text:
Pectoralis-II block is a potential alternative to paravertebral blocks to provide regional analgesia for breast cancer surgery
This meta-analysis includes 14 randomized trials comparing pectoralis-II block with paravertebral blocks and found that there were no differences in pain scores or opioid consumption between the two groups in patients having surgery for breast cancer
Pectoralis-II blocks were noninferior to paravertebral blocks in reducing pain intensity and morphine consumption for the first 24 h after surgery and both were superior to systemic analgesia alone
Thoracic paravertebral block is the preferred regional anesthetic technique for breast cancer surgery, but concerns over its invasiveness and risks have prompted search for alternatives. Pectoralis-II block is a promising analgesic technique and potential alternative to paravertebral block, but evidence of its absolute and relative effectiveness versus systemic analgesia (Control) and paravertebral block, respectively, is conflicting. This meta-analysis evaluates the analgesic effectiveness of Pectoralis-II versus Control and paravertebral block for breast cancer surgery.
Databases were searched for breast cancer surgery trials comparing Pectoralis-II with Control or paravertebral block. Postoperative oral morphine consumption and difference in area under curve for pooled rest pain scores more than 24 h were designated as coprimary outcomes. Opioid-related side effects, effects on long-term outcomes, such as chronic pain and opioid dependence, were also examined. Results were pooled using random-effects modeling.
Fourteen randomized trials (887 patients) were analyzed. Compared with Control, Pectoralis-II provided clinically important reductions in 24-h morphine consumption (at least 30.0 mg), by a weighted mean difference [95% CI] of −30.5 mg [−42.2, −18.8] (P < 0.00001), and in rest pain area under the curve more than 24 h, by −4.7cm · h [−5.1, −4.2] or −1.2cm [−1.3, −1.1] per measurement. Compared with paravertebral block, Pectoralis-II was not statistically worse (not different) for 24-h morphine consumption, and not clinically worse for rest pain area under curve more than 24 h. No differences were observed in opioid-related side effects or any other outcomes.
We found that Pectoralis-II reduces pain intensity and morphine consumption during the first 24 h postoperatively when compared with systemic analgesia alone; and it also offers analgesic benefits noninferior to those of paravertebral block after breast cancer surgery. Evidence supports incorporating Pectoralis-II into multimodal analgesia and also using it as a paravertebral block alternative in this population.
Breast cancer affects one in nine females during their lifetime,1 and more than 40% of women diagnosed with this cancer undergo tumor resection.2,3 The procedure is associated with moderate-to-severe acute postoperative pain4 ; failure to provide adequate acute pain control is associated with increased opioid requirements, poor quality of recovery,5 and chronic postsurgical pain.6,7 Indeed, the risks of chronic postsurgical pain and long-term opioid dependence after breast cancer surgery are 29%8 and 11%,9 respectively. Consequently, anesthesiologists are well-positioned to provide safe and reliable perioperative interventions that optimize acute pain control and enhance long-term outcomes.3,10
Thoracic paravertebral block has been described as the gold standard analgesic modality for breast cancer surgery.11 The benefits of paravertebral block have been well established, including reduced postoperative pain, decreased opioid requirements, and lower risks of postoperative nausea and vomiting.12 Paravertebral block also enhances quality of recovery5 and seems to protect against chronic postsurgical pain.7 However, paravertebral block is considered an invasive13 block requiring advanced skill14 and deep needling in close vicinity to the pleura, neuraxis, and intercostal neurovascular bundles such that the risks of pneumothorax, neuraxial spread, and systemic toxicity persist.13,15,16 These concerns seem to prompt the quest for paravertebral block alternatives.
Described by Blanco et al.17 in 2012, the Pectoralis-II fascial block promises a simple, superficial and safe alternative to anesthetize the hemithorax. It involves depositing local anesthetics between (1) pectoralis major and pectoralis minor muscles and (2) pectoralis minor and serratus anterior muscles, at the levels of the third and fourth ribs, along the mid-axillary line.17 Pectoralis-II purportedly blocks the T2–T6 intercostal nerves, medial and lateral pectoral nerves, and intercostobrachial and long thoracic nerves.15,18,19 However, reports suggest that the analgesic effectiveness of Pectoralis-II is modest, at best, when compared with systemic analgesia alone,20,21 whereas comparisons between Pectoralis-II and paravertebral block have yielded conflicting results with some trials suggesting Pectoralis-II superiority,22,23 and others reporting no difference.15
We undertook this systematic review and meta-analysis to identify the potential clinical role of Pectoralis-II block. We aimed to quantify the absolute and relative analgesic benefits of the Pectoralis-II block by comparisons with systemic analgesia alone (Control) and to paravertebral block, respectively, in adult females having breast cancer surgery. Postoperative pain severity and analgesic consumption during the first 24 h were designated as coprimary outcomes. For secondary objectives, we aimed to compare Pectoralis-II and paravertebral block for noninferiority over the primary outcomes, and we also examined the effects on immediate quality of recovery, as well as on long-term quality of life, risk of chronic postsurgical pain, and persistent opioid consumption.
Materials and Methods
We adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) in preparing this manuscript.24 Randomized controlled trials that compared the effects of Pectoralis-II block to systemic analgesia alone (Control) or to paravertebral block on analgesic outcomes (or at least postoperative pain severity scores) in patients undergoing breast cancer surgery were sought. Studies were evaluated using a pre-designed protocol. The protocol was not published, and the review was not registered with the International prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO).
Randomized or quasi-randomized studies that allocated adult patients (at least 18 yr old) undergoing breast cancer surgery to receive Pectoralis-II were considered for inclusion. All types of breast tumor resection or axillary interventions were considered for eligibility. This included mastectomies or partial mastectomies with or without axillary lymph node dissection or sentinel lymph node biopsy. Because of the great variability of cosmetic procedures and associated tumescence techniques used, trials were excluded if cosmetic procedures were performed (e.g., breast augmentation, reduction mammoplasty, or breast reconstruction), but we did not exclude procedures that combined breast tumor reduction with immediate reconstruction. We accepted all variations of the Pectoralis-II technique if the description explicitly described deposition of local anesthetics between the pectoralis major and minor muscles (Pectoralis-I component) as well as in the plane between the pectoralis minor and serratus anterior muscles. Trials were excluded if Pectoralis-II was performed in conjunction with other blocks (e.g., serratus anterior plane block) precluding the identification of analgesic effects of the Pectoralis-II block alone.25,26 Eligible comparators included systemic analgesia alone (i.e., no block or sham block, as Control) or paravertebral block. Studies that used local anesthesia infiltration as a Control group were excluded because this intervention is considered an effective active comparator that improves pain control after breast cancer surgery.20,21 Trials of volunteers or those not reporting analgesic outcomes were excluded. No language restrictions were placed on study inclusion; any non-English studies were translated using an online translator.
A systematic search strategy was created for the U.S. National Library of Medicine database, MEDLINE; the MEDLINE In-process and Other Non-Indexed citations database; the ExcerptaMedica database, EMBASE; and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. These databases were searched from November 2012 (date of the original Pectoralis-II block description27 ) to August 25, 2018. The search strategy was developed using medical subject headings and key words relating to the central research question of this paper. Specifically, the search terms included in the search strategy revolved around the following key domains: breast cancer surgery, Pectoralis-II, Pectoralis block, pectoralis block, pectoral nerve, postoperative pain, pain control, and postoperative analgesia. The complete search strategy was based on an initial MEDLINE search, which can be viewed in appendix A (Supplemental Digital Content, https://links.lww.com/ALN/B978). This strategy was modified as needed for the remaining databases. The citations and bibliographies of included articles were hand-searched to identify any potentially relevant trials. The proceedings of the following international conferences also had their published abstracts electronically searched: American Society of Anesthesiologists 2011–2017, American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2013–2017, the European Society of Regional Anesthesia 2014–2017, American Association of Cancer Research 2014–2016, and the European Society of Anesthesiology 2015–2017. We also reviewed the clinical trial registry at the Web site ClinicalTrials.gov,28 and contacted authors of any potentially relevant completed or ongoing trials.
Selection of Included Studies
Two independent reviewers (N.H. and N.K.) initially assessed the results from the literature search based on title and abstract alone. The full-text citations of potentially eligible articles were subsequently retrieved and reviewed again by the same two independent reviewers. In case of disagreement between the two reviewers on eligibility, a discussion was initiated. If consensus could not be reached after discussion, a third reviewer (F.W.A.) assessed the study in question and made the final decision. The initial agreement on full-text eligibility between the two independent reviewers was assessed using an unweighted kappa (κ).
A standardized data extraction form was used, and all data extraction was carried out in duplicate by two independent reviewers (N.H. and N.K.). In cases of discrepancy in data extraction, a discussion was initiated. If a consensus could not be reached, a third reviewer (F.W.A.) assessed the data point in question and made the final decision. The primary source of all data was numerical data reported in tables or figures. A graph digitizing software (GraphClick, Arizona Software, USA) was used to extract data in studies that reported data in purely graphical form.
Data collected included information relating to the year of publication, number of patients, intervention and comparator groups, type of breast cancer surgery performed, average age of participants, Pectoralis-II technique, and assessment of block success. We also extracted data and measures of variance at all reported times for interval postoperative pain scores; interval postoperative analgesic consumption, functional assessments, time to analgesic request (hours), level of patient satisfaction with pain relief, postanesthesia care unit and hospital discharge times (hours), incidence of chronic postsurgical pain, quality of postoperative recovery and quality of life, opioid dependence after discharge, level of disability after discharge, block-related side-effects (i.e., local anesthetic systematic toxicity, bleeding or hematoma formation, pneumothorax, or block failure), and opioid-related side effects (i.e., hypotension, respiratory depression, sedation, pruritis, constipation, or urinary retention).
Assessment of Methodologic Quality of Individual Trials
The methodologic quality of each included trial was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration tool for risk of bias assessment.29 This tool evaluates bias in six predefined domains that assess the quality of different components of study methodology in randomized trials. These included adequacy random sequence generation, allocation concealment, level of blinding of study personnel and outcome assessors, loss to follow-up, and selective outcome data reporting.30 Each included study was rated as having either a low, unclear, or high risk of bias for each domain by two independent reviewers (N.H. and F.W.A.). For all risk of bias assessments relating to patient and outcome assessor blinding, we a priori assigned a moderate to high risk of detection bias to all studies that lacked (a) a sham Pectoralis II (invasive placebo) or (2) an active comparator, such as paravertebral block.
Methodologic Quality across Trials
The overall methodologic quality of evidence across pooled outcomes was also assessed using the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation guidelines.31,32 These guidelines classify the evidence for pooled outcomes based on predefined criteria based on study quality, consistency, directness, precision, and publication bias.32 Based on the level of bias across these criteria, the overall pooled outcome is classified as follows: (1) high quality: further research is very unlikely to change the confidence in the estimate of effect; (2) moderate quality: further research is very likely to have an important impact on the confidence of the estimate of effect and may change the estimate; (3) low quality: further research is very likely to have an important impact on the confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate; or (4) very low quality: there is uncertainty surrounding the estimate.31,32
Primary and Secondary Outcomes
The two coprimary outcomes of this meta-analysis were (1) difference in the area under the curve of the weighted pooled rest pain scores and (2) the cumulative postoperative oral morphine equivalent consumption (mg) during the first 24-h interval33 in patients receiving Pectoralis-II and Control or paravertebral block. We chose to evaluate these primary outcomes because examining either of these two outcomes in isolation of the other does not provide a definitive assessment of the analgesic effect of the Pectoralis-II block. For the area under the curve analysis, the weighted pool rest pain scores for 1 h (postanesthesia care unit), 6 h, 12 h, and 24 h postoperatively were used. The area under the curve analysis was selected because it is a representative way of describing the patients’ pain control experience more than 24 h; it captures pain severity as well as the duration of this severity. We also anticipated variations in the analgesic effectiveness of Pectoralis-II block, with block onset and offset within 6 to 12 h postoperatively, compared with an anticipated more prolonged analgesic effect of paravertebral block.12
Secondary outcomes examined included cumulative postoperative oral morphine consumption (mg) at 2 h (postanesthesia care unit)33 and during the 24 to 48 h time interval33 ; postoperative pain severity (Visual Analog Scale pain scores) at 1 h (postanesthesia care unit), 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 36 h, and 48 h postoperatively; time to first analgesic request (hours) and to hospital discharge (hours); and quality of recovery. We also evaluated block success rate, defined as a presence of any sensory changes indicative of block onset in the hemithorax. Safety outcomes assessed included postoperative opioid related side-effects (postoperative nausea and vomiting, sedation/respiratory depression, pruritis, hypotension, urinary retention, or constipation), and nerve block–related complications (pneumothorax, block failure, or local anesthetic systemic toxicity). Finally, we examined several long-term secondary outcomes, including the incidence of chronic postsurgical pain, quality of life, opioid dependence, and level of disability.
Measurement of Outcome Data
Postoperative surgical pain may be measured using a wide variety of standardized tools, including the Visual Analog Scale, numeric rating scale, and the verbal rating scale.34–36 The Visual Analog Scale commonly measures pain severity on a 0 to 10 cm or 0 to 100 cm Visual Analog Scale pain scale. Higher scores on this tool are associated with increased pain.35 For the purposes of this review, all postoperative pain scores were converted to an equivalent score on the 0 to 10 cm Visual Analog Scale.37
For secondary outcomes, all postoperative opioid analgesics administered were converted to oral morphine equivalents in milligrams.33 All measures of patient satisfaction were also converted to a Visual Analog Scale equivalent score (0 equals least satisfied, and 10 equals most satisfied).37 All time-to-event data are presented in hours.
For continuous outcomes, we extracted the mean and SD. In situations where these are not reported, the median and interquartile range were used to approximate these values.38 Similarly, in situations where the mean and 95% CI are reported, statistical conversions were used to estimate the mean and SD.39 When SD values are not reported, these values were imputed by the methods described by Furukawa et al.40 In situations where the mean could not be derived, the median was used to estimate the mean. If required for statistical pooling, categorical data (patient satisfaction) was converted to continuous form with means and SD.41 For dichotomous outcomes (side effects, complications), data were converted to overall incidence numbers. In cases where separate pain scores for different anatomical areas (e.g., breast vs. axilla) were presented, the weighted mean for pain in these two areas was calculated. We pooled studies only if data were available from three or more studies; we summarized the evidence qualitatively (without pooling), when possible, if data were available from fewer than three trials.
We anticipated the presence of heterogeneity among the studies. Therefore, continuous data were pooled using the inverse variance method with random-effects modeling, whereas dichotomous data were pooled using Mantel–Haenszel with random-effects modeling.42
For the continuous secondary outcomes, a mean difference with 99% CI was calculated. For the dichotomous secondary outcomes, an odds ratio with 99% CI was calculated. A 99% CI was selected for secondary outcomes to reduce the risk of type-I error associated with multiple testing. We designated a P value < 0.025 as a threshold of statistical significance for the two primary outcomes, and P < 0.01 for all other secondary outcomes. All tests of were two-tailed.
We used different approaches in analyzing and interpreting the two coprimary outcomes. For cumulative postoperative oral morphine consumption during the first 24 h postoperatively, we calculated a mean difference [95% CI]. The results for cumulative postoperative oral morphine consumption were interpreted in light of the minimal clinically important difference for oral morphine equivalent consumption. Analgesic outcomes research has not identified such a value; nonetheless, a 30-mg difference in oral morphine equivalent consumption (or 10-mg IV morphine equivalent) during the first 24 h postsurgery is generally considered as the least that can be considered clinically important. A corresponding noninferiority margin (Δ) of 27-mg oral morphine was selected a priori. For the one-sided test of noninferiority over this outcome, the lower boundary of the 95% CI of the mean difference should not cross Δ to declare noninferiority.
As for the area under the curve of rest pain scores in the first 24 h, we first pooled the rest pain scores at each of the designated time points (1, 6, 12, and 24 h) for each arm of the comparisons. The pooled scores were then used to estimate the area under the curve (expressed in cm · h) of rest pain score during the first 24-h postoperatively for each arm; and a mean difference of the area under the curve was calculated for each comparison. This difference in area under the curve was interpreted in light of the minimal clinically important difference43 in the Visual Analog Scale pain scale for the breast cancer population, 1.1 cm for each time point,44,45 or 3.3 cm · h for the 24 h period. A Δ of 3.0 cm · h was selected a priori for this analysis. For the one-sided test of noninferiority over this outcome, the lower boundary of the 95% CI of the mean difference should not cross Δ to declare noninferiority.
An I2 statistic was calculated for all outcomes in this review to evaluate for heterogeneity. An I2 value greater than 50% was considered an indicator of significant heterogeneity in the pooled estimate of effect.39 If this threshold was obtained for cumulative postoperative oral morphine consumption during the first 24 h (coprimary outcome), we conducted additional metaregression analysis using mixed effects modeling to examine whether the results were influenced by a priori specified clinical predictors of treatment effect. We reported R2 values (coefficient of determination) to quantify the extent to which each covariate explains the variability of data. The value of R2 = 1 means that the covariate explains all the variability, whereas an R2 = 0 means that the covariate does not explain any of the variability. This analysis was performed only if each subgroup within a covariate had at least two trials. The following covariates we considered for our metaregression analysis: (1) invasiveness of surgery (mastectomy vs. mastectomy with sentinel node biopsy vs. mastectomy with axillary dissection; (2) localization technique (ultrasound vs. ultrasound and nerve-stimulator combined)46 ; (3) short-acting (lidocaine and mepivacaine) versus intermediate/long-acting (bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, and ropivacaine) local anesthetics47 ; (4) dose of local anesthetic used (converted to mg of bupivacaine); (5) postoperative analgesic modality (multimodal, inclusive of opioid and other adjuvants vs. opioid-based)48,49 ; and (6) the addition of adjuvants that can prolong analgesic or block duration (e.g., epinephrine, dexamethasone, or dexmedetomidine).50,51 For each covariate, a coefficient of determination (R2) was calculated. This coefficient ranges between 0 to 1, where a value of 0 means that 0% of the model is explained by the covariate, and a value of 1 means that 100% of the model is explained by the covariate.52 Sensitivity analysis was performed through the sequential exclusion of studies with the above covariates in situations where metaregression analysis could not be performed (i.e., fewer than two trials available for a specific covariate). Further sensitivity analysis was planned to examine the effect of excluding studies that were (1) published in nonindexed journals; (2) available as abstracts; and (3) had a high-risk of bias in one or more domains of the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool.
Assessment of Publication Bias
Review Manager Software (RevMan version 5.2; Nordic Cochrane Center, Cochrane Collaboration) was used to create all forest and funnel plots for this review. Meta-regression was performed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis 3.0 (Engelwood, USA). Agreement between the reviewers, as assessed through the un-weighted κ, was calculated using SPSS software (version 24.0; SPSS Inc., USA).
Our search strategy identified 292 unique citations. Searching international conference proceedings yielded an additional six potentially eligible abstracts. Of these, 275 were excluded based on title and abstract screening, because of incorrect intervention (n = 22), irrelevant comparator (n = 29), or for not being a randomized controlled trial (n = 224). The remaining 23 potentially eligible citations had their full-text versions reviewed. Of these, six were excluded for the following reasons: different population (cosmetic breast augmentation surgery, n = 2),26,54 incorrect intervention (Pectoralis-I55 or Pectoralis-II combined with Serratus anterior plane25 block, n = 2), and irrelevant comparator (thoracic spinal anesthesia56 or local anesthetic infusion,57 n = 2). Correspondence with the authors of completed and ongoing trials found in clinical trial registries did not yield any additional studies. Three abstracts were also excluded as they were never published as full manuscripts,58–60 with no further data were available from authors. Thus a total of 14 randomized controlled trials were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis,2,3,10,13,15,16,22,23,61–66 including 12 full-text manuscripts,2,3,10,13,15,16,22,61–65 and abstracts of two studies where full data and/or manuscripts under review were provided by the authors.23,66 None of the included studies was a quasi-randomized trial. The unweighted κ for agreement on full-text eligibility between the two independent reviewers was 0.82; and a third reviewer opinion needed for three trials.16,23,66 Figure 1 depicts the study flow diagram in this review.
The characteristics of included studies and outcomes assessed in this review are presented in table 1. The surgical procedures performed in the trials reviewed included modified radical mastectomy in 13 of 14 trials,2,3,10,13,15,16,22,23,61–66 with additional axillary dissection in three trials,10,62,63 and additional immediate breast reconstruction in two trials.23,64 One trial also included patients undergoing partial mastectomy.19 The 14 randomized controlled trials involved a total of 887 patients, of which 443 received Pectoralis-II block, 102 received paravertebral block, and 342 received general anesthesia alone (Control). Nine studies (684 patients) compared Pectoralis-II to Control, and five studies (203 patients) compared Pectoralis-II to paravertebral block. All 14 studies2,3,10,13,15,16,19,22,23,61–65 reported pain severity scores in the first 24 h (coprimary outcome), and 14 studies2,3,10,13,15,16,19,22,23,59,61–64 reported cumulative 24-h analgesic consumption (co-primary outcome). Postoperative pain and analgesic consumption were assessed beyond 24 h in two studies only,19,23 whereas long-term outcomes (quality of life or incidence of persistent postsurgical pain) were reported in one study only.16
The nerve block techniques and analgesic regimens used in the studies reviewed are presented in table 2. Pectoralis-II block was performed preoperatively in 11 studies,2,3,10,13,15,16,22,23,61–63 intraoperatively (after the induction of general anesthesia) in two,19,64 and block timing was not specified in one study.65 The block technique was explicitly described as two injections (between pectoral major and minor muscles, and between pectoralis minor and serratus anterior muscles) in 12 studies,2,3,10,13,15,16,19,22,61–64 whereas the remaining studies23,65 cited Blanco’s technique17 without specifying that two injections were performed. In these two studies, we could not ascertain that two injections were performed, as some practitioners incorrectly refer to the injection between pectoralis minor and serratus anterior muscles as Pectoralis-II block. The level at which the Pectoralis-II block was performed was either T310,13,15,16,22,63 or between T3 and T4.2,3,19,61,62,64 Only two studies16,63 used adjuvants, dexmedetomidine16 and epinephrine,63 that could influence analgesic outcomes. The paravertebral block comparator in the five trials15,22,23,61,63 comparing Pectoralis-II with paravertebral block involved a single-level single-injection technique performed at the T315,23,61 or T422,63 level using landmark guidance in one trial,22 ultrasound-guided transverse in-plane approach in one trial,15 and ultrasound-guided parasagittal in-plane approach in three trials.23,61,63
Risk of Bias Assessment
The risk of bias assessment for each individual study is presented in figure 2. Of the randomized controlled trials included, three15,23,65 did not provide sufficient information about random sequence generation (unclear risk of detection bias) and six10,13,15,23,64,65 did not provide sufficient information about allocation concealment (unclear risk of selection bias). Furthermore, nine studies2,3,10,13,15,22,23,62,65 did not explicitly state that participants and operators performing blocks were blinded (unclear risk of performance bias), whereas one study64 did not blind anesthesiologists performing Pectoralis-II (high risk of performance bias). One study65 did not provide sufficient details regarding the sham blocks used (unclear risk of detection bias), and another six2,3,10,13,62,64 did not use sham blocks at all (high risk of detection bias). Three studies15,23,65 did not provide sufficient details to assess patient loss (unclear risk of attrition bias), whereas another study19 had less than 20% loss and did not conduct any post hoc analysis (high risk of attrition bias). Finally, only four studies2,19,62,64 were preregistered with clinical trial registries; thus, all other studies were assigned an unclear risk of reporting bias.
Cumulative 24-h Oral Morphine Equivalent Consumption.
For Pectoralis-II versus Control, all eight studies2,3,10,13,16,19,62,65 (575 patients; Pectoralis II: 290, Control: 285) that reported cumulative 24-h oral morphine consumption provided sufficient reporting to allow for statistical pooling. Overall, Pectoralis-II block significantly reduced the cumulative 24-h oral morphine consumption by a mean difference [95% CI] of 30.5 mg [−42.2, −18.8], (P < 0.00001, I2 = 98%) compared with Control. Based on an minimal clinically important difference of 30 mg of oral morphine, this difference met the threshold of clinical importance, and the mean difference was not different from the minimal clinically important difference (P = 0.951). This outcome was characterized by high heterogeneity, and metaregression analysis performed to explore the sources of heterogeneity using predefined covariates suggested that cumulative 24-h oral morphine consumption was independent of (1) invasiveness of surgery (mastectomy vs. mastectomy with sentinel node biopsy vs. mastectomy with axillary dissection; R2 = 0.00, P = 0.532); (2) localization technique (ultrasound alone vs. ultrasound and nerve-stimulator to elicit a pectoral twitch; R2 = 0.00, P = 0.072); (3) postoperative analgesic modality (multimodal, inclusive of opioid and other adjuvants vs. opioid-based; R2 = 0.00, P = 0.194); and (4) dose of local anesthetic used (R2 = 0.00, P = 0.942). Metaregression was not performed on the type of local anesthetic as all studies2,3,10,13,16,19,62,64 used intermediate/long acting formulations. Furthermore, for covariates where fewer than two trials were available (use of adjuncts),16 the results were robust to sensitivity analysis. Additionally, the direction and magnitude of treatment effect did not change with additional sensitivity analysis when studies that were (1) published in nonindexed journals16 and (2) had a high risk of bias in one or more domains of the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool,2,3,10,13,19,62,64 were excluded from analysis. Sensitivity analysis was not performed on excluding studies available as abstracts, because all studies included in this comparison were published in full-text.2,3,10,13,16,19,62,64 The risk of publication bias was low for this comparison (P = 0.181), and the quality of evidence, as assessed by Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation guidelines, was moderate because of the risk of detection bias and heterogeneity in the pooled estimate.
For Pectoralis-II versus paravertebral block, cumulative 24-h oral morphine consumption data were reported and pooled from five studies15,22,23,61,63 (200 patients; Pectoralis-II: 100, paravertebral block: 100). Overall, Pectoralis-II was not different from paravertebral block for cumulative 24-h oral morphine consumption, with a mean difference [95% CI] of −6.2 mg [−13.3, 0.8] (P = 0.083, I2 = 86%). Metaregression analysis could not be performed for this outcome as less than two trials were available in the prespecified covariates. We performed sensitivity analysis by excluding the single study22 that did not use ultrasound guidance, but this did not change the significance of the primary results. However, sensitivity analysis by excluding the study that used multimodal analgesia63 and the study that included patients having axillary dissection63 altered the magnitude of effect to significantly favoring Pectoralis-II by 9.8 mg [−17.6, −1.9] (P = 0.020, I2 = 79%); nonetheless, this difference was not clinically important (i.e., different from the minimal clinically important difference of 30 mg, P = 0.004). This suggests that Pectoralis-II may be marginally superior to paravertebral block for axillary interventions limited to sentinel node biopsy. Intermediate/long-acting local anesthetics were used in all trials; thus, sensitivity analysis was not performed for this covariate.15,22,23,61,63 Additionally, the direction and magnitude of treatment effect did not change with additional sensitivity analysis when studies that were (1) published in nonindexed journals15,22 and (2) available as abstracts23 were excluded from analysis. Sensitivity analysis was not performed on excluding studies based on having high risk of bias because none of studies included in this comparison met this criterion. The risk of publication bias was low for the Pectoralis-II versus paravertebral block (P = 0.663) comparison, and the quality of evidence was low because of imprecision and heterogeneity in the pooled estimate.
Area under the Curve for Pain Severity at Rest.
The area under the curve of rest pain over the first 24 h for each arm examined was used to estimate the mean difference in area under the curve for each of the two comparisons of interest.
For Pectoralis-II versus Control, the number of patients included at the 1-h comparison was 438 (Pectoralis-II: 245, Control: 243), and 538 (Pectoralis-II: 270, Control: 268) at the 6, 12, and 24-h comparisons. The mean difference in area under the curve for the pooled rest pain scores (Pectoralis-II – Control) favored the Pectoralis-II block by −4.7 cm · h [−5.1, -4.2] (fig. 3), or −1.2 cm [−1.3, −1.1] per measurement. The absolute value of this difference was significantly greater than (P < 0.0001) the minimal clinically important difference in area under the curve for 24 h (3.3 cm · h), exceeding the threshold of clinical importance and confirming that Pectoralis-II provides superior rest pain control during the first 24 h postoperatively, compared with Control.
For Pectoralis-II versus paravertebral block, the number patients included at each time point was 203 (Pectoralis-II: 101, paravertebral block: 102), 228 (Pectoralis-II: 116, paravertebral block: 112), 163 (Pectoralis-II: 81, paravertebral block: 82), and 203 (Pectoralis-II: 101, paravertebral block: 102) at 1, 6, 12, and 24 h, respectively. The mean difference in area under the curve for the pooled rest pain scores (Pectoralis-II – paravertebral block) favored the Pectoralis-II block by −1.5 cm · h [−2.2, −0.8] (fig. 4), or −0.4 cm [−0.6, −0.2] per measurement. However, the absolute value of this difference was less than (P < 0.0001) the minimal clinically important difference area under the curve for 24 h (−3.3 cm · h).
Comparing Pectoralis-II and Paravertebral Block for Noninferiority
The mean difference between Pectoralis-II and paravertebral block in cumulative 24-h oral morphine consumption was −6.2 mg [−13.3, 0.8]; and the lower boundary of the 95% CI was significantly greater (P = 0.002) than the designated Δ (−27 mg), suggesting that Pectoralis-II is not statically or clinically worse than paravertebral block. Furthermore, the mean difference between Pectoralis-II and paravertebral block in area under the curve of rest pain scores over the first 24 h postoperatively was −1.5 cm · h [−2.2, −0.8], and both upper and lower boundaries of the 95% CI lied between zero and the designated Δ (−3.0 cm · h), suggesting that Pectoralis-II is not clinically worse than paravertebral block. These two comparisons suggest that Pectoralis-II is most likely not clinically worse than paravertebral block for analgesic outcomes during the first 24 h following breast cancer surgery.
Short-term Secondary Outcomes
Rest Pain Severity Scores at Individual Time Points.
Compared with Control, Pectoralis-II improved pain control at 1, 6, 12, and 24 h postoperatively, by a mean difference [99% CI] equivalent to 2.5 cm [−3.5, −1.5] (P < 0.00001, I2 = 95%), 1.5 cm [−2.3, −0.7] (P < 0.00001, I2 = 93%), 1.4 cm [−2.3, −0.5) (P = 0.0001, I2 = 96%), and 0.9 cm [−1.8, −0.1) (P = 0.006, I2 = 97%), respectively (table 3). The risk of publication bias was low at 1- (P = 0.251), 6- (P = 0.150), 12- (P = 0.093), and 24-h (P = 0.162) assessments, and the quality of evidence was moderate for all time points due to the risk of detection bias and heterogeneity in the pooled estimate.
Compared with paravertebral block, Pectoralis-II improved pain control at 1 and 6 h postoperatively, by a mean difference [99% CI] equivalent to 1.1 cm [−1.5, −0.6] (P < 0.00001, I2 = 0%), and 0.7 cm [−1.3, −0.1] (P = 0.002, I2 = 37%), respectively. There were no differences in rest pain scores between the Pectoralis-II and paravertebral block groups at 12 and 24 h (table 3). The risk of publication bias was low at 1- (P = 0.962), 6- (P = 0.932), 12- (P = 0.900), and 24-h (P = 0.553) assessments, and the quality of evidence was low at all time points because of heterogeneity and imprecision in the pooled estimate.
Time to First Analgesic Request.
For Pectoralis-II versus Control, the time to first analgesic request was assessed by four studies3,10,13,62 (270 patients; Pectoralis-II: 125, Control: 145). Compared with Control, patients receiving Pectoralis-II block had a longer time to first analgesic request, by 5.02 h [2.55, 7.49] (P < 0.00001, I2 = 100%; table 3). The risk of publication bias was low for this comparison (P = 0.120), and the quality of evidence was low because of imprecision, heterogeneity, and a risk for detection bias in the pooled estimate.
For Pectoralis-II versus paravertebral block, the time to first analgesic request was assessed by four studies15,22,61,63 (183 patients; Pectoralis: 91, paravertebral block: 92). We found no difference between the Pectoralis-II and paravertebral block groups in the time to first analgesic request (table 3). The risk of publication bias was low for this comparison (P = 0.652), and the quality of evidence was low because of imprecision and heterogeneity in the pooled estimate.
Oral Morphine Consumption at 2 h (Postanesthesia Care Unit).
Oral Morphine Consumption during the 24- to 48-h Interval.
Opioid-related Side Effects.
For Pectoralis-II versus Control, six trials examined the risk of opioid-related side effects.2,3,10,16,62,64 There were no differences between these two groups for this outcome (table 3). The risk of publication bias was low for this comparison (P = 0.292), and the quality of evidence was low because of heterogeneity and risk of detection bias in the pooled estimate.
For Pectoralis-II versus paravertebral block, three trials examined the risk of opioid-related side effects.15,22,61 There were no differences between these two groups for this outcome (table 3). The risk of publication bias was low for this comparison (P = 0.384), and the quality of evidence was low because of imprecision in the pooled estimate.
For Pectoralis-II versus paravertebral block, five studies15,22,23,61,63 evaluated block-related complications. Although none of the patients in the Pectoralis-II group developed any block-related complications (pneumothorax, vascular puncture/hematoma, neuraxial spread, and local anesthetic systemic toxicity), two patients in the paravertebral block group developed a pneumothorax.15 This difference did not reach statistical significance (table 3). Publication bias was not assessed for this outcome as complications occurred in one study only,15 and the quality of evidence was low because of imprecision in the pooled estimate.
Quality of Recovery.
None of the included studies assessed this outcome.
Long-term Secondary Outcomes
Incidence of Chronic Postsurgical Pain.
Only one study comparing Pectoralis-II with Control assessed the incidence of chronic postsurgical pain at the 3- and 6-month postsurgery follow-ups.16 Qualitatively, there were no difference in the risk of developing chronic postsurgical pain at three (P = 0.160) or six months (P = 0.041, adjusted threshold = 0.010) between the Pectoralis-II group (6 of 30 and 8 of 30 patients at 3 and 6 months, respectively) and the Control group (11 of 30 and 16 of 30 patients at 3 and 6 months, respectively).
None of the included studies assessed long-term opioid dependence. Only one study comparing Pectoralis-II with Control assessed the need for analgesics at 2 weeks postsurgery.16 Qualitatively, fewer patients (P = 0.003) in the Pectoralis-II group (9 of 30 patients) required analgesic at 2 weeks compared with the Control group (21 of 30 patients).
Quality of Life.
None of the included studies assessed this outcome.
Level of Disability after Discharge.
None of the included studies assessed this outcome.
Our systematic review and meta-analysis is the first to demonstrate the absolute analgesic benefits of Pectoralis-II following breast cancer surgery, and to demonstrate the clinical utility of Pectoralis-II as an analgesic alternative to paravertebral block. Specifically, for analgesic consumption and area under the curve of rest pain scores during the first 24 h postoperatively, we found Pectoralis-II to be superior to Control by clinically important differences. Additionally, Pectoralis-II was noninferior and not clinically worse than paravertebral block for analgesic consumption and area under the curve of rest pain, respectively. Furthermore, there were no differences between the two techniques for all analgesic outcomes examined (time to first analgesic request, opioid-related side effects). These results support the analgesic utility of Pectoralis-II block in women having breast cancer surgery, as well as its use as a paravertebral block alternative in this population.
Ultrasound-guided anatomical descriptions of the Pectoralis-II block are consistent with our results. The Pectoralis-II block is associated with wide local anesthetic spread that blocks the T2-T5 dermatomes (i.e., most of the breast tissue), a spread difficult to achieve with a single-injection paravertebral block.27,66 Furthermore, by blocking the long thoracic, thoracodorsal, and medial and lateral pectoral, which are spared by the paravertebral block,61 Pectoralis-II theoretically provides effective analgesia to the axilla. Indeed, our review has provided novel evidence supporting the above anatomical hypothesis: we have observed that Pectoralis-II seemed to provide pain control that is superior to paravertebral block over the first 6 h postoperatively, but this difference is muted when the overall pain experience is evaluated using an area under the curve of pain more than 24 h. This observation can interpreted in the context of the nature of the surgical procedures examined, namely breast tumor resection inclusive of axillary interventions.15,22,23,61,63 The unpooled data from the individual studies also corroborate this explanation; patients who received Pectoralis-II block had better control of pain localized to the axilla.19,61 Therefore, it is important to confine the conclusion to the specific settings where the comparisons were conducted. Pectoralis-II is not clinically worse (noninferior) for analgesic outcomes to single-injection paravertebral block in patients having breast surgery procedures involving the axilla. Importantly, Pectoralis-II block enjoys several technical and clinical features that influence its desirability and acceptability by practitioners. As a superficial block targeting the fascial planes between thoracic wall muscles, Pectoralis-II is considered to be technically simpler and faster to perform compared to paravertebral block.61,64 It is also believed to be associated with lower risks of local anesthetic systemic toxicity and pleural puncture,61 and, if needed, could be performed after induction of general anesthesia.19,64 These benefits of Pectoralis-II have made it an increasingly popular block, as evidenced by the publication of more than 26 studies2,3,10,13,15,16,19,22,25,54,56,57,61–64,67–76 examining this block since its initial description in 2012.27
In contrast, there may be several safety and technical reasons why an effective paravertebral block alternative is desirable. From a safety perspective, success and quality of the paravertebral block depends on the levels of practitioner skill and experience,12 which need to be high because of the paravertebral space proximity to the parietal pleura, intercostal nerves, neuraxis,77–79 and major vessels (azygous vein and the descending aorta).12,78 Conceivably, the risks of vascular puncture, neuraxial spread with symptomatic hypotension, and pleural puncture are not insignificant, and can be up to 5.4%, 4.6%,67,78–80 and 1.1%,80 respectively. Technically, dermatomal spread of single-level paravertebral block is unpredictable,81 necessitating multiple paravertebral blocks,7 with clear implications to risks, procedure time, and pain. Furthermore, the failure rate of paravertebral block is 5.6%12 and is likely higher in obese patients.82 Concerns regarding local anesthetic systemic toxicity have also been reported with bilateral paravertebral block;83,84 and, owing to its depth, paravertebral block is also contraindicated in anticoagulated patients.85 Not surprisingly, there has been an ongoing quest to identify simpler and safer paravertebral block alternatives to increase the acceptability of regional anesthesia for breast cancer surgery. To that end, all of the recently described fascial plane blocks, including erector spinae plane block,86,87 retrolaminar block,88,89 paraspinal block,90 and the midpoint transverse process to pleura block91 target more superficial endpoints that are outside the paravertebral space. However, unlike Pectoralis-II, these blocks currently lack supporting clinical evidence.
To present a balanced discussion, it is important to highlight the benefits of paravertebral block that were not examined in the trials reviewed, and where paravertebral block may continue to be advantageous (i.e., superior), compared with the Pectoralis-II block. To start, paravertebral block is unique in its ability to provide surgical anesthesia,5,92 whereas this has not been demonstrated yet with Pectoralis-II. Additionally, even for postoperative analgesia, the comparisons herein were conducted against single-level paravertebral block;15,22,23,61,63 and conclusions are not necessarily generalizable to paravertebral block techniques involving injection at multiple thoracic levels. Another important advantage specific to paravertebral block but not Pectoralis-II is its combined somatic and sympathetic blockade of innervation to the breast, which may explain its prolonged analgesic effect lasting more than 48 h,93–95 its impact on quality of recovery after surgery,5 and its protective effect against chronic postsurgical pain.96 Other technical advantages include the ability to administer paravertebral block in the absence of ultrasound equipment or relevant training, based on anatomical landmarks.97,98 Additionally, patients who have had prior breast surgery or radiotherapy remain amenable to the paravertebral block; in contrast, Pectoralis-II block may not be feasible because of disruption of anatomical planes. Certain surgeons may also object to Pectoralis-II block, as it disrupts anatomical planes in the axilla and causes tissue edema, precluding effective use of cautery.99 Finally, despite its anecdotal nature, evidence of improved survival with paravertebral block should also be considered.100
Our systematic review and meta-analysis has several notable strengths. First, our comprehensive search strategy that was limited to randomized controlled trials and incorporated non-English studies was able to identify a large number of full-text trials2,3,10,13,15,16,19,22,61–64 and several relevant published abstracts.23,58–60,66 Second, our assessment of the risk of performance and detection biases was conservative. Third, our review successfully pooled analgesic and pain data from a large number of trials on the topic and generated a moderate level of evidence supporting the analgesic role of the Pectoralis-II block for breast cancer surgery. Fourth, we used conservative thresholds of statistical significance and 99% CI for our secondary outcomes to reduce the risk of type-I error. Fifth, most of the trials were similar in regards to examining major breast cancer surgeries known to be associated with moderate-to-severe pain.101 Sixth, our use of area under the curve analysis captured analgesic-time variation in the Pectoralis-II block in comparison to paravertebral block and Control, despite the limited number of observations available (four) and the unequal distances between some observations. Using pain as one of two primary outcomes also partially adheres to the consensus definitions for the Standardized Endpoints in Perioperative Medicine initiative.102 Finally, a post hoc power analysis performed to check whether the noninferiority comparisons had sufficient power revealed that 36 and 37 patients per group are needed to test for noninferiority over opioid consumption and area under the curve, respectively (with a significance level of 0.025, 90% power, zero allowable difference, and variances of 1,521 for opioid consumption and 15.5 for area under the curve). The sample size available (Pectoralis: 101, paravertebral block: 102) provided more than 99% power for the one-sided tests of noninferiority.
Our review also has several limitations. First, some outcomes were characterized by high levels of heterogeneity that was not resolved by metaregression or sensitivity analysis. Reasons for this may have been attributable to subtle variation in surgical technique and differences in anesthetic and analgesic regimens. Second, many of the included studies had small sample sizes, which decreases their effect and limits external validity. Third, given the limited evidence on other novel fascial plane blocks,86–91 our focus was limited to only Pectoralis-II block in the specific clinical setting examined. Fourth, very few trials assessed sensory block onset,3,22,61 precluding any conclusion on block success. Inconsistent reporting also precluded evaluating dynamic pain3,22,62 and long-term outcomes (quality of life, disability), as included trials did not follow patients longitudinally. Prognosis and psychologic factors were also not reported in the source trials, impeding the evaluation of the impact103 of these factors on pain and other analgesic outcomes. Fifth, all studies examined involved axillary interventions, thus pain originating from the axilla may have been a factor in favoring one intervention over the other. Sixth, this review did not include local infiltration, a technique that is gaining popularity, whether on its own or in combination with other blocks. Seventh, this review was unable to inform the incidence rate of rare events, such as serious complications; examining rare events requires much bigger sample sizes. Finally, Pectoralis-II is not necessarily complication-free61 as our review did not have sufficient power to detect uncommon outcomes.104 Similarly, our noninferiority analysis was a secondary objective and thus may not have been adequately powered.
In conclusion, Pectoralis-II is a beneficial analgesic technique that is clinically superior to Control, and not clinically worse than paravertebral block during the first 24 h after breast cancer surgery. These results encourage the incorporation of the Pectoralis-II block into a multimodal pain control strategy, as well its use as a paravertebral block alternative following breast tumor resection.
Dr. Brull receives research time support from the Evelyn Bateman Cara Operations Endowed Chair in Ambulatory Anesthesia and Women’s Health, Women’s College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dr. Abdallah receives research time support from the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
The authors declare no competing interests.


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Storm downgraded to a category storm with winds of less than 100mph. Miami -Dade County; City of Miami ; City of North Miami ; Village of Key Biscayne, and others. Joe Kiener, who rode out the storm in a hotel in Miami , said: The. Two girls walk past rubbles on September 1 20in Grand-Case, on the . BREAKING: Miami Airport Hit by Hurricane IRMA 10/09/ 2017. These numbers include Tropical Storm Arlene, a rare pre-season storm that formed over the.
Gerry Bell discusses the 20Atlantic Hurricane Season. Last update Mon, Sep 20. NHC issuing advisories for the Atlantic on TS Irma and Hurricane Jose; Key Messages regarding Tropical Storm Irma; Local information on Irma: Key West, Miami , . Hurricane Irma slammed Florida after wreaking havoc in the Caribbean. Follow live coverage of Irma’s path,.
Updated 8:PM ET, Mon September 1 20. Hurricane Irma responsible for deaths, threatens Miami. By Steve Almasy, Jason Hanna and Faith Karimi, CNN. Updated 2:AM ET, Fri September 20. As the hurricane rolled north, leaving residents to cope with.
Parts of downtown Miami were floode and waist-deep water . Downgraded to a Category hurricane but still carrying fierce winds, the. Several counties, including Miami -Dade, Collier and Lee, enacted curfews until Monday morning. Jess Bidgood (@jessbidgood) Sept.

domain: news


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CARY, N.C. — From Wake to Granville to Cumberland County, thieves are targeting construction sites more and more.
Cary is the latest area of concern where police say thieves hit sites about once every two and a half days. That’s more than double the number of thefts two years ago.
Everette Austin was a victim of theft on Tuesday when his truck was stolen, along with all his equipment inside.
“Saws, tools, all kinds of carpentry tools,” Austin said. “My truck was almost full. You couldn’t hardly get in the back of the pick-up truck."
As part of his job, Austin said he gets in and out of his truck about 30 to 40 times per day. So, he leaves his truck doors open and the keys in the ignition. It was this lack of security that left him without a truck.
“You got to go down and get tools, do this and go back. It’s a typical thing. A lot of construction people do it,” he said.
But leaving trucks unlocked is the exact thing police urge people not to do.
“One of the things that people can simply do in a lot of these cases it to very visibly mark their tools so they’re not something that someone wants, because it’s so obvious that it’s someone’s property. And lock things up,” said Cary Police Capt. David Wulff.
Construction supervisors said sometimes that's easier said than done.
Scott Marrow, with CPI Security Systems, said some of the larger vendors with electrical goods, shingles, siding and other items have to leave them at the site.
“It’s unfortunate, but sometimes they do disappear,” Marrow said.
And with so much development, workers said it's no wonder job site thefts are on the rise.
Police said they can always use the public's help around construction sites. If you see something that looks out of place, call your local police department.


Ondo 2020: Jegede urges PDP to reward consistency, loyalty
Governorship aspirant on the platform of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) in Ondo State, Mr Eyitayo Jegede (SAN) has urged members and leaders of the party to reward consistency and loyalty as they choose the standard-bearer of the party for the October governorship poll.
Jegede, in a statement on his behalf by former Ondo State Commissioner for the Environment, Chief Lebi Adepiti, called for fairness, equity and justice in the handling of issues in the party.
Jegede was the candidate of the party in the 2016 governorship poll.
He noted that it was the efforts of members who stayed to rebuild the party that turned it into the “beautiful bride” that people are now running into from other parties.
“When we were toiling and building, they were enjoying in the greener pastures they ran to.
“Now that they are running back, they want to have their cake and eat it. Ask them, where is their sense of fairness and justice?
“Some people abandoned the party and left it in the lurch. People like me did not jump ship. We stayed back, rebuilt and reorganised the party.
“Thank goodness that our efforts paid off. Despite “Federal might” and all their manipulations, we secured two senatorial seats and half of the House of Representatives seats in the 2019 general elections. We even beat them hands down in the presidential election in the state
“The same people who deployed “Federal might” against us then are now running to us. God is great!
“Those who thought the PDP would die in the state have been disappointed.
“We are waxing stronger and I admonish our members and leaders to allow the will of party members, who are rooting for me, to be freely expressed during the coming primaries,” he said.
Jegade added that he had no ill-feelings against those joining the PDP from the APC and other parties.
“The more, the merrier. It is a game of numbers,” he added.
Jegede then expressed the optimism that he would clinch the PDP ticket and eventually win the Ondo State governorship poll slated for October this year by INEC.
YOU SHOULD NOT MISS THESE HEADLINES FROM NIGERIAN TRIBUNE
Oshiomhole’s group in crisis, Issa-Onilu pulls out •APC govs thank Buhari
THE crack in the immediate past All Progressives Congress (APC) National Working Committee led by Comrade Adams Oshimhole, manifested Friday afternoon as the spokesman of the group, Lanre Issa-Onilu withdrew his membership of the aggrieved group… Read Full story
Ajimobi died from multiple organ failure, Lagos govt reveals
THE Lagos State government has explained that the immediate past governor of Oyo State, Senator Abiola Ajimobi, died from multiple organ failure following complications from COVID-19 infection… Read Full story
Breaking: N-Power Batch C Enrolment Begins 11.45 pm Friday, June 26
Federal Government has unveiled plans to open the registration portal for the enrolment of young Nigerians today, Friday, June 26, 2020, as from 11.45 pm, into the Batch C of the N-Power Programme… Read Full story


Any Physical Theory of Nature Must Be Boundlessly Multipartite Nonlocal
Quantum correlations are obtained when multiple parties perform independent measurements on a shared quantum state. For instance, (a) depicts quantum correlations arising from Alice, Bob and Charlie each performing measurements on the quantum state Q.
Bell’s seminal theorem proves that certain correlations predicted by quantum theory resist explanation in terms of any local theory based on shared randomness (for instance when the quantum state is replaced with a dice in (a)). But what about alternative explanations for quantum correlations, in terms of an exotic bipartite resources E of an undiscovered causal theory generalising quantum theory and shared randomness, as in (b)?
In our work we find that no such exotic causal theory can account for all quantum correlations, thus generalizing Bell’s theorem. We propose a concrete experiment as in figure a, which achieves correlations impossible to simulate with figure b scenario. This certifies the fact that No Bipartite-Nonlocal Causal Theory Can Explain Nature’s Quantum Correlations. It also opens a new technological challenge to experimentalists toward the realisation of our proposed experiment.
We generalise this result to more general causal theory based on k-partite (and not only bipartite) systems and shared randomness.
On a more practical aspect, our work questions the standard notion of genuine multipartite nonlocality and propose a stricter redefinition of it, more compatible with the notion of no-signalling.


Monday, May 29, 2006
Death Valley - May 10th and May 11th
Wednesday 10th May- To Death Valley
The convoy parted ways at Kingman as we headed towards Death Valley and Joel and Stevie headed home to LA. Back across Hoover Dam, back past Vegas and past Area 51, finally driving though barren areas of land that Dick kept noting as being 'straight out of the X files'. It was difficult to see exactly where the valley began until we found our first information station. There we picked up a map and headed to Dante's View, where we first felt the heat of the area. The long twisty road up there was worth it for the views- miles and miles of barren nothingness. In the distance we could see both the highest point in California, Mount Whitney at over 14,000 ft above sea level, and the lowest point, Badwater, 262 ft below sea level. It was very dry and very hot.
We drove on to 'Zabriske's Point', where the rock formations look like huge claws of some unknown creature, and then to 'Badwater', the outside temperature continually rising. At 6 pm it was 105 degrees. Badwater is thought to be named after a traveller who wrote 'bad water' on his map after his donkey refused to drink it. No wonder, it is very salty! We walked on the salt crystals and gazed up at the mark on the hillside which showed where sea level is. The heat never leaves the valley as the surrounding mountains trap it in. We hit the perfect time for sunset again, this time over Artists Pallette, an area of naturally occuring strange coloured sand. We were definatley working up a thirst and a beer was foremost in Dick's mind. We were staying at Furnace Creek Ranch and we hit the bar!
Thursday 11th May- The longest day- Part 1
The longest day began with standing on sand dunes in the dessert- most peculiar and still no cooler first thing in the morning. A long barren drive north towards 'Scotty's Castle' where we bought a detailed map of California, and had our first incling that the day may turn out to be longer than we expected. We were heading towards Yosemite and happened to mention it to the ranger. She noted that the main route across the Sierra Nevada's was still closed due to heavy snowfall. Snow? In May? The map did say 'closed in winter'. Can't be that bad we thought. Want to bet??


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The main technical challenge in decentralized control of modular and reconfigurable robots (MRRs) with torque sensor is related to the treatment of interconnection term and friction term. This paper proposed a modified adaptive sliding mode decentralized control strategy for trajectory tracking control of the MRRs. The radial basis function (RBF) neural network is used as an effective learning method to approximate the interconnection term and friction term, eliminating the effect of model uncertainty and reducing the controller gain. In addition, in order to provide faster convergence and higher precision control, the terminal sliding mode algorithm is introduced to the controller design. Based on the Lyapunov method, the stability of the MRRs is proved. Finally, experiments are performed to confirm the effectiveness of the method.
Decentralized Trajectory Tracking Control for Modular and Reconfigurable Robots With Torque Sensor: Adaptive Terminal Sliding Control-Based Approach
Contributed by the Dynamic Systems Division of ASME for publication in the JOURNAL OF DYNAMIC SYSTEMS, MEASUREMENT,AND CONTROL. Manuscript received October 9, 2018; final manuscript received January 10, 2019; published online February 18, 2019. Assoc. Editor: Xuebo Zhang.
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Li, Y., Lu, Z., Zhou, F., Dong, B., Liu, K., and Li, Y. (February 18, 2019). "Decentralized Trajectory Tracking Control for Modular and Reconfigurable Robots With Torque Sensor: Adaptive Terminal Sliding Control-Based Approach." ASME. J. Dyn. Sys., Meas., Control. June 2019; 141(6): 061003. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4042550
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domain: literature


London [United Kingdom]: Pakistan Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif has described the ongoing case in the Panama Papers Leaks case as a joke, rather than as an effort on accountability.
Confirming that he would face the ongoing Joint Investigation Team (JIT) proceedings with fortitude and bravery, Sharif said he would not let the conspirators seeking to ruin his character and reputation succeed.
Sharif, who is in London for a medical check up, was quoted by the Dawn, as saying that “To be honest, what is going on in the form of the joint investigation team’s probe into the Panama Papers case is beyond my comprehension. When they found no corruption in any of the PML-N government’s projects during its four-year rule, they are trying to find something (fishy) in our (private) business. I ask the JIT what it is trying to detect.”
“I had asked the JIT members during my appearance before it about what they were looking for. Our worst enemies [an apparent reference to the PPP’s Rehman Malik] are appearing before it.
“The JIT’s history is before everyone. It starts with a WhatApp call [by the Supreme Court registrar]… and even before that.”
The prime minister said the nation was headed in one direction and the JIT in another.
He will return home on June 29. (ANI)


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This exceptional antique George IV sterling silver tea service consists of a teapot, cream jug, and sugar bowl.
Each piece of this impressive silver tea service has a rectangular rounded form onto four Regency style feet.
The plain body of each piece is encircled with a band of embossed and chased decorated stylised floral motifs on a matte background.
The teapot is fitted with a flush hinged, domed hallmarked cover; the flush hinge indicates the fine quality of this service.
The cover retains the original sterling silver rounded rectangular finial embellished with chased stylised rose and leaf decoration, encompassed with a bud border.
The Regency style teapot, cream jug and sugar bowl are fitted with C scroll handles, ornamented with applied chased scrolling acanthus leaf decorated thumbpieces.
Each component of this service is supported by four Regency style bracket style feet ornamented with a shaped claw foot, accented with scrolling leaf decoration and stylised floral motifs.
The cream jug and sugar bowl retain the original gilded interiors.
Maker: Solomon Royes

domain: artistic


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Easy recipe for crunchy and cripsy delicious Egg Fingers
Egg Fingers are one of the best and trending snack recipe which is tasty as well as quick to prepare. It’s Crunchy and crispy in texture. It is also good for health as eggs have the highest quality protein. Are you also an egg lover then you can try making crispy egg fingers today with the following recipe.
Salt – 1/2 tsp
Black pepper – 1/2 tsp
One beaten egg
Flour – 1/4 cup
Chili powder – 1/4 tsp
Chaat masala – 1/4 tsp
Black pepper – 1/4 tsp
Mix herbs – 1/4 tsp
Salt – 1/4 tsp
Bread crumbs as needed
Oil for deep frying
Recipe of Crispy Egg Fingers
Follow the steps to make tasty Crispy Egg Fingers.
Step 1:- Take a bowl, add eggs, black pepper, and red chili powder, then mix them well to create a smooth texture of eggs.
Step 2:- Now take an aluminum container or any heat-proof container.
Step 3:- Then boil some water in a pan and place the container with the egg mixture in the boiling water and cover it for 5 minutes until the egg gets hardens.
Step 4:- Check the eggs after 5 minutes, you can use knife to check and take it out if the eggs are fully hard.
Step 5:- Now, you can cut the egg in vertical strips/ finger cut or any shape you want according to your choice.
Step 6:- The next step is to coat the egg fingers one by one with cornflour then dip them in milk and coat them with breadcrumbs.
Step 7:- Now fry the egg fingers in hot oil at medium temperature.
Step 8:- Take them out and place them on a kitchen paper to absorb excess oil.
Step 9:- Finally, your crispy and crunchy egg fingers are ready to serve.

domain: food


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The La Mesa Dam nature reserve is one of the last few big green spaces we have in Quezon City, heck, all of Metro Manila and around really. It's a mainstay in every family and barkada's weekend itinerary, so the next time you head there, drop by this outdoor coffee shop for a caffeine boost and a hearty meal. Best part? You can bring your pets, too.
LOOK: Yakal Coffee by La Mesa Dam, Quezon City
Sitting right by the entrypoint of La Mesa Dam Road from Quirino Highway is Yakal Coffee. It's an outdoor café that serves up drinks and meals, complete with seats al fresco; imagine filling up your tummies while seated amongst trees and enjoying a cool breeze. That's about as close you can get to an "I'm out of the city" feel while still technically being in the city.
Yakal Coffee is located right beside the gift shop of a Million Trees Foundation, Inc., an organization that works to care for the La Mesa Dam Nature Reserve. The café partnered up with the foundation to help out with their efforts: planting, protecting, and more. Don't forget to drop by their gift shop, too!
The expansive compound has a ton of greenery, seats both outdoors and a few indoors, and even a bit of rooftop space. A peek at their menu shows espresso (starts at P90) and pour over (P140) options for caffeine feinds. If you're looking for something else, they've also got Yakal Tsokolate (P140 for hot/P150 for iced), Matcha Latte (P160 for hot, and P170) and more, including a Don Ramon Affogato (P170). For eats, they've got all-day breakfast: Daing na Bangus (P250), Spam (P290), Pork Adobo (P240), and so on.
This story originally appeared on Spot.ph. Minor edits have been made by the Preview.ph editors.

domain: geography


text:
Latest update: 17/12/2012
Gérard Depardieu: one of many 'tax exiles'
IN THE FRENCH PAPERS - 17/12/12: French actor Gérard Depardieu is continuing to get a lot of attention in the French press today, but not because of his acting! Yesterday he wrote an open letter to the French Prime Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault after he called Depardieu "pathetic" for moving to Belgium to avoid paying high taxes in France. Depardieu says he feels insulted and will give up his French nationality.


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February 5th 2017
Makahika outdoor pursuits centre – Te Matawai hut
Total distance: 983 miles
I felt a bit sick and had some acid reflux when I lay down last night. Something I never get so I though that was odd. I was so tired I slept soundly until about 6am, but the beds were so noisy with vinyl like mattresses that crinkle every time someone moves. We had been told that to reach Te Matawai hut would be around a 7 hour day so we didn’t need to rush in the morning.
We ended up leaving around 9:30am and we hiked out with Sandy, Colin and Marcus. We had a nice easy road walk, well it would have been easy if I wasn’t trying to keep up with Sandy. She walks so fast and she is even shorter than me! We got the road done in no time at all but I was pretty tired already! I am really struggling to find the motivation for this at the moment. It was nice to be able to get to know Marcus a little better while we hiked the road. One of Julia’s trekking poles broke, it was one of the black diamond ones that fold up, and this is the 4th instance I know of this model of pole breaking. I don’t think they are meant for such demanding terrain.
We entered the farm land and I made everyone go ahead of me so I didn’t feel any pressure to go any faster than I wanted to. Plus I like to stop to take pictures, and I don’t feel like I can do that with someone behind me. We had rain overnight so we were expecting wet and muddy, even if we didn’t have any rain we would have expected wet and muddy! It was nice to put clean dry socks on this morning but within 2 minutes my feet were soaking again.
We didn’t have too far to go until the start of the forest track and we were in the Tararuas properly. We hiked through the Ohau Gorge which was a really nice walk. Everything is so lush and green, obviously because of all the rain. Everyone we have met has told us the weather is unusual for this time of year and this area is getting way more rain than usual. The west side of the ranges are getting hammered and the east side is in drought conditions. The Tararua range seems to have its own little micro climate anyway. The track was muddy and slippy but not too hard to handle.
I caught up to Sandy and Colin who were having a snack at the start of the Gable End Ridge trail. We would end up leapfrogging for most of the day. The start of the track was super steep and rocky, and in general it was just wet and muddy. The easiest thing to do was plough straight through the mud. I feared for my life several times as I slipped and tripped and saved myself from falling off the side of the track many times. The track continued to be steep and I was going very slow, but I was going continuously. I was sweating profusely as it was so muggy and I drunk more water today than I had for ages.
After a couple of hours of slogging through the mud the trail started to rise above the trees and we started to get views of the range, the exposed areas were even muddier and there were also a lot of huge flies about. I didn’t want to think about why there were so many flies. I was getting really tired and I was totally over the mud, there was just too much of it. It’s so tiring trying so hard to remain upright with every step. The track kept going up and down and up and down. It took about 3.5 hours to reach Richard’s Knob where I found Julia having a snack.
The sun was out now and the clouds had cleared a lot, the sun was intense and we sat and suffered for a while, there weren’t any good options really, it was either sit in the sun and boil or get very frustrated with the mud. There were now only 2 hours left to reach Te Matawai hut. None of the tracks here are measured in distance because the time to do the same distance varied so much depending on the terrain, so the signs are in hours. We generally do the tracks a little bit quicker than the time given, maybe an hour or half an hour less.
Julia and I walked together for about an hour and then I slowed down and she sped up. Her second pole is on the way out which isn’t good for our big day tomorrow. With only about 10 minutes to go Colin caught me up and we walked to the hut together, the last bit was rocky and steep and I felt like I had to up my pace a bit with him behind me, which was good for me because it meant we got there quicker!
The big red roof of the hut finally came into view, there were are few people already there and we weren’t sure if there were going to be enough bunks for all of us. I think there are 16 mattresses here but there is loads of space in the main room so people can lay their mats and sleeping bags down in there.
Sandy arrived just a few minutes later, it was so pleasurable to take off my shoes and socks, they are so gross and I’m not looking forward to putting them on in the morning. Alex and Holly arrived having made really good time and we all ate our dinner outside until it started to get really cold. It was only about 7:30pm but we got into our sleeping bags. The others, Jayson, Max and the German girls trickled in. We are early to bed but it’s difficult to go to sleep because it’s so noisy. The bunks are all in a line next to each other and I am lying very close to a total stranger which is a little odd, especially as he hasn’t really spoken to anyone!
I’m walking thousands of miles for Just A Drop because everyone should have access to clean water. Please donate here, every little bit helps.


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CERT Coordination Center, formerly known as the Computer Emergency Response Team at Carnegie Mellon University, and the Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA), an electronics industry trade organization, on Thursday launched the Internet Security Alliance (ISA).
The new organization will deliver up-to-the-minute warnings on viruses and security attacks to companies willing to pay anywhere from $2,500 to $70,000 annually for its service. Members will receive warnings roughly 45 days before the information is available to the public.
Previously, CERT provided up-to-the-minute alerts of the latest Internet security threats primarily to the federal government, which funds the organization. With the new alliance in place, CERT, the EIA and other members are offering real-time warnings on Net security hazards to subscribers.
"The difference here is the ISA is open to businesses regardless of sector," said Dave McCurdy, president of the EIA "Our mission is to increase the awareness within corporate leadership of the risk and help them provide the tools to manage those risks."
Founding members of the new alliance pay $70,000 annually for access to CERT's database, which provides early warning advisories of security attacks, along with research and other data. Annual fees for other members will range from $2,500 to $50,000 depending on the company's size.
The founding members of the ISA include some big corporate names, including the Nasdaq Stock Market, Exodus Communications, VeriSign and TRW. McCurdy said that in the near term the group will focus on marketing efforts to enlist other businesses to support it.


May 16, 2020, Paper, "A cap-and-trade system is a market-based environmental policy that places a limit on harmful pollutants and establishes a market-based price on emissions. Companies must hold permits to cover their emissions; these permits, often called “allowances,” can be bought or sold at prices determined by supply and demand. The European Union is in the process of extending and strengthening its carbon dioxide (CO2) cap-and-trade system; California has extended and strengthened its own system; and nine New England and Mid-Atlantic US states have extended and strengthened the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI), a program that sets a cap on CO2 emissions from the electricity sector. In addition, it is expected that before the end of this year, New Jersey will join RGGI, and Oregon will launch its own CO2 cap-and-trade system. And, most important, perhaps, after years of preparation and pilot operations, China is expected to launch the world’s largest CO2 emissions trading system nationwide in 2020."


The mining industry can significantly reduce its diesel fuel consumption when developing new mineral deposits by using microgrids with renewable energy sources: this is the conclusion of a study on “Mobile Solar and Wind Diesel Hybrid Solutions for Mineral Exploration”.
CrossPower, developed by Pfisterer, is a hybrid and mobile energy system for setting up microgrids combining conventional and renewable energy sources. It is ideal for the requirements of exploration teams and is also scalable for the stationary supply of entire mines.
Supplying power to remote exploration camps is a significant cost factor in mineral exploration. This is because diesel fuel for generators must be transported over large distances, sometimes even by helicopter. Renewable energy has become much cheaper over the last decade – but conventional installations are designed for an operational lifespan of at least 25 years. This is incompatible with the short-term needs of exploration teams, who only ever explore for new mineral resources for a short period at one site. At such an early stage of the mining process, there is no guarantee of finding sufficient deposits to justify a commitment to substantial infrastructure with long-term obligations. Pfisterer – the leading manufacturer of fittings and accessories for underground cables and overhead lines – and consulting firm THEnergy, therefore, conducted a study on “Mobile Solar and Wind Diesel Hybrid Solutions for Mineral Exploration” to investigate solutions that utilise the savings potential of renewable energy in the exploration process. The conclusion of the study is as follows: Exploration companies want power solutions that are reliable and can be used at more than one site. Military applications have similar requirements. The CrossPower system won a highly coveted NATO contract, and is already successfully in use since over one year for the NATO Energy Security Centre of Excellence. This system has a rated output of approximately 150 KW (or up to 2,500 kWh per day), a storage capacity of 100 kWh and comprises a control unit, high-performance batteries, a wind turbine and solar panels as well as two diesel generators. All components can be transported in two 20’ ISO containers for mobile use.
Mobile microgrid container
The CrossPower Small Grid (SG) energy system that Pfisterer developed for mining exploration is based on the same proven CrossPower technology. Transportable microgrid containers that are easy to install and remove form isolated energy grids combining photovoltaics and wind turbines with conventional diesel generators. This configuration is thus the first of its kind to offer reliable, renewable power in search of raw materials. Before the CrossPower system was launched, diesel generators were the only reliable units capable of providing a steady source of power in this application. Delivering fossil fuels to remote areas, however, is very expensive and a risky endeavor.
Reliable and economical
In developing its system, Pfisterer set itself two main targets: Diesel savings by more than 50 percent at each installation and a return on investment in 2–3 years with a minimum installation life of 10 years or more. CrossPower combines hybrid power generation with an intelligent management system. This guarantees a highly reliable power supply even on a cloudy or windless day. Modern lithium-ion batteries store the renewable energy, which is automatically prioritised by the management system. Diesel generators charge the batteries only as required, and therefore operate in their optimum output range. This cuts fuel consumption even up to 75 percent – more than initially expected – and makes the system remarkably efficient. Since much less diesel is needed, the number of cost-intensive fuel shipments is reduced at the same time. Comparison of the NATO systems in Lithuania over many months has shown that even without supply of regenerative energy using the CrossPower systems, a fuel-saving of 20 percent can be achieved simply through the operation of generators at their optimum performance range. Over-capacity is stored temporarily by the battery.
At the heart of the system is an intelligent energy management solution that provides a stable supply for microgrids and allows energy to be used in a resource-friendly manner. The backbone is a lithium-ion battery storage component with a microgrid-compatible inverter. This provides an autonomous supply grid to which a wide range of generators can be connected. Photovoltaic systems and wind power are suitable renewable energy sources. Existing diesel generators can also be connected to the system. In addition, the system can operate in grid-connected mode to compensate for supply gaps in unstable grids. The battery storage makes up the difference between the generated and consumed power. Therefore modern lithium-ion batteries are used. Compared to lead acid batteries, these offer maximum flexibility, a long product life, and a high degree of cycle stability, thus making them particularly suitable for multiple charging/discharging cycles as required in grid stabilisation.
Consequently, the installation provides a stable and constant sinus wave voltage, this is essential for the safe operation of critical IT systems, for example, whereby the output voltage and frequency can be selected in accordance with the local requirements. All common voltages and frequencies are possible, such as 230 V and 400 V at 50 Hz or 110 V and 120 V at 60 Hz.
Stable Power Supply Guaranteed
The primary task of the control software is to guarantee grid stability in combination with optimum energy efficiency. Intelligent energy management prioritises renewable energy sources according to their availability. The diesel generators cut in only when required to charge the batteries. If the solar or wind power drops temporarily, the control system uses the batteries until they reach a minimum level before it switches to fossil energy sources to safeguard the base load. The various energy sources and the battery are generally designed and dimensioned in such a way that fossil fuel energy savings up to 75 percent is achieved, thus ensuring short amortisation periods. In the vicinity of the equator, savings of more than 80 percent are even possible. When the diesel generators are switched on, they always operate at their optimum output range and never under partial load thanks to the existing battery buffer storage. In conventional generator systems, on the other hand, the fluctuating load of the current consumers determines the level of efficiency and the wear and tear.
Scalable size – up to the powering of entire mines
CrossPower is available in different sizes, tailored to customers’ individual needs. These range from mobile systems with 25 kW to 250 kW for exploration teams to the stationary CrossPower Large Grid (LG) with a power of 5,000 kW and more, which even enables entire mines to be powered. The system is always designed for easy transportation in containers. Each facility’s final system design depends on the level of the output power and is always geared towards the customers’ individual requirements. This applies to the energy mix as well as the size and number of containers. Naturally, several systems can also be operated in parallel.
Easy to Use and Maintain
The task of meeting the requirements of a reliable power supply in remote regions is extremely challenging: The systems involved must supply power reliably around the clock by utilising energy sources available on site and must be suitable for mobile deployment. Success therefore hinges on interface management between the various electricity producers and consumers. Mobile power grids can be built rapidly and reliably without specialists through the use of modular plug-and-operate components. With almost 100 years of experience and around 2,700 employees, Pfisterer is one of the world’s leading technology companies for system solutions and components in power transmission. Since its founding in 1921, the Group headquartered in Germany has been developing, manufacturing, and distributing internationally successful solutions for 110 V to 1,100 kV voltage levels.
CrossPower installations were designed using experience from numerous grids worldwide. The entire system is based on a touch-safe design and can be operated in the close vicinity of equipment and tents. The control panel has a straightforward, intuitive graphical user interface. It shows at a glance the direction of all energy flows and their intensities. No permanent staff is required on site during operation. The control system has been designed in such a way that it can respond independently to changes. Furthermore, the systems can be maintained remotely. Various performance data can be accessed via an encrypted and secure connection (VPN). Operating parameters can also be optimised accordingly. Remote maintenance is carried out via a 3G module and is therefore possible using all cell phone networks worldwide.
High Potential for Minimising Fossil Fuel Consumption
The true showpiece of the CrossPower system is the reliable power supply offered to remote settlements, small islands, mining explorations, and hotels, which are often powered by diesel generators as it is simply too expensive to erect a conventional power supply grid. The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) estimates that the total output of all diesel generators currently operated worldwide is approximately 400 gigawatts. Integrating renewable energy sources with the CrossPower system can offer enormous energy-saving potential in this area.


Karachi: The JIT report of the Baldia Factory tragedy states that the Baldia Factory incident was a well-planned incident of terrorism, wherein Hamad Siddiqui and Rehman Bhola have been concerned.
According to Express News, the JIT report of the Baldia Factory tragedy has come to gentle, wherein the info behind essentially the most tragic tragedy within the historical past of Pakistan have come to gentle. The JIT report has revealed that the Baldia Factory tragedy There was a well-planned terrorist assault involving Hamad Siddiqui and Rehman Bhola.
The JIT report presents a recorded assertion of a manufacturing unit worker stating that the MQM was influential within the administration of the Baldia manufacturing unit. The individuals of the Baldia sector demanded extortion in numerous methods. Before the Baldia Factory tragedy, Rehman Bhola, Sector In-Charge of MQM Baldia Town, had come to the manufacturing unit, and he stopped the manufacturing unit homeowners Shahid Bhaila and Arshad Bhaila and made bitter remarks and within the identify of MQM TC in-charge Hamad Siddiqui, 25 He demanded extortion of crores of rupees and threatened to type a partnership if the extortion was not paid.
The JIT report states that the tragedy was not an incident of Baldia manufacturing unit fireplace however an incident of terrorism beneath a well-planned plan. The manufacturing unit was set on fireplace for not paying extortion of Rs. 200 million. 259 individuals have been killed within the tragedy. And 50 women and men have been injured, whereas a 1,000-yard bungalow in Hyderabad was taken from the extortion cash acquired earlier than the Baldia manufacturing unit tragedy.
According to the JIT's findings, makes an attempt have been made to affect the tragedy internally and externally. The tragedy on the Baldia Factory revealed irresponsibility of the police and critical flaws within the investigation, police terrorism. Appeared to avoid wasting the actual characters of the tragic tragedy, the case was dealt with impartially by the police beneath strain, the case was handled in an unprofessional method and from day one was run in a method that benefited the group concerned. The incident of terrorism was offered within the FIR as if it was a bloodbath.
JIT claims that JIT encountered difficulties in investigating the case, the formation of JIT was delayed for 2 and a half years and the delay resulted in compromise of crime scene and assortment of proof. It was tough.
JIT recommends submitting of recent FIR towards Baldia Factory tragedy, whereas involving others together with Rehman Bhola, Hamad Siddiqui and Zubair Charia within the tragedy, bringing again the characters concerned within the tragedy from overseas, In addition to confiscating the passports of the accused and together with their names within the ECL, it’s also beneficial to offer safety to the witnesses of the incident.


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Model is wearing a size S
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Our designer team creates unique swimwear patterns that we manufacture with only the best quality Italian garments to ensure that our bikinis and one-piece swimsuits are incredibly comfortable and help you feel confident and sexy!
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Today’s orchestra of the Beethoven Hall was founded in Koblenz in 1897 and was taken over by the city of Bonn in 1906, ten years later. With the construction of the Beethoven Hall in 1963, the ensemble got its actual name: Beethoven Orchester Bonn, bearing, of course, the name of the famous Bonn son: Ludwig van Beethoven..
The Orchestra, whose name is well-known all over the world, has a long tradition in Bonn. Many meaningful composers and conductors can be found in the Orchestra’s history, which is more than 100-years-old, such as Max Reger, Karl Böhm and Sergiu Celibidache. Stefan Blunier is General Musical Director of the Beethoven Orchestra Bonn since August 2008.
The Beethoven Orchester Bonn is one of the leading German orchestras and makes an important contribution to the city’s cultural life with its concerts in the Beethoven Hall and the opera of Bonn. The Orchestra is the musical “ambassador” of Bonn. It promotes Bonn successfully with its concerts in Germany and in other countries and its CD recordings. The orchestra with its 106 members contributes in an important way to the artistic success of the Beethoven Festivals, which have taken place since 1927.