The Red-Necked Phalarope, Phalaropus lobatus as it is scientifically known, belongs to the Scolopacidae family. Phalaropes come from the French word phalarope and the scientific name Phalaropus is derived from the ancient greek phalaris meaning coot and pous meaning foot and Lobatus is Latin for lobed. It was initially known as Northern Phalarope. It is found in the Arctic tundra, around Britain, and in the non-breeding season, they can be found in parts of South America, in the Arabian sea. They can also be found in parts of Indonesia. Reproduction in this species is known to be monogamous and polygamous sometimes and takes place on the surface. Females are known to arrive before the male on the breeding grounds and after copulation, a nest is built by both parents using leaves and stems near the water and the eggs are laid, and the female leave after that, and only the males incubate the eggs. The female of the species is brightly colored than the males. The breeding plumage of the females has a gray head, neck, and side parts of the neck, and the stomach part is white in color. The collar is chestnut-colored and it has a white throat. The male adult is just dull in color. The young ones have a similar appearance with brown parts and white underparts and a slightly washed color on the breast part. This bird has lobed toes for swimming. If you want to learn more such fascinating facts about this species, keep reading. If you are interested, read about the Nicobar pigeon and golden pheasant too.
What do they prey on?
Insects or crustaceans
What do they eat?
Average litter size?
How much do they weigh?
0.04-0.105 lb (0.02-0.048 kg)
How long are they?
Up to 7.1 in (180 mm)
How tall are they?
What do they look like?
Gray, white and brown
What are their main threats?
What is their conservation status?
Where you'll find them
Tundra and wetlands
Arctic Ocean, Arabian Sea
Red-Necked Phalarope Interesting Facts
What type of animal is a Red-necked Phalarope?
Red-Necked Phalaropes are birds.
What class of animal does a Red-necked Phalarope belong to?
These phalaropes belong to the class of Aves of birds.
How many Red-necked Phalaropes are there in the world?
The global breeding estimated population is around 4.1 million.
Where does a Red-necked Phalarope live?
It can be found in coastal regions of the Arctic tundra or ocean, around Britain, and in the non-breeding or the winter season, they can be found in parts of South America, in the Arabian sea. They can also be found in parts of Indonesia.
What is a Red-necked Phalaropes habitat?
These birds are known to inhabit forest tundra or areas near lakes, ponds, or an open ocean and wetlands along the marshes. These areas consist of moss, grasses, and sedges. They also have been observed in coastal moorlands. It has also been recorded that during migration these birds are found near saline lakes, and they spend their winters in upwelling areas of the sea and ocean slicks.
Who do Red-necked Phalaropes live with?
These birds generally live alone or are solitary during the summer season and can be seen in groups or flocks during migration to breeding grounds and in winters.
How long does a Red-necked Phalarope live?
This bird is known to live for about five years in the wild.
How do they reproduce?
These species arrive on the breeding grounds, near the ocean surface around mid-June, and females are known to arrive before males. In general, these birds have a monogamous system but when the males are in large numbers or in excess, the females mate with a different mate or male on the surface. After copulation, both of them start making nests and build nests. The nest is made with leaves and stems and is near the water. Three to four eggs are laid; they are singly brooded if the system was monogamous and double-brooded if it was polygamous. The eggs are incubated by the males. The red-necked Phalarope incubation period lasts for about 20 days. Females leave as soon as the chick hatches and males stay with them for more time. The chicks develop or fledge at around 18-21 days.
What is their conservation status?
The conservation status of these birds is Least Concern.
Red-Necked Phalarope Fun Facts
What do Red-necked Phalaropes look like?
The females of this species are more brightly colored than males The breeding plumage is darker than the winter plumage. The plumage of the females is a gray head, neck, and side parts of the neck, and the stomach part is white in color. The collar is chestnut-colored and it has a white throat. The wings are cream or tan colored and the eye has a small white band above it. The males have duller color plumage and are like brown in color. The winter or the non-mating plumage of this bird is dull and has dull gray upper parts and the head is white with a black patch around the eye. The young ones have a similar appearance with brown parts and white underparts and a slightly washed color on the breast part.
How cute are they?
These birds are not considered cute.
How do they communicate?
Not much information is available about the communication of these birds but it is believed that these birds use visual, tactile, and acoustic cues and produce several loud calls.
How big is a Red-necked Phalarope?
The bird is considered to be Robin-sized and is known to be larger than a Least Sandpiper and is slightly smaller than a Red Phalarope. These birds are up to 7.1 in (180 mm) in length.
How fast can a Red-necked Phalarope move?
The exact speed of these birds is unknown but are known to move fast. The wingspan of these birds is 12-13 in (310-340 mm).
How much does a Red-necked Phalarope weigh?
The weight of these birds ranges from 0.04-0.105 lb (0.02-0.048 kg).
What are their male and female names of the species?
There are no specific names for the males and females of the species.
What would you call a baby Red-necked Phalarope?
A baby of this bird is called a chick or young.
What do they eat?
The food of this bird consists of insect larvae during the breeding season in freshwater environments. The food also includes flies, beetles, worms, snails, and some seeds. They tend to feed on zooplankton, crustaceans, tiny fish, and jellyfish in the winter or the non-mating season at the sea. They are known to forage by walking, wading, and swimming.
Are they poisonous?
These birds are not poisonous and are not considered harmful.
Would they make a good pet?
Not much information is available about these birds as pets but it is believed that these birds do not make good pets as they are wild and migratory.
Did you know...
Female phalaropes in general, are known to fight over males and take little or no part in taking care of the young.
The oldest record of the Red-necked Phalarope, Phalaropus lobatus as it is scientifically known, is known to be a male which was five years old at the time of capture and was released at a banding station in Alaska.
This bird was initially called a Northern Phalarope.
This bird is the smallest in the genus and has the shortest bill.
A group of phalaropes is called dopping, swirl, twirl, whirl, and a whirligig of phalaropes.
This species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1958 and it was given the binomial name Tringa Lobata and was also known as the Coot-footed Tringa in 1750.
Red Phalarope vs Red-necked Phalarope
The red Phalarope description includes a white mask, rufous-brownish throat, and underparts. The bill of this species is known to be heavy. The juvenile or the young and the winter plumage of the Red-Necked Phalarope can be often confused with the Red Phalarope while the adult ones are quite distinguishable as they tend to have stripe-like patterns on the backs and a black patch around the eye, are somewhat gray in color, and the bill of this bird is thin or sleek and light. The breeding plumage is darker as compared to winter plumage.
Are they predators?
These birds are known to prey on insects and some other crustaceans and are known to control the population of mosquito larvae as mosquitos are considered to be serious pests around certain parts of the world.
Here at Kidadl, we have carefully created lots of interesting family-friendly animal facts for everyone to discover! Learn more about some other birds including the shoebill and frigatebird.
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Annabel Wright was 15 when she killed herself last spring. She loved horse riding and dogs, and was the only daughter of Helen and Simon Wright. She had also just been prescribed a course of Roaccutane, a potent medication used to clear nodular, cystic acne that has an unconfirmed link to depression.
While the cause of Annabel’s death is yet to be confirmed, her parents blame the drug. At the end of 2019, the Guardian reported that ten out 12 deaths connected to Roaccutane were by suicide – the highest since records began in 1983.


text:
Celebrating 25 years of the 340B Program
As President Trump reaches the halfway point of his first year, 1,500 340B stakeholders will gather in Washington, DC at the annual 340B Coalition Summer Conference to celebrate 25 years of program success - enabling providers to stretch scarce resources, reaching more eligible patients and providing more comprehensive services through the 340B Drug Discount Program.
In addition to our usual educational sessions focused on recent trends in audit findings, new compliance challenges/solutions, and new federal and state Medicaid policies and their impact on 340B stakeholders, the conference will provide the latest legislative news from inside the Beltway at the conference.
Little is certain in Washington these days when it comes to healthcare policy. Congress continues to discuss ways to repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act, and several other health bills will be moving through Congress soon. Questions about the 340B program continue to be raised.
Among the hot topics slated for discussion at the conference:
- What’s next for the ACA? Will efforts to repeal and replace the ACA or make fixes to the law affect the 340B program? What should providers be planning for? And will the insurance coverage gains disappear?
- A key pricing enforcement rule is on hold. What is the status of HRSA’s 340B ceiling price and manufacturer civil monetary penalty rule?
- What happens next with the mega-guidance? The President put a hold on HRSA’s proposal, but will it be revived?
- 340B legislation. Will the pharmaceutical industry get their wish and get a bill through Congress to restrict the 340B program?
- Anger about high drug prices. President Trump has promised to rein in drug prices. Can it actually be done?
Whether you are a health care provider, contract pharmacy, pharmaceutical manufacturer, 340B-oriented business or government agency, attending the conference is the best way to be informed about 340B.
We look forward to seeing you in July!
Who Should Attend
- Pharmacists and clinic directors at institutions providing care to low-income and uninsured populations
- Pharmaceutical manufacturers, distributors, and group purchasing organizations
- Pharmacy service companies and information technology firms
- Retail, chain, specialty pharmacies, and other businesses that contract with 340B entities
- State Medicaid pharmacy directors and drug assistance program managers
- Pharmacy benefit managers/administrators, and other health plans
- Consultants, attorneys, and other compliance experts
- Federal, state, and local policy makers and government relations directors
- AIDS drug assistance program officials and AIDS service organizations
- Other providers of health care for the uninsured and vulnerable populations
Continuing Education Credits for Pharmacists and Pharmacy Technicians Available!
Don't miss out! This is a great chance for all pharmacy service companies, pharmaceutical manufacturers, health insurance plans, IT companies, wholesalers, GPOs, and law/consulting firms to promote your company's services and products in an intimate and relaxed setting. Hundreds of pharmacists and other clinicians, hospital and health center executives, federal, state and local government officials, GPO's, wholesalers, drug company decision makers and other leading health care professionals will be attending this conference. The exhibit area is designed to ensure a high level of traffic that will enable your company to maximize its marketing investment. There are many exciting exhibition options as well as opportunities to promote your services on our website. More information on becoming an exhibitor in the exhibitor prospectus. Questions? Contact Lee-Anne Gabrielli at (202) 552-5856.
14th Annual 340B Coalition Winter Conference
The 14th Annual 340B Coalition Conference will be held at the Hotel del Coronado in San Diego, CA on February 21-23, 2018.
Please check www.340bwinterconference.org for more information or if you would like to be notified of future conferences on the 340B program, please create an account to be added to our mailing list. Please note that previous attendees at events hosted by The 340B Coalition or 340B Health, 340B Health members/corporate partners, and subsribers to 340B Informed do not need to sign up.

domain: health


firmus energy has launched a new grant which will provide qualifying owner occupiers in Coleraine with up to £1300 to convert to a new, efficient natural gas heating system.
The ‘gas conversion grant’, which is funded by the Northern Ireland Executive and firmus energy, is designed to help tackle fuel poverty and allow more people across the province to benefit from a cheaper and more efficient fuel to heat their homes.
firmus energy has pledged to provide a £300 grant to all households wishing to convert to natural gas within their network and the NI Executive will then contribute up to an additional £1000, dependent on income, to owner occupiers with an oil or LPG boiler that is at least 15 years old.
Michael Scott, general manager for firmus energy was in Coleraine today to launch the scheme with the former mayor of Coleraine, Councillor Samuel Cole.
“We are delighted to be able to offer the £300 firmus energy contribution of the grant to anyone wanting to convert to natural gas regardless of their income, their old fuel type, the age of their boiler or whether they own or rent. So everyone will be able to benefit to some degree from this initiative.”
Councillor Sam Cole added: “The cost of heating your home is one of the top concerns for many of the Borough residents and so I welcome any initiative which will help to alleviate fuel poverty and will make it easier for households to budget and stay in control of their energy bills. It is important that householders take steps now to ensure that their home is as energy efficient as possible before our next winter sets in.”


text:
CASTonCAST: Architectural freeform shapes from precast stackable components
Keywords:Casting techniques, Precast concrete, Fabrication-aware design, Architectural geometry, Architectural freeform shapes
AbstractThis article introduces the CASTonCAST system for the design and production of architectural freeform shapes from precast stackable components. This system is composed of two complementary parts: a novel manufacturing technique of precast stackable building components and a new geometric method for the design of freeform shapes by means of stackable solid tiles. This paper describes both parts of the system by means of physical prototypes and geometric studies.
CastonCast fabrication system and method. Inventors: Lluis ENRIQUE, Povilas CEPAITIS, Diego ORDOÑEZ and Carlos PILES. UK patent application GB1101013.9 (patent pending).
De LARRARD, F. Why rheology matters. Concrete International, 1999, 21(8).
DINI, E. D-Shape. http://www.d-shape.com.
EIGENSATZ, M., et al. Panelling Architectural Freeform Surfaces. SIGGRAPH 2010, Los Angeles, July 2010.
KHOSHNEVIS, B., et al. Mega-scale fabrication by contour crafting. International journal of Industrial and System Engineering, 2006, 1(3).
LASEMI, A., XUE, D. and GU, P. Recent development in CNC machining of freeform surfaces: A state-of-the-art review. Computer-Aided Design, 2010, 42(7).
LIU, Y., et al. Geometric modelling with conical meshes and developable surfaces. ACM Trans. Graphics, 2006, 25(3).
LIM, S., et al. Fabricating construction components using layer manufacturing technology. Global Innovation in Construction Conference, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, September 2009.
LLORET, E., et al. Complex concrete structures: Merging existing techniques with digital fabrication. Computer-Aided Design, 2014.
PODOLNY, W. and MULLER, J.M., Construction and Design of Pre-stressed Concrete Segmental Bridges. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1982.
POTTMANN, H., et al. Freeform surfaces from single curved panels. ACM Trans. Graphics, 2008, 27(3).
POTTMANN, H., et al. Geometry of multi-layer freeform structures for architecture. ACM Trans. Graphics, 2007, 26(65).
POTTMANN, H., SCHIFTNER, A. and WALLNET, J. Geometry of Architectural Freeform Structures. Internat. Math. Nachrichten, 2008.
Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Flexible Formwork. John Orr, Mark Evernden, Antony Darby and Tim Ibell (ed.). Bath: University of Bath, 2012.
PRONK, A., ROOY, I.V. and SCHINKEL, P. Double-curved surfaces using a membrane mold. IASS Symposium 2009: Evolution and trends in design, analysis and construction of shell and spatial structures. Valencia, Sept. 2009.
RAUN C. and KIRKEGAARD P.H. Adaptive mold: A cost-effective mold system linking design and manufacturing of double-curved GFRC panels. 17th international congress of GRCA-GRC, Dubai, April 2015.
SCHIPPER, H.R., Double-curved precast concrete elements: Research into technical viability of the flexible mold method. Directed by Vambersky, J.N.J.A. and Van Breugel, K. PhD dissertation. Delft University of Technology, Department of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, 2015.
SCHMIEDER, M. and MEHRTENS, P. Cladding freeform surfaces with curved metal panels: a complete digital production chain. Advances in Architectural Geometry. Wien: Springer, 2012.
THIBAUX, T., et al. Construction of an Ultra High Performance Fibre Reinforced Concrete thin shell structure over the Millau Viaduct toll-gates. 6th International RILEM Symposium on Fibre Reinforced Concretes. M. di Prisco, R. Felicetti and G.A. Plizzari (ed.). Varenna: RILEM Publications SARL, 2004.
VAUDEVILLE, B., et al. How irregular geometry and industrial process come together: a case study of the “Fondation Louis Vuitton Pour la Création”, Paris. Advances in Architectural Geometry. Wien: Springer, 2012.
This journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License

domain: literature


What is the difference between Emerson's inverter and power saver?
Many people have no clear details about the Emerson Inverter and Power Saver understanding. Power saver is generally divided into lighting fixtures and power saver. Using high-voltage filtering and energy absorption skills, the energy of the reverse potential of the high-voltage power equipment is actively absorbed, and the feedback is returned to the load, which saves the part of the electric energy from the high-voltage power grid. Here's a brief introduction to the difference between them. It is mainly introduced to you from six aspects.
Power Saver is different from Emerson's frequency converter mainly because:
1, frequency conversion technology is only one of many power saving technologies, including power saving technology including voltage limiting current limiting , power factor compensation, phase control power adjustment, frequency conversion, chopping, filtering, energy feedback and other technologies, even for the power saver using the frequency conversion principle, the frequency converter is only a unit in the power saver; Second, the development and design of Power Saver takes into account the various control requirements of the application site, with various control functions that facilitate field operation, such as temperature, pressure closed-loop control and other functions;
Third, in many industrial sites, direct wiring installation of the inverter does not meet electrical specifications, and it is easy to cause various safety accidents. Installing a complete set of power saver can reduce the occurrence of accidents;
> Fourth, the development and design of Power Saver fully considers the safety protection of the built-in inverter, set lightning protection circuit, overvoltage protection circuit and fault alarm function, to avoid accidental damage of the inverter itself.
5, according to the actual needs of the production site, the power saver generally built a high-performance bypass system, in the case of unexpected failure of the speed control unit, can still ensure the smooth progress of on-site production. 6. It is well known that the frequency converter generates certain harmonics during the working process. In many production sites, a large amount of harmonic interference often causes equipment malfunction and even damage, and research and development of the power saver. When designing, large-scale power-saving enterprises generally install harmonic filtering devices inside the power saver for the harmonic situation of the site, and filter out most of the harmonics in situ, which is crucial for the safety production of the customer. .
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text:
- Research article
- Open Access
In vitro transfer of methicillin resistance determinants mecA from methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) to methicillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)
BMC Microbiology volume 17, Article number: 83 (2017)
Staphylococcus aureus more than any other human pathogen is a better model for the study of the adaptive evolution of bacterial resistance to antibiotics, as it has demonstrated a remarkable ability in its response to new antibiotics. This study was designed to investigate the in vitro transfer of mecA gene from methicillin resistant S. aureus to methicillin susceptible S. aureus.
The recipient transconjugants were resistant to erythromycin, cefpodoxime and were mecA positive. PCR amplification of mecA after mix culture plating on Luria Bertani agar containing 100 μg/mL showed that 75% of the donor and 58.3% of the recipient transconjugants were mecA positive. Additionally, 61.5% of both the donor cells and recipient transconjugants were mecA positive, while 46.2% and 41.75% of both donor and recipient transconjugants were mecA positive on LB agar containing 50 μg/mL and 30 μg/mL respectively.
In this study, the direction of transfer of phenotypic resistance as well as mecA was observed to have occurred from the donor to the recipient strains. This study affirmed the importance of horizontal transfer events in the dissemination of antibiotics resistance among different strains of MRSA.
Staphylococcus aureus is a good model better than any other human pathogen that exemplifies the successful adaptation to the therapeutic effect of antibiotics as it has demonstrated a unique ability in rapidly acquiring resistance to new antibiotics. It is one of the pathogens though extensively studied but yet, still surprises us with new and dynamic means of antibiotic resistance development.
The increase in antimicrobial resistance has coincided with the rate of widespread use of antibiotics. A strong selection pressure towards resistance among bacteria was promoted by the application of antibiotics in the fields of veterinary and human medicine as well as in animal husbandry . It has been observed that the management of infectious disease is greatly threatened by the increase in the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Factors responsible for the development of resistance are associated with mobile genetic elements carrying genomic islands such as conjugative plasmids and transposons which are known to facilitate the transfer of resistance genes to other bacteria through horizontal gene transfer . There is an increasing concern with regards to the emergence of MRSA as a common cause of hospital-acquired infections. This is because, majority of MRSA strains are multi-resistant, a feat achieved by the acquisition of extra resistance determinants such as conjugative plasmid carrying gentamicin resistance .
The site specific integration of the staphylococcus cassette chromosomes mec (SCCmec) into the genome of S. aureus at a region called the SCCmec insertion or attachment site is facilitated by a cassette chromosome recombinase (ccr) gene. [3, 4]. These recombinases function as dimers which in the case of ccrAB, facilitates the integration of SCCmec into the chromosome of S. aureus. This is achieved by attaching it to the core recognition site, one on the staphylococcal chromosome and the other on the SCCmec itself (attB and attSCC) . The attB is a 15 base pair sequence found on the chromosomal end in the open reading frame of unknown origin (orfX) also known as the universal integration site for SCCmec. The integration of the SCCmec into the genome culminates into the formation of two hybrid site at either ends of the SCCmec dubbed the attL and the attR . It is well-established that methicillin susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) became methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) following the acquisition of genomic island carrying methicillin resistance determinant mecA . However, the evolutionary origin as well as detail mechanism of transfer mecA is not fully understood [4, 7, 8].
In general, there are no studies available on the molecular investigation on antibiotic resistance transfer between MRSA and MSSA using isolates from human and animals and at different concentration of antibiotic marker. The increase in the emergence of highly pathogenic strains of methicillin resistant S. aureus and its impact on public health is becoming a major problem for prevention and control of MRSA. It is important therefore to investigate the mechanism of in vitro antibiotic resistance transfer and the role it plays in the emergence of highly resistant strains with a view to ensure effective prevention and control of S. aureus infection. This study was designed to investigate the in vitro transfer of methicillin resistance determinant mecA from MRSA to MSSA using mix liquid culture plating and PCR amplification of methicillin resistance gene mecA and orfX.
Bacterial strains and culture conditions
Six (6) methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and four (4) methicillin susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) strains isolated from humans (SH1, SH4 and SH8), animals (SDG2, SDG3, SDG4, SEQ1, SEQ5 and SCH4) and environment (SEV1) obtained from previous studies as reported by Aklilu et al. [9, 10] were used in this experiment. The isolates were collected from 2008 to 2011 from cats and dogs, DVM students and veterinary personnel and were identified as S. aureus using biochemical test and Staphylococcus identification kit, Staphytect plus(R) (Oxoid, UK) and Dry spot™ Staphytect plus (DR0100M, UK) according to the manufacturers recommendation before they were stored in cryobeads tubes at −80 °C as stock cultures. The cryobeads were thawed at room temperature before enrichment in tryptic soy broth and culturing onto a blood agar containing 5% horse. Presumptive isolates were reconfirmed as S. aureus by catalase and tube coagulase test as well as PCR amplification of thermostable nuclease gene (nuc). Phenotypic confirmation of MRSA was done by culturing on Oxacillin Resistance Screening Agar Base media (ORSAB) (Oxoid Basingstoke, UK) while genotypic confirmation was carried out by PCR amplification of methicillin resistance determinant mecA and SCCmec types. The recipient cells were also screened for the presence orfX- SCCmec integration site.
Selection of donor and recipient cells
Donor and recipient cells were purposely selected based on their resistance profile, presence and absence of methicillin resistance determinant mecA, SCCmec types as well as availability of isolates with distinct antibiotic marker (Table 1). The donor cells were selected based on presence of mecA, type of SCCmec and susceptibility to tigecycline and levofloxacin but resistant to erythromycin and cefpodoxime. On the other hand, the recipients cells were mecA negative and resistant to tigecycline, levofloxacin but susceptible to erythromycin and cefpodoxime.
Antibiotic resistance profile of bacterial strains
The antibiotic susceptibility profiles of the studied isolates were determined using disk-diffusion method as described by Bauer et al. . The diameter of the zone of inhibition was measured using a digital Vernier caliper and interpreted according to the guidelines of Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) . Susceptibility of the isolates were determined by testing each isolate against oxacillin 1 μg, cefoxitin 30 μg, cefpodoxime 10 μg, erythromycin 15 μg, amoxicillin 25 μg, tigecycline 15 μg, levofloxacin 1 μg and neomycin 10 μg.
Transfer of antibiotic resistance in mixed liquid cultures
Fresh bacterial cultures were grown in Luria-Bertani broth (LB broth) at 30 °C for 12 h without shaking. Aliquot of 200 μL volume of each donor MRSA cells (resistant to erythromycin and cefpodoxime but susceptible to tigecycline and levofloxacin) and recipient MSSA cells (resistant to tigecycline and levofloxacin but susceptible to erythromycin and cefpodoxime) were adequately mixed in 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tube. The cultures were amplified with another 200 μL of LB broth and incubated for 6 h at 37 °C. Fifty microliter (50 μL) of the mixed cultures containing 105 colony forming unit (CFU/mL) were drawn and plated on separate LB agar containing 100 μg/mL of erythromycin, tigecycline, cefpodoxime and levofloxacin. The procedure was repeated on LB agar containing 50 μg/mL and 30 μg/mL of the same antibiotics respectively and incubated for 24 h at 37 °C. After 24 h, colonies that grow on LB agar containing erythromycin or cefpodoxime were picked as the donors while those that grow on tigecycline or levofloxacin were picked as recipients’ transconjugants. The choices of these antibiotics were made on purpose so that the resistant colonies might represent the transconjugants where the transfer of methicillin resistance determinant mecA had taken place from the donor to recipient strains. Three to four colonies were picked from each of the plates and then inoculated in a freshly prepared LB broth and incubated overnight.
Genomic DNA was extracted from overnight fresh cultures by boiling method as described by Chen et al. . A loopful suspension of overnight grown cultures was prepared in a 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tube containing 100 μL of sterile distilled water. The suspension was first incubated at room temperature for 5 min, and then heated in a dry bath at 96 °C for 10 min. The suspension was centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 5 min, the supernatant was collected in a new microfuge tube and used as DNA template.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay
PCR amplification of gene fragments of mecA (163 bp), orfX (356 bp) and SCCmec types was performed using specific primers and annealing cycling conditions as described in Table 1. All reactions were carried out in a thermal cycler (BIO-RAD) at initial denaturation temperature of 94 °C for 5 min, followed by 30–37 cycles of denaturation at 94 °C for 1 min, elongation at 72 °C for 1 min and final elongation at 72 °C for 5 min. The reaction was carried out in a 50 μL reaction volume which contained 5 μL genomic DNA, Toptaq master mix 25 μL (Qiagen), containing DNA polymerase, PCR Buffer (with 3 mM MgCl2), and 400 μM each dNTPs, 10× coral load 5 μL (Qiagen); 1 μL (0.1 μM) of each forward and reverse primer (Integrated DNA technologies, Singapore) and 13 μL of RNase free water (Qiagen).
Agarose gel electrophoresis
Electrophoresis of the amplified PCR products was carried out in 2% agarose (Sigma-Aldrich) prepared in a 0.5X Tris-Borate EDTA (TBE) buffer. Ten microliter (10 μL) of PCR product each was loaded in a well of submerged gel. The PCR products were then subjected to electrophoresis at 80 V for 90 min. The gel was stained with Gel Red (Invitrogen) 2 μL/100 mL of agarose gel. The stained electrophoresed PCR products were visualized under the transilluminator UV-light using a gel documentation system alpha imager (BIO-RAD).
Sequencing of mecA gene to validate the transfer events
Amplified chromosomal DNA containing the gene fragment of mecA (Fig. 1a and b) were sequenced using the BigDye(R) Terminator v3.1 cycle sequencing kit (Applied Biosystems, USA). The electropherograms of the DNA sequence obtained from the eight isolates were checked for any ambiguity using BioEdit v7.0.9 . The derived sequences were then subjected to multiple alignment sequence as in ClustalX (http://www.clustal.org/clustal2/)  using default parameters in order to obtain a consensus sequence. The consensus nucleotide fragments were then translated to protein using translating tool ExPasy (http://web.expasy.org/translate/)  and the open reading frame with was detected. This is to ensure that the mecA sequence were genuine and not due to errors arising from PCR which may introduce a shift in the frame and stop codons in the sequence.
Antibiotic resistance profiles of donor, recipient, and transconjugants
All isolates were catalase, tube coagulase and nuc positive. All donor cells were susceptible to levofloxacin while two isolates (SH4 and SDG3) were resistant to tigecycline and cefpodoxime and in addition to oxacillin, cefoxitin, erythromycin, amoxicillin and neomycin (Table 2). The recipient cells were all susceptible to erythromycin, amoxicillin and levofloxacin with the exception of one isolate (SCH4). Additionally, three isolates (SDG4, SH8 and SEQ1) were resistant to tigecycline, two (SDG4 and SH8) for oxacillin and one isolate each (SEQ1, SH8) resistant to cefpodoxime, cefoxitin, and neomycin respectively (Table 2). The result of mix liquid culture plating on separate LB agar each containing antibiotics 100 μg/mL of erythromycin and cefpodoxime for selection of donor cells, tigecycline and levofloxacin for selection of recipient transconjugants, revealed two types of progeny cells; the donor cells which were resistant to erythromycin, cefpodoxime, oxacillin, cefoxitin, amoxicillin and neomycin and the recipient transconjugants were resistant to levofloxacin, tigecycline and neomycin. Similar result was obtained when the mix cultures were plated on LB agar containing 50 μg/mL and 30 μg/mL respectively. However, there was no growth when SEQ5 and SEQ1 were plated on LB agar containing 100 μg/mL of erythromycin and tigecycline but, growth was observed when the same cultures were plated on LB agar containing 50 μg/mL and 30 μg/mL erythromycin and tigecycline. But, the transconjugants were all mecA negative (Table 4).
Methicillin resistance determinants (mecA) profiles of donor, recipient, and transconjugants
All donors used in this study were mecA positive and have the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec a mobile genetic elements that harbors the mecA a determinant of methicillin resistance (Fig. 2). The presence of this structure in each donor isolate is to further confirm that the donor has the mecA gene. Additionally, the presence of mecA in the isolates helps to further categorize our isolates either as hospital acquired MRSA or community acquired MRSA. On the other hand, the recipient strains were mecA negative but positive for the orfX gene (Fig. 3). PCR amplification of methicillin resistance gene mecA after mix liquid plating on agar containing 100 μg/mL revealed that 75% (9) of the donor cells and 58.3% (7) of the recipient transconjugants cells were positive for mecA (Table 2). However, when cultures where plated on agar containing 50 μg/mL and 30 μg/mL respectively, 61.5% (8) of both the donor cells and recipient transconjugants were positive for mecA while only 46.2% (7) and 41.75%(5) of both donor cells and recipient transconjugants were mecA positive (Table 3).
Validation of the mecA status of the progeny daughter cells
The methicillin resistance determinants mecA of progeny daughter cells after mixed liquid culture plating were determined using PCR assay. The amplified PCR products were then sequenced and analysed and the resultant consensus sequences shows 100% similarity in the nucleotide identity with the parent donor and recipient cells.
The rapid acquisition and worldwide dissemination of resistance determinants in MRSA is becoming a major veterinary and public health problem. This study was designed to investigate the in vitro transfer of antibiotic resistance from methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) to a methicillin susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) using mix liquid culture plating. A number of studies have demonstrated the significance of horizontal transfer of resistance determinants from MRSA to MSSA as well as the role of PCR and selective antibiotics resistance markers in determining the direction of transfer [17–19].
In this study, growth observed on plates on LB agar containing 100 μg/mL of erythromycin-tigecycline, erythromycin-levofloxacin and cefpodoxime-levofloxacin each were considered as the transconjugants. Colonies on erythromycin and cefpodoxime plates were considered as donor cells while colonies that grow on tigecycline and levofloxacin plates were considered as recipient cells or transconjugants respectively. The antibiotic susceptibility profiles of the transconjugants when a dog isolate SDG2 serving as the donor strain was combined in a mix liquid culture plating with a human isolates SH8 serving as the recipient strain, revealed a transconjugants with a similar resistant profile to that of the donor strain as shown in (Table 4). The transconjugants were resistant to oxacillin, cefoxitin, erythromycin, amoxicillin, cefpodoxime, neomycin and tigecycline but sensitive to levofloxacin. Similar result was obtained when the same donor SDG2 was combined in a mix liquid culture plating with a different recipient strain SDG4 both isolated from dog. All the transconjugants were mecA positive, thus, indicating that transfer of methicillin resistance between the donors to recipient cell had occurred. Phenotypic transfer of cefoxitin, cefpodoxime, and erythromycin and amoxicillin resistance was also observed to have occurred from the donor strain to the recipient strains. Transfer of phenotypic resistance to tigecycline was also observed to have occurred from the recipient to the donor strain. This transfer was possible, because resistance to beta lactams and macrolides antibiotics are plasmid coded and transfer of resistance have been known to have occurred in the absence of detectable conjugative plasmid . Majority of MRSA possesses the conjugative plasmid belonging to the PGO1/pSK41 lineage which carries an identical transfer gene and oriT sequences. These plasmids carry multiple antibiotic resistance genes which are known to be transferable between different staphylococcal species . In addition, conjugative plasmid transfer and transposition of resistance gene have been reported in S. aureus . Similar result was obtained when the mix cultures were plated on LB agar containing 50 μg/mL and 30 μg/mL of appropriate antibiotics however only one (SH8) of the two recipient transconjugants was positive for mecA gene. Even though MRSA does not have a detectable conjugative plasmids coding for the tra gene as in other bacteria which facilitate the transfer of resistance gene and subsequent emergence of strains with new form of resistance characteristics, evidence abounds that gene transfer events have been reported to have occurred [4, 22]. Therefore, this may be due to the transfer of phenotypic resistance as well as determinants of methicillin resistance mecA between the donor and recipient strains was possible.
However, when another dog isolate SDG3 was used as the donor strain and combined with poultry isolate SCH4 resistant to levofloxacin as recipient strain in a mix liquid culture plating, the donor transconjugants had a similar profile with the parent donor strain which was resistant to oxacillin, cefoxitin, cefpodoxime, tigecycline, erythromycin, amoxicillin and neomycin while the recipient transconjugants was resistant to tigecycline, levofloxacin and neomycin a profile similar to the recipient parent strain. Similar results was observed when grown on agar containing 50 μg/mL and 30 μg/mL of appropriate antibiotics but, the recipient transconjugants were mecA negative. In each case phenotypic antibiotics resistance transfer was observed to have occurred in both direction, with the donor strain transferring resistance to neomycin and tigecycline while the recipient transferred levofloxacin resistance to the donor. Plasmid transfer of resistance to tetracycline, macrolide and quinolones have been reported to have occurred in S. aureus but, at a lower frequency [16, 23, 24]. The resistance to levofloxacin observed in donor transconjugants indicate that phenotypic transfer of resistance to levofloxacin have occurred from the recipient strain to the donor strain and so the direction of transfer can be said to be from recipient poultry isolate to donor poultry isolate while the inability of mecA transfer could be due restriction modification system inherent in the isolates  as transfer of resistant determinants is only possible between S. aureus of the same cluster even though the parent donor and recipient cells were both sourced from animal, yet can be different sequence type.
When a donor cell isolated from the environmental (SEV1) and SCH4 as recipient strains were combined, the transconjugants observed upon plating on agar containing 100 μg/mL and 50 μg/mL of the appropriate antibiotic resistance marker had profiles similar to both the donor and recipient parent cell and were mecA negative. Moreover, the transconjugants on plate containing 30 μg/mL antibiotics had resistance profile similar to the parent donor cells and were mecA positive (Table 4). The presence of mecA positive transconjugants when SCH4 was used as a recipient cell on agar containing 30 μg/mL of antibiotics could possibly be due to the fact that there was actual transfer of mecA from the parent donor cell to the parent recipient cells which was not observed when same isolates were plated on agar containing 100 and 50 μg/mL probably due to the higher concentration of the antibiotics. Thus, the rational for using different concentration of antibiotics, because each isolate had different minimum inhibitory concentration. This was however, not the case when the same donor (SEV1) was combined with a different recipient strain. It was observed that both the donor and recipient transconjugants were resistant to oxacillin, cefoxitin, cefpodoxime, erythromycin, amoxicillin and neomycin but sensitive to tigecycline and levofloxacin a profile similar to the parent donor strain. This however, shows that the transconjugants were more closely related to the parent donor than the recipient. The direction of transfer could not be established since both the donor and recipient transconjugants were susceptible to tigecycline and levofloxacin even though they were mecA positive. This was consistent with the findings of Sabet et al.  where he reported a transconjugants with resistance phenotype different from either the parent donor or recipient. From the results obtained it can be inferred that there was no antibiotic resistance transfer from MRSA to MSSA of animals’ origin and this could be due to the difference in strain or clonal class. The susceptibility of both the donor and recipient cells could be due to the concentration of the antibiotics in the two medium.
Likewise, when a horse isolate SEQ5 was used as the parent donor with a poultry isolate SCH4 and another horse isolate SEQ1 as recipients there was no growth observed on the LB agar containing the donor antibiotic resistant marker erythromycin. Similar result was also obtained when the concentration of the antibiotic marker was used at 50 μg/mL (Table 4). However, the recipient transconjugants had profiles similar to the parent recipient cells and all with the exception of one isolates were all mecA negative. However, this was not the case when the plating was done on 30 μg/mL of appropriate antibiotic resistance marker; the transconjugants observed were having profiles similar to either of the parent cells and were mecA negative. When the same donor was used with a dog isolate as recipient the transconjugants obtained were all mecA negative with profiles similar to both the parent and recipient cells. The inability of transfer to have occurred from the donor to the recipient strains could be the result of the presence of restriction system inherent in the bacteria, restriction system allows the integration of acquired gene to thrive only from bacteria of the same cluster . The presence of an oxacillin positive mecA negative strain can occur due to the presence of the presence of a small colony variants of oxacillin resistant strains which occurred as a result of over production of penicillin binding protein rather than the acquisition of mecA from the donor strains. Additionally, resistance to oxacillin could also occur due to external factors such as the content of the medium which could slightly affect the outcome of the result as an increase in ±0.1 mm in the diameter of inhibition could alter the resistance profile of the isolate.
Furthermore on investigating antibiotic resistance transfer using two of the human isolates (SH1 and SH4) as donor cells with three isolates (SH8, SGD4 and SCH4) serving as recipients cells. The transconjugants obtained when SH1 was combined with SDG4, and SH1 with SH8 all had resistance profiles similar to the parent donor transconjugants and were all mecA positive. However, when SH4 was combined SCH4, the donor transconjugants had profiles similar to the parent donor cells and the recipient transconjugants also had profiles similar to the recipient parent cells and were mecA positive. Similar result was also obtained when mix culture was plated on agar containing 50 μg/mL and 30 μg/mL of antibiotic resistance marker (Table 5). This is in agreement with work of Khan et al.  where he demonstrated the in vitro transfer of erythromycin resistance from a clinical strain to poultry strain. The similarity observed in resistance profiles showed that the transconjugants were closely related to the donor strain than the recipient strain, however, the transfer of mecA shows that the direction of methicillin resistance transfer was from the human to animal isolate.
The use of PCR and antibiotic markers have enable us to determine the direction of transfer of resistance between MRSA and MSSA, however, the different concentration of the antibiotics used did not significantly affect the rate of transfer, as the difference in mecA status of the recipient transconjugants were not much. In this study, it was established that transfer of methicillin resistance determinants mecA have occurred from MRSA to MSSA at different concentration of antibiotic resistance marker.
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Methicillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus
Polymerase chain reaction
Open reading frame of unknown origin
- SCCmec :
Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec
colony forming unit
Clinical laboratory standard institute
Oxacillin resistance screening agar base
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The authors thank the laboratory staff at Bacteriology Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, for their kind cooperation throughout the course of this study.
This research has been supported by Universiti Putra Malaysia’s Putra Grant (9428800) and Fundamental Research Grant Scheme, MOHE (5524643). The funds provided by the funding bodies helped in the design, data collection, analysis and interpretation of results.
Availability of data and materials
The dataset during and/or analysed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
AAB designed and carried out the experiment and drafted the manuscript, ZZ designed the work, provided the fund, some of the isolates and critically analyzed the manuscript, SKB designed the work, provided access to the equipment and critically analyzed the manuscript, SO designed the work, critically analysed the manuscript and provided guidance, and NAN provided some of the isolates. Additionally, the authors have read and approved the final version of this manuscript.
The authors declare that they have no competing interest in this section.
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Bitrus, A.A., Zunita, Z., Bejo, S.K. et al. In vitro transfer of methicillin resistance determinants mecA from methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) to methicillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). BMC Microbiol 17, 83 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-017-0994-6
- Horizontal gene transfer
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I'm Tina the Mom behind the blog Mommy's Kitchen. I created this blog in 2008 as an outlet for my love of cooking, baking and recipe sharing. My blog focuses on family friendly recipes, old fashioned country cooking, and whole lot of comfort food. I love creating meals that are simple, delicious, and perfect for bringing my family together at the table.
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Recently our Operations Manager, Daryl Saul, jumped ship to Italy for cycling vacation. He sat down with me to answer a few questions about his trip:
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The Full Information For Learners (Up to date 2020)
CAMAG has produced an utility note describing a easy and speedy HPTLC screening method for steroids and selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) in bodybuilding supplements. Chuck Grassley (R-Iowa) and Sheldon Whitehouse (D-Rhode Island) launched the SARMs Control Act of 2019 The invoice would classify SARMs like Ostarine as managed substances in the identical class as anabolic steroids. Early medical research have demonstrated potential uses for SARMs within the treatment of cancer-associated cachexia, benign prostatic hyperplasia, hypogonadism, and breast most cancers, with constructive results.
A examine revealed within the Journal of the American Medical Association examined the contents of forty four products bought online as containing a SARM This examine discovered that only 52% of the merchandise examined truly contained SARMs, and that 25% of the merchandise examined contained an unlisted ingredient. Each of those could have a slightly different effect in your body, though in general, every SARM will make it easier to construct muscle and lose fats.
All steroidal SARMS have the same testosterone base construction however the addition or subtraction of molecules to testosterone confers unique and therapeutic benefits. Long-time period testosterone gel (AndroGel) remedy maintains beneficial effects on sexual function and temper, lean and fat mass, and bone mineral density in hypogonadal men. SARMs have been studied within the therapy of breast cancer and cachexia and have additionally been used as efficiency-enhancing agents.
One of many main reasons for the development and analysis of SARMs is the decreasing testosterone levels in men also known as as hypogonadism. One other widespread SARM, often known as RAD one hundred forty exhibits promising results in relation to helping customers build muscle mass and power quickly. Among the many various candidate function promoting anabolic therapies which can be in growth, SARMs are the farthest alongside the developmental course.
The invention of these nonsteoidal androgens offered a possibility for the event of a new technology of selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) superior to present androgens. Anabolic and androgenic steroids comparable to testosterone will help people regain muscle and physical operate. SARMs, nevertheless, don't aromatize, which means that they have steroid-like effects, with out the aromatization that comes with most steroids.
As we revealed beforehand here on Pointers Health, SARMs are supplements that improve the degrees of androgens , or male hormones, within the user's body. The study also found that dosages of S4 have been effective to extend LBM and scale back physique fats in intact and ovariectomized rats. SARMs are Selective Androgen Receptor Modulations which are known as efficiency enhancers and is used for a lot of purposes.


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Henry ford and his model t it's easy to get caught up in the latest business ideas flying around, but a lot of wisdom can be found from the past it was over. Henry ford (july 30, 1863 – april 7, 1947) was the american founder of the ford motor company and father of modern assembly lines used in mass productionhis introduction of the model t automobile revolutionized transportation and american industry he was a prolific inventor and was awarded 161 us patentsas owner of the ford company he. How does henry ford's invention impacts lives today save cancel already exists would you like to merge this question into it henry fords' invention of the assembly line changed the world for these reasons: 1 he made the production of assembling cars faster 2 he opened the eyes to creators in the world 3 he gave jobs to. Henry ford (july 30, 1863 – april 7 he explained his views on unions in chapter 18 of my life and work he thought they were too heavily influenced by some leaders who, despite their ostensible good motives, would end up doing more harm than good for workers most wanted to restrict productivity as a means to foster employment, but.
Henry ford: american anti-semitism and the class struggle by nancy russell 18 april 2003 (his recreation of an idyllic agrarian society, an homage to tinkering and invention, stands today as greenfield village—ironically, a paean to a world his life’s work destroyed) baldwin points to the anti-semitic thread within the populism of. How did machine age innovations change american life in the twenties how did fans and critics of the changes, including artists, express their views what longterm effects on american society did they predict from the innovations to what extent were they accurate how does their commentary resemble 21st-century discussion about. American society henry fordã†s impact of ford's model t on american society how fordæs model t changed american society henry ford is rightly regarded as an icon of american society in 1903 when automobiles cost approximately $2,000, making them a luxury affordable only by the wealthy, he determined to build a car for the.
Henry ford became an icon of a self-made man he began life as a farmer's son and quickly became rich and famous although an industrialist, ford remembered the common man he designed the model t for the masses, installed a mechanized assembly line to make production cheaper and faster, and. The 20 most influential americans of all time the trailblazers, visionaries and cultural ambassadors who defined a nation (listed chronologically. Henry ford in the 1920s back next henry ford (1863–1947) was one of america's greatest businessmen, the founder of ford motor company and the man largely responsible for initiating the era of mass-consumption and mass-production in the american economy. The car that changed america: how henry ford's 1908 model t--the first mass-produced and affordable car--sparked the growth of highways, surburbs, and the middle class itself.
Bringing henry ford's fair lane estate back to life help us set the stage to tell the story learn more the fords' legacy fair lane was home to a great american family their impact on society is immense their legacy lives on learn more the fords' legacy fair lane was home to a great american family their impact on society is. Born in 1863, henry ford was the first surviving son of william and mary ford, who owned a prosperous farm in dearborn, michigan at 16, he left home for the nearby city of detroit, where he found apprentice work as a machinist he returned to dearborn and work on the family farm after three years, but continued to operate and service steam.
Although invented in europe the 19th century, henry ford's assembly-line production automobiles in the early 20th century transformed the american way of life.
Henry ford was the founder of the ford motors company, had brought a revolution in the automobile industry this biography of henry ford provides detailed information about his childhood, life, achievements, works & timeline. Henry ford was born on a farm just outside of dearborn, michiganhe attended the local public schools as well as a private grammar school during ford`s youthful years, he showed a great interest in mechanics. What negative effects did the assembly line have save cancel already exists the development of the assembly line had a great impact on societyfor example, it created a great deal of jobs share to: what effect did the assembly line have on the cost of goods it lowered the price of goods share to: what are assembly lines a.
Famed inventor and entrepreneur, henry ford, is credited with revolutionizing the automobile industry with his assembly line manufacturing technique, which dramatically reduced the cost to make an automobile and making it affordable for the masses. Game changer ford celebrates the 100th anniversary of the innovation that made the greatest impact on manufacturing, industry and society as a whole: the moving assembly line. In the age of mass production, a man could change the world with a single idea henry ford had several with the model t, ford was not the first to conceive of a car for the masses, but was the first.

domain: economics


Still remember the stunning fashion portraits taken with the Petzval 85 by Issa Ng? The Hong Kong based fashion photographer has once again ventured into an all-new photography project, showcasing his creative sensibilities with the LC-A 120 camera and LomoChrome Purple Film.
In this quick interview, he talks about the said project and shares his impression of LomoChrome Purple film.
Please tell us about the theme for this series of photos.
The theme is “Two of me.” I feel that we all have two sides of faces in us. I wish to project this idea in this series.
Why did you choose to shoot with the LomoChrome Purple?
This theme is quite personal and mysterious. LomoChrome Purple suits the theme the best, because the images are between imagination and reality.
What’s your impression of LomoChrome Purple?
It surpasses my expectations, as it renders color very differently. You have to imagine the final result before shooting the photos. Sometimes you will still be surprised when the final photos come out!
What else would you like to shoot with LomoChrome Purple?
I would love to use it to shoot some fashion portraits and it will surely look very special and beautiful!
Petzval Artist: The Aesthetics Of Photographer Issa Ng
First Impressions of the Petzval 58 Bokeh Control Lens by Fashion Photographer Issa Ng
Portside Fashion Photos with New Petzval 58 by the Talented Issa Ng
Think fast, shoot faster! Get show stopping square photos on 120 film with the glowing colors, shadowy vignettes & fine contrasts of the legendary LOMO LC-A. With tons of features including a 0.6m closest focusing distance, 4 step zone focusing, multiple exposures, long exposures with rear curtain flash, cable release & tripod thread, a fantastic wide angle glass lens & programmatic automatic exposure – this is your new pocket perfect 120 camera!


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[Ed. – This is so much better than just enforcing our border in the first place. How unsporting it would be to admit only applicants who didn’t have criminal records.]
Of those arrested during the operation, 80 percent had prior criminal convictions and/or pending criminal charges. …
Some of the convictions included sexual assault on a minor, child abuse, possession of narcotics, distribution of narcotics, extortion, DUI, fraud, domestic violence, theft, possession of a weapon, robbery, promoting prostitution, aggravated assault, resisting arrest, endangering the welfare of a child, credit card fraud, insurance fraud, shoplifting and illegal reentry.
This operation was pre-planned and not as a result of the New Jersey Attorney General’s Directive last week limiting local and state law enforcement cooperation with ICE. ICE will of necessity have to conduct additional enforcement operations, if local police departments and county jails do not refer criminals and gang members they encounter to ICE for review and possible arrest on immigration violations.

domain: law


It's official. The drought is back, and mandatory cutbacks in water consumption are imminent.
Water reserves are at or approaching historic lows in both Lake Mendocino (see at right) and Lake Sonoma. With seasonal rainfall totals for the year also running well below normal, the outlook is not encouraging.To monitor how conditions are progressing--or not-- you can use this like to see the Sonoma County Water Agency's graphs of declining water supplies in Lake Mendocino and Lake Sonoma(pdf).
Amidst all the agricultural and economic impacts of the drought, Dick Butler of the National Marine Fisheries Service pointed out the obvious--that it is also bad news for fish.
To help get a jump on the rationing that is almost certainly coming our way, here are the Sonoma County Water Agency's
Top 10 Water Conservation Tips:
- Reduce outdoor watering by one day a week
- Find and repair leaks now
- Inspect and tune-up your sprinkler system monthly
- Water between midnight and 6:00 a.m. to reduce water loss from evaporation and wind
- Use a broom, not a hose, to clean your driveway, deck or patio
- Use a bucket and a hose with an automatic shut-off nozzle when you wash the car, or take your car to a carwash that recycles
- Cover pools and hot-tubs to reduce evaporation
- Use front-load washing machines
- Run the dishwasher and clothes washer with full loads only
- Prevent and report water waste


Posted on November 20, 2016 by Bryan Zarpentine
Just a few months after trading him to the Baltimore Orioles, the Tampa Bay Rays appear to have interest in bringing back free agent Steve Pearce, a versatile utility man. A report coming out of Tampa Bay suggests the Rays have “serious interest” in signing Pearce. That report comes on the heels of the Rays trading Richie Shaffer to the Mariners, creating the need for a right-handed hitter who can platoon at first base with Brad Miller, a description that fits Pearce perfectly.
Coming into the offseason, the Rays were expected to be more active in the trade market than with free agents, but Pearce seems to have made a strong impression on the Rays in just 60 games with them in 2016. Pearce signed with Tampa Bay last offseason after more than three years in Baltimore, only to be traded back to the Orioles at the trade deadline.
In those 60 games with the Rays, Pearce hit .309 with 10 home runs and 11 doubles, helping him post a .908 OPS despite missing a month with a hamstring injury. After the trade to Baltimore, Pearce was less impressive, hitting just .217 with three home runs in 25 games before succumbing to a season-ending arm injury.
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It stands to reason that the 34-year old’s value on the market could be hurt by the arm injury that ended his season in 2016. His struggles late in the season with the Orioles could also be an issue. Nevertheless, he brings plenty of defensive versatility, as Pearce can play first base, both corner outfield spots, and even second base and third base on occasion. That versatility, combined with the power at the plate he’s showcased over the past three seasons, makes him an attractive complementary player on the free agent market this winter.
The Rays aren’t expected to spend much this offseason, but they may be willing to make an exception for Pearce at the right price. In addition to being part of a platoon with Miller at first base, Pearce could also see time at DH and in Tampa Bay’s outfield, as the Rays have some question marks there depending on the health of Steve Souza Jr. coming off a season-ending hip injury in 2016.
Of course, the Rays are not the only team interested in signing Pearce. The Blue Jays and Mets are both reportedly showing interest. Of course, both teams likely see him as a backup option if they can’t sign their top choices, while the Rays appear to have Pearce towards the top of their free agent wish list.
In Toronto, Pearce may actually have a chance to be the every day first baseman if they don’t re-sign Edwin Encarnacion, depending on how they view Justin Smoak. Pearce could also add some much-needed pop to Toronto’s outfield if the Blue Jays don’t make a significant addition to the group they already have. Meanwhile, the Mets are still waiting out a possible return for Yoenis Cespedes, but Pearce could be a suitable backup plan for New York is Cespedes or a comparable player can’t be signed.
The fact that the Rays could make Pearce more of a priority than the other teams showing interest in him could help persuade him to return to Tampa Bay. That could leave the door open for the Rays to sign Pearce relatively quickly. However, Pearce may want to wait out other free agent signings to see if the market opens up for him among teams like the Blue Jays and Mets who don’t get their first choice signing.


All Ones and Zeros
The Early Years
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Not 'completely disinfected' sewage spills into river
Winter storm causes outage at wastewater treatment plant
Six million gallons of sewage has spilled into the Rio Grande.
A spokesman for the water authority said the sewage made its way from the wastewater treatment plant on Albuquerque's south side into the Rio Grande. Those who live downstream are being warned to avoid river water after investigators found high levels of E. coli in it.
It happened last Friday during the winter storm. That's when there was a power outage for the main system at the plant, according to the water authority.
The backup system also went down.
"It had gone part way through the treatment process, but it had not been completely disinfected before it escaped from the plant," said David Morris, a water authority spokesman.
The Isleta Pueblo sent out a letter telling residents to avoid direct contact with water from the Rio Grande until E. coli levels go down.
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Water authority officials said as far as they know, no people or livestock have gotten sick. State, federal and water authority investigators are trying to find out what went wrong at the plant.


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This week on the blog, I have been looking at a passage from Ezra that I came across in my daily reading through the Chronological Bible.
In Chapter 7 of this book, Ezra has received the blessing of the pagan King Artaxerxes to return to Jerusalem and rebuild the Temple. Ezra is given a letter of passage, provisions and the oomph to insure that the powers that be along the way also contribute to this band of people who are making their way back home.
The focus of my thoughts though comes from the portion of Scripture found in Chapter 8, verses 21-23.
Because as Ezra and the people were ready to set out across around nine hundred miles…with women and children and elderly people…all they owned…he stopped, dropped and prayed.
He proclaimed a fast and cried out to God to protect them as they made their way.
They were toting a fair amount of gold, thanks to the King.
They were vulnerable.
But they had been bold.
Ezra had told the King he didn’t need an army to go with him and the people.
Apparently Ezra had boasted in God.
And it wasn’t because he didn’t believe his God was able that he stopped.
It was because as he and the people who had settled and made a life now stood with all they knew of their comfort zone behind them and the vast unknown before them, what they knew for sure was…they were vulnerable to attack.
There were enemies along the way who had great interest in what they could pillage of their treasure and no interest at all in their well fare and safe passage.
I am thinking this morning of some children I love dearly scattered across this vast country of ours.
They carry a treasure of eternal value in their sweet little jars of clay.
There is an enemy that desires nothing more than to sideline and strip them of it.
He is powerful and crafty and has many agents working at his bidding.
But I have boasted in my God.
So this morning, I bend my knee to the God of heaven and I ask Him for safe passage for those I love as they cross the unknown turf of today and head toward the promise of tomorrow.
Is the Bible relevant to us today?
It is indeed.
Be blessed dear ones.
You are loved and your passage is being covered in prayer today <3


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The San Lorenzo Valley Band "Mountain Drive" will perform at the Northern California Bluegrass Society's Good Old Fashioned Bluegrass Festival at Bolado Park, just south of Hollister.
The festival has been held each summer since 1994 and features three days of acts on the main stage, as well as a side stage for impromptu pickers between main acts.
There is a tree-filled, shady campground for tent camping and a spacious meadow for RVs. The kid friendly event also sports a Kids on Stage program for budding bluegrass musicians and a wonderful volunteer-staffed crafts and activities corrall next to the audience area.
For more information visit the NCBS website.

domain: entertainment


Oil-fired boilers work in a similar way to gas boilers, but by burning oil instead of gas however, whereas gas boilers draw gas from the mains supply, there is no mains oil supply: you'll need to have your oil supply delivered and stored in a tank. You've installed the boiler now, but some newer boilers boast an "intelligent.
A combi boiler is an ideal choice for small to medium households with one bathroom as it provides effective hot water and heating instantly, but, as mentioned, a combi boiler is not ideal for households where hot water is needed from multiple sources simultaneously for instance, if someone is in the shower or running a bath, someone else would struggle.
As a plumber, you may work outdoors and indoors, alone or with a team of other construction professionals the work can be physically demanding – you may have to stand or crouch for long periods of time, and you may have to lift heavy materials. This will not cover the cost of installing the replacement boiler. Subject to an annual service at the customer's expense 10-year warranty option only available.
Here are examples of such factors which are likely to increase the boiler installation cost. Once it‘s all done, you’ll receive a customer care package with the warranty details, service plan as well as helpful contacts. When you invite a heating engineer to give you a quotation for a new boiler, it should not be a quick conversation we think a good installer should take the time to conduct a full.
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A good boiler installation company will be able to provide you with impartial advice on which type of boiler is best for you however, you should already have decided which type of fuel you want the appliance to run on before looking at boiler installers in manchester. Highly skilled teams comprising two engineers are fully equipped to undertake both. These infrared images show a.
Whenever i call my ep sales rep (kevin), he takes care of me i'm very satisfied in fact, he's one of the best reps around he is the only salesman from a rep company willing to call me directly; otherwise, i have to go through my wholesalers which takes extra time i don’t have if i have an issue, he takes care of it.”. We’ve briefly touched on drain rods and caustic soda but what else do you need to unblock.


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While Morocco’s youth enjoy good health, education and economic opportunity are important areas for continued investment.
Morocco scores close to the median, placing it 16th overall and in the middle tier of countries in the Index. It ranks 5th in health, but has lower ranks in the economic opportunity and education domains.
Fifth in health, Morocco’s rate of youth self-harm fatalities (12 per 100,000 youth) is below the Index average (16 per 100,000) and has decreased steadily since 1960. The adolescent fertility rate of 31 births per 1,000 women also outperforms the Index average of 42. This figure has stayed consistent since 2000.
The country’s low rate of youth interpersonal violence (5 deaths per 100,000 youth) drives Morocco’s high scores in the safety and security domain, where it ranks 9th. Road fatalities among young Moroccans (20 per 100,000 youth) are also relatively low compared to the Index average of 34.
Morocco’s scores for education, economic opportunity, and citizen participation are below the Index average. Several factors explain the country’s rank in these domains. Morocco is 27th in lower secondary completion rates, where 68 percent of students graduate, and 23rd in secondary enrollment, with 69 percent of students enrolled.
Economic opportunities for youth are limited in Morocco; the country ranks 27th in this domain. Despite some growth, GDP per capita (US$3,240) remains lower than the Index average ($15,847). Early-stage entrepreneurial activity among youth has declined from 13 percent in 2011 to 6 percent in 2016. The youth unemployment rate also increased from 15 percent in 2004 to 20 percent in 2014.
Only 10 percent of Moroccan youth surveyed indicate that they had volunteered in the past month. The country received a score of 5 out of 10 for democracy as measured by the Economist Intelligence Unit’s Democracy Index.
The Global Millennial Viewpoints Survey
Moroccan youth have mixed perceptions about their wellbeing overall. Despite a low economic opportunity score, 63 percent of youth surveyed think that their standard of living will be better than that of their parents.
Forty-six percent of youth that participated in the survey are satisfied with the educational system or school where they live.
Seventy-five percent of youth surveyed agree that women should have all the same rights as men.

domain: sociology