text:
KatMovieHD 2020 Live Link: Download Bollywood, Hollywood HD Movies – KatmovieHD is a pirated movie website from where you can download all types of movies, series, videos, songs, pictures, etc. for free. From here you can download Hindi, English, Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu movies in HD Quality. Due to the good features of this website, you must definitely use this website and see it once. If you are using this website for the first time, then you should know that here you get to download a collection of movies as well as tv shows, tv-series.
KatmovieHD is an online platform from where you can download Hindi, English, Malayalam, Kannada movies for free. Here you are provided a link to download movies, tv shows, tv series in HD Quality. Apart from this, you get to download Telugu and Tamil movies here.
There are many websites of movie downloading on the Internet from where you can download movie content. Among these websites, KatmovieHD is one of the best websites to download movies. Here we will give you complete information about the KatmovieHD website and also tell you how to download movies from here. Since this website has been declared illegal by the government, it will also give you information about legal alternatives to download movies.
Newly launched movies on this website are leaked online. From here you can download WWE programs and tv series apart from Bollywood, Hollywood, Tollywood movies which you do not have to pay any fee to download. This website is used in many countries of the world. In addition to Bollywood, Hollywood movies, you get to see Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, and Punjabi movies.
Table of Contents
How can we Download Latest Movie from KatmovieHD?
You can also download and stream movies from KatmovieHD. If you are looking for a platform from where you can download or watch movies for free, you can do this with the help of the KatmovieHD website. While downloading the movie here, you can get to see advertisements and in addition pop up ads are also shown here. Unwanted software can also be installed on clicking in these ads. These are the only means of earning a website, from which they earn a good amount.
KatmovieHD’s domain names change from time to time. This is because these websites are illegal to use and are blocked by the government. This website is operated by a team. It is illegal to upload and leak the latest movies. Movies can also be downloaded through the KatmovieHD app.
While downloading the movie from KatmovieHD, you may see an error when you visit this website because these websites are blocked by the government. Therefore to access the website you may need VPN software. Can access blocked websites through a VPN. MeraGK.in completely opposes the piracy of the movie and we advise you not to download movies from such pirated websites.
What are the Steps to Download Movie from KatmovieHD
- Connect VPN to system
- Visit KatmovieHD website (Note: working links of website are available below)
- Search the movie you want to download from the search bar
- You can also select a movie according to the category of the movie
- When advertisements show, wait till download link show.
- Select the movie and then click on Download Button
- You can download the movie by following other instructions
KatmovieHD 2020 Live Link:
These types of websites that are pirated are completely illegal to use and their link is blocked by the government, but these websites keep redirecting from old domain to new domain. Some links of this website are as follows: –
Alternatives to KatmovieHD EU website:
If for some reason all the links of the website are blocked, then you will find other pirated websites on the internet similar to KatmoviesHD EU like 9xMovies, Filmywap, 123Movies, Tamilrockers, Bolly4u, Downloadhub, FilmyZilla, etc. But it is completely illegal to use such a pirated website. Following are the alternatives to the KatmovieHD website:
- YTS (Yify)
- Jio rockers
- DVD Rockers
Legal alternatives to the KatmovieHD PW website:
There are many alternatives to KatmovieHD PW available on the internet such as Moviesda, Tamilrockers, 9xMovies, 123Movies, Filmywap, Tamilyogi, Movierulz etc. But it is completely illegal to use all these websites. There are many legal ways from which you can easily watch movies, which are as follows: –
- Sony LIV
- Prime Flix
- Amazon Prime Video
- Sony Crunch
Downloading movies from KatmovieHD legal or illegal?
It is completely illegal to use the KatmovieHD website. In addition to downloading movies from here, uploading movies on this website is also illegal. This website is blocked by the government. By using this website, you can get both its punishment and penalty. Download and upload Illegal content film Producer suffer too high loss.
Here are celebrities bio team never support illegal activity, we always suggest that you need to download movies in a legal way like NetFlix, Amazon Prime, YouTube, etc.
Category of movies available on KatmovieHD com
The following types of movies are available on KatmovieHD com
- Hindi WEBSeries
- Dual Audio
- TV SERIES [Dubbed]
In which format can you download a movie on KatmovieHD in?
Movie in the following format is available on KatmovieHD in: –
- HD Quality
Can download KatmovieHD App
Yes, You can download katmoviehd app on your mobile and pc. you need to find this app on the third party website because Google plays never promote these type of pirated app on their platform. you can search this app on other third party pirated sites and you can download and watch your favorite movies on their app.
KatmovieHD app is designed keeping in mind the convenience of many users. In this app, you will get to see different categories of films like Horror, Thriller, Comedy, Adventure, Drama, Romance etc., which makes it easy to choose a movie. This app has not been published in google play store because it is illegal to use movies of this type of website. You can install this app from its website or third-party website.
KatmovieHD APK Download
App Name – KatMovieHD
Version – v3.0
File Size – 3.6 MB
Requirement – Android 4.0 and above
Languages – English
Last Updated – Not Known
License – Free
KatmovieHD Apk Features
- You can watch and download videos of your choice in free on KatmovieHD.
- In the new version of this app, all the old bugs have been fixed
- This app is very user friendly whose user interface is quite easy.
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- KatmovieHD is very small in apk size which does not take much space on mobile.
Here we do not support any type of Illegal activity and pirated site. this information only for educational purposes and we are trying to provide the detail that this site is very harmful to us.

domain: entertainment


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Suppose the output of the "route -n" (on Red Hat/Debian) command is as follows: Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 0.0.0.0 a.b.c.d 0.0.0.0 ...
I have a Centos server acting as a NAT in my network. This server has one external (later ext1) interface and three internal (later int1, int2 and int3). Egress traffic comes from users via int1 and ...
And which one is better for connecting two linux machines?
Here are parts of route cache from three different servers that are NOT under high load. # ip route show cache | grep -B 1 rtt local 127.0.0.1 from 127.0.0.1 dev lo cache <local> mtu ...


text:
Europe of solidarity and / or Europe of egoism?
On March 12, 2012 in the plenary of the National Assembly the second event of the series "European public talks and discussions at the parliament” was held. It was initiated by the Committee on European Affairs and Oversight of the European Funds under the patronage of the President of the National Assembly Tsetska Tsacheva. The discussion went in search of the answer whether we live in a "Europe of solidarity and / or egoism."
Guest speakers were Kristalina Georgieva – European Commissioner for International Cooperation, Humanitarian Aid and Crisis Response, Daniel Gross - Director of the Centre for European Policy Studies and Alexander Andreev - Editor-in-Chief of the Bulgarian section of “Deutsche Welle“. The discussion was moderated by Monika Panayotova – Chairwoman of the Committee on European Affairs and Oversight of the European Funds.
"I believe that Europe is a family and this family will cope with the crisis - despite the contradictions in it, or precisely because of those contradictions," highlighted the president of the National Assembly Tsetska Tsacheva in her opening speech. "Being among the supporters of the EU, we believe that solidarity is the foundation stone, the main value of the EU, the skeptics would say that this solidarity is dictated by egoism, by the interest of every community member to feel safer in a big union of solidarity" noted Tsetska Tsacheva and added that the EU is going through turbulent times - economic crisis leading to a decrease in economic growth which worries the citizens of Europe. "It seems that skepticism increases, we observe nationalist movements that extend their influence and it seems that Europe is not as united as it was years ago," she said. "Today one could say that the EU has different families and each family experiences the unhappiness in its own way" stated the President of the parliament, paraphrasing the first sentence of "Anna Karenina" – “Happy families are all alike, every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way.”
"The way we answer the question "Europe of solidarity and / or Europe of egoism?" means which road we take – the road to prosperity or the one to gradual loss of positions," underlined the European Commissioner for International Cooperation, Humanitarian Aid and Crisis Response - Kristalina Georgieva in her address. "I believe in the European project, I believe that our children will live in a strong and united Europe," she noted.
"Today, 500 million Europeans form the number one economy in the world," said Kristalina Georgieva. She pointed out that if we take GDP in nominal terms, with its 16.2 trillion USD Europe comprises 26% of the global economy, U.S. – 23%, and Germany - 5%. Bulgaria is ranked 75th, according to IMF data, the smallest economy in Europe - Estonia – holds 101st place.
In her speech, Commissioner Georgieva stated that the solidarity on which Europe is built is necessary for all of us. The Commissioner noted that if EU wants to be the global economic leader, it should continue working on its internal integration. In this regard, the Commissioner added that a step in the right direction is the opening of labor markets to Bulgarians and Romanians, because "We are a plus for the European economy, not a minus."
Daniel Gross - Director of the Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS) defined himself as a "euro realist" who recognizes that "all Member States think about their own good." In this regard, the Director of CEPS said that the euro itself shouldn’t be regarded as a unifying factor and an escape from egoism. The expert emphasized that more solidarity and integration are possible if each country makes efforts in its own home, i.e. "If they do their homework". According to Gross, solidarity is assuredly connected with increased accountability to the citizens.
The editor of the Bulgarian version of "Deutsche Welle" Alexander Andreev launched the idea for establishing the European United States; the signing of a new social contract with Federal Europe, rather than doing so with the individual Member States, as well as rapid deepening of the democratization of Europe, which is currently at an early stage. Mr. Andreev commented that "idyllic EU" is in the past, because the engines on which it was created – the security threats from the middle of the last century – are already gone. Therefore, the former EU is no longer adequate and the model needs reshaping.
The second “European public talk at the parliament” confirmed the expectations for an active and direct dialog with the civil society, business representatives, non-governmental organizations and academia on the most topical issues of the European Agenda. The proof for it was the discussion in which participated Prof. Ingrid Shikova, Head of Department “European Studies” in Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski". She pointed out an interesting trend: the word “solidarity” is mentioned more and more often in the official EU Treaties. It starts with the Schuman Declaration, where “solidarity” appears only once to reach the Lisbon Treaty which includes a “solidarity clause”. Prof. Shikova emphasized the importance of the correlation “responsibility – solidarity” and concluded that Europe is not a contract, but a state of mind.
Dimitar Bechev, Director of the European Council on Foreign Relations, shared the idea that the technocratic model of integration has already been exhausted. Meanwhile, with the increase of resources for redistribution increases the need for accountability. According to Mr. Bechev, at present the intergovernmental decisions are being reached through political voluntarism. Responsibility for mistakes is always sought from the weaker states while decisions are taken by the strong. Mr. Bechev asked a question - should the crisis not be seen with its two faces, seeking the solidarity of the rich countries as well?
The Minister for EU Funds Management Tomislav Donchev, also expressed his position on the topic, saying what Europe needs most are concrete results. He added that the crisis has shown what the disadvantages of the political system are and expressed his satisfaction that the Cohesion policy is already considered an instrument for achieving connectivity, development and growth, rather than a means of charity.
The Deputy Chairman of the 41 th National Assembly, Georgi Pirinski, provoked the speakers with the question whether "searching for the basis for solidarity, we can ignore the differences".
The moderator of the second "European public talks" Monika Panayotova closed the debate, expressing confidence that the European idea and the egoism are incompatible, because solidarity is really the basis of the European project. Ms. Panayotova concluded that during the debate solidarity was examined from many angles: from the perspective of self-interest, individual responsibility and last but not least as charity.
Complete recording of the debate may be found at: http://parliament.bg/bg/evrodebati/3

domain: news


text:
Join livestream yin yoga classes on my YouTube channel. I go live every so often, about twice a month, on an unscheduled basis. To get notified about livestreams, subscribe to my channel on YouTube and tap the bell to turn on notifications.
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domain: hobby


text: On 7/31/2018, I traded in my vehicle and purchased a used vehicle from TOS. There were several things that were “not right” about the whole ordeal but the worst was in the finance department. Abed Mensah, the Business Manager was very sneaky and shady when I was completing my paperwork for the sale and the loan. While sitting with him I found many figures that were incorrect on the paperwork when he handed them to me to sign. Needless to say, he had to reprint the paperwork at least 3 times. A few weeks went by and I applied for a AAA credit card and was denied. When I asked why they told me I had 9 hard Inquiries on my Transunion credit report between 7/31/2018 and 8/3/2018. If that isn’t bad enough, two hard inquiries were after I signed all the paperwork and took possession of the vehicle on 7/31/2018! The 9 hard inquiries are now on my Transunion credit report and until September 2020! This has negatively effected my credit for the next 23 months!!! No wonder why my salesman quick his job the next week!

domain: finance


text:
What kind of water is used in a fish tank?
Good water chemistry is the basis for a healthy aquarium system, whether it be freshwater or saltwater. The main water options available for fish tank systems are tap water, well water, bottled water, reverse osmosis (RO) water, reverse osmosis deionized (RO/DI) water, and lastly, distilled water.
Do fish tanks need purified water?
However, with proper remineralization distilled water becomes one of the best options for a healthy aquarium. That being said, in small tanks and bowls using pure distilled water can be fatal to fish as it will significantly impact pH levels.
Is aquarium water harmful to humans?
Like all animals, fish may carry germs that make people sick. These germs can also contaminate the water in which fish live. Although fish and aquarium water can spread germs to people, illness due to keeping fish is rare.
Is rain water good for aquarium fish?
I would warm it up if it’s cold though to your tank temp. Dont use rainwater neat. It’s dangerous for the fish as it is devoid of all minerals. It will cause them to leech minerals out into the water and they may take on excessive water through osmosis and will eventually die.
Can goldfish live in tap water?
So YES, goldfish can live in tap water. As long as it’s been treated with a water conditioner first. If you don’t treat tap water before adding it to your goldfish tank, then it will most likely kill your goldfish, as it’s full of things which are harmless to us, but extremely harmful to fish.
How often do you change water in fish tank?
You should do a 25% water change every two to four weeks. There is no reason to remove the fish during the water change. Make sure you stir the gravel or use a gravel cleaner during the water change. When adding water back in to the aquarium, use Tetra AquaSafe® to remove the chlorine and chloramine.
Do fishes sleep?
While fish do not sleep in the same way that land mammals sleep, most fish do rest. Research shows that fish may reduce their activity and metabolism while remaining alert to danger. Some fish float in place, some wedge themselves into a secure spot in the mud or coral, and some even locate a suitable nest.
Can a fish survive in milk?
The simple answer is “no,” but the nuanced response sheds light on how fish, and all other organisms, function. Fish have evolved over many millions of years to survive in water with a certain amount of dissolved oxygen, acidity, and other trace molecules.
What causes white stringy poop in fish?
Most of the time, you’ll barely notice this mucus coating because of what your fish eats. The mucus is stretched thin and you’ll see a mush similar in color to the pellets you feed. If your fish has not been eating, you will only see the mucus. This is the “stringy, white fish poop” in fish.
Do fish get thirsty?
The answer is still no; as they live in water they probably don’t take it in as a conscious response to seek out and drink water. Thirst is usually defined as a need or desire to drink water. It is unlikely that fish are responding to such a driving force.
How long fish live in tap water?
Ordinary tap water is fine for filling up the aquarium as long as you let it sit for several days before adding fish (the chlorine in the tap water will kill the fish).
How long does it take for tap water to be safe for fish?
Always let tap water sit for 24 hours so the chlorine has a chance to evaporate. Or you can treat the water with another chemical if you’re not able to wait.
Is hard water bad for fish?
Many fish can only thrive in certain levels of water hardness, and if the levels are outside acceptable parameters, it can cause stress and death. Hard water has a high dissolved mineral content. Soft water has very little. The most common mineral in water is calcium; however, other minerals may also be present.
What size tank do you need for 2 goldfish?
Based on the rules above, the goldfish tank size we recommend for two goldfish is: 42 gallons for two Common goldfish. That’s 30 gallons for the first fish and 12 additional gallons for the second fish. 30 gallons for two fancy goldfish.
What is goldfish food?
Goldfish kept as pets feed readily on commercial pellets, flakes and diced fresh vegetables such as lettuce, zucchini and peas. They also enjoy brine shrimp and blood worms. Before adding anything into a goldfish diet, always first get the approval of an aquatic veterinarian.
Why is my goldfish rubbing on the gravel?
Strange Swimming: When fish are stressed, they often develop odd swimming patterns. If your fish is swimming frantically without going anywhere, crashing at the bottom of his tank, rubbing himself on gravel or rocks, or locking his fins at his side, he may be experiencing significant stress.
How do you keep a fish tank clean without changing water?
How to keep your fish tank clean with minimal effort Change water + clean gravel. Dr. Rinse the filter. Once a month, turn off the filter and take it out of the aquarium. Don’t overfeed. Keep tank out of direct sunlight. Get freshwater fish in a big tank.
Do fish like water changes?
Water change is different from “topping off” the aquarium. Discus and other sensitive fish species thrive well under very low nitrate levels, and thus need frequent water changes, but with only a small percentage of water changed each time.
Should you replace gravel in a fish tank?
If your tank has been set up for more than a few months, a good portion of your bacteria live in your gravel, and removing it altogether will overwhelm the nitrogen cycle, resulting in ammonia and nitrite spikes that can harm and kill your fish. There are safe procedures to changing out gravel.

domain: pet


text:
NFL DRAFT / Kickers Preview / Longhorn Dawson a Lone Star Among Kicking Prospects
Published 4:00 am, Friday, April 17, 1998
It's easy to remember the two salient facts you need to know about the kickers who will be available in the NFL draft.
Fact one is that only one placekicker, Phil Dawson of Texas, is rated highly as a professional prospect.
Fact two is that, of the 34 kickers who attempted a field goal in the NFL last season, only three were employed by a team that drafted them: Jason Elam of Denver, Doug Pelfrey of Cincinnati and Jason Hanson of Detroit.
Maybe teams should look for a kicker named "Jason" before they use a draft pick. Well, that at least would be good news for Oklahoma State's Jason Davis, but he's a punter.
Last year's top-rated kicker, Brett Conway, a third-round draft choice, had a miserable preseason and then spent the year on injured reserve with Green Bay while undrafted rookie Ryan Longwell, from Cal, became the Packers' kicker. Yesterday, Longwell signed a three-year contract with the Packers.
The 49ers need a kicker, but the last time they drafted one, Doug Brien in 1994, they ran out of patience in his second season and got rid of him. They're now looking for their fourth kicker in three years since Brien, but they are not likely to spend a draft choice for one.
Dawson made 13 of 16 field goal attempts last season, but it is his leg strength more than his accuracy that interests teams. From the end of his sophomore season until midway last year, he made six straight attempts from at least 50 yards.
A high school tackle, Dawson still yearns for those days of playing every down, and he believes that gives him an advantage over kickers who never played a position or came to football from a soccer background.
"A lot of these kickers are not football players," Dawson said. "They don't know how to compete. They can teach me plenty about kicking, that's for sure. But when you get in the situation as a rookie kicker, well, I can't think of starting any lower.
"You need to be mentally strong, and so many of these guys have never been in on 4th-and-1, needing to make the big block or the game-saving tackle."
Ironically, Dawson might have been drafted instead of Conway a year ago if he chose to make himself eligible. He petitioned the NFL to find out where he would go and was told he'd probably be drafted between the third and sixth rounds. Dawson probably did not help his status any by coming back last season; he suffered injuries to his pelvis, groin and hip, although he did make 13 of his 16 field goal attempts.
Other top placekicking candidates include Kyle Bryant of Texas A&M, Dave Ettinger of Hofstra and Damon Shea of Nevada. Last year, Bryant made 18 of 22 field goal attempts, Ettinger 17 of 22 and Shea 12 of 19.
Jaret Holmes of Auburn is the top-rated punter in the draft; in college, he did both kicking jobs and showed good leg strength as a placekicker. He made 14 of 17 field goal attempts last year, and 39 of his 64 kickoffs went for touchbacks. But pro teams seem more intrigued by his punting; he averaged a decent 42.9 yards and also dropped 20 of his 62 inside the 20-yard line.
CREAM OF THE CROP . The top five kickers available in tomorrow's NFL draft: . 1. PHIL DAWSON Texas 2. KYLE BRYANT Texas A&M 3. DAVE ETTINGER Hofstra 4. DAMON SHEA Nevada 5. COREY WEDEL Wyoming
The top five punters available: . 1. JARET HOLMES Auburn 2. CHAD KESSLER LSU 3. JASON DAVIS Okla. St. 4. MARCUS WILLIAMS Ariz. St. 5. BRAD COSTELLO Boston U.


text:
1 | P a g e
Competition Commission of
Case Analysis Report
Rajarhat Welfare Association & Anr
DLF Commercial Complex Ltd & Ors
Case No. : 10/2011
Intern (November, 2015)
NEF law College,
The Case Analysis Report is in the Format as Prescribed under
Regulation No. 23(1) of the CCI (General) Regulations, 2009.
2 | P a g e
In the matter of: Rajarhat Welfare Association & Anr Vs. DLF
Commercial Complex Ltd & Ors
1. Rajarhat Welfare Association (Juristic Person; Registered Society)
2. Mr. Rajendra Kumar Vidhawan (Natural Person; President of
Informant No. 1)
1. DLF Commercial Complex Ltd (Juristic person; Subsidiary of DLF
Group of Companies)
2. DLF Retail Developers Ltd (Juristic Person; Subsidiary of DLF Group
3. State/Government of West Bengal (Juristic Person; Instrumentality
of the State of West Bengal)
4. Mr. Sudhir Seghal (Natural Person; Director of Opposite Party No. 2)
5. Mr. Sanjay Pandey (Natural Person; Director of Opposite Party No.
6. Mr. Kushal Pal Singh (Natural Person; Marketing Head of Opposite
Party No. 2)
7. Mr. Rajiv Singh (Natural Person; Control the Business & Affairs of
3 | P a g e
8. Mrs. Priya Singh (Natural Person; Control of the Business & Affairs
Facts of the Case
1) The Informant No. 1 is the Society registered under the Society
Registration Act, 1860 and its members comprise of the intending
purchasers of commercial unit of different multi-storied projects
developed in Rajarhat area. The Informant No. 2 is the President of
the Informant No. 1.
2) The OP No. 1 and 2 are engaged in the business of real estate
development. The OP 4 to 6 are working for the gain of OP 1 and 2
were responsible for conducting business and affairs of OP No 1
and 2. The OP No. 3 is the State of West Bengal.
3) Contention of the Informant:
i. OP No 1 and 2 have misrepresented the facts and by these
OP has abused of its Dominant Position.
ii. It has been alleged that even though 90% of the members of
the Informant No 1 have made payments in excess of 35% of
their unit cost within 6 periods of four months from the date
of issuance of allotment letter but no construction activity
was started on the construction site even after a lapse of four
months from the date of issuance of allotment letter.
iii. Furthermore Informant alleged that the terms and conditions
are one sided and onerous and there is no scope of
4 | P a g e
negotiating the said terms and conditions. Thus, imposing on
the buyers to unfair and one sided terms and agreements by
leaving no option them to sign the agreement is abusive of
dominant position. The alleged terms and conditions by the
Informant which are one sided and unfair in application form
are reproduced as under:-
a) Exclusive discretion upon the respondent company
with regard to the provisional and/or final allotment
and specifically reserved a right unto the company to
reject the provisional and final allotment without
assigning reason thereof.
b) Intending Allottee has seen and accepted the plans,
designs, specifications which are tentative and the
Intending Allottee Authorizes the company to affect
suitable and necessary alterations/modifications in the
layout/building plans, designs and specifications as
the company may deem fit or as directed by any
c) In the event of DLF failing to deliver the possession,
the Apartment Allottee shall give notice to DLF for
terminating the agreement. DLF thereafter has no
obligations to refund the amount to the Apartment
Allottee, but would have right to sell the Apartment
and only thereafter repay the amount in the process
DLF is neither required to account for the sale
5 | P a g e
proceeds nor even has any obligations to pay interest
to the Commercial Unit Allottee.
4. Based on the facts and allegations, the Informants have prayed to
the Commission to initiate enquiry against OP 1 and 2 for, inter alia,
abuse of dominant position; to direct the OPs to produce the relevant
records involving the decision making process culminating into the
grant of sanction/approve of the building plans/layout plans as well as
the increase of building up to 12th
floor; to pass order directing
discontinuation of all the arbitrary clauses in the agreement forthwith; to
pass appropriate orders restraining the opposite parties from the
arbitrary cancellation of allotment; to pass order providing exit option to
an allottee with full refund of money paid along with 18% interest p.a.
as well as compensation.
The questions to be resolved to hold OP 1 and 2 blameworthy of
conferring any demonstration which is in repudiation to Section 4 of the
Competition Act, 2002 are as underneath:-
Q-1) Whether OP 1 and 2 enjoy Dominance Position in relevant
Q-2) If yes, then whether the OP 1 and 2 have abused his Dominant
6 | P a g e
Analysis No 1
The allegation made under point 6 of the information is reproduced as
The general public including the Petitioner and the members of the said
Association at all material times have been identified the Respondent
Nos. 1 and 2 as forming part of DLF Group. The Respondent Nos. 1
and 2 as DLF Group entitles claimed to have developed various
properties in India and also claimed to be the largest developer
operating in India.
The allegation is not adequate in determining the dominant position.
The dominant position is to be determined in the relevant market of
Rajarhat, New Town, Kolkata and not in the reference to whole India.
It might be laid out that commercial unit of different multi-storied project
were available by many builders in the relevant market and also by
leading builder like Unitech, Godrej Properties, Astra etc. which is
sufficient to show that there is good numbers major players competing
with each other in the relevant market.
Thus, the OP No 1 and 2 are not dominant in the relevant market.
While determining the dominant position in the relevant market, the
following data may also be taken into account.
7 | P a g e
Unitech Infospace is 45.4 Acres of Land, bought from WBHIDCO
Master Plan sanctioned by WBHIDCO. Principal Architect was RMJM Hong
Kong. Unitech Infospace is located in the heart of central business district of
action area and it is just 8 kms away from NSCB Airport and nearest Metro
station coming up near to HIDCO Bhavan which is less than a kilometer away
from Infospace and is surrounded by projects like Eco Park, Rabindra Tirtham,
City Centre I, Axis Mall, DLF Mall, Home Town Mall, Road Network, Police
Station etc. Thus, Unitech Infospace would have a healthy mix of Office-Goers
and retail walk-ins.
Since, OP 1 and 2 have not been found to be dominant in the relevant market,
there is no need to examine the “abused of dominant position” in terms of Section
4 of the Competition Act.
Hence, based on the above analysis it is clear that OP 1 and 2 does
not enjoy dominance in the relevant market. The Informant had an
option to purchase commercial shop or office from any other builder in
the relevant market like Unitech, Godrej Properties or Local Builder like
Astra. To abuse the dominant position a party or player must be
dominant in relevant market. Furthermore author would like to give
opinion that constructing a building without clearance is illegal but it
does not violate or attract any provision of the Competition Act.

domain: economics


Sports have always been highly popular in the United States of America. It is obvious to see just how competitive and passionate the fans are in the country by looking at the different forms of sport played.
Whilst many of the traditional sports are played at a professional level, there are also college forms of sporting events such as American football, baseball, basketball, ice hockey and football (soccer) that have proven incredibly popular with fans from each state.
US Sport has always been popular with fans
In fact, one way of gauging how popular a sports team or sporting event is – prior to 2020 – was to simply look at the stadium and how packed it was.
With so many fans cramming into the stands for a sporting event when possible, whilst many continue to rock their team’s colours as proudly as possible on game day and beyond, it should be no surprise just how big sports betting has taken off in the US.
New legislation has certainly helped
Of course, with it being a rather new legal activity in many states that can only help to further complement the sporting events being watched, many sports fans would have likely jumped on the chance to try and win money by backing their favourite teams – or perhaps their opponents – whenever possible. In fact, it was reported that the sports betting market was valued at around $85 billion in 2019, with many using things like the DraftKings #1 US Sportsbook for all their needs.
Remember, sports betting in the United States was illegal until just a few years ago when in 2018 New Jersey managed to get a victory at the Supreme Court in regards to permitting sports betting. Naturally, prior to this, many would have used offshore betting operators, but this meant they were unprotected and it could have been dangerous at times.
There were states that had already allowed for a number of different sports bets to be made legally, but they came with certain terms and restrictions that were not always favourable. For instance, betting on a single game or a Championship game was outlawed by the 1992 federal law that had been in place, however, the 2018 ruling meant that would be struck down.
Naturally, the new legislation will have played a huge role in why sports betting has taken off, however, the emergence of a number of new online sportsbooks will have also given many the opportunity to get involved in the gambling scene.
Choice and Opportunity available
With a vast array of choice available to them, punters are no free to choose with whom they make their sports betting selections. They are also able to make the most of some competitive odds and markets as well by choosing from a number of different options. If they had to sit down and bet with just one sportsbook, then there will be some concern that they are not getting the best deals, or that they may simply get bored with the offerings they are continuously being provided. Any sports fan within America will know that competition is key, as this will always help to bring out the best.
By having a large amount of competition in the market, online sportsbook operators will need to work continuously hard to provide the best to new and existing members that they have. This will mean providing great offers and bonuses, as well as the best odds and markets possible. By doing this, they will be able to attract more potential gamblers through their online sportsbook, thus helping to make the industry even bigger.
To understand the impact of sports betting in the United States of America, all one person needs to do is to watch a sporting event live in person or on the TV. There will be a number of commercials and advertisements at stadiums, on TV and radios, that will show just how big of a presence sports betting has. Furthermore, there are a number of teams that will have sponsorship deals with sports betting operators as well, therefore showing just how much sports betting has taken off.


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Study: Brain’s Relay Station, The Thalamus, Crucial For Adult Learning
Our brains are remarkable in their ability to adapt and learn, a phenomenon known as plasticity. The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience reveals that the thalamus, a relay station for incoming sensory information, plays a crucial and unexpected role in this process (Source: ANI News). This discovery could open doors to potential therapies, says Christiaan Levelt, one of the researchers.
Learning new things is a complex task that demands a lot from our brains. The brain’s ability to change and adapt, especially in response to new experiences, is called plasticity. During our developmental years, there are periods when our brain networks are highly plastic, known as critical periods. However, even in adulthood, our brains are capable of adapting, although the exact mechanisms behind this process have remained somewhat mysterious.
To shed light on this question, scientists led by Yi Qin, with guidance from Christiaan Levelt, investigated the visual system of mice. Mice are a popular choice for studying plasticity because their visual system is relatively easy to manipulate. Visual information starts in the retina and then travels to the thalamus, which acts as a relay station before sending the processed information to the visual cortex and vice versa.
A clever experiment with mice demonstrates just how adaptable the adult brain can be. When one eye of a mouse is covered for several days, the visual cortex starts responding less to the covered eye and more to the open one. How exactly this process is controlled has been a puzzle for scientists for a long time. However, the latest findings shine a spotlight on a previously underestimated player: the thalamus.
The thalamus, it turns out, is a key player in this brain adaptation process. It helps in rerouting information and adjusting how the brain responds to sensory input. This discovery challenges the conventional belief that the cortex is the primary hub for such adaptations in the adult brain.
Understanding the role of the thalamus in brain plasticity could open up new avenues for therapies and interventions that harness this mechanism to help people learn and adapt more effectively, particularly in cases where brain injuries or disorders hinder normal plasticity processes. While there is much more to uncover, this research highlights the incredible complexity of our brains and their capacity for change, even in adulthood.
- Alpha Brain Review: Is It The Best Brain Supplement
- Study: Proper Sleep Linked To Decreased Risk Of Alzheimer’s, Cleans Your Brain
- What Are Brain Disorders? Symptoms, Treatment, And Prevention

domain: psychology


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Aside from sweaters, caps, booties, and afghans, what can we crochet that’s special for baby? What about this imaginative and easy to make mobile?
Laura has taken a simple hackey sack pattern, coupled it with a tiny basket pattern, and used happy colors to create this mobile that would be enjoyed by any baby or toddler. Better yet, she has a good tutorial so you can make one for yourself very easily. You’ve seen Laura’s work featured on this blog before. I adore her whimsical style and hope you do too. You’ll also enjoy the super cute rabbit ears hat she’s got for baby oher site too. Check them all out starting here.

domain: artistic


Here in Pittsburgh, the cost to install a furnace ranges from $4,500 to $9,000+, with the average cost being $7,000.
Pretty big price range, right?
Well, there’s such a wide price gap because cost really depends on lots of factors, such as:
- The size of your furnace
- The efficiency of your furnace
- Adding extra comfort features
- Ductwork modifications
- The contractor you hire
Let’s go into more detail about each of these cost factors.
Want a FREE quote to install a furnace in your home?
#1: The size of your furnace
Bigger furnaces are more expensive than smaller ones.
When we talk about furnace “size,” we’re not referring to the physical dimensions of a furnace, but rather its heating capacity.
Heating capacity for furnaces is measured in BTUs (British Thermal Units). The higher the BTU output of a furnace, the “bigger” it is.
But here’s the thing: You don’t get to choose what size furnace you want. Instead, the tech who installs your furnace will help you calculate what size matches your home.
You see, furnace size depends on factors like:
- The square footage of your home
- Number of windows and doors in your home
- Your home’s insulation levels
- Your furnace’s efficiency
- And much more
A professional will perform a heat load calculation, which takes all of those factors into account and then tells you what size furnace fits your home.
Getting the correct size furnace is important because a furnace that’s too big or too small for your home can raise your energy bills, not heat your home properly or cause extra wear and tear on your furnace.
#2: The efficiency of your furnace
The more efficient the furnace, the more expensive it will be upfront.
However, more efficient furnaces also save you money on your monthly energy bills.
Furnace efficiency is measured by AFUE (Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency), which is a rating that shows how efficiently a furnace turns fuel into heat.
The AFUE rating is expressed as a percentage, with most furnaces ranging anywhere from 80% to 98+%. The higher the percentage, the more efficient the furnace.
For example, a furnace with an AFUE rating of 90% means that for every $100 you spend on natural gas to heat your home, $90 of it is converted to actual heat while the remaining $10 is wasted via combustible gases.
The tech you hire will explain more about furnace efficiency and will help you choose an AFUE rating that matches your budget.
Note: Electric furnaces are technically 100% efficient, but they end up costing a lot more to operate because electricity is a much more expensive fuel source than natural gas.
#3: Adding extra comfort features
When you buy a new furnace, you can opt for special features that will increase your comfort. That said, these comfort features will also raise the cost of the furnace.
Examples of furnace comfort features include:
- Modulating burners (gas models): These burners adjust their flame more precisely than regular single-stage or two-stage burners, which helps maintain a more consistent indoor temperature.
- Variable-speed blower motors: This type of blower motor adjusts its speed based on your heating needs, which eliminates hot and cold spots in your home.
- Insulated blower compartments: This type of compartment reduces the noise your furnace will make while it’s running.
#4: Ductwork modifications
The tech you hire for the installation will also inspect your ductwork to make sure it can support the new furnace.
If your tech finds that your duct system needs some repairs/modifications, that will raise the total cost of the project.
Even though it may cost more upfront to repair or modify your ductwork, in the long run it’s financially in your best interest to have your ductwork in good shape.
You see, broken ducts leak hot air into unconditioned spaces like the attic, which wastes money. (Essentially you’re paying for heat you’re not getting.)
Additionally, leaky ductwork draws dust and insulation into your ducts which can clog your furnace filter and wear down important furnace components, leading to expensive repairs.
#5: The contractor you hire
As a general rule of thumb, experienced contractors charge more for their installation services, but they also do high-quality work.
If you choose a lower-quality, inexperienced contractor who does careless installations, you run the risk of having your furnace break down prematurely or heat your home inefficiently.
To find a high-quality, experienced contractor, make sure they:
- Are licensed and insured
- Offer guarantees on their furnace installations
- Have good customer reviews on sites like Google and Facebook
Want a FREE estimate on the cost to install a furnace in your home?
We’ll send one of our trustworthy techs to your home to give you an honest quote to install a furnace. Our techs will answer any questions you may have and help you feel comfortable with your buying decision. No shady sales tactics—just honest recommendations.
Visit our furnace installation page for more information about what to expect when you hire us.


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Free forum : Tracking Sweepstakes, going to win lots this year!
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Welcome to PrintedScape! Join now for Great Pking, Bosses, and much more!
Best Hellbound/Kamael Server with lots of daily auto events and custom equipment, systems, items, quests etc.
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E-T-B is a friendly community with lots of stuff to do. It has tips and guides, an arcade, forum games, graphics, contests and more. Our arcade is updated almost every week or possibly every day.
Come and join in the fun with other Carl Riseley fans on the Carl forum!! Lots of videos, songs, photos, interviews, upcoming dates etc. Carl also comes to visit us in our chat room and on the forum!!
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Free forum : Team GFX home site join the site and get to know us and lots of drifters from forza motorsport 2


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Add a bit of funk to your outfit! Hand cut, hammock shaped (wider at the bottom) bamboo earring complemented with silver plated metallic beads with jet black etching–topped with tiny hematite beads. It goes with everything!
1.5″ hammock bamboo earring with 7/8″ sterling silver ear wire.
Bold Classic Oval Bamboo Earrings
Classic Hammock Bamboo Earrings
Beaded Hammock Bamboo Earrings
African Turquoise, Bamboo Beaded Hammock Earrings
Plucking Tea, India, 1965 Vintage Postage Stamp Earrings
Abundance Bamboo Earrings
Peach Moonstone, Bamboo Beaded Hammock Earrings
Moon & Owl Bamboo Earrings
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domain: design


Dell Computer announced two similar notebook PCs on Tuesday morning, one each in the Latitude and Inspiron brands.
In an unrelated announcement, Dell officials confirmed the company will be reselling the Xplore iX104G Tablet PC from Xplore Technologies Corp. to the federal government.
Dell’s Latitude X300 and the Inspiron 300m both contain Intel’s new low-voltage Pentium M processor running at 1.2GHz and Intel’s PRO/Wireless 2100 (802.11b) wireless card. Users can upgrade to other wireless options. Both notebooks’ default configurations are priced at $1,599.
The Latitude X300, designed for business customers, also includes a 20-Gbyte hard drive, 128 Mbytes of shared DDR system memory, a 24X CD-ROM drive, Windows XP Home and a three-year limited warranty.
Dell’s Inspiron 300m consumer notebook includes a slightly larger 30-Gbyte hard drive, 256 Mbytes of shared DDR system memory, a DVD/CD-RW combination drive, and Windows XP Home. Interestingly, Dell’s default configuration ships with the WordPerfect Productivity pack from Corel, the Dell Juke Box, Picture Studio and Security Center and a one-year limited warranty with mail-in service.
Both the Latitude X300 and the Inspiron 300m contain two integrated USB 2.0 ports and one IEEE 1394 connection. Dell did not disclose the screen size of both notebook PCs.
A Dell spokeswoman said the company had not yet performed tests to determine the effect on battery life Intel’s new low-voltage Pentium M would have, compared to the non-optimized Pentium M processors. The spokeswoman said customers whould expect 2.5 hours to 2.75 hours of battery life on the new machines, slightly more than the two hours previous generations received using a 933-MHz mobile Pentium III with a slightly smaller battery.
Dell officials also confirmed that the iX104G Tablet PC from Xplore Technolgies Corp. would be sold through Dell’s web site to government customers. Dell, whose CEO has questioned the need to manufacture a Tablet PC, also sells Tablet PCs by Motion Computing, largely made up of ex-Dell executives.


You are configuring your computer to dial up to the Internet. What protocol should you use?
Which of the following are characteristics of TACACS +?
Allowing for a possible of three different servers, one each for authentication, authorization, and accounting.
Which of the following is a platform independent authentication system that maintains a database of user accounts and passwords that centralizes the maintenance of those accounts?
You want to set up a service to allow multiple users to dial in to the office server from modems on their home computers. What service should you implement?
You have decided to implement a remote access solution that uses multiple remote access servers. You want to implement RADIUS to centralize remote access authentication and authorization.
Which of the following would be a required part of your configuration?
Configure the remote access servers as RADIUS clients.
You have just signed up for Internet access using a local provider that gives you a fiber optic line into your house. From there, the Ethernet and wireless connections are used to create a small network within your home.
Which of the following protocols would be used to provide authentication, authorization, and accounting for the Internet connection?
Which of the following are differences between RADIUS and TACACS+?
Radius combines authentication and authorization into a single function. TACAS+ allows these services to be split between different servers.
Which of the following are methods for providing centralized authentication, authorization, and accounting for remote access?
Which of the following protocols or services is commonly used on cable Internet connections for user authentication?
You often travel away from the office. While traveling, you would like to use a modem on your laptop computer to connect directly to a server in your office and access files on that server that you need.
You want the connection to be as secure as possible. Which type of connection will you need?


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A cook really can't "mess up" granola and anything can be added but here is our current favorite~
In a food processor or blender, grind up/pulse to the texture you prefer~
1/2 cup Almonds (organic)
1/2 cup chocolate chips (semi-sweet, dark, milk~ any chocolate will work!)
In small saucepan melt together ingredients below:
1 cup brown sugar
4 Tbsp peanut butter
4 Tbsp honey
1 tsp vanilla extract
1/2 tsp cinnamon
1/2 tsp salt
In a large bowl combine~
4 cups oats (rolled organic)
4 Tbsp. water
Pour the brown sugar, peanut butter mixture into the bowl. Stir well until combined.
Then stir in ground up almonds and chocolate.
Spoon onto prepared cookie sheets. I use parchment paper and lay the granola on that.
Bake at 350 degrees for 15 minutes.
Allow to cool.
Separate "chunks" and store in air tight container.
It's tasty by itself, in a bowl with milk and especially great with plain yogurt. Enjoy!

domain: food


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In observance of Independence Day, all Solano County Library branches will be closed July 3rd…
Solano County Library is providing free meals for children and teens, ages 2 to 18, at several branches.
Come by participating Solano County Library branches, enjoy free lunch & take part in our Summer Reading Program!
•Dixon Library: June 6-July 29, 11am-11:30am
•Fairfield Civic Center Library: June 13-July 29, 11am-12pm
•Rio Vista Library: June 8-July 29 (Monday-Friday), 12pm-1pm
•Vacaville Town Square Library: June 13-July 19, 12pm-1pm
•Vallejo John F. Kennedy Library: June 13–August 12, 12pm-1pm
The program was established to ensure that children continue to receive nutritious meals when school is not in session. No applications are required. Lunch at the Library is a project of the California State Library in partnership with the California Library Association and supported with funds from the State of California.

domain: library


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The etiology of autoimmune diseases remains largely unknown. Concordance rates in monozygotic twins are lower than 50% while genome-wide association studies propose numerous significant associations representing only a minority of patients. These lines of evidence strongly support other complementary mechanisms involved in the regulation of genes expression ultimately causing overt autoimmunity. Alterations in the post-translational modification of histones and DNA methylation are the two major epigenetic mechanisms that may potentially cause a breakdown of immune tolerance and the perpetuation of autoimmune diseases. In recent years, several studies both in clinical settings and experimental models proposed that the epigenome may hold the key to a better understanding of autoimmunity initiation and perpetuation. More specifically, data support the impact of epigenetic changes in systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune diseases, in some cases based on mechanistical observations. We herein discuss what we currently know and what we expect will come in the next future. Ultimately, epigenetic treatments already being used in oncology may soon prove beneficial also in autoimmune diseases.
Autoimmune diseases are generally considered as complex (and/or multifactorial) diseases. Genetic background confers susceptibility to or protection from disease onset, but it is neither sufficient nor causative for disease development. While numerous similarities between conditions are being identified,1 the etiology of the majority of autoimmune diseases remains largely unknown. Although strong genetic bases have been found by recent genome-wide association studies,2 these studies fail to demonstrate the presence of a unique genetic mechanism underlying immune tolerance breakdown and, moreover, the significant genetic associations identified are found only in relative small proportion of patients.
The largely incomplete concordance rates of autoimmune diseases in monozygotic (MZ) twins (Table 1) strongly support other complementary mechanisms involved in gene expression regulation ultimately causing overt autoimmunity. Based on these observations, the use of novel strategies focusing on the analysis of histone modifications and DNA methylation supports the notion that epigenetic alterations may play a crucial role in triggering autoimmunity. Epigenetics (from the Greek επί (epi) over and γενετικός (genetics)) studies mechanisms that determine and/or perpetuate heritable genomic functions without changes in DNA sequence.
Epigenome and/or epigenotype is, thus, considered as a cell-specific and stable pattern of gene expression induced by such epigenetic mechanisms. Functionally, epigenetic mechanisms are, indeed, crucial for cell type development and differentiation, being able to induce stable expression or repression of genes. Epigenetic mechanisms are, also, able to confer a metabolic plasticity to cell, thus allowing the cell to adapt itself to environmental changes.
The potential role of epigenetics in environmental/genetic interactions, where environmental changes produce modifications in gene expression, has been suggested by some intriguing experimental studies.
Firstly, a seminal study investigated the use of a specific dietary regimen, i.e. foods rich in methyl donors, in order to modify coat color in agouti pregnant rodents. Such regimen led the offspring to manifest a specific coat color compared to mothers fed with a standard diet. This observation has been explained by an altered DNA methylation process that is the most thoroughly studied epigenetic mechanism. Such process silences the intracisternal A particle retroviral insertional element, ultimately limiting the appearance of agouti alleles. A second major example came from Dutch individuals who were exposed to famine during intrauterine life and childhood during the World War II. The DNA methylation analysis of the region regulating the insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) expression constitutes a major example of epigenetic imprinting by demonstrating subjects a well-conserved hypomethylation status in exposed compared to non-exposed subjects.3
Recent observational studies have shown association of DNA methylation profiles with several environmental factors including exposure to prenatal tobacco smoke,4 alcohol consumption,5 and environmental pollutants.6, 7 Based on these observations, it is becoming clear how epigenetic mechanisms should be considered as the new frontier in the interaction between genome and environment, thus well conjugating the adagio stating that complex diseases ensue from ‘bad genes and bad luck'. This was strongly supported by the experimental data proposed by Dr Fraga and colleagues who demonstrated how epigenetics may well explain the discordance of autoimmune diseases in MZ twins.3 Phenotypic differences significantly increased along with age of the twins in a trend coined as ‘epigenetic drift', which occurs during life according with the different expositions to environmental stressors.8
The present article will first illustrate the major epigenetic mechanisms under investigation and then will discuss available data in the field of autoimmune diseases.
All epigenetic mechanisms share the feature of not altering DNA sequence, but only the possibility that gene sequences are transcribed under specific conditions. Comparing prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms may help our understanding of how epigenetic mechanisms can regulate gene expression. Prokaryotes do not have nucleus and have a limited number of genes, whose transcription is regulated by factors binding directly to DNA promoter elements.
In contrast, eukaryotes have a significantly larger number of genes that have to be compacted in order to fit within the cell nucleus. In order to do so, genes are packed together with specific proteins, i.e. histones, in an ultra-structure known as chromatin. This DNA functional packaging system has regulatory functions, as chromatin can undergo steric changes, thus being able to interfere with proteins involved in gene transcription. Similarly, transcription regulation is derived from the methylation of cytosine DNA residues (particularly within gene promoters) which inhibits the transcription of the downstream genetic sequence. DNA methylation and histone modifications constitute the major epigenetic changes known so far, and therefore their underlying processes will be discussed below in further details. Moreover, the newest field of microRNA (miRNA) will be briefly illustrated as an additional gene regulatory mechanism.
As mentioned before, histones are highly conserved proteins that reside within nuclei of eukaryotic cells. They can be classified into two main groups: (i) core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) that are part of the nucleosome core, the basic unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotics; and (ii) linker histones (H1 and H5). Two of each of the core histones assemble to form an octameric nucleosome core particle by wrapping about 147 base pairs of DNA around the protein spool in a 1.7 left-handed super-helical turn9 (Figure 1), thus providing DNA condensation and organization in the nucleus, as well as modulating DNA accessibility to the transcription machinery. This latter process could be represented as a drawer that can be opened or closed following specific stimuli. In fact, each histone subtype can be modified by different chemical modification at defined amino acids leading to transcription modulation and, therefore, cell cycle regulation, development and differentiation.
Each of the four core histones shares the same folding structure known as histone fold domain, which consists of three α-helices (α1, α2 and α3) separated by two loops (L1 and L2).10 The histone fold domains fold together in antiparallel pairs (H3 with H4 and H2A with H2B) to constitute tetramers. The subsequent assembly of two tetramers forms the octameric core structure (H3/H4-H2A/H2B1) of the nucleosome.11 The N-terminal regions of histones protrude outside the nucleosome core and are prone to post-translational modifications, which are important in chromatin compaction and gene regulation. Histone post-translational modifications concur to determine the pattern defined as ‘histone code' and will be summarized below. All these histone modifications are caused by specific enzymes which recognize histone tails and can work to add or remove functional groups which are in turn recognized by nuclear factors. Specific proteins have affinity for modified amino acid residues (for instance bromodomains bind acetylated lysines or chromodomains methylated lysines) and promote specific changes in chromatin determining respectively the activation or the silencing of gene transcription (Figure 2).
Among histone modifications, acetylation and deacetylation are one of the most important gene expression regulatory mechanisms. These processes involve selected lysine residues in the tails of nucleosomal histones and are induced by histone acetyltransferase (HAT) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes, respectively.12, 13, 14, 15 HAT enzymes share the ability to promote gene expression by transferring acetyl groups to lysine16, 17, 18 while HDACs remove acetyl groups and generally associate with gene repression.19, 20, 21 A second mechanism involves histone methylation and its effects depend on the position of the modified lysine residue within the histone tail and on the number of methyl groups added to such residues. As an example, the presence of three methyl groups on lysine 4 residue on histone H3 (Me-H3K4), has been associated with transcriptional activation whereas the triple methylation of residues 9 or 27 determines repression.3, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26
As a third mechanism, arginine can also be methylated/demethylated by specific enzymes and play a critical role in the dynamic regulation of gene expression.27 Methylation of arginine residue 3 on histone H4 (H4R3) and arginine 17 on histone H3 (H3R17) have been shown to induce gene activation.23, 28, 29, 30 Finally, ubiquitin is a 76 amino acid protein that is involved in specific protein labeling. Ubiquitinated proteins are committed to proteosomal degradation and ubiquitination thus controlling the stability and intracellular localization of numerous proteins. Ubiquitination ultimately influences the status of histones methylation or acetylation31 to modulate gene expression, as in the case of the nuclear factor-κB pathway.32
DNA methylation consists of the addition of a methyl group to the fifth carbon of cytosine residues, converting these to 5-methylcytosines. This reaction involves specific enzymes called DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and a methyl group donor, S-adenosylmethionine (Figure 3).
Among DNMTs, DNMT3A and DNMT3B are responsible for de novo methylation, while DNMT1 maintains epigenetic covalent modifications during cell replication. In mammalian genome, DNA methylation occurs mostly at CpG islands that are regions exceeding 500 base pairs with a CG content higher than 55%.33, 34 CpG islands have key regulatory functions, and can be found in promoter regions of about half of all genes.35 Altered CpG island methylation may, indeed, change chromatin structure, being typically able to modulate the finely promoter–transcription factor interactions within the transcription machinery.36
As a consequence, in most cases, both acquisition and somatic maintenance of such methylation state induce gene repression. Moreover, CpG-methylated sites can also interact with specific proteins containing a domain called methyl-CpG-binding domain. Although their specific contribution to different sites in different cell contexts is still unclear, methyl-CpG-binding domain proteins have been proposed to induce gene repression by binding to methylated DNA, a process that would lead to chromatin modification and remodeling complexes.
The importance of DNA methylation process in gene expression is well represented by sex chromosome balance, where females are characterized by partial transcriptional suppression of X chromosome obtained through methylation of specific genetic sequences.37 Mammalian genome contains dispersed clusters of genes, whose specific allele expression is determined by inheritance of parental methylation status. These genome regions that are rich in CpG and by which an organism inherits a state of expressed or unexpressed genomic sequence from parents, are usually referred as imprinting centers. Therefore, errors in methylation of such imprinting centers can induce an inherited altered gene expression.
From a clinical standpoint, the importance of DNA methylation, and in particular, of an impaired methylation, is suggested by the two rare congenital diseases known as Silver–Russel and Beckwith–Wiedemann syndromes. Both conditions derive from errors in methylation of a specific imprinting center located on chromosome 11 between genes encoding IGF2 and imprinted maternally expressed transcript (H19). In physiological condition this center is methylated only on the paternal allele. Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome is characterized by an overexpression of IGF2 due to methylation of both parental alleles, while, in a complementary fashion, the double loss of imprinting centre methylation suppresses IGF2 locus and increases H19 expression causing Silver–Russel syndrome.
miRNAs are a group of post-transcriptional regulators involved in many biological processes including development, differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis.38 miRNAs are about 22 nucleotide-long non-coding RNAs that suppress translation by binding to complementary target mRNA species and causing the degradation of the target.39 miRNAs are genome encoded and transcribed by RNA polymerase II, similar to ordinary protein-coding RNAs40 and were recently investigated in autoimmune and chronic inflammatory conditions.41
One of the best known examples of epigenetic regulation due to miRNA–DNA interactions is represented by X-chromosome inactivation in women. Indeed, one of the two X chromosomes in female organisms is silenced by epigenetic mechanisms leading to dosage compensation of X-chromosome products. This balance is obtained with the transcription of X-inactive-specific transcript gene from the so called X-inactivation center and it leads to adapt gene expression in female sex with male organisms.42 X-inactive-specific transcript codes for a non-coding mRNA that coats one X chromosome, so this process silences the expression of a great part of genetic sequences on the future inactivated X chromosome.43 Silencing is stabilized by the addiction of repressive histone marks and DNA methylation. For these reasons it has been assumed that errors in epigenetic X-chromosome silencing could be involved in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including autoimmune diseases. This is indeed an attractive hypothesis that could explain the noticeable female predominance in autoimmune related disorders.44
The impact of epigenetics is rapidly increasing in all complex diseases and is soon expected to gain a more prominent role in our future understanding of medicine. In general terms, we may well hypothesize that epigenetics will fill the gap between genomics and environmental factors in the pathogenesis of this type of conditions.
In the case of autoimmunity, presence of specific impairments in the regulation of epigenetic processes in immune cells would be responsible for immune-tolerance breakdown through both hypomethylation of genes or involvement of transcription repressors.45, 46, 47
In autoimmune diseases, epigenetics is mostly studied using peripheral blood mononuclear cells in humans or using animal models. Both in vitro and in vivo experimental models have shown that variation of the epigenome may lead to the onset of autoreactive T-cell clones. Specific epigenetic defects have been associated with autoimmune disorders.
As an example, the differentiation of T helper cells to Th1 subsets producing interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and acting against bacteria or Th2 subpopulations producing interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13 cytokines is epigenetically regulated. Th1 cells present an IFN-γ demethylated promoter but have repressive epigenetic histone modifications at IL-4-13 locus, opposite to what is observed in the Th2 subsets.48 This is an example of the interactions between immune system dysregulation and epigenetics but the loss of immune tolerance is a complex process difficult to investigate particularly for non-traditional antigens.49 The study of specific models may help to understand the mechanisms involved in tolerance breakdown; one major example is represented by a unique human model: MZ twins.50
MZ twins are an ideal model to study environmental and epigenetic influences which could contribute to the autoimmune process, as proposed by Francis Galton, an English scientist of the nineteenth century. It was Galton's work published in 1874 in his book ‘English man of science: their nature and nurture' that constitute the basis for current epigenetics.3, 51 Over a century later, Fraga et al.8, 52 demonstrated the presence of an epigenetic drift in several MZ twin pairs and highlighted the importance of epigenetic modifications in the development of differences between twins. From a clinical standpoint, the concordance rates for autoimmune diseases in MZ twins are a powerful tool to determine the impact of genetics and the environment in determining disease onset. Concordance rates among MZ twins vary widely but, with only two exceptions, are well below 50% (Table 1), thus making this model an ideal target to investigate the role of epigenetics. Recent years have witnessed an increasing number of studies investigating epigenetics in specific autoimmune diseases and will be discussed in the sections below and are summarized in Table 2.
SLE is a systemic multiorgan autoimmune disease with different immunological and clinical manifestations characterized by an autoantibody response to nuclear and/or cytoplasmic antigens.
Most recent genome-wide association studies demonstrated that genomics significantly predispose to SLE onset,53, 54, 55, 56, 57 but the incomplete disease concordance between identical twins suggests a role for other complementary factors.52, 58 In this undefined scenario, experimental data indicate that epigenetic mechanisms, and in particular impaired T- and B-cell DNA methylation, may constitute one of these factors.59
Several studies have uncovered the importance of DNA hypomethylation in SLE etiology,60, 61 and in particular it has been suggested that this phenomenon may affect the structure of T-cell chromatin, resulting in cellular hyperactivity. Changes in DNA methylation are regulated by the extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathway62 and this pathway is reduced in murine T cells causing a decreased expression of DNMT1 and an overexpression of methylation-sensitive autoimmunity genes, similar to T cells in human SLE.63 Human data further confirmed these views as T cells from patients with active SLE manifest decreased total deoxymethylcytosine content and decreased DNMT1 transcripts64 leading to the hyperexpression of several genes. Epigenetic similarities between patient lymphocyte and experimentally demethylated T cells were also demonstrated with SLE cells capable of stimulating antibody production by autologous B cells.65, 66 Another line of evidence came from the elevated CD70 expression in SLE cells similar to what is observed in vitro stimulating CD4+ T cells with the epigenetically active molecules procainamide and hydralazine, as both drugs cause CD70 demethylation.65, 67 Further, cells from women with SLE overexpress CD40L and manifest a demethylation of the corresponding gene on the inactivated X chromosome. Since cells from male patients do not overexpress CD40L,68 this finding has been advocated to explain SLE female predominance. The common trait of these observations could reside in the epigenetically-mediated downregulation of the transcription factor RFX1 in CD4+ T cells.69
The study of 5-azacytidine to understand SLE pathogenesis was prompted by the clinical evidence of a lupus-like syndrome in patients treated with procainamide and hydralazine. It has been found that CD4+ T cells treated with an inhibitor of DNMT1, such as 5-azacitidyne, become autoreactive, and the process is reversible after the drug is discontinued.61 The study of these patients demonstrated that only a group of treated subjects develop the syndrome, thus suggesting the presence of an idiosyncratic reaction which remains one of the most studied phenomena in modern pharmacology. These rare adverse reactions arise in a restricted subset of people. This group of patients is difficult to treat. Moreover, it is impossible to predict what element of the human population could develop the reaction. The most important drugs involved in induction of a lupus-like disease are procainamide and hydralazine, even though both cause antinuclear antibodies, ANA in a majority of people.70 The development of a systemic involvement and clinical manifestation probably require the presence of lupus susceptibility genes.71 Interestingly, both drugs are DNA methylation inhibitors but procainamide is a competitive inhibitor of DNMT1 enzymatic activity72 and hydralazine inhibits T- and B-cell signal-regulated kinase pathways.73, 74 The observation of an increased expression of adhesion molecules on lupus drug-induced lymphocytes proves the epigenetic mechanisms and their role in the induction of autoreactivity.75 Similarly, lupus CD4+ T cells have an abnormal interaction with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules as supported by the experimental evidence of an abnormal self-antigen response following treatment with 5-azacytidine76 which demethylates sequences encoding costimulatory molecules like CD11a.77, 78 These molecules take part in CD4+ T-cell activation and their hyperexpression influences lymphocytes interaction with self-antigens. Furthermore, 5-azacytidine demethylates the cytotoxic molecule perforin and the B-cell costimulatory molecule CD70 causing their overexpression, both phenomena being observed also in patients' T cells.67, 79 The increased perforin and CD70 expression levels contribute to autoreactive macrophage killing capability which can generate a source of antigenic apoptotic nucleosomes,79 and antibody overproduction,65 respectively. One recent study compared DNA methylation in genome-wide loci in a cohort of MZ twins discordant for SLE, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and dermatomyositis.80 MZ twins discordant for SLE manifested DNA methylation and expression changes in genes relevant to SLE pathogenesis and a global decrease in the methylation content.
Histone modifications have been studied in both lupus mouse models and human lupus. Global acetylation of histones H3 and H4 in active SLE CD4+ T cells was found to be decreased and H3 acetylation negatively correlated with disease activity.81 A recent study also demonstrated that a negative regulator of the IFN pathway, miR-146a, may contribute to disease onset.82 Both H3 and H4 histones are hypoacetylated in spleen-isolated cells from lupus-prone mice compared with controls.83 As observed in DNA methylation, the use of the HDAC inhibitors such as trichostatin A or suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid demonstrated improvement in glomerulonephritis and splenomegaly commonly observed in SLE.84, 85 These results are further supported by the in vitro use of HDAC inhibitors leading to increased histones H3 and H4 acetylation and reduced production of IL-12, IFN-γ, IL-6 and IL-10.84 A murine strain carrying a HAT mutation develops a severe lupus-like disease with serum anti-dsDNA autoantibodies, glomerulonephritis and premature death.86
RA is a chronic systemic inflammatory disease that primarily affects peripheral joints. As observed for SLE, the clinical onset RA requires a combination of genetic susceptibility factors, deregulated immunomodulation and environmental influences.87, 88, 89 We may, then, hypothesize that only a genetic predisposition in concert with specific epigenetic alterations leads to the RA-associated immune system dysregulation. The typical joint localization of RA can be explained with the presence of local and environmental factors which remain unknown but may well include epigenetic changes.
In recent years, the epigenetics of RA have been widely investigated.90 It has been proposed that RA synovial fibroblasts (RASFs) have a major role in the initiation and perpetuation of RA,91 possibly via decreased global DNA methylation92 or hypomethylation of CpG islands in LINE-1 promoter.92, 93
Unmethylated CpG islands within IL-6 promoter gene in monocytes have been associated with a local hyperactivation of the inflammation circuit.94 RA monocyte cells also manifest a change in methylation status of CpG islands within the promoter of death receptor 3 (DR-3), which is, then, downregulated inducing resistance to apoptosis.95
RA synovial tissues are characterized by a drift of the balance between HAT and HDAC activity toward the former96 as supported by the proposed benefits induced by HDAC inhibitors97 such as FK228 which inhibits joint swelling, synovial inflammation and joint destruction in murine RA models.98 Furthermore, FK228 suppresses the production of vascular endothelial growth factor in vivo and blocks angiogenesis in synovial tissue in collagen antibody-induced arthritis.99 Conversely, a twofold lower HDAC activity was reported in synovial extracts from RA patients compared to osteoarthritis patients.96
Lastly, it has also been suggested that specific expression and function of miRNA, in particular miR-155 and miR-146, might be involved in RA pathogenesis100 as these are highly expressed in RASFs but not in osteoarthritis synovial fibroblast.100, 101 Tumor necrosis factor-α and IL-1β enhance miR-155 expression, which manifests a repressive effect on metalloproteinases expression in RASFs.100 miR-146 is upregulated by proinflammatory molecules in RA synovial tissues and has a negative regulatory function of the nuclear factor-κB pathway of RA patients' monocytes.102
SSc or scleroderma is a rare condition of unknown etiology characterized by excessive collagen deposition in skin and other tissues with progressive vasculopathy. The presence of autoantibodies against nuclear autoantigens in patients with SSc, female predominance and frequent autoimmune comorbidity are considered signs of autoimmunity.103, 104 Aberrant fibroblast activation and collagen deposition ultimately lead to fibrosis with a gradual but progressive alteration of involved tissues and organs, a process characterized by an inbalance of stimuli favouring pro-collagen and a defective production of metalloproteinases.105, 106 This is particularly evident for the skin where the increased collagen pool confers anelasticity to the derma causing the pathognomonic hard and thick appearance.
Cultured SSc fibroblasts manifest typical cellular abnormalities for multiple generations and maintain the profibrotic phenotype when transferred outside the disease environment,107 thus suggesting the presence of an imprinted profibrotic cell phenotype. This phenotype is determined by an increase in production of a defined cytokines pool including TGF-β and other growth factors in association with reduced synthesis of matrix metalloproteinases 1 and 3. The clonal selection of profibrotic fibroblasts108 is one of the proposed pathogenetic mechanisms but there are insufficient data to confirm this hypothesis and the causative mechanism could be represented by epigenetics. This hypothesis is primarily supported by Wang and colleagues, who reported an epigenetic influence on collagen gene expression by the addiction of DNMT and HDACs inhibitors in cultured SSc fibroblasts. Most recent studies identified a reduced expression of FL1,107 a transcription factor that inhibits collagen production109 with an inverse correlation between FL1 expression and type I collagen production in cultured fibroblasts.110 An epigenetic regulation of FL1 is indirectly suggested by the presence of CpG islands in FL1 promoter that can be methylated and bound to specific regulatory proteins.111 Epigenetic FL1 changes lead to increased collagen synthesis which is not balanced by metalloproteinase activity ultimately leading to collagen accumulation and fibrosis. This finding raises the possibility that aberrant DNA methylation within fibroblasts may contribute to the development of the disorder,107 but genome-wide studies on DNA methylation and possibly histone modifications are awaited.
SjS affects salivary and lacrimal glands, resulting in dry mouth and/or dry eye conditions in patients as a consequence of autoimmune responses to self-antigens.112 Despite extensive investigations into the etiology of SjS focusing on genetic, environmental and immune factors, neither the triggering nor the disease-initiating events have been identified.113 Nevertheless, most recent data reported the overexpression of two miRNAs (namely, miR-574-3p and -768-3p) in the salivary glands of SjS patients,114 while the study of non-obese diabetic mice with associated SjS demonstrated the upregulation of other miRNAs (miR-150 and -146) in target tissues and in peripheral lymphocytes.115 The overexpression of miR-146 was confirmed in the salivary glands and peripheral lymphocytes of patients with SjS.115
T1D is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease116 that develops in genetically susceptible individuals. In fact, predisposing genetic polymorphisms have been identified in T1D patients such as those in MHC class II (DR and DQ), insulin, PTPN22, CTLA4 and IL-rRA.117 The disease incidence has been increasing over the past decades, as well represented by the data from Finland, where T1D yearly incidence has increased from 12 to 63 per 100 000,118, 119 somehow in conflict with MHC data.120, 121 Several studies focus on environmental exposures to dietary antigens and infectious agents, but evidence is limited.122, 123
Epigenetic studies on MZ twins concordant for T1D demonstrated significant differences in the epigenome, particularly for DNA methylation content and histone modifications through a trend coined ‘epigenetic drift'.8 The presence of a primitive pancreatic damage can initiate the autoimmune attack and lead to the activation of repair mechanisms like cellular proliferation124, 125 and ultimately influence the integrity of the epigenome. Another mechanism by which epigenetics may play an important role in T1D is by modulating lymphocyte maturation and cytokine gene expression.126 An example is the differentiation of subtype T helper cells, one of the most complex immune process, which is ruled by epigenetic controls.127, 128, 129 The epigenetic modifications are also important in pancreatic islet cells through the influence of repair mechanisms. Interestingly, glucose and insulin levels are major determinants on the methylation processes that take place in the cell via elevated homocysteine and homocysteine remethylation with a concurrent reduced capacity to eliminate homocysteine by transsulfuration. Homocysteine can be thus remethylated to form methionine and then converted to S-adenosylmethionine, the major methyl group donor in cellular methylation reactions.130
The establishment and maintenance of methylation patterns of CpG dinucleotides in DNA and histones depend on cellular methyl group metabolism, which is dependent on various nutrients, as in the case of folate.130 These relations between food and epigenetic mechanisms acquire importance during embryogenesis, intrauterine and perinatal life as demonstrated in animal models131 and human studies.132 These changes may well affect the offspring pancreas133 as in the case of a low-protein diet decreasing islet mass and vascularity.134, 135
MS is an inflammatory chronic disease characterized by myelin destruction followed by a progressive grade of neurodegeneration in multifocal loci called plaque.136, 137 The etiopathogenesis of MS remains largely unknown but the current hypothesis encompasses an immune-mediated damage determined by the activation of immune cells types against self white matter epitopes to develop diffuse plaques in the central nervous system with resulting inflammation. Genetic linkage studies and genome-wide profiling arrays have enabled the identification of several genes significantly associated with MS susceptibility,138, 139, 140, 141 as in the case of MHC.142 However, the 20–30% concordance rate for MS among MZ twins143, 144 emphasizes the importance of environmental factors in MS pathogenesis possibly via epigenetic mechanisms.142 Tissue damage implies the activation of developmental pathways,145, 146 but in patients with MS these appear to be unregulated in the presence of repair events.147, 148
There is limited data on epigenetics of MS, but a 30% reduction was reported in the methylation rate of cytosines in CpG islands was found in the white matter of affected central nervous tissue compared to controls.149 Further evidence on the role of hypomethylation was found at the promoter region of peptidyl arginine deiminase, type II, which is overexpressed in MS and is involved in the citrullination process of myelin basic protein (MBP).150, 151 These data are in agreement with the observation of an increased demethylase enzyme activity in MS.152 The citrullination of MBP by peptidyl arginine deiminase determines important biologic effects such as to promote protein autocleavage153 and a resulting increased probability to create new epitopes.154 Several studies support the importance of citrullination of MBP in modulating the immune response in MS155 via two mechanisms. In fact, citrullination increases the production of immunodominant peptides, due to increased autocleavage of the protein.153 This process leads to irreversible changes in the biological properties of MBP which becomes more prone to proteolytic digestion and causes myelin instability.154 These MBP alterations during the early stages of MS may contribute to the sensitization of T cells also by enhancing the autoimmune response153 leading through a chronic inflammatory response. Most recently, the comparison of multiple epigenetic readouts in CD4+ T cells from MZ twins discordant for MS failed to identify consistent associations,156 thus possibly suggesting that broad approaches may not constitute the ideal approach to complex conditions. These negative findings also applied to HLA haplotypes, confirmed MS susceptibility polymorphisms, copy number variations, mRNA and genomic single nucleotide polymorphism and insertion/deletion genotypes, or the expression of approximately 19 000 genes.
The importance of determining the epigenetic bases of MS, similar to other complex conditions, is of particular importance in the search for therapeutic implications, as well represented by the beneficial effects of trichostatin A, a HDAC inhibitor, in MS murine models.157
PBC is a chronic immune-mediated cholestatic liver disease characterized by the destruction of the small interlobular bile ducts, leading to portal inflammation, fibrosis and/or cirrhosis.158
Similar to most autoimmune diseases, PBC affects primarily women (female/male ratio estimated as 101) with a peak of incidence in the fifth decade of life. Enhanced awareness of the condition and increased availability of diagnostic tools, in particular serological testing, have led to a more frequent and earlier diagnosis of PBC,159, 160 more commonly at asymptomatic stages.161
PBC etiopathogenesis recognizes an important role for genomics, possibly stronger than in other autoimmune disorders.162, 163 Indeed, PBC concordance rate in MZ twins is 63% the highest among autoimmune diseases with the exception of celiac disease.164
New approaches are being sought to identify the presence of epigenetic marks which can participate to PBC susceptibility. In fact not only genetic polymorphisms in the first genome-wide studies but also epigenetic impaired mechanism could be involved in the break of self-tolerance. Mitchell and colleagues most recently described the differential expression of two X-linked genes (PIN4 and CLIC2) that were differentially methylated in discordant MZ twins.165 This is of particular importance based on our previous report of a possible X-chromosome haploinsufficiency.166
Most recently, there have been numerous studies to support the importance of epigenetics in the initiation and perpetuation of autoimmunity in specific conditions. In some cases, findings were recapitulated in different conditions, thus supporting the theory of a common theme for the autoimmunologist1, 167 and providing fascinating bases for the geographical pattern of autoimmunity epidemiology (i.e. geoepidemiology).89, 168, 169, 170 Over the past years, there has been an enormous development of genome-wide mapping for DNA methylation171 and histone modifications26 with novel issues arising172, 173 particularly in terms of environmental epigenetics.174 Every cell process is permeated by epigenetic regulation, from cancer175 to autoimmune diseases.176 The understanding of these mechanisms and the identification of target molecules are expected to lead to new classes of therapeutical molecules, coined ‘epigenetic therapies'.177, 178 We foresee that only a common effort between researchers involved in human and experimental autoimmunity and the use of powerful tools such as MZ twins will soon provide fascinating developments in the relatively young field of epigenomics. As an example, epidemiology and basic epigenetics should work together to provide solid associations between environmental factors and DNA methylation or histone changes in patients with autoimmune diseases.
This work was supported by the American Liver Foundation (CS) and NIH R21DK075400 (CS). AB receives salary support from New Investigator funding from the HSPH-NIEHS Center for Environmental Health (ES000002). The authors are grateful to Dr. Esteban Ballestar for the valuable discussion and contribution to the manuscript.

domain: medical


text:
Turkey Awaits Response From US to Arrest Cleric Gulen in 1-2 Days
12:14, Wednesday, 28 September, 2016
Ankara expects Washington's response to the request to arrest the alleged mastermind of the July coup attempt within two days.
ANKARA (Sputnik) — Turkey expects the United States to respond within days to its request to detain self-exiled Islamic cleric Fethullah Gulen that Ankara suspects of organizing the July 15 coup attempt, Justice Minister Bekir Bozdag said Wednesday. "We are actively negotiating with the US on Gulen's extradition. The needed documents have been submitted. As we have been informed by the US, they will respond to our inquiry about Gulen's temporary arrest within one-two days," Bozdag said in an interview with the NTV broadcaster.

domain: politics


text:
IT is not the responsibility of Kerry County Council to undertake the cutback of growth that has occurred on the foundation of the old Flesk Bridge since the previous clearance work occurred after heavy flooding some years ago, Mayor of Killarney, Cllr Michael Gleeson, has been informed.
He has asked the local authority to clear the area immediately downriver of the current Flesk Bridge on Muckross Road while the trees are still relatively small.
The council said it is not the body responsibility for the maintenance of the river and, therefore, it is not in a position to carry out work there.
The local authority did previously help out during the storm damage of 2015 when trees and overgrowth were cleared from the surface of the islands.
“The use of track machinery was very problematic given the disturbance they may cause to the aquatic life of the river, particularly at this sensitive location,” a spokesperson said.
The council also stressed that no identified source of funding was available for further works at this time.
There was devastation in December 2015 when the River Flesk burst its banks and caused extensive damage and loss to several local businesses, particularly in the Whtebridge and Ballycasheen area of Killarney.
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domain: geography


text:
HARTFORD -- On the heels of yet another death in Connecticut, state health officials are keeping a watchful eye on the spread of the flu.
2,900 people across the country have died from the flu this season.
Five people have died in Connecticut. It’s information not meant to scare you, but to empower you.
Health officials say it’s not too late to get a flu shot, especially if you are very young, older, pregnant or have chronic health problems.
Clare Johnson of West Hartford said she’s a little nervous. “When they say that the numbers are going up I get a little anxious.”
Speaking of numbers, 278 people across the state have gone to the hospital from the flu. The activity level is considered ‘widespread.’
Alan Siniscalchi is the Flu Coordinator for the Department of Public Health.
Siniscalchi says, “This is a good time to get it if you have not done so already.” Stephanie Weiner of West Hartford said, “I never used to get a flu shot, but ever since I had my son, I started getting it. Especially since he was in daycare and school, there are a lot of germs that go around there so I think it’s important to be protected.”
Siniscalchi at the DPH told FOX61 this year’s flu shot is much more effective than last year. He said the flu shot cannot give you the flu. “The material in the flu shot are just proteins that are extracted from flu viruses.”
Geographically, New Haven County has seen the most test for the flu come back positive. Fairfield and Hartford are not far behind.
“We have drugs that will help shorten the course of influenza,” Dr. Virginia Bieluch said.
She’s the Chief of Infectious Diseases at the Hospital of Central Connecticut. She said if you have the flu, isolation is important. “The virus can travel up to 6 feet and it usually is spread when someone who has influenza coughs, sneezes or talks.”
State health officials told me they believe that public awareness and high vaccination rates are paying off.
“We believe the number of deaths may be less this year,” Siniscalchi said.
Symptoms can include fever, muscle aches, a cough or runny nose. Doctors told me no vaccine is 100% effective.
But your sickness should be less severe if you get a flu shot. Flu season typically peaks in January or February, but can last into the Spring.


In 2001, when the French electronic duo Daft Punk released Discovery, few who fell in love with it could imagine the thread it would lace through pop music and pop culture.
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Discovery: When Daft Punk Became Robots


Be sure the plugs are clean. You want idle vacuum as high as possible and steady. Then slowly adjust the idle AF upward a tenth at a time to help the vacuum - giving the adaptive learning time to adjust maps. Re-adjust timing to get more vacuum. The vacuum needle will become erratic if the timing is too high. You may be able to take the initial timing to 20 or more initial degrees. Just don't try to rev the engine - higher RPMs could cause pre-ignition and detonation until the slope and distributor total advance is reset.