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Potential Use of Euphorbia hirta for Dengue: A Systematic Review of Scientific Evidence
Euphorbia hirta commonly known as Tawa-Tawa is a plant used in folklore medicine in the Philippines for the treatment of dengue. Though, E. hirta has been extensively investigated for numerous bioactivities, limited studies have been conducted on the antidengue activity. Thus, the present study provides a comprehensive review of studies conducted on the antidengue activity of E. hirta. A systematic literature survey was carried out in scientific databases, PubMed®, Scopus, and Google Scholar, for research carried on the antidengue activity of E. hirta. The literature search identified a total of 867 articles: databases PubMed = 6, Scopus SciVerse® = 423, and Google Scholar = 437; one additional article was identified by searching reference lists. Eight full papers were entitled to the review; out of those, two studies focused on ethnobotanical surveys, three on animal experiments, one on human trial, and two on in vitro antiviral activities, and one was computational study. The available evidence conclusively demonstrates the potential of E. hirta against dengue as it holds significant antiviral and platelet increasing activities. However, the number of studies conducted to validate its antidengue activity was found to be inadequate. Hence, well-controlled clinical trials and contemporary pharmacological approaches including activity guided fractionation and elucidation of the mode of action are encouraged to establish the use of E. hirta for dengue.
Dengue is a viral disease that impose the greatest human and economic burden in tropical and subtropical regions . Dengue is caused by four 4 distinct, yet closely related, serotypes (DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4) belonging to family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus . It is transmitted to humans by Aedes mosquitoes, mainly Aedes aegypti, an urban breeding mosquito .
Dengue is endemic in over 100 countries including Asia, the Pacific, the Americas, Africa, and the Caribbean . In recent decades, the incidences of dengue have increased rapidly, currently reaching pandemic levels . It is estimated that around 50 million cases occur each year and more than 2.5 billion of people are at risk of infection . The disease not only is onerous to healthcare but also adversely impacts the economy caused by illness, premature death, and increased healthcare costs .
Dengue possesses a wide clinical manifestation ranging from nonsevere to severe forms . The symptoms of dengue range from a mild flu-like syndrome (known as dengue fever [DF]) to the most severe forms of the disease, which are characterized by coagulopathy, increased vascular permeability, and plasma leakage (dengue hemorrhagic fever [DHF]) which eventually leads to dengue shock syndrome (DS) . Dengue associated mortality is usually reflected in the increase in the progression of DF patients developing DHF/DS .
The severity of dengue is amplified by the lack of effective treatment . Usually, the clinical symptoms of dengue are managed through fluid balance, a supplement of electrolytes, and blood clotting parameters . Anti-D immune globulin therapy in some instances is used for severe thrombocytopenia , but this is expensive making it challenging for developing nations to afford such a treatment regimen. The first dengue vaccine, Dengvaxia, has been licensed in 2015 for clinical practice . However, this may not ensure the protection from infection of all serotypes .
Along with the allopathic care, most people living in tropical and subtropical countries depend on folk/traditional medicine to alleviate dengue infection; in fact herbal medicines have been invaluable therapeutic agents going back to the earliest human civilizations . Currently, there is a resurgent interest in herbal medicine among the public considering its safety and cost-effectiveness. There have been approximately 30 different plant species found to have the potential to combat dengue, such as Andrographis paniculata [Hempedu Bumi (Malaysia)], Alternanthera philoxeroides (alligator weed), Carica papaya (papaya), Cladosiphon okamuranus (brown seaweed), and Momordica charantia [bitter melon, Peria (Malaysia)] . Among these, C. papaya leaf juice has been widely used as remedy against dengue in many Asian countries [11–13]. In this regard, extensive research has been carried out to establish the platelet activating , white blood cell increasing properties , and membrane stabilization  potential of C. papaya leaf extracts.
Euphorbia hirta is another plant used in folk medicine to cure dengue fever by people in rural areas of the Philippines . The leaves of E. hirta, locally known as “Tawa-Tawa” or gatas–gatas, are used to make a decoction that believe to alleviate viral infection and associated fever symptoms . E. hirta belonging to Euphorbiaceae family is a hairy herb grown in open grasslands, roadsides, and pathways. It is a popular folkloric plant in other countries like India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Java, and Vietnam . Previously, the antiviral, antibacterial, antimalarial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anthelmintic, and antitumor properties of the plant have been validated . Particularly for dengue, a commercial formulation (capsule) has been developed and the local communities in the Philippines consume it as a treatment for dengue .
Despite the popularity of E. hirta as a folk remedy for dengue, few scientific validations have been carried out. Therefore, the present review intends to provide a comprehensive account of available scientific evidence to validate the effectiveness of E. hirta against dengue. It is anticipated that this work will provide the platform for future investigations on E. hirta. Further, this attempt warrants exploring the bioactive compounds and possible mechanisms of action and will pave the way to develop a new antidengue drug lead from E. hirta.
2.1. Search Strategy
A systematic review of published studies on the use of Euphorbia hirta against dengue was undertaken in accordance with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) . A comprehensive search of the literature was conducted in the following databases: PubMed (US National Library of Medicine, USA), SciVerse Scopus (Elsevier Properties SA, USA), and Google Scholar for studies published before 31 October 2017. The following medical subject headings and keywords, “Euphorbia hirta dengue”, “Tawa Tawa dengue”, “gatas–gatas dengue”, were included in the search. Results were limited to studies in English, while conference proceedings and commentaries were excluded.
All the papers obtained from searching the databases with above search criteria were pooled together and duplicates were removed. The remaining articles were initially screened by reading the “title” and thereafter the “abstracts.” Studies not satisfying the inclusion criteria (Section 2.2) were excluded at these stages. The remaining articles were screened in the final stage by reading the full-text and those not meeting inclusion criteria were excluded. Additional articles were obtained manually using the reference lists of included articles.
2.2. Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria
The following inclusion criteria were used: (a) ethnobotanical studies based on use of E. hirta against dengue, (b) in vivo studies investigating the platelet increasing, white blood cell increasing and membrane stabilization potential of E. hirta, tested on laboratory animals such as mice, rats, and rabbits, (c) in vitro cell culture studies conducted against dengue viruses, (d) molecular docking studies involving the interaction between phytochemicals of E. hirta and dengue virus proteins, and (e) studies published before 31 October 2017.
Studies were excluded based on the following exclusion criteria: (a) different species of Euphorbia, (b) other bioactivities other than dengue or related pathologies, and (c) reviews written on E. hirta.
The literature search identified the following number of articles in the respective databases: PubMed () and SciVerse Scopus (), and Google Scholar (). One additional article was identified by manually searching the reference lists and forward citations of included papers. After removing duplicates, the total number of articles included in the present review was eight. Figure 1 presents the search strategy used in selecting the articles.
This systematic review pools the available scientific data on the effectiveness of E. hirta on dengue infection. Out of 8 studies, two studies were ethnobotanical surveys, 3 were animal experimentations, 1 study was from human trials, 2 were in vitro antidengue/antiviral studies, and 1 was from computations modelling (Table 1).
3.1. Ethnobotanical Survey
The two ethnobotanical surveys conducted on E. hirta have been carried out in different parts of the Philippines. A survey conducted in 3 different indigenous communities in the island municipality of Anda, Mt. Balungao, and Mt. Colisao municipal park found that mostly females 60–80 years of age with primary and secondary education generally use E. hirta extract to alleviate the symptoms of dengue and related bleeding episodes . It was found that both topical application and oral treatment are recommended for symptom management of dengue . Decoctions of leaves and bark are popularly administrated for dengue .
According to a descriptive survey conducted using questionnaires in Agoo, La Union, the Philippines, out of several plant species (Tawa-Tawa, Papaya, and Malunggay), Tawa-Tawa/E. hirta was the most popular medicinal plants consumed by patients who suffered from dengue fever .
3.2. Platelet Augmentation Activity
3.2.1. Animal Models
Three studies have been conducted to investigate the platelet augmentation potential of E. hirta. All of them have established a significant platelet increasing activity following the administration of E. hirta leaf extract/decoction. These three studies have employed thrombocytopenic agents to lower the platelet counts prior to the administration of E. hirta extracts/juice.
Apostol et al.  had used ethanol (intraperitoneal injection) induced thrombocytopenic Sprague-Dawley rats to evaluate the platelet increasing activity of E. hirta. The results revealed that fourteen-day administration of 100 mg/kg of the lyophilized decoction of E. hirta had significantly increased platelet counts in rats . Similarly, the bleeding time which was increased by the i.p. injection of ethanol was lowered by the E. hirta decoction. Simultaneously, the clotting time was decreased in E. hirta-treated rats compared to that of ethanol-induced thrombocytopenic rats .
A significant increase of mean platelet count was also observed following the oral treatment for 9 days of water extract of E. hirta leaves in Sprague-Dawley rats who were orally treated with Anagrelide (given for 15 days) for the induction of thrombocytopenia .
Similarly, in another study, when the expressed juice of E. hirta was administered in thrombocytopenic rabbit (by aspirin oral treatment), platelet counts were markedly increased after 24 hours .
3.2.2. Clinical Study
A clinical study conducted with dengue patients (both age groups 30–55 and 14–25) admitted to the hospital Sir Ganga Ram Hospital Lahore showed that the oral treatment with herbal water of E. hirta had increased the platelet and total leukocyte counts after 24 hours. A significant platelet increase was also observed in the patients of 30–55 age group following the treatment with E. hirta, while the increment was not significant in the 14–25 age group, compared with the control group . Similarly, the decrease in hematocrit values was not significant. Moreover, 70% patients had recovered from fever and flu-like symptoms .
3.3. Antidengue/Antiviral Activity
According to Tayone et al. , the ethyl acetate fraction of the whole plant of E. hirta extracted using methanol and dichloromethane significantly reduced (85%) the plaque forming capacity of dengue virus serotype 1 from ~1400 to ~200 PFU. Further purification of ethyl acetate fraction revealed the presence of 9 compounds. It was assumed that these compounds individually or synergistically may have contributed to antidengue activity .
Similarly, in another study, the ethanol extract of E. hirta demonstrated 34.7% inhibition of virus serotype 2 (DENV-2) under in vitro conditions .
3.4. Computer Modelling: Molecular Docking
Phytochemicals found in E. hirta, specifically quercetin, myricetin, rutin, kaempferol, gallic acid and protocatechuic acid, were used for docking study using Maestro (Glide) and Lead IT (FlexX) software applications. The dengue protease (2FOM) and dengue methyl transferase (2P40) have been selected as targets for binding assays. Out of the phytochemicals, quercetin exhibited the strongest binding with dengue targets. Hence, this study indicates that the E. hirta is effective against dengue virus .
Euphorbia hirta is one of the most widely used medicinal plant in the Philippines as a treatment for dengue . The ethnobotanical survey conducted in Pangasinan where dengue continues to be prevalent revealed most people, especially women, used this preparation as a supportive therapy for dengue . Moreover, E. hirta was identified as the widely consumed remedy taken by dengue patients in Agoo, La Union . These indicated the folkloric belief of E. hirta as a treatment against dengue. It was stated that both topical applications and oral treatments are recommended in traditional practice . Particularly, the decoctions of leaves and aerial parts of the plant are commonly used for preparation. The ready availability of E. hirta in home gardens has increased its use as a home remedy .
Though E. hirta is used as a folkloric plant in India , Pakistan , and Sri Lanka  for common ailments (fever and infection), no studies have been carried out in these countries to investigate its use against dengue. Hence, more ethnobotanical surveys are warranted to overly validate the effectiveness of E. hirta as an antidengue medicinal plant in other parts of the world.
Three animal studies conducted using rats and rabbits established that the subacute administration of E. hirta leaves/whole plant increases the platelet counts [20–22]. E. hirta has significantly increased the platelet counts in rats treated with ethanol to induce thrombocytopenia . Intraperitoneal injection of ethanol may cause portal hypertension and hypersplenism leading to thrombocytopenia. Hence, the platelet increment by the E. hirta is allied to replenishment of platelet from the spleen. Furthermore, reduction of bleeding time in treated rats, compared to that of control rats, indicates an increase of platelet counts . This reduction in bleeding time by E. hirta would be advantageous in managing DHF with the severity of bleeding episodes. Further, this study established an alteration of clotting time by E. hirta in treated rats compared with the control rats. This indicates the potential of modulating the coagulation pathways. Collectively, the hemostatic potential of E. hirta was validated by this study and these properties are prudent in managing dengue infection.
Coloma et al.  reported significant platelet augmentation in thrombocytopenic rabbits by E. hirta following 24 hours of treatment. However, this comparative analysis revealed that the platelet augmentation potential of E. hirta was lower than Carica papaya leaf extract .
E. hirta was also effective in increasing platelet counts in dengue patients of 30–55 age group . Importantly, in around 70% of patients, flu-like symptoms were markedly reduced following E. hirta treatment which was attributed to the anti-inflammatory properties of the plant [23, 29]. Hence, in-depth analysis of immunomodulatory properties is fortified to establish the potential E. hirta on the alleviation of clinical symptoms of dengue. Since this study has enrolled patients only during the initial 72 hours of illness, additional prospective cohort studies are warranted to establish the clinical utility of E. hirta .
The phytochemical analysis of E. hirta has demonstrated the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins, phytosterols, phenolic compounds, and flavonoids . Phenolics and flavonoids are well-known compounds with platelet increasing potential . Even though E. hirta has a small amount of phenolic compounds compared to the other plants used for dengue (e.g., Carica papaya), it may be sufficient to exert an effect promoting quality and quantity of platelets. If the phenolic compounds contain sufficient hydroxyls and another group (such as carboxyl) to form strong complexes-forming properties of tannins, then that could exert a positive effect in the platelet count in blood . Moreover, flavonoids can improve megakaryocytes to produce sufficient numbers of platelets and to modulate the platelet counts . In addition, it was assumed that the anti-inflammatory potential of flavonoids may have contributed to the alleviation of flu-like symptoms in dengue patients following the treatment with E. hirta .
Although C. papaya is more effective in platelet increasing activity, the antidengue potential of the plant is less established. C. papaya has exhibited moderate or low inhibitory action against DENV2 growth in in vitro conditions . Conversely, the ethanol extract of E. hirta under in vitro condition demonstrated an 85% inhibition of plaque forming capacity of dengue virus serotype 1 (DENV-1)  and 34.7% inhibition of virus serotype 2 (DENV-2) . Further purification of ethyl acetate fractions of the plant revealed 9 compounds which may exert an antidengue effect individually or synergistically . The molecular docking studies using these compounds, the antidengue activity of E. hirta could be attributed to quercetin as it showed a stronger affinity towards the dengue protease (2FOM) and dengue methyl transferase (2P40) . However, antidengue/antiviral assays should be performed on these pure compounds to validate these theoretical investigations.
According to the present survey, the existing evidence supports the platelet increasing and antiviral activity of E. hirta extracts. However, these studies are inadequate to establish a clinical use of the plant. Particularly, the mechanisms of platelet increasing activity have to be identified. Further, the effect of E. hirta on the vascular leakage, which is the main pathological indicator of severe dengue , may be corroborated to justify its utility in severe dengue conditions.
Herbal medicines have a prudent use in dengue as a supportive therapy as effective antiviral drugs and vaccines for all stereotypes have not yet been developed. There are several commercial herbal formulations including C. papaya leaf capsule and Tawa-Tawa capsule in the market as over-the-counter drugs for dengue. However, it is important that these preparations are properly standardized and scientifically validated . Though some studies have established that E. hirta is less toxic in murine models , it is essential to investigate its toxicity in the human context .
According to the present survey, it is reiterated that the E. hirta is a potential therapy against dengue as it holds a significant antiviral and platelet increasing activities. However, relatively few studies have been carried out to accept the clinical application of E. hirta as an antidengue therapy. To overly validate the traditional claim, more studies on contemporary pharmacological approaches including isolation of active compounds and elucidating the mode of action of antidengue activities are warranted. Further, well-controlled double-blind clinical trials are required to reevaluate the efficacious and side effects in order to establish its place in clinical applications.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
Sincere thanks are due to Dr. Rafael A. Espiritu, Department of Chemistry, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines, for critically reading the manuscript and suggesting substantial improvements.
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domain: health


I have a wacom tablet.
I have the tablet set to project on a single monitor.
I have two monitors.
Aseprite does not respect this.
Aseprite projects the tablet on the two monitors.
When I select another program, the tablet is projected on a single monitor correctly.


text:
In an earlier posting on “General Education and the Engaged University,” I cited the 1948 Truman Commission on Higher Education’s definition of the function of general education at mid-century. The Commission noted eleven goals that reflect the need to rebuild civil society after a half-century of World War and global financial depression, and attempted to respond to the remarkable changes in the structure of civil society and the revolution in technology that were among the consequences of the 20th century upheavals. I had cited the same Commission back in 1988 in The Meaning of General Education, my history of the idea of general education.
So, I was pleasantly surprised when The Crucible Moment: College Learning and Democracy’s Future, a report of The Civic Learning and Democratic Engagement National Task Force, also cited the Truman Commission in making its case for re-committing higher education to a curriculum that ensures a “socially cohesive and economically vibrant U.S. democracy and a viable, just global community.” This goal, notes the report, “will require that civic learning and democratic engagement not be sidelined but central, not an afterthought but an anticipated and integral part of K-12 and college education” (p. 20).
Civic education was a focus of K-12 education in the postwar period. When I was a high school student in the 1960s, at least one class per day was focused on civic education of one kind or another. Ninth grade was split between Pennsylvania History and “Civics”—an introduction to the Constitution and American government. Tenth and eleventh grades saw a year of world history and a year of American history. And twelfth grade was “Problems of Democracy” – POD—a daily excursion into the issues that have faced American democracy throughout its history. While most histories ended with World War II, POD brought us into the present. In addition, I recall that the first time I saw film of civil rights protestors being beaten was in tenth grade English.
This was pretty typical of what the first generation of postwar students experienced. It is not hard to imagine that this education pre-disposed that generation to embracing the civil society revolution that was to come: civil rights, women’s rights, the peace movement, gay/lesbian rights. We were, as it turned out, a democratically engaged generation. Our education contributed to that. Similarly, it is not hard to imagine that the lack of civic education that has marked the past generation has contributed to the very odd disconnect between individual citizens and their government that has contributed to the economic chaos and social polarization that defines our present day.
What, then, should higher education do to embrace civic learning and democratic engagement? Crucible Moment defines civic-minded campuses as having four characteristics: “. . . such campuses are distinguished by a civic ethos governing campus life, civic literacy as a goal for every graduate, civic inquiry integrated within majors, general education, and technical training, and informed civic action done in concert with others as lifelong practice” (p. 31).
An Opportunity for General Education
The idea of a civically engaged university has the potential to re-invigorate the concept of General Education as our institutions adapt to the changing societal needs of the Information Revolution.
While at some institutions General Education has been reduced to a “distribution requirement”—a collection of introductory courses that give students a glimpse of different disciplines—General Education has a much more important role to play in creating citizens.
We can envision a General Education program that prepares students to be effective citizens of a global information society as having several elements:
· Knowledge – The cultural foundations of civic democracy—a multi-disciplinary approach that includes history, philosophy, and social change to give students a grounding in the cultural traditions and forces of change.
· Skills – At one time, the skills section of a general education program focused on communications—public speaking and writing, especially. In today’s global information society, critical citizenship skills must include how to find and evaluate information, problem-solving, collaboration, and inter-cultural understanding. These, in turn, require an active learning environment in which students work, individually and together, to local and evaluate information, turn it into knowledge, and apply it to solve problems.
· Attitudes – This includes understanding the role of globalization in shaping one’s identify and understanding one’s role as an individual in family, local community, national, and global contexts. It is in this area that the curriculum develops the student’s predisposition to act in different environments.
· Experience—Just as the Industrial Revolution stimulated the inclusion of laboratory courses to help students understand the scientific process and the standards of scientific research, the global Information Society requires that students gain direct experience in working in different communities. This can be accomplished through local internships, service-focused study abroad opportunities, or projects that bring together multicultural student teams to explore social issues and find solutions to problems. This could also be the focus of a capstone course for professional programs.
I expect to explore the details of a general education approach to civic democracy in future positions. My purpose here is simply to illustrate the range of activities that could be integrated into a curriculum designed to address the issues raised by the Crucible Moment report.
This is one of a series of postings that I am planning on the broad topic of General Education for an Information Society. Comments and discussion are very welcome.

domain: sociology


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domain: economics


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Resources for Hospice Volunteers
Volunteers fill the gap between loved ones and professional caregivers. Volunteers will be there even when friends and family find it hard to do so. Volunteers don’t have the emotional attachment family does; they are trained to meet the needs of patients and families. Learn more about hospice volunteering.

domain: psychology


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A Norwegian company which has proven to make attractive
games world-wide. Their first big hit was The Longest Journey
which sold millions. The main reason for this was a good story-line
. And being a non-violent
game as it is, made many families
go for the game, and maybe more important
, a gift for christmas to the game-loving
Later on, they produced Anarchy Online which had quite some hype around it. This was supposed to be ground-breaking and very original. But unfortunately FunCom faced many unpredictable challenges, including net lag, game balance and compatibility issues. The betas that were released in dozens helped a bit, but it was still many challenges that weren't completed.
They have now announced a new Massive Multiplayer Online Game, (MMOG), namely Midgard. This time they go back hundreds of years to the viking period of Scandinavia. They have released magnificent-looking concept-arts and ideas as to what the game is about. Hopefully they will have learned from the earlier game Anarchy Online and make a more stable and playable game.

domain: entertainment


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Former Defense Secretary Caspar Weinberger Dies at 88
By Jim Garamone
American Forces Press Service
WASHINGTON, March 28, 2006 Caspar W. Weinberger, the nation's 15th secretary of defense, died today. He was 88.
The late Caspar Weinberger was secretary of defense from Jan. 21, 1981, until Nov. 23, 1987, making him the longest serving defense secretary to date. Official DoD photo
(Click photo for screen-resolution image)
Weinberger took office Jan. 21, 1981, and served until Nov. 23, 1987, making him the longest-serving defense secretary to date. He died at the Eastern Maine Medical Center in Bangor from pneumonia. The former secretary lived on Mount Desert Island, off the coast of Maine.
Defense Secretary Donald H. Rumsfeld said the men and women of DoD mourn Weinberger's passing. "Cap Weinberger was a friend. His extensive career in public service, his support for the men and women in uniform and his central role in helping to win the Cold War leave a lasting legacy," Rumsfeld said during a Pentagon news conference today. "He left the United States armed forces stronger, our country safer and the world more free."
During his tenure at defense, Weinberger served as the point man for President Ronald Reagan's unprecedented peacetime military buildup.
As secretary, Weinberger pushed modernization to make up for past funding deficiencies. The Reagan military buildup spent more than a trillion dollars and was instrumental in the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991.
Weinberger also pushed pay and benefit packages for servicemembers. Pay raises he helped engineer in the early 1980s went a long way in keeping mid-level servicemembers from leaving the military for better-paying civilian jobs.
The American military was active during Weinberger's time as defense secretary.
Operation Urgent Fury in Grenada in October 1983 was an answer to a bloody coup on the Caribbean island and the threat the new regime posed to American students at a medical college there. The regime, allied with Fidel Castro's Cuba, toppled following an air and seaborne assault by U.S. servicemembers.
Also that October was the bombing of the Marine Barracks in Lebanon that killed 241 Americans. Terrorist group Hezbollah claimed credit for the attack.
In April 1986, in response to Libyan terror attacks in Europe, the U.S. launched attacks on Tripoli and Benghazi in Libya. The mission was a tremendous demonstration of American reach.
Weinberger also championed the so-called "Star Wars" missile defense program, the Air Force's B-1B bomber, and a "600-ship" Navy.
Weinberger was born in San Francisco on Aug. 18, 1917. He graduated from Harvard with a law degree in 1941 and entered the U.S. Army as a private. He received a commission and served with the 41st Infantry Division in the Pacific. At the end of the war, he served on the staff of General of the Army Douglas MacArthur as an intelligence officer.
After the war, Weinberger won election to the California State Assembly in 1952 and re-election in 1954 and 1956. In 1962, he became chairman of the California Republican Party in 1962.
At the federal level, Weinberger was the chairman of the Federal Trade Commission in January 1970 and served as the deputy and then director of the Office of Management and Budget, where he earned the nickname "Cap the Knife."
He also served as the secretary of health, education, and welfare from 1973 to 1975.
Weinberger opposed the Goldwater-Nichols DoD Reorganization Act of 1986 that strengthened the office of the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and instituted the office of vice chairman. But once the president signed the act into law, he vigorously put it into place.
Weinberger served as executive editor of Forbes Magazine since 1993. The former secretary is survived by his wife, Jane, a son and a daughter.

domain: politics


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Where to go for beer in Prague
Situated on Old Town Square, Brasserie Mincovna offers traditional Czech cuisine with a modern twist, with an emphasis on elegant presentation. The restaurant’s atmosphere is both modern and welcoming, with wooden tables and chairs in a high-ceilinged room typical of Prague’s old houses.
Close to Charles Bridge, Lokál U Bílé kuželky (At the White Skittle) restaurant is an excellent mix of good food and reasonable prices, in a traditional Czech setting. All Lokál restaurants are the work of Václav Červenka, in-house architect at the Ambiente group, which owns them.
The entire menu at the Strahov restaurant is based on the local beer, Saint-Norbert. The dishes are based on beer, or at least designed to go perfectly with the different types: light amber, brown or India Pale Ale.
A modern approach to a traditional beverage is the secret of the success of Vinohradský pivovar. Although the brewery was founded in 1893, production was disrupted for a long time by the Second World War. Beer is no longer produced at Vinohradský pivovar, but parts of the brewing process continue here.
With its eight dining rooms and terrace, this brasserie near the New Town Hall can accommodate almost a thousand customers. A figure that is sometimes really reached, especially when there is a musical production consisting mainly of old Prague songs.
The Malostranská beseda (Malá Strana Circle) building, on the corner of Malostranské square, houses three separate establishments: a café, a restaurant and a pub. The restaurant’s menu offers mainly traditional Czech dishes matching Pilsen Urquell beer served with mastery.
Why are they always full at U Pinkasů? Among other things, because of the revered Pilsner beer, which is served from stainless steel tanks at this famous establishment. What’s more, you can eat at reasonable prices, even though the pub is in the heart of Prague.
Total 19 items

domain: food


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Search Results for 'Hollymount hall'
2 results found.
Annual Collection Day for Croí
This year’s Scór na nÓg county finals have been pencilled in to take place on November 27 in Breaffy clubhouse. This is a few weeks earlier than previously to avoid clashing with events coming up to Christmas and to give competitors more time to prepare for the Connacht competition.

domain: news


Wed, Jun 20, 2018 | Updated 10.25AM IST
LAST UPDATED : Jun 18, 2018, 10:30 PM IST
Stay updated with Times of India for all the Football live score updates of 2018 FIFA World Cup game between Belgium and Panama on Times of India
India's SSP Chawrasia missed the cut with rounds of 77-71 on the second day of the inaugural Belgian Knockout golf tournament here.
India's SSP Chawrasia opened with a below-par five-over 77 to make a disappointing start to his campaign at the inaugural Belgian Knockout golf tournament here.
Individual brilliance broke Panama's resistance on Monday but for Belgium coach Roberto Martinez the 3-0 win was a victory for a new sense of team solidarity as his squad of precocious talents eyes World Cup glory.
With Manchester City and under Pep Guardiola, De Bruyne won the English title in great style, sparkling in his playmaker role. Will he be allowed to do the same for Belgium at the World Cup?
A powerful brace from Romelu Lukaku and a glittering performance from Eden Hazard saw Belgium beat Costa Rica 4-1 in Brussels in their finals World Cup warm up on Monday.
A gunman killed two police officers and a passer-by on Tuesday before being shot dead in the centre of the Belgian city of Liege, public broadcaster RTBF said on its website and authorities said terrorism could not be ruled out as a motive.
Belgium coach Roberto Martinez left AS Roma midfielder Radja Nainggolan out of his squad for next month's World Cup in Russia, insisting on Monday it was a purely tactical move and not due to past clashes over discipline.
Belgium's creativity and power proved too much for World Cup debutants Panama as the Group G favourites overcame the heroics of goalkeeper Jaime Penedo and a massed defence to run out 3-0 winners on Monday.
Chelsea playmaker Eden Hazard is in the best form of his life but Belgium need all their top players to be better than ever if they are to have any chance of winning the World Cup, goalkeeper Thibaut Courtois said on Sunday.
Vincent Kompany will remain with the Belgium squad at the World Cup despite currently being sidelined by a groin injury, coach Roberto Martinez confirmed on Sunday.
Roberto Martinez can't wait to lead an outstanding Belgium side into the World Cup as they prepare to take on Panama in their opening game on Monday.
Belgium coach Roberto Martinez has given Vincent Kompany two weeks to recover from a groin injury in time for the World Cup, retaining the Manchester City captain in his squad but putting Laurent Ciman on standby for the tournament in Russia.
The marchers, most dressed in white, made a solemn procession through the city's sunny streets before laying white roses at the scene of the attack by Benjamin Herman, who shot dead two policewomen and a student on Tuesday.
The bloodshed in the gritty eastern industrial city of Liege began around 10:30 am (0830 GMT) when the attacker armed with a knife repeatedly stabbed the two officers before using their own firearms to kill them, prosecutors said.
Copyright © 2018 Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. All rights reserved. For reprint rights: Times Syndication Service


Mianus River Bridge renamed to honor late selectmanPosted: Updated:
The Mianus River Bridge over Route 1 in Greenwich was renamed on Sunday.
Officials held a dedication ceremony to unveil the new name: The Honorable David Noble Theis Memorial Bridge. It's a tribute to Greenwich native and former Selectman Dave Theis, who died in December.
Officials say Theis was one of the chief organizers of the annual American flag display on the bridge. They say Theis will always be remembered for his sense of humor and willingness to lend a hand.
"Dave had an extremely big heart," says First Selectman Peter Tesei said. "He was always ready to give of himself to other people, particularly those less fortunate. He had an immense compassion for the men and women who serve in the military, our first responders and anyone whom was in need."
State Rep. Fred Camillo and former state Rep. David Scribner helped get the bridge renamed.


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Can Cosmetic Surgery Change Your Life?
I recently came across this article about cosmetic surgery improving the quality of one’s life. An excerpt is shown below. Report: Facial Plastic Surgery Improves Quality of Life Facial plastic surgery improves patients’ quality of life, but the effects are different for men and women, researchers report in the March/April issue of the Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery.Jason A. Litner, MD, of the University of Toronto and colleagues conducted a study of 93 facial plastic surgery patients, of whom 82 (88%) were female. While 49% of patients underwent rhinoplasty, the remainder underwent surgery for the aging face. They were assessed after surgery and again 3 months later using the 59-item Derriford Appearance Scale (DAS59).Overall, there were significant improvements in DAS59 scores across all the domains of the scale and for all females, the researchers report. For men, the quality-of-life improvements were only in terms of general self-consciousness of facial appearance, and the quality-of-life domains most affected by rhinoplasty and surgery for the aging face were different.“Studies such as ours call attention to the fact that cosmetic surgery is not a superfluous ‘want’ but rather an answer to an important health concern that, in the patients’ eyes, cuts to the very heart of social desirability. It can, therefore, have implications for psychological happiness and quality of life equivalent to or, perhaps, greater than any other medical intervention,” the authors conclude.
The above article is interesting as it showed that the study respondents felt that cosmetic facial surgery improved their quality of life. I have seen this many times in my own practice, but never push the concept on my patients. Every day, patients return to the office after having small and or large procedures. The look better, they feel better and seem to have a glow about them. At consultation, I never promise that a procedure will change someone’s life, and in fact, I get a bit nervous when that is a patient’s primary reason for seeking surgery. Cosmetic surgery can change one’s life in many ways, but it won’t save a bad marriage or guarantee a job promotion. When patients ask “how much younger will I look” that may send up a red flag on their true intentions of having cosmetic surgery. Obviously we all expect to look younger after cosmetic procedures, but it is impossible to quantify. A doctor can’t tell a patient “if you do this, you will look 17 years younger”! There is no way to measure or guarantee that. Believe me, it sometimes happens. There are some of my patients that have multiple procedures (laser resurfacing and facelift especially) that do look decades younger, but I never promise that.
I do think there is a certain glow that most patients feel after having successful facial and neck rejuvenation. They frequently seem to have a bit more pep in their step, pay more attention to hair make up and clothes. Patients have related it to me with the analogy of how one feels when they take their car to the carwash. You drive in with a dirty car and although you leave with the same car, it really makes you feel good to drive out with a better looking vehicle. One patient told me that they have that same feeling, every day, since having their cosmetic facial surgery. Another example is how a woman feels when they get their hair done. They feel like a new person when they leave the beauty salon.
The bottom line is that cosmetic facial surgery (or any cosmetic surgery) can add to self confidence and boost self esteem and the mood of most patients. There is no guarantee that every patient will feel like this, but in my practice, I see it often. This is one of the most rewarding things for a cosmetic surgeon when he or she sees their work making a positive influence in a patient’s life. There is also no stronger marketing effort as a satisfied patient will spread the work of the surgeon’s skill.
A rational patient and surgeon should not expect miracles but should look forward to many positive changes that accompany cosmetic facial surgeries.
Joe Niamtu, III DMD
Cosmetic Facial Surgery

domain: medical


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Taxpayers spent more than $4 million over the last four years on Attorney General Eric Holder’s travel costs, according to a new report.
Judicial Watch, a conservative watchdog group, says it determined those figures detailing Holder’s travel costs from March of 2009 to August 2012 through a Freedom of Information Act request.
The group deemed $697,525.20 of those expenses as “taxpayer-funded personal travel expenses.”
Judicial Watch did not compare those figures to other attorneys general. But the president of the group blasted Holder, who uses government aircraft for security reasons.

domain: finance


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Our Wicked Lady, Bushwick’s first and only rooftop bar, is throwing its hat into the brunch ring—but the bar, eatery, and event space is moving in a direction you might not expect: bottomless breakfast buffet. It’s all the convenience of a Ritz-Carlton, without having to wake up early to score the good stuff.
The brunch will offer classic breakfast buffet menu items such as sausages, bacon, cheesy scrambled eggs, and an assortment of mini baked goods this week, but the selections, which will be prepared by Nicole Rutsch of Nicole Rutsch Catering, will soon expand to include other options like shrimp and grits (we have our fingers crossed for a waffle line).
Waffles or no, the $10 price tag might make this the best sit down brunch deal in town. Of course, no brunch would be complete without a boozy beverage masquerading as a juice, and Our Wicked Lady will not disappoint on that front, with $6 Bloody Marys and Mimosas.
The first brunch will take place this Sunday from 12-3pm, and the rooftop will be open as long as those thunderstorms keep away!


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Track topics on Twitter Track topics that are important to you
Urine cytology is the corner-stone for the diagnosis of urothelial neoplasia; however, a substantial proportion of low-grade carcinomas are reported as inconclusive owing to scant cellularity and subtle cytological features. Biomarkers applied on urine sediment smears of such patients are likely to be clinically relevant. Access to Food and Drug Administration approved urinary biomarkers in resour...
Gall bladder cancer (GBC) is a disease with high incidence in India. We analyzed the outcomes of patients with suspected GBC who underwent surgical exploration.
Total synthesis of the flagship Strychnos indole alkaloid, strychnine, has been accomplished. The developed synthetic sequence featured a novel vinylogous 1,4-addition, a challenging iodinium salt mediated silyl enol ether arylation, a palladium-catalyzed Heck reaction, and a streamlined late-stage conversion to strychnine. Furthermore, an application of asymmetric counterion-directed catalysis (A...
To describe the natural history of post-void residual urine volume (PVR) in community-dwelling older men.
This study evaluated using urine dipstick tests with the clean-catch method to screen for urinary tract infection (UTI) in febrile infants under 90 days of age.
To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the Xpert Bladder Cancer (BC) Monitor, compared to cystoscopy and cytology in the oncological follow-up of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC).
To study the differential expression of estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes in human urinary bladder tissue using immunohistochemistry (IHC) methods and explores their correlation with various measures of LUTS.
To reduce the risk of postoperative stress urinary incontinence (POSUI) prolapse repair might be combined with incontinence surgery.
Urinary catheters are frequently used in hospital inpatients despite their association with greater morbidity and mortality. Reducing their unnecessary use can improve patient care. The objective of the current study was to determine the effectiveness of a multimodal nursing and physician education intervention to reduce the unnecessary use of urinary catheters in adult inpatients.
The iodine status of populations is usually assessed by median urinary iodine concentrations (UIC) in population-based studies, but it is unclear to which extent UIC are comparable across different laboratories. The aim of our study was to investigate the variability of UIC measurements across three well-established German laboratories with long-term clinical-chemical expertise in iodine measureme...
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and safety of ambulatory high-dose methotrexate (HDMTX) administration with oral hydration, alkalinization, and leucovorin rescue. HDMTX (12 g/m) was given intravenously over 4 hours after urine alkalinization. Families and patients were instructed to continue ambulatory oral hydration and alkalinization to monitor urine pH and to adjust bi...
A series of novel sulfonylurea benzothiazolines was designed by splicing active groups and bioisosterism. A solvent-free synthetic route was developed for the sulfonylurea benzothiazoline derivatives via the cyclization and carbamylation. All compounds were characterized by IR, ¹H-NMR, (13)C-NMR, HRMS. The biological activity tests indicated the compounds could protect maize against the injury ca...
Histone deacetylase 8 (HDAC8) is a well-characterized member of the class I acetyl-lysine deacetylase (HDAC) family and previous work has shown that the effi-ciency of HDAC8-catalyzed deacetylation of a methylcoumarin peptide varies depending on the identity of the divalent metal ion in the HDAC8 active site. Here we demonstrate that both HDAC8 activity and substrate selectivity for a diverse rang...
Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), including urinary incontinence, urgency and nocturia, affect approximately half of women worldwide. Current diagnostic methods for LUTS are invasive and costly, while available treatments are limited by side effects leading to poor patient compliance. In this study, we aimed to identify urine metabolic signatures associated with LUTS using proton nuclear magnet...
Epidemiologic studies have revealed higher concentrations of the metabolites of phthalic acid esters (mPAEs) in patients with type 2 diabetes. On the other hand, oxidative stress, adiponectin, and inflammatory cytokines play important roles in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications. However, little information is known about the association between exposure to PAEs and these physiologi...
To evaluate the feasibility and safety of controlled active hypothermia versus standard intensive care during neonatal transport in patients with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.
Clinical use of single serum gonadotropin measurements in children is limited by the pulsatile section of FSH and LH. However, first morning voided (FMV) urine may integrate the fluctuating gonadotropin serum levels.
An analytical method was established for the rapid detection of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) in bovine muscle, and bovine blood and bovine urine, using ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). After the addition of an aqueous solution of EDTA-Na2, the pH of bovine urine samples was directly adjusted to 5.2 by acetic acid-ammonium acetate and purifie...


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The name Sentosa translates as "peace and tranquility" in Malay, which was in turn derived from the Sanskrit term Santosha, meaning "contentment, satisfaction". Sentosa was formerly known as Pulau Blakang Matiwhich in Malaymeans the "Island of Death Behind". The name Blakang Mati is old; an island was identified as Blacan Mati in Manuel Godinho de Erédia's 1604 map of Singapore. Other early references to the island of Blakang Mati include Burne Beard Island in Wilde's 1780 MS map, Pulau Niry, Nirifa from 1690 to 1700, and the nineteenth century reference as Pulau Panjang (J.H. Moor). However, early maps did not separate Blakang Mati from the adjacent island of Pulau Brani, so it is uncertain to which island the seventeenth century place names referred. The island has changed name several times. Up to 1830, it was called Pulau Panjang ("long island"). In an 1828 sketch of Singapore Island, the island is referred to as Po. Panjang. According to Bennett (1834), the name Blakang Mati wa...
Pulau Blakang Mati was once home to the native Malays who were relocated to the mainland, together with the Pulau Brani villagers, due to urban redevelopment in the late 1970s. In the nineteenth century, the island was considered important because it protected the passage into Keppel Harbour. Plans to fortify the island as part of the defence plan for Singapore were drawn up as early as 1827, but few fortifications actually materialised until the 1880s, when the rapid growth of the harbour le...
Second World War
During the Second World War, the island was a British military fortress. The British set up large-calibre gun fortifications at various points along the island that were aligned to the south, facing the sea in expectation of a seaward Japanese assault. The myth that the guns were incapable of pointing north developed after the War but this was wrong, they could swivel to point north but they were only equipped with armour-piercing shells for ships which made the shells ineffective against lan...
After the Japanese surrender in 1945 and the return of Singapore to British rule, the island became the base of the locally enlisted First Singapore Regiment of the Royal Artillery (1st SRRA) in 1947. Other locally enlisted men from Singapore were sent to the island for basic military training before being sent to other units of the British Army in Singapore. Ten years later, the 1st SRRA was disbanded and its guns dismantled. The coast artillery was replaced with Gurkha infantry units, first...
The island has an area of close to 5 km2 (1.9 sq mi). It lies just half a kilometre (a quarter of a mile) away from the southern coast of the main island of Singapore. It is Singapore's fourth-largest island (excluding the main island). 70% of the island was covered by secondary rainforest, the habitat of monitor lizards, monkeys, peacocks, parrots as well as other native fauna and flora, also, when the construction of Resorts World Sentosacommenced; environmental impact was kept at a minimum when over two hundred trees in the designated area were replanted elsewhere on the island. Further development has significantly impacted the biodiversity of the island, resulting in the loss of much of the native fauna and flora. The island also has a 3.2 km (2.0 mi) stretch of white sand beach, which has impacted the reef. Significantly large portions of land are currently being added to Sentosa due to land reclamation.
Sentosa can be reached from the Singapore mainland via a short causeway or Cable Car, which originates from Mount Faber and passes through HarbourFront en route to its final destination at Imbiah Lookout. In 2015, Sentosa opened an intra-island Cable Car to facilitate travelling within the island. Dubbed the sky network, the Cable Car has 3 stations, in Siloso, Imbiah, and near the now-closed Merlion, and is not linked to the original Cable Car. Public bus services are available to connect Se...
Sentosa has a stretch of sheltered beach of more than 2 km (1.2 mi) on its southern coast, divided into three portions: Palawan Beach, Siloso Beach and Tanjong Beach. These beaches are artificial, reclaimed using sand bought from Indonesia and Malaysia. They are manned by a beach patrol lifeguard team who are easily identified by their red and yellow uniforms. 1. Palawan Beach lies in the centre of the southern coast of Sentosa. There is a suspension bridge that leads to a small islet off the...
The Singapore Civil Defence Force's (SCDF) newest fire station officially commenced operations on the island of Sentosa at 8am on Monday (6 June 2016). Sentosa Fire Station, which is located at 37 Artillery Avenue, has a fleet of five emergency vehicles: two fire engines, a fire bike, an ambulance and an aerial firefighting and rescue support vehicle. It is strategically placed to provide emergency services within the island and the immediate vicinity such as the HarbourFront and Telok Blanga...
Sentosa Development Corporation (SDC) has developed a sustainabilityplan to safeguard the environment and to conserve Sentosa's heritage assets. In fact, many parts of Sentosa still retain her original tranquil and lush environment - driven by the corporation's land-use policy of maintaining 60% of the island as green and open spaces (natural area reduced to about 25% by 2014). Efforts are made to raise awareness among both visitors and staff of the island regarding environmental issues and sustainable tourism. This is done via regular campaigns and educational talks. Key sustainability-related achievements include: 1. Sentosa was shortlisted as a Sustainable Tourism Destination finalist in the World Travel and Tourism Council's "Tourism for Tomorrow" Awards in 2013. 2. The island is home to some 30 heritage trees (listed in the National Parks Board's Heritage Tree Register) and over 20 conserved colonial buildings, some of which date back to the 1800s. 3. Singapore's only fully res...

domain: geography


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While the standard rule-of-thumb is that financial advisors charge 1% AUM fees, the reality is that as with most of the investment management industry, financial advisor fee schedules have graduated rates and breakpoints that reduce AUM fees for larger account sizes, such that the median advisory fee for high-net-worth clients is actually closer to 0.50% than 1%.
Yet at the same time, the total all-in cost to manage a portfolio is typically more than “just” the advisor’s AUM fee, given the underlying product costs of ETFs and mutual funds that most financial advisors still use, not to mention transaction costs, and various platform fees. Accordingly, a recent financial advisor fee study from Bob Veres’ Inside Information reveals that the true all-in cost for financial advisors averages about 1.65%, not “just” 1%!
On the other hand, with growing competitive pressures, financial advisors are increasingly compelled to do more to justify their fees than just assemble and oversee a diversified asset allocated portfolio. Instead, the standard investment management fee is increasingly a financial planning fee as well, and the typical advisor allocates nearly half of their bundled AUM fee to financial planning services (or otherwise charges separately for financial planning).
The end result is that comparing the cost of financial advice requires looking at more than “just” a single advisory fee. Instead, costs vary by the size of the client’s accounts, the nature of the advisor’s services, and the way portfolios are implemented, such that advisory fees must really be broken into their component parts: investment management fees, financial planning fees, product fees, and platform fee.
From this perspective, the reality is that the portion of a financial advisor’s fees allocable to investment management is actually not that different from robo-advisors now, suggesting there may not be much investment management fee compression on the horizon. At the same time, though, financial advisors themselves appear to be trying to defend their own fees by driving down their all-in costs, putting pressure on product manufacturers and platforms to reduce their own costs. Yet throughout it all, the Veres research concerningly suggests that even as financial advisors increasingly shift more of their advisory fee value proposition to financial planning and wealth management services, advisors are still struggling to demonstrate why financial planning services should command a pricing premium in the marketplace.
How Much Do Financial Advisors Charge As Portfolios Grow?
One of the biggest criticisms of the AUM business model is that when financial advisor fees are 1% (or some other percentage) of the portfolio, that the advisor will get paid twice as much money to manage a $2M portfolio than a $1M portfolio. Despite the reality that it won’t likely take twice as much time and effort and work to serve the $2M client compared to the $1M client. To some extent, there may be a little more complexity involved for the more affluent client, and it may be a little harder to market and get the $2M client, and there may be some greater liability exposure (given the larger dollar amounts involved if something goes wrong), but not necessarily at a 2:1 ratio for the client with double the account size.
Yet traditionally, the AUM business has long been a “volume-based” business, where larger portfolios reach “breakpoints” where the marginal fees get lower as the dollar amounts get bigger. For instance, the advisor who charges 1% on the first $1M, but “only” 0.50% on the next $1M, such that the with double the assets does pay 50% more (in recognition of the costs to market, additional service complexity, and the liability exposure), but not double.
However, this means that the “typical financial advisor fee” of 1% is somewhat misleading, as while it may be true that the average financial advisory fee is 1% for a particular portfolio size, the fact that fees tend to decline as account balances grow (and may be higher for smaller accounts) means the commonly cited 1% fee fails to convey the true sense of the typical graduated fee schedule of a financial advisor.
Fortunately, though, recent research by Bob Veres’ Inside Information, in a survey of nearly 1,000 advisors, shines a fresh light on how financial advisors typically set their AUM fee schedules, not just at the mid-point, but up and down the scale for both smaller and larger account balances. And as Veres’ research finds, the median advisory fee up to $1M of assets under management really is 1%. However, many advisors charge more than 1% (especially on “smaller” account balances), and often substantially less for larger dollar amounts, with most advisors incrementing fees by 0.25% at a time (e.g., 1.25%, 1.00%, 0.75%, and 0.50%), as shown in the chart below.
More generally, though, Veres’ research affirms that the median AUM fee really does decline as assets rise. At the lower end of the spectrum, the typical financial advisory fee is 1% all the way up to $1M (although notably, a substantial number of advisors charge more than 1%, particularly for clients with portfolios of less than $250k, where the median fee is almost 1.25%). However, the median fee drops to 0.85% for those with portfolios over $1M. And as the dollar amounts rise further, the median investment management fee declines further, to 0.75% over $2M, 0.65% over $3M, and 0.50% for over $5M (with more than 10% of advisors charging just 0.25% or less).
Notably, because these are the stated advisory fees at specific breakpoints, the blended fees of financial advisors at these dollar amounts would still be slightly higher. For instance, the median advisory fee at $2M might be 0.85%, but if the advisor really charged 1.25% on the first $250k, 1% on the next $750k, and 0.85% on the next $1M after that, the blended fee on a $2M portfolio would actually be 0.96% at $2M.
Nonetheless, the point remains: as portfolio account balances grow, advisory fees decline, and the “typical” 1% AUM fee is really just a typical (marginal) fee for portfolios around a size of $1M. Those who work with smaller clients tend to charge more, and those who work with larger clients tend to charge less.
How Much Do Financial Advisors Cost In All-In Fees?
The caveat to this analysis, though, is that it doesn’t actually include the underlying expense ratios of the investment vehicles being purchased by financial advisors on behalf of their clients.
Of course, for those who purchase individual stocks and bonds, there are no underlying wrapper fees for the underlying investments. However, the recent FPA 2017 Trends In Investments Survey of Financial Advisors finds that the overwhelming majority of financial advisors use at least some mutual funds or ETFs in their client portfolios (at 88% and 80%, respectively), which would entail additional costs beyond just the advisory fee itself.
Fortunately, though, the Veres study did survey not only advisors’ own AUM fee schedules, but also the expense ratios of the underlying investments they used to construct their portfolios. And as the results reveal, the underlying expense ratios add a non-trivial total all-in cost to the typical financial advisory fee, with the bulk of blended expense ratios coming in between 0.20% and 0.75% (and a median of 0.50%).
Of course, when it comes to ETFs, as well as the advisors who trade individual stocks and bonds, there are also underlying transaction costs to consider. Fortunately, given the size of typical advisor portfolios, and the ever-declining ticket charges for stock and ETF trades, the cumulative impact is fairly modest. Still, while most advisors estimated their trading costs at just 0.05%/year or so, with almost 15% at 0.02% or less, there were another 18% of advisors with trading costs of 0.10%/year, almost 10% up to 0.20%/year, and 6% that trade more actively (or have smaller typical client account sizes where fixed ticket charges consume a larger portion of the account) and estimate cumulative transaction costs even higher than 0.20%/year.
In addition, the reality is that a number of financial advisors work with advisory platforms that separately charge a platform fee, which in some cases covers both technology and platform services and also an all-in wrap fee on trading costs (and/or access to a No-Transaction-Fee [NTF] platform with a platform wrapper cost). Amongst the more-than-20% of advisors who reported paying such fees (either directly or charged to their clients), the median fee was 0.20%/year.
Accordingly, once all of these various underlying costs are packaged together, it turns out that the all-in costs for financial advisors – even and including fee-only advisors, which comprised the majority of Veres’ data set – including the total cost of AUM fees, plus underlying expense ratios, plus trading and/or platform fees, are a good bit higher than the commonly reported 1% fee.
For instance, the median all-in cost of a financial advisor serving under-$250k portfolios was actually 1.85%, dropping to 1.75% for portfolios up to $500k, 1.65% up to $1M, and 1.5% for portfolios over $1M, dropping to $1.4% over $2M, 1.3% over $3M, and 1.2% over $5M.
Notably, though, the decline in all-in costs as assets rise moves remarkably in-line with the advisor’s underlying fee schedule, suggesting that the advisor’s “underlying” investments and platform fee are actually remarkably stable across the spectrum.
For instance, the median all-in cost for “small” clients was 1.85% versus an AUM fee of 1% (although the median fee was “almost” 1.25% in Veres’ data) for a difference of 0.60% - 0.85%, larger clients over $1M face an all-in cost of 1.5% versus an AUM fee of 0.85% (a difference of 0.65%), and even for $5M+ the typical total all-in cost was 1.2% versus a median AUM fee of 0.5% (a difference of 0.70%). Which means the total cost of underlying – trading fees, expense ratios, and the rest – is relatively static, at around 0.60% to 0.70% for advisors across the spectrum!
On the one hand, it’s somewhat surprising that as client account sizes grow, advisors reduce their fees, but platform fees and underlying expense ratios do not decrease. On the other hand, it is perhaps not so surprising given that most mutual funds and ETFs don’t actually have expense ratio breakpoints based on the amount invested, especially as an increasing number of low-cost no-load and institutional-class shares are available to RIAs (and soon, “clean shares” for broker-dealers) regardless of asset size.
It’s also notable that at least some advisor platforms do indirectly “rebate” back a portion of platform and underlying fees, in the form of better payouts (for broker-dealers), soft dollar concessions (for RIAs), and other indirect financial benefits (e.g., discounted or free software, higher tier service teams, access to conferences, etc.) that reduces the advisor’s costs and allows the advisor to reduce their AUM fees. Which means indirectly, platforms fees likely do get at least a little cheaper as account sizes rise (or at least, as the overall size of the advisory firm rises). It’s simply expressed as a full platform charge, with a portion of the cost rebated to the advisor, which in turn allows the advisor to pass through the discount by reducing their own AUM fee successfully.
Financial Advisor Fee Schedules: Investment Management Fees Or Financial Planning Fees?
One of the other notable trends of financial advisory fees in recent years is that financial advisors have been compelled to do more and more to justify their fees, resulting in a deepening in the amount of financial planning services provided to clients for that same AUM fee, and a concomitant decline in the profit margins of advisory firms.
To clarify how financial advisors position their AUM fees, the Veres study also surveyed how advisors allocate their own AUM fees between investment management and non-investment-management (i.e., financial planning, wealth management, and other) services.
Not surprisingly, barely 5% of financial advisors reported that their entire AUM fee is really just an investment management fee for the portfolio, and 80% of advisors who reported that at least 90% of their AUM fee was “only” for investment management stated it was simply because they were charging a separate financial planning fee anyway.
For most advisors who do bundle together financial planning and investment management, though, the Veres study found that most commonly advisors claim their AUM fee is an even split between investment management services, and non-investment services that are simply paid for via an AUM fee. In other words, the typical 1% AUM fee is really more of a 0.50% investment management fee, plus a 0.50% financial planning fee.
Perhaps most striking, though, is that there’s almost no common consensus or industry standard about how much of an advisor’s AUM fee should really be an investment management fee versus not, despite the common use of a wide range of labels like “financial advisor”, “financial planner”, “wealth manager”, etc.
As noted earlier, in part this may be because a subset of those advisors in the Veres study are simply charging separately for financial planning, which increases the percentage-of-AUM-fee-for-just-investment-management allocation (since the planning is covered by the planning fee). Nonetheless, the fact that 90% of advisors still claim their AUM fees are no-more-than-90% allocable to investment management services suggests the majority of advisors package at least some non-investment value-adds into their investment management fee. Yet how much is packaged in and bundled together varies tremendously!
More broadly, though, this ambiguity about whether or how much value financial advisors provide, beyond investment management, for a single AUM fee, is not unique to the Veres study. For instance, last year’s 2016 Fidelity RIA Benchmarking Study found that there is virtually no relationship between an advisor’s fees for a $1M client, and the breadth of services the advisor actually offers to that client! In theory, as the breadth of services to the client rises, the advisory fee should rise as well to support those additional value-adds. Instead, though, the Fidelity study found that the median advisory fee of 1% remains throughout, regardless of whether the advisor just offers wealth management, or bundles together 5 or even 9 other supporting services!
The Future Of Financial Advisor Fee Compression: Investment Management, Financial Planning, Products, And Platforms
Overall, what the Veres study suggests is that the typical all-in AUM fee to work with a financial advisor is actually broken up into several component parts. For a total-cost AUM fee of 1.65% for a portfolio up to $1M, this includes an advisory fee of 1% (which in turn is split between financial planning and investment management), plus another 0.65% of underlying expenses (which is split between the underlying investment products and platform). Which means a financial advisor’s all-in costs really need to be considered across all four domains: investment management, financial planning, products, and platform fees.
Notably, how the underlying costs come together may vary significantly from one advisor to the next. Some may use lower-cost ETFs, but have slightly higher trading fees (given ETF ticket charges) from their platforms. Others may use mutual funds that have no transaction costs, but indirectly pay a 0.25% platform fee (in the form of 12b-1 fees paid to the platform). Some may use more expensive mutual funds, but trim their own advisory fees. Others may manage individual stocks and bonds, but charge more for their investment management services. A TAMP may combine together the platform and product fees.
Overall, though, the Veres data reveals that the breadth of all-in costs is even wider than the breadth of AUM fees, suggesting that financial advisors are finding more consumer sensitivity to their advisory fees, and less sensitivity to the underlying platform and product costs. On the other hand, the rising trend of financial advisors using ETFs to actively manage portfolios suggests that advisors are trying to combat any sensitivity to their advisory fees by squeezing the costs out of their underlying portfolios instead (i.e., by using lower-cost ETFs instead of actively managed mutual funds, and taking over the investment management fee of the mutual fund manager themselves).
In turn, we can consider the potential implications of fee compression by looking across each of the core domains: investment management, financial planning, and what is typically a combination of products and platform fees.
When it comes to investment management fees, the fact that the typical financial advisor already allocates only half of their advisory fee to investment management (albeit with a wide variance), suggests that there may actually not be much fee compression looming for financial advisors. After all, if the advisor’s typical AUM fee is 1% but only half of that – or 0.50% - is for investment management, then the fee isn’t that far off from many of the recently launched robo-advisors, including TD Ameritrade Essential Portfolios (0.30% AUM fee), Fidelity Go (0.35% AUM fee), and Merrill Lynch Guided Edge (0.45% AUM fee). At worst, the fee compression risk for pure investment management services may “only” be 20 basis points anyway. And for larger clients – where the fee schedule is falling to 0.50% anyway, and the investment management portion would be only 0.25% - financial advisors have already converged on “robo” pricing.
On the other hand, with the financial planning portion of fees, there appears to be little fee compression at all. In fact, as the Fidelity benchmarking study shows, consumers (and advisors) appear to be struggling greatly to assign a clear value to financial planning services at all. Not to say that financial planning services aren’t valuable, but that there’s no clear consensus on how to value them effectively, such that firms provide a wildly different range of supporting financial planning services for substantially similar fees. Until consumers can more clearly identify and understand the differences in financial planning services between advisors, and then “comparison shop” those prices, it’s difficult for financial planning fee compression to take hold.
By contrast, fee compression for the combination of platforms and the underlying product expenses appears to be most ripe for disruption. And arguably, the ongoing shift of financial advisors towards lower cost product solutions suggests that this trend is already well underway, such that even as advisory firms continue to grow, the asset management industry in the aggregate saw a decline in both revenues and profits in 2016. And the trend may only accelerate if increasingly sophisticated rebalancing and model management software begins to create “Indexing 2.0” solutions that make it feasible to eliminate the ETF and mutual fund fee layer altogether. Similarly, the trend of financial advisors from broker-dealers to RIAs suggests that the total cost layer of broker-dealer platforms is also under pressure. And TAMPs that can’t get their all-in pricing below the 0.65% platform-plus-product fee will likely also face growing pressure.
Notably, though, these trends also help to reveal the growing pressure for fiduciary regulation of financial advisors – because as the investment management and product/platform fees continue to shrink, and the relative contribution of financial planning services grow, the core of what a financial advisor “does” to earn their fees is changing. Despite the fact that our financial advisor regulation is based primarily on the underlying investment products and services (and not fee-for-service financial planning advice).
Nonetheless, the point remains that financial advisor fee compression is at best a more nuanced story than is commonly told in the media today. To the extent financial advisors are feeling fee pressure, it appears to be resulting in a shift in the advisor value proposition to earn their 1% fee, and a drive to bring down the underlying costs of products and platforms to defend the advisor’s fee by trimming (other) components of the all-in cost instead. Though at the same time, the data suggests that consumers are less sensitive to all-in costs than “just” the advisor’s fee… raising the question of whether analyzing all-in costs for financial advice may become the next battleground issue for financial advisors that seek to differentiate their costs and value.
In the meantime, for any financial advisors who want to access Veres’ White Paper on Advisory Fees and survey results, you can request a free copy here.
So what do you think? Do you think financial advisors' investment management fees are pretty much in line with robo advisors already? Is fee compression more nuanced than typically believed? Please share your thoughts in the comments below!


One of President Joe Biden's first mistakes was to shut down the production of the Keystone XL pipeline, which will run from Alberta, Canada, to the Gulf Coast refineries.
This will be an immediate loss of over 1,000 jobs, mostly unionized, at a time when we're experiencing high unemployment plus businesses being closed or shut down because of the pandemic.
Additionally, gasoline will become more expensive which will greatly affect everyone, especially the people who are out of work.
That should really jump start the economy. He's off to a good start.


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Natarajan, KA (2009) Microbial Aspects of Environmentally Benign Iron Ore. In: Iron Ore Conference 2009, July 27-29, 2009, Perth, Australia, pp. 27-34.Full text not available from this repository.
Many types of micro-organisms inhabit iron ore deposits contributing to biogenic formation and conversion of iron oxides and associated minerals. Bacteria such as Paenibacillus polymyxa arc capable of significantly altering the surface chemical behaviour of iron ore minerals such as haematite, alumina, calcite and silica. Differing mineral surface affinities of bacterial cells and metabolic products such as proteins and polysaccharides can be utilised to induce their flotation or flocculation. Mineral-specific bioreagents such as proteins are generated when bacteria are grown in the presence of haematite, alumina, calcite and silica. Alumina-grown bacterial cells and proteins separated from such cells were found to be capable of separating alumina from haematite. Biodegradation of iron ore flotation collectors such as amines and oleates can be effectively utilised to achieve environmental control in iron ore processing mills.
|Item Type:||Conference Paper|
|Additional Information:||Copyright for this article belongs to Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy.|
|Department/Centre:||Division of Mechanical Sciences > Materials Engineering (formerly Metallurgy)|
|Date Deposited:||07 Jan 2010 05:25|
|Last Modified:||07 Jan 2010 05:25|
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domain: biology


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Everyone is special; every moment in our life is unique. However difficult or painful a situation may look at present, it soon becomes a memory and a special journey. Memories make us who we are,...
Not a single night has passed without your thoughts, I think some ppl are not meant to be together physically but what I know for sure is that I have loved a most beautiful soul...
It doesn’t take two minutes on an examining table for a girl to know that abortion is painful and destructive and it’ll have far-reaching effects on her life. Besides the emotional trauma of going through...
why our story have no ending?
Remembering something from the past? you are creating it right now as evidence for who you are now.
But the memories that hang heaviest are the easiest to recall. They hold in their creases the ability to change one’s life, organically, forever. Even when you shake them out, they’ve left permanent wrinkles in...
We can not say for the memories “go away”, we can only protect us as they hit.
Embrace the love of God.
—Lailah Gifty Akita
We bury things so deep we no longer remember there was anything to bury. Our bodies remember. Our neurotic states remember. But we don’t.
Forging fake smiles to hide painful truths doesn’t take away the hurt, but sometimes safeguards our emotions from those adamant not to understand.
You know, through pain, you learn a lot about yourself–things you thought you never knew you wanted to learn. And it’s kind of like those animals that regrow a part of their body–like a starfish....
We can not escape tragic roads. It is like grasping at the sun & trying to catch air. We must take one step at-a-time. Keep going.
—Ace Antonio Hall
no one will stay.when you will be in pain. No one except yourself.
What kind of miracle ripped out your heart, and left you breathing?
Don’t even listen to No body including your friends who tells you to Move On in life. They often will have destroyed your Motivation causing an unexpected anxiety, and a severe brain stress until you...
t’s not what others have said that hurt us the most. It’s the lies we believed about ourselves that caused us the most pain and hurt.
Sometime excess pain that we experience may be best reason for birth of our talent and sometime our excess talent may be best reason for our pain. Think about it.
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domain: literature


Compression stockings: How to Choose and Use Compression Stockings?
Compression stockings are a type of compression garment that can help prevent deep vein thrombosis (DVT). They are available in different types, levels of compression and lengths. Compression stockings are carefully designed, snug-fitting, flexible socks that compress your leg gently. Graduated compression stockings begin tightly at the ankle and gradually loosen up the leg. Compression… Read More »