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gcsescience.com 3 gcsescience.com
What is Relative Atomic Mass?
Relative Atomic Mass can be written as RAM or Ar.
In a naturally occurring sample of Chlorine,
75% of the atoms will have a mass number of 35,
25% will have a mass number of 37.
The average mass number for the sample will be
x 35) + (25 x 37)] ÷100
The average mass
number is called
the Relative Atomic Mass (RAM).
In this way, the relative atomic mass of any element can
be calculated, given the percentage of each isotope.
The mass number of any
one atom will be a whole number.
The relative atomic mass is the average mass number
for all of the isotopes of that element.
The RAM is written in green
above each element in the periodic table.
Links Revision Quizzes Revision Questions
gcsescience.com The Periodic Table Index Atomic Structure Quiz gcsescience.com
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domain: chemistry


- Hello again.
I'm struggling with the network connections now.
My network has 3 PC's on it I can see 2 PC's OK, one of the 2 is Windows XP (SP3) and the other PC is W7.
The PC that the 101 can't see OK is also on W7, a homemade desk top (HMDT) it does see some files but very few (I have 1000's on it), I can see this HMDT PC OK on the other PC's, all shares are set as far as I can tell, tried all sorts.
Tried to view via SMB, UPnP, MShome and Workgroup, all it shows is a handfull of files.


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domain: geography


It’s official: Ohio hunting, trapping regs for 2017-18 get the OK
COLUMBUS, Ohio — The 2017-2018 hunting and trapping seasons were among the regulations approved by the Ohio Wildlife Council on Wednesday, April 12, according to the Ohio Department of Natural Resources (ODNR).
White-tailed deer hunting changes include modifications to bag limits for several counties throughout the state.
- Deer archery: Sept. 30, 2017-Feb. 4, 2018
- Youth deer gun: Nov. 18-19, 2017
- Deer gun: Nov. 27-Dec. 3, 2017; Dec. 16-17, 2017
- Deer muzzleloader: Jan. 6-9, 2018
An increase in the bag limit, from two deer per county to three deer per county, was approved for Athens, Belmont, Carroll, Coshocton, Fairfield, Gallia, Guernsey, Harrison, Hocking, Jackson, Jefferson, Lawrence, Meigs, Monroe, Morgan, Muskingum, Noble, Perry, Tuscarawas, Vinton and Washington counties. These changes are designed to slow the rate of herd growth, while still allowing herds to increase.
A reduction in the bag limit, from three deer per county to two deer per county, was approved for Allen, Defiance, Fulton, Henry, Paulding, Putnam and Williams counties. These changes are designed to encourage herd growth in these counties.
All other county bag limits remain the same. The statewide bag limit remains at six deer. Only one deer may be antlered, and a hunter cannot exceed a county bag limit.
In other rule changes, any straight-walled cartridge rifle with a minimum caliber of .357 to a maximum caliber of .50 is now allowed for hunting deer in Ohio. There have been three seasons of hunting deer with straight-walled cartridge rifles in Ohio with no biological impacts to the herd or additional hunter incidents. Defining the allowable rifles makes the rule easily understood and easily enforced, while also being inclusive of a great number of rifle options.
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) oversees all migratory bird regulations, including Ohio’s hunting seasons. A recent change in the USFWS process now allows Ohio to propose fall waterfowl regulations in January and vote on them in April, more than six months earlier than in previous years. Changes to the migratory bird regulations include increasing the canvasback bag limit to two per day and decreasing the pintail bag limit to one per day. The waterfowl bag limit for ducks and geese is consistent statewide and does not change by zone.
The youth waterfowl age limit has been lowered to include more young hunters. Anyone who is 17 or younger may now participate in the youth waterfowl hunts. The previous age limit was 15 or younger. The youth waterfowl weekend is Oct. 7-8.
Wild turkey hunting
Fall turkey hunting will be expanded to 11 additional counties for the first time: Allen, Champaign, Crawford, Fulton, Hardin, Henry, Logan, Paulding, Preble, Putnam and Wyandot. Harvest records and research indicates wild turkey populations have increased in these areas to a point where a fall harvest will not impact the overall numbers. Fall wild turkey hunting is Oct. 14–Nov. 26. The season will now be open in 67 of Ohio’s 88 counties.
Download a complete list of season dates and bag limits at bit.ly/OH1718HuntingTrapping.


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Warm Copper Smoky Eyes for the night out on the town.
Emma Stone Makeup from the movie LA LA Land.
Beautiful makeup for fair skin.
Nothing inspires me more during the fall than a beautiful berry colored lip. There are so many different ways to approach a berry lip, but one of my favorites is by keeping the look fresh and minimal. I focused on keeping the skin looking healthy and natural to allow the berry lip to look really chic.
In my studio I actually have my dear friend and client the stunning Rosie Huntington Whiteley as my model. Today’s makeup tutorial is all about the classic Rosie look. Rosie brought some of her products from her new beautiful makeup line ‘Rosie for Autograph’ available at Marks & Spencer.
On your wedding day you want to look and feel the most beautiful you’ve even been. Brides should look classic, timeless and fresh. In today’s tutorial and I will show you how to achieve beautiful, classic bridal makeup for your wedding day.

domain: artistic


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(Natural News) Magnesium is an important mineral that has a role in almost 300 biochemical reactions in your body. However, studies show that at least 75 percent of Americans don’t meet the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for magnesium. Prevent magnesium deficiency by taking supplements or eating nutritious nuts and seeds like almonds and Brazil nuts. Why do you need magnesium? →
(NaturalHealth365) Chronic disease is on the rise. Right now, 133 million Americans – nearly half the population – have at least one chronic illness such as diabetes or heart disease. With so much illness prevalent – and with the aging of the population overall – it’s no wonder many individuals are worried about healthy aging. But, could consuming the proper amount of omega 3 fatty acids be part of the solution? →
(Natural News) Chia seeds (Salvia hispanica) are full of fiber and omega-3 fatty acids, making them the perfect ingredients for this nutritious breakfast. Berry chia pudding also contains blackberries that boost your brain health.
(Natural News) Your digestive tract is crucial to your overall well-being because it is responsible for absorbing nutrients and eliminating waste from the body. If you suffer from digestive issues like abdominal pain, bloating, constipation, or diarrhea, eating gut-friendly foods like apples and chia seeds can help relieve your painful symptoms.

domain: food


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SUNBURY — Betty Garee, 84, of Sunbury, died March 8, 2011, while surrounded by her family.
She was born Sept. 5, 1926, in Shadesville to the late Melvin and Thelma (Rawlins) Sherman. A graduate of Harlem High School in 1944, she was a lifelong area resident. Betty married Paul J. Garee on Nov. 7, 1944, three days prior to his deployment with his U.S. Marine Company to serve in the South Pacific during World War II. During the war years, she worked for Kilgore Manufacturing, assembling hand grenades.
She is survived by son, John M. Garee of Croton; three grandchildren; brothers, Charles Sherman of Sunbury, Harry Sherman of Washington, and a host of friends including Penny and Jon Dotson.
In addition to her husband, she was preceded in death by a daughter, Paula; brothers, Lynn and Melvin.
Friends may call Thursday, 6-8 p.m., at DeVore-Snyder Funeral Home, Sunbury. Graveside service Friday at 10 a.m. in Trenton Cemetery.
For full obituary and to leave condolences visit www.snyderfuneralhomes.com.

domain: news


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CMA hit makers return to New York
Thursday, June 13, 2013
– The CMA Songwriters Series returns to Joe's Pub in New York City for a two-night event in July.
Celebrating nine years, the CMA Songwriters Series features special guests Brett Eldredge, Steve Wariner and songwriter Bob DiPiero, who will also serve as the evening's host on July 23-24.
Tickets are on sale for shows for both nights will be 6:30 and 9 p.m.
Wariner was discovered by Dottie West at age 17 while playing in a club in Indianapolis. She hired him on the spot as her bass player, and he toured with her for three years. Wariner went on to play bass in Bob Luman's band. Through guitarist Paul Yandell, he met his idol, Chet Atkins, who hired Wariner to play bass in his band. Atkins eventually signed Wariner to his first recording contract at RCA in 1977. Wariner has had over a dozen number one hits as an artist including All Roads Lead To You, Where Did I Go Wrong and Small Town Girl. As a songwriter he has had seven chart topping hits including Longneck Bottle recorded by Garth Brooks and Nothin' But The Taillights recorded by Clint Black.
Eldredge (Watch The World End With You, recorded by Trace Adkins and featuring Colbie Caillat, I Think I've Had Enough, recorded by Gary Allan) has his first CD ("Bring You Back") coming out in August on Atlantic. "I always gravitated towards big voices, because as a kid I had this big voice coming out of me," said Eldredge. "I was hooked on the story that somebody would be telling through their voice."
DiPiero (Southern Voice, recorded by Tim McGraw, Blue Clear Sky, recorded by George Strait, and Lovin' You Is Fun, recorded by Easton Corbin) will join Wariner and Eldredge, sharing the entertaining stories behind some of his most popular hit songs as well. DiPiero has had more than 1,200 songs recorded by other artists and 15 number 1 hits.
More news for Country Music Association
Editorial: Walking the talk
When names like Hank Williams, Johnny Cash, Waylon and the Hag are invoked, you're talking hard core country. These are the touchstones of country , the guys who made country music what it was and still is (or maybe can be). When these folks would sing about being down-and-out and the rough-and-tumble, they knew of what they were singing about. Fast forward a few years to the country singers of today. »»»
Concert Review: There's a lot to be said about The Felice Brothers
The Felice Brothers have soldiered on, occupying the fringes of the musical world with ups and downs. After not knowing whether the group would even continue following the departure of half of the band a few years ago, The Felice Brothers continued with a new rhythm section and a new album, "Undressed," that is heavily political.... »»»
Concert Review: Turner bring it on (to his second) home
Frank Turner opined during the first of four sold-out nights of the Lost Evenings Festival that Boston was his home away from his British home. The likable, accessible singer hit the sweet spot not only with his perspective, but his performance as well demonstrated why.
Turner made a major change in this year's festival. For the first time, he... »»»
Follow Country Standard Time
Elsewhere in the news
Currently at the CST blogs
After having huge success at the get go with "Redneck Woman," Wilson eventually went her own way and took a break. During her "hiatus," Wilson started her own label and was a "120 percent mom" to her teenage daughter.... »»»
A visit with Hayes Carll finds him taking a rare day off at home to discuss new album "What It Is" co-produced by Brad Jones and Carll's girlfriend, Allison Moorer. "This album works around three themes; our relationship (he and Moorer), the world and myself.... »»»
Dale (The Real Deal) Watson has been releasing hard country albums since 1995 and shows no signs of slowing down on his most recent release, "Call Me Lucky." This record marks his third effort recorded in Memphis, at Sam Phillips Recording Studio, with Watson's regular touring band, The Lone Stars.... »»»
Joy Williams' "Front Porch" album is a beautiful collection of acoustic, country-folk music. The title cut, for instance, includes sweet fiddling, while the rest of the album takes an appreciated low-key approach to its instrumentation. »»»
Randy Rogers makes a big, bold statement with his title track, but it's the smaller insightful moment expressed through "Wine In A Coffee Cup" that stands out most. Rogers sings it empathetically over a swaying groove... »»»


The Working People's Jacket- Carhartt
There's nothing more impressive than seeing a classic Carhartt jacket out and about. The company strives to create gear that's as hard-working as its clientele. Whether it be a beanie, jacket or vest we are here for it! Team Phun has exclusive distribution rights with Carhartt!
BUndle up in style
Dress for chilly weather with a rugged Carhartt jacket or vest, multiple styles and colors available. This jacket (seen below) is made of cotton duck canvas, comes with a corduroy collar, is water repellent and wind-resistant. Imagine your logo or brand embroidered or screen printed on the chest or even the back!
(Item shown: CT103828)
(Item shown: CT104050)
This hooded jacket has ribbed knit cuffs and waistband for comfort and coverage. Made of cotton duck canvas and has a quilted three-piece hood with drawcord closure.
This Carhartt vest (shown below) keeps you warm with its quilted nylon lining and polyester fill. Several colors available and coated with water repellent.
(Item shown: CT102286)
Beanies for the win!!!
Let us help you keep that noggin' warm and covered. We offer multiple colors and styles of the classic Carhartt beanie. We can add custom embroidery or patches to create the effortless design you are looking for while promoting your brand!
(Item shown: CT104597)


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Island-themed seafood specialist features a tiki bar, live music & Intracoastal Waterway view. Guanabanas is dedicated to providing each guest with a truly unique outdoor dining experience. We have designed our company and our restaurant in an unorthodox way to help achieve the high standards we have set for ourselves in the disciplines of service, food, atmosphere/ambiance, waterfront location, landscape design, outdoor temperature control and the overall sensory experience. We feel it is necessary to provide a true “Florida” experience with our creative outdoor restaurant design which utilizes quality exotic/local plants and trees, Key West/Old Florida styled structures, hand-built cheeky huts from the native indian tribes of Florida, fresh Florida seafood and a premium bar with live music.
What makes this business unique? Island-themed seafood specialist


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Rockford, Illinois, is an amazing place to live. With all the services, entertainment options and cultural activities of a big city, this town still manages to provide residents with a lowered cost of living and a great community. This makes Rockford one of the most popular places in the state to move to. If you are moving to Rockford, or just moving within the city, you will need to know a bit about Rockford, IL, mortgage rates, though.
What is the housing industry in Rockford like? Currently, a wide range of different home types can be found for your needs. Whether you are interested in buying a townhome, a condo property, a single-family home or are seeking luxury property, the city certainly has something to offer you. Of course, to get the ball rolling, you will need to do two things. First, you will need to contact a mortgage broker to determine what sort of financing you might be able to get. You also need to contact a real estate agent to start the home search.
Finding the right broker for a mortgage in Rockford, Illinois, is very important. How do you go about choosing the right mortgage broker, though? This is where some research will come in handy. Never choose a broker at random. That can lead to you paying far too much for your home. Instead, choose a broker with a solid reputation in the city. Check their previous clients and determine if they were satisfied with the level of service or not.
In addition, many homes within Rockford are available with financing from FHA loans, or through lenders like Freddie Mac or Fannie Mae. Check into these options to make certain that you are getting the most affordable home loan possible. Rockford mortgage companies can help you get the ball rolling, so all you have to do is look for a home that piques your interest.
Finding the perfect home can be a great adventure. There are a number of neighborhoods in the city, from downtown to Haight Village (an historic neighborhood), you will find all types of homes. Choose a qualified realtor, tell him or her your price range, your preferred location and the type of home you want, and you can let the realtor do all the footwork.
Finding a mortgage lender in the city is not difficult, nor is finding your dream home. You will even find that the city offers assistance with housing if you are having difficulties finding financing through traditional loan companies.


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During his Spring Budget, the UK’s Chancellor of the Exchequer today set out a package of reforms to the audio-visual tax reliefs. This announcement follows HM Treasury’s consultation on changes to the tax reliefs relating to film, high-end TV, animation, children’s television and video games published in November.
The British Film Commission welcomes the package of measures, which clearly demonstrates Government’s recognition of and commitment to the continued growth and success of the UK’s film and HETV sector.
The central proposition is a decision to move all five reliefs to a refundable expenditure credit model, which will also allow UK tax reliefs to comply with global tax legislation set to come into force in the coming years. Please find below a summary of the reforms announced today.
Summary of reforms to the audio-visual tax reliefs:
Commenting on yesterday’s announcement, Adrian Wootton OBE, Chief Executive of the British Film Commission, said:
“Today’s announcement is a real recognition from the Government of the growth and opportunity our UK Film and high-end TV industry presents. The UK’s tax reliefs have directly influenced many productions’ decisions to base themselves in the UK, contributing billions of pounds to the economy and hundreds of thousands of jobs across the UK’s nations and regions. With increasingly intense international competition, we’re delighted to welcome this package of measures, future-proofing the UK’s film, High-end TV and animation tax credits and our position as a leading global production hub.”
“While much of the detail is yet to be worked through, today’s announcement demonstrates a strong commitment from Government to continuing to support the growth of our film and TV sector, creating jobs and opportunities in all four UK nations and region for years to come”.
The Government has committed to work with industry and provide substantial guidance and education about how the expenditure credits will operate to support the transition.
Further details on all reforms can be found in the Government’s summary of responses online here
The British Film Commission team will continue to work through the detail supporting yesterday’s package of reforms, and to liaise with you and with Government ahead of publication of the draft legislation in the summer.
Please don’t hesitate to get in touch with your usual British Film Commission contact for further information.


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CHARLIE CUNNINGHAM Listen to ‘Breather’
From the forthcoming EP
Out 9th March on Kissability
+ European tour dates
“beautiful, yet honest song-writing with such percussive guitar playing that he truly stands out from the crowd.” – The Line Of Best Fit
“It wanders into your head with its charm and likeability but leaves you stunned with how it envelopes you in its warmth.” – The 405
“Lush, open songwriting with an intimate edge” – Clash
“steeped in the ethereal solemnity of Jose González with flickers of wrenching emotion akin to Frightened Rabbit” – Stereogum
“If ‘Own Speed’ is any inclination of what to expect on the upcoming EP we should be in for something special.” – Earmilk
Track listing: 1. Breather 2. Lessleg 3. Long Grass 4. Own Speed
London based songwriter Charlie Cunningham released his widely acclaimed debut ‘Outside Things’ in late 2014, and now returns with his emotive follow up ‘Breather’ – his second EP out 9th March through Kissability.
Renowned for his percussive guitar sound, which draws heavily on his influences from two years living in Seville, Cunningham’s song writing on ‘Breather’ is second to none; it’s an intimate and powerful offering with his voice used as a fragile instrument to compliment his perfectly honed guitar craftsmanship.
Listen to ‘Breather’
Title track and EP opener ‘Breather’ captures with its melodic grounding but quickly and effectively changes pace leaving you unsure as to what might happen next. ‘Lessleg’ is a heartfelt contemplation of friendship the delicately constructed ‘Long Grass’ flows effortlessly into closing track ‘Own Speed’, a beautiful folk rock offering with playful vocals reminiscent of Phosphorescent or Midlake.
Cunningham’s ‘Breather’ EP further signals a very bright future for this rising British star.
Charlie Cunningham live:
20/02 – Roundhouse, London (Roundhouse Rising)
24/02 – Theater der Wohngemeinschaft, Köln (SOLD OUT)
26/02 – Haldern Pop Bar, Rees
27/02 – Nochtspeicher, Hamburg (UPGRADED)
28/02 – Mehlhose, Erfurt
01/03 – Privatclub, Berlin
02/03 – Ampere, Munich
27/03 – Hall For Cornwall, Truro (w/ Stornoway)
05/09 – End Of The Road Festival, Dorset, UK
Listen to ‘Own Speed’:

domain: entertainment


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The Union government continued to deny the onset of community transmission in India, even as the country recorded 26,128 fresh covid-19 cases, taking the total tally to 787,601 on Thursday.
“There is no sign of community transmission of covid-19 in India. However, we have localized outbreaks in certain geographical areas. Out of 733 districts, only 49 districts account for 80% of covid-19 cases,” Rajesh Bhushan, officer-on-special duty, ministry of health and family welfare said at a press conference. This has also been clarified by Union health minister Harsh Vardhan, during the 18th meeting of the high-level group of ministers (GoM) on covid-19, Bhushan said.
“Further, 49 districts alone account for 80% of covid-19 cases in the country. By following the contact tracing protocols, we are able to trace and track all close contacts of reported covid-19 cases within 72 hours. In such a scenario, it is not justified to say that there is community transmission,” Bhushan said.
The World Health Organization (WHO) had on Tuesday acknowledged the emerging evidence of airborne spread of the novel coronavirus after an open letter by more than 200 scientists outlined evidence showing that floating virus particles can infect people who breathe them in. The concern about community transmission in India has increased after the WHO acknowledgement as the country is continuously witnessing an increasing number of cases.
“It is an evolving situation and the Union health ministry is keeping itself abreast on this particular aspect. Maintaining a physical distance of 6 feet, as is being repeatedly advised by the Centre, will help us contain the spread of the infection,” Bhushan said.
India has recorded an increased recovery rate among covid-19 patients. The gap between recovered covid-19 cases and active cases is progressively increasing in the country. As on 9 July, the recovery rate stands at 62.09%, Bhushan said.
India has so far recorded 21,526 deaths. About 15% of covid-19 deaths have been of people below 45 years of age, while 53% deaths have been among senior citizens, he said. The high-risk population are those aged above 45 years who form 25% of the country’s population. However, 85% of all covid-19 deaths have occurred in this group.
News Source: Livemint

domain: medical


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Please note: there is only 1 purple brooch available.
I have softly hand-felted with merino wool, this poppy brooch then sewn 3 little beads on the seed pod. The brooch is light and soft to the touch.
For versatility of use, I've given it a dual brooch pin and hair clip back.
Wear it on your top/coat or in your hair for a little vintage style glamour.
Please note that you may not get the exact brooch in the photo. Due to the very nature of handmade felt, items cannot be an exact replica of each other and, therefore, variations will occur.
This poppy brooch is now only available in purple.
10cm x 12cm
Shipping & delivery
This item will be posted to you by Milana within 3 days of receiving payment.
|Shipping destination||Cost||Additional items|
|Rest of the World||£3.00||£1.50|
You have 7 days, from receipt, to notify the seller if you wish to cancel your order or exchange an item.
Please note: Unless faulty, the following types of items are non-refundable: items that are personalised, bespoke or made-to-order to your specific requirements; personal items sold with a hygiene seal (cosmetics, underwear) in instances where the seal is broken.


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Feeling a little itchy lately? Have you noticed odd, red marks over your hands, elbows, or thighs? If so, then you might be infected with scabies, a common skin infection caused by microscopic parasites known as mites. These mites burrow underneath the surface of the skin, laying eggs and causing intense itching and red blisters and bumps. Scabies is very common worldwide, and is on the rise in the United States. In fact, scabies outbreaks are quite frequent in shared living facilities, including hospitals, nursing homes, and dormitories. However, effective scabies treatment is available to help reduce your symptoms.
How Do You Get Scabies?
Scabies is usually contracted after prolonged, skin-to-skin contact with an infected person. Quick contact with a person who has scabies (such as a hug or a handshake) is usually not sufficient to cause infection. Instead, contact such as that between sexual partner or roommates can lead to scabies infection. Contact with infected items including towels, bedding, and clothing can also lead to infection.
Who's At Risk For Scabies?
Anyone can become infected with scabies, regardless of where they live or their ethnic or cultural background. Scabies is more common in those living in crowded conditions or in those who have regular contact with infants or children.
Symptoms of Scabies
Scabies symptoms usually appear within four to six weeks of initial infection. However, symptoms tend to occur sooner in those who have experienced prior infection; in these cases, symptoms can appear within a few days. Scabies symptoms include:
- intense itching, especially at night
- burrow marks and blisters where the mites have crawled under the skin
- a red, scabies rash over the skin
Treatment for Scabies
If you think that you may have scabies, it is important to seek treatment from your health care provider. Without scabies treatments, the mites will continue to lay eggs and the scabies cycle will continue. Excessive itching can also lead to skin infections, such as impetigo.
Treatment generally involves applying a medicated lotion to your entire body. This lotion should be applied from the neck downwards, paying special attention to skin folds around the wrist, knees, and elbows, and to the webbing between the fingers. This lotion should be left on for eight hours. After eight hours, the lotion can be washed off. Itching may continue for two to three weeks, however, burrow marks and blisters should begin to disappear within a day or so.
You should also take steps to rid your possessions and home of the scabies mites. Be sure to:
- wash your towels, bedding, and clothing in hot water.
- vacuum your rugs and furniture and throw away the vacuum bag.
- place any items that cannot be washed in a sealed plastic bag for several days, to help kill the mites.


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|Home > RNJ > 2006 > January/February > Testing a Model of Post-Stroke Exercise Behavior|
Testing a Model of Post-Stroke Exercise Behavior
Stroke is the leading cause of disability in older Americans, and survivors tend to be sedentary, thereby risking loss of functional gains achieved during rehabilitation and increasing cardiovascular risk. Studies of motivation to exercise in older adults suggest that self-efficacy and outcome expectations are key determinants of initiation and adherence to exercise programs. This study tested a theoretical model of physical activity in stroke survivors. A survey of exercise beliefs and patterns was sent to National Stroke Association stroke support groups. Responses from 312 stroke survivors (mean age 63 years, 57% female, 70% White) indicated that only 31% exercised four times weekly. Self-efficacy and outcome expectations for exercise, before exercise history, and physician recommendation all directly and indirectly influenced self-reported exercise behavior and accounted for 33% of the total variance in exercise behavior. Model testing supported the theory and the model fit the data. Interventions to strengthen self-efficacy and outcome expectations for exercise, along with reminders for clinicians to encourage regular exercise programs, may increase the likelihood of initiating and maintaining an exercise program, potentially improving physical function and cardiovascular fitness in this population.
Stroke is the leading cause of disability in older Americans, affecting approximately 750,000 people each year (American Heart Association [AHA], 2004). The consequences of chronic neurological deficits can markedly impair quality of life and functional independence after stroke for the approximately 4.5 million stroke survivors in the United States (AHA). Following completion of conventional rehabilitation, patients adopt or return to a sedentary lifestyle (Lofgren, Nyberg, Mattson, & Gustafson,1999; Paolucci et al., 2001). Reduced activity levels can lead to profound cardiovascular deconditioning and disuse atrophy that may compound disability. The resulting loss of the functional gains achieved during rehabilitation begins a cycle of disuse that leads to worsening activity intolerance (Macko et al., 2001). Finally, because many stroke patients are older, their neurological deficits and disuse atrophy are compounded by age-related declines in overall fitness and muscle mass (Ryan, Dobrovolny, Silver, Smith, & Macko, 2000), making it even harder to prevent or compensate for functional declines after stroke. Recent evidence suggests that exercise may ameliorate some of these declines in functionally impaired stroke survivors (Macko et al.; Silver, Macko, Forrester, Goldberg, & Smith, 2000; Smith, Silver, Goldberg, & Macko, 1999). However, a lack of consensus statements on the safety and efficacy of exercise after stroke may limit physician recommendations and patient awareness of the potential health benefits of exercise programs. Little is known about actual exercise behavior and its determinants in this population.
Numerous factors negatively influence physical activity in older adults, including lack of motivation (Dishman, 1994), social issues and cultural expectations (Resnick, 1999), environmental factors such as insufficient room to walk (Dishman), coexisting disease states (Morey, Pieper, & Cornoni-Huntley, 1998), fear of falling (Hill, Schwarz, Kalogeropoulos, & Gibson, 1996), unpleasant sensations associated with exercise (Morey, 1998), and lack of knowledge about the benefits of exercise on the part of the older adult (Dishman; Resnick & Spellbring, 2000). The theory of self-efficacy states that specific efficacy expectations affect behavior, motivational level, thought patterns, and emotional reactions in response to any situation (Bandura, 1977). Perceptions and beliefs affecting exercise behavior include self-efficacy expectations (i.e., individuals’ judgment of their capabilities to organize and execute courses of action) and outcome expectations (i.e., beliefs that if a certain behavior is performed, there will be a specific outcome or benefit). These beliefs are essential to the adoption and maintenance of exercise behavior in older adults (Bandura; Jette et al., 1998) and have been demonstrated to be strongly associated with exercise behavior in other older and disabled groups (McAuley, 1993). Less research has focused on the relationship between self-efficacy and outcome expectations related to exercise and physical activity in the stroke-impaired population.
This survey-based study examines the influences of exercise perceptions and beliefs within the context of other clinical, demographic, and psychosocial variables on the self-reported physical activity and exercise patterns of stroke survivors. The purpose of this study was to test a hypothesized model that considered the relationship between self-efficacy and outcome expectations for exercise, demographic variables, exercise history before stroke, and physician influences on physical activity in patients after stroke.
The survey was distributed as part of a mailing from the National Stroke Association (NSA) to 1,200 stroke support group facilitators throughout the United States and Canada. A cover letter from the investigator requested distribution to any stroke survivor who would be able to complete the survey. Return of a completed survey implied consent to participate in the study. An interactive version of the survey was also posted on the NSA Web site.
A single-page survey instrument assessing extent of the effect of stroke on beliefs and perceptions regarding exercise and other demographic, social, and behavioral variables was developed by the authors in consultation with a multidisciplinary team of experts in the clinical care of stroke patients. Demographic and descriptive information was obtained including age, gender, race, time since stroke, self-reported premorbid and current exercise activity, the influence of fatigue on daily activity, and whether the participant had been told to exercise by the primary healthcare provider. Exercise activity was defined as participation in a physical activity of at least 20 minutes duration that caused sweating or increases in respiratory or heart rate (American College of Sports Medicine, 1998). Participants were asked to describe how often they engaged in this type of activity on a Likert-type scale, with 1 = never, 2 = less than once per week, 3 = 1–3 times per week, and 4 = 4 or more days per week. This survey was meant to assess the frequency of self-reported physical activity adherent to current public health recommendations.
Two distinct scales were used to assess beliefs regarding exercise. The Short Self-Efficacy for Exercise scale (SSEE) consists of 4 items that focus on challenges associated with exercise for post-stroke patients. Participants were asked to respond to how strongly they believed they were capable of exercising in light of challenges such as pain, fatigue, depression, and exercising alone with response items ranging from 1 = not confident to 5 = very confident. There was evidence of internal consistency with an (alpha) = 0.86 and with confirmatory factor analysis (Resnick & Nigg, 2003). The Short Outcome Expectations for Exercise (SOEE) comprises 5 items that assess respondents’ agreement with statements on the potential benefits of exercise (e.g., enjoyment of activity, improved well-being, mood, alertness, and endurance) with responses ranging from 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree. There was support for the internal consistency of the SOEE with an (alpha) = 0.90 and confirmatory factor analysis (Resnick & Nigg). There was evidence of construct validity in stroke survivors based on significant lambda values (or item loadings) for all items onto their respective constructs. Likewise, there was evidence of construct validity of the SSEE and the SOEE; self-efficacy expectations significantly influenced exercise and accounted for 13% of the variance in exercise; and outcome expectations explained an additional 2% of the variance in exercise (Shaughnessy, Resnick, & Macko, 2004).
Structural equation modeling was selected to test the relationships among all the variables because all paths are estimated and evaluated simultaneously, and specific variables (e.g., self-efficacy and outcome expectations) can be analyzed as both outcome and predictor variables (Bollen, 1989). Descriptive statistics and bivariate correlations were used to describe the sample and evaluate relationships among variables. Model testing was done using Amos 4.0 (Arbuckle, 1997). The sample covariance matrix was used as input and a maximum likelihood solution sought. The c2 statistic, the normed fit index (NFI), and Steigers Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) were used to estimate model fit. The larger the probability associated with the c2, the better the fit of the model to the data (Bollen; Loehlin, 1998; Pedhazur, 1991). The NFI tests the hypothesized model against a reasonable baseline model and ideally should be 1.0. The baseline model is created by the statistical program and represents a model that does not fit the data (Pedhazur). The RMSEA is a population-based index and consequently is insensitive to sample size. An RMSEA of <0.10 is considered good, and <0.05 is very good (Bollen). Path significance was based on the Critical Ratio (CR), which is the parameter estimate divided by an estimate of the standard error. A CR > 2 in absolute value was considered significant (Pedhazur). A p < .05 level of significance was used for all analyses.
A total of 321 stroke patients completed the survey. Analysis was performed on the 312 surveys for which there were complete data. The clinical and demographic characteristics of the study sample are shown in Table 1. Table 2 contains premorbid and current reported exercise activity. Table 3 summarizes the scores on the SSEE and SOEE, and the participant responses to queries on the effect of fatigue and physician recommendations to exercise. Following stroke, there was a decrease in reports of regular exercise from 45% to 31%, and those who reported rare or no exercise activity climbed from 15% to 27% of respondents. The majority of the participants (69%) stated that they did not perform as much exercise as they would like to, and 84% reported that they would be interested in an exercise program if one were available.
Bivariate correlations between self-reported exercise behavior and its potential determinants are shown in Table 4, and results of model testing with parameter estimates and R2 are shown in Figure 1. Ten of the 16 hypothesized paths were statistically significant. Self-efficacy expectations, outcome expectations, exercise behavior before stroke, and recommendation by a physician to exercise all directly influenced exercise and accounted for 33% of the variance in self-reported exercise behavior. Those individuals with stronger self-efficacy and outcome expectations, exercise activity before stroke, and a recommendation to exercise by a physician were more likely to exercise. Fatigue, recommendation by a physician, and age indirectly influenced exercise through self-efficacy expectations. Respondents who were older and reported higher levels of fatigue were more likely to have lower self-efficacy for exercise. Fatigue, race, and self-efficacy significantly influenced outcome expectations accounting for 34% of the variance in outcome expectations.
The model fit the data with a c2 of 38 (degrees of freedom = 20, [c2]/df = 1.9, p = .01). The NFI was 0.99, and RMSEA was 0.05. In an attempt to test a more parsimonious model, nonsignificant paths were removed from the model and the trimmed model was retested. There was no improvement in model fit when the nonsignificant paths were included (c2 difference = 6, df difference = 2, p > .05).
As reported by other researchers (Jette et al., 1998; McAuley, 1993; Resnick & Spellbring, 2000), self-efficacy and outcome expectations exert an influence on physical activity and exercise behavior in a group disabled by stroke. In this model, self-efficacy and outcome expectations for exercise, physician recommendation to exercise, and exercise history before stroke explained 33% of the variance in exercise behavior in this sample of stroke survivors. These findings also support the theoretical model that self-efficacy expectations are considered to have a greater influence on behavior than outcome expectations (Resnick & Spellbring). As previously reported in nonneurological populations (Hill et al., 1996; Jette et al.; Resnick & Spellbring, 2000), outcome expectations provided an important, independent influence on exercise behavior. Moreover, findings from qualitative studies (Resnick & Nigg, 2003; Sharon, Hennessey, Brandon, & Boyette,1997) indicate that older adults identify the health and psychological benefits of exercise as strongly influencing exercise behavior. Developing specific, directed behavioral interventions to strengthen self-efficacy and outcome expectations may significantly improve exercise behavior in older adults after stroke. Further studies are needed to determine the extent to which these beliefs can be modified to change attitudes and behavior related to exercise across the continuum of after stroke care.
Fatigue, physician recommendation, and age were the only variables to directly influence self-efficacy expectations; and self-efficacy expectations, fatigue, and race influenced outcome expectations. Age, race, and physician recommendation had indirect effects on exercise behavior through self-efficacy and outcome expectations. In this study, in which ages ranged from 21 to 91 years, age influenced self-efficacy expectations as anticipated, with older patients reporting less self-efficacy for exercise. Race was also noted in this sample to influence outcome expectations, with White participants more likely to believe in the outcomes of exercise. Older age and African American race, both of which are linked to an increased risk of stroke (AHA, 2004), may also predispose patients to lower self-efficacy and poorer outcome expectations for exercise and therefore poorer outcomes. Hence, both of these demographic variables may identify populations that may most benefit from interventions that strengthen their beliefs and improve exercise behavior.
Fatigue influenced beliefs about ability to exercise and the outcomes of exercise. Fatigue is a well-documented consequence of stroke that can occur at any time during the recovery process, is widely prevalent, and persists over time. Fatigue is multifactorial, related to cardiovascular deconditioning, increased energy cost for gait deficits, or psychological factors including depression (Michael, 2002). Regardless of the cause, fatigue is an important barrier to physical activity that may be modifiable with exercise. Clearly, education is needed to modify knowledge and beliefs about the benefits of exercise to alleviate fatigue and improve overall health status.
Being told to exercise by a primary healthcare provider had an important influence on outcome expectations and directly influenced exercise behavior. This adds to the current base of evidence that counseling to exercise by a healthcare provider can influence patient behavior. Prior research related to health behaviors in older adults has demonstrated that when healthcare providers talk with their older patients about healthcare practices, they can influence this behavior. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported data from the National Health Interview Survey of 1998, and only 52% of respondents 50 years and older reported they had been asked about physical activity (CDC, 2002). In a study of older adults, the 48% who reported receiving a physician recommendation to exercise were sedentary or overweight, suggesting that physician advice is targeted only at the highest risk groups (Damush, Stewart, Mills, King, & Ritter, 1999). Similarly, only 45% of the respondents of this survey received a recommendation to exercise. Specific motivational interventions given by healthcare providers to encourage exercise have been noted to change behavior and help older adults initiate and adhere to regular exercise programs (Haber & Looney, 2000; Marcus et al., 1997).
This study further reveals that many stroke survivors perform minimal, if any, exercise on a regular basis. A majority of respondents reported they wanted to exercise more and would if opportunities were available. The identified determinants of self-reported exercise were self-efficacy for exercise, exercise history before stroke, outcome expectations of exercise, and recommendation from a physician. Three out of these four determinants are potentially modifiable. This raises the possibility that interventions designed to educate stroke survivors regarding outcome expectations and to strengthen self-efficacy may improve exercise behaviors. Further, a concerted effort to educate healthcare providers may result in more consistent recommendations for stroke survivors to exercise. In patients who have suffered a stroke, exercise has been demonstrated as an effective means of improving cardiovascular fitness reserve, muscle strength, and endurance (Macko et al., 2001; Ryan, 2000; Silver et al., 2000; Smith et al., 1999). Future research must assess and enhance the modifiable influences on exercise.
The findings of this study are limited by sampling bias. These respondents attended stroke support groups. This indicates they are both mobile and motivated to seek support and information. Such respondents are probably more likely to be engaged in health promoting activities. Moreover, only a small number of the available participants responded, with 236 paper responses from the mailing and 85 from the NSA Web site. This sample was also relatively homogeneous, with the majority of the sample being White, female, and unmarried, which may affect the generalizability of the findings. The study was cross-sectional, not a prospective, longitudinal examination of exercise beliefs and patterns of behavior. Prospective studies of diverse and well-characterized stroke cohorts are needed to elucidate influences on physical activity patterns in stroke survivors.
The variables in this model accounted for 33% of the variance in self-reported exercise behavior. Many other potential variables not included in the model may help to explain the lack of exercise behavior in this sample, including cognitive impairment, depression, social phobias associated with disabilities, fear of falling, lack of specific recommendations regarding optimal training modalities and their safety (Resnick & Spellbring, 2000), lack of access to appropriate facilities (Nies, Vollman, & Cook, 1998), or the effect of unpleasant sensations such as pain associated with exercise (Nies et al.; Resnick & Spellbring). Continued research incorporating these additional factors into the model may help to further explain exercise behavior in patients after stroke.
The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force suggests that a lack of physical activity plays a major role in poor health status and excess disability (2002). Healthy People 2010 (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2000) outlines a global recommendation for all Americans to increase their levels of physical activity, suggesting a minimum of 30 minutes on most, if not all, days of the week. The aging of the American population and the resulting expected increase in stroke survivors accentuates the need for further research to define strategies to eliminate barriers to exercise to increase cardiovascular health, fitness, and function in this population.
The authors acknowledge the contributions to this article made by Dr. Steven Kittner and Dr. Denise Orwig at the University of Maryland in the development of the initial survey instrument; Dr. Daniel Hanley of Johns Hopkins University Medical Center Department of Neurology, and the leadership and staff of the National Stroke Association for their assistance in distribution of the original surveys and subsequent interactive online versions; Mona Choi, doctoral candidate at the University of Maryland Baltimore School of Nursing for assistance with data entry; and Kathleen Michael, PhD RN, for editorial assistance.
This study was sponsored by a Veterans Administration Post Doctoral Nursing Research Fellowship, University of Maryland, Baltimore School of Nursing designated research initiative funds, Baltimore VA Geriatrics Research, Education and Clinical Center, and the Claude D. Pepper Older Adult Independence Center.
About the Authors
Marianne Shaughnessy, PhD CRNP, is associate director of education and evaluation at the Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Geriatrics Research, Education, and Clinical Center, and assistant professor at the University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD. Address correspondence to her at Baltimore VA Medical Center (BT/18/GR), 10 N. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, or to firstname.lastname@example.org.
Barbara M. Resnick, PhD CRNP, is a professor at the University of Maryland School of Nursing.
Richard F. Macko, MD, is associate director of research at the Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Geriatrics Research, Education, and Clinical Center, and a professor in the department of neurology at the University of Maryland School of Medicine.
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Bollen, K. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
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Damush, T. M., Stewart, A. L., Mills, K. M., King, A. C., & Ritter, P. L. (1999). Prevalence and correlates of physician recommendations to exercise among older adults. Journals of Gerontology: Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 54(8), M423–M427.
Dishman, R. (1994). Motivating older adults to exercise. Southern Medical Journal, 87, S79–S82.
Haber, D., & Looney, C. (2000). Health contract calendars: A tool for health professionals with older adults. Gerontologist, 40(2), 235–239.
Hill, K. D., Schwarz, J. A., Kalogeropoulos, A. J., & Gibson, S. J. (1996). Fear of falling revisited. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 77(10), 1025–1029.
Jette, A. M., Rooks, D., Lachman, M., Lin, T. H., Levenson, C., Heislein, D., et al. (1998). Home-based resistance training: Predictors of participation and adherence. Gerontologist, 38(4), 412–421.
Loehlin, J. (1998). Latent variable models. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Lofgren, B., Nyberg, L., Mattson, M. & Gustafson, Y. (1999). Three years after in-patient stroke rehabilitation: A follow up study. Cerebrovascular Disease, 9, 163–170.
Macko, R. F., Smith, G. V., Dobrovolny, C. L., Sorkin, J. D., Goldberg, A. P., & Silver, K. H. (2001). Treadmill training improves fitness reserve in chronic stroke patients. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 82(7), 879–884.
Marcus, B. H., Goldstein, M. G., Jette, A., Simkin-Silverman, L., Pinto, B. M., Milan, F., et al. (1997). Training physicians to conduct physical activity counseling. Preventive Medicine, 26(3), 382–388.
McAuley, E. (1993). Self-efficacy and the maintenance of exercise participation in older adults. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 16(1), 103–113.
Michael, K. (2002). Fatigue and stroke. Rehabilitation Nursing, 27(3), 89–94, 103.
Morey, M. C., Pieper, C. F., & Cornoni-Huntley, J. (1998). Is there a threshold between peak oxygen uptake and self-reported physical functioning in older adults? Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(8), 1223–1229.
Nies, M. A., Vollman, M., & Cook, T. (1998). Facilitators, barriers, and strategies for exercise in European-American women in the community. Public Health Nursing, 15(4), 263–272.
Paolucci, S., Grasso, M. G., Antonucci, G., Bragoni, M., Morelli, D., Cioro, P., et al. (2001). Mobility status after inpatient stroke rehabilitation: 1 year follow up and prognostic factors. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 82, 2–8.
Pedhazur, E. S. L. (1991). Measurement, design & analysis: An integrated approach. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Resnick, B. (1999). Motivation to perform activities of daily living in the institutionalized older adult: Can a leopard change its spots? Journal of Advanced Nursing, 29, 792–799.
Resnick, B., & Nigg, C. (2003). Testing a theoretical model of exercise behavior for older adults. Nursing Research, 52(2), 80–88.
Resnick, B., & Spellbring, A. M. (2000). Understanding what motivates older adults to exercise. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 26(3), 34–42.
Resnick, B., Zimmerman, S. I., Orwig, D., Furstenberg, A. L., & Magaziner, J. (2000). Outcome expectations for exercise scale: Utility and psychometrics. Journals of Gerontolgoy. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 55(6), S352–356.
Ryan, A., Dobrovolny, L., Silver, K. H., Smith, G. V., & Macko, R. F. (2000). Cardiovascular fitness after stroke: Role of muscle mass, and gait deficit severity. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease, 9, 1–8.
Sharon, B., Hennessey, C., Brandon, J. & Boyette, L. (1997). Older adults’ experiences of a strength training program. The Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging, 1: 103–108.
Shaughnessy, M., Resnick, B., & Macko, R. F. (2004). Reliability and validity testing of the short self-efficacy and outcomes expectations for exercise scales in stroke survivors. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease, 13(5), 214–219.
Silver, K. H., Macko, R. F., Forrester, L. W., Goldberg, A. P., & Smith, G. V. (2000). Effects of aerobic treadmill training on gait velocity, cadence, and gait symmetry in chronic hemiparetic stroke: A preliminary report. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 14(1), 65–71.
Smith, G. V., Silver, K. H., Goldberg, A. P., & Macko, R. F. (1999). “Task-oriented” exercise improves hamstring strength and spastic reflexes in chronic stroke patients. Stroke, 30(10), 2112–2118.
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Czech MP tells Culture Ministry to increase funding for publications in national minority languages
Last week Czech MP Markéta Pekarová Adamová (TOP 09) interrupted regular procedure in the lower house to raise the matter of subsidies for periodicals serving national minorities. She said she was alarmed by the fact that the amount of funding for the program has not been increased in five years and believes increasing the financing for the program would be a justified move.
Czech Culture Minister Antonín Staněk was not present in the lower house when she made her interpellation and is said to be preparing a written response. The MP warned that the subsidies for the program have stagnated at less than CZK 21 million [EUR 817 000] for the last five years.
The costs of publishing print periodicals, according to the MP, are growing, and the stagnating subsidies are causing existential dilemmas for the minority presses. "Ten years ago that subsidy was as high as CZK 30 million [EUR 1.2 million]. After the economic crisis it was significantly cut, then fluctuated, and during the last five years it has stagnated at an amount of less than CZK 21 million. The aim of this support from the state budget is to create conditions for national minorities to disseminate and receive information in their own languages. The right of national minorities to disseminate and receive information in their native languages is anchored in Section 13 of the National Minority Rights Act," she said during her interpellation.
"I am of the opinion that currently, when the Czech economy finds itself in good condition and the number of members of national minorities in the Czech Republic is growing, it would be justifiable to again increase this subsidy," the MP told the Culture Minister. The state annually finances such periodicals as part of its Program to Support the Dissemination and Reception of Information in National Minority Languages.
The projects submitted to that program are assessed by a 13-member commission including 11 national minority representatives. The Czech Government Council on National Minorities proposes the commission members.
The awarding of the subsidies, however, is decided by the Culture Ministry, because the commission is just an advisory body to it. The highest amount of funding, more than CZK 5 million [EUR 195 000] was awarded in 2018 to support the Polish-language magazine "Glos", published by the Congress of Poles in the Czech Republic.
"Russian Word" (Ruské slovo) magazine received CZK 1.75 million [EUR 68 000], the German-language "Country Echo" (Zemské echo) received more than CZK 1.4 million [EUR 54 450], while the fourth-highest subsidy goes to the Slovak-language "News of the Slovaks and Czechs" (Listy Slovákov a Čechov) at more than CZK 1.3 million [EUR 50 000]. The program also supports four Romani periodicals: Kereka (CZK 1.05 million - EUR 40 000), the monthly Romano voďi (CZK 880 000 - EUR 34 000), the biweekly Romano hangos (CZK 849 000 - EUR 33 000) and the academic journal Romano džaniben (CZK 440 000 - EUR 17 000).
FULL INTERPELLATION BY Czech MP Markéta Pekarová Adamová (TOP 09)
Dear Mr Minister who is not present,
Representatives of national minorities have turned to me about the matter of the subsidies for national minority periodicals. Such subsidies were as high as CZK 30 million a decade ago.
After the economic crisis, the amount was cut significantly, then fluctuated, and for the last five years has stagnated at an amount of less than CZK 21 million. The aim of this support from the state budget is to create conditions for national minorities to disseminate and receive information in their own languages.
The right of national minorities to disseminate and receive information in their native languages is anchored in Section 13 of the National Minority Rights Act. For this purpose, the state provides subsidies from the state budget, as regulated by paragraph 2 of that section.
Even though the stagnation of the subsidies does not represent a denial of the right of these national minorities, I believe that at present, when the Czech economy is in good shape and the number of members of national minorities in the Czech Republic is growing, it would be justifiable to again increase this subsidy. In a situation where the costs for publishing print periodicals are growing, these stagnating subsidies are pushing the national minority presses into constantly-increasing existential dilemmas.
Dear Mr Minister, I am taking advantage of this opportunity to bring this fact to your attention and to ask your opinion about this issue. Thank you.
- Documentary by Museum of Romani Culture wins award for best Czech film at international festival
- Czech Republic: Museum of Romani Culture announces photography competition
- VIDEO: Museum of Romani Culture Award given to Romani activist David Tišer
- Special issue of Romano voďi magazine on Romani Holocaust and Czech state buyout of pig farm on genocide site
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- Young Romani activist from Ukraine: Stop this war! Ask your representatives to call on Russia to withdraw its troops from Ukraine
- Slovak census: More than 156 000 people declared Romani nationality, more than 100 000 declared Romanes as their mother tongue
- NGOs from four countries reject David Mezei's threats and vulgar attacks as endangering the investigation of the death of Stanislav Tomáš
- Staffers of the Institute of the Terezín Initiative in the Czech Republic are outraged by the board's dismissal of director, fear Holocaust victims' database could be endangered
- Czech Republic plans billions for "nonprofits", but half will go to sports - targeted Romani projects will receive exponentially less money
- Romani scholarship recipient plans to work on AI at Czech university
- Online Romanes-language video calls on Roma to declare Romani nationality during the Czech census
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- Tomáš Ščuka: The strengths and weaknesses of the Brussels demonstration by Romani Europeans
- Edita Stejskalová: Czech PM has decided not to establish the post of Commissioner for Romani Affairs
- EU anti-fraud authority Hungarian program for Roma supported by EU funds has never worked and should be investigated


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text:
Brian, our 30 year old office worker with a head injury - his story continued:
The patient had suffered a blow to the head 18 months prior and soon afterwards (within a month) developed significant tinnitus and neck pain.
Results of examination (summary):
On examination the patient’s neck symptoms had already been resolved.
On assessing his head and face it was easy to tell him what side his injury was on and in which ear his unilateral tinnitus would be (tinnitus in one ear). The muscles of his head, on and around the site of the injury were very tight and sensitised and he still had an increased degree of neural tension in the tissues on the right.
Treatment approach, frequency, duration and the overall results:
The patient’s tinnitus was resolved within 12 hours after his first treatment to normalise the tension and inflammation of the muscles of his head and face.
He attended a second and third appointment because he was afraid the tinnitus would return.
On assessment at his second appointment, his head and face muscles had returned to normal tension i.e. same tension as the left side of his head. This was the same at his third appointment.
He was given postural and ergonomic advice together with maintenance exercises.
The patient was contacted 6 months later and his tinnitus remained scored as being 0-2 out of 10 in terms of severity.
His auditory cortex was now sensitised and the tinnitus severity could increase to 4 or 5 out 10 with exposure to persistent loud music. It would then return back to 0-2 in its absence.
Brian was treated by Gabrielle Douglas, Physiotherapist - contactable at this clinic.


Streamline seismic data processing using high performance computing
Seismic data processing to interpret subsurface features is both computationally and data intensive.
Common procedures to streamline seismic data processing include:
- Working with data files, such as SEGY, that are too large to fit in system memory
- Automating the processing of shot record and travel-time field files
- Developing algorithms to reconstruct the subsurface
- Interpreting subsurface features using visualization and animation
- Using multicore processors, GPUs, and clusters in parallel for faster processing of seismic data
For details on a platform for performing these tasks, see MATLAB® and Simulink®.
Examples and How To
See also: PID control, energy production, algorithm development, parallel computing, digital signal processing (DSP), Smart Emergency Response System


Is your company looking for a new approach to road construction, and a way to not only reduce the amount of CO2 produced, but also build roadways that are sustainable, last longer and cost less to construct and maintain?
Download our full article to read about an innovative cellular confinement system, designed to reinforce a road’s base layer and extend its practical lifespan far beyond the current expectations of conventional road construction. Novel Polymeric Alloy Geocell based road construction benefits include:
▪ Reduced construction costs
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The article includes a case study of the Village of Ryley, a typical rural community with limited budgets that suffered from continuous, recurring and costly road repairs. Find out how they implemented an environmentally friendly solution to improve the durability of its main street that was not only cost-effective to build but will reduce future repair and maintenance costs.
About the author:
Meisam Nouzouri, M.Sc. Civil Engineering, B.Sc. Civil Engineering, is the principal road designer for Alberta-based Stratum Logics Inc. Meisam wrote his Master’s thesis on pavement performance, and his research papers have appeared in the internationally-recognized Journal of the Transportation Research Board, and the International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology.
Fill in the form below to learn how you can build today sustainable roads with tomorrow’s innovative solutions.


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Harold “Buddy” Hudson was the first black basketball player at the University of Oklahoma. Johnson passed away last week at age 75. Hudson transferred to U of O in 1958, six years before the Civil Rights Movement. On December 3rd of that same year, he made history by walking onto the basketball court of the Oklahoma Sooners as the team’s first black player. With Hudson on the team, the Sooners finished the season 15-10, and 9-5 in the Big Eight..
Hudson was a native of Purcell, Oklahoma. He started his secondary education at Booker T. Washington but graduated from Purcell High School. By 1956, he had not only been one of the first black players at Purcell, but he was the first black player on the All-State basketball team. He scored under the guidance of Boney Matthews, who was the most winning high school basketball coach in the state. The six-foot-two player went on to Oklahoma Baptist University before transferring to University of Oklahoma.
Little Known Black History Fact: Harold “Buddy” Hudson was originally published on blackamericaweb.com

domain: history


This replacement upgrade UTG® CZ Scorpion Evo 3 extended charging handle is Matte Red hard anodized 6061-T6 aluminum with steel guide rod and it is compatible with both pistol and carbine models. This UTG charging handle replacement accessory for your CZ Scorpion Evo 3 is reversible for left or right side. Charging handle is a simple drop-in installation part with no permanent modification required to your CZ Scorpion Evo 3. The extended and partially serrated charging handle features dehorned corners and melted contours. The charging handle is made from matte Red hard anodized 6061-T6 aluminum with a steel guide rod. UTG Lifetime Warranty.
Compatible with both CZ Scorpion Evo 3 Pistol and Carbine Models.


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Marvin Bagley III and DeAndre Ayton, who both played for Arizona high schools and are rated as No. 1 in their respective recruiting classes, are apparently giving serious consideration to starting their college careers in-state.
And that says a lot about the men’s basketball programs at University of Arizona, which has re-established itself among the nation’s elite programs, and Arizona State, which is once again getting national exposure after the hire of Bobby Hurley to run its program.
Ayton, who is currently attending Hillcrest Academy in Phoenix, is considered by most recruiting services as the No. 1 prospect in the Class of 2017. Bagley, who attended Corona del Sol High School in Tempe and helped that school to its fourth straight D-I state title, is ranked No. 1 in the Class of 2018.
As we reported in a May 3 Phxfan article, Ayton had inexplicably failed to attract college suitors, telling the media that his only offer had come from the Kansas Jayhawks. It’s not surprising that a top-tier program like Kansas was interested. But it was perplexing that there weren’t a boatload of other offers.
At the time, Ayton had a wish list of nine schools that included Arizona and Arizona State – but no offers except the one from Kansas. But now it’s being reported that a couple of major programs are stepping into the recruiting war for the 7-foot, 235-pound center. Kentucky and Arizona have stepped up to the plate.
And Arizona appears to have a legitimate shot at his talents. Part of their pitch to the youngster is that he would become the school’s first No. 1 draft pick, should Ayton be able to earn that distinction in the one year that he is likely to devote to college ball.
The reason the rest of the college programs backed away from recruiting Ayton, a native of the Bahamas who came to Hillcrest from San Diego, revolved around a couple of factors. There were rumors floating around that he was thinking about skipping college to play professionally overseas and there were also concerns about his academic eligibility.
But Ayton has been taking online courses over the summer and is coordinating with the NCAA to make sure his progress will be enough to guarantee eligibility.
Bagley, too, has been dealing with off-the-court issues. After leading the school to the state championship as a freshman, the 6’11” power forward abruptly left Corona to enroll at Hillcrest, a new school in the Phoenix area that had plans to be a national prep academy on the level of the well-known Findlay Prep, a basketball factory in Nevada. His father was also hired as an assistant coach.
Just a couple of games into the season, he left that program and began home schooling while trying to decide where to go next. That turned out to be Sierra Canyon High School in California, which features a nationally-ranked basketball program.
He was ruled ineligible to play in 2015 by the state’s governing body, so he sat out last season.
At last report, his list of finalists was down to six schools, and UofA and ASU were on that short list. The others were Kentucky, Duke, UCLA, and Oregon.
The chances of both top prospects playing in-state are extremely unlikely. The chances of one of them picking an Arizona school are better – but even that would have to be considered a stretch.
Ayton might be the surprise. He emphasized the importance of relationships and says he’s less concerned with the prestige of the program and more interested in finding a head coach he can relate to.
ASU’s Hurley is young and relates well to this generation, and Sean Miller‘s staff has a reputation for reeling in recruits by making them feel they are part of a close-knit family in Tucson.
Long shots, yes… but stranger things have happened in college recruiting.


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The War and Treaty
The War And Treaty have amassed a following as eclectic as their sound itself, a bluesy but joyful fusion of Southern soul, gospel, country, and rock-and-roll – and they bring the house down on Friday, August 26.
Known for a live show nearly revival-like in intensity, the husband-and-wife team of Michael Trotter Jr. and Tanya Blount-Trotter endlessly create an exhilarating exchange of energy with their audience, a dynamic they’ve brought to the stage in opening for the legendary Al Green and touring with the likes of Brandi Carlile, Jason Isbell and John Legend – while their multifaceted collaborative efforts include Dierks Bentley, Elvis Costello, Emmylou Harris, Leslie Jordan, Mumford & Sons,View more
29 Old Dewline Road, North Truro, MA 02652


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YOUNG offenders have been working together to help other youngsters during their half term.
Nine young offenders working with Swindon’s Youth Offending Team have come together to create six artistic pieces to help raise money to support other young people.
They plan to sell the artwork at auction to raise money to donate to Young Carers.
Kevin Leaning, head of the Youth Offending Team based in Stratton, said: “Nine of our young offenders have thrown themselves into this art project with enthusiasm, and are keen to see how much money will be raised at the charity auction coming up in March.
“Young Carers are children and young people up to the age of 18, whose lives are affected by looking after someone who may have physical or learning disabilities, long-term illness, mental health problems, or misuse drugs or alcohol. They might be a parent, brother, sister or other family member.
“This project helps reinforce opportunities for young people to make a positive contribution, which in turn helps to reassure the public that the vast majority of young offenders are capable of changing their behaviour.”
- Youth offending officer Karen Sercombe admires the art
The youngsters designed the artwork and developed the skills needed to create a piece good enough to go to the auction in March.
The proceeds they get from the auction will go towards the charity, Young Carers, which supports other youngsters who in turn support other people who may have a disability or suffer with serious issues.
The youngsters spent five days during half term working on the pieces.
Kevin said: “Working for five days on the project also gave the staff an opportunity to carry out informal discussions around offending behaviour and around the goals and aspirations of the young people we had with us. It also created awareness of young carers and the issues they have to face.
“The young people involved in the project now have a better understanding of what young carers do and what they may experience.”
- Taking in one of the items to be sold
The Youth Offending Team helps young people face up to the impact of their negative behaviour on their community, and recognise how their behaviour has been harmful.
The project to create something to auction for Young Carers provided an opportunity for the young offenders to learn about the difficulties other youngsters their own age could face.

domain: sociology


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Hi Can anyone tell me if they have used darkplanet.co.uk? I am after a cooling system for my xbox 360 and wondered if this site was reliable?Any feedback would be appreciated.ThanksTat!
Well I do not know if it is my computer or whether www. darkplanet.co.uk is a Marcus Scott photography company, selling photographs with some association to a Poverty Org?.
You mean click here
P.S. no affiliation with aforementioned website and seemingly fetish observation of trees!
Sorry!Darkplanets.co.uk!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Can you offer any assistance?Thanks
This thread is now locked and can not be replied to.
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Once the capital of Portugal, this quaint and charming town is a treasure chest of stunning gardens, historical sites, fado music, and dynamic culture. Located near the Mondego River in the centre of Portugal, Coimbra is a city of medieval churches and an intricate maze of cobbled streets that are so stunning; you’ll think you’ve slipped back in time. In fact, many people consider Coimbra to be the most romantic city in the country. The town gets its energy and influence from the University of Coimbra. Founded in 1209, and one of the oldest universities in Europe, you can see the entire city from its courtyard.
Roughly halfway between Massachusetts and mainland Portugal, you’ll find the Azores. This archipelago is made of nine volcanic islands scattered over several hundred nautical miles and best known for the hot mineral springs, first-class whale watching (named one of the top ten spots on the planet), and lovely seaside towns. Each island has its own distinct identity, but they’re all rich with beautiful beaches and green landscapes. Sao Miguel, “The Green Island,” is the largest of the nine while Pico is home to the tallest mountain in all of Portugal. If you’re an adventurer, this is where you want to be. All water sports can be found here as well as cycling and horseback riding; primarily in Vila Franca do Campo, the largest town in The Azores.
This beautiful town, that sits at the foot of a mountain range bearing the same name, is so marvellous that UNESCO has named the entire place a world heritage site. The designation is for “cultural landscape,” specially created for Évora and which includes the natural beauty of the mountains as well the historic characteristics of the town. Évora is 2,000 years old and overflowing with Moorish courtyards, Renaissance fountains, Gothic turrets, medieval squares and a labyrinthine of tiny streets. Visit the Praça do Giraldo, one of the main squares where open-air cafes serve delicious coffees to tourists but which was once the site of public executions. Don’t forget the Roman baths and the Moorish “Yeborah.”
Set alongside the Ria de Aveiro lagoon, Aveiro (uh-vey-roo) is a lively city whose nickname is “the Venice of Portugal” because of its picturesque humpbacked bridges, high-prow boats, and the charming network of cannels. In fact, the town is best explored by moliceiro, a traditional boat once used primarily for harvesting seaweed and now converted for tourists. Have your fill of relaxing beaches and fabulous cuisine and feel like royalty here. You’ll want to be sure to make time for the Sao Goncalinho Chapel, the Averio Cathedral, the Convento de Jesus and the many art nouveau buildings scattered around the town’s old centre.
Just off the Lisbon coast, in the foothills of the Sintra Mountains, and a day trip away from Portugal’s capital, Sintra is simply breathtaking. Pretty villas, royal retreats, luscious green hills, and fairy tale castles define this beautiful town. The highlight is Sintra’s Palácio da Pena with its German influence and mix of architectural styles. Once the summer home of the Portuguese royal family, the surrounding lands are a nature lovers dream come true – filled with exotic flowers, plants, and trees. You must also make time for the ancient ruins at the Castle of the Moors with its unbelievable view from Sintra’s highest hill, as well as the subtropical gardens of Monserrate Palace.
Porto is the city that gave Portugal its name. But locals will tell you it’s most known for a hearty fortified wine known as port. This busy city spreads itself across the hills that overlook the Douro River in north Portugal. The historic centre is a UNESCO World Heritage Site where you’ll find the Ribeira, a wonderful pedestrian zone with cafes, live music, street vendors, and mouth-waters cuisine. Porto is the second largest city and balances its commercial interests with its romantic history. Take a sunset stroll along the Douro as the sounds of music drift from the cafes and see if you don’t want to stay forever.
Encircled by several rings of medieval walls with a Moorish castle at its centre, Óbidos sits on top of a hill with astonishing views. The town’s main attractions are the historic centre and its medieval castle which is now a Pousada (hotel owned by the government). The medieval ambiance of the place makes for a remarkable walk as you wind your way through the crooked cobblestone streets. You’ll pass many small squares full of lively activity, small cafes and shops, and whitewashed private homes decorated with colourful flowers. Don’t miss out on the Capela de São Martinho, Igreja Matriz de Santa Maria, or the Igreja do Senhor da Pedra. Enjoy the Ancient Music Festival in October and the International Chocolate Festival each March.
8. Funchal, Maderia
With a nickname like “Floating Garden of the Atlantic,” you know you’re in for a fun and relaxing time. Maderia is an archipelago in the Atlantic located between Portual and North Africa. It’s one of two autonomous regions in the country (along with The Azores) and is popular for its wines, the must-see Orchid Garden and the Laurissilva Forest. Funchal is its capital and largest city which manages to balance modern growth and tradition. This is evident when you look at the well-preserved churches and museums through town. Funchal is a very walk-able sunny city perfect for nature lovers. When the sun goes down, those that love a fun-filled nightlife will appreciate the nightclubs, casinos, and restaurants.
9. The Algarve
If you’re looking for sun, sand, and sea, you’ll want to put Algarve at the top of your life. Here’s the rundown for this amazing south Portuguese town: fantastic beaches, Mediterranean climate, 3000 hours of sunlight a year, almost no rain, delicious cuisine, affordable cost of living, world-renown golf courses, picturesque towns, and rich history. What’s not to love? The capital city of Faro is almost untouched from its 18th century roots and Sagres and Lagos can trace their roots to the Roman period. You must visit The Fortaleza de Sagre was built in the 15th century and is believed to be the home of Prince Henry’s School of Navigation, and the Cape of São Vicente, a sacred site for the Roman’s who called it Promontorium Sacrum.
Portugal’s capital and largest city stretches along the banks of the Tagus River. Covering seven hills that form an unbelievable destination vacation, Lisbon is full of Gothic cathedrals, distinct neighbourhoods, fantastic weather, crooked alleyways, and fun shopping all with traditional fado music serving as your soundtrack everywhere you go. The Baixa, Lisbon’s downtown, is the traditional centre of life here. The Baixa is where you’ll find the old traditional shops – some of the craftsmen have been there for generations. Alfama, an old Moorish quarter is the oldest district in the city known for its rustic architecture as well as St. George’s Castle. Take a tour on one of the vintage trams (famously Tram 28) which will take you through all the main attractions, gardens, and historic quarters.
This city is overflowing with astounding characteristics. The historic centre is a UNESCO World Heritage site and the city itself was 2012’s European Capital of Culture. Guimarães has special value for the Portuguese for it was here that the country’s roots began, during the Battle of São Mamede in 1128. Afonso Henriques, the first King of Portugal was the victor and set in motion the founding of this small but marvellous country. You must visit not only the 10th century medieval castle, but Ducal Palace as well – built in the 15th century, it’s now a palace and a museum. And for a relaxing afternoon, take a stroll down the city’s most beautiful street, Rua de Santa Maria.
This former fishing village is now a major holiday destination among domestic and international tourists. It’s no wonder when you consider the white sand beaches, parasailing, jet-skiing, anddolphin watching. Three great beaches to consider are Praia da Oura, Praia dos Pescadores (Fishermans Beach), and Praia do Peneco. If crowds aren’t for you but you still want your time on the beach, there are smaller and more secluded beaches full of character and great for families. When you need a break, head inland to visit the appealing villages and high-quality restaurants on offer. Oh, and don’t forget the incredible nightlife.
Vilamoura, considered the heart of the Algarve, has always been known for its absorbing natural beauty and sun and sand holidays. But these days tourism is booming and it’s becoming more known for luxurious spas, fine golfing, and a paradise for true foodies. Vilamoura is the place to come to put your feet up and relax. You’re a quick trip away from the fast-paced night life of Faro as well as the Algarve’s best beaches. In fact, some of Portugal’s best wind-surfing happens on the beaches closest to town. This is a must-stop for seafood lovers and wine lovers. It’s a perfect way to wind down your time in Portugal.
Home to the Sanctuary of Fátima, a sacred pilgrimage site for Catholics, this central Portuguese town is heavily influenced by its patron saint, the Virgin Mary. You can visit the Capelinha das Apariçoes, where she allegedly appeared in 1917, as well as other sacred sites like Igreja da Santíssima Trindade and the golden angels of Basílica de Nossa Senhora do Rosário. Over six million people a year come to visit this holy place that now houses two huge churches on a stunning esplanade in the heart of town. No matter your beliefs, Fátima is an impressive site to see; it’s an interesting look into some of the religious culture of Portugal.
The entire Algarve region is famous in Portugal, and the Algarve’s most famous destination is Faro. This capital city feels more Portuguese than most resort towns which is too bad because most people just pass through. There’s a lot to discover here, including a delightful marine, plazas and parks, the historic old down with outdoor cafes and wonderful pedestrian lanes, the archaeological museum and a Renaissance cathedral known as Bishops Palace. There’s a student population that keeps the nightlife interesting as well. The medieval quarters are fabulously maintained and hidden within you’ll find unique little museums, churches, and even a bone chapel. The Parque Natural da Ria Formasa lagoons are also nearby and make a great spot for exploration.


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Billy & Buddy Book 3 - Friends First
Billy & Buddy Book 3: Friends First
By Jean Roba
Christmas comes early in the third superb collection of this children's comic book series popular in Europe for many decades and now being turned into a movie, opening as it does with a number of winter related stories of gentle humour and daft puns.
Friends First is an apt title to describe Little Billy and his dog Buddy - a good kid, on the whole, and a pet who's clever though not always as clever as he thinks he is - But Billy's dad gets a good look in this volume, and is the butt of many a joke, of his own making and otherwise. There's also a new next door neighbour to contend with: a moaning old dear with, of all thing, a pet cat.
Great fun this; and something you can dip into for a single page strip or the whole book in one sitting, and appreciate. It won't change your world reading this, but it might just help put a smile on your face for a while. It did mine.
For more information on Billy & Buddy visit: www.cinebook.com

domain: library


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Uncommon felt tip signature, “Love, O Heather, O’Rourke,” on an off-white 6 x 4 card. In very fine condition. Accompanied by an unsigned glossy publicity photo of O’Rourke stapled with a talent agency profile sheet. Pre-certified PSA/DNA. From the Harvey and Rhoda Kuflik Collection.
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Raised By Swans
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unMasKED! Head to the Masquerade Ball at the Harley-Davidson Museum
Harley-Davidson Museum opens new (P)ART exhibit
Out And About
Don’t miss the party! Check out custom bike show at Harley-Davidson Museum
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Warren Averett Asset Management in Pensacola, Florida serves your financial planning and investment advisory needs across the Gulf Coast.
Known as The City of Five Flags, Warren Averett Asset Management also knows Pensacola as home. Our office is conveniently located in the heart of downtown Pensacola, near the Community Maritime Park, the National Naval Aviation Museum and the beach. Our professionals also serve our other Gulf Coast offices including wealth management in Destin, Florida, Fort Walton Beach, Florida, Panama City, Florida and Foley, Alabama.
At Warren Averett Asset Management, we believe community partnerships are vital in facilitating economic development. That’s why our team members are actively involved many service organizations throughout our community. We proudly support our area’s expanding economic development efforts, and local community and charitable organizations.
Learn more about our Gulf Coast team members’ expertise, insights, and how we can help you thrive.

domain: economics


For all its associations with clubs and warehouses, house music sounds best outdoors—at open-air parties, poolside get-downs, and beach raves. Peggy Gou’s “Starry Night,” her first single of the year, aims directly at that sand-between-the-toes vibe. It’s not exactly a new look for the Korean producer; much of her work falls squarely on the feel-good end of the club-music spectrum, from the breezy electro of “Han Jan” to the tropical disco-house of “It Makes You Forget (Itgehane).” “Starry Night,” from the inaugural release on her own Gudu Records, picks up the throwback sensibility of her previous singles and runs with it, propelled by gliding hi-hats, machine claps, and a staccato bassline with the faintest hint of freestyle. The glue holding it all together: bold, pumping piano chords, the ultimate signifier of house music at its balmiest. As if the point weren’t clear enough, Gou drives it home with the fragmentary images of the song’s spoken-word refrain, which bookends her trademark Korean-language verses: “Ocean! Starlight! Moment! Now! Us!” With summer just a few months away, the opportunity to encounter “Starry Night” in its natural habitat draws tantalizingly close.
March 22, 2019
The track comes from the producer’s first EP on her own label.