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How To Separate Amateur Traders From Professional Traders?
Traders have divided into two segments always, amateur traders, and pro traders. But what is the actual difference between them?
An amateur trader may want to become a professional trader. So he/she is always looking for new initiatives to achieve that dream. Due to such dreams, it becomes important to understand the difference.
If you don't know the difference then must read this post till the end. We have a bonus section for you in the end.
Things That Separate Amateur Traders From Pros
There can be many things that separate professionals from amateur traders. But what is more important to you as a trader? The list of differences between amateur trades and pros can have thousands of things.
But here we divided them into two basic sections or levels. The first level of differences is about skills, knowledge, and capability.
While the other is psychological level differences between amateur traders and pro traders. Here we will help you find the difference at two different levels. So let's check them out.
#1. The difference in skills, capability & knowledge
The first level of difference is related to skills, capabilities, and knowledge. Various skill-sets are required to get pro status for amateur traders.
Traders go for trading courses, tutorials to learn how to trade. Because their capability and knowledge make the difference. So let's start separating amateur traders from professional traders with such differences.
Learning ability is a major capability difference. A trader who can learn forex trading and stock-trading together has more ability. Amateur traders are not so lucky initially.
Many best trading courses for beginners are there. That is why amateur traders are advised to choose free trading before live trading.
Amateur traders have fewer knowledge sources as compared to professionals. Depending upon a single trading strategy is not a profitable trading system. Professional traders have various sources for their trading accounts.
Whether they are in cryptocurrency or trading stocks, bonds in various financial markets. Pro traders use different chart patterns in charting. They take part in webinars and seminars for trading education.
If you understand the algorithmic trading, price charts, and typical trading charts. Then you can count yourself as experienced traders. If more screen time is spent to understand Algo trading, then you are a novice trader.
Amateur traders should allow mentoring in a live trading room or trading chat-room. Also, they can go for a starter course or follow a trading course to understand market data.
Amateur traders always hesitate to work with more technical things. While a pro trader is always comfortable with technical analysis and fundamental analysis.
Technical signals and technical indicators are also used by a pro trader. Traders should know support and resistance levels, moving-average, volatility, trendline, support line, etc.
Ready to switch
Pro traders bounce to new things in a short time-frame. While amateur traders take a lot more time after an introduction to new things. Pro traders always extend their trading range switching to new trading methods. Whether it is mobile trading, automated trading (trading robots), or technical trading.
Cost effect trading
Trading is beyond moving order entry to uptrend and downtrend. A pro trader calculates trading commissions (brokerage) before he trades on margin.
While amateur traders use trading systems without calculations. Risk-management is also an important thing to consider. A pro trader always has a risk-management plan and uses stop-loss features.
#2. Psychological differences
Other than skills amateur traders and pro traders have different trading psychologies. If you have attended any webinar or seminar in an online trading academy, then you may know. Even there are some online courses on money trading telling about trading psychology.
Amateur traders are less confident as compared to pro traders. Pro traders use trading software such as Metatrader with a confident approach. They buy or sell assets confidently to invest money.
An advanced trader is more patient than a beginner. Controlling your emotions is always among the list of trading tips in trading guides.
No matter if you are trading forex or involved in futures trading, you must control your emotions. Amateur traders get panicked having a look at trading signals showing a loss.
Quick rich dream
Pro traders never have a quick rich dream when they start stock-market trading or currency trading. They believe more in technical knowledge and experience.
They know how to use the pullback duration. While amateur traders trade with a trend trading method. They follow the market sentiment (bearish or bullish).
Pro traders always have the right motivation source. While amateur traders fear to lose money. Pro traders use advanced trading tactics for a profitable trading journey. Newcomers are not so good at motivating themselves in hard times.
There are always distractions around new traders. But the pro traders always choose the best path towards success. They use various active trading methods to make money in any financial market.
But the amateur traders always follow an online broker and his blind myths only. Brokers may tell the newcomers about the past performance of an asset only. But a pro trader looks for the price forecast also.
Are You Among Amateur Traders?
Wait before you answer this question to yourself. You may ask for something for us. Is it important to know if you are an amateur trader or not? Yes, it is very important. Because if you are among amateur traders, then upgrade yourself.
However, you are lucky, if you are not among amateur traders. Being an amateur trader is not a curse or a bad thing. But it is always important to jump to the next level in trading and It is directly linked to profitability.
Find your status easily!
But how to identify your trading experience? How could you find out if you are an amateur or a professional? You must find it out before you start trading for a living. So below are some standards that a professional trader has.
Homework: A novice trader always runs away from homework. If you do so then you are among amateur traders. A professional trader always analyzes assets and the market before investing.
Consistency: If someone finds trading a boring thing after a few days of trading, then he/she might be an amateur trader. Because a professional trader has consistency in his efforts.
Interest: Interest level is a major indicator. It indicates that you can achieve success as a day trader or not. If you don't have that level of interest. Then it is better to give up before losing more money in the market.
Reason: Ask yourself why you have chosen to trade as a career. Is there any particular and strong reason? If no, then it might be difficult for you to shine in the forex market or any other.
Conclusion: Amateur traders
It may take time to figure out that you are an amateur or advanced trader. But never believe in the myths around you. There may be myths like professionals never disclose trading secrets, isn't it? You can learn from professional traders if you are counted among amateur traders.
No matter which trader is trending in your region or market. You can follow him to learn new methods of trading every day. Always keep in mind the universal rule about discipline. Every sector requires discipline. So if you are disciplined in trading, then you can succeed.
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text: Collection of the month Shop Mistery packs ABOUT CHIBINENDO Uniqueness Everything in Chibinedo Art is unique. Every month, unique chibimonsters will be showcased for you to create an amazing collection of totems of happiness. Handmade Every product is designed and handmade in Leicester, UK. Sustainability Every product is packaged using reused or recyclable packaging. We also use the least materials as possible but still getting it to you safely.

domain: artistic


VCU Safety Ambassadors
Virginia Commonwealth University safety ambassadors are unarmed, non-sworn, civilian employees who will respond to calls for service for VCU Police in situations that do not require a sworn police officer. There are two teams: safety ambassadors and student safety ambassadors.
VCU Police embraces the concept of a non-sworn response unit. As the department works each day to meet the service demands of the community, there are many requests to assist the community that don't require a sworn law enforcement officer. This team also places significant focus on raising the level of engagement with the VCU community.
For questions about the Safety Ambassador team, email safetyambassadors@vcu.
Full-time safety ambassadors have completed mental health training to include: CIT (Crisis Intervention Training) and Mental Health First Aid. Training helps the team recognize someone going through a mental health crisis and how to render aid or offer resources to that individual. Safety Ambassadors will patrol the Monroe Park and MCV Campuses, including the VCU Medical Center. The team has marked “safety ambassador” vehicles and wear neon yellow and black uniforms during their shifts. They will handle calls for service that do not require a sworn police officer, such as routine medical transports of patients from the VCU Medical Center to another VCU-owned facility and welfare/status checks on students living in residence halls.
Why did VCU Police start this unit?
In 2020, VCU’s Safety and Wellbeing Advisory Committee (SWAC) was created to improve VCU’s public safety model, fostering systematic reform that supports the safety and well-being of every individual on campus. One of the committee’s final recommendations was that the university create a non-sworn crisis and de-escalation unit.
When was this unit activated? Where will they respond?
The safety ambassador unit was created in August, 2022 and was fully operational in January 2023 after staff members completed 188 hours of training. The safety ambassadors' areas of focus will be the Monroe Park Campus, including all VCU buildings and property and will also include the VCU Medical Center and all hospital property and surrounding buildings.
How does a community member work with a safety ambassador?
Students, faculty and staff are welcome to approach safety ambassadors and student safety ambassadors when they see them on campus. When community members call VCU Police, dispatchers determine which calls for service warrant a response from a safety ambassador.
Student Safety Ambassadors
Student Safety Ambassadors are also an alternative staffing resource for community members. These student workers conduct basic foot patrols and proactively address potential safety issues. They ensure lights are properly working on campus and take note of property damage to report to VCU Facilities. They also make sure the university’s Emergency Reporting Telephones are working and will assist community members with other non-emergency requests, such as asking for directions, motor vehicle assistance, answering questions about transportation, working at events, traffic control and walking people to their cars at night. Student safety ambassadors will be present in places with high volumes of students, such as outside the University Student Commons and at the Compass.
(Students who are interested in working with the Student Safety Ambassador Program can reach out to the Safety Ambassador Supervisor by email at: email@example.com.)


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Rochelle and Marvin Humes have signed up to present a second series of 'The Hit List'.
The couple's popular Saturday night music quiz show has been commissioned for a return to BBC One after a successful first outing earlier this year, and the pair are "buzzing" to be back as hosts for another run.
They said: "We are absolutely buzzing that series two of 'The Hit List' has been commissioned.
"We've been overwhelmed with all the support and positive reaction to a show that we have so much fun making. We're so pleased that everyone loves it as much as we do and can't wait for it to be back on screen again!"
The show sees three couples competing each week for the chance to win a £10,000 prize - by naming as many songs and artists as possible under intense pressure.
Marvin, 33 and his wife Rochelle, 29, were both in successful pop bands - JLS and The Saturdays - before turning towards presenting and have gone on to co-host on 'This Morning' on occasions.
The first series of 'The Hit List' proved to be a huge success, and the team are excited to start work on the next season.
Executive producer Karen Smith said: "The ratings for 'The Hit List' were great, the recommission even better, but the best bit was hearing how families were coming together to watch and play along with the show. Genuinely shared viewing. I love it when a plan comes together."
The Beeb was also delighted the show was uniting families in the name of entertainment, and hailed its "energy".
Kate Phillips, controller of entertainment commissioning at the BBC, added: "'The Hit List' has a tremendous amount of energy and is a lot of fun too.
"I love the fact that families can join in with the action and play along from the comfort of their own homes, making it the perfect way to kick off Saturday nights with BBC One."

domain: news


Police in Pakistan mentioned officers on Sunday tried to arrest former prime minister Imran Khan, who’s battling a number of authorized instances as he pressures the federal government for early elections.
Officers from Islamabad arrived at Mr Khan’s dwelling in Lahore, which was surrounded by tons of of his supporters, however have been unable to seek out him.
“A workforce of Islamabad police has arrived in Lahore to arrest Imran Khan to adjust to the court docket orders,” Islamabad police mentioned in a tweet.
“Imran Khan is reluctant to give up — the Superintendent of Police had gone into the room however Imran Khan was not current there.”
The arrest warrant was issued after Mr Khan failed to seem earlier than the court docket in a corruption case on February 28.
Imran Khan is accused of failing to declare items obtained throughout his time in workplace, or the revenue comprised of promoting them.
Authorities officers should declare all items however are allowed to maintain these beneath a sure worth.
The vice chairman of Khan’s Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf occasion, Shah Mehmood Qureshi, informed reporters in Lahore: “We now have obtained the discover from Islamabad police — the discover doesn’t comprise any order for the arrest.”
“We are going to seek the advice of our attorneys and comply with the authorized course of”.
Pakistan’s courts are sometimes used to tie up lawmakers in tedious and long-winding proceedings that rights screens have criticised for stifling political opposition.
Imran Khan, who was shot throughout a rally final yr, has tried to disrupt politics within the South Asian nation since he was compelled out of workplace in a no-confidence vote in April.
He has been pushing for early polls due no later than October by holding protests, pulling out of parliament and dissolving the 2 provincial assemblies his occasion controls in a bid to drive the federal government’s hand.
The nation of greater than 220 million is in dire financial straits with runaway inflation, scant overseas alternate reserves and stalling bailout talks with the IMF.
To drag the nation out of its spiral, Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif is battling to revive the following tranche of a $6.5 billion mortgage deal sketched with the Worldwide Financial Fund in 2019.
(Aside from the headline, this story has not been edited by NDTV workers and is revealed from a syndicated feed.)
Featured Video Of The Day
This is How You Can Defend Your self From Financial institution Frauds


Damage Modifier in Fallout, Fallout 2, and Fallout: New Vegas, known as Damage in Fallout Tactics, on ammunition indicates how much base damage the weapon deals. In Fallout and Fallout 2, multiply the base damage of the weapon by the fraction. In Fallout Tactics, multiply the base damage of the weapon by 100% + percent. In Fallout: New Vegas, the damage modifier is a multiplier on certain types of ammunition.
It does not work in Fallout due to errors in the game engine.
So for example, 10mm JHP ammo in Fallout 2 has a listed damage modifier of "2 / 1" which is just a more formal way of saying "2". Any damage this weapon does is multiplied by 2, though to cancel this effect out, this ammo also happens to have a Damage Resistance Modifier of 25, making it appropriate really only for low-armored targets.
In Fallout: New Vegas, the damage modifier is listed as "DAM x .85" for armor-piercing ammo, for example. This roughly means that after all other calculations, weapon damage is reduced by 15% (though in this case, ammunition has a Damage Threshold modifier to make up for it).


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Sakunosuke Oda was born in 1913 and loved Osaka from the bottom of his heart. He left behind lots of masterpieces that depicted the lives of ordinary Osaka folk such as the “Meoto Zenzai” (or, Sweet Bean-meal Soup for a Couple) that brought him to prominence. He died of tuberculosis at the tender age of 34. This monument was erected in his memory by writers who were on intimate terms with him.
Sennichimae Line/Sakaisuji Line: Nippombashi Station(K17)(S17)
Kintethu Railways: Kintethu Namba Station


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Issue Date: August 11, 2008
Saliva Contains Wound Salve
Why do animals lick their wounds? And why do wounds inside the mouth get better faster than comparable wounds on the skin? In rodents, these healing effects have been traced to epidermal and nerve growth factors in saliva. But human saliva contains only minimal amounts of these compounds, so Menno J. Oudhoff of the University of Amsterdam and colleagues knew that they would have to look further for the full answers (FASEB J., DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-112003). The researchers grew layers of human inner-cheek cells in dishes and scratched the layers to create artificial wounds. They then fractionated human saliva by HPLC and tested each fraction’s ability to speed healing of the wounds. The Dutch team found that the fraction that enhanced healing of the cell layers contained histatins. Until now, these peptides were known only for protecting the mouth against microbes. The authors note that histatins are relatively stable and aren’t hard to produce, making them “attractive candidates for development as therapeutics for promoting wound healing.” For example, histatins could be useful for treating patients whose wounds heal poorly, such as diabetics and burn victims.
- Chemical & Engineering News
- ISSN 0009-2347
- Copyright © American Chemical Society

domain: health


Adam Silver has tried to turn the NBA into one of the most progressive sports leagues in North America. However, we do not mean this in the political sense. Although the NBA is certainly progressive, we mean this in the sense that Silver wants the league to evolve. Whether that means initiatives like the play-in tournament or potential mid-season championships, there is no doubt that the NBA likes to try new things.
With a new CBA on the horizon, it has become crystal clear that the NBA has to evolve further. Overall, this is especially true when things like load management are plaguing the game. Moreover, there have been some issues as of late with broadcasts that are running way too long. This is the result of overtime games that have gone to two or three overtime frames. Now, however, the league is looking to potentially implement a rule that would shorten overtime.
NBA Overtime Rules
According to Eric Pincus of Bleacher Report, the league is considering a new rule where there is a target score. The first team to hit the target score wins the game. “That would prevent overlong broadcasts and overloading player minutes, like Los Angeles Clippers forward Kawhi Leonard’s playing 46 minutes in a double-overtime loss to the Sacramento Kings on Friday,” Pincus explained. This is one of those changes that would certainly be polarizing for fans. Some believe the players are being coddled, while others just want to see traditional basketball at the highest level.
Of course, none of these rule changes have been confirmed. It is going to take a lot for the NBA to pass something like this. However, if they did make it happen, we would see a drastic shift in the way overtime is played. Let us know what you think of this potential change, in the comments section down below. Additionally, stay tuned to HNHH for more news and updates from around the sports world.


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A FUTURISTIC CYBER LOVE SONG
DRESSED FOR SUCCESS
what I'm working on now
This is a break up song .
Jennifer, gets her dear John letter from her boyfriend then heads downtown to a local bar to drown her sorrows
my mother raised me until I was 6 years old and has been a rock in my life. this one's for her .
this one's a cyber love song .
cowritten with the extremely talented Mladen Alexander.
alt country rock .
a song about seduction
Can't Get Over You a country rock song is the latest single
Can't Get Over You a country rock song is the latest single release .
Howlin' Wind a song about seduction will be released Dec 1 of this year!
My latest release 'Howlin' Wind ' is a sultry rock song with a country influence about the art of seduction.
The first single of the new year will be "Smoke " a duo release with Malden Alexander about fake news and propaganda.
will be releasing Jan 2024.
THIS IS A TRIBUTE TO ALL THE MUSICIANS OUT THERE WHO DO MUSIC FOR THE LOVE ABOUT MUSIC . ITS NOT ABOUT MONEY OR FAME . ITS A CALLING AND FEEDS THE SOUL . FOR ALL OF YOU THIS IS FOR YOU.
WILL BE RELEASED THIS YEAR OR EARLY NEXT
THE MISSION STATEMENT IS TO TRY AND WRITE CATCHY, MEMORABLE , COUNTRY ROCK , POP TUNES.
ALWAYS TRYING TO GROW AS A WRITER AND WRITE A DIVERSITY OF MATERIAL. DON'T WANT TO BE A FORMULA WRITER!!
MUSIC THAT MAKES YOU SMILE .
MUSIC THAT GET'S INTO YOUR HEAD!


Mt. St. Joseph University's visit to Carl W. Burt Memorial Field serves as more than just Manchester University home and Heartland Collegiate Athletic Conference football opener Saturday, Sept. 23.
The 1:30 p.m. kickoff represents the annual Community Day event as Wabash County residents are admitted free. Coach Nate Jensen's program also recognizes the HCAC's partnership with Samaritan's Feet. "The HCAC has a goal of $1,200 raised by each member of the conference (for the initiative)," Jensen noted. "We started working with this great foundation because of (former MSJ head coach) Rod Huber's collaborate with the organization that strives to provide shoes for the world's children. We will collect donations and have a giant box for brand new shoes for children during the game."
Interested individuals who wish to make monetary donations to the organization can do so by visiting https://samaritansfeet.myetap.org/fundraiser/fundraisingpage/individual.do?participationRef=857.0.831148791. The Samaritan's Feet initiative is more than just fundraising and collecting shoes for the conference, too, as each February, all-conference honorees gather in Indianapolis and put the collected shoes on the feet of elementary-school age children whose families can't afford them. "It has been an honor and very humbling experience," he admitted. "To see those kindergarten to second-grade children's faces when they receive their new shoes is truly a wow moment."
There will also be an opportunity to support the American Football Coaches Association's Coach to Cure Muscular Dystrophy during the afternoon. Coach Jensen and his staff will wear shoulder patches on the sidelines to raise awareness, while fans can text the word CURE to 50555 to donate $10.


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If you shopped on GameStop’s website this fall or winter, you’ll want to keep an eye on your credit-card statements for a bit. GameStop confirmed to security expert Brian Krebs that it is looking into a breach during that period that may have compromised not only credit card numbers, but also addresses, the 3-digit CVV2 numbers on the back, and expiration dates.
“GameStop recently received notification from a third party that it believed payment-card data from cards used on the GameStop.com website was being offered for sale on a website,” a GameStop spokesperson told Krebs.
The company has hired a “leading security firm” to investigate the claims.
Big, if true
If you’ve spent any time reading about credit-card breaches like these in the past, you’ll notice something about the leaked info listed above. There’s a lot of it. Merchants don’t store those CVV2 codes in their databases, and those are typically one of the biggest barriers to hackers using stolen credit cards.
If the card info was leaked and those codes are in there, that suggests that the hackers responsible got the data not by pulling down a database but by placing code on GameStop’s site, recording the data as users submit it rather than after it’s encrypted and sent.
If you shopped on GameStop’s site in the last six months or so, watch your card with a close eye.


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Cher Lloyd Racks Up Radio Disney Music Awards Nominations!
03 / 18 / 13
Big congratulations to Cher Lloyd on receiving four nominations at this year's Radio Disney Music Awards! Check out the categories below:
"Hit The Road- Best Break Up Song"
"She’s The One- Best Female Artist"
"The Bestest – Song of the Year"
“Funniest Celebrity Take”
Fans can vote now until April 14th on radiodisney.com. The 2013 Radio Disney Music Awards will take place at Nokia Theatre LIVE in Los Angeles, CA on April 27th and will broadcast on Radio Disney on May 4th at 5 PM EST!


Notice: Wiley Online Library will be unavailable on Saturday 27th February from 09:00-14:00 GMT / 04:00-09:00 EST / 17:00-22:00 SGT for essential maintenance. Apologies for the inconvenience.
1Free-living animals make complex decisions associated with optimizing energy and nutrient intake. In environments where ambient temperatures fall below the thermoneutral zone, homeotherms must choose whether or not to forage, how long and what to forage for, and whether or not to perform activities that conserve energy.
2Huddling in groups has long been thought of as a possible means of conserving energy. Laboratory studies have shown that at low ambient temperatures individuals in groups expend less energy than individuals by themselves. However, studies have yet to demonstrate that thermoregulatory savings can have an impact on the overall daily energy expenditure (DEE) of free-living animals.
3Here we show that, in the laboratory, African Four-Striped Grass Mice (Rhabdomys pumilio) expend less energy per individual in large groups than smaller groups. We also show that when free-living groups were experimentally reduced to one-half of their original size, DEE and water turnover increased by 19% and 37%, respectively.
4The magnitudes of the reduction in free-living DEE were comparable with calculated energy savings from the laboratory. One of the reasons why this species may sometimes occur in groups is that energetic benefits can be gained through huddling in habitats in which food and water are scarce.
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An animal's fitness depends on its ability to partition time and energy among competing behavioural and physiological demands in a way that optimizes benefits relative to costs (Schoener 1971; McNab 1980, 2002). In an environment in which ambient temperatures fall below the thermoneutral zone, homeotherms must make the choice of whether and how long to acquire energy while being exposed to external climatic variation, or whether and how long to perform activities that conserve energy, such as seeking refuge in a nest (Bozinovic et al. 2000). The problem is especially acute for non-hibernating small mammals because they lose heat rapidly and need to consume large amounts of food relative to their body mass (Canals, Rosenmann & Bozinovic 1989; Canals, Rosenmann & Bozinovic 1997). Behavioural mechanisms to conserve energy can be expected to occur whenever ambient temperatures fall below the thermoneutral zone (Vickery & Millar 1984; Contreras 1984). Animals may, for example, return to a central place such as a nest and reduce the energy cost of foraging (Charnov 1976; Orians & Pearson 1979), they may bask in the sunshine (Geiser, Goodship & Pavey 2002), they may allow body temperature to fall (Geiser 2004) or they may huddle in groups during periods of cold (Kaufman et al. 2003).
African Four-Striped Grass Mice Rhabdomys pumilio have a wide distribution across southern Africa and are found in arid habitats as well as grasslands (Skinner & Chimimba 2005). They are diurnal and may be either solitary or group living. They may also dig their own burrows, inhabit unoccupied burrows of other animals, or construct nests above ground (e.g. made of hay). In the succulent karoo, a semiarid region in the north-west of South Africa, R. pumilio constructs its nests under shrubs above ground and lives in social groups (Schradin & Pillay 2004). Groups typically consist of one breeding male, two to four breeding females and their philopatric offspring of both sexes (Schradin & Pillay 2004). Although mice of one group share one nest and one territory (which they defend against mice of other groups), they forage alone during the day (Schradin 2004; Schradin & Pillay 2004). Benefits of living in groups are suggested to include communal care of offspring and reduction of risk of predation at the nest (through increased vigilance) (Schradin 2006a). However, there may also be other benefits of living in groups, such as the thermoregulatory benefits of huddling, especially on cold nights. Although the benefits of huddling are likely to be beneficial throughout the year (temperatures may vary from below zero to over 25 °C during the winter and from +5 °C to over 40 °C during the summer: M. Scantlebury, personal observation), they are presumably greatest during the winter. In addition, since striped mice in the succulent karoo construct their nests above ground, they may be especially susceptible to low night-time temperatures. Therefore, they have to compromise between the ability to dissipate heat during the day when it is hot, and reduce thermoregulatory costs at night when it is cold. Moreover, because they live in an environment that is seasonally restricted in both water and food, any behavioural or physiological mechanism that conserves water and energy is advantageous (Berteaux et al. 1996). Hence, the possible benefits of group living may include the ability to save water and energy during the night.
In the current study we aimed to determine: (1) whether individual Four-Striped Grass Mice expend less energy in the laboratory as group size increases and whether these energy savings increase when ambient temperature decreases; and (2) what (if any) are the effects of group size on the DEE and water turnover (WTO) of free-living mice, by experimentally manipulating free-living group size.
Materials and methods
study site and animals
Fieldwork was conducted in the Goegap Nature Reserve, Northern Cape Province, South Africa (29°41·712′S, 18°01·558′E). The study area consists of approximately 10 ha of succulent karoo – open semidesert (Acocks 1988; Cowling, Esler & Rundel 1999). The vegetation comprises mainly Zygophyllum retrofractum and Lycium cinerum shrubs, which form small islands separated by open sandy areas that are interspersed with succulents and ephemerals (in spring) (Rösch 2001). The study took place during the winter, before the onset of the breeding season (Schradin & Pillay 2005b) and all Four-Striped Grass Mice studied were non-reproductive adults. Nine study groups were used (mean group size 4·1 ± 1·6 (SD) mice, range 2–6), which are part of an ongoing study (since 2001). Mice are regularly trapped and individuals from each group are fitted with radio-collars (Schradin & Pillay 2005c); home ranges and sleeping associations are therefore readily determined (Schradin & Pillay 2004; Schradin & Pillay 2005c). Ear tags (8 mm, 0·12 g; National Band and Tag Co., Newport, KY, USA) were used to permanently mark mice. For ease of identification in the field, a number was also written on the side of each mouse with black hair dye (Inecto Rapid, Pinetown, South Africa).
Captive Four-Striped Grass Mice (consisting of the F3 descendents of wild-caught individuals from the same population used for the field study) were used. They were kept under natural weather conditions at the research station next to the field site (Schradin & Pillay 2005a). They were housed in 40 × 12 × 25 cm3 (l × h × w) Laboratory-o-tecR cages (Halfway House, South Africa). The cages were protected from direct sun and rain but were otherwise exposed to external ambient conditions. Hay and tissue paper were provided as bedding and nesting material; water was provided ad libitum. Four grams of seed mix was provided to each mouse, each day.
oxygen consumption (vo2) in captive mice at different temperatures and for different group sizes
Oxygen consumption values in ml O2 h−1 (VO2) were determined for different group sizes of captive mice at different temperatures. Temperatures of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 °C were used with different individual groups of mice of group sizes one, two, three, four, four, six and eight mice. The sexes for these groups were: one male; one male and one female; two males and one female; four females; four females; four males and two females; and six males and two females, respectively. The temperatures selected spanned a large part of the natural daily variation in ambient temperature experienced by the mice, during the winter, at the time of study (Cowling et al. 1999): 5 °C is approximately the minimal expected nest temperature (C. Schradin and N. Pillay, unpublished data) and 30 °C is just below the thermoneutral zone (Haim & Fourie 1980), beyond which thermoregulatory benefits of huddling cease. Measurements took place during the night (approx. 20.00–03.00 h) when mice would normally be sleeping. We used a dim red light (<50 lux), which allowed us to work during the night but did not disturb the mice (Haim & Rubal 1994). Groups were placed in the respirometry chamber for at least 30 min before any measurements took place in order for them to settle down (Speakman et al. 2003). After this initial period, beginning at the lowest temperature (5 °C), we took measurements of oxygen consumption every 30 s for at least 20 min (or longer if the animals did not settle). We then increased the temperature of the water bath by 5 °C (i.e. to 10 °C from 5 °C) and allowed the mice to settle for a further 30 min. Measurements were then again taken every 30 s for another 20 min. These procedures were repeated for all the required temperatures. At each temperature, the mean of the lowest 10 readings of oxygen consumption (ml O2 h−1) was taken, when animals were seen to be at rest (Bennett et al. 1992). An open circuit respirometry system (Depocas & Hart 1957; Hill 1972) was used in which a metabolic chamber (15710 cm3) was immersed in a temperature-controlled water bath (Labotec, Lauda, Königshofen, Germany). The same chamber was used for all measurements (i.e. for all group sizes of mice and for all temperatures). Dried air was pumped into the chamber at a variable rate (min 500 ml min−1; max 4000 ml min−1) determined by the number of mice (we used approximately 500 ml min−1 for each mouse that was in the chamber) so that depressions in oxygen concentration were maintained at 0·25–0·4%. The air passed through approximately 4 m of copper coil that was submerged in the water before it entered the chamber. This ensured the temperature of air that entered the chamber was the same as the water bath. The flow of air into the chamber was controlled by a flow regulator (Omega FMA-A2310, Stamford, CT) placed upstream. Measurements of VO2 were taken using an oxygen analyser (S-2 A Applied Electrochemistry, AEI Technologies, Inc., Naperville, IL, USA). The analyser was calibrated to an upper value in dry air (20·95% O2) prior to the measurement of each animal and to a lower value (0% O2 in N2 gas, Afrox, Germiston, South Africa) prior to initial measurements. Results were corrected to standard temperature and pressure.
resting metabolic rate (rmr) of free-living mice
RMR was determined as the minimal oxygen consumption (ml O2 h−1), using the apparatus described above for individual mice after they had been captured from the field (after the second recapture, see DLW methods below). The temperature of the water bath was maintained at 31 ± 0·5 °C, which is within the thermoneutral zone (Haim & Fourie 1980). Readings were taken when animals were seen to be at rest, after an initial hour in which they were allowed to settle in the respirometry chamber (Speakman et al. 2003). As before, measurements of oxygen consumption were taken every 30 s for 20 min and the mean of the lowest 10 readings of oxygen consumption (ml O2 h−1) was taken, when animals were seen to be at rest (Bennett et al. 1992).
daily energy expenditure (dee) of free-living mice
The daily energy expenditures (DEE, kJ day−1) of nine adult mice (eight females and one male from nine different groups, with group sizes of two, three, four, four, four, four, six, six and six individuals) were measured using the doubly labelled water (DLW) technique (Lifson & McClintock 1966; Speakman 1997). One mouse per group was used. Because males were frequently fitted with radio-transmitters, but females were not, we decided to concentrate on measuring the DEE of females. This had the additional advantage of omitting intersexual variation in DEE. However, for one of the groups of mice we did not capture a female. Instead, we captured a male with a transmitter. Since the DEE of this one male did not differ statistically from that of all the other females (P = 0·1), we decided to include this one male in the analysis. On day 1 (the first day of capture), the animals were weighed (±0·1g) and a 0·1-ml blood sample was obtained from the tail to estimate the background isotope enrichments of 2H and 18O. Blood samples were immediately heat sealed into 50-µl glass capillaries. Afterwards, a known mass of DLW [100 g 95% APE-enriched 18O water (Rotem Industries Ltd, Beer Sheva, Israel) and 50 g 99·9% APE-enriched 2H water (Isotec Inc. Miamisburg OH) mixed with 342 g 1H216O] was administered (IP, 0·3 g/100 g body weight). Syringes were weighed before and after administration (±0·0001 g, Sartorius balance) to calculate the mass of DLW injected. Blood samples were taken after 1 h to estimate initial isotope enrichments. Mice were trapped 2–3 days later (Speakman & Racey 1988) to estimate isotope elimination rates. Half of the mice of each group were then temporarily removed and housed together in cages in the outdoor enclosure, thus reducing group sizes in the field by half. The previously injected mice were then re-trapped 2–3 days later (i.e. 4–6 days post dose) to estimate isotope elimination rates for the same mice with reduced group sizes. We then used equation 7·17 of Speakman (1997) for small mammals to calculate DEE values at the reduced group sizes. We used the measured values of ko and kd (the oxygen and deuterium turnover rates, respectively, per day) from the mice with reduced group sizes and calculated the new Nd (the body water space calculated by deuterium dilution, moles) values on the assumption that the ratio of isotope pool size to body mass measured initially, remained constant for the duration of the experiment (the ‘percentage mass’ assumption: Speakman 1997). Capillaries that contained the blood samples were vacuum distilled (Nagy 1983) and water from the resulting distillate was used to produce CO2 and H2 (methods in Speakman 1997 for CO2 and Speakman & Krol 2005 for H2). The isotope ratios 18O:16O and 2H:1H were analysed using gas source isotope ratio mass spectrometry (Optima, Micromass IRMS and Isochrom µG, Manchester, UK), prior to calculation of DEE (Lemen & Speakman 1997). Recaptured animals (i.e. those that had been recaptured twice) were taken back to a field laboratory where their RMR was immediately measured (see above). In addition to DEE and RMR, sustained metabolic scope (an independent index of how hard an animal is working; SusMS, = DEE/RMR) was calculated for each animal (Drent & Daan 1980). Water turnover (WTO) values (ml day−1) were calculated using the measured deuterium elimination rates (kd) and deuterium dilution spaces (Nd) (Lifson & McClintock 1966; Nagy & Costa 1980) using the equation:
WTO (ml day−1) = kdNd × F,(eqn 1)
where F is the fractionation factor of the isotope (= 0·941: Speakman 1997). Water economy index (WEI) values (ml kJ−1) (Nagy & Peterson 1988) were calculated using the equation:
WEE (ml kJ−1) = WTO/DEE.(eqn 2)
Generalized linear models (GLM) were used to test for the effects of group size on VO2 in the captive mice as well as to test for the effects of experimental group size reduction on DEE, RMR, SusMS and WTO in free-living mice (McKenzie & Goldman 1998). Group mass and temperature were included as covariates in the former (i.e. for the laboratory mice) models, body mass and group size were as covariates in the latter (i.e. for the free-living mice). One model was fitted for each energy expenditure measure and all interaction terms were fitted in all models. Results are presented as means ± standard deviations.
effects of huddling in captive mice
Captive mice weighed on average 48·7 ± 13·8 g. There was a significant interaction between group mass and temperature on VO2 (F1,38 = 36·69, P < 0·001). VO2 increased with decreasing temperature and this effect was smallest in the largest groups, i.e. individual mice consumed less oxygen in larger groups and the effect was especially apparent in larger group sizes (Fig. 1). The largest increase in VO2 was found in one individual vs many (Fig. 1). To examine whether the significance of the overall relationship was in fact an artefact of the difference in VO2 of one individual vs many, we removed the data from the one individual and repeated the analysis. We found that the effects of group mass and temperature on VO2 remained significant even when the data from one individual were removed (F1,32 = 16·69, P < 0·001). Hence, we concluded that the effects of group size on temperature were consistent across the range of group sizes. The least-squares fitted regression,
VO2 (per animal, ml O2 h−1) = 326 − 7·04 × temp (°C) − 15·0 × group size,(eqn 3)
explained 86·5% of the variation (F2,39 = 124·77, P < 0·001).
resting metabolic rate (rmr) of free-living mice
RMR was correlated with body mass (F1,5 = 60·42, P < 0·001) but not with free-living group size (F1,5 = 0·49, P = 0·516). The least-squares fitted regression,
RMR (ml O2 h−1) = 10·5 + 1·54 × body mass (g),( eqn 4)
explained 92·5% of the variation (F1,6 = 74·47, P < 0·001).
daily energy expenditure (dee) and sustained metabolic scope (susms) of free-living mice
Mice weighed on average 41·7 ± 8·9 g (n = 9) upon initial capture. There was a significant positive effect of body mass on DEE (F1,6 = 6·14, P = 0·048 and F1,6 = 19·46, P = 0·005 for control and reduced groups, respectively), but there was no effect of group size (F1,6 = 2·51, P = 0·164 and F1,6 = 0·09, P = 0·779 for control and reduced groups, respectively) on DEE. Therefore, it was not the case that mice in naturally smaller group sizes had significantly higher DEE values. DEE values increased by a mean of 19% (10·8 kJ day−1) when group sizes were reduced by one-half (70·0 ± 18·1 and 59·1 ± 13·2 kJ day−1, respectively, two-sample t = 2·57, P = 0·03, Fig. 2a). There was no effect of body mass or group size on the increase in DEE when groups were reduced (F1,6 = 3·58, P = 0·107 for body mass, F1,6 = 1·78, P = 0·230 for group size). Therefore, it was also not the case that the increase of DEE (upon reduction of group size) was correlated with original group size or the body mass of the measured individual. We were interested in whether we could detect any effects of natural variation in group size on DEE. Since including too many covariates in a model with small sample size diminishes statistical power (MacCallum, Browne & Sugawara 1996), we reanalysed the DEE data slightly differently by using each covariate (body mass and group size) separately, using GLM analyses. In the control group, we found significant positive and negative effects for mass (F1,7 = 11·31, P = 0·01) and group size (F1,7 = 5·84; P = 0·046), respectively. By comparison, although there was a significant effect of mass when groups had been reduced (F1,7 = 27·38, P = 0·001), there was no significant effect of group size (F1,7 = 3·84, P = 0·09). These results suggest that there might have been effects of natural group size on DEE but that our sample size was too small (n = 9 groups) to detect significant differences when both covariates were included in the same model. SusMS averaged 1·41 ± 0·19 in natural group sizes. There were no effects of body mass or group size on SusMS (F1,5 = 0·55, P = 0·49 for body mass and F1,5 = 2·42, P = 0·18 for group size), or any significant change in SusMS when group size was reduced.
Assuming that mice gain the benefits of huddling for the duration that they are in the nest (c. 14 h day−1 in the winter and 10·5 h day−1 in the summer: C. Schradin, personal observation), we calculated the average expected increase in DEE for mice in the free-living group sizes that we measured using the derived relationship between temperature and group size on VO2 (Equation 3). We calculated the difference in VO2 for the range of free-living group sizes that were measured for DEE and for those that had been reduced by half. We then converted the difference between these two values of VO2 to kJ day−1 using a factor of 20·51 kJ l−1 O2 (Hardy 1972). As this figure would indicate the energy increase due to a reduction in group size for 24 h, we converted this into an equivalent increase in energy expenditure for a 14-h period, which was the length of time that mice were in their nests (huddling) at night. Using this method, the calculated average increase in DEE for the free-living mice for which group size had been reduced by one-half was 9·3 ± 3·0 kJ day−1.
water turnover (wto) and water economy index (wei)
WTO averaged 7·70 ± 2·57 ml day−1 and WEI averaged 8·32 ± 2·56 ml kJ−1 in natural group sizes (Fig. 2b). There were no effects of body mass or group size on WTO (F1,6 = 0·21, P = 0·662 for body mass and F1,6 = 0·10, P = 0·763 for group size) or WEI (F1,6 = 0·27, P = 0·625 for body mass and F1,6 = 0·01, P = 0·942 for group size). However, WTO significantly increased and WEI significantly decreased when group sizes were reduced (two-sample t = 3·05, P = 0·016 for WTO and t = 9·98, P < 0·001 for WEI).
Many laboratory studies have shown that small mammals in large groups have lower individual energy expenditures than those in small groups or single individuals (e.g. Contreras 1984; Hayes et al. 1992; Putaala, Hohtala & Hissa 1995; Ostner 2002; Kaufman et al. 2003). However, measurements of thermoregulatory savings due to group living in free-living small mammals are hard to determine and results have so far been inconclusive (Berteaux et al. 1996; Kenagy & Pearson 2000). In the current study we show that larger groups of African Four-Striped Grass Mice (Rhabdomys pumilio) expend less energy than smaller groups at temperatures below the thermoneutral zone in the laboratory. This effect was particularly pronounced at the lowest measured temperature (5 °C) in which oxygen consumption values were approximately 20% greater in groups of one to three animals than in groups of six to eight (Fig. 1). The largest difference in energy expenditure, as a result of differing group sizes, was one individual vs many (Fig. 1). Canals et al. (1989) found that energy savings were not much greater when group size became larger than about five; our results are consistent with this finding. In addition, we found that free-living DEE was greater in groups that had experimentally been reduced by one-half. This may indicate that increased group size is associated with thermoregulatory savings. There is the possibility that the measured increase in DEE could somehow have been a stress response to the manipulation. However, this is unlikely to be the case for two reasons. First, variation in group size is a natural phenomenon experienced in Four-Striped Grass Mice (mice sometimes leave their group and sleep in another nest, and later come back to their own group), and although group size is normally fairly stable, the number of individual animals in one group might vary naturally from one day to the next (C. Schradin, unpublished data). Second, even if our manipulations did stress the mice, Four-Striped Grass Mice respond to stressors in captivity by decreasing activity (N. Pillay, unpublished data), such that the effect of stress would be more likely to decrease the measured DEE than to increase it. Interestingly, we found no relationship between natural group size and DEE. DEE is dependent on many different biological factors that vary spatially between the groups, for example: the energy costs of foraging; the distance travelled daily (mice can travel 280–1600 m per day); interactions with conspecifics and other species; the differences in distribution of different food plants; the differences in food availability between territories and many more such spatially variable factors (Schradin 2006b). In field measurements, it is not readily possible to standardize and to correct for these factors. We suggest that the lack of a relationship between DEE and group size between mice from different groups is most probably due to these factors. Additionally, the lack of a group size effect may be a consequence of the small sample size (n = 9) used in the study as indicated by the separate analyses of covariates. The power of the original statistical test was β = 0·57 (effect size = 0·4) and an additional 64 samples would have been required to detect significant differences in DEE between mice from naturally different group sizes; such large samples are not available at our field site.
We modelled the effects of experimentally reducing groups of free-living mice by one-half on the resultant DEE using the relationship between group size and DEE obtained in the laboratory (equation 3, this study). This showed that the expected increase in DEE for free-living mice would be 9·3 kJ day−1. This compared well with the actual measured increase of 10·8 kJ day−1. Thus, increases in overnight energy expenditure (due to thermoregulatory losses) may well account for almost all the difference in DEE between control and reduced group sizes of the free-living mice in our study. Moreover, we found that mice used more water less efficiently when they were in groups that were reduced. This is consistent with the idea that water turnover increases when metabolic rates are higher. Overall values of DEE and WTO were intermediate between allometric predictions for mesic and arid species: DEE values were 32% lower than predictions for mesic rodents but 47% greater than predictions for desert rodents (Nagy, Girard & Brown 1999); WTO values were 35% lower than predictions for non-desert eutherians but 51% greater than predictions for desert eutherians (Nagy & Peterson 1988). Although these mice may not inhabit purely arid environments, frugal use of water and energy is necessary when living in a desert habitat, such as the succulent karoo.
Unlike most desert habitats, winter rainfall patterns are predictable in the succulent karoo. This is one reason that the area is suggested to be able to support many succulents and perennials, providing a characteristic flush of new vegetation and flowers in the winter (Cowling et al. 1999) and a high density of rodents (Schradin 2006a). During the summer, food and water are scarce and Four-Striped Grass Mice lose around 12% of body weight from the beginning (December) through to the end (April) (Schradin & Pillay 2005b); mortality rates may reach 27%. Minimal measured values of ambient temperature are low (around 5 °C: M. Scantlebury, personal observation), so even during the warmest period of the year there may be substantial benefits to be gained from huddling. However, the energetic benefits of huddling might be expected to be especially important at the very beginning of winter, when minimal temperatures fall below freezing, but before any significant plant growth has taken place (Cowling et al. 1999). This is shown to be a stressful time for these mice as mortality rates may reach 70% during this period (Schradin & Pillay 2005b).
Group living may arise when animals inhabit adverse environments, or depend on sparse and widely dispersed food (Emlen 1997; Cockburn 1998). This may enable sufficient resources to be accrued from the environment (Alexander 1974; Macdonald 1980; Johnson, Macdonald & Dickman 2000) while energy costs are minimized (Ostner 2002; Rhind 2003). However, few studies have directly examined the importance of energy within group-living systems (although see Anava et al. 2001; Scantlebury et al. 2002). In some circumstances, thermoregulatory savings due to huddling are suggested to be one possible mechanism driving the evolution of group living (Beauchamp 1999). Four-Striped Grass Mice are unusual in that they live in groups in a xeric habitat, whereas they are solitary in mesic grasslands (Schradin & Pillay 2003, 2004). One obvious difference between the two environments is that the variations in ambient temperature (both daily and annually) and food resources are much greater in the desert. Thus, mice stand to gain more energetic and water-conserving benefits from huddling in the desert than in the grasslands – which could be one of the possible reasons for the observed differences between the social structures between populations of Four-Striped Grass Mice in southern Africa.
In conclusion, we show for the first time that, in free-living mammals, DEE and WTO values are lower in natural group sizes than in group sizes that have been artificially reduced. Differences in DEE are consistent with measured energy savings in the laboratory of the same population of mice under controlled conditions. Observed differences in free-living DEE are therefore likely to be produced by differences in thermoregulation. Thermoregulatory savings are one possible reason that mice live in groups in deserts whereas they are solitary in grasslands.
We would like to thank Northern Cape Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Environment and the staff at Goegap Nature Reserve for their assistance. We thank the Universities of Pretoria and the Witwatersrand, the National Research Foundation RSA (Grants 2053801 and 2053514) and the British Ecological Society (SEPG) for financial support to N.C.B., N.P. and M.S. C.S. was funded by the Fonds zur Förderung des akademischen Nachwuchses (FAN) of the University of Zurich and the Claude Harris Leon Foundation. We would also like to thank Fredrik Dalerum for providing comments on an earlier version of the manuscript and Brigitte Britz, Christina Keller, Carola Schneider, Melanie Schubert and Philipp Widmann for assistance in the field. The experiments in this study complied with the current laws and regulations in RSA.


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Far and away my favourite film of all time is Jurassic Park…not only is it thoroughly entertaining but in terms of film technology it heralded a new age of CGI graphics for the movie industry, and to my mind the film doesn’t look dated at all (apart for some of the clothing choices of the characters!).
I won’t go too far into my love for the JP franchise in this post as that’s not the point, but the last few years has seen renewed interest in the films after over a decade of inactivity. Admittedly 2001’s Jurassic Park III was no masterpiece, but it still generated enough profit and tie-ins that many assumed that at least one more film would be made…indeed rumours have been around since then about a follow up or even a new trilogy.
After years of speculation (and the refusal of those involved in the films to rule out a sequel), the death Michael Crichton (author of the books and the screenplay of the original film) seemed to destine any potential JP4 to the scrapheap. Although Crichton’s books were only used as a basis for Jurassic Park (and to a certain extent The Lost World), the reinvigoration of the franchise would have benefitted from his input on some level. However in 2010 rumours abounded of new hope for the film, complete with a sketchy plot about dinosaur soliders.
Apparently this got to the modelling stage, but in 2011 Steven Spielberg announced that discussion was underway and with any luck the film would be getting made eventually. A director was hired (Colin Trevorrow) and it was announced that the film would be released in June 2014…not that far away for a film whose cast or script had not been finalised. Even as recently as last week, Trevorrow tweeted a picture of filming locations in Hawaii and confirmed that the new film would be set on the original island, which has not been revisited in either sequel.
From a fan’s perspective I was over the moon, not just at the fact that the film would be set on ‘Isla Nublar’ but that it’s release was so close, relatively speaking. But I guess I ignored several issues such as the lack of cast, which for a big blockbuster is probably something that would be needed more than a year in advance of the film’s premiere date, so when Universal announced yesterday (8th May 2013) that the film’s release has been pushed back indefinitely I was gutted but not overly surprised. Apparently they want to get the film just right, and so rushing it to get it released next summer was unwise given the popularity of the franchise…I can see this and in all honesty I would not expect to see any form of the film till summer 2015 at the earliest
What do I want from the film? Well I loved the original and the books so much, that I would rather see a remake of the original film, complete with all the plot elements and gore that were missed out of the 1993 film. I know that this is an unrealistic idea, as to make the plot believable it would have to be set in the late 1980’s/early 90’s like the original…in the days of Google Maps and iPhones it seems unlikely that anyone could create a secret theme park, much less get stranded on an island without any phone lines or *gasp* internet connection. Instead I just hope that some of the aspects of the original survive into the new film; a new dinosaur ‘villain’ has been mooted but I never saw anything wrong with the T-Rex or original Velociraptors. I’d like to see lots of the abandoned park and visitors complex…the sequels made it interesting to see the ruined labs of ‘Site B’, but I’d rather see a garage full of pristine Ford Explorers, dusty stainless steel kitchens and a rusty Jeep where Nedry (the fat nerd) met his death. A few of these elements might be picked up on, but overall I just hope it is a good film which does the franchise justice…and in the meantime I can always catch the original film in 3D come August!


A video shows ecstatic football fans mobbing a South Korean man following the East Asian nation’s shock 2-0 World Cup victory over 2014 winners Germany.
The group of supporters lift the man to their shoulders and chant “Korea! Korea!” in a display of pure emotion after South Korea’s win secured Mexico’s passage to the round of 16 despite a disappointing 0-3 loss to Sweden.
Germany needed a win to progress after lacklustre performances against Mexico and Sweden, but injury-time goals from Kim Young-gwon and Son Heung-min meant the holders crashed out in the group stage for the first time in 80 years.
Mexico fans across the world celebrated South Korea’s win on Wednesday evening.
The crowd of Mexican football fans could not contain their delight following the result
Hundreds of fans gathered outside the South Korean embassy in Mexico City to celebrate the result, waving South Korean flags and mobbing workers.
South Korea’s consul general in Mexico, Young-Jin Han, joined the jubilant crowd and was filmed celebrating on one fan’s shoulders.
The diplomat reportedly enjoyed a shot of tequila afterwards.
On social media, thousands pledged to listen to K-Pop - South Korea’s main cultural export - in a mass display of gratitude.
Fans also posted videos of themselves dancing to the hit song “Gangnam Style” by K-Pop artist Psy.
Despite the result, South Korea were eliminated from the World Cup along with Germany, although the win lifted them up to third in the group.
Mexico will now face Brazil, the winners of Group E, in the round of 16.
Sweden, whose win lifted them to the top of Group F, will face Switzerland.


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Front image of a grave with the text: “I’M DIGGING YOU A DESERT GRAVE” on the back
sm, med, lg, xl, 2xl, 3xl, 4xl
Rotten Records 3/4 sleeve baseball t-shirt
Black Heavyweight Long Sleeve Shirt Front: Paegan Terrorism Tactics Album Cover Art Back: Back Album Cover Art Sleeve: Acid Bath Sleeve Print Official Merchandise
Black t-shirt with Broke “money logo” in front, and alternate “ACPoN” design in back.


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WIPO Launches New Search Facility For PATENTSCOPE Database to Support COVID-19 Innovation Efforts
April 21, 2020
The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) today launched a new search functionality for its global patent database, PATENTSCOPE, to facilitate the location and retrieval of information contained in published patent documents that may be useful for innovators developing new technologies to fight the COVID-19 pandemic.
The WIPO COVID-19 search facility of PATENTSCOPE will provide scientists, engineers, public health policymakers, industry actors and members of the general public with an easily accessible source of intelligence for improving the detection, prevention, and treatment of diseases such as the novel coronavirus.
"Given the drastic impact of the COVID-19 crisis on human health and welfare, the world needs easy access to every bit of information available for the successful innovation in the pursuit of vaccines, treatments and cures. Patent documents are rich sources of technological know-how acquired by humans over the centuries," said WIPO Director General Francis Gurry. "WIPO's new patent-searching tool will help disseminate information on technologies that others may build upon for the global fight against COVID-19."
At the time of release, the new PATENTSCOPE search facility provides dozens of search queries specially curated by patent information experts who have identified technological areas relevant to the detection, prevention and treatment of COVID-19.
The new facility allows users to search, retrieve and analyze valuable sources of specifically selected technologies in 10 languages with little language barrier. WIPO will also plan to organize webinars to share tips of patent information search on PATENTSCOPE.
PATENTSCOPE contains over 83 million patent and related documents, provides comprehensive searching of patent information with multi-lingual search capabilities and an automatic translation system that uses artificial intelligence technologies for highly accurate results.
Via the new COVID-19 functionality, thousands of documents deemed of potential use to innovators working on COVID-19 mitigation efforts would be returned.
WIPO's COVID-19 response
Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, WIPO's operations have continued at near-full capacity even as staff move to remote work. On April 15, the Organization unveiled a new dashboard that allows member state representatives and other stakeholders to monitor the Organization's operations during the Covid-19 pandemic, providing a view of the evolution of WIPO’s global intellectual property (IP) services and its financial performance on a month‑by‑month basis.
In an April 7 public broadcast, Mr. Gurry discussed WIPO's record-setting 2019 results for its IP services for patents, trademarks and industrial designs, and arbitration and mediation services, as well as treaty-ratification activity and financial results. Mr. Gurry also discussed COVID-19's likely impact on WIPO in 2020.
The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is the global forum for intellectual property policy, services, information and cooperation. A specialized agency of the United Nations, WIPO assists its 193 member states in developing a balanced international IP legal framework to meet society's evolving needs. It provides business services for obtaining IP rights in multiple countries and resolving disputes. It delivers capacity-building programs to help developing countries benefit from using IP. And it provides free access to unique knowledge banks of IP information.For more information, please contact the News and Media Division at WIPO:
- Tel: (+41 22) 338 81 61 / 338 72 24


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Nutritional support is an integral part of organ support in the ICU. A systematic and protocolized approach to nutrition support by a dedicated nutrition support team is ideal to minimize complications of the ICU stay.
KeywordsEnteral Nutrition Total Parenteral Nutrition Enteral Feed Canadian Clinical Practice Guideline Nutrition Support Therapy
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
© Springer India 2012

domain: medical


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B&B Sa Chessa
The B&B SA CHESSA is open to new friends.
At our guests disposal are rooms with elegant furniture, with or without private bathrooms, satellite lcd tv, fan/heating, hairdryer, linen. There is also a fridge and internet point available. Daily cleaning also.
Delicious Sardinian breakfast is offered from the owner.
Ploaghe is a small nice village up on the hills with a pleasant summer breeze. Located in the north Sardinia nearby Sassari.
The Ploaghesi organize different village festival and this is an occasion to discover the true life of Sardinian people.
During the day you can organize escursion in the centre of the island to visit ruins or the romanico pisan churches or you can reach the near beaches of Alghero, Stintino, Platamona, Badesi, Valledoria, Castelsardo.
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Cancellation PolicyThis property has a 1 day cancellation policy. Failure to cancel within this time will result in a cancellation charge equal to the first night of your stay.
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Ploaghe is on the main road between Sassari (18 km) and Olbia where the streets cross the motorway to Cagliari.
Alghero airport is at 40 Km and Olbia airport at 80km. The Portotorres harbour is only 40 km and Olbia harbour is at 80 km. Golfo Aranci harbour is 100km.
It is possible to reach the village even with the train. Stop at the station of Ploaghe, 1 km from the village centre.
Daily buses connect Ploaghe with Sassari and Alghero.
Ploaghe is in the north Ovest Sardinia. The nearest airport is Alghero at 39 km and the nearest port is Porto Torres at 35 km. The other port in the opposite site of the isle is Golfo Aranci 100 km and Olbia at 80 km as the airporth of Olbia Costa Smeralda.
Ploaghe is interessant since being central and near a crossroad that connect Olbia with Sassari and Cagliari allow you to reach the main village and beaches very easily and at the same time to stay in a real sardinia village.

domain: travel


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Hammond organist Brian Ho, on the other hand, is just a rhythmic player who swings. He’s not as inventive as Jimmy Smith or Barbara Dennerlein , who are the two best jazz organists of my lifetime. Were his bandmates not on such an exalted level, it probably wouldn’t matter so much, but since they are, my verdict is that he is OK but nothing to write home about.
- Scabeni’s ‘Swank and Hatter’ seduces the listener with the metallic textures present throughout the piece.
- And clearly, by the time he wrote the Seventh Symphony for harpsichord and orchestra in 1964, Weinberg’s sadness had clearly set in.
- But they did not progress to a calculation of pitch on the basis of vibrations, though an attempt was made to connect sounds with underlying motions.
- Svedlund plays it with a Romantic sweep, but Gražinytė-Tyla relaxes it still further, as if trying to coax the sadness in this music to come forward.
This year’s contributors included Dan Herro, Emma Daisy, Teresa Sahar, Stanley Ryan Jones, Laila Amin, Jeremy Novy, Luke Chappelle and many more! Milwaukee’s own garage rockers Devil’s Teeth added their own special “art” vibe to the event and WMSE DJs the Nitecrwlrz spun the soundtrack to the evening. Renowned local artist Emma Daisy was the featured artist for this year’s Art & Music promotional artwork.
Boethius (c. 480–524), was well suited to the needs of the church; the conservative aspects of that philosophy, with its fear of innovation, were conducive to the maintenance of order. The role of music as accessory to words is nowhere more clearly illustrated than in the history of Christianity, where the primacy of the text has always been emphasized and sometimes, as in Roman Catholic doctrine, made an article of faith. In the varieties of plainchant, melody was used for textual illumination; the configurations of sound took their cue from the words.
Songs & Sounds
The Horst 2022 Exhibition will run throughout summer once it has been celestially opened during the Festival weekend at the end of April. In addition to ourclass schedule, the studio is open Tue-Sat from 10-2 for visiting, viewing artwork and purchasing products & memberships. He takes a turn up and down the room, looks at the music, and if the piece interests him, he will call upon you.
The history of music itself is largely an account of its adjunctive function in rituals and ceremonies of all kinds—religious, military, courtly—and in musical theatre. The Nocturnes are much shorter works than the Cartas Celestas as well as more rhythmic, although their rhythm is made up of complex meters. The exceptions are nocturnes Nos. 2 and 4, the former having a melody based on Beethoven’s “Moonlight” Sonata and No. 4 having a lovely, almost lullaby-like tune, which explains their having been previously recorded.
Comparing her performance here of the Third to Thor Svedlund with the Gothenberg Symphony, for instance, one hears very similar tempi but completely different phrasing. For the most part, Svedlund leads the music in a fairly chipper manner, propelling the fast passages with great energy. Gražinytė-Tyla also has energy to spare for those moments, but in the quieter, more reflective passages there is considerably more nuance, and with this greater nuance comes a wealth of feeling.


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4 World Financial Center 250 Vesey Street
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Merrill Lynch is one of the world's leading wealth management, capital markets and advisory companies with offices in 40 countries and territories and total client assets of almost $2 trillion. As an investment bank, it is a leading global trader and unde ... more
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domain: finance


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domain: entertainment


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UFC light heavyweight contenders Magomed Ankalaev and Johnny Walker will renew their rivalry when they face off in the main event of a UFC Fight Night event in Las Vegas on Saturday, January 13.
Ankalaev and Walker faced off at UFC 294 in Abu Dhabi, with the bout halted just three minutes, 13 seconds into the opening round and ruled a no-contest after an illegal Ankalaev knee to the head of a downed Walker left him, according to the cageside doctor, unable to continue.
Both Walker and Ankalaev were far from happy with the ending to the fight, with some bad blood simmering as the pair left the cage. Now they’ll face off for a second time in a bid to produce a definitive result, with one man set to move into title contention with a win.
Also set for action on the January 13 card is UFC veteran Jim Miller, who will face off against Gabriel Benitez in a 155-pound matchup.
Miller, who holds the UFC all-time records for most fights (42) and most wins (25), has had his sights set on a spot on UFC 300, is hoping to become the only fighter to have fought on UFC 100, 200, and 300. But in order to give himself a shot at that card, he’ll have to come through his bout with Mexico’s Benitez unscathed.
A host of other matchups have been officially confirmed for the event, including a battle between top 10-ranked flyweights as Matheus Nicolau takes on Manel Kape, while top 10 women’s bantamweights go toe to toe, as Ketlen Vieira takes on Macy Chiasson. Also in action on the card are fellow top 10 bantamweights Yana Santos and Norma Dumont.
UFC Vegas 84: Confirmed fights
- Magomed Ankalaev vs. Johnny Walker
- Jim Miller vs. Gabriel Benitez
- Matheus Nicolau vs. Manel Kape
- Gabriel Santos vs. Westin Wilson
- Ketlen Vieira vs. Macy Chiasson
- Yana Santos vs. Norma Dumont
- Andrei Arlovski vs. Waldo Cortes Acosta
- Farid Basharat vs. Taylor Lapilus
- Bassil Hafez vs. Preston Parsons
- Phil Hawes vs. Brunno Ferreira
- Ricky Simon vs. Mario Bautista
- Felipe Bunes vs. Denys Bondar
- Marcus McGhee vs. Gaston Bolanos


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Fri, 18 Apr 2014 15:00:09 -0700
Los Angeles Dodgers SS Hanley Ramirez (hand) is back in the starting lineup Friday, April 18.
Fantasy Tip: Put Ramirez back into your starting lineups immediately.
Thu, 17 Apr 2014 11:28:02 -0700
Los Angeles Dodgers SS Hanley Ramirez (hand) said he expects to be back in the lineup Friday, April 18.
Fantasy Tip: Ramirez's injury looked bad last night, but he appears to have dodged a bullet. Check back tomorrow before returning him to your fake starting lineup.
Thu, 17 Apr 2014 09:29:58 -0700
Los Angeles Dodgers SS Hanley Ramirez (hand) is out of the lineup Thursday, April 17. Also sitting are OFs Carl Crawford and Andre Ethier.
Fantasy Tip: The good news for Hanley is that the X-rays on his hand were negative after he was hit by a pitch Wednesday night. Check back for updates on his condition. If it's a long-term injury, Dee Gordon or Chone Figgins could lock down the 6.
Thu, 17 Apr 2014 06:03:37 -0700
Los Angeles Dodgers SS Hanley Ramirez (hand) left the game Wednesday, April 16, after he was hit on the left hand by a pitch. X-rays were negative.
Fantasy Tip: Expect him to miss a day or two, but it sounds like they dodged a bullet.
Mon, 07 Apr 2014 05:17:41 -0700
Los Angeles Dodgers SS Hanley Ramirez and OF Matt Kemp each hit two home runs Sunday, April 6.
Thu, 06 Mar 2014 15:38:16 -0800
Los Angeles Dodgers SS Hanley Ramirez (triceps) was removed from the game Thursday, March 6, as a precautionary measure after being hit by a pitch on his left triceps. He is expected to return to play Friday, March 7.
Tue, 18 Feb 2014 10:52:41 -0800
Los Angeles Dodgers manager Don Mattingly has spoken with SS Hanley Ramirez in hopes of keeping him focused on baseball while contract extension discussions are ongoing. "It's a conversation I wanted to have. I didn't want it hanging out there," said Mattingly. "I've been a player, I know. He knows what I think about him as a player."
Mon, 17 Feb 2014 00:08:50 -0800
The Los Angeles Dodgers and SS Hanley Ramirez are in talks for a contract extension, and it appears the majority of Ramirez's next contract will be with him moving from shortstop to third base as early as 2015. Ramirez doesn't mind moving to third, according to sources, but he doesn't want to be moved back and forth.
Wed, 12 Feb 2014 14:04:17 -0800
Los Angeles Dodgers SS Hanley Ramirez (ribs, back) said he is pain-free, and he took daily therapy on his back in the offseason. "I think I'm stronger and I've got to stay on top of it, and by exercising I'll be fine," Ramirez said. "I feel the difference right away. Now, it's perfect." He also said his fractured ribs are healed.
Wed, 12 Feb 2014 13:35:52 -0800
Los Angeles Dodgers SS Hanley Ramirez said he wants to be with the team "for life," but would not further discuss his contract status. Ramirez said he received treatment in the offseason for a nerve problem in his back that may have been causing hamstring issues and already feels stronger.


This science park has played a key role in leading the development and advancement of high-tech industries of central Taiwan with the objectives of pushing high-tech industries to new heights and constructing sustainable operations by creating efficient and intuitive systems for operations in order to increase the stability of the supply of electricity.
The brand-new substation built in HouLi by the national utility, Taiwan Power Company (TPC) is a perfect example. With the objective of meeting the rising demand for energy as well as the requirements for smart grid, Mr. Lai-Jinn Chen (Deputy Director of Taichung Power Supply Branch at TPC) and his team needed a complete underground transmission power cable system (cable and accessories) that could be entirely monitored in real time.
Brugg Cables, one of the leading companies in the cable and accessories manufacturing business, equipped the new HouLi substation with their 345kV underground cable system. Brugg Cables also included LIOS EN.SURE Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) monitoring system with an integrated Real Time Thermal Rating (RTTR) solution.
Installation by Brugg Cables
The figure below provides a good overview of the laying conditions of the underground transmission line at the jobsite. Brugg Cables technicians installed the complete cable system i.e. the outdoor, the GIS and transformer terminations as well as the XLPE insulated power cable. As you can see in the figure below, the XLPE cable system connects the outdoor terminations to the GIS terminations; and from the GIS to the transformer terminations.
How to obtain the conductor temperature in different environments (tunnels, GIS, basements and outdoor areas)?
The conductor temperature forecasts are very difficult and imprecise due to permanent changes in the surrounding area and variations of load of the extra-high voltage (EHV) underground cable.
LIOS Technology´s DTS system with an integrated RTTR solution to measure the temperature along the entire cable length using optical fibres.
The distributed temperature profile (temperature at the fibre optic cable location) is used to determine the real time conductor temperature by the mean of complex extrapolation using several standards such as IEC, IEEE for the design of insulated underground cable systems. In addition to the temperature in the fibre optic cable, other parameters such as load in the EHV cable and thermal resistivity of the soil/environment are also considered during the process. Mathematical models are specifically prepared for each project to meet the Utility requirements.
Hot Spots Sensitivity
The OFDR principle ensures high temperature and spatial resolution measurements over long distances in order to meet the requirements of the electrical assets operator.With this very high resolution, LIOS DTS system is able to detect hot spots i.e. high temperature points at: the cable joints and terminations, proximities with other cable systems, steam lines and others.
The OFDR technology is different from the Optical Time Domain Reflectometry using a laser pulse principle (similar to radars) sensitive to dispersion effects and affected by a broadened spatial resolution at long measurement distances. In that case, the hotspot sensitivity measurements degrade with a function of distance.
Real Time Thermal Rating
Because the fibre optic cable is attached to the jacket of the EHV cable at the HouLi substation, the temperature is measured at the fibre optic cable location i.e. the jacket and not at the conductor. However, the DTS system along with the RTTR calculation engine, has the capably to calculate the conductor temperature in real time. Another plus with RTTR is “Emergency Operations” calculation. You can determine transients like current, time (duration) and temperature.


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Your Favourite Photoshop Tutorials in One Place
Wonderful Candy Text Creation
Under Photoshop Tutorial, Text Effect
In this tutorial, it will teach you how to make a wonderful candy text. Different style sites need to have different style of texts. And, this one is really useful for some funny site.
Different topic requires different photoshop text effect to match with. This text creation is particularly suitable for fashion and stylish background. The techniques mainly include lighting and adding style pattern, not much photoshop technique is required.
Most of nice text effect would include various skills and techniques to result some good color mixing, shadow or glassy effects, but they may contain complicate processes. However, this tutorial mainly rely on the blending modes for the text creation process. You can then easily straightly follow.
Textured work tends to be more and more popular, but more recently a ‘new retro’ style that’s captured the imagination. The general idea is to create a vision of the future from the past. This effect is good for all sorts of design such as flyers, websites and posters.
Nice text effect always requires to have a nice background plus font design. It is a complicate task to design some nice text with a perfect background. If you would like to have a nice production, you can refer more on quality text effect tutorials.
This tutorial will explain how to create a nice 3D skyscraper text effect in Photoshop CS5, and will cover a couple of basic 3D concepts in the Photoshop 3D environment. This part will explain how to create the basic 3D scene, apply the different needed materials, and adjust the lights for rendering.
This is a strong and eye-catching text effect, though relatively simple to create. We will use techniques including bevel and emboss styles, pattern overlays, and combining different techniques to mock-up the text into a related background.
In this tutorial, it is going to go over various techniques you may have seen before, as well as a bulk of techniques that may be new to you. After you have completed this intense walk though, you should be able to explore even more new ways of creating typefaces as well as other types of ideas.


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You are a vampire?
Are you as charming as Alucard? do you deserve a costume set worthy of him, with black-on-black embroidered shirts and pants with elegant-shabby details, why the lost souls are strangely always elegant?
Brass elements worked by Milena Peroni of Violanima https://www.etsy.com/it/shop/Violanima
Darth Nihilus is a character from the Star Wars universe, he was a Lord of the Sith, also called “the Lord of Hunger” because he had the ability to feed on the Force to sustain himself. Darth Nihilus fed on many living beings, to the point of transforming it into something monstrous and not human: it had the appearance of a black ghost with a white mask, a damned shadow that moved in the Galaxy, a source of “food” to be consumed.
In the world often in “strong colors” gray, and all its tones, are a sort of comfort zone for many people. It is not so true that it is a “non-color”, it is perhaps more a state of mind, an open idea that can move in multiple directions, become warm, cold, dark, clear, smoky, blue, glacial or sandy, the gray’s is being open to possibilities is to be quiet then, one day, come out with a yellow madness, or a green delirium and displace everyone!
The elegance of gray is undisputed, and also lends itself to a sporting world, is male and female, knows how to be courteous and calm, but at the same time shine like silver.
What amazing dress is ? I loved it so much, maybe the movie was not that awesome as expected but (yes ok, I’m not a film critic) but really sometimes even in the movies not too much “know” there are details, characters, situations, worthy to be remembered, and this evil female witch costume, no doubt, it is !
Is the Monica Bellucci as The Thuringian Queen in Terry Gilliam’s “The Brothers Grimm” is a 2005 adventure fantasy film, stars Matt Damon, Heath Ledger, Peter Stormare, Jonathan Pryce and Lena Headey (yes Lena..a young and not too bad Cersei Lannister!)
The costumes in “The Brothers Grimm” are designed by the great Gabriella Pescucci.
This beautiful set in the picture has been designed for give a quotes for all who interested to this costume set, mine proposal is composed by the followingpieces, LONG RED DRESS “Pannè” Red Velvet, best quality White Organza for neck and and details on sleeves, with bead embroidery, applied beads, golden glass bead and trimm, red crystals, laces ribbon, the HEADPIECE complete with CROWN on the top, in golden organza on structured cage, applied beads and red crystals and FILGREE & CORD BELTS, for complete costume.
If you consider to made this costume take a look on my Etsy shop, at The TURINGIAN QUEEN QUOTES, there is a quote for the pieces set, but prepare yourself psychologically, look carefully the details, materials, fabrics, it is expensive!
Un lavoro piuttosto complesso che ha visto impegnati diversi artigiani su più fronti, un sacco di tessuti e materiali, dettagli, particolari, nell’insieme un attimo risultato !
Cosplay di Francesca Perini
si ringrazia per gli accessori in metallo Sonia Curti – Arte Nascosta
Bastone e pistola: Federico Monfalcon
Bracciale: Riccardo Impronta
Jacket tailored for Fabrizio, voice of Verdelauro, who has scored some poems belonging to his Favourite “The Canzoniere” of Petrarch – Francesco Petrarca (1304-1374) The project brought together musicians and singers from Rock Band and Metal Italian.
The Moth is part of the album cover of Verdelauro , realized by artist Antonello Venditti https://www.facebook.com/AntonelloVendittiArt/?fref=ts
Thanks Mattia Stancioiu and Milena Peroni for collaboration.
Giacca realizzata su misura per Fabrizio Sassi voce dei Verdelauro, che ha musicato alcune poesie appartenenti alla sua Opera preferita:
Il Canzoniere del Petrarca – Francesco Petrarca ( 1304-1374)
Al progetto hanno partecipato musicisti e cantanti provenienti da Band Rock e Metal Italiane.
La falena è parte della copertina del disco dei Verdelauro, realizzata da Antonello Venditti https://www.facebook.com/AntonelloVendittiArt/?fref=ts
Si ringraziano Mattia Stancioiu e Milena Peroni per la collaborazione.
La giacca è work in progress, nel giro di qualche giorno gli ultimi aggiornamenti.
Nuovi mantelli ricamati nello shop Etsy ! Sono pezzi unici, preziosi e particolari ! Ecco il link allo shop !
E anche qualche immagine per invogliarvi ovviamente ….(Halloween e Natale sono dietro l’angolo eh! )


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G.T. Fruitech is one of the leading importers of fresh fruit in India, bringing for you fresh fruits of the highest quality from all across the globe.
With an ever increasing demand, as well as acceptance of new fruits, and with market development efforts that have been witnessed lately, the fresh fruit market has grown by leaps and bounds.
Keeping this fact in mind, G.T. Fruitech is committed to offer fresh fruits of the highest quality and providing the best of service in this sector.
With more than 6 decades of experience and an unblemished track record, G.T. Fruitech brings you nothing but the best so that you can savor the taste of the most delicious and scrumptious fruits from around the world.
Copyright � 2008-10, G.T. Fruitech Pvt.Ltd, All Rights Reserved.

domain: food


Concirrus enters new multi-year deal with Hiscox
Concirrus announced a new multi-year deal with Hiscox London Market. Hiscox will embed Concirrus’ behavior-based data analytics platform, Quest Marine Hull, as part of its drive to deliver progressive, analytics-based underwriting.
“Being passionate about innovation, it’s clear to see why Hiscox is one of the most successful Lloyd’s syndicates. We are very proud to have Hiscox recognize the benefits that Quest Marine will deliver, and their adoption further underlines a real change in the market. 2020 will be the year where digitalization becomes the norm and is no longer optional.” – Concirrus’ Chief Executive, Andrew Yeoman.
Concirrus’ new predictive pricing module will enable Hiscox to analyze existing portfolios in greater detail, as well as assess the vessels within a prospective account and calculate an expected loss based on behavioral factors such as time at sea and port risk. Calculated using machine learning and combining billions of rows of risk data with a client’s loss and policy information, this capability will enable underwriters to better understand the behaviors that could be predictive of claims.
“Digitalisation is the future and if we want to stay at the forefront of our industry, we must continue to evolve and harness new technologies and data sources. We are looking forward to working closely with the Concirrus team to digitalize and hone our underwriting process with powerful data analytics and capitalize on the new opportunities this presents.” – Vicky Hayward, Hull and War Underwriter at Hiscox.