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Imported: 13 Feb '17 | Published: 18 Jan '11
USPTO - Utility Patents
Database management and security is implemented in a variety of embodiments. In one such embodiment, data sets containing retail transaction information are analyzed using aliases representing transaction card identifiers. In another embodiment, the transaction card identifiers are stored in an encrypted form for use from a secure access, while the alias identifier is available for standard access.
This patent document claims the benefit, under 35 U.S.C. §119(e), of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/763,048 filed on Jan. 27, 2006 and entitled: “Sensitive Data Aliasing and Implementations Thereof.”
The present invention relates generally to approaches to database management, and more particularly, to a sensitive data aliasing procedure that facilitates implementing sensitive databases for transaction-card and related applications.
Databases are used for a large number of different applications. In some instances, the databases can be used to store sensitive information that calls for a measure of security. Depending upon the importance of the information and the potential for misuse of the information, different levels of security are implemented. One type of information that typically requires a high level of security is financial information, such as transaction card account identifiers.
Transaction cards are used by consumers in a variety of avenues, such as online purchases, in-store purchases, over-the-phone purchases, and cash advances. Many of these avenues involve the use of transaction cards for retail purchases. Some retailers maintain databases that contain information related to consumer transaction card use, such as the transaction card account details or identifiers. The retailers use the databases for a variety of purposes, including consumer dispute resolution, consumer refunds, fraud detection, and customer purchase tracking.
There has been growing concern, however, in the prevention of unauthorized access to transaction card identifiers, and individual card holders are instructed to keep their transaction card identifiers private. The concern is magnified where an unauthorized person has access to a database containing multiple transaction card identifiers. Such an unauthorized person could commit transaction card fraud, identity theft, or other illegal activities with any of the transaction card identifiers. For this reason, unauthorized access to a database containing transaction card identifiers can potentially lead to large economic consequences for transaction card holders, financial companies that issue transaction cards, retailers, and others.
In addition, the capacity for transaction card fraud has increased with the growing use of the Internet. If databases are accessible from a system that has a link to the Internet, the potential security issues increase because an unauthorized person may be able to access the database from a distant location. Accordingly, databases that contain transaction card information often implement costly security measures to prevent transaction card fraud.
Examples of security measures used include implementing a firewall or a similar method of limiting external access, password protecting the database, limiting the amount of transaction card data stored, not storing unnecessary information, encrypting the transaction card identifiers, and masking the account identifiers.
Several of the security measures can adversely affect the functionality of the database. For example, limiting the amount of transaction card identifiers stored often can be accomplished by only retaining the identifiers for a limited period of time; however, a retailer may have a need for accessing information related to events that occurred prior to the limited time period. In another example, the transaction card data can be encrypted in the database using an encryption method, such as AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) cryptography or similar method. Unfortunately, after a transaction card identifier is encrypted by such methods, the encrypted result is often a large binary string, and thus, contains characters that cannot be displayed and that can be difficult to store and manipulate because of the encrypted format. Moreover, database transactions involving the encrypted transaction card identifiers can require large amounts of computing power and time, and produce erroneous data that in various applications can cause the applications to function incorrectly. In addition, many encryption methods use a key to create the encrypted data. If the key is changed, all of the encrypted data must also be changed. This can create compatibility issues between the old and new encrypted values.
When the transaction card information is masked for display purposes (e.g., replaced with “*” or other unrelated markers), masking the information can reduce the usefulness of the display. For example, a viewer is not able to look through a listing of transactions for identical transaction card identifiers if the identifiers are masked. Moreover, if partial masking of the identifiers is used, the uniqueness of each transaction card identifier may be lost.
These and other issues have presented challenges to the implementation of secure databases, including those involving transaction card identifiers and similar information.
The claimed invention is directed to overcoming some of the aforementioned challenges and others related to the storage and utilization of sensitive information. The present invention is exemplified in a number of implementations and applications, some of which are summarized below.
Various example embodiments of the present invention are directed to the facilitation of the creation and utilization of secure, computer-managed databases.
According to another example embodiment of the present invention, a method is employed for facilitating the storage and use of transaction card identifiers. As a transaction card identifier is received, it is encrypted using an acceptable encryption technique. The format of the encrypted data is modified to facilitate storage and manipulation of the data. Alias identifiers (e.g., alphanumeric and other representations) are assigned to represent the transaction card identifiers, and for most accesses, the alias identifiers are used in place of the transaction card identifiers.
According to another example embodiment of the present invention, a system is arranged to facilitate the storage and utilization of transaction card identifiers. The system receives the transaction card identifiers along with other data associated with the transaction card. The system uses software or hardware encryption techniques to encrypt the transaction card identifier. A database stores the encrypted transaction card identifiers once the encrypted transaction card identifiers are formatted in accordance with the database requirements. The system creates an alias identifier corresponding to each formatted transaction card identifier and, for certain types of access requests, provides the alias identifier in place of the transaction card identifier.
Another embodiment uses data sets associated with transaction card identifiers that have been used in a retail environment. Encrypted forms of the transaction card identifiers are associated with alias identifiers, and the alias identifiers are used to analyze retail-environment aspects of the data sets independent of both encrypted and unencrypted forms of the transaction card identifiers.
In another embodiment of the present invention, the method includes coding, at compile time, a unique identifier for each customer in a software application. The software application uses the unique identifier to generate an encryption key from a pass phrase entered by the customer. This method allows for two different customers to have the same pass phrase but still have a different encryption scheme. The software application can then use the encryption key to encrypt the transaction card identifiers.
According to another example embodiment, the user can select a user identification and password for accessing the database. The user identification and password are saved in an encrypted file and transferred to a third party. The third party can use the encrypted file to provide the secure access settings of the database during, for example, installation of a database management system. Alternatively, the third party may use the encrypted file after installation to modify the secure access settings of the database. The system then uses the user identification and password to access the database.
Another embodiment generates a hash value for the encrypted transaction card identifiers. A system then uses the hash value for database processing, such as data searching or sorting.
The above summary of the present invention is not intended to describe each illustrated embodiment or every implementation of the present invention. The figures and detailed description that follow more particularly exemplify these embodiments.
While the invention is amenable to various modifications and alternative forms, specifics thereof have been shown by way of example in the drawings and will be described in detail. It should be understood, however; that the intention is not to limit the invention to the particular embodiments described. On the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention.
The present invention is believed to be useful for a variety of different applications, and the invention has been found to be particularly suited for use with a computer-implemented management of databases containing retail-type transaction card information, such as credit/debit card account numbers and related information. While the present invention is not necessarily limited to such applications, various aspects of the invention may be appreciated through a discussion of various examples using this context.
One embodiment uses data sets associated with such transaction card identifiers that are used in a retail environment. For example, when a holder of a transaction card wishes to purchase a good or service from a retailer, the holder has an expectation that the identifier will not be used for illegitimate purposes. With this expectation, the holder presents the transaction card identifier (e.g., via magnetic swiping or entering the identifier for an online purchase) for a retail purchase. The transaction card identifier and related information, such as date of sale, purchase price, and item purchased, are typically processed to perfect the transaction (e.g., via a conventional Automated Clearing House) and stored for management/record-keeping purposes. In accordance with the present invention, the card-holders expectation of legitimate use can be satisfied while still permitting limited use of the stored information. A computer, electronic circuit or similar method generates an independent alias identifier and associates the alias identifier to the transaction card identifier. Other applications are able to more freely use this alias identifier because the alias is independent of the transaction card identifier (i.e., not invertible to the transaction card identifier). For example, other applications might use the alias identifier to analyze retail-environment aspects of the data sets where the data might be viewed by an unauthorized person without risk of the transaction card identifier being fraudulently derived solely from the alias identifier. For security purposes, the transaction card identifier is encrypted and access to the encrypted transaction card identifier can be restricted.
In another such embodiment, a computer-based method provides sensitive data (i.e. transaction card identifiers) for storage in a database. A computer-based system first encrypts the information using a suitable encryption scheme. Examples of encryption schemes that can be used include, but are not limited to, AES, Data Encryption Standard (DES), and International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA). The system formats the resulting encrypted data so that the data conforms to a desired database format. For example, many encryption schemes generate a binary string that can be difficult to read, remember, and store. In one embodiment, the binary string can be converted to a readable form using uuencode, base64, or similar conversion methods. The system stores the formatted data in a database, creates an alias identifier and associates an alias to each piece of formatted data. The system may maintain the association between the alias and the formatted data, regardless of the form of the sensitive data. Thus, the association remains the same whether the data is decrypted, formatted, encrypted or re-encrypted using a different encryption scheme.
An output of the system provides the alias identifier in place of the formatted data for accesses to the database unless the sensitive data is specifically requested by an authorized user. The alias identifiers are independent of the sensitive data in that the sensitive data cannot be derived directly from the alias identifiers. This independence can be implemented using a variety of alias identifier creation techniques such as a randomly generated identifier, a sequentially generated identifier, or a non-invertible derivation of the transaction card identifier. The aliases may also be uniquely associated with exactly one transaction card identifier. In some instances, the user, administrator, or another application using the invention may configure the format of the alias identifiers. For example, the user may designate that the alias identifiers should be formatted to each contain six capital letters or to each contain nine digits (the numbers “6” and “9” being merely illustrative). In another embodiment, the user may designate a portion of the sensitive data that is retained and used as a portion of the alias identifier. In one such example, the system uses the first number of a transaction card identifier as the first number of its corresponding alias.
Using one or more conventional computers arranged to provide a computer data-processing system, access to the database can be performed using various methods. For example, the system may display a graphical user interface (GUI) in order to assist users wishing to input, request or receive data. In one embodiment, the system assigns users of the system user identifications and passwords to verify their identity. The system can be configured to record configuration information related to each user, and the GUI may be tailored to the user once they have successfully provided their user identification (user ID) and password. Other secure access methods can be implemented, such as verifying that the computer accessing the database is authenticated with the local system, verifying that the user logged into the computer has authorization to access the database (e.g., using Microsoft Windows® integrated authentication), implementing a restriction on the number of invalid verification attempts for a user ID, or requiring complex passwords that must be changed periodically. In addition, the GUI interface can be configured to provide access to multiple databases, each having unique access privileges. Upon a finding that any of the authentication variables entered (e.g., server, database name, user ID, or password) is incorrect, an appropriate error message can be generated.
In one application, the system is highly configurable, allowing customization by the user including, but not limited to, the GUI interface, the data fields contained with a record, and the number of users who have access to the database. In another embodiment, the invention allows for a quick query of the database to retrieve and display the data related to either an alias or a transaction card identifier. The system determines the contents of the display through the use of user profile data or by user selections made via a user interface. Depending upon the configuration, the display may show the alias, the encrypted sensitive data element, the unencrypted sensitive data element and other related data. In another embodiment, the system receives either a sensitive data element or an alias as input and provides only the corresponding alias or sensitive data element respectively.
The system also allows the user to search the database for data other than the aliases or sensitive data elements. The results of the search may include the aliases or sensitive data elements related to the search. The system is configurable to display the aliases, the encrypted sensitive data element, the unencrypted sensitive data element, or any combination of aliases and data elements.
The system can be configured to record logs of user activities, such as access attempts related to the sensitive data elements. The system may use these logs for generating a log report that can be used to detect fraudulent accesses and prevent future fraudulent accesses. The type of information stored in log reports varies according to the specific application but may include user ID, event type, time, success/failure indication, IP or Mac address, or account alias.
Where large amounts of sensitive data need to be processed (e.g., conversion of an existing database, modification of the existing key, and merging of another database), it may be beneficial to move the data to an alternate location for processing. For example, a separate database and processing unit could perform the processing, and upon completion of the processing, the data would be sent back to the originating database. A similar method involves storing the aliases and encrypted transaction card identifiers in separate databases. This method reduces the impact of processing the transaction card identifiers upon the use of the aliases and other data.
In one embodiment, a computer-based system generates a hash value for each transaction card identifier or encrypted transaction card identifier. The system uses this hash value for searching, sorting, and similar database-related processes. For instance, the hash value may represent alphanumeric, numeric, or other limited values. The hash value may also represent a compression of the transaction card identifier. Additionally, the system may format the hash value further by using another hash algorithm, such as first using Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA-1) and then using Media Digest Algorithm (MD5). Once the hash value has been created, a database application may use the hash value when accessing the database. For example, to search for a transaction card identifier in the database, the system determines the transaction card identifier hash value for use in finding records that correspond to the hash value. This method can be particularly beneficial when large amounts of data are accessed during initialization or bulk modification of the database and also can increase the security of the database-related processes. This hash creation method is useful to numerous applications, including applications outside of data aliasing.
In another embodiment, the system can store the aliases and related data in one database while storing the transaction card identifiers in another database. Using this method, the database may contain file records composed of several types of information that can be separated into different fields of data, of which one or more fields may be a transaction card identifier or alias. The system can configure one database to store the records with the transaction card identifiers as a field, while the other database is configured to store the aliases in a similar field. This method of implementing two databases allows the access requirements for each database to be controlled separately.
According to another example embodiment, a user can select a user identification and password for accessing to the database. A computer-based system converts the user identification and password into an encrypted file format (e.g., an encrypted XML file or similar format). The user provides the encrypted file to a third party (person or computer-based application) that in turn provides the file to a database management system that is capable of decrypting the file. The database management system (computer-based application or person) uses the decrypted file for configuring the secure access settings of the database during, for example, installation of a database management system. Alternatively, the third party may use the encrypted file after installation to modify the secure access settings of the database. The system then uses the user identification and password to access the database. The user is then able to access the database independently of the database management system using the user identification and password the user originally provided. Additionally, the user and others with appropriate access privileges can access the database through the database management system.
Turning now to the figures, FIG. 1 shows such a computer-based system and method for secure storage and utilization of transaction card identifiers, according to an example embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 1 contains data handling blocks 114 to 114N, point-of-sale (POS) locations 120 to 120N, management/security personnel 104, and financial service providers 130. Numerous environments are envisioned for implementing the system of FIG. 1 (e.g., retail sales environment). As will be discussed in more detail below, FIG. 1 also shows one path for the output of transaction card identifiers 112 and two paths for the output of alias identifiers 110. The system permits the use of the transaction card identifiers based upon access restrictions that are appropriate for transaction card identifiers, while also permitting access to the alias identifiers based upon access restrictions that are appropriate for the alias identifiers. Typically, the appropriate access restrictions are less stringent for the alias identifiers allowing for a wider range of possible uses for the alias identifiers.
In a retail sales environment, the POS locations 120 to 120N have one or more POS devices 124. The POS devices 124 generally perform retail transactions, including the sale of goods to customers 122 (e.g., sale using a cash register or Internet sales using a computer). In many applications the POS devices include computers for recording, verifying and other related transaction processing tasks. Often the transactions involve transaction card identifiers provided by customers 122 and received by employees 126. Unless otherwise stated, transaction card identifiers, as used herein, include numbers, letters, symbols, or other representations. When a card holder uses a transaction card for a purchase, a financial service provider associated with the particular transaction card verifies and records the transaction card's status. To this end, POS devices often use standard telephony communication means, such as a telephone or an Internet connection, to transmit financial identifiers to the financial service providers 130.
In addition to sending financial identifiers to financial service providers 130, the POS devices send financial identifiers and additional transaction information to data handling blocks 114 to 114N. The system may optionally store the transaction information and the financial identifiers in a database (or memory) 118. Database 118, or other data-retaining circuitry, may be implemented using several distinct structures or using a single structure containing several types of information.
Prior to storing the encrypted data in database 118, data management 116 encrypts the financial identifiers. In addition, the system associates the financial identifiers with alias identifiers generated as shown at data management 116. The encryption and alias assignment may be implemented at POS devices 124 or in one or more distinct devices physically located in separate locations.
The data in database 118 is accessible for use by, for example, other systems, programs, displays, or additional storage as shown by blocks 106 to 106N. In one embodiment, the alias identifiers 110 are available for use in several instances where the transaction card identifiers 112 are not available, as shown by general users 102 and data use blocks 106 to 106N. For example, many retailers use behavior policing for prevention and monitoring of employee or customer theft and other undesired losses. Behavioral policing is accomplished by an analysis of multiple types of transaction-related data (block 108) that often includes the transaction card identifiers. When a behavioral policing application uses transaction card identifiers, the application should implement sufficient security precautions. To reduce the necessary security precautions/risks, behavioral policing applications (and other applications) can perform the data analysis using alias identifiers 110 in place of the transaction card identifiers 112. In some instances it may still be necessary to use the transaction card identifiers 112; therefore, the system allows users with authorized access (management or security personnel 104) to view transaction card identifiers 112.
Numerous other implementations are envisioned with these components. For example, POS locations 120 may be any number of locations or only a single location. Thus, the POS locations might correspond to cash registers in multiple stores or to computers used in Internet sales. Similarly, data handling blocks 114 may be either a single location or multiple locations. POS locations 120 may be located at either the same or different locations as data handling blocks 114. It is possible that the entire system depicted in FIG. 1 could be located at a single location (e.g., where a financial service provider provides POS or similar services at its location). In another embodiment, the financial service providers can use a database management and storage similar to data handling block 114.
FIG. 2 shows an example embodiment of data handling block 114 (as implemented by a computer-based system) for storage and utilization of sensitive data, as well as for providing access to aliases representing transaction card identifiers. The sensitive identifiers and alias identifiers are accessible through user interface 212. The user interface may be implemented as a single software interface, multiple software interfaces, or through a number of computer hardware interfaces or circuits. Based upon the access requirements rules, user profiles or other factors, the user interface may provide the aliases or sensitive identifiers for use by, for example, another computer-based system.
In one embodiment, encryption block 204 and decryption block 214 are implemented with a single device capable of both encryption and decryption of data. In other embodiments, encryption block 204 may be implemented using multiple devices (e.g., one for encryption and one for decryption). User interface 212 can also be implemented using one or more devices. The combination of user interface 212, encryption block 204, and decryption block 214 may be implemented with a single device or as a number of device combinations.
User interface 212 serves several purposes. One purpose is the collection of data, some of which may be sensitive data. The data collected may take many different forms and can be collected using any number of methods. For example, in retail environments the data may include transaction identifiers relating to transaction card purchases that are collected from a register, or alternatively, the transaction identifiers may be collected from Internet purchases.
The arrangement of FIG. 2 is capable of accepting the sensitive information in two forms: encrypted (block 216) or non-encrypted (block 202). The computer based system determines whether the data received is encrypted using an acceptable method. Using one such method, the system compares the format of the data received with the encrypted form of the sensitive data and the unencrypted form of the sensitive data (e.g., the length or content of the received data). According to another method, the system receives an indication of the data format along with the data, such as a data bit or byte that indicates the format of the sensitive data. Various other methods may also be used, such as determining the source of the data.
When the received sensitive information is encrypted, the arrangement decrypts the data at block 218. The decryption algorithm of block 218 may be implemented using several methods. For instance, the decryption algorithm may be implemented without passing the decrypted information through user interface 212 where block 218 contains the necessary decryption algorithm and, if necessary, requests the key for decrypting the information from user interface 212. Some methods of encrypting data implement a key that changes for each set of encryption data (e.g., where the key is based upon the time of encryption). Thus, it is often necessary to retrieve a key for each piece of encrypted data. Using another method, the system performs the decryption performed upon the data after it is passed through user interface 212. This method permits the user to maintain the functionality of decryption block 218 independent of the FIG. 2 arrangement. Using yet another method, the system passes the encrypted data directly to the formatting stage of block 204. This method may be implemented, for example, in situations where the encryption and decryption algorithms at blocks 204 and 214 correspond to the algorithm originally used in providing the encrypted data 216.
When the system collects sensitive data 202 from user interface 212 or decryption block 218, the system first modifies the data using a suitable encryption scheme, as depicted by encryption block 204. Several encryption schemes use a key to both encrypt and decrypt data. This key can be supplied through the user interface 212. The control of the key through user interface 212 permits the user or another application to maintain flexibility in how the data is encrypted if, for example, the user or application determines that the key should be changed for security or other reasons. While control of the key provides flexibility, it also introduces the possibility of user error. For example, if the user provides the wrong key through user interface 212, the output of decryption block 218 would be unusable. This is particularly troublesome when performing operations on large amounts of data, such as when the encryption key is changed by the user. Thus, one embodiment of the current invention verifies that the key entered by the user matches the key that was used to encrypt the data. This may be accomplished by a number of different methods, such as storing an encrypted version of the key or a hash value of the key and comparing the stored version of the key to the encrypted version or hash value of the subsequently entered key.
Often it is desirable that the encrypted data be formatted to facilitate data storage and manipulation. For example, if AES cryptography is used, a binary string is generated that is not easily read or manipulated. This binary string can be converted to American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) or similar format using a number of known methods (e.g., uuencode and base64).
At block 204, the system also generates alias identifier 210 for association with sensitive data 202. Typically, the alias identifier is randomly generated, but it also can be generated by other means, such as a sequential generation or by generating a hash value of the sensitive data. The system then stores the alias identifier and encrypted data in database 206. In an example embodiment, the user of the invention determines the format of the alias identifier. In another embodiment, the alias identifier has the same format as the original sensitive data. For example, if the sensitive information represents transaction card identifiers and the transaction card identifiers are sixteen digits long, the alias identifier will also be sixteen digits long.
After the encrypted data and the alias identifier are generated, the system can store the data in database 206 for use through user interface 212. Typically, when user interface 212 requests data, the database supplies alias identifier 210 instead of data in encrypted data base 206. In this manner, database 206 can be used without supplying the original sensitive data 202 or the encrypted data 208. For example, where the database contains transaction card identifiers, the database can be searched for suspicious transaction card activity using the alias identifier instead of the actual transaction card identifiers.
In one embodiment, user interface 212 requests the original sensitive data 202. Typically, user interface 212 limits access to the original sensitive data through any well known authorization techniques (e.g., password protection). When there is an authorized request for sensitive data 202, database 206 sends the encrypted data 208 to block 214. At block 214, the system reverses the formatting and encryption of block 204 to the encrypted data, resulting in the original sensitive data 202. The system then sends this data to user interface 212.
In another example embodiment, a requestor (e.g., a computer system or a person) provides an alias identifier via user interface 212, and also requests the associated encrypted data. The data stored in database 206 indicates, through a cross-reference table or similar method, the encrypted data that corresponds to the requested alias. The corresponding encrypted data is provided to block 214 where the sensitive data is recovered by formatting and decrypting the data.
In yet another example of a request involving sensitive data, a requestor enters the sensitive data and the system identifies the corresponding alias identifier. The system encrypts the entered sensitive data and formats the data as shown in block 204. The database is searched for any information matching the resulting encrypted and formatted data. If a match is found, the system provides the alias identifier indicated by the database as corresponding to the matched data to the requestor.
For security and other reasons, it is sometimes useful to change the encryption key used to create the encrypted data stored in the database; for example the user may supply a new key or a new encryption algorithm (or both), and all new data will be encrypted using the new key or algorithm. In addition, all the existing encrypted data can also be encrypted using the new key without assigning new aliases to the existing data. Certain embodiments of the present invention allow for the existing data (encrypted data 210) to be encrypted using the new key or algorithm without changing the correlation between the existing data and the alias identifier 210. Therefore, an external application of the database using the alias identifier 210 does not need to be updated when the encryption is changed. One method of maintaining the association involves implementing a cross-reference table between the aliases and the database. Various other methods exists, including retrieving the alias identifier for each encrypted identifier prior to changing the encryption of the encrypted identifier for use after the encryption has been changed.
In another situation, the user of the computer-based system or method may have a preexisting database of transaction card identifiers and related data. The system decrypts (if necessary) and encrypts the existing transaction card identifiers and generates aliases. The existing (or another) physical database can be used to store the resultant aliases and encrypted transaction card identifiers. This conversion of the database can often be facilitated by generating hash values for the encrypted transaction card identifiers because, as discussed above, searching functions can be improved by using the hash values rather than the encrypted transaction card identifiers directly.
FIG. 3 is a flow diagram according to another example embodiment of the present invention. The system receives transaction card identifiers as depicted at block 302. Alternately, the system may first receive the transaction card numbers in an encrypted form and decrypt the transaction card numbers by the method discussed in relation to FIG. 2, blocks 216 and 218. In either case, the system subsequently encrypts the transaction card identifiers as shown at block 304. As mentioned above, this encryption can be implemented using a number of different encryption algorithms. Optionally, the system formats the encrypted transaction card identifiers from block 304 as depicted at block 306. An example implementation of the steps performed at blocks 304 and 306, the system uses AES encryption at block 304 and uuencode formatting at block 306.
At block 308, the system checks the transaction card identifier against previously stored transaction card identifiers. If the system finds a match between the current transaction card identifier and a stored transaction card identifier, the system uses the alias for the matching stored transaction card identifier to the current transaction card identifier's alias as depicted at block 312. If no match is found, the system generates a new alias as depicted at block 310. The new alias may be randomly generated, or it may be provided using other methods, such as sequential generation. The aliases provided can be of a format that is the same or similar to the original transaction card identifier, or they may have an entirely new format. In one embodiment, a portion of the transaction card identifier received at block 302 may be used as a portion of the alias; for example, a portion of a credit card number identifying the financial service provider may be used as part of the alias. This allows the financial service provider to be identified from the alias. Other data may also be maintained by similar methods depending upon the configuration of the alias. After the system assigns the new or existing alias (block 314), the system stores the transaction card identifier along with the alias at block 316.
The system bases the decision at block 318 upon whether an access to the database involves the original transaction card identifier or only the alias identifier. When the system determines that an alias identifier is required, the system supplies the alias, as shown at block 320. Often, the system allows access to the alias identifier to a requestor while still restricting access to the original transaction card identifier. Numerous methods involve accessing an original transaction card identifier. One such method is to provide an alias identifier associated with the original transaction card identifier being requested. Another method is to access transaction identifiers associated with other data (e.g., all transaction identifiers from a financial service provider or a customer). Yet another method involves changing the encryption of the stored transaction card identifiers. Using these and other methods, once it is determined what formatted data is being requested, the system retrieves the formatted data from the database at step 322.
Next, the system reverses the formatting of block 314 as depicted at block 324. From block 324, the system decrypts the transaction card identifier at block 326. If a key was provided for encrypting in block 308, the key can also be provided for used at block 326. The decryption of block 326 produces the original transaction card identifier.
Decision block 328 determines whether the purpose of the request is to change the encryption of the transaction card identifier. The system can determine the purpose of the request based upon the information provided within or in conjunction with the request. If the purpose is something other than changing the encryption, the system provides the transaction card identifier to the requestor at block 330. If, however, the purpose is to change the encryption of the transaction card identifier, the system encrypts the transaction card identifier using the new algorithm/key as shown at block 332. The system then formats encrypted transaction card identifier from block 332 as shown at block 334. The formatting may be the same as the formatting performed at block 306, or a new formatting may be implemented. Block 336 maintains association between the transaction card identifier and its alias. Thus, this method allows the transaction card identifier encryption to be modified without modification of the alias. Accordingly, applications that use the alias identifier (block 320) can continue to use the same alias even when the encryption of a transaction identifier is modified.
FIG. 4 is an arrangement implementing secure access and storage of sensitive data. FIG. 4 contains authorized access 402, standard access 414, and arrangement 400. Authorized access 402 represents access requests that are restricted through proper security measures. Standard access 414 represents access requests having different, if any, restrictions from those implemented for authorized access 402. Arrangement 400 represents the process for storing and accessing sensitive data, as well as for creating and accessing alias identifier.
Authorized access 402 involves access to the sensitive identifiers 404, and therefore, involves an appropriate level of security to restrict access using varying levels of sophistication. A simple security restriction may require a password to allow access. More elaborate measures may include biometric security systems, access cards, or physically limiting access to the arrangement 400.
Standard access 414 involves access to the alias identifier 412, and therefore, does not always involve the same level of security implemented in authorized access 402. In fact, it is possible that access to the alias identifier 412 can be unsecured. Even if the standard access 414 does involve some level of security, it may be of a different level than authorized access 402. Another possible distinction between the accesses involves the set of users who are granted access to each. For example, security personnel might be granted access to both the authorized access 402 and the standard access 414, while inventory personnel are only granted access to the standard access 414.
As can be seen from FIG. 4, the alias identifier can be directly provided to a requestor because the alias identifier can be stored in a non-encrypted form. Access to the sensitive data, however, involves a decryption for reading the data and an encryption for writing the data, as shown in block 406. In some embodiments, the data is also formatted in block 406.
Block 408 generates and assigns alias identifiers to the encrypted data received from block 406. When sensitive information is requested from the database 410 using alias identifiers, block 408 can also determine the sensitive data that is associated with the provided alias identifier. The sensitive data is then decrypted at block 406 and provided to authorized access 402.
For additional information regarding implementations of a retail database management system and applications for the use of retail database management systems, reference can be made, for example, to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/763,048 filed on Jan. 27, 2006 and entitled: “Sensitive Data Aliasing and Implementations Thereof” including its appendices A-D; to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/372,750 filed on Mar. 10, 2006 and entitled: “Sensitive Data Aliasing” to Duhaime et al; and to U.S. Pat. No. 6,847,393 issued on Jan. 25, 2005 and entitled: “Method and system for monitoring point of sale exceptions.”
The various embodiments described above are provided by way of illustration only and should not be construed to limit the invention. Based upon the above discussion and illustrations, those skilled in the art will readily recognize that various modifications and changes may be made to the present invention without strictly following the exemplary embodiments and applications illustrated and described herein. For instance, such changes may include assigning multiple alias identifiers to the same transaction card identifier. Other changes may include implementing more than one database and storing the sensitive information in one database and the alias in another database. Such modifications and changes do not depart from the true spirit and scope of the present invention, which is set forth in the following claims.

domain: finance


Sep 27, 2020
This week Tony sits down with his friend and co-worker Daniel Lanning. Daniel lost his father unexpectedly in January, and together Tony and Dan discuss the impact it's had on their faith.
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Sep 20, 2020
Today on The Regenerate Podcast Tony talks with one of his favorite preachers, author and speaker Bo Stern-Brady about the ways grief reshapes and transform our faith. Bo vulnerably shares the story of losing her husband to ALS and experiencing God through it all.
Sep 13, 2020
On this episode, Tony is joined by pastor Aman and Pastor Elijah has they vulnerably share their own experiences from the margins of predominantly white churches.
Regenerate: Following Jesus After Deconstruction available on amazon.com and wipfandstock.com
Sep 6, 2020
On this episode Tony is joined by Dr. Dennis Edwards. They discuss Dennis's new book, Might From the Margins, the Gospel's power to turn the tables on injustice, and how God has empowered marginalized Christians to transform the Church.
Might From the Margins and Regenerate: Following Jesus After Deconstruction are both...


Lincoln-Sudbury 51, Wayland 18: Change on mat in DCL
Momentum in the Lincoln-Sudbury-Wayland wrestling rivalry has dramatically shifted gears.
After winning just once prior to 2010, L-S has rattled off three consecutive victories over Wayland, the latest of which was a 51-18 beating last night of a young orange and white squad.
“Wayland is a young squad and we’re an up and coming team,” said L-S coach Eddie Murray, who has been an assistant coach the past two years. “It’s been an absolute pleasure to be a part of the last three years. I think our rise in the wrestling realm will only continue in the next few years, and beating Wayland is always a big thing around here.”
The L-S squad clinched at least a share of the DCL title with the win.
A victory next week against visiting Weston will lock up the first DCL title for L-S (13-2, 7-0) since 2004.
“Last year a lot of my friends were seniors,” said James Hamilton. “They were really disappointed when we didn’t win the league. To me, winning the DCL is something I really want to do before I graduate.
Beating Wayland was one step, and beating Weston is the last one.”
The evening started with L-S’s Sam Forman getting a pin at 106 pounds for a quick 6-0 lead.
In the match of the night, Wayland (5-9-1, 2-4-1) junior Nick Coffin defeated L-S’s Ben Defronzo at 113 lbs. Defronzo weighed in at 106 but bumped up to 113 to challenge match with Wayland’s top wrestler.
“Ben’s one of the best wrestlers I have wrestled this year,” said Coffin. “But it was just a feeling out there of knowing that he wanted to hit his doubles and I was able to defend them.”
The score was 6-3 after the first two matches, but Wayland would get no closer.
From there, L-S rattled off eight straight wins to build a 45-3 lead.
Pinning for L-S during that stretch was senior James Hamilton (120 lbs), junior Jake Galligani (126 lbs), junior Joe Rottman (138 lbs) and Davies Decesare-Fousek (170 lbs.)
Wayland’s Kevin Kelly pinned Ryan Gardent at 182 pounds before Marvin Pimentel pulled out an 8-5 decision when he beat Ikjot Singh, and heavyweight John Monahan accepted a forfeit to wrap up Wayland’s scoring.
L-S freshman Jack Pamir pinned at 195 pounds to end the scoring for L-S.
Before 2010, L-S had only defeated perennial wrestling powerhouse Wayland in 2004. But the last three years, the blue and white Warriors have been strumming to the beat of a different tune.
“Watching Wayland as a youth wrestler, seeing them beat L-S was just accepted,” said Galligani, a member of the junior class who has not lost to Wayland. “Freshman year, being a part of the first win in so long was a great experience. Beating them four years in a row, with a win next year, will be a great achievement for me and for our program.”


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Thesis: Unintended pregnancies and induced abortions are common and occur among women of all social and economic groups. Where the abortion rate is high, it likely reflects that levels of contraceptive use are not sufficient to meet the fertility desires and family planning needs of women and couples.
A. I am against abortion being legal because abortion has received considerable attention, and its legality and availability have often generated controversy.
More people are starting to believe it should be legal. 2.
There is a lot of controversy about this, giving it so much attention that it’s starting to make people think it is okay. 3.
It is becoming more and more legal.
B. I am against abortion being legal because Legal abortion is generally available in relatively few developing countries or territories, and abortion rates vary widely across them.
The abortion rate increased in the Netherlands by 31% over seven years. 2.
The induced abortion rate in 2003 was 29 per 1000 women aged 15-44 years 3.
There were 6.4 million abortions in India, of which 2.4 million were safe.
C. I am against abortion because of my religious beliefs, I am a Christian and I am totally against this.
In my opinion, Only God can give and take away life.
Religious participation is also related to abortion, as women with less frequent church attendance were more likely to choose abortion when pregnant. 3.
Religious membership was the variable used to proxy for a county's level of religiosity and antiabortion sentiment.
CONCLUSION: Educator’s may argue that it is the person’s choice whether or not to go through an abortion.
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domain: medical


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6 edition of The Psychology of Written Language found in the catalog.
April 1983 by John Wiley & Sons Inc .
Written in English
|The Physical Object|
|Number of Pages||442|
Environmental assessment on a proposal by Conda Mining Inc. modification of operating permit 00148
New methods of instrumental spectroscopy.
The Status of American Universities
The parish registers of St James, Burton in Kendal
The 2000 Import and Export Market for Specialized Industrial Machinery and Appliances in N. America & Caribbean (World Trade Report)
brasses, nickel brass and nickel silver
Fundamentals Of Respiratory Care Unit 2
Blu-Print Union With Rome
History for the public
report to the 35th session of the International Conference on Education in Geneve, September, 1975
The Psychology of written language: developmental and educational perspectives. Margaret Martlew. Wiley, - Language Arts & Disciplines - pages.
0 Reviews. From inside the book. What The Psychology of Written Language book are saying - Write a review. We haven't found any reviews in the usual places. Contents.
A Charles R Cooper and Ann Matsuhashi. : The Psychology of Written Language: Developmental and Educational Perspectives (Wiley Series in Developmental Psychology) (Wiley Series in Developmental Psychology and Its Applications) (): Martlew, Margaret: Books.
Language acquisition occurs naturally and effortlessly during the early stages of life, and this acquisition occurs in a predictable sequence for individuals around the world. Language has a strong influence on thought, and the concept of how language may influence cognition remains an area of study and debate in psychology.
(shelved 1 time as language-psychology) avg rating — 80, ratings — published Want to Read saving. Each chapter is enhanced with unique pedagogy that was designed to stimulate critical thinking, assess comprehension and provide opportunities for application. This fifth edition of Psychology of Language fills the need for an up-to-date and clearly written treatment of the field in a manner that resonates with today's by: Book is written in familiar language.
Concepts are explained in a way simple enough for most people to easily understand. Terms are explained well. Consistency rating: 5 The book feels very consistent.
Each chapter is broken up in the same way and language is consistent throughout. Modularity rating: 5 Each chapter is broken into sections.4/5(27).
The psychology of language is different from other disciplines in the way it approaches language. In a nutshell, the psycholinguistics approach consists of: Studying how language is used. Psycholinguistics focuses on the use of knowledge and the psychological processes involved in it. Action.
Symptoms. Language. Language Disorder, as defined by the DSM-5, is marked by "persistent difficulties in the acquisition and use of language across modalities (i.e. Additional Physical Format: Online version: Psychology of written language. Chichester [West Sussex] ; New York: Wiley, © (OCoLC) Material Type.
Reading is the complex cognitive process of decoding symbols to derive meaning. It is a form of language processing. Success in this process is measured as reading g is a means for language acquisition, communication, and sharing information and ideas.
The symbols are typically visual (written or printed) but may be tactile ().Like all languages, it is a. Psychology is designed to meet scope and sequence requirements for the single-semester introduction to psychology course. The book offers a comprehensive treatment of core concepts, grounded in both classic studies and current and emerging research.
The text also includes coverage of the DSM-5 in examinations of psychological disorders. Additional Physical Format: Online version: Psychology of written language.
Chichester: Wiley, © (OCoLC) Online version: Psychology of written language. Introduction to Psychology utilizes the dual theme of behavior and empiricism to make psychology relevant to The Psychology of Written Language book students.
The author wrote this book to help students organize their thinking about psychology at a conceptual level. The language and picture examples make it very easy to read and understand.
The book is written in an 4/5(21). Psycholinguistics or psychology of language is the study of the interrelation between linguistic factors and psychological aspects.
The field is concerned with psychological and neurobiological factors that enable humans to acquire, use, comprehend and produce discipline is mainly concerned with the mechanisms in which languages are processed and represented in. This fifth edition of Psychology of Language fills the need for an up-to-date and clearly written treatment of the field in a manner that resonates with today’s ant Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product text may not be available in the ebook version/5(4).
Psycholinguistics, in another word psychology of language, is a subsection of study uniting the disciplines of psychology and linguistics.
Psycholinguistics is about Author: Hakan Aydogan. Studying the psychology of language doesn't have to be confusing. In David Carroll's text, a topic that can sometimes seem bewildering to students is presented in a clear, interesting, and engaging style. Using an information-processing approach, Carroll brings the current developments and Price: $ It will be essential reading for advanced undergraduate and graduate students of cognition, psycholinguistics, or the psychology of language.
It will also be useful for those on speech and language therapy courses. The book is supported by a companion website featuring a range of helpful supplementary resources for both students and lecturers.
George Miller, (something about language), a Freeman Scientific American publication. Books I have not read but suspect are good: Pinker’s new book, How the Mind Works; Tom Gilovich’s book(s) on judgment/social psych.
This book from neurologist Oliver Sacks is a great read for both psychology students and a general interest audience. The author explores clinical stories of patients who suffer from neurological disorders, offering an engaging and thoughtful look at neurological problems.
While some psychology books are targeted at an audience with an. Book Description. This is a classic edition of Geoffrey Beattie’s and Andrew Ellis’ influential introduction to the psychology of human language and communication, now including a new reflective introduction from the authors.
Cognition and Instruction focuses on the relationship of knowledge acquisition processes with instruction, including reading, writing, mathematics, curriculum design and reform, and reasoning.
The selection first takes a look at the issues in cognitive. 4 Psychology of Language Reading and Writing Psychology of Reading 2nd Edition Keith Rayner, University of California, USA; Alexander Pollatsek, Jane Ashby, Charles Clifton, University of Massachusetts, USA “I don’t think it’s possible to overstate the importance of this Size: 1MB.
Learning Disability Learning disabilities are disorders that affect one's ability in the domains of spoken or written language, mathematical calculation, attention. Translated Books. Many of psychology's most famous texts were originally written in another language and then translated into English.
Books translated from another language should include the last name and first initial of the author. The book is written in the conviction that psychology should study consciousness, both as a series of complex mental processes, and as a relation of conscious selves to each other.
The book is intended for students beginning the study of psychology. ( views) Principles of Social Psychology by Charles Stangor - Flat World Knowledge, Introduction to Psychology. Introduction to the Field of Psychology. Theoretical Perspectives in Modern Psychology.
Study and Careers in Psychology. The Scientific Method. Types of Research Studies. Methods of Collecting Data. Analyzing and Interpreting Data. Ethical Considerations in Research. Bias in Psychological Research. The Psychology of Verbal Communication Robert M. Krauss Columbia University Note: This is an unedited version of an article to appear in the forthcoming edition of the International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences (edited by N.
Smelser & P. Baltes). scheduled for publication in File Size: 74KB. Steven Arthur Pinker (born Septem ) is a Canadian-American cognitive psychologist, linguist, and popular science author. He is Johnstone Family Professor in the Department of Psychology at Harvard University, and is known for his advocacy of evolutionary psychology and the computational theory of mater: Dawson College, McGill University.
Free eBooks - Psychology. Here you can find free books in the category: Psychology. Read online or download Psychology eBooks for free. Browse through our eBooks while discovering great authors and exciting books. Environmental Influences on Language Acquisition.
A major proponent of the idea that language depends largely on environment was the behaviorist B. Skinner (see pages and for more information on Skinner).He believed that language is acquired through principles of conditioning, including association, imitation, and reinforcement.
Journal of Language and Social Psychology is the only major journal worldwide devoted to this area of study, attracting an international authorship with data bases frequently being derived from languages other than English. The journal provides complete and balanced coverage of the latest research and theory at the cross-roads of language, mind.
Free download or read online The Definitive Book of Body Language pdf (ePUB) book. The first edition of the novel was published inand was written by Allan Pease. The book was published in multiple languages including English, consists of pages and is available in Hardcover format.
The main characters of this psychology, self help story are.4/5. Burrhus Frederic Skinner (Ma – Aug ) was an American psychologist, behaviorist, author, inventor, and social philosopher.
He was the Edgar Pierce Professor of Psychology at Harvard University from until his retirement in Awards: National Medal of Science (). David Bakhurst is Professor of Philosophy at Queen's University at Kingston, Ontario.
He is the author of Consciousness and Revolution in Soviet Philosophy () and co-editor, with Christine Sypnowich, of The Social Self (). Michael Beran is a graduate student in psychology at Georgia State University, where he conducts research at the Language Research Center.
By Maria Popova. Last year, Horizon’s fascinating documentary on how music works was one of our most-liked pickings of But perhaps even more fascinating than the subject of how music works is the question of why it makes us feel the way it does.
Today, we try to answer it with seven essential books that bridge music, emotion and. Dennis Tanner has studied the psychology of aphasia as a scientist and professor as well as evaluated and treated thousands of patients with neuropathologies of speech and language as .

domain: psychology


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January 31, 2019
After working in journalism for 28 years, Gino Donato was looking for a new challenge.
January 9, 2019
This marks the eighth consecutive year Roland is in the lineup.
January 4, 2019
The Epilog Challenge X opens January 7 for its 10th installment.
December 17, 2018
Things Engraved, a personalized gift store chain in Canada, recently opened a new location in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada.

domain: news


Zoe Saldana says she's 'androgynous,' may end up with a woman
Besides shedding her clothes for the photoshoot, Star Trek actress Zoe Saldana has raised some eyebrows in her new interview with Allure for implying to what lengths she may end up going to avoid dating other actors. And that she should probably look up a word or two in the dictionary.
"Been there, done that, got the T-shirt," the 34-year-old says about dating Hollywood types (she and Bradley Cooper broke up earlier this year). "(I might) end up with a woman raising my children. That's how androgynous I am."
Wait, androgynous means having characteristics of both genders, not being bisexual. That's probably not the right thing to say in a photo spread in which she appears topless most of the time. We're sure her fan base won't mind that part, though.


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Here you can find tips about organizing your lab notebook, how to effectively create graphs and table for lab reports, places to locate protocols and property information, and how to properly cite resources. Labwrite middle school worksheet booklet of the lab is to learn something about the scientific concept that the lab covers write your lab report. View notes - ecet 220 lab 1 to 6 from ecet 220 at devry fremont laboratory report cover/worksheet devry university college of engineering and information sciences course number: ecet220 professor. Worksheet use your remove the anther and add a cover slip over the microsoft word - wrl worksheet parts of a flower labdoc author. Observations/data: chart/table (create your own chart/table to accommodate your data an additional sheet of paper may be necessary) graph verbal description of data. Chem 151 lab syllabus - spring outcomes either in a worksheet or a report worksheets and reports are individual efforts cover is pictured to the right a lab.
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domain: chemistry


[¡Ask a Mexican!] And how many Mexicans can fit into a car?
Frequent and extreme storms tied to global warming are causing more freshwater to flow into the Earth's oceans and sea levels to rise, concludes a team of researchers led by Jay Famiglietti, a UC Irvine Earth system science professor."All told, 18 percent more water fed into the world's oceans fr ... More >>
By Ben Westhoff Hip-hop A-listers including Rick Ross, Akon and Plies were caught grossly exaggerating their gangster credentials this year. (Turns out they were painfully law-abiding. The horror!) But even if your favorite rapper wasn't caught in a lie, you can bet he or she put out a hilariously ... More >>
Some guy charges Garden Grove imam with terrorist love
Behind the cams at Voyeur Dorm


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Dr. Blackstone shares how long a person must rest before returning to everyday activities after having gastric bypass surgery.
This varies between providers, between surgeons, and they will give you, you know, their own advice, but in general, we are going to have you up walking about six hours after your procedure, and you are going to be walking maybe more than you’ve ever been walking for a long time right afterwards to prevent getting blood clots in your legs.
When you really get back to feeling like yourself, it’s going to be at least a month, and up until the first month, we really don’t like people, for instance, to swim in the pool or submerge themselves in water, even though they can shower.
We don’t like them to lift heavy weights more than ten pounds. After that four-week mark, if you have a laparoscopic procedure, then you are going to be able to go ahead and, you know, get back to your normal activity, which includes a little higher intensity workout and a little bit more weight lifting.
About Dr. Robin Blackstone, M.D.:
Dr. Robin Blackstone is a surgeon and Director at the Scottsdale Bariatric Center and Medical Director at the Scottsdale Healthcare Bariatric Program. She is one of the few women surgeons in the world specializing in the Laparoscopic Gastric Bypass. With her practice focused entirely on Weight Loss Surgery, she is committed to providing patients with the very best care possible.


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They will begin observer roles next month on a one-year deployment.
A third officer may deploy later in the year as part of the mission's headquarters staff in southern Sudan, said Goff.
He said a UN resolution in March had established the peacekeeping mission, which will support the Comprehensive Peace Agreement signed between warring Sudanese parties in January.
New Zealand's recognition of the plight of people in Darfur has seen the government contribute 4 million NZ dollars (2.9 million US dollars) directly to humanitarian relief efforts there in the last year.
A further 1 million NZ dollars (730,000 US dollars) has been provided in support of New Zealand NGOs working in Darfur, western Sudan and in neighboring countries, said Goff.


R30027 Hornby OO Gauge Co-Co Class 60 Cappagh 60028 Blue (Era 11) Weathered by TMC
Built between 1989 and 1993, 100 BR Class 60 locomotives were built by Brush Traction in Loughborough.
After teething troubles, the first two locomotives entered service in October 1990. After privatisation, the whole fleet transferred to EWS ownership, which was acquired by DB Schenker, a wholly owned subsidiary of the German railway company, in June 2007.
4 Locomotives, 60028, 60029, 60046 and 60055 were sold by DB Cargo UK to DCRail in 2019 with the ‚Äö√Ñ√≤Super Sixty‚Äö√Ñ√¥ upgrade.
60028 was turned out in a blue livery, with large CAPPAGH logo. Under BR No. 60028 was named ‚Äö√Ñ√≤John Flamsteed‚Äö√Ñ√¥ after the first Astronomer Royal John Flamsteed who made the first observations of Uranus (although he mistakenly catalogued it as a star) and laid the foundation stone for the Royal Greenwich Observatory.
|Finish||Weathered By TMC|
|DCC Ready||Yes (8 Pin)|
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Job Description: Spectrum Healthcare Resources has a potential opportunity for a civilian Family Practice Physician in Anchorage, Alaska at Elmendorf Air Force Base.
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Holiday house Alp-Chalet
As special highlight we offer you our two floor holiday house Alp-Chalet together with a big garden and playground. Spend cosy hours in the livingroom “bavarian style” oder celebrate at the big garden grill! Dogs are not allowed in the apartments and in the House as well as in the garden.
The House fits a maximum of 10 Person.
ground floor: 1 double room, kitchen, 1 Bathroom with 1 Shower and toilette and 1 extra toilette.
1st Floor: 1 multiple bed room with 1 double bed and 4 single beds and one open living room with 2 single beds.
Parking: Euro 5.00 per pitch per day . There are limited spaces available . Pitches can be booked on request and availability .

domain: travel


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The man with the balloon looks annoyed…:) I love this photograph!
Jejeje, thank you!!!!
The expressions tell the story! Nicely done!
Thanks a lot!!!
oh lovely..i remember taking a similar photo in madrid…must be the same man)
It’s probably the same man, there’s no much people that play this “instrument”. Thanks for the comment. Cheers
What does the guy with the ballon hammer do? A very interesting street shot.
Thanks for the comment! appreciate! It’s a good question, I don’t know what’s doing this man and he has the face that doesn’t know too. 😉
i like a balloon as a weapon! The perfect weapon to attack a glass instrument! very mysterious…
It’s really misterious…
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Temporary agent. Immunoglobulins given at any time in life provide only a transient (6-8wk or so) boost to the immune system. These are pooled antibodies that begin to break down over time & are meant to protect against a specific event. There is no long term benefit. Immunity to CP or other agents is obtained when the antigen (cp vaccine) is given & the body makes its own antibodies that are replenished over time.
Can children get immunity from chicken pox if they were given immunoglobulin when they were 2 or so?
No. Immunoglobulin is an injection of various antibodies; they last only a short period of time. In order to develop immunity to chicken pox, one must make one's own antibodies to that virus, which remain circulating in the bloodstream to knock off any chicken pox virus particles they might come across in the future. That is accomplished either by getting the disease or getting the vaccine.
No. Immune globulin only gives temporary immunity, about 1 mounth.
Are children able to get immunity from chicken pox vaccine if they were given immunoglobulin at age 2 years?
Confusing question. Any benefit of immunoglobulin is transient. It circulates in the system much as those passed by mothers to their newborn. After 30 to 90 days it is essentially gone. Only true vaccination or active disease will generate immunity to chickenpox or other similar diseases.
Depends. VZIG is recommended if you are within 5 days of delivery to help prevent catastrophic neonatal disease in your baby. It is not generally recommended during pregnancy. The effect on the fetus is variable with sources listing about 4% with evidence of infection, skin scars, etc. This is something you can discuss at length with your doc.
How dangerous is for a 3 month baby (breastfeeding) to acquire chicken pox? Mom had it on infancy. Is there a vaccine or immunoglobulin available?
Not dangerous. A 3 months old gets enough immunoglobulins from the mother during pregnancy to protect till about age 6 months, if the mother had chicken pox as a child that means she has protective antibodies in her system and were transferred to the baby, rare at this age to have chicken pox, vaccination is available, but given at age 1, immunoglobulins are indicated for immune deficient patients, ur baby isn't.

domain: biology


Matt Damon stars as Steve Butler, a corporate salesman who tries to pitch the sale of natural gas production on a town hit hard by economic decline. What seemed like an easy sales pitch, promising to boost the town’s revenue even before the drilling started, became a hard sell once environmental activist Dustin Noble, played by John Krasinski, arrives and becomes the voice of those opposed to hydraulic fracking in their backyards. This move, directed by Gus Van Sant, demonstrates the overall issues involved in rural towns across the US, which are affected by the energy industry. The process of hydraulic fracking has made a great bang among rural communities; fracking makes it possible to tap into natural gas reservoirs deep underground, but what dangers lie ahead?
In July 2012, IQ2US traveled to Aspen Ideas Festival and hosted the debate “No Fracking Way: The Natural Gas Boom Is Doing More Harm Than Good.” The live audience voted FOR the motion finding that fracking is doing more harm than good:
Exploring both sides of fracking, our debaters discussed the natural energy boom and its effects. Debating for the motion was Deborah Goldberg, Managing Attorney at Earth Justice and Katherine Hudson, Watershed Program Director at Riverkeeper. Our debaters for the motion cited the toxic repercussions of fracking—such as polluted water and dying animals. Debating against the motion was Joe Nocera, Op-Ed Columnist, The New York Times and Sue Tierney, Managing Principal at Analysis Group. Our debaters against the motion proposed that fracking is a route to energy independence and a source of job growth. Watch the panel in action with the video below:
Full Video "No Fracking Way: The Natural Gas Boom Is Doing More Harm Than Good"
Joe Nocera: Fracking Is A Tremendous Gift
Deborah Goldberg: Fracking Feeds Fossil Fuel Addiction
Or listen to the debate edited for NPR or download the podcast here.
Also available is our extensive research library with positions from the panelists, articles and publications about the debate.
Where do you stand today? Do you think Fracking Does More Harm Than Good? Cast your vote here.


text:
During my time on the Treasury desk at KBC Financial Products in London, I was inordinately proud of a synthetic securitization transaction we structured, exotically named Picaros Funding LLP (a Belgian bank, so we named it after a Tintin story, naturally), which not only saved a considerable amount in funding costs but also won Euromoney’s “European Structured Finance Deal of the Year” award for 2005. I dined out on Picaros for quite some time, until the boss pointed out quite rightly, “Remember, you’re only as good as your last deal!” It’s the same for everyone—Fernando Torres moved from Liverpool to Chelsea for a record breaking £50 million ($79.3 million) and then took months before he scored a goal for his new club. His track record at Liverpool counted for nothing during this fallow period.
What is the connection with macroeconomics? Only this: Beware of employing sacred cows who made their reputations, however formidable, in the past when conditions were quite different, in policy making today unless one is prepared to challenge their recommendations whenever these are not necessarily appropriate. In the aftermath of the financial crisis, governments turned to individuals who may have worked in a bank 20 or 30 years before, if they worked in one at all, when looking to draft regulatory responses to the crash. Their responses may not be workable for current times.
Now to the point for this week: is it possible for a euro zone country to undertake an “orderly” withdrawal from the euro ? There is a competition being run currently to find the best solution on how this might be done. It has attracted responses from some well-known individuals of high repute, as well as some more esoteric ones such as the 11-year old Dutch schoolboy whose suggestion is that “Greece should quit the euro, revive the drachma and slap penalties on those who try to avoid holding the new currency.” That is certainly no less coherent a strategy than some of the other suggestions I have seen.
Whether we are considering the views of the Dutch youngster or the more established commentators, this column will ask only one question: if a country announced a withdrawal from the euro, how would it prevent an immediate and catastrophic bank run?
Unless the suggestion is that the government announces an instant conversion from euro to local currency, the minute that it did communicate such intent all depositors would withdraw their soon-to-be heavily devalued funds from local banks and place them elsewhere in the euro zone. That would precipitate a catastrophic banking crash in the home country, with corresponding knock-on effects in the entire euro zone. Perhaps simultaneously with the announcement of withdrawal, the EU will publish an order that withdrawn euros will not be acceptable as liabilities in “foreign” EU banks? It’s possible, if perhaps morally dubious.
The EU is stuck with the current euro membership, and the prospect of fiscal transfers from the north to the south, for many years to come. This is what comes from jumping in to a project without having thought through what many economists, starting with Professor Milton Friedman, had warned about in the 1990s: how does one have sustainable monetary union without political (or fiscal) union? The “Growth and Stability Pact” clearly didn’t cut it, even before the crash. The best lesson one learns from the entire euro project is that one should never get into something like this for political reasons (“ever closer union”) unless one is prepared to pay for it. And EU taxpayers are already paying for it.
_________________________ "The views expressed in this article are an expression of the author’s personal views only and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of The Royal Bank of Scotland Group plc, its subsidiaries or affiliated companies, or its Board of Directors. RBS does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this article and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. This article does not constitute an offer or a solicitation of an offer with respect to any particular investment."
The author is Professor Moorad Choudhry, Treasurer, Corporate Banking Division, Royal Bank of Scotland.
"The views expressed in this article are an expression of the author’s personal views only and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of The Royal Bank of Scotland Group plc, its subsidiaries or affiliated companies, or its Board of Directors. RBS does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this article and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. This article does not constitute an offer or a solicitation of an offer with respect to any particular investment."

domain: economics


text:
In spring 2010 the Boulder Valley Board of Education launched a new process for engaging with the community. Six pilot sessions were held in communities throughout the district: three on Saturday, Feb. 20, and three on Saturday, April 17. Each of the pilot sessions was attended by at least one board member and moderated by someone not employed by BVSD. The groups were each a mixture of stakeholders including parents, community members, BVSD staff and BVSD graduates. They discussed various aspects of student success such as how it is defined and measured. Overall feedback from participants was positive. For details about the community engagement project, please see the documents posted below.
If you would like to participate in a future community engagement session, please email email@example.com. Also, we are in need of volunteers to serve as moderators for these sessions. If that is a role in which you would be interested, let us know and we will invite you to the next training.

domain: sociology


LONDON (Reuters) – Government policy changes attacking global warming could result in zero-emission vehicles comprising around 30% of all vehicles on the road by 2030, and wind and solar providing 30% of global power generation, triple current levels, a policy report forecast on Monday.
Rapid changes in food and land-use systems would also play a “critical role” with “peak-meat” consumption around 2030 helping the planet’s land absorb more carbon within 30 years, said the report by the U.N.-backed Principles for Responsible Investment, a leading sustainable investment body.
Under its “Forecast Policy Scenario”, seen as the most likely, the report predicted “dramatic” and “sweeping” changes in policy between now and 2025 across the energy, transport, industry and food sectors.
Such a policy acceleration would make it possible to keep warming to below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels by mid-century, it said.
However, the global target to limit warming to no more than 1.5 degrees C would be out of reach without more rapid action, said the report, issued ahead of next month’s COP26 global climate talks in Glasgow.
Drawing on insights from more than 200 global policy experts, the report from the PRI’s climate forecasting group, the Inevitable Policy Response, analyses the likely direction of travel in the coming years, to inform the investment practices of investors running $120 trillion in assets.
Strategic partners involved in the IPR include BlackRock, Goldman Sachs Asset Management and Nuveen.
“BlackRock believes climate risk is investment risk and assessing climate risk on the path to net zero requires credible scenarios outlining not only what is possible but what is likely,” said Ashley Schulten, Head of ESG Investment, Global Fixed Income at BlackRock.
“The detailed policy forecasts in this work help the market conceptualize the key changes that could occur in energy and land systems across the world if the forecasted climate policy acceleration occurs.”
Outlining what would be needed to keep to the 1.5 C outcome, the report said in its “Required Policy Scenario” that the world would need to end deforestation, ideally by 2025; fully stop unabated coal burning by 2035; and phase out new fossil fuel-driven cars in almost all markets by 2040, while reaching 100% clean power globally by 2045.
The gap between the forecast and required scenarios meant “companies, investors and governments committed to achieving net zero by 2050 must accelerate their efforts now more than ever,” said Alex Bernhardt, Global Head of Sustainability Research at BNP Paribas Asset Management.
“That is the key message heading into COP26.”
Reporting by Simon Jessop; Editing by Frances Kerry


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Main / Entertainment / Wolf3d dos game
Wolf3d dos game
Name: Wolf3d dos game
File size: 180mb
Alright, here are the controls for the keyboard that are used for the game. You . DOS. Game year: Publisher: id Software, Inc. Wolfenstein 3D - Cover Art. Download full version. You can download the full version of Wolfenstein 3D from the download stores listed below. If you buy a game you don't only get the full. Wolfenstein 3D (aka Wolf3D) is a video game published in on DOS by Apogee Software, Ltd.. It's an action game, set in a shooter, world war ii and fps.
OverviewConsidered by many to be the progenitor of the first-person shooter genre, Wolfenstein 3D is a first-person action game that pits the player. Wolfenstein 3D is a first-person shooter developed by id Software and originally published by Apogee Software. The game was originally released on May 5. Wolfenstein 3D is an old dos game, published in by ID Software / Apogee. Main genre of this old game is action. We gave this game stunning rating of
By GamesNostalgia: Wolfenstein 3D is a first-person shooter developed by id Software and published by Apogee Software in for PC MS-DOS only. Wolfenstein 3D is a first-person shooter video game developed by id Software and published by Apogee Software and FormGen. Originally released on May 5, for MS-DOS, it was inspired by the Muse Software video game. Programmed for Apogee by id Software, Apogee released the game to the Wolfenstein 3D v Shareware Episode (, bytes), 5 May , DOS. 7 Oct Wolfenstein 3D is an episodic first-person shooter and a follow-up to the top- down infiltration game Castle Wolfenstein. The game puts the. Wolfenstein 3D is a first-person shooter video game developed by id Software and published by Apogee Software. Originally released on May 5, , for the.
28 Dec Wolfenstein 3D is an episodic first-person shooter and a follow-up to the Mobygames bandsforthebluebenefit.com Wolfenstein 3D MS-DOS game released by Apogee Software in Download or play Wolfenstein 3D online, or choose from more than hundreds of other. 24 Mar Wolfenstein 3D is widely known as the very first First Person Shooter that changed gaming forever. One of the most popular shareware games. Download this game from Microsoft Store for Windows 10, Windows 10 Mobile, Windows 10 Team (Surface Hub). See screenshots, read the latest customer reviews, and compare ratings for Wolfenstein 3D PC. The classic DOS game. More.
2 May This page is for the DOS game, for other platforms see Wolfenstein 3D. Wolfenstein 3D ran with the successful Nazi killing theme of Castle. Wolfenstein 3D is an old first-person shooter (FPS) game released in by Apogee and developed by id software. Both officially and unofficially, various ports of Wolfenstein 3D have been It is so popular and so necessary to playing DOS games in the modern era that it is. 14 Mar You are playing Wolfenstein 3D from the DOS games on dos video games where you can play for free in your browser with no download.

domain: game


text:
A dog might be a man’s best friend, but is it a letter carrier’s? Warmer temperatures mean children playing, letter carriers delivering, and dogs barking. Most dogs are safely behind a fence or on a lease. However, there are some situations when a dog can be potentially dangerous.
Several of our letter carriers know first-hand about the prevention and pain of animal attacks, and we want to help educate the community.
More than 4.5 million people are bitten annually by dogs. Last year, 5,600 postal employees were victimized by dogs across the country. And more than 2 million children receive dog bite injuries each year. Small children, the elderly and letter carriers, in that order, are the most frequent victims of dog bites.
Dog attacks are the most commonly reported childhood public health problem in the United States. Dog bite victims account for up to 5 percent of emergency room visits.
So what can you do to avoid being bitten? Don’t run past a dog. The dog’s natural instinct is to chase and catch you. If a dog threatens you, don’t scream. Avoid eye contact. Try to remain motionless until the dog leaves, and then back away slowly until the dog is out of sight. If you believe a dog is about to attack you, try to place something between yourself and the dog, such as a backpack or a bicycle.
What can a responsible dog owner do to keep the community safe? Take your dog to obedience training. It can teach dogs proper behavior and help owners control their dog in any situation. When the letter carrier comes to your home, please keep your dog inside, away from the door, in another room, or on a leash.
We appreciate your understanding.
The United States Postal Service
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domain: pet


text:
gry dziewczyn i gry dla dziewczyn
Najlepsze gry o dziewczynach na dziewczynygames.com, gry o przebieraniu, gry o urodzie, gry o dekorowaniu, gry o gotowaniu, itd.
Winter is coming so fast! Help the sun to fight as much snow as u can! Make people happy and prevent winter for just a few more days!
Language: english, español
Rating: 3 out of 5
This is a classic pinball game, but twice the fun than all the other ones. If you can't stop pushing buttons, ones you have started - this game is perfect for you.
Classic Games, Skill, Action Games
Collect delicious fruits and feed them to the cute panda in this free online game! Tap and hold to connect the fruits and release to finally collect them and let the panda enjoy the glorious, juicy fruitiness. You can connect fruits of the same type diagonally or in a straight line and should strive to to harvest the longest chains possible, as you receive bonus points and more time if you manage to connect more than five fruits at a time. In each level you have to collect a number of different fruits to make the panda happy and of course you have to be quick about it, because the time is ticking away fast.
Puzzle Games, Skill, Board Games, New Games

domain: hobby


text:
Bare Organics Irish Moss Powder
- Overall Health Promoter+: This Irish red alga delivers nutrition straight from the cold Irish waters it grows in to promote overall health.+
- Vegan Recipe Thickener: When added to water and thickened, Irish Moss Powder can be incorporated into some of your favorite recipes in place of gelatin, transforming its texture without the use of an animal byproduct.
- Simple Nutrition: BareOrganics keeps nutrition simple, meaning our products are free from preservatives, fillers and artificial ingredients prepared using processes like freeze-drying, low temperatures and cold-milling to ensure quality and integrity.
- Essential Fuel: Superfoods deliver essential fuel for your body with unique micro and macronutrients to keep you feeling your absolute best. BareOrganics’ raw, organic foods make it easier for the body to recognize and utilize key nutrients.
- Planet-Friendly Packaging: BareOrganics strives to create products that make you feel good about not only what you’re putting in your body, but how our products impact the environment as well. With the health of the planet in mind, we’ve made sure all our containers are 100% recyclable or biodegradable!
- Directions: Mix One Tablespoon (1 Scoop) 1-3 Times Daily, Or Add To A Favorite Recipe.

domain: food