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The concept of Media Literacy derived from England in the 1930s (Cubbage, 2018). It is a classical concept which has been characterized by Western knowledge and perspectives for many years. In 1992, the American media literacy research center defined media literacy as follows: the ability to interpret and create personal meaning from the hundreds, even thousands of verbal and visual symbols we take in everyday through television, radio, computers, newspapers and magazines, and of course advertising. It’s the ability to choose and select, the ability to challenge and question, the ability to be conscious about what’s going on around you and not be passive (Thoman, 1999). Several years later, Siverblatt and Eliceiri in their Dictionary of Media Literacy define media literacy as a critical-thinking skill that enables audiences to decipher the information that they receive through the channels of mass communications and empowers them to develop independent judgments about media content (Siverblatt & Eliceiri, 1997; Potter, 2010). In short, it is the skillful collection, interpretation, testing and application of information regardless of medium or presentation for some purposeful action (Anderson, 1981; Potter, 2010). Though it has several names of similar significance such as media education, media literacy and so on, most scholars agree and accept the use of “Media Literacy” to describe it in China (Zhao & Zhang, 2015).
Since media literacy was introduced into China in the 1990s, it has developed rapidly in China. Many scholars in China have combed the development frontier and trend of media literacy related fields outside China. For example, Yiqun Geng and Yue Xu (2014) combed the research status and development trend of media literacy courses outside China; Mengcheng Zhao and Weiqin Liu (2015) studied the history, problems and development trend of media literacy education in the United States; Yiqun Geng and Pengfei Wang (2016) reviewed the evolution trend of EU media literacy policy in the digital environment. Meanwhile, the development frontier and trend of media literacy related fields inside China were also combed by some researchers. Pengze Wu and Shiyou Du (2011) analyzed and summarized the results of College Students’ media literacy research conducted from 2004 to 2010, and Li Zhao & Shuyu Zhang, (2015) analyzed the research hotspot and trend of media literacy conducted from 2012 to 2013.
Based on the background listed above and combined with CiteSpace 5.2 visual analysis tool, bibliometric analysis was used to sort out, analyze and present the research achievements of media literacy from 2010 to 2019 in China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), where most papers of researches conducted by Chinese are published. By analyzing the distribution of authors, research institutions and keywords co-occurrence among the media literacy researches, etc., the development trend and research context of media literacy in China in the past decade are being visually shown. In this way, the follow-up researches may obtain some references.
2. Data Source and Visual Tool
2.1. Data Source
The sample used was selected from CNKI, which is the world’s largest Chinese journal full-text database, and has abundant literature resources as well as sound retrieval functions (Fu et al., 2015; Tian et al., 2020). After advanced search was chosen on the website of CNKI, the subject word “media literacy” or “media literacy” (Actually, two different Chinese words were selected as the search field, which were the same after being translated into English) was entered for title search. Additionally, the publication time limit is 2010-2019, and the source category is limited to the database of Chinese Social Sciences Citation Index (CSSCI). The search was conducted on January 10th, 2020. In the end, 992 publications were obtained in total (see Figure 1). Text in the figure is in Chinese instead of English because the search results will be different if displayed in English). Excluding irrelevant publications such as advertisements, notices, press releases, etc., 957 published papers are identified as valid samples.
2.2. Visual Tool
The search results were exported in Refworks format and converted into identifiable data in order to be more suitable for us to analyze by CiteSpace. Then the data were imported into CiteSpace, the visualization software developed by Dr. Chaomei Chen’s team. CiteSpace can measure the paper in a specific field to explore the research hotspot and development trend in a certain discipline or field. The function of keywords co-occurrence analysis in the software can directly reflect the research hotspot and frontier trend in a certain research field. Here CiteSpace 5.2 is used to visually analyze 957 related papers about media literacy in CSSCI database of CNKI from 2010 to 2019. Document time was limited from 2010 to 2019; Time slice was set as 1 year; Document source was selected as “Title”, “Abstract”, “Author Keywords (DE)” and “Keywords Plus (ID)”; Threshold was set as “Top% = 50%”; Visual selection was selected as “Cluster View-Static” and “Show Merged Network”. Then, the knowledge graph was drawn from three aspects of author, research organization and key words of the papers. In addition, we combed the research topics with literature study.
Figure 1. Results of advanced search in CNKI (2010-2019).
3. Visual Analysis
3.1. Number of Media Literacy Papers
Through the quantitative analysis of the papers, the number of media literacy papers between 2010 and 2019 is shown in Figure 2. As is shown, the general popularity of media literacy keeps at a high level. From 2010 to 2012, the number of published papers remained stable, but declined briefly in 2013, and rebounded from 2014 to 2015. By 2016, the number of published papers rose significantly and reached the peak of nearly ten years with 106 papers. However, it is worth noting that the number of published papers decreased significantly in 2017, then reached the lowest level in 2019. In recent years, the overall trend of research has been declining slowly.
It is obvious that we shouldn’t only consider papers published between year 2010 and 2019 while seeking for the reasons. As is known, researches on media literacy have started since around 2000 in China. Actually, theories and practices about media literacy research have become relatively mature when time came to 2010. What Figure 2 does not show is that from 2000 to 2009, the number of papers on media literacy research published each year is increasing year by year. In this period, media literacy research in China is still in the transition period from germination to rapid development. After about ten years of theoretical accumulation, the number of media literacy research papers broke through 100 for the first time in 2010, reaching 104, and from this year on, the number of papers published each year began to stabilize. Although there are some fluctuations in the latter number, especially between the year of 2013 and 2016 there were several fluctuations. This kind of instability exactly confirms the fact that the field of media literacy research has become mature. But it is significant that the amount of papers published in the field of media literacy research is slowly decreasing from the given trend dotted line. One of the most important reasons is that there have been many researches on media literacy and the task of constructing its theoretical framework has been relatively perfect. The development direction of this field will be learned later in this paper.
Figure 2. The number of published papers in CNKI (2010-2019).
3.2. Core Authors and Research Institutions
Select “Author” and “Institution” in the node type of CiteSpace, and the high impact authors and research institutions are shown in Table 1. It can be seen from the table that Shuyu Zhang, Xiaohui Chen, Yanqiu Zhang and Fan Wang are in the top four in terms of the number of publications with greater advantages. Additionally, Communication University of China, Nanjing Normal University, Northeast Normal University and Communication University of Zhejiang are in the top four in terms of the number of publications with greater advantages. Generally speaking, communication universities and normal universities pay higher attention to media literacy than other types of the universities.
In order to find out the core academic groups of media literacy research, a co-occurrence graph of authors of media literacy research (Figure 2) was generated. In the graph, the node is the author’s name; The node size represents the number of published papers; The node ring represents the annual ring; The label size represents the centrality; The lines describe the cooperation between authors. According to the network structure and the clarity of clustering, CiteSpace provides two indexes: module value (Q value) and average contour value (S value), which are used as the basis for evaluating the mapping effect. Generally speaking, Q value in the interval [0, 1] and above 0.3 mean that the community structure is significant. When S value is above 0.7, clustering is highly efficient and convincing. If it is above 0.5, clustering is generally considered reasonable. There are 53 nodes and 18 connections in the author cooperation network. The overall density of the network is 0.0131. Q value is 0.85, which is above 0.3, and S value is 0.23. It shows that the author social group formed by the media literacy research is significant. As is shown in Figure 3, the media literacy research has formed two cohesive research teams with Shuyu Zhang and Xiaohui Chen as the core respectively. Though field of media literacy research is developing continuously, the number of core researchers is relatively small, with only two persons.
Figure 3. The co-occurrence graph of media literacy authors in CNKI (2010-2019).
Table 1. The co-occurrence graph of authors/research institutions of media literacy in CNKI (2010-2019).
In order to find out the core institutions of media literacy research, a co-occurrence graph of media literacy research institutions (Figure 4) was also generated. There are 59 nodes and 11 connections in the institution cooperation network. The overall density of the network is 0.0064. Q value is 0.93, which is above 0.3, and S value is 0.20. It shows that the research institution community formed by media literacy research is significant. As is shown in Figure 4, there are four research institutions with Communication University of China, Nanjing Normal University, Northeast Normal University and Communication University of Zhejiang as the core institutions. However, it is worth noting that there is less cooperation between authors of different media literacy institutions, and the research is relatively scattered, so there is no scientific research group consisting of different institutions.
3.3. Keywords Analysis
3.3.1. Keywords Co-Occurrence Analysis
The keywords with high centrality and frequency represent the common concerns of researchers in a period of time, that is, the research hotspot. As a measure of the power of nodes, centrality reflects the importance of anode in the network. The higher the co-occurrence frequency of keywords and the higher the centrality of points, the more important the nodes are in this field. In addition to the basic research keywords “media literacy” and “media literacy” (Actually, these two Chinese words were similar but different before being translated to English), the co-occurrence graph of media literacy research keywords from 2010 to 2019 is shown in Table 2. The top three keywords with the highest frequency in the field of media literacy research also have the highest centrality, namely, 109 times of “media literacy education” with a centrality of 0.18, then 81 times of “new media” with a centrality of 0.16, and 77 times of “college student” with a centrality of 0.14.
Figure 4. The co-occurrence graph of media literacy research institutions in CNKI (2010-2019).
Table 2. The co-occurrence of media literacy research keywords in CNKI (2010-2019).
From the table listed above, it can be seen that the keyword “media literacy education” has the highest frequency over the last decades in CNKI. As the most practical and operational field of media literacy research, media literacy education research has attracted much attention. Additionally, researches of media literacy education are also growing mature. Now it has become a multi-level, multidisciplinary, cross disciplinary academic field (Livingstone, Papaioannou, Pérez, & Wijnen, 2012). First, for a specific group of people, some scholars have explored the media literacy education research, analysis report and other empirical researches. Second, of different subjects, media literacy education could also be discussed from multiple perspectives. Third, there were some interpretations based on the perspective of media literacy education on social hot topics and events. Forth, different types of media literacy education in specific environment have also been analyzed in CNKI. Fifth, some scholars have learned and analyzed the achievements and experiences of foreign media literacy education for reference. Sixth, a small number of people discussed the transformation and establishment of media literacy education in CNKI. Seventh, some authors studied the media literacy education from different disciplines and their interrelations. Eighth, there were also some researches on the analysis of the practical problems and the interrelations between these problems and media literacy education during the process of media literacy education promoting human progress and social development.
The researches of media literacy education were oriented to college students, middle school students, primary school students and so on. Most of them were empirical researches, and the majority of the topics were related to the design of curriculums. For example, Shuyu Zhang and XiaohuiChen have been devoted to the study of visual culture and media literacy courses for many years. In the study of the development of media literacy education in different countries, that of media literacy in the United States and the United Kingdom is more frequent. Based on the above analysis, it can be concluded that media literacy education will continue to play a dominant role in media literacy research for a long period of time in the future.
In the list of high-frequency keywords, the second and third words are “new media” and “college students”. The reason is not hard to understand. It is mainly because media literacy is information related literacy, and in the new media era and information age, media literacy is more important than before. Meanwhile, with the increasing research on the media literacy of the audience, the research on the media literacy of different types of audience has also increased. Actually, college students are the main research objects of media literacy. Thus, the word “college students” in the context of new media has become one of the high-frequency keywords of media literacy research.
3.3.2. Keywords Clustering Analysis
After setting the threshold value “Top%” to 50%, the keywords clustering Q value was 0.50, and S value was 0.31, which was less than 0.5. This indicated that the clustering was unreasonable. So the threshold was adjusted to c, cc, ccv, then the Q value was changed to 0.50 and the S value was 0.94, which showed that the clustering structure after adjusting the threshold was significant. The result of clustering was of reference value. The clustering results gotten finally are shown in Figure 5, with a total of 18 items. The 18 clustering results are arranged by numbers from 0 to 18 according to the number of keywords contained. The
Figure 5. The keywords clustering graph of media literacy research field in CNKI (2010-2019).
smaller the sequence number is, the more keywords are included in the clustering results, and the larger the category is. In fact, CiteSpace clusters and counts the closely related keywords in the existing co-occurrence network by algorithm, and the one with the largest count in the same cluster is selected as the representative of the category.
As is shown in the figure, “media literacy education”, “new media” and “Internet media literacy” are the largest three among 18 categories. Some reasons and research status about the former two have been elaborated earlier. Now, take a brief look at the latter one, Internet media literacy.
According to the 44th statistical report on the development of China’s Internet, by June 2019, the number of Internet users in China had reached 854 million, an increase of 25.98 million compared with the end of 2018, with a penetration rate of 61.2% and an increase of 1.6% compared with the end of 2018. China’s mobile Internet users reached 847 million, and the proportion of Internet users accessing the Internet through mobile phones reached 99.1%, 0.5 percentage points higher than the end of 2018. At present, there are about 30 million college students in China, all of them are netizens, which play an important role in the development of the network. In August 2018, general secretary Jinping Xi pointed out at the National Conference on propaganda and ideological work: “we must grasp the correct direction of public opinion, and persist in creating a network space where the wind is clear and the gas is positive.” Nowadays people are in an information and digital era of new media. As the number of netizens growing rapidly in China, Internet media literacy begins to enter the sight of researchers.
3.3.3. Keywords Timeline Analysis
In essence, timeline graph is a clustering graph, only adding time to the original clustering graph. Then it shows the development of keywords in each cluster. The evolution of hotspots is shown in Figure 6. In addition, according to the timeline graph it can be roughly concluded that the development of media literacy research in the last decade. The researches related to media literacy began many years ago, and there exist some scholars having been devoted to the media literacy research for a long time in China. Between 2010 and 2019, the researches of media literacy in CNKI had a continuous and stable development, and obviously media literacy education is the most important research hotspot in the field of media literacy. Other topics are significantly less studied than media literacy education. Around 2010, most of the research topics on media literacy are concentrated and single, with media literacy education and related contents as the main research direction. With the passage of time and the popularity of new media technology, the depth of media literacy research has further developed. While media literacy education research remains a heated topic, the scope of media literacy research is gradually expanding, and the content of research is also increasing. This can be seen from the keywords and their clustering result of published papers. Thus, it can be said that the research of media literacy is still in a period of continuous development and rise. In the next long period of time, the research on media literacy will still extend and expand its scope, and absorb more contents of other disciplines for research, becoming a more representative field of interdisciplinary. For example, some people have started to study the policy and government, micro-media and micro-era, new media and self-media, mobile phones and Internet, etc., from the perspective of media literacy.
Figure 6. Timeline graph of media literacy research in CNKI (2010-2019).
3.3.4. Keywords Bursts Term Analysis
Bursts refer to the words that appear more or are cited more frequently in a short period of time. The frontier and trend of the research field can be judged according to the change of the keywords frequency of the burst terms. Figure 7 shows the strongest citation bursts of media literacy keywords. We can see that “media literacy”, “new media”, “college students” and “self-media” are the research hotspots of media literacy. Among them, “media literacy” is mainly reflected from 2016 to 2019, “new media” from 2013 to 2019, “college students” from 2014 to 2019, “self-media” from 2014 to 2019. To a certain extent, the research frontier of media literacy in CNKI is mainly focused on the field of new media and self-media, with the target group mainly college students. Additionally, it can be inferred that researches on new media and self-media among college students are likely to occupy an important position in the next period.
4. Discussion and Conclusion
There are 957 published papers on media literacy included in CSSCI database of CNKI taken as the research object, and the software CiteSpace was used to conduct visual analysis on the authors, research institutions and keywords. In the end, the high impact authors, high impact institutions, research hotspot and development trend of media literacy research in CNKI were revealed. From the analysis results, several conclusions are drawn.
Figure 7. The bursts of media literacy in CNKI (2010-2019) (span: 1 year).
4.1. Status and Trend of Media Literacy Research
In the past decade, the number of published research papers on media literacy in CNKI has a slight decline in the steady development. The topics that get the most attention are “media literacy education”, “new media”, “self-media”, “Internet media literacy”, “college students”, etc.. Although the number of papers published reached a peak in 2016, the peak was not prominent and was a normal fluctuation. On the whole, media literacy research shows a slight and slow downward trend. On the one hand, the research field of media literacy has a relatively complete theoretical basis, and most of the research has been relatively mature (Frau-Meigs & Torrent, 2009). This not only explains why the development of media literacy research is declining now, but also indicates it may slow down the future development of media literacy research. But on the other hand, the research scope of media literacy is very wide (Koltay, 2011), and the integration research with other disciplines needs to be further expanded and explored, which is likely to provide power to its development. Thus, it can be considered that the development of media literacy research will show a relatively stable trend in the future for a long time, but there will be a sustained small decline in this process.
4.2. Relationship between Research Subjects
There are many media literacy research institutions and core researchers in China (Cheung, 2016). From the perspective of research team, normal universities and communication universities pay more attention to media literacy than other types of schools, such as Nanjing Normal University, Northeast Normal University, Communication University of China and Communication University of Zhejiang. As for the core members of the research team, Shuyu Zhang of Nanjing Normal University and Xiaohui Chen of Northeast Normal University are typical representatives. Although various institutions and scholars have made some achievements in the past decade, it is obvious that there is a lack of cooperation among researchers from different teams, and the status of research institutions is alienated from each other. At present, most media literacy researches are just applied research and simple theoretical or practical expansion. It is known that different research institutions and researchers have their own characteristics in media literacy research (Manville et al., 2015), and their ideas and academic resources are different to a certain extent. Thus, if researches that can have a high impact on the field of media literacy research and even the whole academia are to conduct, cooperation is a great way for research institutions and researchers (Franco & Pinho, 2019).
4.3. Evolution and Trends of Research Topics
From the research of high frequency keywords and clustering results, it can be seen that media literacy education has received the most attention in the past decade, and its attention has advantages over other research topics. The high-speed development period of the research topic of media literacy education is from 2010 to 2013, and it has been developing steadily since then; Other research topics such as Internet media literacy, new media, self-media, etc. also got some attention, and although their emergence time is later than the former, the state of their high attention has continued to 2019. This shows that these emerging research topics have a certain vitality (Hobbs, 2006), and they have strong practical significance and research value at present. It is predicted that in the next period of time, research topics such as Internet media literacy, new media and self-media will continue to maintain a high degree of research heat (Hu & Wang, 2007), and the heat of research related to media literacy education will be roughly the same as that of media literacy research, showing a stable and slightly declining research trend.
As an important part of media literacy research and social studies (Stein & Prewett, 2009), school media literacy education is the focus of many researchers in the past. At present, although the government is providing supports for media literacy education, the imperfection of the policy, the lack of teachers and teacher training programs have seriously hindered the implementation and development of media literacy education (Cheung, 2009; Ivanović, 2014). Therefore, the improvement of the policies and the cultivation of media literacy talents are still problems that cannot be ignored in China.
In many figures of analysis results, Internet, public opinion, political education and other terms are mentioned. The trend it presents is that media literacy will continue to expand its research scope (Hu & Wang, 2007). Combined with the current development of media literacy research, media literacy research in the future will be more closely related to society and life, more in line with the development of the times, and with a stronger practical significance and research value (Hu & Wang, 2007), rather than just a kind of theoretical research. At the same time, due to the strong inclusiveness of media literacy (Leurs, Omerovié, Bruinenberg, & Sprenger, 2018), the future research of media literacy will be more interdisciplinary and integrate with more fields (Schwarz, 2003; Geng & Xu, 2014).
4.4. Deficiencies and Limitations of the Conclusions
Although several conclusions and research results have been obtained, it has to say that there are still some shortcomings and limitations in the conclusions. First of all, there are many ways of visual analysis with CiteSpace tools. The results may also produce some differences by using different analysis methods. There are only several analysis methods used here, mainly including keywords co-occurrence analysis, keywords clustering analysis, keywords timeline analysis, keywords burst detection analysis. Secondly, the description of the current situation and the prediction of the trend are both based on the analysis of the existing research visualization data. Due to the limitations of researchers’ vision and ability, it is inevitable that there may be some deviations in the research conclusions, especially in the prediction of trends. Hope that the follow-up research can continue to improve these deficiencies.
This research was supported by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions in China.
Ying Chen designed the research at the beginning. Qi Su analyzed the data, and prepared the first draft of the paper. Ying Chen as the corresponding author contributed to the revision. All authors approved the final draft.
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10 Nutrients You Can Only Get From Plants
The difference between plant foods and animal foods is vast. Although some nutrients can be found in both, there are some that are only found in plants and others that are only found in animal foods. We are omnivores by nature, so it only makes sense that for optimal nutrition, we should follow a balanced diet that includes both plant and animal foods.
However, the recent popularity of the Paleo diet and the Atkins diet has led many people to think that they don’t really need plant protein or other plant nutrients. This is a mistake as there are many nutrients that we can only get from plants.
If you are following one of the popular high proteins, low-carb diets, you could be missing out on some important nutrients that your body really needs.
Keep reading: We have made a list of 10 nutrients that you can only get from plants.
1. Resistant Starch
The most common type of carbohydrates in plant foods are starches. Most starches are well digested, but some are difficult to digest. We call these types of starches “resistant starch. “These starches encourage the colon to grow more beneficial bacteria, which improves colon health. Several studies also show that these types of starches may keep us feeling full longer and limit the amount of sugar that is absorbed by the blood after meals. You can find these resistant starches in most beans, bananas, whole grain cereal, and pasta, and potatoes that have been cooked and then allowed to cool. Resistant starches and regular starches are full of fiber, which is vital for the health and prevention of colorectal cancer, lower cholesterol levels, and a reduced risk of heart disease.
2. Vitamin C
Vitamin C is an essential vitamin for the body and it cannot be found in any useful amount in animal foods. This powerful antioxidant is important for the support of a healthy immune system and the maintenance of connective tissue in the body. A lack of vitamin C can cause a disease called scurvy, which shows itself through mottled skin, fatigue, and in advanced states, it causes uncontrolled bleeding, loss of the teeth, and even death. A diet high in animal foods does not contain enough vitamin C for the body to function properly. You can get vitamin C from the consumption of raw meat and raw liver, but who wants to do that? (Except perhaps your dog). Consuming high levels of vitamin C can improve the health of blood vessels, reduce blood pressure, and even protect the brain from age-related mental decline.
Lignans are polyphenols, not true carbohydrates. You can find lignans in most plant foods, including seeds, especially flax seeds, and whole grains. Lignans are fermented in the intestines. This process turns them into phytoestrogens, which are then absorbed by the blood. Phytoestrogens are very important to our health and have been linked to a much lower risk of heart disease and breast cancer.
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One of the most common flavonoids plant foods, quercetin has been shown in numerous studies to lower blood pressure, fight cancer, and reduce the risk of heart disease. You can find quercetin in many plant foods, including onions, cranberries, apples, cocoa, capers, and garlic.
This is a group of fiber that is also called fructans. These are prebiotic fibers which encourage the health of the colon by stimulating the production of a super healthy type of bacteria called bifidobacterium. Studies show that a diet high in inulin can prevent common digestive problems such as constipation. You can find inulin in artichokes, onion, garlic, leeks, bananas, asparagus, and chicory.
Catechins are an important flavonoid with numerous health benefits. Catechins, such as the kind found in green tea, have been linked in numerous studies to improved blood vessel function and flexibility, lower cholesterol levels, and reduced blood pressure. You can find these healthy catechins in green tea but also in grapes, apricots, pears, apples peaches, cocoa, and red wine.
Pectin is also a member of the prebiotic fiber that is found in many fruits. Pectin actually comes in many forms and can have different health benefits. Pectins encourage the growth of beneficial bacteria in the large intestine, ease problems with chronic diarrhea, and can moderate blood sugar levels after eating. In fact, pectin is so beneficial to the colon that numerous studies have shown that a diet high in pectin rich foods can prevent colon cancer. You can find pectin in most fruits such as bananas, oranges, apples, plums, berries, and guava.
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This is one of the most common flavanones around. Studies have shown that hesperidin can help prevent cancer and the number one killer in the world: Heart disease. It also has antiasthmatic effects. You can find hesperidin mostly in citrus fruits. It is especially high in limes, lemons, and oranges.
Not to be confused with cyanide, cyanidin is the most commonly found type of anthocyanin in fruits and vegetables. Anthocyanins are the antioxidants that give brightly colored fruits and vegetables their magnificent colors. Numerous studies have shown that anthocyanins can reduce the risk of heart disease. Antioxidants are known to kill free radicals that cause damage to our DNA right down to a cellular level. You will find these healthy cyanidins in rainbow-colored fruits and vegetables including blueberries, black currants, red and yellow bell peppers, eggplants, and black raspberries.
This is one of the most widely studied types of fiber and it has been found to be linked with numerous health benefits. Beta-glucans are very effective prebiotics. Once inside the colon, beta-glucans ferment and stimulate the growth of healthy bacteria inside the large intestine. You can find these super healthy beta-glucans in oats, barley, and other whole grains including rice, wheat, sorghum, and rye.
When it comes right down to it, a healthy diet really is plant-based but it includes moderate amounts of animal protein, dairy, healthy fats, seeds, and nuts. Mother Nature really did provide us with everything we need for a healthy body if we would only practice moderation and eat from the wide variety of foods available.

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The Sodexo School Engagement Grant is designed to ensure that every child in the United States grows up with access to enough nutritious food. The programs funded through this grant will engage teachers and students in learning about the incidence of childhood hunger in their community, and in leading meaningful activities that facilitate access to nutritious food for all children, especially those most at risk. The program will be implemented through a service-learning “Semester of Service” focused on childhood hunger. Ten grants of $5,000 will be awarded to qualified programs that engage a minimum of 20 students.
The Undergraduate International Studies and Foreign Language (UISFL) program provides grants to strengthen and improve undergraduate instruction in international studies and foreign languages.
The Teaching American History (TAH) grant program supports projects that aim to raise student achievement by improving teachers’ knowledge, understanding, and appreciation of traditional American history as a separate subject within the core elementary and secondary school curriculum. Grant awards assist local educational agencies (LEAs), in partnership with entities that have extensive content expertise, in developing, implementing, documenting, evaluating, and disseminating innovative, cohesive models of professional development.
The purpose of the Alaska Native Education program is to support innovative projects that enhance the educational services provided to Alaska Native children and adults.
The purpose of this program is to improve student reading skills and academic achievement by providing students with increased access to up-to-date school library materials; well-equipped, technologically advanced school library media centers; and well-trained, professionally certified school library media specialists.
As educational technology transforms teaching and learning, many districts are finding that once-solid acceptable use policies (AUPs) must be updated to reflect students’ and teachers’ increasing use of Web 2.0 technologies and other digital media tools.
To that end, the Consortium for School Networking (CoSN) has released an AUP guide to help school district leaders rethink their internet use policies and how educational technology can best be used to help students get the most out of their time in school.
The new guide addresses the following questions:
- How does policy differ from procedure, and does the difference matter?
- What are the two major approaches used to develop a district’s AUP?
- Is the district’s AUP a part of or the totality of the district’s technology policy?
- What are the key federal laws affecting internet access, safety, and social networking in schools?
- How do state laws or district policies affect school districts’ internet policies pertaining to filtering, AUPs, cyber bullying, and cell phone use?
- Does the increasing prevalence of Web 2.0 and student-owned mobile devices necessitate updating a district’s educational technology policies?
- Where can I find samples of various exemplary AUPs?
- What are some timely, relevant, and useful resources pertaining to the use of Web 2.0 technologies in schools?
James Bosco, principal investigator for CoSN’s Participatory Learning in Schools: Leadership and Policy Initiative, warned that administrators must acknowledge the growing role technology is taking in schools.
“I think we’re fighting a losing battle if the effort is to control it by limiting access and attempting to more or less close the door,” said Bosco. “We have to think about this more in terms of how we work with our students, so it’s not just a matter of forbidding them, but [that] they understand how to use it both for good learning purposes and in an ethical manner.”
The policy questions address the prevalence of Web 2.0 applications and mobile internet devices in schools, and how they affect schools’ safety and access. The guide’s purpose is to help districts in “developing, rethinking, or revising internet policies.”
“I think the new guide that we put out on acceptable use policies, or, as we’re informally calling it, ‘Moving from Acceptable Use Policies to Responsible Use Policies,’ … the point of the conversation today is that school leaders need to start rethinking their basic assumptions,” said CoSN CEO Keith Krueger.
Bosco said that schools have a responsibility to teach their students responsible Web 2.0 tool use.
The American Overseas Research Centers Program makes awards to any American overseas research center that is a consortium of institutions of higher education to enable the center to promote postgraduate research, exchanges, and area studies.
The purpose of the CSP is to increase national understanding of the charter school model (1) by expanding the number of high-quality charter schools available to students across the Nation by providing financial assistance for the planning, program design, and initial implementation of charter schools, and (2) by evaluating the effects of charter schools, including their effects on students, student academic achievement, staff, and parents. The Secretary awards grants to state educational agencies (SEAs) on a competitive basis to enable them to conduct charter school programs in their States. SEAs in turn use their CSP funds to make subgrants to eligible applicants in their State. These subgrants are used for planning, program design, and initial implementation of a charter school, and to support the dissemination of information about charter schools, including successful practices demonstrated by charter schools.
The purpose of this program is to provide grants for eligible entities to develop high levels of academic attainment in English among English learners, and to promote parental and community participation in language instruction educational programs. Projects funded under the Native American and Alaska Native Children in School Program may support the teaching and studying of Native American languages, but must have, as a project objective, an increase in English language proficiency for participating students.


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Terms of the deal were not disclosed.
The electrical equipment company has more than 450 employees. In November, it ranked at No. 25 on the list of the fastest growing private companies in North Texas.
"We are very proud of the company we have built since its founding in 1974," said founder Peter A. Sherman in a statement. "I am pleased to be passing the reins to (CEO) Ron Widup and Oaktree and our entire team is looking forward to the next chapter for Shermco."
Read more from the company on its acquisition.

domain: economics


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The City of North Augusta, SC
North Augusta is a popular city in the state of South Carolina with a total of 20,880 residents living there. North Augusta is ranked as the nineteenth most populated city in South Carolina and the 1477th most populated city in the United States, and is located in Aiken County. The largest nearby city to North Augusta is Aiken, approximately 16 miles from the city center.There are several family restaurants in or near North Augusta, including S & S Truck Stop, Subway, No 1 Chinese Restaurant, Sonic Drive-In and Dairy Queen Spirit. For a larger selection of North Augusta restaurants select our Restaurants tab above. Visitors and residents can enjoy nearby North Augusta Museums, Arenas and/or Golf Courses, including the Augusta Canal, Meadow Garden (Augusta Georgia), Boyhood Home of President Woodrow Wilson, Morris Museum of Art and Fort Discovery. For a more complete list of attractions in or around the city of North Augusta please click on the Attractions tab above. The following airport is located in or near North Augusta:
- Augusta Regional Airport (AGS)
North Augusta, South Carolina Climate and WeatherIn the month of April, North Augusta experiences an average high temperature of 77 degrees Fahrenheit. Low temperaturs in April are usually about 48 degrees with an average rainfall of 2.94 inches. The seasonal climate varies in North Augusta with daytime temperatures averaging 89 degrees in the summer, and 59 degrees in the winter months. Visitors can also expect North Augusta to receive an average of 3.92 inches of rainfall per/month during winter months and 4.05 inches of rainfall per/month in the summer months. The temperature has been known to get as high as 108 degrees in the summer and as low as -1 degrees in the winter so visitors planning a vacation to North Augusta should check the weather forecast to determine proper attire prior to departure. Spring and Fall bring average daytime temperatures of 77 degrees, and nighttime lows of 50.
North Augusta, South Carolina Attractions
1Augusta Canal - , Augusta,
The Augusta Canal is a historic canal located in Augusta, Georgia. The canal connects two points of the Savannah River. It was devised to harness the power of the fall line of the Savannah River for mills, to provide transportation of goods, and to provide drinking water for the city. It is the only canal in the world still used for its original purpose of providing power to textile mills.
2Augusta Civic Center - , Augusta,
The Augusta Civic Center is a 6,777-seat multi-purpose arena, in Augusta, Maine in the US, owned by the city of Augusta.
3Augusta Golf Course - , Augusta,
The Augusta Golf Course is an 18 hole public golf course in Richmond County Georgia. Built in 1927, this Augusta course is open all year. Tee times are accepted up to 1 days in advance and the pro shop phone number for reservations is 706-731-9344. The golf course dress code is as follows: Shirt and shoes required.
Address: 2023 Highland Ave, Augusta, GA 30904
4Boyhood Home of President Woodrow Wilson - , Augusta,
The Woodrow Wilson Boyhood Home, in Augusta, Georgia, is a historic house museum owned and operated by Historic Augusta, Inc. It was designated a National Historic Landmark on October 6, 2008. It was the childhood home of Thomas "Tommy" Woodrow Wilson, 28th president of the United States and proponent of the League of Nations.
5Fort Discovery - , Augusta,
The National Science Center's Fort Discovery, generally known as Fort Discovery, is a popular 128,000-square-foot, children's science exhibition center and museum that is situated in downtown Augusta, Georgia directly across from Riverwalk Augusta. Fort Discovery is a museum that is situated in the former Shoppes at Port Royal, a two-story shopping mall which operated from 1991 to 1994.
6Gertrude Herbert Institute of Art - , Augusta,
Gertrude Herbert Institute of Art is a museum that is situated in Augusta, Georgia, in the home of former Augusta Mayor and United States Senator Nicholas Ware. Olivia Herbert founded the Institute in 1937. The original name for the Institute was the Augusta Art Club; it was later renamed in memorial to Olivia Herbert's daughter, Gertrude Herbert Dunn. The two primary missions of the Institute are art education and visual arts exhibition.
7Hickory Knob Golf Course - Mccormick,
The Hickory Knob Golf Course is an 18 hole resort golf course in McCormick County South Carolina. Built in 1982, this McCormick course designed by Tom Jackson is open all year. For tee time information call the pro shop at 864-391-2450. The golf course dress code is as follows: No tank tops or cutoffs.
Address: Rural Route 1, Mccormick, SC 29835
8Indian Trail Golf Course - , Batesburg-Leesville,
The Indian Trail Golf Course is an 18 hole public golf course in Lexington County South Carolina. Built in 1993, this Batesburg-Leesville course designed by Rudy Raborn is open all year. Tee times are accepted up to 2 days in advance and the pro shop phone number for reservations is 803-532-9010. The golf course dress code is as follows: No tank tops or cutoffs.
Address: 1304 Willis St, Batesburg-Leesville, SC 29006
9James Brown Arena - , Augusta,
The James Brown Arena is a multi-purpose complex, in Augusta, Georgia.
10Jim & Lilie Golf Club - Jackson,
The Jim & Lilie Golf Club is a 9 hole public golf course in Aiken County South Carolina. Built in 1956, this Jackson course designed by Charlie Steed is open all year. Tee times are accepted by calling the pro shop at 803-471-9446. The golf course dress code is as follows: No dress code.
Address: Foreman St, Jackson, SC 29831
North Augusta, South Carolina Hotels
1Microtel Inn & Suites By Wyndham Augusta/riverwatch
2909 River West Drive
Augusta, GA 30907
North Augusta, South Carolina Restaurants
This is a list of North Augusta Specialty Restaurants with addresses and phone numbers, including Truck Stops, Sandwich Shops, Fast Foods & Carry Out and Breakfast & Brunch Restaurants. Happy Dining!
North Augusta Articles
Be the first to contribute an article about this city
If you have been to North Augusta and visited nearby attractions, restaurants, or hotels we would love to hear about it! Families everywhere will benifit greatly from your experiences!

domain: travel


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Sun-kissed lemons, glistening cherries and juicy pears hanging from your tree – just waiting to be picked.
Nothing is sweeter (or more satisfying) than harvesting homegrown fruit from your backyard. Each time you pluck a fruit from your tree, you inevitably wish there was more of it!
That’s where pruning comes in. When you regularly prune fruit trees, you ensure sunlight reaches all parts of the tree. As a result, you get more, higher-quality fruit.
Now, the million-dollar question: when to trim your fruit trees? Is summer pruning good for fruit trees? Read on to find out. You’ll be tasting the delicious rewards of your efforts soon!
Can I prune fruit trees in summer?
The short answer is yes - you can prune fruit trees in summer. In fact, you can trim many fruit trees, including apple and peach trees, any time of the year without doing damage.
Wondering the best time of year to prune fruit trees? It’s when your trees are dormant, usually December through early February.
To pinpoint the right time to prune in your area, wait until the coldest part of winter is over but before your trees start to flower.
Is summer pruning of my fruit trees ever best? If so, what can I trim?
You can prune your fruit tree in summer if your tree is…
- Producing too much fruit
- Getting too large
- Posing a risk due to unsafe limbs
- Being hindered by older, non-producing branches
If this is the case, go ahead and trim your fruit trees back a bit. When pruning fruit trees in summer, focus on minor cuts. Save the extensive pruning for when the tree is dormant.

domain: hobby


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We're talking Kong vs Godzilla, Shin Godzilla, and Conspiracies? All on today's Episode of the Virtually Unedited Movie Podcast. Don't forget to subscribe to our feed or visit our website at virtuallyunedited.com. As always you can email at email@example.com tweet us @VUEMpodcast. Thank you for listening and enjoy!
We saw Get Out! and we are incredibly excited to review this one. We hope you have fun listening cause we had fun reviewing it. Don't forget to leave us a comment at VirtuallyUnedited.com or emain us at firstname.lastname@example.org we'd love to hear from you. Also if you get the chance leave us a review on itunes. Thanks!
We saw John Wick Chapter 2, plus I saw Lego Batman and Fifty Shades Darker. My Special guest today is a good friend Darien who has a youtube channel called The Channel. Please subscribe to our RSS feed for more Virtually Unedited content!
Welcome to the launch of the Virtually Unedited Movie Podcast. We saw Rogue One, and we're excited to share it with you! Plus, trailer reactions/ reviews of Dunkirk, War of the Planet of the Apes, Ghost in the Shell, The Mummy, Valerian and the City of 1000 Planets, and Spider-man homecoming.
Please let us know what you think, and have fun listening!

domain: entertainment


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Roughly two years after emerging on the scene as a new Bay Area accelerator, NFX Guild, an outfit run by several seasoned founders, has raised $150 million for a full-fledged venture fund.
It’s quite a ways from the $10 million that NFX used to get started, but as is often the case with these things, the firm’s ambitions have grown with time. “The bigger vision here is, we want to build a significant institution at NFX,” says Pete Flint, who co-founded the real estate site Trulia, which sold to Zillow in 2015 for $2.5 billion — after which Flint joined NFX.
Indeed, NFX, originally founded by angel investor Gigi Levy-Weiss and serial operators James Currier and Stan Chudnovsky, started out small but with a very specific premise in mind: that with the partners’ help, a good many startups could grow so-called network effects businesses. (The idea, broadly, is that the more users a product has, the better the product becomes for future users.)
Certainly, Currier and Chudnovsky had seen network effects up close at Tickle, a popular purveyor of personality quizzes that they’d co-founded in 1999 and which sold to the jobs giant Monster in 2004.
Chudnovsky — now an advisor to NFX — has also spent the last three years as the VP of Product for Messaging at Facebook, a company that has benefited so greatly from network effects that it now has a $532 billion market cap.
It’s still a bit early to declare NFX’s approach a success. The accelerator program it has built originally plugged $120,000 into startups, all of which were referred to the outfit by “scouts,” including at Greylock Partners, CRV, Mayfield and Shasta Ventures.
In some cases, the startups were already funded in part by the venture firms but looked to NFX to help grow their businesses.
In all cases, there was no way for an outsider to apply to NFX Guild.
NFX has since funded roughly 80 companies, including several that look promising, though none has exited so far. Among some of the more interesting startups in the outfit’s portfolio are Outdoorsy, a kind of Airbnb for RVs; Ivy, a marketplace for interior design; and Wheelhouse, a startup that helps its customers price their short-term rentals.
Apparently, institutional investors like NFX’s approach even without a big sale or IPO under its belt. According to Flint, the $150 million in capital commitments that NFX has locked down come from major foundations, endowments, funds of funds, as well as 50 founders and investors who work at venture firms. (Worth noting: No venture firms are limited partners in the new fund, unlike NFX’s first fund, whose capital came primarily from the firms doing scouting on its behalf, including CRV and Shasta.)
The new fund also heralds other notable changes at NFX. Part of this involves focusing more intently on software that the firm began developing earlier this year called Signal, which aims to make it easier for founders to discern which VCs they should be approaching. Rather than develop the platform for its own proprietary advantage, NFX is opening it to other firms with the idea that venture capital is itself a network effects business. (Certainly, it’s easy to appreciate that the more VCs and founders who use the platform, the more useful it will be.)
Says Currier of the strategy, “We’re all entrepreneurs, and this is in our DNA. We want to help the entire ecosystem.” Besides, he adds, NFX can “only invest in 1 percent of the companies we see, but we might be able to benefit the other 99 percent” through Signal.
NFX is also taking the “good parts” of its accelerator program and jettisoning the parts that weren’t working as well.
For example, instead of hosting a three-month-long program, as was originally the case, NFX will now work with startups over a six-month period. Instead of giving them $120,000, it will provide them with $250,000. And it will no longer host “classes” twice a year, as it has done from the outset, but rather admit startups on a rolling admission basis to better fit the founders’ schedules.
What isn’t changing: To apply, a team still must be introduced to NFX through one of its scouts.
Asked about the biggest check he can imagine writing on behalf of NFX, Currier says the the most the firm is likely to invest in any one company is $5 million; the vast majority of the checks it writes — to companies both in its accelerator program and those outside it — will be between $1 million and $2 million.
Asked about initial coin offerings — which are using network effects in ways that startups haven’t benefited from previously — Currier says NFX is “spending an enormous amount of time on this. We think it’s currently chaotic and dangerous, with a lot of scams going on, but it’s major shift that we see continuing to roll out.”
“Will we encourage some of our companies to look at this for future funding?” he says. “Yes. We think you can use tokens to build great network effects.”
Pictured above: NFX Guild’s team, from left to right, including Flint; Amy Lin, who is head of product; Currier; Christen O’Brien, who is VP of marketing; and Levy-Weiss.

domain: news


text:
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News from The Business Journals
May 20, 2013, 11:48 am EDT
Two new tenants have signed leases at Whitehall Business Center, a 104,000-square-foot Charlotte industrial building on Whitehall Executive Center Drive,…
May 15, 2013, 3:35 pm EDT
Vermillion Inc. has completed the private placement of stock and warrants exercisable for a combined 12.5 million shares of the company’s common stock…
May 14, 2013, 5:01 pm EDT
A new charter school plans to develop its multi-building campus on vacant land between the Charlotte School of Law and Bryant Park on Suttle Avenue.
May 9, 2013, 11:25 am EDT
Jamie McLawhorn, president of Marsh Properties, says his firm is planning between 180 and 200 apartment units at the Carolinas AGC site in Charlotte's…
May 3, 2013, 12:53 pm EDT
Apartment firm Marsh Realty Co., better known as Marsh Properties, has filed a rezoning petition for 2.47 acres owned by Carolinas AGC in Charlotte's Dilworth…
Mar 13, 2013, 10:27 am EDT
Vermillion Inc. has appointed Thomas McLain as president and CEO effective March 18.
The Austin-based molecular diagnostics company (Nasdaq: VRML) disclosed…
Feb 22, 2013, 6:00 am EST
Not much snow in Wichita the past few years. We made up for it this week.
As I write this Thursday morning, the snow continues to fall. I have a four-wheel-drive…
Feb 20, 2013, 6:45 pm EST
Vermillion Inc. reported Wednesday a fourth-quarter loss of $1.3 million and revenue of $1.1 million compared with a $3.1 million loss and revenue of $868,000…
Feb 15, 2013, 6:00 am EST
What a week.
Some of you know that my wife, Gretchen, and seven of her friends were among the 3,100 passengers and 1,000 crew members aboard the Carnival…
Feb 14, 2013, 3:23 pm EST
Wesley Medical Center was the overall winner at the Wichita Business Journal’s 2013 Healthiest Employers competition, which recognizes Wichita-area organizations…
Feb 12, 2013, 10:23 am EST
Integration Point, Inc., a Charlotte company that provides global trade management and compliance services, has signed a lease for 32,700 square feet in…
Jan 10, 2013, 11:24 am EST
Medical Facilities of America Inc., a Roanoke, Va.-based provider of skilled nursing and rehabilitation care, is planning to build a 70,000-square-foot…
Jan 8, 2013, 7:56 am EST
Austin-based Vermillion Inc. has received a delisting notice from the Nasdaq Stock Exchange for not complying with the listing’s rules.
Jan 3, 2013, 3:40 pm EST
Cole Real Estate Investments is putting some capital to work in the Charlotte area.
The Phoenix-based real estate firm, which recently purchased two Coliseum…
Dec 31, 2012, 2:18 pm EST
Most of the publicly traded companies based in Austin saw improvements in shareholder value in 2012, with SolarWinds Inc. leading them all in percentage…


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A shining beacon on cusp of the Californian and Nevadan border, Lake Tahoe is a sparkling leisure vacation rental resort with exciting activities on offer all year round. Famed for its tendency for significant snowfall, Lake Tahoe boasts a range of ski resorts on the northern and southern shores and across the Nevadan border. The beauty of this area was showcased to the world as it hosted the 1960 Winter Olympics, prompting a tourism boom towards the end of the 20th century.
With mountain peaks hitting up to 10,000 feet, Lake Tahoe is also a similarly breathtaking summer vacation rental destination. Popular with mountaineering and hiking enthusiasts, the scenery is just as magnificent in summer as it is in winter.
Those that wish to venture into the great outdoors for their summer vacation can rent a boat to explore the area and partake in idyllic fishing environments. Set in amongst the expansive mountain ranges, golf courses and mountain-biking trails provide moments of wonder as visitors enjoy their favourite pastimes across some of America’s finest scenery.
Lake Tahoe was created over 2 million years ago in the ice age, and is the largest lake in north America and second deepest lake in America - so do not attempt swimming if your not that confident...
Areas which are situated around the lake include such places like: Truckee, where there are many self catering beach houses which is also part of another lake which is a special lake as it doesn't run into the ocean instead it runs into the desert of Nevada. Or you have kings beach which is in the north western part of the lake. There are also many private cabins in Kingsbeach that you could try.
Lake Tahoe is a very well known and visited tourist attraction for those who are ski lovers, with the beautiful mountains that surround the area and heli-skiing has just been allowed and has become hugely popular over the last few years. Being one of the most popular ski resorts in America Lake Tahoe becomes very busy during the winter season and during the summer you have just as many activities happening so it's basically busy all through out the year., however the weather is not always warm and can get quite chilly from time to time so be prepared for when you head out there.

domain: geography


The Leica M9 was the first full frame digital rangefinder. At the time of its release it was also the smallest full frame digital camera on the market. In fact, it wasn’t until Sony released the A7 series cameras some years later that any other manufacturer came close to building a camera as small with a 24x36mm sensor. To this day, the M9 still has a strong user base and even has a bit of a cult following of people who largely seem to appreciate it for the CCD type sensor that sits at its core.
I didn’t buy mine specifically because it’s small (it was the biggest Leica I owned at the time), or because of the CCD, I bought it because it’s the cheapest full frame digital rangefinder on the used market, and after shooting an Leica M8 for a few months it became very clear to me that ‘full frame’, ‘digital’ and ‘rangefinder’ were four words I really wanted to be able to use when describing a single camera in my collection. What I don’t think I entirely expected was just how much I could get out of a digital camera outside of work.
To give a little more context to what I’m about to write, I should probably also point out that the main thing that’s inspired this review is a decision to sell my Leica M9 to buy the later M typ-262. But I couldn’t let it go before I wrote down my thoughts about it – especially as it’s given me so much enjoyment over the last year or so…
When I bought the Leica M9, it’d been around four years since I’d shot digital with any conviction as part of my hobby. I just became bored of it. The constant upgrades, the over complicated cameras(!!), the low hit rate as a percentage of shot count and the inconsistency in approach to post process. You know the story, it’s the same for a lot of people who broadly consider themselves “film photographers”. We revert to film (or find it as a new medium) as it breaks us out of all of that stuff. The odd thing for me is that as time goes on, I’ve found myself more aware of a stronger convergence of the mediums than I would have expected to find.
My hybrid world
What I suppose I’ve come to realise is that my ideal medium and process is far from a purely analogue one. When I shoot film I scan it to digital, often quite flat, then tweak the files in Lightroom. As such, I’ve never fully embraced what I’d describe as a majority analogue process, and most importantly I’ve never really let go of the stage that involves a period of time on the computer.
What film has more recently provided me with – at least in terms of my post process – is bit of direction in terms of the look of image I’m trying to produce. I know what Portra 400 looks like – or at least what I want it to look like – so when I shoot it and scan it, I have a set end goal in mind.
A bit of film discipline in digital shooting
Quite often this isn’t, or at least wasn’t the case when shooting digital. One of my biggest issues with shooting digital used to be the trap that I think a lot of people fall into of not thinking about the end photo until they’re sat in front of the computer. The “shoot now, worry about the photo later” approach.
This lack of intent is something that’s always bothered my about shooting digital, but having shot so much more film relative to the amount of digital I’ve shot over the last 5 years, I’ve unintentionally trained my brain to better think about the result before I pick up the camera, regardless of whether I’m shooting film or digital.
My point is, what I’ve come realise is that there’s a joy to be had in shooting digital if I approach it in a similar way to how I approach shooting film. Though of course, for me to do this, I need a camera that doesn’t get in my way.
My impossible tastes
Unfortunately, as my tastes for simple film cameras have evolved to the point that even small superfluous features annoy me, finding a digital camera that I actually like has become increasingly difficult.
Much to the horror of some Fuji fans, I made this quite clear in my recent X100f review. The Fuji X100 is a camera that’s often held up high as an great example of photographers camera. Users often talk about their wonderfully simple user interface and ease of use. I found the X100f to be quite irritating to use.
The uncomplicated Leica M9
What’s probably quite telling about my relationship with the Leica M9 is that much of my perspective toward the Fuji was probably influenced by my feelings toward the Leica. By comparison, the Fuji X100f is so profoundly bloated with features I didn’t need, I hardly knew where to start when I picked it up.
If there’s one thing you can hardly accuse the M9 of, it’s being bloated with superfluous features. Actually funnily enough, there are still features I don’t use, but thanks to the way it’s designed they don’t get in my way at all – as I will come back to in a mo, there’s so little need to use the menu once a few very basic preferences are set, that it’s impossible for it to intrude on the simple nature of the camera as an manual and aperture priority rangefinder.
Manual and Aperture priority exposure
The first thing to know about the Leica M9 is that it provides both full manual metered exposure and aperture priority. Coming from a Leica M7 then M8, how it works is very easy to understand. In manual, you have a very simple 3 led meter, and in aperture priority it gives you a shutter speed read out.
Beyond this basic function, controlling the camera is also wonderfully simple to use. this is easy enough to demonstrate, just be showing you the content of the menus and limited set of controls:
The Leica M9 controls
The limited contents and the way the Leica M9 menu is organised says quite a lot about how this camera is intended to be used. The only thing I use in the main menu is the option right at the top for switching between the lens profiles. Being right at the top, it’s easy to find when I need it too.
Short of setting how the exposure compensation and auto-iso works, I’ve never used the rest of the menu. It’s all superfluous to me, or at very least it’s set-once-and-ignore type stuff.
The set button
The simplicity of the main menu is built upon by the separate “set” button menu. This additional single screen menu means I never have to go digging around in the main menu. Funnily enough, I hardly use any of the functions in the set menu either, but they are the functions the majority of people might need more regularly whilst out shooting.
The simple menu is one thing that helps keep functioning the camera simple, but actually in use, it’s the sparse set of controls that helps prevent the Leica M9 from getting in the way for me. The top plate has nothing more than the on/off switch that allows setting single, continuous and self-timer, the shutter button and shutter speed control.
The rest of the primary functions have labelled buttons. No confusion around button customisation here – these buttons have sole and fairly obvious functions.
The most complicated thing about setting the ISO on this camera is having to go into the menu to set your auto-ISO preferences. This is just a case of setting the maximum high ISO and low shutter speed you are happy for it to use. Once set up, the ISO button opens a screen of ISO settings (including Auto) – it does take a moment to work out that you have to hold the ISO button to change the setting, but beyond that, it’s very easy to use.
The info button
The info button amounts to a small but perfectly formed feature for me – press it and it tells you the battery and amount of frames you have left on the memory card. I have pressed that button each and every time I’ve picked up the camera to leave the house with it.
Fiddly exposure compensation
Unfortunately, all is not quite perfect with the interface, though thankfully, the issues I’ve found are far from insurmountable. The single major usability issue I’ve found with the controls themselves is with the way the exposure compensation works. There are a couple of options in the menu, but none of them feel quite perfect. If you want to be able to adjust the exposure compensation with the camera to eye, the best option is to set it so rotating the jog dial changes it. The issue with this is that it’s not that comfortable to do with one hand.
Fortunately, thanks to the easy to understand centre weighted meter, and the ability to lock exposure with a half press, I don’t use exposure compensation that much, but when I want to, I have found the jog dial annoying.
The shit screen
Additionally to the poor control over exposure compensation, the screen on the Leica M9 is basically shit too. Really shit in fact. It’s overly contrasty, and need to be looked at from an angle to get the best idea of how the image will look when you put it on to the computer. It’s also really low resolution, so is piss poor for determining sharpness in taken photos.
But actually, as I will get to when I review my Monochrom, neither of these issues are really that prohibitive for normal use for me. I quickly got used to not relying on the screen for knowing what the photo would actually look like and just used it as an occasional reference for checking composition – though, being a regular film rangefinder shooter, even that isn’t something I bother with too often.
As for screen sharpness, that’s not an issue for normal photography for me either. Rangefinder photography comes with a whole chunk of trust in ones instincts when it comes to focusing. Whilst you do of course have an aid in the viewfinder, unlike an SLR you can’t actually “see” focus. As such using the screen to check just doesn’t really feature in day to day use…
…that is, of course, apart from the times when you wish to check if a lens is focusing properly. Unfortunately for my relationship with the M9, this has been something I’ve found myself doing with increasing regularity.
If you read this blog often, you will have seen a dramatic increase in me testing and playing with lenses. Processes like determining how well a Jupiter-8 lens is focusing, or indeed testing the reliability/accuracy of the 7Artisans 50mm f/1.1 lens are examples where I found it a right faff when the screen on the back of the camera isn’t good enough. It should be easier to be able inspect focus on a camera rather than having to put the photo onto a computer after each shot is taken – with the M9, it really isn’t.
The gist here is, if you use the screen on the back of your camera a lot – you’re not going to like the Leica M9!
What the above amounts to pretty much the the sum total of functionality the Leica M9 provides. As you can see, if anything, especially compared to most modern digital cameras, the M9 could probably be considered to lacking in functionality. But whilst that might sound like a bad thing, I personally find cameras that are lacking features so much easier to get on with than cameras that offer me too much. As I have mentioned a fair few times on this website now – not least in my post about the Lure of the Uncomplicated Camera – I find limitations appealing, and not a hindrance.
Working with the Leica M9, it’s functionality isn’t the only limitation. The fact that it has a now quite elderly CCD sensor at its core also provides limitations, and possibly(?!) advantages too.
Despite a feeling of reluctance to go here, I don’t think a Leica M9 review would be complete without mentioning the CCD. As I alluded to at the beginning of this post, it still seems to be one of the primary reasons Leica M9 users state as a reason to own and shoot with this camera. I actually had a bit of a rant about this in relation to the M8 – you can read that post here.
The gist of my rant is that whilst many people seem very quick to attribute the quality of the images the Leica M8 is capable of to the CCD, very few people seem to know enough (if anything) about the technology to state specifically why it’s the use of a CCD that creates nice files above and beyond anything else in the image making chain. I’m yet to see a convincing answer to the questions I asked in that post, though I have learned one interesting nugget about the CCD in the M9 which I’ll get to in a mo. If you know more about CCD technology, or have any links to interesting resources, please feel free to comment below!
To me, the use of a CCD in the Leica M9 is not something I would specifically seek one out for – I don’t really care about the tech in the camera as long as I like the images it produces. The fact is, one way or another, I’ve really enjoyed working with the Leica M9 images I’ve shot – the colours and tonality of the DNG RAW files definitely have a charm.
Out of camera they are quite flat by my tastes, and sometimes fairly murky in lower light. The benefit of this is that they feel easy to work with and somehow seem to come to life with ease in lightroom. They are also undoubtedly of a high quality, even by today’s standards – I’ve found them to have room for manoeuvre where I need it, without just being almost infinitely malleable like the files out of my Sony A7rii (for eg). That being said, it’s definitely worth acknowledging that the Leica M9 is not without its image quality foibles.
All digital Leica rangefinder cameras are unfortunately susceptible to colour shift toward the edges of the frame. This is most often when shooting with wide angle lenses since the angle of light exiting the the rear of the lens is at such a steep angle it’s not compatible with the nature of the digital sensor. Modern Leica lenses come coded in a way that tells the camera how to compensate for this issue. Older and non-Leica lenses don’t. The answer is to either set the camera manually to a lens profile that best compensates, or to use post-process profiles. I quickly learned about this issue when I got back from a holiday just after I bought the camera…
Though my very brief tests proved fairly inconclusive, the colour shifting effects of using some wide angle lenses on digital rangefinders is apparently less of an issue when shooting with a Leica M9. I’ve been told that this is specifically because of the design of the CCD sensor.
Slight occasional magenta shift
Colour shift into the corners isn’t the only type of shift that is exhibited by the Leica M9. Given the right (wrong) type of light, I’ve found myself faced with overly magenta shifted skin tones, specifically in people’s lips. This hasn’t been a regular occurrence, but there’s definitely something a little out of whack with the files, especially in low and mixed light.
That being said, I have had some really nice results shooting in low light. As I demonstrated here, the low light performance has proved more than adequate. With some tweaking using Lightroom’s camera profile adjustment tool, I managed to get some images I really liked.
Yes, it’s fair to say that higher ISO images have a fair amount more noise than modern cameras. But for my tastes, and indeed my approach to shooting in lower light, the noise hasn’t really been an issue apart from In especially difficult lighting. For me, it comes back to the limitations the camera and it’s elderly CCD imposes. If you’re looking to shoot in low light, using high ISOs to boost the available light to look almost like daylight, this camera is not going to suit you – you’re much better off with a modern CMOS sensor based camera. On the other hand, if you’re happy with a lower key image that’s more authentic to the lighting in the scene, you might find the M9 to be perfectly adequate.
Short of me repeating myself, you can read more about my thoughts using the even more limited Leica M8 here. In short, working with these older cameras is all about approach and expectations. After all, if you shoot film, your expectations for low light shooting are going to be completely different to those from a modern digital camera – but that doesn’t necessarily mean film can’t be shot in low light. The same rules apply when using the Leica M9 – accept the limitations, embrace them in fact, and good results can be achieved!
Leica sensor replacement
Whilst on the subject of the sensor, it would be remiss not to mention the dreaded sensor corrosion issue the Leica M9 has suffered given age. There’s stack about this online, so I won’t bore you here – search google if you’re interested. The gist, if you fancy buying one of these cameras, look for one that’s had its sensor replaced by Leica. Leica ran a free sensor replacement scheme for a while, but if you want the work done now, it’s about £800(!). If the previous owner doesn’t have a receipt for the work being completed, email Leica – they have record of all the cameras that have had the work done.
Why am I upgrading to the typ 262?
Finally, since I’ve just “upgraded” to the typ 262, it seems I should touch on my thought process behind taking that step. Let me first say, shooting the Leica M9 has been an absolute joy over the last year or so. There really is something quite profoundly enjoyable about shooting a digital camera with so few features. This has actually been one of the main reasons I’ve decided to give the typ 262 a go. Without going into too many details, despite be a generation newer, it has less features than the Leica m typ 240 that superseded the M9. The 240 really has never appealed to me – it’s fat and it’s overweight proportions are telling of its bloated functionality. If there’s one thing I don’t need in a rangefinder camera, it’s video…
The typ 262 harked back to the simplicity of the Leica M9. It too has a very simple menu – in fact it has less pages of options than the M9. It also has a little thumb wheel for changing exposure compensation. I have yet to discover if this completely fixes the minor interface issue for me, though it will undoubtedly be something I come back to when I share my thoughts about the 262. Finally, the 262 also has a stunningly better screen. On the first day I had the camera I used it to tweak the focusing on one of my 7Artisans lenses.
The black paint finish
I should also mention one possibly shallow but nonetheless quite important deciding factor in my thought process to upgrade my Leica M9. That being, I really hate the satin black paint finish – it’s slight brassing just looks shit to me. Though I suspect that within some circles, that alone could be the single most controversial things I’ve said in this review… each to their own, but I much prefer the black chrome look.
Some more photos
Skip to the end
If you’ve spent any time reading online about the Leica M9, you’ll find lots of commentary about it still being a viable camera, even today. To my mind, this goes without saying – especially taking into account the cameras that have had their sensor replaced by Leica. When mine had its sensor replaced it was also given a CLA (I suspect this was Leica’s standard approach to the sensor upgrade scheme) – of course this doesn’t mean it’s a new camera – but I’d bet it helps its lifespan. As such, I’d say buying an M9 in 2018 is a fairly safe bet (provided you confirm the sensor has been replaced).
Of course, being an 8 year old design, it goes almost without saying that it falls short of some modern standards. Then screen on the back being the most obvious sign of its age. It really is very poor, and is definitely only vaguely useful for checking composition. And if you’re looking for all the modern conveniences such as live view, video, 4,007 various modes and 63 customisable buttons to control it all, you should probably buy a Sony camera instead.
Even the lauded CCD at its core – whilst capable of some excellent quality output – isn’t exactly cutting edge. It’s quite eccentric to shoot with for a start, and if you’re a low light junky used high ISOs that are clear of noise, again, you’re probably advised to look elsewhere.
But really, none of this feels especially relevant when judging the Leica M9. Its beauty is entirety in its simplicity and embracing the limitations it imposes. I don’t suppose for one minute there is a single rangefinder shooter out there that labours an opinion about rangefinder cameras being perfect for every type of photography.
By their nature, rangefinders are limited use cameras, and at least in my world, the best of them provide a simple uncluttered and distraction free approach to photography. In this sense the Leica M9 manages to completely encapsulate what I enjoy about shooting a rangefinder – be that film, or digital. Not once since the day I picked it up for the first time have I felt inhibited by it, if anything I’ve felt empowered by it – it’s even helped me rediscover a genuine joy in digital photography.
I will be sad to see it go. But as someone who doesn’t feel particularly attached to the CCD, I feel like the Leica 262 can just round off the couple of very minor and quite personal issues I have more recently found in using my Leica M9. If it wasn’t for the fact that the 262 was also designed to be a very simple camera, I don’t think I’d have bothered with the “upgrade”.
Ultimately, I can say with some certainty that whilst it’s far from being the best digital camera by the standards of modern dynamic range, high ISO quality and all that guff, the Leica M9 still manages to remain of one of the best digital cameras I’ve shot with!
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Six weeks ago, I asked all you moms and dads of school age kids to join me in the School Supply Challenge. The challenge part was to set a budget – an absurdly low budget – for all of this year’s school supplies. And then set out to meet that challenge by taking advantage of the bounty of back-to-school sales.
I wanted to take a moment today to check in with all of you to see how your shopping is going – and whether you think you are going to meet your goal. Since I have just over a week left until my two boys start school, I need this check in desperately!
As a reminder, here is the list I’m shopping for. I’ve crossed off the items I’ve already procured. If there is no price next to a crossed-off item, that’s because I already happened to have it on hand already (thanks to my stockpile from couponing and sales). All prices are before tax.
1 Box Crayola Crayons, 24 Count
- 1 Box Crayola Markers, Wide Line, 8 Count
1 Box Crayola Markers, Thin Line, 8 Count 1 Bottle Purell Hand Sanitizer with pump, 8 fl. oz– $1 1 Clorox Disinfecting Wipes, 10.7 oz– $1 1 Fiskars Scissors, child size blunt tip 1 Box Dixon Ticonderoga #2 Pencils (non-mechanical) 12 Count
- 1 Box Tissues, 100 Count
1 Box Storage Bags, gallon size(preferably “slider” top)
- 1 Box Storage Bags, quart size (preferably “slider” top)
1 Composition Notebook, wide ruled, 70 sheets (any color)– $.49
3 Mead Spiral Notebooks, SOLID color cover, one subject, wide ruled 4 Elmer’s Glue Stick, .77 oz 3 Pink Erasers (for art room)– $.59
2 Nylon 3-hole punch pencil holders with one clear side 4 Pink Erasers– $.78 2 Elmer’s Glue Bottles, 4 oz. – $.58 2 Elmer’s Glue Sticks, 4 oz.
- 2 Boxes Tissue, 100 Count
- 1 Box Crayons, 16 Count
1 Box Colored Pencils, 12 Count–
- 1 Box Markers, 12 count
- 12 #2 Sharpened Pencils
Pencil Sharpener (2 hole) 2 Dry Erase Chisel Markers (black only)– $.02 money-maker! 1 Spiral Notebook, wide rule 2 Composition Notebooks, wide rule, 100 pages 1 Plastic Folder (yellow only)– $.01
- 4 Highlighters (1 each – yellow, green, orange and blue)
- 1 Box Storage Bags, quart-size with slider closure
12” Ruler (for art room)– $.19
I just totaled it up and so far, I’ve spent $4.62 (before tax).
Since I’m definitely more than halfway there, I’m pretty confident I’ll be able to meet my goal of spending no more than $15. Once again, I am reminded of how much a robust stockpile helps when it comes to cutting costs. Most items in my stockpile were just pennies, if not free altogether, so it’s definitely been cheaper for me to shop at my house, rather than the store.
How is the back-to-school shopping going for you? Please let us know what great steals you have found, and what items are challenging your couponing prowess. I can’t wait to hear how it’s going for you!


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Geological and Environmental Sciences Department
Geological and environmental sciences are directed toward understanding the terrestrial system from the core of the Earth to beyond our solar system. Students will conduct applied and basic research in an effort to understand physical processes on and within the Earth, and human influences that affect the environment. Geology is the study of processes occurring in or on the Earth. Environmental science is the study of interactions within the Earth's biosphere, concentrating on natural and man-made perturbations such as pollution.
Teasdale was selected with Anthropology Professor Georgia Fox as Lantis Endowed University Chairs. She plans to use the Lantis Professorship to complete a project that is a natural extension of her teaching and research. She will work with students on cooling experiments to characterize crystallization of basaltic lava flows, including decompression experiments at the University of Bristol’s Electron Microbeam Laboratory through a collaborative partnership. The research will be presented at the Fall 2015 American Geophysical Union conference in SF. Teasdale will also work with Science Education to produce high-quality, standards-based K-12 curriculum and activities to be presented to teachers in the Summer Science Project.
Dr. Todd Greene
Greene was presented with the A.I. Levorsen award for giving the best oral presentation at the Pacific Section-American Association of Petroleum Geologists (PS-AAPG) Annual meeting in Monterey, CA (April 2013). The title of his presentation was: "Fluvial architecture of a Cascades-sourced 'paleo-Sacramento River' system within the Lower Tuscan Formation in the northern Sacramento Valley, CA".
Dr. Shane Mayor
Mayor is the recipient of the Outstanding Project Director Award. The award recognizes a project director who has been successful in securing external funds and an outstanding partner to RESP. he successfully secured more than $1.3 million in funding from the National Science Foundation to establish the Atmospheric Lidar Research Group. The group supports a postdoctoral scholar, a programmer, four graduate students and several undergraduate student assistants.
REAL: Raman-shifted Eye-safe Aerosol LidarIn many real-world applications, wind measurements are needed at locations and altitudes where it is not easy to install wind sensors such as anemometers on towers. The applications include wind resource assessments for the development of new wind farms, monitoring the wind near airports for safety, and predicting the dispersion of hazardous materials released into the atmosphere. Lidar is an active remote sensing technology and an optical analogy to radar whereby pulses of radiation are transmitted into the atmosphere. The Atmospheric Lidar Research Group has more information on the leading lidar techniques for wind measurement and recent research results from a field experiment that is currently being conducted at the CSU Chico Farm.
New Job Links!
New links have been posted on our jobs page! Check out these useful links when searching for jobs and/or internships in our field! More to come soon!
Paradise Gem and Mineral Club 2014 Scholarship Award
The Paradise Gem and Mineral Club will offer an award in 2014 in the amount of $1,000 for an outstanding student pursuing a degree in the Earth Sciences. The student must be currently enrolled in an institution of higher learning in Butte County.
2014 Summer Camps
The summer is fast approaching, and we are looking for college students to work for our wildlife summer camp. This camp works with children ages 8– 14 and focuses on shooting sports, ATVs, fishing and more.
Yosemite Outdoor Adventures
How does exploring geology in the world’s best classroom, Yosemite National Park sound?
Financial Aid and Grant Information
ACG Grant Available to 1st and 2nd year students pursuing any major.You must have a GPA of 3.0 or better and be receiving financial aid.
Find us on Facebook!
Events & Seminars
GASS Spring 2014
ON TUESDAY MARCH 11th!!
"Thresholds of Soil Development
and Carbon Cycling"


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Ole Andreas Halvorsen is one of the most successful Tiger cubs. Norwegian Halvorsen launched Viking Global at the end of 1999 with former Tiger employees David Ott and Brian Olson. Viking Global returned an astonishing 89% after fees in its first full year.Viking is a long/short global equity fund with a bottom-up stock picking approach. Brian Olson left Viking in 2005 and David Ott stepped down in 2010. Between June 2005 (when Ott became the CIO of Viking) and March 2010, Viking Global returned 119% vs. 11% for the MSCI World Index. Viking Global charges 1.5% management fees and 20% incentive fees from investors. Viking Global Equities lost 1.9% in 2008, gained 20% in 2009, and returned 3.8% in 2010.
Hedge Fund - Viking Global
|Fund Name:||Viking Global|
|Change This QTR||+0.96%|
|No.||Security||Ticker||Shares||Value (x$1000)||Activity||% Port|
News, Interviews and Investor Letters
Andreas Halvorsen’s Viking Global disclosed its top three picks for the past quarter in a 13F Form filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. According to the filing, the investment firm...... (read more)
Kansas City Southern (KSU), Cheniere Energy Inc. (LNG), Xencor Inc (XNCR): Viking Global Continues to Bet Big; Adage Capital Increase its Stake
Andreas Halvorsen’s Viking Global recently increased its exposure to Kansas City Southern (NYSE:KSU) by 1.3 million shares. According to the 13G Form filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission...... (read more)
Highlights From Viking Global’s Investor Letter: Alibaba Group Holding Ltd (BABA), Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc (REGN)
We have seen a copy of Viking Global's third quarter investor letter. Andreas Halvorsen's Viking Global is among the most successful long/short equity hedge funds (Stock Picks, Investor Letters). Its...... (read more)
According to its latest 13G filing, Andreas Halvorsen’s Viking Global reduced its stake in Illumina Inc (NASDAQ:ILMN) by 461,100 shares. The hedge fund now holds around 8.18 million shares, representing...... (read more)
As a new filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission showed, Tiger cub Andreas Halvorsen's Viking Global has cut its exposure to $11 billion flooring manufacturer Mohawk Industries, Inc. (NYSE...... (read more)
Newfield Exploration Co. (NFX), ACADIA Pharmaceuticals Inc. (ACAD): How Did Andreas Halvorsen’s Small-Cap Picks Perform in Q3?
Andreas Halvorsen's Viking Global is a fund with great returns over its 15-years old history. Since its foundation, Viking's flagship fund returned on average 19% per year. For 2013, its return reached...... (read more)
Illumina, Inc. (ILMN), Pioneer Natural Resources (PXD), Valeant Pharmaceuticals Intl Inc (VRX): Can Andreas Halvorsen’s Top Picks Outperform Mr. Market?
Viking Global has been launched around 15 years ago by Tiger Cub Andreas Halvorsen, a former employee of Julian Robertson's Tiger Management and it managed to grow to over $25 billion in assets under...... (read more)
Alibaba Group Holding Ltd (BABA), Citigroup Inc (C), Bank of New York Mellon Corp (BK): Viking Global Is Placing New Stakes in These Stocks
The 13F season for the third quarter ended last week and, as I went through some major funds’ filings, I came across Andreas Halvorsen’s Viking Global’s form; an interesting one. As of September...... (read more)
Andreas Halvorsen’s Viking Global continues to place its bets on Wayfair Inc (NYSE:W), as it recently disclosed the purchase of 2,400 shares of Class A Common Stock, for $25.17 per share. The funds...... (read more)
Tiger Cub Andreas Halvorsen thinks that Pioneer Natural Resources (NYSE:PXD) is a good investment and upped its position in the company, despite the fact that the stock lost some ground over the last...... (read more)
David Tepper, the founder of hedge fund Appaloosa Management, said that he’s short the euro during a talk at the Robin Hood Investors Conference in New York City. Tepper, whose fund specializes in distressed...... (read more)
Andreas Halvorsen’s Viking Global filed, today, a Schedule 13G form with the SEC disclosing a new position in Wayfair Inc (NYSE:W). According to the filing, the fund owns 1.75 million shares of Class...... (read more)
Eric Mindich (Trades, Portfolio), founder of hedge fund Eton Park and famous for becoming at age 27 the youngest partner at Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. (NYSE:GS), increased his stake in Riverbed Technology...... (read more)
Viking Global's 2014 Q2 investor letter is out. Last May I talked to the director of fixed income and absolute return at the China Investment Corporation. This is the Chinese sovereign wealth fund with...... (read more)
Walgreen Company (WAG), llumina Inc. (ILMN), Valeant Pharmaceuticals Intl Inc (VRX): Billionaire Andreas Halvorsen’s Top Stock Picks
Andreas Halvorsen’s Viking Global recently disclosed its long equity positions for the second quarter of 2014. The fund declared holdings worth more than $22.9 billion. In this article I would like...... (read more)
Insider Monkey Small Cap Strategy
Insider Monkey beat the market by 52 percentage points in 24 months. Our beta is only 1.2 (don't click this link if beating the market isn't important to you).


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domain: design


Pmod TPH: 6-pin Test Point Header
Ideal way to test the connection between a Pmod and system board. It simply passes signals from the J1 connector to the J2 connector, providing test-point access via the J2 header.
Référence de l’article VAR-827000333
Flexible peripheral modules for all your designs
Pmod™ devices are Digilent’s line of small I/O interface boards that offer an ideal way to extend the capabilities of programmable logic and embedded control boards. They allow sensitive signal conditioning circuits and high-power drive circuits to be placed where they are most effective - near sensors and actuators.
Pmod modules communicate with system boards using 6, 8, or 12-pin connectors that can carry multiple digital control signals, including SPI and other serial protocols. Pmod modules allow for more effective designs by routing analog signals and power supplies only where they are needed, and away from digital controller boards.
Overview Pmod TPH
The Pmod TPH offers 6 external pin headers so that users can easily test the GPIO signals passing through each of the pins.
- 6 external test point headers
- Easily access and test signals passing through
- Small PCB size for flexible designs 1.0 in × 0.8 in (2.5 cm × 2.0 cm)
- 6-pin Pmod port with GPIO interface
- Follows Digilent Pmod Interface Specification Type 1
Scope of Delivery
- 1 x Pmod TPH in a custom antistatic Pmod packaging
Pmod Hardware Compatibility Guide
Digilent's guide about determining hardware compatibility.
- Manufacturer: Digilent Inc.
- Manufacturer's article name: Pmod TPH: 6-pin Test Point Header
- Manufacturer's article number: 410-081
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