have certain ideas and I looked for sources who can introduce such families or people, then I visited them after communication, and I also had a few volunteer families who wanted me to make their Family Stuff photos. The biggest challenge of making “Homeless People’s Family Stuff” was the language problem, I don’t speak English, so I have to use google translate to communicate.
What do you believe photography will look like in the age of social media?
Taking photos is getting easier, so it brings more challenges to professional photographers.
Is there a particular photography project to which you feel especially attached? Can you tell us about the narrative behind it or any significant events from the past?
Please check my artist statement: Online shopping Family Stuff, created in Jan.2015, this tells the story of how the internet is changing everybody’s life.
What is your next project?
I am doing different sub-series of Family Stuff from 2014, each one tells a more specific theme, next project I plan to make “Family Stuff of Immigrants”. I guess this will be harder, I would appreciate it if there could be any volunteers.
The Stuffs of Live Streamers. Our outdoor activities have been constrained due to the unexpected epidemic in 2020. During the last two years, people’s everyday lives and spending patterns have altered considerably. We in the post-pandemic period tend to learn about society through our cellphones, making short video streaming rooms a platform for showcasing talent. By the end of 2021, Huang wanted to shoot a new branch of the series, so he turned to Kuaishou for help. Kuaishou is the world’s second-largest live streaming e-commerce platform. Huang obtained permission from live broadcasters with amazing characteristics and shot their stuff with the help of Kuaishou and days of effort to get involved and fitted. A university professor, an actor, a truck driver, activists, a bodyguard, a small company owner, a restaurant deliveryman, an intangible cultural handcrafter, and a streamer for carrier pigeon matches are among the streamers. Unfortunately, due to the pandemic’s impact, Huang was unable to collaborate with other streamers. These works offer a unique viewpoint on the live streaming industry. Streaming rooms have become the epitome for Internet alterations, personal success, productivity growth, and expenditure upgrades as IT technology advances and allows us more room and flexibility to choose from. Meanwhile, the ‘Fellowship,’ which stems from streaming rooms, distributes spiritual belongings to its members. Our attention to their stuff and living tools reflects the changes and progress of our times.

domain: artistic


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Minute with the Mayor - Dog Licensing Month
Milford City Clerk Karen Fortunati joins Mayor Blake to discuss the importance of licensing your dog in June or July.
Click here for Dog License application
Good news! This year, you have more time to license your best friend! Connecticut law requires any dog six months of age or older to have a current rabies vaccination and to be licensed. This license must be renewed annually.
Due to the Covid-19 crisis, both June and July are dog licensing months! This means that late fees will not begin to accrue until August 1, 2020. After this date, a penalty of $1.00 per month is charged for each month the dog is unlicensed after it reaches six months of age.
While the Parsons Building is closed to the public, you can register your dog by:
- Mail: Milford City Clerk’s Office, 70 West River Street, Milford, CT 06460
- Dropbox: Located in Parsons Building lobby, 70 West River Street (open 10 a.m. to 2 p.m.)

domain: pet


text: For Teens, Late Bedtime Can lead to Weight Gain: – FRIDAY, Oct. 2, 2015 – – Teens may have a new cause to take their parents’ guidance and go to bed early dapoxetine . Staying up later on weeknights may increase a teen’s threat of becoming overweight as time passes, a fresh study says. For the study, researchers analyzed data from a lot more than 3,300 American teens and found that each extra hour of late bedtime was connected with a far more than two-point upsurge in body mass index . BMI can be an estimate of body fat based on height and weight. The link between past due bedtimes and BMI boost was not suffering from total sleep time considerably, amount of exercise, or time spent before computers or televisions, the investigators found.


Campville 304, located in Station 2, is a Class A Pumper. This truck carries all of the necessary equipment to execute a fire attack, including air bottles, 900 gallons of water, a 1250 GPM pump, hoses, etc. It is driven by a 350 HP Cummins diesel engine.
304 also has 4 wheel drive capability in the event there is a fire off a main road, such as a brush fire. Engine 304 has the ability to operate in a “pump and go” stage meaning the truck can be moving while it pumps water out of the front bumper nozzle.Return to the apparatus page
Timberwolf Pumper Tanker
Rosenbauer on Freightliner M2 Chassis


'There's no mistaking the Acer Liquid Z3 for a premium device.'
'The camera, as with the phone’s screen, suffers from poor colour management, weak image definition and sharpness concerns. '
'The display of our test model is quite bright: up toÂ 355 cd/mÂ².'
Good camera, Vibrant Display, Ergonomic build
Large, pretty screen, Snappy performance
It's a looker - compact and stylish
We can't see why you'd choose the Xperia M over its rivals
Stylish design, Good battery life, Decent speaker quality
cheap Android phone is okay, but there are better budget phones
Clear call quality, a decent 5-megapixel shooter
Exceptional call quality, Good fit and finish
Inexpensive given its feature set, Excellent battery life
Large and bright screen, Affordable, Lightweight and comfortable design
Good performance, Low temperatures, Enhanced sound via DTS
Sturdy build, DLNA streaming and NFC
Cheap, solid, works as you'd hope and expect
Large IPS display, Good camera performance
Unpleasant, bloated Huawei software
Good display, Adequate performance
Handy Quick Key, MicroSD support
Camera shutter can be voice activated
Cheap, plastic build, Weak camera
Nice big screen, a large battery
Good price, Fast performance, World phone
Abysmal battery life, Runs older Android OS
Thin and light for a mid-range device
High-contrast AMOLED screen, Smooth user interface
Has almost all the features of its last flagship Galaxy S III
Jelly Bean out of the box
ReviewGist helps you find the best products to buy by making sense of online reviews.
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covering over 29,494 products.
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The length of this mountain range is approximately four hundred kilometers and belongs to Kyrgizstan. Highest chain point considered at an altitude more than five thousand meters above ocean level. On southern slope famous Lake Issyk-Kul. Kyrgyzstan tour operators note that ridge was formed where Tethys inland Sea used to be. In ancient times there were numerous sedimentary rocks. Mountains process formation attributed to thas period. According geologists, ridge formating procession continues to present day.
About local terrain features
Scientists say, this area characterizes asymmetry. So, on southernly escarpment landscape stretches gentle and short. Whereas on northern slope there’s a large expansion. Ground holes indicate that there hidden glacier. They contribute to territory unique color creation. Also, relief consists of snowy peaks, wild forests, sand cliffs and other natural formations.


Live 4- part Radio Interview with Patti Brassard and Pete Santilli 8-13-13.
Guerilla Media Network -episode #494. Just google this and type the #494 into the search box. The first 30 minutes is just bullshit. Forward it to half way mark to get to the interview part. (32:30…
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Gambling games for seniors
Which are the best options?
Merry Sweet commented
Yes, I agree with you. I like your point of view. Indeed, the entourage offers many advantages to top traders. I am pretty advanced in everything related to poker. I have been playing poker for a very long time. Strange as it may be, this was the first game my father taught me to play. You realize I was a little kid, and my dad taught me to play poker. He taught me poker because poker trains your logic best and makes you look at many situations in life logically and critically. And now I play in non-gamstop casinos UK and make money on poker :)
the link: https://www.pick7.bet/casinos-not-on-gamstop/

domain: entertainment