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This artist has been part of several comprehensive and tremendously enjoyable collections of Native American songs from different tribes. This was the first volume in his Cherokee series, and it is a winner. Kevin Lewis is a Cherokee/Navajo medicine man, as well as performer, or perhaps the two disciplines are intertwined. The sound of his voice hovers on the edge of a falsetto at times, sometimes almost seeming fragile as it undertakes delicate rhythmic twists and turns of phrase. For the listener, it is good medicine indeed. He is accompanied only by percussion, and one assumes there is another performer playing this beautiful accompaniment, although no one is identified. It could be Millard Clark, who produced this recording and also owns the label itself. The Cherokee rhythms are quite interesting. The playing on the normal Indian drum is incredibly light, almost more of a visual signal. The set of "Four Marriage Songs" introduces some kind of shakers, perhaps gourds, that sound good enough to eat. Since these shakers sometimes utilize animal teeth or bones, one might be able to say someone already did. The rhythm on these pieces is tantalizing, involving a complex repetition of rapidly moving triplets. Intensity builds on the second side with its "22 Black Star Songs," presented in a series with almost no interruption. The percussion is sharply recorded, and the vocal performance of Lewis is some of his best work. The songs are divided according to different themes, an overview of which gives the impression the Cherokee had their heads in the right place. Unfortunately, they were forced to leave that place. North Carolina would have been a lot better off with more Cherokee influence, and less Jesse Helms.
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AllMusic Review by Eugene Chadbourne


Dear Barry, Last year, I bought my first home. Being unfamiliar with real estate procedures, I failed to read most of the paper work. As part of this hasty oversight, I neglected to read the home inspection report. Instead, I relied on my agent, who told me there were no major problems in the report. I just signed the contract and closed the deal. But now I'm having problems with a leaky roof, and it turns out that this was reported by the home inspector. If I'd known about it in time, I'd have asked the seller to hire a roofing contractor and make repairs. But I was ignorant of the importance of a home inspection, so now I'm stuck with a major roof expense and wondering what to do. –Justin Dear Justin, "Ignorance is no excuse!" admonished the judge, with a stern wrap of the gavel...
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- Welcome to Education Eye, a regular update detailing the policies and stories happening in UK education, compiled by Steve Besley.
What's happened this week?
Important stories across the board this week:
The Queen’s Speech has been the big story of the week.
Critics saw it as thin gruel, but for education at least it included five related Bills, the promise of an Education Recovery Plan and five other associated items. There was plenty to get the teeth into.
Pitch-in talk of education and skills being used to turbocharge the economy and provide rocket fuel for the levelling up agenda, and the importance of education in this latest government legislative programme becomes all too apparent. In fairness, much of what was included in the Speech on education had already been announced, often many times before, but for the under-appreciated and under-funded FE and skills sector in particular, a bit of rocket fuel was a welcome boost. It might even, according to James Kirkup the director of the Social Market Foundation, provide Gavin Williamson with a bit of a bounce as well, given his advocacy of FE particularly over the last year,
So, what of the Speech and those stand-outs for education? Here’s a quick run through some of the details.
The five Bills included one on Freedom of Speech in higher education, published this week and legislating for the proposals published in February including the creation of a Free Speech Champion in the Office for Students (OfS), obligations on Student Unions, and powers for the OfS to impose fines. Wonkhe has a lively summary of the Bill here. Also of interest to HE was the (ARIA) Advanced Research and Agency Invention Bill, providing for the new high-profile research agency where legislation is currently going through Parliament.
Two other Bills of wider interest included the Professional Qualifications Bill, setting up a mutual system of professional qualifications following Brexit; and the Draft Online Safety Bill granting Ofcom a key role in regulating safety, particularly around children, and according to the Culture Secretary, instigating ‘a new age of accountability for tech.’ The draft Online Safety Bill has also been published this week.
But the big Bill for education, variously described by the PM as ‘transformative’ and ‘revolutionary’ was the Skills and Post-16 Education Bill. This will be published next week and put into legislation much of what was in the Skills for Jobs White Paper including the Lifetime Skills Guarantee, Loan Entitlement, and employer-led local skills planning, but also new accountability arrangements for providers. Issues at present include whether the Treasury will cough up the funding needed, the number of occupations excluded from the support, how responsive local skills planning might be and whether providers will be allowed/supported to get on and deliver.
Next, the Education Recovery Plan, seen as a high priority by the PM and where the Speech confirmed that the government was working with the Education Recovery Commissioner “to develop an ambitious, long-term plan that builds back a better and fairer education system in England.” No more details as yet, these are expected to be announced in a set-piece speech by the PM next month, but according to the i newspaper are likely to encompass three Ts: Time (extending the school day in secondary to allow for additional activities,) Tutoring, and Teaching quality. As with the Skills Bill, a lot will depend on how much investment is made available if this is to work.
Before we leave the Speech, there were five other items of interest for those in education. They included a commitment to deliver on the Early Years Healthy Development Review; a promised response to the consultation on reforming the Mental Health Act; backing for the Turing student exchange Scheme; further development of the Life Sciences sector; and a continuing promise on R/D: “My Ministers will oversee the fastest ever increase in public funding for research…” Many will want to see the colour of the money first.
Away from the Speech, in other education news this week, the government finally hit its target for free laptops; the DFE commissioned a major new study into modern childhood; Ofqual published a guide for students on this year’s exams; Ofsted reported on RE and geography in schools; government consultation on university admissions reform drew to a close; and Oxford University published its latest annual report on university admissions. Oh, and social media was awash with people declaring themselves unavailable for any potential hugging activity next week.
On a more serious note, it’s been Mental Health Awareness Week, and as Stephen Fry tweeted: ‘Those of us who’ve struggled, fought and sometimes come close to losing mental health battles know that the issue always needs to be at the forefront of any talk about national health. This week reminds us of that.’
The DfE in its contribution to mental health awareness week, put more money into staff training and resources, particularly as part of its education recovery programme, and made a number of commitments – nine in all – including integrating staff wellbeing as a policy test ‘where appropriate’ when looking at workload matters as its contribution to a staff wellbeing charter. While all of this is welcome, many will perhaps agree with ASCL’s Geoff Barton that there needs to be a greater focus on the factors which cause poor mental health, something Labour’s Wes Streeting will surely focus on in his new Shadow Cabinet post for child poverty.
The top headlines of the week:
- ‘Face masks no longer required in classrooms.’ (Monday)
- ‘Boris Johnson promises post-Covid skills overhaul.’ (Tuesday)
- ‘Universities could face fines over free speech breaches.’ (Wednesday)
- ‘Ofqual: University admissions shake-up could harm A’ level marking.’ (Thursday)
- ‘£13.5bn needed to help pupils catch-up, report says.’ (Friday)
- Queen’s Speech. The government set out its legislative programme for the coming year via the traditional format of the Queen’s Speech listing 31 Bills built around five ‘Building Back’ themes (better, stronger, safer, fairer, and greener) with levelling up a core theme and education and skills having a prominent role.
- Wellbeing Charter. The DfE published a Staff Wellbeing Charter drawn up by leading bodies in education, incorporating public commitments on supporting staff welfare from both the DfE and Ofsted and an 11-point charter providing a set of objectives for education providers generally.
- Government report card. The Institute or Government reported on what progress the government had made so far on its 2019 Manifesto commitments ahead of the new legislative programme, suggesting it had completed or was on track to complete, 137 of its 287 commitments, generally the most straightforward, with ‘varying progress’ on a further 75 including all of its school pledges with one for FE (on apprenticeships working on government projects ) and one for HE (on student loan rates) yet to start.
- Levelling Up Index. The Legatum Institute published its UK Prosperity Index showing the UK remaining as ‘one of the most prosperous nations in the world’ but with some deep underlying weaknesses in matters like community safety and labour market flexibility, pointing to the Index as a useful metric for monitoring levelling up.
- Levelling up. Forner government adviser Rachel Wolf argued in an important comment piece on ConservativeHome that levelling needed ‘to get real,’ listing a number of benchmarks and levers around local communities, crime, skills and jobs, and schools that could be used to substantiate progress.
- Public sector pay. The TUC took what it called ‘an unprecedented step’ and wrote to the Chairs of Pay Review Bodies including those for teachers, the police, prison staff and the NHS, calling on them to recognise and reward with ‘significant pay rises where affordable and necessary, the efforts of such key workers in keeping things going during the pandemic.
- Double trouble. The Resolution Foundation as part of a longer-term project funded by the Health Foundation, looked at the impact of the pandemic on young people suggesting they’d been hit by a double whammy of a decrease in employment opportunities but an increase in mental health conditions, calling for their needs to be prioritised in the recovery programme.
- Regional Scorecards. The CBI followed up its 2020 report on Reviving the Regions by publishing nine regional scorecards each with their own local priorities, context and contacts and covering most of the country.
- Cyber security. The National Cyber Security Centre launched its Early Warning notification service, an online service offering specialised alerts of malicious activity for organisations so that they can take necessary steps to protect themselves.
- Examining inequality. Pearson launched a new project, to be chaired by former Skills Minister Anne Milton, to examine inequalities in areas like education and employment thrown up by Covid and how far learning and skills can help overcome them, with a report set for this November.
- Childhood Study. The DfE announced the funding and commissioning of a major new study of ‘Children of the 2020s,’ led by researchers from UCL, Ipsos Mori, Anna Freud Centre, Oxford University and Birkbeck to examine the experiences of children and families growing up at a time of great change in the 2020s.
More specifically ...
- Operational guidance. The government confirmed relaxing the rules for face coverings, except for localised outbreaks, as it issued further extensive guidance for schools as part of the next stage for easing the lockdown.
- Exams 2021. Ofqual published a brief guide for students to explain how the exams system is intended to operate this year, outlining how grades will be determined, and quality assurance and appeals processes will operate, with a list of important dates both for general as well as technical/ vocational qualifications.
- Autumn 2021 exams. Ofqual confirmed that the autumn series of exams will assess students in the same way as had originally been planned for the summer 2021 series, meaning a reduced number of topics in many subjects.
- Recovery Plan.The Education Policy Institute outlined a comprehensive recovery plan for education, listing some ten key measures including small group tuition, extended school hours and an increase in the pupil premium, to help pupils catch up and likely to cost £13.5bn over a three-year period.
- Mental health support. The government confirmed that funding would be available as part of Mental Health Awareness Week to help train up more senior staff in schools and colleges as well provides further resources and support for those working on the Wellbeing for Education Recovery programme.
- School Admissions Code. The government confirmed that following consultation, its proposals for clarifying arrangements on in-year admissions for vulnerable children with set timescales and more effective Fair Access Protocols, would come into force as part of the Admissions Code from this September.
- Primary attendance. FFT Education Datalab examined attendance rates in primary schools last autumn using its now launched Aspire Attendance Tracker showing that along with some regional variations, Year 1 pupils and some from disadvantaged areas displayed the lowest attendance figures.
- Independent Schools. The Independent Schools Council published its latest Census and Annual Report based on data recorded in January indicating that while it’s been a ‘challenging’ year with a drop in the number of boarders and pupils generally, this was against a pre-pandemic high with international schools remaining popular.
- University admissions. Ofqual published its response to the government’s consultation on university post-qualification admissions (PQA) indicating that any squeezing of the time needed for marking of exams could compromise the quality of marking and capacity to deliver, calling instead for a range of other aspects, such as bringing the exam timetable forward and having a fixed results day, to be considered in any reform of the university admissions system.
- SEND support. Ofsted reported on its survey of special educational needs in schools in England noting a mix of approaches but the importance of working collaboratively and of a strong understanding of individual needs and learning development, given the difficult decisions staff often have to make.
- RE Research Review. Ofsted published the latest in its subject reviews reflecting on evidence gathered from inspections, in this case featuring RE identifying three different types of knowledge (substantive, ways of knowing, personal) and listing features, such as depth and sequencing, that help determine a high-quality curriculum.
- Geography lessons. Ofsted followed up its commentary on languages in outstanding primary schools by looking into geography finding it ‘universally strong’ in most primary schools visited although few teachers had actually been trained in the subject.
- Academy Trusts. The National Governance Association (NGA) published an updated version of its guidance for members of Academy Trusts setting out their remit as ‘guardians of the governance of the trust.’
- Skills Bill. The government promised in the Queen’s Speech to publish a Skills and Post-16 Education Bill next week, legislating for most of the proposals in the earlier Skills for Jobs White Paper and pledging to build momentum around skills training as part of future recovery.
- Operational guidance. The government issued its latest extensive guidance for providers for the next stage of the easing of the lockdown with rules relaxed on face coverings and extra-curricular activity and sports.
- Recovery Plan.The Education Policy Institute outlined a comprehensive, £13.5bn recovery plan for education with a number of costed measures for 16–19-year-olds including funding an additional year where needed, implementing a 16-19 Student Premium and supporting younger apprentices.
- Institutes of Technology. The government listed the 13 successful bids from Wave 2 applications for Institutes of Technology which now go through to a further stage of stress testing of proposals.
- Apprenticeship matters. The CIPD highlighted continuing concerns about the operation of the apprenticeship levy, pointing to employers losing nearly £2bn in levy funds over the last couple of years because they were unable to spend it and using what they had spent on concentrated management courses rather than programmes for younger people.
- Mental health tool. The Association of Colleges (AoC) announced the launch of a free-to-use app, the College Mental Health Self-Evaluation Tool (C-MET,) which can be used to ‘health check’ capacity on mental health and wellbeing as well as provide tips and guidance for a provider.
- Freedom of Speech. The government published its Bill on Freedom of Speech in HE as promised in the Queen’s Speech, strengthening the current requirements under the 1986 Education (No 2) Act and creating new duties such as requirements on registration for providers as indicated in the February policy paper along with a new statutory tort for breach of duties enabling an individual to sue for compensation if they’ve suffered loss.
- Return to campus. The government confirmed that remaining students could return to university and to face-to-face teaching next week as part of the latest easing of lockdown, albeit within a flow testing regime.
- Welcome back. The Universities Minister wrote an open letter to welcome back remaining students, acknowledging the ‘challenging time’ they’d faced and highlighting some extra funding and support the government had provided.
- Support for the Class of 2021. The government and Office for Students published a guidance toolkit to help those graduating this year plot the next stage of their careers with general tips and guidance on identifying skills, opportunities and helping with job applications.
- University admissions. The EDSK think tank posted its response to the government’s consultation on post-qualification admissions (PQA) building on its report in this area last year and arguing for a PQO system (post-qualification offer) based on students choosing universities rather than the other way round.
- Russell Group response. The Russell Group of Universities threw its weight behind a PQO system in its response to the government’s consultation on admissions reform but with a number of caveats including proceeding with caution and ensuring that a number of factors such as the sequencing of exams, offers, and start dates was resolved.
- Bigger picture on admissions systems. The Sutton Trust published its response to the government’s consultation on admissions reform favouring a PQA model while also looking at how other countries do it, pointing to the fact that of the 31 OECD countries considered, 20 have PQO systems and 11 PQA systems leaving the English system as ‘an international outlier.’
- Admissions Report. Oxford University presented its latest annual Admission Report for a year which has seen the University develop Virtual Open Days, welcome its first students under its new Opportunity Programme and continue the upward trend of recruits from disadvantaged and ethnic backgrounds.
- Modern Technical Education. Public First in conjunction with Aston and South Bank Universities examined the potential for Universities of Technology suggesting that after decades of false policy starts, these could help transform higher technical education and support levelling up but only with investment, local industrial strategies and some re-thinking around learning provision.
- Wider participation. Universities UK International looked at the participation of disadvantaged groups in studying and training abroad suggesting that many were missing out, calling for better targeted marketing and support with more flexible offers and access to bursaries and grants to help improve things
- Membership offer. The Quality Assurance Agency (QAA) launched its membership offer for 2021/22 built around five ‘interconnected themes’ including: delivery post-Covid, securing standards, and data-based decision making.
Memorable tweets and posts this week:
- “I’m guessing leaders who kept asking to cancel exams might be looking at their staff now and thinking maybe it wasn’t such a great shout. Teachers and middle leaders keep going but let’s never be in this situation again. Let’s never cancel exams again” | @MrBenParnell
- “Heard an awful story of an interview today. In the observed lesson: No TA Time changed Left on own for a period of the lesson Also: Asked to wait in the car park Told, after three hours, on the pavement, that they hadn't been successful. This is *not* how you treat people” | @mrlockyer
- “Wasp in my year 7 class.... Panic ensued. Just to reassure less experienced teachers that it happens to headteachers as well” | @Simon_Warburton
- “I’m pretty sure teachers lounges single handedly keep the prepackaged, frozen meal industry in business” | @MrDanielBuck
- “I lost some learning once - still missing it but not quite sure what it was” | @CMallaband
- “If hugging is coming back, can someone run a webinar to give the clarity we all need about whether you're supposed to hug, do 1 kisses or 2 when you meet people you *sort of* know at conferences?” | @TomRees_77>
- “I wonder if we can get an exemption lanyard from hugs” | @michael_merrick
A selection of quotes that merit attention:
- “This unlocking amounts to a very considerable step on the road back to normality and I am confident we will be able to go further” – the Prime Minister confirms that the four tests for easing Stage 3 of the lockdown have been met.
- “Growth rates will continue to vary across the EU, but all Member States should see their economies return to pre-crisis levels by the end of 2022” – the EU Commission publishes its 2021 Spring Economic Forecast.
- “It’s right that the golden thread in this legislative agenda is levelling-up the country. We haven’t got a moment to lose” – the CBI responds to the measures in the Queen’s Speech.
- “Truth be told, levelling up is a poor slogan” – Rachel Wolf offers some thoughts on what levelling up should really be about.
- “I am fully aware of the stress and frustration you may have felt this year at being unable to return to your university for in-person teaching due to the disruptions caused by the pandemic” – the Universities Minister welcomes remaining university students back on campus.
- “'This bill should be seen for what it is: the government using freedom of speech as a Trojan horse for increasing its power and control over staff and students' – the University and College Union (UCU) respond to the HE Freedom of Speech Bill.
- “An evolutionary survivor” – the principal of St Andrews University on the enduring importance of lectures.
- “For what it’s worth my dad’s hugely supportive of apprenticeships” – Euan Blair in an interview about skills and apprenticeships.
- “We’re all marking through weekends and late at night” – teachers tell The Guardian about the pressures of teacher-assessed marking for this year’s exams.
- “It is really important that you and your parents or carers don’t try to put your teachers under pressure to submit grades higher than the evidence supports” – Ofqual issues guidance for students on this year’s exams procedures.
The important numbers of the week:
- 31. The number of draft and proposed Bills listed in the Queen’s Speech.
- 1.5%. The contraction in the UK economy in the first quarter of the year, better than expected and followed by a 2.1% bounce in March according to latest data.
- 6.5%. The forecast high in unemployment by the end of this year, down from an earlier forecast of 7.5% according to the National Institute for Economic and Social Research (NIESR.)
- 68.6%. The proportion of students entering Oxford University from state schools in 2020, according to the latest report from the University.
- £80,000. The amount Mary Beard is giving as a ‘retirement present,’ to help two disadvantaged students study classics at Cambridge University.
- £17m+. The money announced by government as part of Mental Health Awareness Week to help schools and colleges with training and resources.
- 92.3%. The pupil attendance rate in state schools in England as of last Thursday, slightly down from 93% the week before according to latest government figures.
- 430,700. The number of children and young people in England with Education, Health and Care Plans as of January 2021, up 10% on the previous year according to latest government figures.
- 532,237. The number of pupils in Independent School Council schools, down from a high last year of 537,315 according to the Council’s latest Census.
- 1.31m. The number of laptops and tablets now delivered or dispatched for schools and colleges since the start of the scheme and thereby meeting its original stated target, according to latest government figures.
Everything else you need to know ...
What to look out for:
- ASCL Primary Conference. (Monday 17 May – Thursday 20 May)
- New Skills and post-16 Education Bill to be introduced. (Tuesday 18 May)
- Education Committee witness session with the Skills Minister. (Tuesday 18 May)
- National Numeracy Day. (Wednesday 19 May)
- WorldSkills UK International Skills Summit. (Wednesday 19 May)
- Time with Dad. There’s been a lot of discussion about how far the lockdowns have changed aspects of family life. In many cases, Mums have picked up a lot of the burden of schooling, parenting and supporting children but new research for the charity, the Fatherhood Institute, has also pointed to the growing involvement of Dads as well. Apparently, 68% spent more time on helping with school work and 59% did more housework, although starting points may have differed. Either way, many fathers are now reporting a better relationship with their children and feeling better about helping with their homework. The Fatherhood Institute has now called for employment policies to change to give more ‘Time with Dad.’ A link to the story can be found here.
- One of the perils of working from home has been that you never completely shut down, you’re always on tap for the quick call, zoom or message. According to an article in Prospect magazine this week, it’s given rise to a new disturbing trend: workcation or combining work and a vacation in one. Some may welcome this, being able to zoom work colleagues from the Tuscan hills or Portuguese pool but for others, including the author of the article, it’s an alarming trend. “The dubious concept of a workcation is really another way of describing the permawork that has been inflicted on so many people during the pandemic,” he writes. A link to the article can be found here.
- On the same page. There’s been an interesting debate on social media this week about which book would make or break a first date. For example, some reckoned mentioning Harry Potter books would put you in a good light, others said they would leave you looking a bit stuck in childhood. There were some obvious no-no books but apparently the most favoured in the sample was Ayn Rand’s ‘Atlas Shrugged.’ A link to the article can be found here.
That's it for this week. Watch this space and/or check in with my Twitter stream @stevebesley to make sure you don't miss out on the next issue of Education Eye.
If you find my policy updates useful, please consider donating to help support its publication. EdCentral is a not-for-profit social enterprise company and relies on donations to continue its work.
Disclaimer: Education Eye is intended to help colleagues keep up to date with national developments in the education sector. Information is correct at the time of writing and is offered in good faith. No liability is accepted by Steve Besley or EdCentral for decisions made on the basis of any information provided.

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The Top 5 Books A Hunter Must Own!
Someone might wonder what has books got to do with the hunter. There are a couple of resources that will do a hunter a lot of good, and this is from the standpoint that there are insights that can be gleaned from the experience of others.
When anyone documents an experience or a point of note about a vocation, people who share similar inclinations can learn a lot from such a view. My pick of the top 5 books a hunter must own, falls into the category of resources that will enrich a hunter’s worldview.
1. The Bear Hunter
This book by James T McCafferty and JIm McCafferty contains photographs by Mary Jay Bobo and Jay Haas. Pictures they say speak louder than words, and this is a huge complement that the images provide the reader of this book.
Robert Eager Bobo was a proven bear hunter in the Mississippi Delta. Several sporting journals in North America and other parts of the then known world were held spell-bound by his documented exploits. While Robert’s acclaim was well known in the century gone by, little is known about him today.
Reading the Bear Hunter will provide you first-hand hunting tales that can be outright fascinating to follow closely. The wonders of the 19th century Mississippi delta are well-documented as you follow Robert’s real-life quest for the black bear.
You will be treated to the essence of wading through the swamps and sloughs as well as the fury of the horse when it stumbles in the rough patch of the hunting trail. The book can be yours for less than $30 and the Kindle edition is also available.
2. Aldo Leopold‘s A Sand County Almanac
A first-person account of life on the hunting trail and how to manage wildlife is what A Sand County Almanac represents. This classic in nature writing is one that every hunter needs to read as he matures in hunting and wildlife exploration.
This book was first published in the year 1949, and it has not lost its allure and grip on hunting realities. The book is a compendium on the bounties that exist in the wild, and an outdoor enthusiast will do well to lay hands on it.
The book is a far cry from other books in terms of its headlines but it is compact in substance as far as hunting is the core of attraction. The author takes the reader through the chase of antlers and the development of a sense of self-reliance in the wild. The reader will able to appreciate how the hunter kills what he loves to go after, and the irony of this realization.
Anyone who talks big on fancy gear will have a rethink after wading through the pages of this book by a proven huntsman. The earliest edition might be dusty but it will cost some at least $200 to make it yours. Other reprints and later releases are available online.
3. Jose Ortega y Gassett’s Meditations on Hunting
To be a hunter and a philosopher is to combine two extremes in one, and expect to make the best out of the mix. Jose Ortega y Gassett comes up on the rare list of philosophers who have wandered in the real-life wild to hunt game
The Spanish author, Jose, wrote his book in the earliest part of the 20th century and his lessons and thoughts are as relevant today as they were way back in time. His words come clean in simplicity and this makes the book an easy read for anyone with interest in hunting. You will surely discover in Jose’s words, what happens to the hunter’s soul as he hunts and the kick he gets out of it all.
He likens hunting to a great getaway opportunity for anyone bored by normal daily life and desires the serenity of the mountains and the attendant hunting bounties. The next couple of days or hours alone in the wild are likened by the author to being Paleolithic! A simple dose of philosophy that anyone can grasp is what runs through the pages of the book.
4. Norman Maclean’s A River Runs Through It
This account of life by Norman Maclean is one that is rendered against the backdrop of a fisherman’s daily life’s challenges. The book is documented like poetry and it is a family tale that is best seen as a novella.
The musings of this writer include accounts of his father’s persuasion about life and the universe. He likens all good things to be the fruit of grace, which in turns is an art. He surmised art as no mean outcome, and certainly, every hunter will relish the feeling of making a nice kill. Such outcomes never come easy in the very words of Norman.
Norman has his early years in nondescript logging camps, and this led him to work with the Forest Service department in Missoula. He got caught up in academia during the rest of his life, which he spent in the Midwest and fringes of Eastern USA. His later years took him to Chicago, where he died in the year 1990. The book’s first edition can be purchased online with the first print selling for about $600.
5. Thomas McGuane’s The Longest Silence
This hunting account documented a fisherman’s experience and this was ensconced in accounts of failed marriages, affairs, and car wrecks. Thomas McGuane penned 33 essays in his book The Longest Silence, and they take the reader into a world of the endless pursuit of fish in this 1999 hunting masterpiece.
Like every hunter will readily agree with, Tom talked about the long waiting periods that look unproductive while waiting for the big catch. The angler’s tale is a rehash of the time-tested hunting virtue of patience. While a real-life hunter will agree with the scenario painted throughout the book as far as the hunting realities are concerned, those waiting for Hollywood-like tales will be disappointed.
A hunter who is not used to boredom and long periods of silence could pass for an amateur but the proven hunter knows that Thomas McGuane’s account is the true picture of everyday hunting and fishing practice. The used and cheap editions of this book can be yours on Amazon.

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A UN envoy said Thursday that the atmosphere for resuming the dialogue on Kosovo has been exacerbated over the past few months, Xinhua reports.
Zahir Tanin, the UN secretary-general’s special representative for Kosovo, told the Security Council of “a tendency to disrupt rather than de-escalate” the tension between Serbia and Kosovo.
“Recent developments in the relations between Pristina and Belgrade have complicated efforts to create an atmosphere conducive to dialogue and good-faith compromise,” he said.
Tanin also stressed the need for continued support by all council members for a renewed engagement between the two sides, saying that reducing tensions, enhancing mutual trust and removing obstacles to the dialogue are “crucial” to the region’s stability.
He said the UN mission in Kosovo that he leads is mobilizing resources to promote trust-building at all levels of the Kosovo society, and will continue coordination with partners on the ground.
Dominated by ethnic Albanians, Kosovo unilaterally declared independence from Serbia in 2008, which has not been recognized by Belgrade.
The two sides committed to a European Union-mediated dialogue with the signing of the Brussels agreement in 2013.
The negotiations stopped last December, after Pristina’s decisions to increase the tariff on goods imported from Serbia and Bosnia-Herzegovina from 10 to 100 percent, as well as to adopt three draft laws aimed at strengthening the role and capacity of the Kosovo Security Force.


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CD4+ T-cell immunity to the Burkholderia pseudomallei ABC transporter LolC in melioidosis.
- Karen K Chu, Patcharaporn Tippayawat, Nicola J Walker, Sarah V Harding, Helen S Atkins, Bernard Maillere, Gregory J Bancroft, Ganjana Lertmemongkolchai, Daniel M Altmann
- European Journal of Immunology SCI(E) SCOPUS
- Medline in 2011
- Cited Count
- MEDLINE®/PubMed® British Library
- Medicine > Immunology
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters, immunology, Animals, Burkholderia cenocepacia, Burkholderia mallei, Burkholderia pseudomallei, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Female, Glanders, HLA Antigens, genetics, Histocompatibility Antigens, Humans, Male, Melioidosis, Mice, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Mice, Transgenic, Polymorphism, Genetic
Abstract Burkholderia pseudomallei causes melioidosis, a disease with a wide range of possible outcomes, from seroconversion and dormancy to sepsis and death. This spectrum of host pathogen interactions poses challenging questions about the heterogeneity in immunity to B. pseudomallei. Models show protection to be dependent on CD4+ cells and IFN , but little is known about specific target antigens. Having previously implicated the ABC transporter, LolC, in protective immunity, we here use epitope prediction, HLA binding studies, HLA transgenic models and studies of T cells from seropositive individuals to characterize HLA restricted LolC responses. Immunized mice showed long lasting memory to the protein, whereas predictive algorithms identified epitopes within LolC that subsequently demonstrated strong HLA class II binding. Immunization of HLA DR transgenics with LolC stimulated T cell responses to four of these epitopes. Furthermore, the responsiveness of HLA transgenics to LolC revealed a hierarchy supportive of HLA polymorphism determined differential susceptibility. Seropositive human donors of diverse HLA class II types showed T cell responses to LolC epitopes, which are conserved among Burkholderia species including Burkholderia cenocepacia, associated with life threatening cepacia complex in cystic fibrosis patients and Burkholderia mallei, which causes glanders. These findings suggest a role for LolC epitopes in multiepitope vaccine design for melioidosis and related diseases.
2.Melioidosis: insights into the pathogenicity of Burkholderia pseudomallei.(2006) W Joost Wiersinga et al. Nature Reviews MicrobiologyBiology cited 0 times
3.A critical role for neutrophils in resistance to experimental infection with Burkholderia pseudomallei.(2007) Anna Easton et al. Journal of Infectious DiseasesOther Medicine cited 0 times
4.Repertoire of HLA-DR1-restricted CD4 T-cell responses to capsular Caf1 antigen of Yersinia pestis in human leukocyte antigen transgenic mice.(2010) Julie A Musson et al. Infection and Immunity
6.Complementarity and redundancy of the binding specificity of HLA-DRB1, -DRB3, -DRB4 and -DRB5 molecules.(2001) C Texier et al. European Journal of Immunology
9.Enhanced T-cell immunogenicity of plasmid DNA vaccines boosted by recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara in humans.(2003) Samuel J McConkey et al. NATURE MEDICINEPathology cited 0 times
10.Genomic plasticity of the causative agent of melioidosis, Burkholderia pseudomallei.(2004) Matthew T G Holden et al. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of AmericaGeneral Sciences cited 0 times

domain: biology


Jaco Clothing’s Women’s Performance Training Top is a very soft and stylish rashguard. Indeed, the product description states, “This Loose Compression Rashguard’s ultra-breathable Bamboo/Spandex blend provides a cashmere-like feel and comfortable formed fit that protects the skin during grappling and rolling.”
- Body: 95% rayon from bamboo, 5% spandex construction
- Panel: 87% polyester, 13% spandex
- 4-way stretch and ergonomic cut ensures an athletic contoured fit that forms to the body without limiting movement
- Strategically placed mesh panel designed to regulate body temperature
- Contrast princess paneling for an athletic feminine shape
- Flat-lock stitching for long-lasting durability
Note that the body is constructed with 95% rayon from bamboo, not bamboo. When I purchased the top, I thought bamboo was a unique, environmentally-friendly fabric component and that was the reason it was so soft, but since then I’ve discovered something much different. In his February 3, 2010 article, Bamboo-zled: FTC Says Retailers Fibbed About Bamboo Product Claims, Mitch Lipka shared:
“Using the term bamboo may appeal to many eco-conscious consumers,” James Kohm, the FTC’s Enforcement Division director told WalletPop. “These consumers, however, may be concerned about products made from bamboo that involve significant chemical processing, such as rayon. We want to make sure that consumers are not misled.”
Rayon is made from plants and trees, bamboo included, but it must go through a chemically-intensive process that results in a considerable amount of pollution – a fact that runs contrary to the environmentally-friendly claims of bamboo clothing.
Clothing made using bamboo fibers is not of the same silky smooth consistency as those made with rayon, the FTC said. Once bamboo or any other tree is turned into rayon, it is misleading to claim it is anything other than rayon because of the chemical bath used to convert the material from a natural product into rayon. It can be called “rayon made from bamboo,” which isn’t misleading as long as you understand there’s nothing environmentally friendly about rayon.
A CBC News article Bamboo Textiles No More ‘Natural’ Than Rayon reported similar findings:
“The Ottawa-based Canadian Apparel Federation agrees the description of bamboo as a natural fibre was somewhat misleading and has worked closely with the bureau on educating manufacturers and retailers about the new labelling requirements.
“Cottons or wools have been cleaned and carded, but they haven’t been transformed,” the federation’s executive director, Bob Kirke, said in an interview. “Man-made fibres are different – things like polyester. Labels don’t say petroleum; they say polyester, because there’s a specific way of labelling them. You don’t say oak or beech, or birch [on a label], but there are specific types of rayon that are made from beech.”
The rayon from bamboo used in this rashguard is not likely to contain the antimicrobial properties of the bamboo plant, nor is it biodegradable or “green” in any way. It’s just very, very soft. It reminds me of t-shirt sheets.
I only rolled in the Women’s Performance Training Top a few times. It feels like heaven against the skin when it’s dry, but when it gets wet it becomes heavy and stretches out more than I’d like. I was afraid someone would get their fingers or toes caught in the fabric and get injured. For rolling I prefer a fabric that maintains its shape and stays close to the body.
I did wear the top in a couple of videos because I love the look of it. You can see it in action in this technique video where Renzo Gracie black belt Peter Martell demonstrates the triangle:
Since then, I’ve only worn this rashguard as loungewear and pajamas. As active wear I feel it would be ideal for yoga, walking, or anything that wouldn’t cause it to become saturated in sweat.
The Performance Training Top has kept its shape very well since I bought it over a year ago. The seams didn’t unravel or split at any point but there are a lot of little pulls in the mesh panel on the back. Also, although the fabric hasn’t quite pilled yet, I can feel little fuzzies developing all over the rashguard, and the Jaco logo at the front hemline is cracked and beginning to peel, as is the inner label.
*Although the front and the back are different lengths, they sit at the same place at the hips due to the cut of the rashguard.
Jaco is on the right track regarding the overall style of the Women’s Performance Training Top. I feel it would be perfect if they had chosen a fabric similar to the surf-style rashguards like 93 Brand Jiu Jitsu’s Mandrill 2.0 (review coming soon).
I am glad to have the Jaco Women’s Performance Top for activities such as yoga and walking outdoors. I enjoy wearing the fun, flashy gear in the privacy of my club but I prefer plainer styles when I train among the general population.
The Jaco Women’s Performance Training Top is available for $39.99 at JacoClothing.com.


text:
But the Air Raid is outside, and I've been there and it can get cold, so I figure it's time I addressed my undergarment situation seeing as I don't want my bottom to freeze.
I need to work on making undergarments anyway. It's one of my deficits. Actually loungewear and undergarments are big holes in my wardrobe. I think I'm going to work on those for the rest of the month.
I pulled out all of my cotton flannel for jim jam pants. Mmmm, toasty.
I decided to pull out a couple of my slip patterns and whip some up. I narrowed it down to the one I'm sick of seeing, and another princess seamed one. I think you can tell which one I chose.
I looked through my stash and grabbed a few yards of this heavy fabric I had. I didn't know what it's content was so I did a burn test. I was totally surprised to discover that it was not a polly blend. It appears to be a cotton/rayon blend, more heavy on the cotton. Yay! It's a bit brushed so that was the side that I'll put on the inside.
I sized up the pattern, just a bit, then cut out the pieces.
By the by, tomato paste cans make *great* fabric weights. I realized I was glad that I used this fabric for a slip because it's off the grain.
I'm also glad I caught that after the second piece which was on grain. It was strange, like the grain was all wobbly. It's a slip, so I'm not too worried about it. It's not so bad that I have to worry about twisting. The fabric isn't the best for my skin tone anyway, so a slip it shall be.
I could have finished this thing in one day but I started it at 4pm, and after working with the pattern it just got too late to sew. It's all pinned and ready to go, so I'm calling this a day project. I think I'll make a couple more of these, maybe even add short sleeves to another one, if not this one.
I know this will do the trick at keeping me warm. I'm getting excited!

domain: design


text:
Vietnamese Shaking Beef
This beloved Vietnamese dish is named after the “shaking” motion used to move the beef around the wok while it cooks. Serve it with jasmine rice.
Serves: 4Hands-on: 15 minutesTotal: 15 minutesDifficulty: Easy
- 1 lb. filet mignon or rib eye steak, cut into ½" cubes
- 1 Tbsp. minced garlic
- 1 small shallot, thinly sliced
- ½ tsp. ground black pepper
- 2 Tbsp. vegetable oil, divided
- 1 Tbsp. unsalted butter
- 1 Tbsp. Maggi Seasoning
- ¼ cup fresh cilantro
- In a large bowl, mix the beef, garlic, shallots, black pepper, and 1 tablespoon oil.
- Heat a large wok over medium-high heat. Add 1 tablespoon oil to the wok and when it begins to slightly smoke, carefully toss in the beef mixture. Quickly stir-fry for 2–3 minutes and remove from heat.
- Stir in the butter and Maggi Seasoning. Remove to a plate and top with cilantro.

domain: food


text:
Unleash Nature's Potential with Culterra General 2:3:2 (22)—The All-Rounder Garden Fertiliser! 🌳🌼
Say hello to your garden's new best mate! Culterra General 2:3:2 (22) is the all-in-one solution designed to sprinkle life into every corner of your garden. From verdant lawns to blooming flowers, it's the transformative touch your green sanctuary has been craving.
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- Greener Lawns: Marvel at lush, carpet-like lawns. 🌱
- Sturdier Trees: Watch trees stand tall and robust. 🌳
- Vibrant Blooms: Revel in the colour explosion of your flower beds. 🌼
Let Nature Reward You! 🌺🍅
Tap into the pure joy that a healthy, beautiful garden brings. Allow yourself the simple, profound pleasure of stepping into a garden that's not just surviving but thriving.
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Don’t Let Your Garden Settle for Anything Less! 🛒🌱
Ready for the garden you've been dreaming of? Click 'Add to Cart' now, and take the first step towards a greener, brighter, more joy-filled tomorrow!

domain: hobby


A young girl was dramatically rushed to hospital by the London Air Ambulance after she was hit by a car in South Ruislip.
Officers from the Metropolitan Police dashed to the scene just after 3pm on Wednesday (December 4) after receiving emergency calls.
Police were told there had been a crash involving a car and a pedestrian on Queens Walk, at the junction with Down Barnes Road.
On arrival police found the young girl who was a pedestrian and the driver of the car, who had stopped.
The girl was flown to hospital by London's Air Ambulance and thankfully her condition is described as not life-threatening or life-changing.
The driver of the car was not arrested by the police.


|Publication number||US5800666 A|
|Application number||US 08/726,609|
|Publication date||Sep 1, 1998|
|Filing date||Oct 7, 1996|
|Priority date||May 16, 1994|
|Also published as||CA2149201A1, US5598493|
|Publication number||08726609, 726609, US 5800666 A, US 5800666A, US-A-5800666, US5800666 A, US5800666A|
|Inventors||Harry B. Bonham, Jr., Richard E. Lucas, Jr.|
|Original Assignee||Alcatel Network Systems, Inc.|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (22), Classifications (15), Legal Events (11)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
This application is a divisional application of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/243,142, filed May 16, 1994 and entitled "Method and System for forming an Optical Fiber Microlens," now U.S. Pat. No. 5,598,493.
The present invention relates to a technique for fabricating an optical fiber with a lensed end face and, more particularly, method and system for forming an optical fiber microlens to a fiber lensing technique that uses precisely-controlled wet chemical etching to form the desired microlens shape.
The usefulness of a fiber optic transmitter module depends in part on the ability of the module to transfer light from the energy source into the optical fiber that transmits the light. Forming a microlens on the end of the fiber, i.e., a "microlens", improves transfer of light from the energy source to the optical fiber. There are limitations, however, in the current or known methods for forming such microlenses. For example, while many techniques exist to manufacture microlenses, none has both the flexibility to make a number of different types or shapes of microlenses and the ability to be used in a large-scale production environment. That is, while some techniques provide flexibility in microlens configurations, other techniques may be scaled for production. Present methods include techniques known by the following names: (1) draw and lensing; (2) mechanical machining; (3) laser machining; (4) bubble etch and lensing; and (5) taper etch and lensing.
In the draw and lensing technique, forming a microlens begins by attaching a weight or otherwise applying a pulling force on the fiber and then placing the fiber in an arc. The arc softens the fiber so that the pulling force may draw it to a taper. After fiber separation, the arc melts the tip to form a hemispherical microlens. A limitation of this technique is that it can only form hemispherical microlenses. This technique is also very difficult to control. Room air currents, mechanical vibrations, and other external factors affect the microlens formation. The inability to control these factors therefore severely limits the draw and lens technique in mass production facilities.
Mechanical machining entails machining, grinding, and polishing the optical fiber lens end. Mechanical machining provides flexible microlens configurations, but is excessively expensive. As a result, mechanical machining is not feasible for mass production processes.
Laser machining is similar to mechanical machining, but uses a laser such as a CO2 laser to ablate the fiber end. The laser machining technique can make a variety of microlens configurations and is less expensive than mechanical machining. This technique, however, has little use in a mass production environment. This is because each fiber must be fixed in a rotating stage and individually machined. The need to carefully process each fiber, therefore, makes volume production using laser machining impractical.
The bubble etch and lensing technique is a two-step process that etches the fiber to a point and then places the end of the fiber in an arc to form a hemispherical microlens. In the bubble etch and lensing technique, the optical fiber is etched in a bubble enclosure to keep hydrofluoric acid fumes from attacking the fiber above the taper. This method, like the laser machining method, possesses the problems of being labor intensive, difficult to control, having a low production yield, and only able to produce hemispherical microlenses.
In the taper etch and microlensing technique, the fiber is etched to a point using an oil boundary method instead of the bubble enclosure that the bubble etch and lensing technique uses. The fiber microlens is formed using an electric arc. While this process is easy to control and to scale for production volumes, the only microlens configuration that this process permits is hemispherical microlenses. It has been shown, however, that an ideal optical fiber microlens should have a hyperbolic microlens. This is because the ideal optical fiber lens should have an aperture large enough to collect all laser radiation. It should have a focal length that matches the laser and fiber modes. It also should be free of spherical aberrations. Moreover, an ideal optical fiber microlens should be coated to eliminate Fresnel reflections. H. M. Presby and C. A. Edwards in an AT&T Bell Laboratories "Electronic Letter" dated Mar. 12, 1992 illustrate that in order to meet these requirements the ideal shape for a microlens of a optical fiber cable is hyperbolic. None of the above described methods, however, provide a hyperbolic optical fiber microlens in a process that has significant application in a manufacturing environment.
Accordingly, there is a need for a method to produce an optical fiber lens that can produce a hyperbolic microlens in high production volumes.
There is a need for a method for producing an optical fiber microlens that accommodates large production volumes and that is flexible for a variety of microlens configurations.
There is a further need for a method for producing an optical fiber microlens that is easy to perform and to control and that manufacturing environment air currents, mechanical vibrations, or other external factors do not adversely affect.
The present invention, accordingly, provides a method for forming a microlens on an optical fiber that addresses and overcomes limitations and disadvantages associated with existing methods for forming a microlens.
According to one aspect of the invention there is provided a method for forming a microlens on an optical fiber that includes the steps of inserting the optical fiber at a predetermined controlled speed to a predetermined depth in a bath having an oil layer, an acid layer, and a boundary between the oil layer and the acid layer. The technique etches the optical fiber at the boundary by forming a meniscus around the optical fiber to selectively and controllably form a microlens having a predetermined shape on the optical fiber. Movement of a precision stepper motor with which the optical fiber associates controls the predetermined shape of the microlens. A processor executes a set of instructions to control the stepper motor speed and, thereby, control the form of the optical fiber. The method of the present invention, thus, uses an oil-acid meniscus to selectively etch the ends of the optical fiber. Because of the variety in possible motor speeds and speed changes, the method of the present invention permits forming precise microlenses that may have a variety of configurations.
A technical advantage of the present invention is that it allows forming practically any convex or outwardly angled microlens configuration through precisely programming the operation of the stepper motor. In addition, the technique is easily scaled to volume production and is virtually independent of operator skill. In implementing the present invention, for example, optical fiber cables are first cut to length and the cable's organic buffer is stripped to expose the optical fiber for etching. The fibers are then placed side by side in a fixture. The fibers are preferably perpendicular to the fixture with the stripped ends adjacent. The number of fibers simultaneously processed is a function only of the fixture size. The fixtured fibers are set on and attached to a platform that is mechanically attached to the programmable stepper motor. The stepper motor lowers the fixtured fibers into a bath of hydrofluoric acid and oil according to commands from a process control computer.
Since the stepper motor motion is controlled by a computer, the amount of fiber exposed to the acid may be precisely controlled. The stepper motor resolution, for example, may be as small as 0.1 micron. The acid bath, in one embodiment, is 48% hydrofluoric acid with approximately 0.25 inches of oil covering the acid's surface. The acid chemically machines the fiber. The oil serves as an etch stop that prevents hydrofluoric acid fumes from attacking the fiber above the bath. Etching to form the desired microlens takes place in the meniscus that surrounds the cable at the acid-oil boundary.
An important point to notice is that since the height of the meniscus is proportional to the diameter of the fiber, the fiber is etched to a cone with a well-controlled included angle. The included angle is a function of relative densities and surface tensions of the selected acid and oil. The included angle is, consequently, extremely repeatable. After etching to a taper, the stepper motor lowers the fiber by a precise distance into the acid. This precise distance may be measured in tenths of microns. The fiber is then etched for a predetermined time that the stepper motor control algorithm controls. Next, the fiber is lowered again. This procedure continues until the microlens has the desired microlens configuration. Finally, the optical fiber is removed from the etchant. The optical fiber is then rinsed first of all in water and secondly in alcohol. The process of the present embodiment is easy to perform and to repeat, easy to scale to production volumes, and capable of forming a variety of microlens configurations.
Another technical advantage of the present invention is that the method may apply to more than forming an optical fiber microlens. For example, any thin rod, whether a flexible fiber or a thin rigid member may have an end formed according to the present method. For further example, a probe tip for which a desired end is necessary may be formed using the present invention. These, and other applications, of the precisely controlled tip forming technique that has the ability to form a shape according to various mathematical control instructions are within the scope of the present invention.
The invention and its modes of use and advantages are best understood by reference to the following description of illustrative embodiments when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 illustrates a device for inserting a optical fiber into an acid-oil bath to form the microlens of the present embodiment;
FIGS. 2a through 2d provide plan views of a bar clamp for holding numerous optical fibers that may be inserted into the acid-oil bath of the present embodiment;
FIGS. 3a through 3d illustrate the microlens forming steps of the present embodiment;
FIG. 4 provides a conceptual diagram of an optical fiber microlens to illustrate the steps of a hyperbolic microlens;
FIG. 5 illustrates a flow diagram exemplary of one embodiment of the present invention; and
FIGS. 6 through 10 explain the benefits of forming a hyperbolic optical fiber lens according to the present embodiment.
The illustrative embodiments of the present invention are best understood by referring to the FIGS., wherein like numerals are used for like and corresponding parts of the various components.
FIG. 1 shows optical fiber microlens forming device 10 that mounts to pedestals 12 on base 14. On base 14 are tank 16 and lowering mechanism 18. Lowering mechanism 18 is perpendicular to base 14 and includes lowering gear 20 to which lowering bar 22 attaches. Lowering bar 22 holds two bar clamps 24 and 26. Bar clamps 24 and 26 are parallel to tank 16 which contains an acid-oil multi-layer bath 28. On lowering bar 22 stabilizing arms 30 and 32 maintain clamps 24 and 26 in a horizontal position. Lowering bar 22 engages lowering gear 20 for raising and lowering bar clamps 24 and 26. Lead screw 34 connects to the rotating shaft of stepper motor 36 to control the vertical position of lowering bar 22. Stepper motor 36, therefore, controls the vertical placement of lowering bar 22. A computer including a program having instructions to form a microlens of the desired shape, as described in more detain herein, controls the operation of stepper motor 36. Lamp holder 38 permits control of clamp 40 to position bar clamps 24 and 26 within lowering bar 22.
FIGS. 2a through 2d show various views of bar clamps 24 or 26. In particular, FIGS. 2a and 2b show horizontal and vertical long side views of optical fiber engaging side 42 of bar clamp 24, for example. Optical fiber engaging side 42 is straight and includes grooves 44 for receiving optical fibers. Optical fiber engaging side 42 includes thread holes 46 that permit securing optical fiber engaging side 42 with opposite side 48 that FIG. 2b shows, likewise in horizontal and vertical long side views. Optical fiber engaging side 42 also includes slots 50 that permit mounting bar clamp 24 on lowering bar 22. As FIGS. 2c and 2d show, opposite side 48 is flat and does not have grooves 44 that optical fiber engaging side 42 possesses. Like optical fiber engaging side 42, however, opposite side 48 includes holes 52 for receiving a fastening bolt for clamping to engaging side 42 and slots 54 for positioning the resulting bar clap 24 within lowering bar 22.
FIGS. 3a-3d illustrate progressive steps of the present method. Beginning at FIG. 3a, optical fiber 60 is inserted into oil-acid bath 28 that includes oil layer 62 and acid layer 64. As FIG. 3a illustrates, optical fiber 60 is inserted into oil-acid bath 28 so that meniscus 66 forms. Meniscus 66 coats optical fiber 60 with acid 64 and etches optical fiber 60 at oil-acid boundary 68. As the acid in meniscus 66 eats away fiber 60, it changes in height and forms included angle 70 in fiber 60. Included angle 70 having point 72 forms taper 74 of optical fiber 60, as FIG. 3b shows. In FIG. 3c, optical fiber 60 is then moved in relation to acid 64 to a predetermined point on taper 74 so that, as FIG. 3d illustrates, rounded end 76 results. Thereafter, according to FIG. 3d, optical fiber 60 is reinserted into acid 64 to finish and form hyperbolic microlens 78. There may be other movements of fiber 60 relative to acid 64 that form desired shapes for microlens 78. These movements correspond to various mathematical expressions as described below. In FIGS. 3a through 3d, therefore, optical fiber 60 is etched by meniscus 66 that oil layer 62 forms. This procedure first forms taper 74 and then chemically mills the microlens to the desired shape such as hyperbolic taper 78. The height of the meniscus 66 determines the magnitude of included angle 70 of taper 74, as FIG. 3b illustrates.
To determine the location of the oil-acid boundary 68, two probes attach to a conductance meter (not shown) that associates with lowering bar 22. When conductance abruptly increases, this means that the two probes are in acid layer 64 and that optical fiber 60 is in position to form taper 74. After forming taper 74, stepper motor 36 lowers optical fiber 60 into acid layer 64 a predetermined distance according to the desired location of the microlens on taper 72. Stepper motor 36 of the present embodiment lowers optical fiber 60 in 0.1 micron increments, stopping to allow etching after each step, as FIG. 3d shows. A computer controls the procedure with the programming including equations that calculate the desired location of the microlens on the taper and the required etch times for each step. These are discussed in the text associated with FIG. 4.
FIG. 4 shows the progressive formation of hyperbolic microlens 78. As a result of the process of FIGS. 3a and 3b, taper 74 results in a conical section having included angle 70 and point 72. After forming taper 74, precision control of inserting optical fiber 60 achieves rounded end 74 as part of hyperbolic microlens 78. The following discussion explains why the hyperbolic shape of microlens 78 is preferable over other forms of microlens. Note, however, that although there may be other ways to show why a hyperbolic microlens form on optical fiber is preferable, the following explanation suffices for the present purposes.
To completely define the process of forming optical fiber microlens 78 in the present embodiment, equations for etch times, fiber positions are derived and herein below described. Thus, its useful to determine etch taper time, T, the distance, L0, to lower optical fiber 60 into acid 64, the maximum length, Lmax, of taper 74, the incremental time at each position, s(i) for each increment. The following discussion describes one method of determining the value of these parameters. There may be other ways to determine these parameters based on the desired microlens configuration, the geometry of the optical fiber microlens, and other parameters that may be relevant to the present embodiment.
Calculating the Etch Taper Time, T: Previous studies establish the etch rate of optical fiber 60 in 45% hydrofluoric acid to be 3.48 μM/min. The diameter of such fiber is 125 μM. Thus, minimum etch time is 35.92 minutes or 2155 seconds. This time may be extended to provide a desired process margin. In general, however, if D is the fiber diameter and Q the etch rate, then the minimum etch time, T, has the following expansion: ##EQU1##
Since the process of etching a taper automatically stops when the acid-oil meniscus drops to zero (i.e., oil-acid boundary 68 flattens), the time that Equation (7) yields is only a minimum. For the implementation 2400 seconds of the present embodiment was chosen.
Calculating the Location, L0, of Microlens 78 on Taper 74: The location, L0, of microlens 78 on fiber taper 74 depends on the radius, Rmax, of the desired microlens 78. See FIG. 4. To assure that all light reaching microlens 78 travels into the fiber core, Rmax should be as a minimum equal to radius of the fiber core, i.e., C/2, where C is the core diameter. For the present embodiment, for example, Rmax was arbitrarily chosen to be 20% larger than the core radius. Using these restrictions, the following relationship is preferable:
Rmax =0.6×C (2)
In FIG. 4, the cross hatched area represents the part of optical fiber 60 in taper 74 etching remove during formation of microlens 78. The distance L0 is the initial distance that the fiber is lowered into acid to locate microlens 78 on the fiber. By inspection of FIG. 4,
L0 =Lmax -Zmax (3)
Lmax may be determined from the etch taper and Rmax and Zmax may be determined from the desired Rmax and from the Equation that describes the desired microlens shape. Thus: ##EQU2## Consequently, from Equations (9) and (10): ##EQU3## Where, a and b are known functions of core index of refraction and desired microlens focal length, respectively.
Calculating the Incremental Etch Time, s(i), for Each Interval, i: Let di be the thickness of optical fiber 60 material etching at z=zi removes. The radius of microlens 78 and the radius of taper 74 are as follows: ##EQU4## From these relationships, the distance di etched has the value d1 =Fi -li and the time, ti, to etch optical fiber 60 this distance ##EQU5## Now, Q is the fiber etch rate in μM/min. From Equations (6) and (7), ##EQU6## Let x be the step distance of stepper motor 36 in μM, then it is possible to calculate n as: ##EQU7## Since n is an integer, it is preferable the brackets around Zmax /X mean that the non-integer real number value that Equation (15) produces is rounded to the next higher integer. ##EQU8##
Equation (10) defines an appropriate etch time, ti, for any i to etch from taper 74 fiber to microlens 78. Since optical fiber 60 is lowered into acid 68, the material etched in increment i has been previously etched along with the material in increment i-1. If s(i) is the incremental etch time at step i, then
s(i)=ti -ti-1 -ti-2 -. . . -t0
In general, therefore, the incremental etch times s(i) (i=1, . . . , n) are: ##EQU9##
Having derived the above parameters, it is possible to precisely control stepper motor 36 so that it produces the desired microlens 78 shape. FIG. 5 describes an exemplary process for this purpose.
FIG. 5 shows flow chart 80 that defines a procedure for forming microlens 78 of the present embodiment. Beginning with flow chart 80 the data enter step 82 is the step of first entering data for the desired microlens 78 shape. After enter data step 82, process control of the present embodiment begins at starts step 84. At lower step 86, stepper motor 36 lowers bar clamps 24 and 26 that have in them many optical fibers 60 in the direction of acid-oil bath 28. Optical fibers 60 first enter oil layer 62 and proceed to acid layer 64. At step 88 a query occurs of whether there is a significant increase in the conductance for the two conductance probes. If not, lowering continues by program control returning to lower step 86. If the conductance has changed, then program flow goes to stop step 90 where the process stops for T seconds and sets a variable Y equal to 0 (T equalling the etch taper time and Y equalling the distance that fiber 60 lowers into acid layer 64). Then a counter is set to 0 at initialize step 92.
At step down step 94, precise movement of optical fiber 60 begins. Stepper motor 36 controls the position of optical fiber 60 by responding to control signals from the controlling computer. The controlling computer produces these signals in accordance with the control instructions that flow chart 80 describes, as well as the data from data enter step 82. The formula established in connection with FIG. 4, for example, delineates time and optical fiber 60 positions for forming the desired microlens 78. At query 96, a test of whether optical fiber 60 is to remain in its current position for a predetermined non-zero time, s(i), occurs. That is, if s(i) is not greater than zero, then it is time to pull out optical fiber 60 from bath 28 and stop the process. Program flow, therefore, goes to stop step 98. If s(i) is greater than zero, then optical fiber 60 is stopped for s(i) seconds at its present position according to stop step 100. Counter step 102 then increments the program. Program flow then returns to step down block 94.
The work of H. M. Presby and C. A. Edwards of AT&T Bell Laboratories published in "Electronic Letter", 12th Mar. 1992 indicates that an ideal microlens should have an aperture large enough to collect all laser radiation, a focal length that matches the laser and fiber modes, be free of spherical aberration, and have a coating that eliminates Fresnel reflections. To meet these requirements the present embodiment provides the solution of an ideal microlens 78 shape having a hyperbolic surface. FIG. 6 details the derivation of this result.
Referring to FIG. 6, the parameters that appear have the following definitions: f is the focal length of the microlens; z is the distance within the microlens at which point the microlens radius is R; L is the distance from the focal point to the microlens at point (z R,); and n (not shown) is the index of refraction for the fiber core.
L2 =R2 +(f+z)2 =R2 +f2 +z2 +2zf(12)
To keep the optics in phase at points (0,R) and (z,R), it is necessary to establish the following relationship:
This means, from Equation (12) that
L2 =f2 +n2 f2 +2nzf (14)
The Equation (14) relationship produces the result: ##EQU10## By completing the square in Equation (15) and setting: ##EQU11## the following relationships are formed: ##EQU12##
Which is the equation for a hyperbola with the following asymptotes: ##EQU13##
Equations (17), (18), and (19) completely describe microlens 78 of the present embodiment in terms of the desired focal length, f, and the index of refraction of the fiber core, n. The index of refraction is not a variable, but focal length can be selected as a compromise between manufacturability and maximizing coupling efficiency. Forming assures that light arriving at the fiber core will be in phase, providing microlens to laser distance is focused. Since light from the laser is divergent, only that portion arriving on the fiber core will be coupled into the fiber. Fiber core diameter, laser output distribution, and manufacturing capability are variables that define and optimize microlens focal length. Light from a chip laser is distributed Guassian from a normal to its facet, as shown in FIGS. 7 and 8.
The following discussion explains the laser output distribution applicable to the present embodiment. With C equal to the diameter, the core area is: ##EQU14## The cross sectional area of light leaving the laser is: ##EQU15## Since all light arriving in the core is in phase, the expected coupling efficiency is: ##EQU16##
The Equation (22) assumes that all of the light arriving at microlens 78 couples into optical fiber 60. Fresnel reflections reduce the coupled light to: ##EQU17##
Since the light that a laser emits follows a Guassian distribution, all of the light will not strike microlens 78. As can be seen in FIG. 8, the width of light distribution is defined as the Full Width Half Maximum or FWHM light. FWHM is equivalent to two standard deviations. Thus, 68% of light output is enclosed within FWHM and 95% of the laser's output is within 1.96×FWHM. If FWHM=Θ, to assure that 95% of light arrives at microlens 78, then φ=Θ×2 must be satisfied. ##EQU18## FIG. 9 illustrates the relationship between coupling efficiency and focal length.
Examination of Equation (28), shows that maximum coupling occurs when: ##EQU19##
This Equation (27) is particularly interesting, since it relates microlens, fiber, and laser properties. The relationship is plotted below in FIG. 10. Typically, FWHM is less than 35 degrees, and optical fiber 60 effective core diameter is about 9 μM. For these conditions, coupling efficiency is maximized for a microlens focal length is about 6.4 μM. The selection of focal length is a compromise between manufacturing capability and coupling needs. The shorter focal lengths required for high coupling efficiency require much more care during alignment, to prevent laser damage. A 6 μM spacing between laser and fiber is practical for many applications since alignment and fiber anchoring are facilitated by automated processes.
Using 6 μM for focal length and 1.471 for the index of refraction, Equations (16) and (17) yield,
a=2.428 and b=2.620 uM! (27)
and Equations (18) and (19) yield a complete definition for microlens 78.
A technical advantage of the present invention is that it allows, through programming the operation of the stepper motor 36, formation of practically any microlens 78 configuration. In addition, the technique of the present embodiment is easily scaled to volume production and is virtually independent of operator skill. In implementing the present embodiment, for example, optical fibers 60 are first cut to length and the fiber organic buffer is stripped to expose the optical fiber for etching. Optical fibers 60 are then placed side by side in bar clamps 24 and 26. Optical fibers 60 are preferably perpendicular to oil-acid bath 28 with the stripped ends adjacent in bar clamps 24 and 26. The number of fibers simultaneously processed is a function only of the size of bar clamps 24 and 26 and optical fiber lensing device 10.
A computer driven or controlled stepper motor 36 precisely controls the amount of each optical fiber 60 that is exposed to acid layer 64. The resolution of stepper motor 36, for example, may be as small as 0.1 micron. Acid bath 64, in one embodiment, is 48% hydrofluoric acid with oil layer 62 having a depth of approximately 0.25 inch. Acid in acid layer 64 chemically machines optical fiber 60. Oil layer 62 serves as an etch stop that prevents fumes from acid layer 62 from attacking optical fiber 60 above oil-acid bath 28. Etching to form microlens 78 takes place in meniscus 66 at oil-acid boundary 68.
An important observation associated with the present embodiment, is that since the height of meniscus 66 is proportional to the diameter of optical fiber 60, optical fiber 60 is etched to taper 72 that has well-controlled included angle 70. Included angle 70 is a function of relative densities and surface tensions of the acid in acid layer 62 and oil in oil layer 64. As a result, included angle 70 is extremely repeatable. After etching optical fiber 60 to taper 72, stepper motor 36 lowers optical fiber 60 a precise distance into acid layer 62. This precise distance as described above may be measured in tenths of a micron. Optical fiber 60 is then etched for a predetermined time T that stepper motor 36 control instructions provide. Next, optical fiber 60 is lowered again into oil-acid bath 28. This procedure continues until microlens 78 has the desired configuration. Finally, optical fiber 60 is removed from the etchant and rinsed first in water and then in alcohol. This process is easy to perform and to repeat, easy to scale to production volumes, and capable of forming a variety of microlens configurations.
In summary, the present embodiment provides a method and apparatus for forming microlens 78 on optical fiber 60 that includes the steps of inserting optical fiber 60 at a predetermined controlled speed to a predetermined depth in oil-acid bath 28 which includes oil layer 62, acid layer 64, and boundary 68 between oil layer 62 and the acid layer 64. Next steps are to etch optical fiber 60 at boundary 68 by forming around optical fiber 60 meniscus 66 to selectively and controllably form microlens 78. The etching step includes tapering the optical fiber to taper 74 that is determined by the distance that optical fiber 60 is first inserted into acid layer 64. The etch step further includes the step of chemically milling microlens 78 on optical fiber 60 to a predetermined shape by controlling the rate of vertically positioning optical fiber 60 relative to acid layer 64 and, thereby, controlling the rate of etching optical fiber 60.
In one alternative embodiment of optical fiber lensing device 10, for example, there may be more than two bar clamps 24 and 26. Moreover, there may be more than one stepper motor 36 for each oil-acid bath 28. Also, hemispherical lenses, conical lenses, as well as, parabolic or other shapes of lenses may be formed using the present embodiment. There may also be changes to the various steps of the control program for stepper motor 36. Another alternative embodiment contemplates use of the present invention in forming a structure other than an optical fiber microlens. For example, any thin rod, whether a flexible fiber or a thin rigid member may have an end formed according to the present method. For further example, a probe tip for which a desired end is necessary may be formed using the present invention. These, and other applications, of the precisely controlled tip forming technique that has the ability to form a shape according to various mathematical control instructions are within the scope of the present invention.
There are any number of other alternatives or changes in the design of optical fiber lensing device 10 and the steps of the present embodiment which may be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art. Such alternatives may not be employed in the device of the preferred embodiment for any number of reasons, such as costs and performance considerations, size constraints, availability of materials, arbitrary design decisions, and the like. A number of these alternatives have been mentioned above. However, it is felt worthwhile to mention several other alternatives here for purpose of example of such alternative embodiments. This is, of course, done without limitation of other embodiments which may be equally obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art, but are not mentioned here because of time and space constraints. Thus, the invention is intended to be limited only by the claims which are meant to cover such obvious alternatives and deviations from the present embodiment.
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|U.S. Classification||156/345.15, 216/26, 156/345.23, 216/91, 216/11, 216/24|
|International Classification||G02B6/245, G02B6/42, G02B6/25|
|Cooperative Classification||G02B6/4203, G02B6/25, G02B6/245|
|European Classification||G02B6/245, G02B6/42C2B, G02B6/25|
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Sale on canvas prints! Use code ABCXYZ at checkout for a special discount!
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The Center for Disease Control has recommended the use of cloth face masks to help fight the spread of COVID-19.
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I sat in a store front window and painted this, sort of like performance art. Anyway, as I will never own a '57 Chevy, this will have to do... It was... more
2 - 3 Business Days
Round Beach Towel
Weekender Tote Bag
Portable Battery Charger
I sat in a store front window and painted this, sort of like performance art. Anyway, as I will never own a '57 Chevy, this will have to do... It was fun to paint a classic car.
God gave me the talent to paint and draw. I am blessed with the ability to visualize stories, or moments in time, and then to recreate them for others to see what I saw in my mind. I have in some form or fashion painted for a living my whole life. I started out hand painting billboards as a pictorial artist (back when they were painted), and have done everything from fine art to theatrical backdrops, sets, and film and TV. I also hand painted art on furniture (for a major maufacturer) for a few years. I even did a few barns with See Rock City on them... My art focuses on what I may feel is memorable at the moment. A snapshot in time, or something that may be disappearing, or maybe just an emotional moment in life. So it may be...
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Haley Reinhart Looks Back On 'American Idol'As we gear up for a new and rejuvenated season of American Idol this week, we look back on what Season 10 alum Haley Reinhart had to say about her time on the show. While she was certain of her career in music long before she auditioned for the show, she explained that it was American Idol that helped carve her path.
Casey Abrams Embraces ‘Idol’ Past On New AlbumCasey Abrams talks to CBS Local about working with 'American Idol' judge Randy Jackson on his recently released debut album, his musical connection with 'AI' alum Haley Reinhart and shares his advice for this season's Idol cast offs.
American Idol Alum Haley Reinhart Talks Debut Album, Fondest Idol Memories
Former Idol Contestant Speaks Out About Randy Jackson
'Idol' Finalist Haley Reinhart Scores Record Deal
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American Idol Recap: Idol Goes 80s & 90s!

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