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City Profile - San Jose; Comprehensive overview of the city, PEST analysis and analysis of key industries including technology, tourism and hospitality, construction and retail.
San Jose is one of the most populous cities in the US and in California state. The city is a hub for software and IT industries and has a considerable economic and financial influence, accounting for 1.4% of national GDP. Improvements in professional / business services and real estate are expected to be major drivers of growth.
“City Profile - San Jose” provides historical and forecast data on key city level metrics along with analytical coverage of the latest political, economic, social, technological, infrastructural, legal and environmental issues affecting San Jose. The report contains detailed tourism, retail, construction, technology and public infrastructure data and insight into economic, social, and industry trends.Scope
Reasons to buy
- The service sector remains the key contributor to the regional economy - and the major employer. San Jose is a key tourist destination for both domestic and international tourists and witnessed a significant growth over the past few years.
- Business tourism stands a contributor to the tourism sector. Strong performance is observed in the construction sector with increasing employment, number of building permits issued and building completions.
- Gain a comprehensive knowledge of future economic and demographic trends and understand the performance of various sectors within the city.
- Analyze and understand the business environment in the city to align your investment and expansion strategies.
- The report helps to drive a conclusion in choosing a suitable city to invest or expand according to your business structure.
- Explore new opportunities in the hospitality, tourism, construction, real estate and retail sectors.
- City Snapshot
- PEST Analysis
- Technology and Infrastructure
- Internal Transport Networks
- Business Environment Analysis
- Travel and Tourism
- Tourism Flows
- Construction and Real Estate
- Retail Market
- Consumption, Income and Prices
- Further Reading
- Ask the Analyst
- About MarketLine
- List of Tables
- Table 1: San Jose metropolitan area - key facts, 2017
- Table 2: San Jose metropolitan area- real GDP growth, 2000-25
- Table 3: San Jose metropolitan area- economic growth comparison (index 2010=100), 2000-25
- Table 4: San Jose metropolitan area- GDP per capita comparison (2000-2025) (US$)
- Table 5: San Jose metropolitan area - employment structure (2000-25) (% of total)
- Table 6: San Jose metropolitan area - population comparison (2000-25) (million)
- Table 7: San Jose metropolitan area - population by age (% of total)
- Table 8: San Jose Metropolitan Region - Mass Transit Network Indicators, 2016
- Table 9: San Jose Metropolitan Region - Key Airport Indicators
- Table 10: San Jose Metropolitan area - Fortune Global 500 Companies, HQ in City, 2017
- Table 11: San Jose metropolitan area - Office Rents, Q3 2017
- Table 12: San Jose metropolitan area - key hotel performance indicators*
- Table 13: San Jose metropolitan area - MICE and Other Events
- List of Figures
- Figure 1: San Jose metropolitan area- real GDP growth, 2000-25
- Figure 2: San Jose metropolitan area- economic growth comparison (index 2010=100), 2000-25
- Figure 3: San Jose metropolitan area- GDP per capita comparison (2000-25)
- Figure 4: San Jose metropolitan area - employment structure (2000-25) (% of total)
- Figure 5: San Jose metropolitan area - population comparison (2000-25) (million)
- Figure 6: San Jose metropolitan area - population by age (% of total)


New Haven Gallery: Domi & The Kids
Connecticut Tournament Director Anne Worcester and WTA star Dominika Cibulkova welcomed children from the New HYTEs youth development organization for the official draw ceremony.
Published August 21, 2014 12:10
The Connecticut Open draw ceremony, held last Friday, was much more than just a draw ceremony...
Of course they made the draw up for the Premier-level event, but they also had some special guests.
Kids from the New HYTEs youth development organization got to take part in the draw ceremony.
Connecticut Open Tournament Director Anne Worcester and WTA star Dominika Cibulkova were at the draw.
Cibulkova has had a breakthrough year, reaching her first Grand Slam final and breaking the Top 10.
She became the first player representing Slovakia to make a Grand Slam final at the Australian Open.
She broke into the Top 10 after reaching the semifinals of another huge tournament, in Miami.
Cibulkova is currently No.13 on the WTA Rankings and No.10 on the Road To Singapore leaderboard.


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Well dear reader, I finally received my Municipal Freedom of Information Letter from the City. When I started the process I wrote:
I just do not have the patience any longer to wait for City Hall to provide open and transparent Government on the border file so I thought I would spend my $5 application fee and file a Municipal Freedom of Information Act application...
Information is supposed to be provided to me within 30 days of the date of my request. Of course, I do not expect that to happen.
There is a section that allows for an extention of the time limit set out for a period of time that is reasonable in the circumstances. I am sure that will be used first.
And you know that solicitor-client privilege will be used to deny information as will certain other exemptions dealing with confidential "commercial" or "financial" matters.
Why I would not be surprised if this disclosure did not occur until after the next Municipal election.
I have to admit that what was accomplished was expected but not exactly in the manner of doing so. No matter what happens, unfortunately, no information will be made available before the next municipal election on the areas that I was interested in. [BLOG June 29, 2006 MFOIA--Open And Transparent Government]
I will let you read for yourself what was said without any further comment on my part. If you were in my shoes, what would you do? I am not going to telegraph my strategy but I would be interested in your thoughts.
July 28, 2006
Dear Mr. Arditti
Re: Freedom of Information request – FOI 33-2006
This office received your Freedom of Information request June 28, 2006 for access to City records (copy attached).
I am informing you that all City departments were contacted and responsive records pertaining to your request were located. Your request, as submitted, will require a lengthy manual search through a large number of files by specific staff in each department. Many of these files are located off-site.
Under these circumstances the Municipal Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act allows a municipality to implement a user-pay principal in order to complete your seven-part request.
Based on my review of a representative sample of the records obtained from each of these departments, the total fees to process your request are estimated to be $101,089.00. These records consist of letters, drawings, designs, minutes, agendas, plans, agreements, budgets, financial records, capital project documentation and correspondence.
The fee estimate is broken down as follows for manually searching, preparing and photocopying the records:
Search time is calculated by taking into account the actions necessary to locate the requested records and how the records are stored and maintained as well as the actual amount of time needed in each step of locating the requested records. (Fees, Fee Estimates and Fee Waivers for Requests Under the Municipal Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, Guidelines for Government Institutions, IPC):
Search time for your request: 1060 hours @ $30.00/hour= $31, 815.00
Preparation time is calculated for the actual records to be disclosed and includes the time spent on severing records, generally 2.00 minutes per page (Order P-4) since many of the documents may require multiple severing. (Fees, Fee Estimates and Fee Waivers for Requests Under the Municipal Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, Guidelines for Government Institutions, IPC):
Preparation time for your request: 115,458 minutes/1924.3 hours @ $30.00/hours = $57,729.00
Photocopying costs are generally charged for each page that is photocopied and/or printed from a computer. (Fees, Fee Estimates and Fee Waivers for Requests Under the Municipal Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, Guidelines for Government Institutions, IPC):
Photocopying cost for your request: 57,729 @ $0.20 = $11,545.80.80
As we have not yet completed the search and reviewed all of the records in detail, no final decision has been made regarding access. I estimate partial access to the records will be granted, however the City may be relying on Section 6,7,10,11, and 12, Municipal Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act.
You are required to pay 50% of the above fee estimate by certified cheque which has been calculated at $50,544.90.
Under the Act, I will not proceed further with your request until the City Clerk has received this amount.
The Act also provides that all or part of the fee can be waived, if, in our opinion, it is fair and equitable to do so, in certain circumstances. Please find enclosed a copy of section 45 of the Act and section 8 of Regulation 823. You may be required to provide evidence in support of any fee waiver request. Please notify me as soon as possible if you wish to proceed with a request for a fee waiver.
Due to the large number of records involved in your request, under Section 20, Municipal Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, I will be exercising an extension of 10 months in order to complete your request. This will allow 11 staff persons (1 from each department) two hours per week, representing 6.0% of each staff person’s time per week, to work on your request.
You may ask for a review of this interim decision regarding the fee estimate and the time extension, only, within 30 days of receiving this letter by writing to: The Information and Privacy Commission/Ontario, 2 Bloor Street East, Suite 1400, Toronto Ontario M4W 1A8, Telephone: 416-326-3333 or toll-free 1-800-387-0073.
If you decide to request a review of this decision, please provide the Commissioner’s Office with the following:
The file number listed at the beginning of this letter;
A copy of this decision letter;
A copy of the original request for information you sent to our institution; and
The reasons why you believe the records exist (if the decision was that no records exist).
In addition you must send an appeal fee to the Commissioner’s Office. If your request was for your personal information, the appeal fee is $10.00 The appeal fee for all other requests for information is $25.00. Please include the fee with your letter of appeal – appeal fees should be in the form of either a cheque or money order, payable to the Minister of Finance.
If you have questions or wish to narrow your original request, which could significantly reduce the above costs, you may contact me at 519-255-6285.
Yours very truly,
Manager of Records & Elections and Freedom of Information Coordinator

domain: law


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Climate Issues Shouldn’t Bear Political Labels, U.S. Envoy Says
No political labels should be placed on climate cooperation, U.S. climate envoy John Kerry told Caixin at the World Economic Forum (WEF) in Davos, noting that it is an existential issue for every country and every person on the planet.
In response to a Caixin reporter’s question about whether such cooperation is a good sign for the two countries’ relationship, Kerry said at a press conference Wednesday that “we both know that our countries have differences … we’ve acknowledged it publicly.”
- MOST POPULAR

domain: news


Do you aspire to be one of Hollywood’s next superstar directors, following in the footsteps of Spielberg, Scorsese or Hitchcock? Or perhaps you want to capture adventures or family memories and share the content across screens. Whatever your reasons for shooting video, forget your iPhone camera. The best video camera for shooting your own movies is, well, an actual camera.
Of course, the cameras built into the latest smartphones—including the Apple iPhone 13 Pro Max, Google Pixel 6 Pro and Samsung Galaxy S22 Ultra—can shoot stunning 4K video. And while some of these phones can show off some pretty impressive cinematic features, these cameras have serious limitations. That’s why you should consider a dedicated camera that captures video.
To help you make the transition to a “real” video camera, we picked the best cameras in a number of categories that can serve as video cameras. The prices may vary dramatically depending upon the size, features, sensor type and battery life you choose, but they all have one thing in common: They’re best-in-class cameras that can shoot superb video. Consider your creative vision and capture needs before choosing a video camera that fits within your budget.
- Best Video Camera Overall: Sony ZV-1
- Best Budget Video Camera: Panasonic Lumix ZS100
- Best Camera For YouTube and Live Streaming: Canon PowerShot G7 X Mark III
- Best Video Camera For Beginners: Panasonic GH5 Mark II
- Best 6K Resolution Video Camera For Filmmaking: Panasonic Lumix S1H
- Best Action Camera: GoPro Hero 10 Black


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By: Whitney Scharer
5 out of 5
Suburbia, Interrupted Review
Thank you to NetGalley for a copy of THE AGE OF LIGHT in exchange for an honest review
An exquisite story from beginning to end. I became as captivated reading the words as one would have looking at photos taken by Man Ray and Lee Miller. All of us are flawed and THE AGE OF LIGHT balanced both the good and bad in each of us. Both the main characters are deeply flawed indivduals seeking acceptance of themselves through the opinions and actions of those around them. THE AGE OF LIGHT follows their journey through the dark and light of discovering no one but yourself can make you happy. THE AGE OF LIGHT also allows us to see a different kind of happy ending, one that isn’t perfect. Not all stories have fairy tale ending and THE AGE OF LIGHT captured that reality in a real and honest way. Beautifully written and highly recommend.

domain: entertainment


CULLMAN, Ala. – Students and chaperones loaded two buses on the afternoon of Friday, Jan. 24, 2020 to travel with the Diocese of Birmingham to Washington, D.C. for the annual March for Life. The march is in its 47th year; the theme of the 2020 March, was “Life Empowers: Pro-Life is Pro-Woman.”
This year’s March was of particular significance, as President Donald Trump became the first U.S. president to address the March for Life crowds while the Democratic House trial managers were making the case for his impeachment in the U.S. Senate.
St. Bernard junior Justin Anders has attended three marches since enrolling at St. Bernard Prep and declared the March of 2020 by far the most impressive in scale and enthusiasm.
“Not only was the enormous scale of the march incredible, estimated to be around 500,000 people in attendance, but also the vigor and excitement of this year’s marchers proved to be inspiring in and of itself. For the first time in history, the president of the United States addressed the March in person and proclaimed his strong support for the dignity of the human person,” commented Anders.
Anders said during the president’s speech, he will always remember the National Mall being packed to the brim with attentive pro-life advocates. Once the actual march started, the excitement was palpable, and groups played instruments or music to show their support.
“Trump’s advocacy of the pro-life movement struck a deep note with nearly all people present, and certainly attributed towards the huge crowds and general anticipation. The attorney general himself even waved down to the March from an office window,” Anders said.
Br. Cassian Konieczny, a monk and instructor at St. Bernard, served as coordinator of the March and was joined by 11 other chaperones who led the delegation of St. Bernard students to give witness to the dignity of all human life.


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Monterey County K-6 schools can soon re-open as COVID-19 cases decline
Monterey County K-6 schools will soon be able to re-open for in-person learning, according to the county's office of education.
The news follows a decline in COVID-19 cases and Monterey County’s Adjusted Case Rate has fallen below the 25 daily new cases per 100,000 threshold. The adjusted case rate was expected to be at 24 as of Tuesday.
In order to re-open, schools need to finalize their COVID Safety Plan and post it online. The plan will include the school's COVID Prevention Policy and School Guidance Checklist.
Schools also need to submit the plan to their local health department and the California State Safe Schools for All team for review and feedback, if necessary. After seven business days, if the health department and state team have not provided notification that the COVID Safety Plan is unsafe, schools can re-open on the eighth business day, according to the Monterey County Office of Education (MCOE).
“As each and every district, charter school and private school is unique, there will not be a one-size-fits-all approach,” stated Dr. Deneen Guss, Monterey County Superintendent of Schools, in a Facebook post. “Schools are carefully considering the safety of students and staff and will announce specific plans that meet their varied and individualized needs.”
If you’re wondering about your school’s plans, keep an eye on the normal communication channels your school uses, whether it be email or phone, the information will come the way it typically does.
When schools re-open, there will still be a requirement for social distancing, so some schools may adopt a hybrid learning model, with students on campus some days of the week and distance learning on the rest of the days.
For families who are uncomfortable with the re-openings and sending their children for in-person learning, distance learning accommodations will be made, according to MCOE officials.
“We recognize that people have passionate feelings on both sides of the school reopening issue, and we want nothing more than to get students safely back to class,” Guss said. “School district leaders are working with their school community to develop reopening plans that allow schools to open in the most responsible and safest manner.”
Some Monterey County schools re-opened for a limited number of students. For some schools, this was done through the waiver process that those districts and private schools applied for. The waiver process was eliminated in the new guidelines released on Jan. 14.
If you want more information about schools re-opening, you can visit the CA Safe Schools for All website.
Angelica Cabral is a journalist and podcaster for The Californian covering a wide variety of topics from movies filmed in Monterey County to how much political candidates have fundraised. Have a tip for an interesting story? Email her at email@example.com. You can also follow her on Twitter @avcabral97


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In 1903, only two years after the end of the Boer War, Theresa Lawrence and Katherine Margaret Earle set sail for South Africa, inspired by a vision. Their mission was to create a world-class sister school to the esteemed Roedean Brighton. Founded by the Lawrence family in 1885, the core ethos of Roedean Brighton was to provide young girls with the kind of academic education that would enable them to meet the challenges they faced during this time in their struggle for gender equality.
Together, these resourceful pioneers of the teaching profession built Roedean School (SA) and so began its great history of academic excellence, civic duty, and cultural diversity. Their vision within the framework of a nurturing and caring environment was brought to life with stunning gardens and Sir Herbert Baker architecture. 110 years later, the founding ethos of Theresa Lawrence and Katherine Margaret Earle remains the guiding principle of Roedean School (SA). Roedean is committed to providing opportunities for young women to make career choices which will enable them to be competitive in the global workplace and which, we know, for the young women of this country will be a vital asset for their generation and those to come.

domain: sociology


text: Denwa River is a lifeline river of Satpura National Park. This river originates from south-eastern part of the Hoshangabad district in Madhya Pradesh State and flows from east to west direction before joining the Tawa river at south of Rainpur. Location of Denwa river is Latitude: 22.746128 & Longitude: 77.719356. At the confluence of Tawa & Denwa river, Tawa dam has been constructed. River offers number of activities to visitors. While boating on Denwa River one can enjoy the scenic beauty of Satpura National Park with bird-watching and sighting of marsh crocodiles. In order to do Satpura National Park Safari, tourists have to cross the river through motorboats. All these rivers are tributaries of holy Narmada river known as lifeline of Central India. It is a ever-green river assuring availability of water to wildlife nestling in this forest.

domain: geography


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We Must Go Beyond Black History Month, Why?
Afternoon Thought To Digest and Provoke Thought
We Must Go Beyond Black History Month, Why?
The initial need for Negro History Week was developed because so many of our ancestors didn’t have access to the resources needed to tell the full story of the black experience. Carter G. Woodson understood that without this access our ancestors could easily develop a feeling of inferiority. Dr. Woodson knew that the majority race had no intentions of delivering a favorable history of Black Americans during a period when Jim and Jane Crow ran rampant over the rights and education of our communities nationwide. Who spoke for the Blackman in the editorial offices of textbook publishers of American History books? Who spoke for the Blackman at the major publishing houses producing narrative stories accounting Black American achievements?
In the 1970’s when Negro History Week transitioned to Black History Month still a gap existed in resources available to our black community's residents especially our youth. This situation was quite problematic. However, now the time has finally come to demand a comprehensive study of our children’s black historical experience. It must be immersed in every facet of a child’s K-12 study of American History. One month just doesn’t do any justice to the real story of our black ancestor's achievements in American history. Over the course of the past 21 months, I have done a considerable degree of reading from numerous sources related to our black historical experience. The fact that most of this information isn’t available in the lesson plan resources of our black children classroom teachers demands some explanation. It is the time that Black History Month becomes Black History Year and that historical study is specifically detailed in the K-12 social studies curriculum across the country.
The more you delve into the history of Black Americans the more impressed you are with our people's ancestral roots and ancestral strength and our capacity to overcome the challenges, obstacles, and specific agendas meant to suppress and inhibit our growth as a people. That's why it is so important at least to me that Black History is reflected on a continual basis, not just 28 days in February each year. I think if our children are given this type of instructional leadership in homes and schools. They would have a truer sense of self while understanding the power that each of them holds within themselves. They also may discover the passion needed for community social order and become less likely to victimize each other without remorse.
If we truly understand who we are then maybe then our black youth will understand that hurting each other in the final analysis hurts everyone in our community. Not only the victims of the violence are directly harmed. The victim’s immediate family is harmed maybe not physically but definitely psychologically and emotionally. The perpetrator who inflicted the harm, of course, is harmed by his actions physically, emotionally and psychologically. His immediate family is harmed and unintentionally or intentionally the entire community is directly affected negatively by that single act of violence. Now multiply the devastation caused in that single instance by the thousands of black youths involved in acts of violence. You can now understand that our urban inner-city communities cannot endure these senseless acts of violence.
We see percentages of illiteracy rates amongst our children increasing rather than decreasing. We see our black children unable to read for comprehension, our black children unable to strategically and critically analyze complex text. The pattern is clear we are losing the battle to capture our black student's interest. Personally, I think that if we allow our children to access more of the true story of the black historical experience. They may become more motivated to read informational texts. Negro History Week served its purpose as has Black History Month but now we need to amp up the availability of resources of the Black American experience. How does this work psychologically? Your ancestor's historical contributions are only worth less than 28 days a year while the majority race’s history is reflected an entire year.
Just thinking aloud this Friday afternoon.

domain: history


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McGinnis: How a trip to the movies took me back in timeWritten by Jeff McGinnis | | email@example.com
had one of the most wonderful moviegoing experiences of my life recently. It had little to do with the film in question, “Despicable Me 2,” which was an enjoyable but ultimately forgettable family flick. The joy came from who I saw the movie with — my beloved nieces, Kadence and Kendra.
This wasn’t quite the first film they had seen — 4-year-old Kadence (known affectionately among the family as “KK”) has been to movies a few times, while Kendra, at 2, had been to a theater before but had yet to reach that crucial stage where she lasted through the entire feature. Both of my nieces are at that age where remaining still for a few hours is an impossibility. (For my brother and I, this state lasted until graduation.)
This was, however, the first time that Uncle Jeff had been along for the trip to the theater. I knew going in that it would be a challenge for the girls to sit still for any period of time — I half expected this trip to the movies to be an extended game of hide-and-seek. Still, I relish every chance I get to spend time with them, and I was really looking forward to the show. I was not expecting the experience to be the trip down memory lane that it was.
As we sat and watched the film, my attention was equally divided between the events unfolding onscreen and the reaction of the two young critics beside me. As expected, they didn’t exactly sit still for the experience, but they weren’t inattentive, either. Even as both of them found reasons to wander up and down the row we were in, their gazes never wavered far from the movie in front of them. They were engaged, interested, entertained, having fun.
At one point, when the dastardly villain’s master plan was going into full effect, Kadence got a little scared and turned to hug me in response. As I looked down and assured her it’d be all right, I felt a powerful wave of nostalgia pass over me. Suddenly, I wasn’t in 2013 anymore.
It was 1980. I was 3. I had just been taken to see “Popeye” by someone — my aunt, maybe? I couldn’t remember anything of the actual experience of seeing the movie, only a fleeting glimpse of the credits as we departed. I’m sure I had been taken to the theater before, but this was the first trip that left an impression on my memory. And how many can say their first movie was a Robert Altman film?
It was 1982. My church’s youth group had organized one of its many trips to see “E.T.” I know I accompanied them and my parents to the film more than once. The image of the scary men’s flashlights sweeping around the forest searching for the scared little alien would be the next moment added to a lifetime of images at the cinema.
It was 1983. My parents took me to see “Return of the Jedi” for what had to be the second or third time. I remember the feeling of joy surrounding me, a theater full of people watching with the same wide-eyed attention and wonder that I was. I was so terrified of the Emperor, I would turn in my seat whenever he appeared on screen — just as Kadence would years later. The theater burst into cheers when Darth Vader finally saved his son, and then came wild applause when the film, and the saga, had ended — just as Kadence and Kendra applauded when their movie ended.
It was 2013. I looked down at my two nieces as they glowed with an innocent wonder that I hope will never diminish with age. And I thought, this is what the movies can be. A living connection to those moments of our childhood where the grandeur of larger-than-life people and events forever make an imprint on who we are. And every time we return to that darkened theater — no matter where, no matter the film — we are tapping into a lifetime of experiences that begin with our earliest recollections and continue to present day.
The places I took those first steps into the cinema — Southwyck Mall, Showcase Cinemas on Secor Road, the Fox Theater at Woodville Mall — they’re all gone now. But the memories of each will remain for the rest of my days. And I can’t wait to carve out new memories with each trip to the big screen — hopefully with those same two young critics in tow.
Email Toledo Free Press Star Pop Culture Editor Jeff McGinnis at PopGoesJeff@gmail.com.
Tags: Jeff McGinnis


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Acts of Congress, in 1802 and 1808, authorized 40 cadets from the Artillery, 100 from the Infantry, 16 from the Dragoons, and 20 from the Riflemen; few of these were appointed, and no provision was made for them at the Academy. In 1810, the Academy was deprived of nearly all means of instruction, and officers and cadets had difficulty in obtaining their pay. During most of the year 1811, and a part of 1812, although war was imminent, academic instruction was practically abandoned. In March, 1812, the Academy was without a single instructor. Up to and including this time, 88 cadets had been graduated; they had entered without mental or physical examination, at all ages from 12 to 34, and at various times during the year.
By Act of Congress of April 29, 1812, the Academy was reorganized. The provisions of this Act have furnished the general principles upon which the Military Academy has since been conducted and controlled; a more adequate corps of professors was authorized; a maximum of 250 cadets was fixed; and the age and the mental requisites for admission were prescribed.
In 1817, under the provisions of the Act of 1812, and the able superintendency of Major Sylvanus Thayer, Corps of Engineers, the present era in the Academy's history opened.
Until 1843, a prescribed residence was not a legal qualification for appointment, but the selection of one cadet from each Congressional district had grown to be customary. In this year the custom became the law, Congress prescribing that the Corps of Cadets should consist of one from each Congressional district, one from each Territory, one from the District of Columbia, and ten from the United States at large, to be appointed by the President.
By the Act of Congress, approved June 3, 1942, the Corps of Cadets, as now constituted, consists of four for each Senator, four for each Representative, four for the Delegate in Congress from the Territory of Alaska, four for the Delegate in Congress from the Territory of Hawaii, four for the Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico, two for the Governor of the Panama Canal Zone, six for the District of Columbia, twenty for the sons of deceased officers, twenty for the sons of deceased enlisted men, forty for Honor Schools, three for the Vice-President, eighty-nine for the President, ninety for the Regular Army and ninety for the National Guard, or a total of 2,496.
In addition to the 2,496 mentioned above, the Secretary of War is authorized to permit not exceeding four Filipinos, to be designated one for each class by the President of the Commonwealth of the Philippine Islands, to receive instruction at the United States Military Academy, under the provision of the Act of Congress approved May 28, 1908, as amended. These students execute an agreement to comply with all regulations for the police and discipline of the Academy, to be studious, and to give their utmost efforts to accomplish the courses in the various departments of instruction.
The Act of Congress approved July 2, 1942, making appropriations for the military establishment for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1943, contains a provision which reads as follows: "That no part of any appropriation contained in this Act shall be available for the pay of any person, other than military personnel, not a citizen of the United States, unless in the employ of the Government or in a pay status on the date of approval of this Act, under appropriations for the War Department, but nothing herein shall be construed as applying ... to citizens of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, or to nationals of those countries allied with the United States in the prosecution of the war and whose employment is determined by the Secretary of War to be necessary, or to persons employed outside of the continental limits of the United States. . . . That said Filipinos undergoing instruction on graduation shall be
eligible only to commissions in the Philippine Scouts. And the provisions of Section 1321, Revised Statutes, are modified in the case of the Filipinos undergoing instruction, so as to require them to engage to serve for eight years, unless sooner discharged, in the Philippine Scouts.” (35 Stats., 441.)
The Act of Congress approved July 1, 1937, making appropriations for the military establishment for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1938, contains a proviso which reads as follows: "That no part of this or any appropriation contained in this Act shall be available for the pay of any person, civil or military, not a citizen of the United States, unless in the employ of the Government or in a pay status under appropriations carried in this Act on July 1, 1937."
An Act of Congress approved May 25, 1933, as amended by the Act or Congress approved July 8, 1937, provides: “That the superintendents of the United States Naval Academy, the United States Military Academy, and the United States Coast Guard Academy may, under such rules and regulations as the Secretary of the Navy, the Secretary of War, and the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe, confer the degree of bachelor of science upon all living graduates of their respective academies, from and after the date of the accrediting of said academies by the Association of American Universities.” The United States Military Academy was accredited by the Association of American Universities on October 31, 1925. The degree of bachelor of science was conferred retroactively by certificate upon all qualified living graduates up to and including the class of 1925. The degree of bachelor of science was conferred retroactively by certificate upon all graduates in the classes of 1926 to 1933, inclusive. For succeeding classes this degree is regularly conferred at the time of graduation.
The total number of graduates, including foreigners receiving instruction under Acts of Congress, from 1802 to May 29, 1942, inclusive, is 13,036.
COMMENDATORY REFERENCES TO THE ACADEMY
“I have duly received your letter of the 28th ultimo, enclosing a copy of what you had written to the Secretary of War, on the subject of a Military Academy.
“The establishment of an Institution of this kind, upon a respectable and extensive basis, has ever been considered by me as an object of primary importance to this country; and while I was in the Chair of Government, I omitted no proper opportunity of recommending it, in my public speeches and other ways, to the attention of the Legislature. But I never undertook to go into a detail of the organization of such an academy; leaving this task to others whose pursuits in the paths of science, and attention to the arrangements of such institutions, had better qualified them for the execution of it. For the same reason I must now decline making any observations on the details of your plan; and as it has already been submitted to the Secretary of War, through whom it would naturally be laid before Congress, it might be too late for alterations if any should be suggested."
"I sincerely hope that the subject will meet with due attention, and that the reasons for its establishment which you have so clearly pointed out in your letter to the Secretary, will prevail upon the Legislature to place it upon a permanent and respectable footing.”—George Washington. (Letter to Alexander Hamilton dated Mount Vernon, 12 December, 1799, two days before General Washington died.)
COMMENDATORY REFERENCES TO THE ACADEMY (Continued) “I recommend to your fostering care, as one of our safest means of national defense, the Military Academy. This institution has already exercised the happiest influence upon the moral and intellectual character of our Army; and such of the graduates as from various causes may not pursue the profession of arms will be scarcely less useful as citizens. Their knowledge of the military art will be advantageously employed in the militia service, and in a measure secure to that class of troops the advantages which in this respect belong to standing armies."-Andrew Jackson. (Extract from his First Message to Congress, December, 1829.)
"I give it as my fixed opinion, that but for our graduated cadets, the war between the United States and Mexico might, and probably would, have lasted some four or five years, with, in its first half, more defeats than victories falling to our share; whereas, in less than two campaigns, we conquered a great country and a peace, without the loss of a single battle or skirmish."-Winfield Scott. (Extract from a letter written by him July 25, 1860, to Lieutenant Ives, Secretary to the U. S. Military Academy Commission.)
"The foregoing considerations naturally bring to mind the Military Academy at West Point. I believe that the great service which it has rendered the country was never more conspicuous than it has been during the past two years. The faithful and efficient services of its graduates since the declaration of war with Spain have more than repaid the cost of the institution since its foundation. They have been too few in number and most heavily burdened.”Elihu Root. (Extract from his report as Secretary of War, June 30, 1899.)
“This institution has completed its first hundred years of life. During that century no other educational institution in the land has contributed so many names as West Point has contributed to the honor roll of the nation's greatest citizens.”—Theodore Roosevelt. (Extract from his address at the Centennial Exercises U. S. Military Academy, June 11, 1902.)
"In the World War, West Point again demonstrated its supreme value to the country in the hour of need. Our great overseas army was made and led by West Point men and the incredible swiftness with which it was trained for its great task is a tribute to the fineness of the raw material and also to the leadership generated by West Point. In all walks of life character is the indispensable basis of enduring success. West Point does many things for its men, but the highest quality it gives them is character and in the emergency of the World War, our success rested upon the character of our leaders. It, therefore, finally rested upon West Point.”—Newton D. Baker. (Extract from a letter written by him March 27, 1928, to Major General William R. Smith, Superintendent, U. S. Military Academy.)
“What the Academy stands for has always been my guide throughout my military career, and to have approached the high ideals of duty, honor and service to the country that are the real spirit of West Point, has to me a meaning that nothing else has. The longer I live, and the further I have gone on in the service, the more I reverence the things that inspire the heart and soul of young men at West Point.
I can only add that West Point has again, in this war, demonstrated its usefulness and justified itself a hundred times over in furnishing to this great American Army in Europe the splendid men who have served here in the old West Point spirit.”——Extracts from a letter from General John J. Pershing, January 11, 1929.
SUPERINTENDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY.
Term of Service
To į 1 Jonathan Williams. Major, Corps of Engineers..... April 15, 1802 | "June 20, 1803 Resigned 2 Jonathan Williams. Lieut. Col., Corps of Engineers. April 19, 1805 July 31, 1812 Resigned 3 Joseph G. Swift.. Colonel, Corps of Engineers.... | July 31, 1812 Mar. 24, 1814 Relieved. 4 Alden Partridge.. Captain, Corps of Engineers.. Jan. 3, 1815 July 28, 1817 Relieved. 5 Sylvanus Thayer.. Captain, Corps of Engineers.. July 28, 1817 July 1, 1833 Relieved. 6 René E. DeRussy. Major, Corps of Engineers.. July 1, 1833 Sept. 1, 1838 Relieved. 7 Richard Delafield. Major, Corps of Engineers.. Sept. 1, 1838 Aug. 15, 1845 Relieved. 8 Henry Brewerton. Captain, Corps of Engineers. Aug. 15, 1845 Sept. 1, 1852 Relieved. 9 Robert E. Lee.
Captain, Corps of Engineers.. Sept. 1, 1852 Mar. 31, 1855 Relieved. 10 John G. Barnard.. Captain, Corps of Engineers.. Mar. 31, 1855 Sept. 8, 1856 Relieved. 11 Richard Delafield, Major, Corps of Engineers... Sept. 8, 1856 Jan. 23, 1861 Relieved. 12 Peter G. T. Beauregard.. Captain, Corps of Engineers... | Jan. 23, 1861 Jan. 28, 1861 Relieved. 13 Richard Delafield.. Major, Corps of Engineers.. Jan. 28, 1861 Mar. 1, 1861 Relieved. 14 Alexander H. Bowman... Major, Corps of Engineers.. Mar. 1, 1861 July 8, 1864 Relieved. 15 Zealous B. Tower.. Major, Corps of Engineers.... July 8, 1864 Sept. 8, 1864 Relieved. 16 George W. Cullum, Lieut. Col., Corps of Engineers. Sept. 8, 1864 Aug. 28, 1866 Relieved. 17 Thomas G. Pitcher.. Colonel, 44th Infantry. Aug. 28, 1866 Sept. 1, 1871 Relieved. 18
Thomas H. Ruger.. Colonel, 18th Infantry. Sept. 1, 1871 Sept. 1, 1876 Relieved. 19 John M. Schofield. Major General, U. S. Army. Sept. 1, 1876 Jan. 21, 1881 Relieved. 20 Oliver 0. Howard.. Brigadier General, U. S. Army. Jan. 21, 1881 Sept. 1, 1882 Relieved. 21 Wesley Merritt. Colonel, 5th Cavalry..
Sept. 1, 1882 July 1, 1887 Reħeved. 22 John G. Parke.
Colonel, Corps of Engineers.... Aug. 28, 1887 | June 24, 1889 Relieved. 23 John M. Wilson
Lieut. Col., Corps of Engineers. Aug. 26, 1889 Mar. 31, 1893 Relieved. 24 Oswald H. Ernst. Major, Corps of Engineers..... Mar. 31, 1893 Aug. 21, 1898 Relieved. 25 Albert L. Mills,
1st Lieutenant, 1st Cavalry. Aug. 22, 1898 Aug. 31, 1906 Relieved. 26 | Hugh L. Scott.
Major, 14th Cavalry... Aug. 31, 1906 Aug. 31, 1910 Relieved. 27 Thomas H. Barry. Major General, U. S. Army.. Aug. 31, 1910 Aug. 31, 1912 Relieved. 28 Clarence P. Townsley. Colonel, Coast Artillery Corps.. Aug. 31, 1912 June 30, 1916 Relieved. 29 John Biddle..
Colonel, Corps of Engineers... July 1, 1916 May 31, 1917 Relieved. 30 Samuel E. Tillman. Colonel, U. S. Army.
June 13, 1917 June 11, 1919 Relieved. 31 Douglas MacArthur. Brigadier General, U. S. Army. June 12, 1919 June 30, 1922 Relieved. 32 Fred W. Sladen.. Brigadier General, U. S. Army. July 1, 1922 Mar. 23, 1926 Relieved. 33 Merch B. Stewart.. Brigadier General, U. S. Army. Mar. 24, 1926 Oct. 5, 1927 Retired. 34 Edwin B. Winans. Major General, U. S. Army. Oct. 23, 1927 Feb, 25, 1928 Relieved. 35 William R. Smith. Major General, U. S. Army. Feb. 26, 1928 April 30, 1932 Retired. 36 William D. Connor. Major General, U. S. Army. May 1, 1932 Jan. 17, 1938 Relieved. 37 Jay L. Benedict.. Brigadier General, U. S. Army. Feb. 5, 1938 Nov. 17, 1940 Relieved. 38 Robert L. Eichelberger.. Brigadier General, U. S. Army. Nov. 18, 1940 | Jan. 12, 1942 Relieved. 39 | Francis B. Wilby. Major General, U. S. Army. Jan. 13, 1942
Note.—The selection of the Superintendents of the Military Academy was confined to the Corps of Engineers
from the establishment of the Institution, March 16, 1802, till the passage of the law of July 13, 1866, which opened it to the entire Army. By the Act of June 12, 1856, the local rank of Colonel was conferred
upon the Superintendent. 1 Major Williams resigned June 20, 1803, on a point of command, and pending its settlement until April
19, 1805, when he again returned to service as Chief Engineer, no permanent Superintendent of the Military Academy was appointed, the command devolving upon the senior officer of the Corps of Eng.
ineers present for duty. 2 Bvt. Major P. G. T. Beauregard, Corps of Engineers, by order of John B. Floyd, Secretary of War, relieved
Colonel Delafield, Jan. 23, 1861, from the superintendency of the Military Academy, but was himself displaced five days later Jan. 28, 1861, by direction of the succeeding Secretary of War Joseph Holt, the command again devolving upon Colonel Delafield.
Note.—Date in parentheses is the date of reporting at West Point.
Date in brackets is the date of relief.
UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY
WEST POINT, NEW YORK
JUNE 30, 1942.
SUPERINTENDENT AND COMMANDANT.
Colonel Robert C. F. Goetz, Field Artillery, Executive Officer for the Post;
Commanding Officer, all troops except Band and Field Music (12-13-40). Colonel Arthur C. Purvis, (Infantry), Adjutant General's Department, Adju
tant General of the Military Academy and of the Post, Secretary to the
Academic Board (7-1-39). Colonel James H. Laubach, Quartermaster Corps, Quartermaster. *Fire Mar
shal and Police Officer (1-17-42). Colonel William B. Meister, Medical Corps, Surgeon (5-3-42). Colonel Freeman W. Bowley, Field Artillery, Post Property Inspector. *War
Plans Officer; Post Intelligence Officer; Surveying Officer; Assistant to Zone
Constructing Quartermaster, Zone 2, New York, N. Y. (2-16-41). Colonel Earl North, Corps of Engineers, Treasurer of the Military Academy
and Quartermaster and Commissary for the Corps of Cadets (5-15-42). Lieutenant Colonel Hayden W. Wagner, Quartermaster Corps Reserve, Assis
tant Treasurer of the Military Academy (3-10-42). Major Paul L. Weitfle, Army of the United States, Assistant to the Treasurer
(2-17-42). First Lieutenant Donald F. Carroll, Field Artillery Retired, Assistant to the
Treasurer (1-12-42). Colonel William M. Connor, Judge Advocate General's Department, Professor.
*Staff Judge Advocate (1-19-42). Lieutenant Colonel Meade Wildrick, Coast Artillery Corps, Public Relations
Officer (3-15-41). Captain Donald B. Thurman, Infantry Reserve, Assistant Public Relations
Officer (12-2-41). Colonel Emmett J. Bean, Finance Department, Finance and Disbursing Officer.
Fiscal Officer. Civilian Personnel Officer (6-20-39). Lieutenant Colonel James G. Renno, Coast Artillery Corps, Post Signal Officer.
*Commanding Officer, Signal Corps Detachment (4-13-41). Lieutenant lonel W iam N. Leaf, Corps of Engineers, Commanding Officer,
Engineer Detachment. *Post Engineer Officer (8-4-40). Captain William A. Hunt, Corps of Military Police, Provost Marshal; Prison
Officer; Parole Officer; *Commanding Officer, Military Police Detachment (3-6-42).


text:
The data reveals a general upward trend in market demand throughout the analyzed period. Between 2018 and 2022, the market demand for data, telecoms, and power transmission cables increased from EUR 1.27 billion to EUR 1.58 billion. This growth trend suggests a rising need for these cables in the Czech Republic, driven by factors such as the expansion of telecoms infrastructure and increased power transmission requirements.
Looking at the forecasted data, the market demand is expected to continue growing, albeit with a minor dip in 2023F, from EUR 1.58 billion in 2022 to EUR 1.57 billion. However, the demand is projected to recover and reach EUR 2.06 billion by 2027F, indicating sustained growth in the market.
In conclusion, the Czech Republic's market demand for data, telecoms, and power transmission cables shows a positive growth trajectory, reflecting the country's increasing need for advanced infrastructure and energy solutions. With a projected continued upward trend, the market is expected to surpass EUR 2 billion by 2027F.


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Are you working your tail off in the gym and sticking to a strict diet, but still wondering why your stomach seems to be expanding instead of shrinking? Don’t fret, my friend, because there could be a multitude of reasons behind this frustrating phenomenon. From hormonal imbalances to inadequate caloric deficits, and even a diet deficient in calcium, we’ll explore the various factors that may be contributing to your expanding waistline. So, let’s dive in and uncover the secrets to achieving that flat tummy you’ve been longing for.
- Hormonal imbalances can contribute to weight gain and difficulty losing weight, so it is important to consult a healthcare professional to identify and treat any imbalances.
- Increasing muscle mass through resistance training and adequate protein consumption can boost metabolic rate and support weight loss or maintenance efforts.
- Water retention can be caused by high sodium intake, but drinking plenty of water and consuming foods rich in potassium can help regulate fluid balance.
- Creating an adequate caloric deficit through portion control and increasing metabolism rate is essential for effective weight loss.
Are you experiencing any symptoms of hormonal imbalance, such as weight gain or mood swings? Hormonal imbalances can indeed lead to weight gain and metabolism disruption. When your hormones are out of balance, it can affect your body’s ability to regulate weight and metabolism effectively. One hormone that plays a significant role in this process is insulin. Insulin helps regulate blood sugar levels, and when it is imbalanced, it can lead to weight gain and difficulty in losing weight. Additionally, imbalances in other hormones like cortisol and estrogen can also contribute to weight gain and metabolic issues. It’s essential to consult with a healthcare professional if you suspect a hormonal imbalance, as they can help identify the underlying cause and develop a personalized treatment plan to restore balance and support your weight management goals.
Increased Muscle Mass
You can achieve increased muscle mass by incorporating resistance training into your exercise routine and consuming adequate protein. Resistance training, such as weightlifting or using resistance bands, stimulates muscle growth by causing microscopic damage to muscle fibers. This damage triggers a repair process where the body rebuilds the muscle fibers, resulting in increased muscle size and strength. Protein is essential for muscle growth as it provides the building blocks for muscle tissue. Consuming enough protein helps to repair and build new muscle fibers after resistance training. Additionally, increasing muscle mass can have a positive impact on your metabolic rate. Muscle tissue is more metabolically active than fat tissue, meaning it burns more calories at rest. So, by increasing your muscle mass, you can boost your metabolic rate and potentially support weight loss or weight maintenance efforts.
Don’t worry, water retention can be caused by various factors such as high sodium intake or hormonal imbalances. It’s a common issue that many people experience, and it can lead to bloating and discomfort. Understanding why it happens and how to manage it can help you feel more confident and comfortable in your own skin. Here are three practical tips to help you reduce fluid retention and alleviate bloating and gas:
- Reduce your sodium intake: Consuming too much salt can cause your body to retain water. Be mindful of your sodium intake and try to choose low-sodium options when possible.
- Stay hydrated: Drinking plenty of water can actually help flush out excess fluids from your body, reducing water retention.
- Eat a balanced diet: Incorporate foods that are rich in potassium, such as bananas and leafy greens, as they can help regulate fluid balance in the body.
Inadequate Caloric Deficit
If you want to lose weight, it’s important to create an adequate caloric deficit by consuming fewer calories than you burn. This means you need to be mindful of both the quantity and quality of the food you eat. One effective strategy for weight loss is portion control, where you consciously limit the amount of food you consume in each meal. By reducing your calorie intake, your body will start using stored fat as a source of energy, leading to weight loss. Additionally, focusing on increasing your metabolism rate through regular exercise can further enhance your weight loss efforts. A higher metabolism rate means your body burns more calories at rest, aiding in weight management. By combining portion control and increasing your metabolism rate, you can create an effective caloric deficit and achieve your weight loss goals.
Now, let’s delve into another factor that can impact your weight and body composition: stress and cortisol levels.
Stress and Cortisol Levels
Managing stress effectively can help regulate cortisol levels, improving your overall well-being and reducing the negative impact it may have on your weight and body composition. Chronic stress can lead to elevated cortisol levels, which can contribute to weight gain and an increase in abdominal fat. Here are three ways that chronic stress and cortisol can affect your weight:
- Increased appetite: Stress triggers the release of cortisol, which can stimulate your appetite and lead to cravings for high-calorie, unhealthy foods.
- Fat storage: Cortisol encourages the storage of fat, especially in the abdominal area. This can result in an increase in waist circumference and a higher risk of developing obesity-related health conditions.
- Impaired metabolism: Chronic stress can slow down your metabolism, making it harder to lose weight and maintain a healthy body composition.
Have you experienced any discomfort from the digestive issues you’ve been discussing? Bloating and food sensitivities can certainly cause discomfort and affect your overall well-being. Bloating refers to the feeling of fullness and tightness in your abdomen, often accompanied by gas. It can be caused by various factors, including eating too quickly, overeating, or consuming foods that your body has difficulty digesting. Food sensitivities, on the other hand, occur when your body reacts negatively to certain types of food, leading to digestive issues such as bloating, gas, and diarrhea. Identifying and avoiding trigger foods can help alleviate these symptoms. However, it’s important to note that bloating and food sensitivities can be complex issues, and it may be beneficial to seek guidance from a healthcare professional or registered dietitian for personalized advice. Speaking of discomfort, another factor that can contribute to digestive issues is a lack of proper exercise form.
Lack of Proper Exercise Form
You should avoid rushing through your exercises and using improper form, as it can lead to injuries and hinder your progress. Proper form is crucial for maximizing the benefits of your workouts and reducing the risk of injury. Here are three common exercise mistakes to avoid and the importance of proper form:
- Lifting too heavy: While it may be tempting to go for the heaviest weights, using excessive weight without proper form can strain your muscles and joints, leading to injuries.
- Neglecting warm-up and cool-down: Skipping warm-up exercises and cool-down stretches can increase the risk of muscle strains and sprains.
- Poor posture: Maintaining proper posture during exercises is essential to target the right muscles and prevent unnecessary strain on your back and joints.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can Stress and Cortisol Levels Contribute to Stomach Bloating Despite Exercise and Diet?
When you’re stressed, cortisol levels rise, which can lead to bloating. Additionally, high sugar diets can cause your stomach to expand. It’s important to manage stress and choose a balanced diet for a healthier stomach.
How Can Digestive Issues Affect Stomach Size Even With Proper Exercise and Diet?
Have you ever wondered how digestive issues can affect the size of your stomach, despite following a proper exercise and diet routine? Let’s explore the connection between exercise, bloating, diet, and stomach size.
Is It Possible That Inadequate Caloric Deficit Can Lead to a Bigger Stomach Despite Exercise?
If you’re wondering why your stomach is getting bigger despite exercise and diet, it could be due to inadequate nutrition. Not creating a sufficient calorie deficit can lead to stomach growth even with exercise.
Can Hormonal Imbalance Play a Role in Stomach Bloating Despite Following a Healthy Exercise and Diet Routine?
Hormonal imbalance can indeed contribute to stomach bloating and weight gain, even if you’re following a healthy exercise and diet routine. It’s important to address any hormonal issues and consult with a healthcare professional for personalized guidance.
How Does Increased Muscle Mass Affect Stomach Size and Can It Contribute to a Larger Belly Despite Exercise and Diet?
When you increase your muscle mass through exercise and diet, it can affect your stomach size. However, factors like bloating, cortisol levels, and digestive issues can contribute to a larger belly despite a healthy routine.
So, despite all your efforts to exercise and eat right, it seems like your stomach is still expanding. Isn’t that just delightful? Well, don’t fret, because it turns out there are several reasons why this might be happening. From hormonal imbalances to increased muscle mass, water retention to inadequate caloric deficit, stress to digestive issues, and even improper exercise form, it seems like your body just loves to play tricks on you. But hey, isn’t it great to know that all your hard work isn’t in vain? Keep pushing, and maybe one day your stomach will get the memo.

domain: medical


text:
Why we're passionate about Vintage, Mid Century and 20th Century furniture
Design is much more than form, function and material possession; it enriches our lives and satisfies our souls. It surrounds us in a subtle and comforting way and provides a welcome haven from the pressures of everyday life.
This website celebrates this ideal and showcases design from the 20th and 21st century. If you therefore want to find and buy vintage, mid century modern, retro or contemporary design and furniture we have something for everyone. Whether you’re looking to invest in iconic furniture or want to be inspired by something newer, we’ll do our best to turn your head. We aim to complete the circle from the past to the present, and this highlights how enduring design and contemporary form can co-exist happily side by side.
Great design that's also great for the environment
We live in a throw away culture where many of the things we buy have a limited life span. That is, in part, understandable given the huge increase we've seen in population over the last century. This has led to more intensive, lower cost manufacturing and to a global market in goods; which naturally has a significant environmental impact. High end design and craftsmanship of course still exists but at a price the majority can't afford. This is why making more use of everything around us can only benefit us all - and what better way to do that than to honour the beauty and history of design by buying preloved and cherished vintage and contemporary items?
Cherished Designs is the culmination of my lifetime of collecting Art and Design and from the last 13 years of working with discerning private clients and interior designers to create a new online presence. I'm passionate about beautiful objects and from whatever decade or century; from the 19th through to the 21st, but with an emphasis on Mid-century and 20th Century Art and Design.
Having also designed, curated and launched the ARC Eclectic design show in London in June 2017 and and Rewind Design Events in July 2017 to further the cause of building the vintage marketplace, I've since been concentrating full time on Cherished Designs. CD’s objective is to bring beautiful items into people’s homes; your four walls are so much more than a 'box'. From classic to contemporary, and always with an emphasis on quality and customer service, we aim to offer you something different - often unusual but always captivating, creative and compelling.
Thinking inside the box
Cherished Art and Designs Ltd
''We recently had the pleasure and good fortune to meet David of Cherished Designs, and visit his warehouse. However, ‘Warehouse’ really doesn’t do it justice - it is more like an Aladdin’s Cave full of wonders for anyone interested in 20th Century furniture and design. Clearly David is such a person, with an extensive knowledge and passion for his large collection, lovingly accrued and nurtured over many years.
He had laid out a beautiful presentation for us on our visit, so that we were able to examine and test out at first-hand, and explore at our will. Having seen a set of dining chairs and table on-line, the visit enabled us to confirm our initial response to the furniture, and we were able to conclude our purchase in very amiable and fascinating surroundings over a cup of coffee.
David very kindly offered to deliver the furniture to us at a mutually agreeable date. When it duly arrived, all very professionally wrapped and protected against any possible damage, David helped place it in-situ so that we could all agree we had indeed made exactly the right choice.
A truly bespoke service, and one we would highly recommend to anybody looking for excellent quality, and often quite unique, 20th Century gems.''
Google review - David B, London, England.
Ask about our free of charge procurement service for finding and buying vintage furniture
We have relationships with over 100 auction houses both in the UK and in Europe that we buy from on a regular basis as well as business relationships with in excess of 50 dealers that we regularly buy items from to meet our clients needs. In other words if you are looking to find a special Vintage, Mid century or iconic piece of furniture there's a very good chance we can find it for you!
Naturally our website lists our current stock but we also have a Previous stock archive page that you can visit HERE to gain a broader understanding of the range of items we shave sold in the past. This shows items we've sourced and sold over the last 6-12 months, so gives a current view of the styles, design and eras we have been active in.
In this way we work closely with Interior Designers and other design professionals, along with private buyers, to provide a free of charge procurement service to source a wide range of furniture, art and decorative accessories. If you are interested in using this service please get in touch via our contact page HERE and we'll do our utmost to help.
'Simplicity is the ultimate

domain: artistic


Modelling and Study of a Microwave Plasma Source for High-rate Etching
The aim of the study is to optimize an existing microwave powered remote plasma source (RPS) with respect to the etching rate and gas temperature and to simplify the setup to save production costs. The RPS, which is shown in figure 1, is a low-pressure plasma source where the plasma is generated and exists mainly in the chamber of the source. Only radicals migrate out of the RPS. This is one important feature, that the plasma source is used for etching processes when ion bombardment and high thermal strain of the substrate must be prevented. The etching process is a chemical process, where the radicals react with the substrate surface atoms forming gaseous molecules. The benefit is a damage-free, dry and clean substrate surface. To achieve these goals, a FEM-based model of the RPS has been developed to investigate the microwave distribution and the microwave coupling into the plasma chamber, as well as the plasma itself. In this paper different examples of FEM based microwave simulations by different conditions and their experimental validations will be presented. To compare the calculated electric field distribution in the RPS with the real field distribution, PMMA-substrates were placed inside the plasma chamber of the source. They are heated up by the electric field and evaluated with an infrared camera and liquid crystal sheets. Both the measured and the calculated field distribution show a very good conformity. When the electric field is high enough in the plasma chamber the plasma ignites, the electron density and thus the permittivity and the conductivity increase, which changes again the electric field distribution. For this purpose, the FEM-model has been extended by the Drude model1. The model considers the equation of motion with a damping term for the electrons, leading to an expression for the conductivity. Results for various electron densities as well as their corresponding electric field distributions are presented and compared with optical measurements.


Katastrofik Entertainment, LLC. Online Streaming Distribution Services
Soundcloud is ok but you don’t get the same attention there as you do on streaming services like Spotify, Shazam and Pandora. Do you want to put your next music project on Spotify, Itunes, Youtube and more in order to get royalties but don’t know how to get started? For a flat rate of $99.99 I can link your next project (album, ep, single or ringtone) to online streaming services including:
SimfyAfrica, iTunes, Apple Music, YouTube, Art Tracks, Spotify, Amazon Music, Google Play, Deezer Groove, iHeartRadio, Napster, MediaNet, VerveLife, Tidal, Gracenote, Shazam, 7Digital, Juke, Slacker, KKBox, Akazoo, Anghami, Spinlet, Neurotic, Media, Yandex, Target Music, ClaroMusica, Zvooq, Saavn, NMusic 8tracks, Q.Sic, Musicload, Kuack, Pandora, Boomplay Music, Amazon On Demand.
My job is to link you to the online streaming services that can get your music heard all over the world and get you paid (although it’s not much). The process of setting up accounts to get your music distributed online is tidious and sometimes confusing. Through trial and error, I have learned how to meneauver through this process with ease.
Things needed to start:
- Music ready to be sold online as an Album, Single or Ringtone in wav format
- Cover Artwork for your project
- Song titles, features and producers on the project
- Bio and social media links
- $99.99 set up fee
- After music is uploaded, please allow 1 – 2 business days for it to appear online
- Set your release dat 3 – 4 weeks in advance to take advantage of iTunes pre-order
- Album – 2 songs or over
- Single – 1 song shorter than 10 minutes
- Ringtone – 1 track 5 to 30 seconds long
- Music will be sent through Wetransfer.com
- Allow 1 to 2 days for music to appear online
Mastering – $5 a track (wav files only)
BACK 2 BACK
KATANA DA DON
SOUL REFLECT https://open.spotify.com/album/77rJwfuGuR7HGsQRrVFsEB
Katastrofik Entertainment, LLC. is an Entertainment Company NOT a Label, created by Katana Da Don. Katana is driven to assist HIP HOP ARTISTS in LYRICAL and overall ARTIST DEVELOPMENT, STUDIO ETIQUETTE, CREATIVE VISION, PRODUCTION, MIXING and MASTERING.
KATANA DA DON BIO…
Katana Da Don was born in Pittsburg, California and was introduced to Salsa and Afro-Cuban rhythms at age three by her father. By age five she played the drums and cowbell alongside a group of brothers that lived up the street who later became known as Los Lobos. At age ten Katana Da Don was writing Hip Hop and R&B lyrics. At age twelve she started taking Jazz/Gospel piano lessons and that gave her the knowledge and tools to compose her own music.
Katana released her double album: Secret Weapon Vol. 1 (Hip Hop) and Secret Weapon Vol. 2 (R & B) in 2007 at Electric Fetus and CD Baby. The cd’s received good reviews from local dj’s, amongst her rap peers as well as the local Hip Hop/R & B audience. Her song “Lost” featuring St Paul Slim and produced by T – Lace, was listed as one of the best songs of the summer by Peter Scholtes of the City Pages.
Never afraid of testing her artistic boundaries, Katana Da Don branched out to flex her acting muscles playing a main character in local drama/comedy TH3M! The 5 episode series was showcased at the Twin Cities Black Film Festival in 2010. In 2011, she starred in the gospel play/musical The Devil Didn’t Raise You, where she sang an original song selected from her catalog by the play’s author.
Katana Da Don is a part of the HECATOMB crew led by veteran MCEE/entertainer Carnage The Executioner. Musically, she’s working on her followup to her album Kut Throat – a mixture of Alternative Rock, Hip Hop and R&B, on which she produced the majority of the material. Katana continues to expand her production and audio engineering credits through her company Katastrofik Entertainment, LLC. with music from Back 2 Back, solo artist HaJ and Soul Reflect. Katana Da Don is showing her range as an artist and molding herself into the first female music mogul.


Emmanuel Adebayor is set to start Spurs’ crunch Saturday lunchtime game against Newcastle - even though he is still not yet back from the Africa Cup of Nations.
Tottenham boss Andre Villas-Boas says he is set to take the gamble, even though the Togo striker - whose team were knocked out of the tournament in South Africa last Sunday - will not have had time for a single training session.
The White Hart Lane club have Jermain Defoe injured and no other genuine frontman available, leading to the possibility of Gareth Bale or Clint Dempsey - midfielders by trade - leading the attack.
Adebayor has been given until 3pm Friday to complete the long-haul trip back to London.
Villas-Boas said: “He’s in Africa. He has days off. I don’t mess up with my players’ day off.
“When I spoke to him on Monday, I told him, 'Friday at three o’clock.' So hopefully there is the possibility he will be here.
“We’re trying to establish the best flight connections for him. He had issues to take care of."
We revealed on Wednesday that Adebayor and his Togo team-mates had only left their hotel in Mpumalanga, South Africa, that day.
The team turned down the chance to take a flight provided for them by the Togo football federation, and problems developed with their alternative arrangements.
They should have been out of their accommodation, the Winkler Hotel, on Tuesday night, but instead received a police escort to the airport the following afternoon.
Adebayor had still not arrived back in Britain, however, by Thursday.
Villas-Boas, though, maintains the former Arsenal and Manchester City man is still in line to start Saturday’s 12:45pm kick-off.
The Tottenham gaffer said: “A big ask to play on Saturday? No, he is in good form and you have to allow the player to rest and recover [after a tournament].
“He has had a good tournament. The player is fit. If he is able to be ready physically, we will select him and he will be in contention for the team.
“There is one week between games with trips in-between from extreme heat to cold. It’s always difficult. He will not be 100% for sure but he is still a player that can make a difference for us.”
Flop former Tottenham manager Christian Gross amused media members at his introductory press conference in 1997 by proudly brandishing a Tube ticket, showing he'd travelled to the event on the London Underground.
Villas-Boas also claimed Defoe will miss “two to three weeks” with the ankle ligament injury he picked up at West Brom last Sunday.
He said: “Defoe has had small ligament damage around his ankle, so good news in the end because no further damage to his ankle. We think he will be back within two or three weeks, hopefully.”
The Mirror understands, however, that the England striker is still on course to be out for at least six weeks.
He will not be rushed back after the problems he had with a similar injury three years ago.
Meanwhile, Villas-Boas has admitted that Gareth Bale's development as a winger turned central forward bears many similarities to Cristiano Ronaldo's with Manchester United and Real Madrid.


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International Year of Youth - Fact Sheet - HIV and Young People
April 2, 2013
The AIDS epidemic poses one of the most formidable challenges to the world at large. In 2008, young people accounted for 40 per cent of all new HIV infections in people aged 15 years and older. Of the 33.4 million people living with HIV around the world, 4.9 million are between the ages of 15 and 24. Experience over the past decade has demonstrated how to address HIV among young people. In countries with concentrated epidemics, programmes and resources must focus on youth who engage in risky behaviours, including injecting drugs, selling sex and men having sex with men. In countries with generalised epidemics, where the general population is at risk, all vulnerable young people, particularly young women, need to be targeted. Evidence shows that sex education helps in containing the spread of HIV by delaying the onset of sexual activity and encouraging safer sexual behaviour.


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...Funny - Young Buck has stepped forward to reveal that he's not the "Young Buck" that "Danger" accused Ray-J of sleeping with.
According to the rapper Young Buck:
Here's a picture of Ray-J's friend. Ray-J calls him "Young Buck":
Arnold Palmer -- Dead at 87 - Legendary golfer Arnold Palmer has died, his family confirms. Palmer reportedly died Sunday at his home in Pennsylvania ... but details are unclear. Golfwe...
6 hours ago

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A Historical Parasite: A Story of Kaiwang Temple
In Tainan, one can easily find a temple within a few steps. No matter what deities they have, all those temples are extremely magnificent and splendid, with various modern colorful lights, and are the most vigorous places in a city. I can only find this in Tainan – faiths play such important roles in people’s daily lives, and even in a city.
But Kaiwang Temple in Kaohsiung is another story.
We arrived at Kaiwang Temple in Kaohsiung on a sunny morning. A “national” historic site, Former Tangrong Brick Kiln, was near the temple. Between the two buildings was a wasteland with all buildings there being demolished and removed, and wild plants found it was a paradise for them to grow freely. Kaiwang Temple did not have an impressive appearance like temples in Tainan did. It did not have a colorful gate, but only a small opened entrance leading to a small hall. All objects in the temple were old, like old people who willingly stayed there to guard it.
Knowing we would visit the temple, several old people and Professor Yang of National University of Kaohsiung welcomed us there and introduced the history of Kaiwang Temple to us. Former Tangrong Brick Kiln was built in 1899 by Japanese. With Love River’s advantages of convenient transportation and rich natural resources of clay from the riverside and wood from Chaishan, the kiln was a boom to attract numerous immigrants from Penghu and Tainan. Later, with the establishment of the People’s Republic of China and KMT government moving to Taiwan, the owner of the kiln was changed. But the demand of its bricks was increasing rapidly. The kiln even supplied people in Hong Kong to build several schools. One old man who welcomed us warmly was a child labor in the kiln then.
Kaiwang Temple was built with the kiln. At that time, people who moved to this place and earned their living by making bricks worked around the clock without any medical care or protection. They did not have a doctor. Therefore, workers built Kaiwang temple with bricks they made and started to worship their gods from their hometown. Professor Yang said that in those harsh days, without any doctor nor any medicine, Kaiwang Temple was not only people’s center of religion, but also their sanctum of cure and protection. An old woman brought a record book of Kaiwang Temple in that time from her home. Inside the book, numerous stories of asking helps from the gods during almost hundred years were recorded in detail – someone’s wife lost her mind, someone was sick seriously or someone suddenly could not speak… And after descriptions of illnesses, solutions were wrote by the host of the temple. Unintentionally, these records of asking gods for cures were also a history record of extremely hard days of people with limited resources for both their bodies and minds. The old woman helped us in identifying texts on the book, and she kept telling us that how powerful those gods in Kaiwang Temple were, and how many people were attracted to worship them. The old man welcomed us said that the reason behind the gods’ great power was because they were directly moved from mainland China to here by immigrants, and were in higher ranks among gods in Taiwan. Many deities of other temples were replicated from Kaiwang Temple, and staff members of those temples would come back to Kaiwang Temple to find solutions if their replicated gods did not have enough powers.
As someone who had not grown up with any form of divinity, I could not easily understand relationships among these gods and emotions or feelings of these old people toward Kaiwang Temple. Even so, the old and small Kaiwang Temple and the kiln near the temple still formed a vivid picture in my mind. It was said that when the kiln had been built, the most advanced technology of making bricks of that time was also introduced. The forsaken kiln still looked somehow majestic. Yet, via gods from worker’s hometown, it was this small and old Kaiwang Temple that protected, blessed, purified and cured those hard-working workers to keep the kiln smoothly producing bricks to make profits.
It was obvious that at that time, this “modern” kiln was a parasitic figure on Kaohsiung’s natural resources, efforts of workers, and Kaiwang Temple with a variety of its “superstitious and out-of-date” gods.
However, people in power do not, and cannot seem to understand this parasitic aspect in modern history. I read these reasons to certify the kiln being a “historic site” on a website:
“1. Former Tangrong Brick Kiln is an important example of brick production of Taiwan in 20th century. Its well-kept Hoffmann kiln and chimneys are historic and exquisite.
2. Bricks had been the most important building material before technologies of cement, steel and iron were developed. The kiln’s existing Hoffmann kiln and two chimneys are worth preservation because of its high historical and cultural values.
3. Similar brick producing facilities are rare in Taiwan. Former Tangrong Brick Kiln is the biggest kiln in Taiwan. Several brick producing facilities were added in the kiln during its later period, and thus a track of developed technologies was showed.
4. With its various producing facilities, Former Tangrong Brick Kiln has its unique, representative and comprehensive values in presenting cultures of an industry.
5. From an aspect of industry, Former Tangrong Brick Kiln is important in presenting developments of industries of Kaohsiung. As a part of building material producing facility, it also plays an important role to show its historical value and meaning in the developments of Taiwan’s industries and economy.”
It seems that authorities who camouflage themselves to be respectful to the history are actually ones that only see and appreciate “economic” and “modern” issues. In their eyes, a valuable history has to describe a modern fairy tale of “an economic takeoff” or “a developed technology.” And they completely ignore what parasitic lives may have occurred in this land, with all its development and glory.
Even today, forsaking, deleting or denying those parasitic modern history is still a common idea of developmentalists around the world. Therefore, with a new wave of land developments and newly built expensive houses on the riverside of Love River, Former Tangrong Brick Kiln was preserved as an embodiment of “being modern,” but the village surrounding Kaiwang Temple which supported kiln’s production was removed.1
When Takahashi Tetsuya discussing the Fukusima disaster, he define “a system of sacrifice” as below: “In a system of sacrifice, some people sacrifice other people’s lives (life, health, daily routines, properties, dignities, hopes, etc.) and produce profits from doing so. Without sacrifice of sacrificial victims, ones that seek sacrifices cannot have nor maintain any profit. However, this form of sacrifice is usually hidden, legitimized or glorified as a “noble sacrifice” for a community (of nation, people, society, company, etc.).”2
If Takahashi Tetsuya’s point is to describe how the sacrifices are legitimized and glorified under the name of community in Japanese culture, then a more interesting part to me is: how systems of sacrifice for special ideas of development continue to hide themselves in Asian countries and areas which have been through various forms of colonialism and developed themselves? If, to Western people, this system of sacrifice can be slightly perceived more in a “heart of darkness” or in orientalism, then, to people in Asian countries and areas, sacrifices and parasitic colonizers are the most powerful experiences to resist discourses of systems of sacrifice and escape from simpleminded modern delusion. However, what actually happened is not like this. Asian countries which have been through colonization do not seem to have any special invulnerability for it, instead, they tend to alter history via the use of economism. Thus I wonder: how a sacrificed history is hidden by a series of manipulations of cultural aspects of economism? How the ideological structure of accepting or ignoring this sacrifice/parasite is formed? To those modernized urban people who think themselves being just, how could they easily accept such systems of sacrifice of similar structures with their high moral standards?
To answer those questions, the story of Kaiwang Temple seems to provide a solution: all imaginations and education toward modern history by the government should be responsible for those issues. If so-called “historic sites” that present modern developments are economic growth symbols like “Former Tangrong Brick Kiln” and needed to be preserved, while social lives that actually hold this economic growth like “Kaiwang Temple” have to be deleted, then a growth without any sacrifice or a self-explained modernity becomes a way for people to interpret concepts of developments via historical education. In such a way, people cannot see sacrifice/parasite anymore, and naively or arrogantly think that modern history is able to cut itself from sacrificed victims of sacrifices or soils of parasites to finish its forming progress.
Before we left, one of our members humorously said: “If gods in Kaiwang Temple are that powerful, how come they cannot protect the temple form being removed by Kaohsiung City Government and its development plan?” Which reminded me of what that old man who had worked in the kiln since he was a child commented on preservation works toward “historic sites.” He said that all repair works excluded old people who knew the kiln well from joining in the project, and they knew nothing about the structure of the kiln. It might seemed to be an excellent enhancement. But in fact, all they did was to increase burdens to the building, and made it easier to collapse.
So it seems that no matter in what period of the history, the kiln and Kaiwang Temple are a combination of a parasite and a host. If the kiln is considered as a “national historic site,” Kaiwang Temple and old people who love it should also be kept and preserved. If we keep ignoring its wholeness, disregarding respect and understanding toward hosts, and continue being possessed with self-formed modern delusions, then the day that all modern “historic sites” collapse will not be far.
Maybe this is a power of gods. Or one could say, this is a judgment from the history itself.


Russia expects bumper wheat harvest
Russia’s Ministry of Agriculture expects the wheat crop this calendar year to rise by at least 4 percent from 2018 to 75 to 78 million tons.
“Under favorable conditions, the forecast can be increased to 80 million tons,” the ministry said in a statement Tuesday.
Total grain harvest, according to the ministry, is expected to rise by 5 percent this year to 118 million tons.
The output growth will help meet domestic demand and boost exports of grain and its products, the ministry said.
Wheat is Russia’s main agricultural export commodity, followed by barley and maize.


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Over the past week I've written what I consider to be one of my best stories, and one of the most important tales in Troy's long and proud history. Here's part one, as it appears on Brownstoner.com.
Like Brooklyn, the Capital City area has long been recognized as an important nexus of the Abolitionist Movement in New York State, in the days before the Civil War. Anti-slavery activists were quite busy in Albany, Troy and the surrounding towns. The Hudson River cities became important routes on the Underground Railroad; the road to freedom in Canada for fugitives escaping slavery in the southern states. After the Fugitive Slave Act was enacted in 1850, the need for a strong and active resistance movement to pass escapees on up to Canada was necessary, as the new federal law not only made it a crime to help escapees, it also allowed bands of slave catchers to operate freely. The law also compelled local law enforcement to imprison and hold those who were captured, whether local officials wanted to, or not.
There was a small, but strong black community in the area, with black churches, schools and communities established in Troy, Albany, Saratoga, and beyond. Solomon Northrup, the hero of the true story “12 Years a Slave” lived with his family in Saratoga Springs. It was from there that he was kidnapped and spirited away down South, into slavery. Troy was home to several important black abolitionists, including Henry Highland Garnet, one of Troy’s most prominent ministers. Harriet Tubman had a cousin living in Troy. In Albany, Stephen Myers, another African American abolitionist, was publisher of “The Northern Star and Freeman’s Advocate,” an important African American newspaper. Myers was also one of the most important Underground Railroad agents in the state, and helped thousands of people make their way to freedom.
Our story starts not in Troy or Albany, but in Culpeper County, Virginia. There, Charles Nalle was born into slavery. He was the property of the Hansbrough family, and was, in fact, the planter’s son by one of his slaves. Charles Nalle favored his father, and was fair of complexion, and would pass for white anywhere but in the South, where even a drop of African blood doomed him to a life of slavery. He was not allowed to learn to read or write, and worked on the plantation, as a coachman. He was known to be exceptionally good with horses. He was allowed to marry a woman named Kitty, who lived on a nearby plantation. Allowing slaves to marry was a rare occurrence, and having a married couple on different plantations was purposefully done to prevent strong family bonds from developing.
Kitty’s owner died, and in his will, freed the slaves on his plantation. Virginia law forbad free blacks from living in Virginia, so she had to leave the state. Kitty and their two children took up residence in Washington DC, which was also a slave territory, so she could be closer to Charles. He was rarely allowed to visit her. Finally, in 1858, on one of those rare visits, Charles saw his opportunity to escape, and with the help of a white agent of the Underground Railroad, he and another man named James Banks were spirited north. The Hansbrough family was furious, and in retaliation, sold Charles’ brothers far to the South, “sold down the river,” where slavery was even worse than in Virginia, and they were never able to be found again.
Kitty was suspected of aiding the escape and was arrested, and put in the D.C. slave pen. She would have been sold herself, had it not been for the aid of an Abolitionist lawyer named Chester Alan Arthur, the son of a Baptist minister, who would one day become the 21st President of the United States. He was able to prove her innocence and get her out of D.C. Charles Nalle, in the meantime, travelled along the routes of the Underground Railroad until eventually reached the Albany and Troy area. He thought he was far enough north to breathe easy and find work until Kitty and the children could make their way north and join him. He found work in Sand Lake, just east of Albany, with a man named William Scram, and worked as a teamster.
While living in Sand Lake he met an unemployed lawyer and local man named Horace Averill. The Troy Daily Times, writing in 1860, characterized Mr. Averill thusly, saying that he was “a penny-a-liner shyster lawyer, awhile seventh-rate reporter for a seventh-rate newspaper.” The paper went on to note that Averill was best known for his involvement in an embezzlement scheme in New York City, one that had led to his incarceration in the infamous Tombs prison.
Charles Nalle didn’t know any of this, and because he could neither read nor write, when Averill befriended him and offered to write letters for him, Nalle thought he had met an honest and true man, a friend indeed. He dictated several letters to be sent to Kitty, telling her that he was well, and was living in Rensselaer County. He wanted his family to join him, here in a fine place where they could all be free.
Averill asked a lot of questions while he was writing letters to Kitty and others, and by the time they were done, he knew all about Nalle’s life, his birth, legal status, marriage, how he had escaped and his journey north. He praised Nalle for his courage, and promised that the letters would find their way to Kitty. Charles Nalle was pleased, and left Sand Lake to move to Troy, at that time, the richest city in America.
He got a job as a carriage driver for Uri Gilbert, one of Troy’s wealthiest citizens. Gilbert’s manufacturing company built stagecoaches, omnibuses and railroad cars. He was one of Troy’s richest men, and lived on Second Street, across from Washington Park. Charles was able to rent a room in the home of a successful black grocer in Troy named William Henry. James Banks, the man he had escaped with, was also now living in Troy. Nalle was sure he would be reunited with his family soon, and they would make their new lives in Troy, surrounded by new friends and allies. But there was a snake in the grass, a snake named Horace Averill.
Unbeknownst to anyone, when Averill mailed the letters for Charles Nalle, he also sent a letter to Blucher Hansbrough, now the head of the Hansbrough family back in Virginia. Blucher was actually Charles Nalle’s half-brother, not that he let that bother him. Hansbrough wanted Charles Nalle and James Banks back on the plantation, especially Charles. Horace Averill had pro-slavery sympathies, but more than that, he saw Charles Nalle as a source of income, and he was prepared to cash in. The Fugitive Slave Act not only made in right and proper for Averill to turn in a runaway, it made it lucrative.
Hansbrough hired an agent, one Henry J. Wall, a professional slave catcher from Stevensberg, Virginia. He was carrying warrants for both Banks and Nalle. He arrived in Troy in April of 1860, and soon found Nalle, working for the Gilberts. Wall wired his employer, Blucher Hansbrough, who headed north himself. Wall then went straight to the U.S. Commissioner, who, because of the Fugitive Act, had no choice but to make out orders of arrest. Somehow James Banks found out about the slave catcher, and he was able to take off and leave Troy before Wall got there. But he was not able to warn Nalle. Wall and a Deputy United States Marshall named Holmes headed for the Gilbert house to make the arrest.
Around 11 am on April 27, Charles Nalle was out running an errand for his employer. He had been sent out to buy bread at the bakery, which was only a couple of blocks from the house. He never made it. The slave catcher, Wall, and the Deputy Marshall stopped Nalle in the street, and arrested him. Before he knew what had happened, he was manacled and taken back to the U.S. Commissioner, Miles Beach, the man who had signed the warrant. When Charles didn’t return, Uri Gilbert’s son went out to look for him. He went to his landlord, William Henry, but Henry had not seen him since that morning.
It was not like Charles to disappear, and William Henry, who knew Nalle’s history, suspected the worst. Henry, like some of Troy’s citizens, both black and white, was a member of the Vigilance Committee, an abolitionist group that aided escapees in secret and spoke out against slavery and the injustice of the Fugitive Slave Act in public. He made some inquiries, and quickly found out that Charles had been arrested and was in the hands of a slave catcher. With no time to waste, he sent the word out and told his people to get ready to act.
The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 was a fine piece of evil legislation, with some especially nuanced advantages for the slave holder written into it. Not only could a slave owner or his or her representative come north and snatch a suspected escapee off the street, that person had no rights, and no recourse to prove that he or she was not a slave, or was not even the person they were looking for. There were usually no photographs or sketches, as slaves were not usually the topic of art. There were only vague descriptions which would match any number of people. This was fine with the slave catchers, because they got a bounty for each slave returned south. If they had the wrong person, it really didn’t matter, a black person, born slave or free, could be back picking cotton tomorrow. Who cares?
When Charles Nalle was brought before U.S. Commissioner Miles Beach, all the paperwork had already been prepared by Henry Wall, filled out before he had even been captured. Nalle was not allowed to identify himself or testify on his own behalf, or give any names for potential witnesses. His fate had already been decided. All that was needed was the formality of having Wall and the informer, Horace Averill, stand before the Commissioner and declare that Nalle was the fugitive Negro slave who had unlawfully escaped his enslavement, and run away. His lawful owner, Mr. Hansbrough, was on the way to meet them, and the fugitive would be taken back to Virginia, where he belonged.
Charles Nalle was being held in the cells in the basement of the Commissioner’s office, in the Mutual Bank Building, on the corner of State and First Streets. A prominent Troy attorney named Martin I. Townsend quickly volunteered to be Charles Nalle’s lawyer. He went to the Commissioner’s office to represent his client, but it was already too late, the decisions had been made and the paperwork had been signed. Townsend rushed out to prepare a writ of habeas corpus to present to a judge, and thereby get a stay.
As Townsend ran outside, he had to pass through a large crowd of people, both black and white, who had gathered outside the Commissioner’s office. What followed next was one of the most heroic moments the city of Troy has ever known. Join me on Thursday for the continuation of this incredible story, one with an amazing cast of characters and deeds of great courage and determination.
If you are interested in this historical event, there is a book by Scott Christianson entitled “Freeing Charles: the Struggle to Free a Slave on the Eve of the Civil War”. He’s done a lot of great research, and is the authority on this subject. More information is available here.
My name is Suzanne Spellen. I've been many things: a writer, historian, preservationist, musician, traveler, designer, sewer, teacher, and tour guide; a long time Brooklynite and now, a proud resident of Troy, NY.

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International donors have pledged an additional $580 million in assistance for earthquake relief efforts in Pakistan.
Top United Nations relief official Jan Egeland said the pledges came at a donor meeting in Geneva. But officials said it was not clear how much money was intended for emergency relief aid, and how much was for long-term reconstruction efforts.
Earlier, U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan appealed for help to prevent a second wave of deaths. Officials have warned that thousands of people may die if they do not receive aid before key supply routes are blocked by winter snow and freezing temperatures.
The United States has pledged $156 million for humanitarian aid, reconstruction and relief operations by American military personnel.
The death toll in Pakistan now stands at more than 54,000 people, and officials say rebuilding damaged areas will cost $5 billion.