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|Year : 2014 | Volume
| Issue : 3 | Page : 400-405
Ultrasound-guided bilateral transversus abdominis plane block versus conventional systemic analgesia after cesarean section
Yahia A Hemimi, Ayman M Kamaly, Sahar M Talaat, Mohamed A Nosseir
Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care, and Pain Management, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
|Date of Web Publication||27-Aug-2014|
Sahar M Talaat
Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care, and Pain Management, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo
Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None
The aim of this study was to test whether the ultrasound (US)-guided continuous transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block, as a part of a multimodal analgesic regimen, would result in decreasing systemic analgesic consumption and improving analgesia in the first 24 h after cesarean section in comparison with conventional systemic analgesia.
Patients and methods
Sixty-two healthy parturients scheduled for elective cesarean delivery under general anesthesia were included in this double-blinded randomized prospective study. Participants were randomly assigned into one of two groups. In the TAP group (n = 31), TAP catheter was inserted bilaterally immediately after completing the surgery and before recovery from general anesthesia under US guidance. Bupivacaine (0.25%) 15 ml was then injected on each side and then every 6 h for the first 24 h. In the systemic analgesia group (Sys group; n = 31), patients received intravenous ketolac (20 mg) before recovery to be repeated every 8 h. The assessment of both groups was performed at 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 h postoperatively. The assessment included heart rate and blood pressure, visual analog score at rest and during movement, frequency of giving paracetamol to patients, and total morphine requirement throughout the 24 h. Salivary α-amylase was measured 4 h postoperatively. Complications were also recorded.
The TAP group showed significantly lower visual analog score at rest and during movement. A significantly higher percentage of patients among the systemic analgesia group required more rescue paracetamol analgesia than those in the TAP group. The total morphine consumption in 24 h was highly significantly greater in the systemic analgesia group. Salivary α-amylase showed significant increase in the systemic analgesia group in comparison with the TAP group.
US-guided continuous TAP block decreased systemic analgesic consumption and improved analgesia in the first 24 h after cesarean section. US-guided continuous TAP block is recommended to be incorporated to the multimodal analgesia protocol.
Keywords: cesarean section, conventional systemic analgesia, ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block
|How to cite this article:|
Hemimi YA, Kamaly AM, Talaat SM, Nosseir MA. Ultrasound-guided bilateral transversus abdominis plane block versus conventional systemic analgesia after cesarean section. Ain-Shams J Anaesthesiol 2014;7:400-5
|How to cite this URL:|
Hemimi YA, Kamaly AM, Talaat SM, Nosseir MA. Ultrasound-guided bilateral transversus abdominis plane block versus conventional systemic analgesia after cesarean section. Ain-Shams J Anaesthesiol [serial online] 2014 [cited 2021 Oct 22];7:400-5. Available from: http://www.asja.eg.net/text.asp?2014/7/3/400/139579
| Introduction|| |
Cesarean section (CS) is a common surgical procedure, after which postoperative pain and discomfort can be anticipated. In modern anesthetic practice, postoperative pain relief is considered as an extension of the anesthetic technique, facilitates early ambulation, and lessens postoperative complications and hospital stay. The analgesic postoperative regimen should be effective with minimal side effects and should ensure the safety of the lactating mother and her child . The standards of the Royal College of Anesthetists (RCoA) suggest that more than 90% of women should score their worst pain as less than 3 on visual analog score (VAS) of 0-10. It was found that 39.8% of women had VAS score of greater than 3 . This raises the question of the need to reconsider pain relief and its assessment in postcesarean patients.
Balanced (multimodal) analgesia uses two or more analgesic agents or techniques that act by different mechanisms to achieve superior analgesic properties without increasing adverse effects compared with increased doses of single agents. Therefore, balanced analgesia is the method of choice wherever possible, based on paracetamol and NSAIDs for low-intensity pain and opioid analgesics and/or local analgesic techniques for moderate and high-intensity pain . Analgesia for abdominal surgery is traditionally provided by systemic drugs such as opioids, ketamine, NSAIDs, and paracetamol. Peripheral nerve blockade is an alternative method of providing analgesia by anesthetizing the sensory nerves conducting pain impulses from the incision site to the spinal cord and higher centers . Peripheral nerve blocks were previously performed by eliciting paresthesia according to anatomical landmarks, which was not really effective and safe, and recently under ultrasound (US) guidance with increased success and reduced complications .
The transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block involves block of the sensory nerve supply of the anterolateral abdominal wall, where T7-T12 intercostal nerves, ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerves, and the lateral cutaneous branches of the dorsal rami of L1 are blocked. This block is performed by injection of local anesthetic drug between the internal oblique and transverse abdominal muscles . The efficacy of single-shot, blind TAP block in comparison with systemic conventional analgesia was established . Posterior US-guided TAP block technique for postoperative analgesia was described by Hebbard  and proved good quality and safety. However, the use of indwelling bilateral catheters inserted under US guidance in TAP block, which allow repeated and timed injections, and its efficacy and safety after CS in comparison with conventional systemic analgesia are not yet studied.
In this study, we investigated whether the US-guided continuous TAP block, as a part of a multimodal analgesic regimen, would result in decreased systemic analgesic consumption and improved analgesia in the first 24 h after cesarean delivery in comparison with conventional systemic analgesia.
| Patients and methods|| |
This double-blinded randomized prospective study was conducted in Ain Shams University Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital on 62 patients scheduled for elective CS with pfannenstiel incision under general anesthesia, after they gave their informed consent after approval of the ethical committee. Randomization was performed by preselected closed envelopes. The inclusion criteria included age of 18-40 years, ASA I or II, BMI of 20-40, and single-term pregnancies. The exclusion criteria included known sensitivity to local anesthetics or US conduction gel, history of psychological disorders and/or chronic pain, emergency CS, and previous abdominal surgery.
All patients were monitored with five-lead ECG, NIBP, pulse oximetry, and end-tidal CO 2 . Anesthesia was induced by rapid sequence induction with thiopental (5 mg/kg) intravenously and succinylcholine (1-1.5 mg/kg) intravenously followed by endotracheal intubation. Anesthesia was maintained by isoflurane 0.6-1.2 vol% in oxygen air mixture and atracurium for muscle relaxation. After delivery of the baby, morphine (10 mg) was given intravenously and oxytocin (30 IU) was infused. No more narcotics or analgesics were given rather than the protocol of postoperative analgesia according to allocation of patient grouping.
The patients were divided randomly into two groups. In group I (the TAP group, n = 31), bilateral TAP catheters were inserted under US guidance immediately after the end of surgery and before recovery from general anesthesia. A Voluson-i US machine with a high frequency (5.7-13.3 MHz) 45 mm linear array US probe (GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA) was used. The catheters were inserted under complete aseptic conditions, and the probe was covered by a sterile disposable cover. The external oblique, internal oblique, and transverse abdominis muscles and the plane between the internal oblique and transverse abdominis muscles were identified. Along the midaxillary line above the iliac crest, a 17-G, 8.5 cm long Tuohy needle (B. Braun Medical Inc., Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA) was placed under US guidance, using an in-plane approach, between the transverse abdominis and internal oblique muscles. The tip of the catheter was localized by injecting 1 ml of saline under sonographic vision after negative aspiration of fluid or blood, and hydrodissection was confirmed. Thereafter, 5 ml of bupivacaine (0.25%) was injected and the spread of the injectate in the appropriate plane was confirmed sonographically. A 20-G B. Braun epidural catheter was then passed 4 cm beyond the tip of the needle, keeping the bevel of needle lateral. After negative aspiration of any fluid or blood, a test dose of 3 ml of lidocaine (1%) with 1 : 200 000 epinephrine was used to exclude intravascular injection, then 10 ml bupivacaine (0.25%) was injected. The described procedure was then repeated on the other side. Both catheters were secured and fixed by adhesive tape. After recovery from anesthesia, ketolac (20 mg) was injected slowly and intravenously. Timed injections of 15 ml bupivacaine (0.25%) were given bilaterally every 6 h for 24 h. The catheters were removed after the last injection.
In group II [the conventional systemic analgesia group (Sys group), n = 31], patients received ketolac (20 mg) intravenously before recovery from the same anesthetic technique, and it was repeated every 8 h.
For both groups, a rescue analgesic in the form of paracetamol (1 g) was given intravenously when VAS score at rest was greater than 4, for maximum four doses a day with 6-h interval. If VAS was still greater than 4, 20 min after paracetamol infusion, morphine (3 mg) was given intravenously.
Heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, and pain severity at rest and during movement using VAS from 0 to 10 were assessed in both groups at 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 h postoperatively, by a person who does not know the nature of the injected drug or the technique. In addition, the frequency of morphine and paracetamol injections throughout 24 h was recorded and salivary α-amylase (sAA) sample was collected 4 h postoperatively. Measurement of sAA was carried out by unstimulated passive droll to collect samples after rinsing mouth thoroughly with water for 10 min. Samples were refrigerated within 30 min and freezed at or below -20°C within 4 h. The Salimetrics sAA assay kit was validated for the kinetic measurement of sAA activity. Nausea was assessed using the category scoring system (none = 0, mild = 1, moderate = 2, and severe = 3), and it was recorded in addition to vomiting.
Statistical data analysis
Before the study, a power analysis was performed to determine the necessary number of patients in each group on the basis of postoperative VAS score for pain, with a type I error of 5% and study power of 90%, and it was estimated that the minimal sample size for the study was 62 patients for both study groups.
Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v 12.0 computer software. Numerical variables were presented as mean and SD, median, and percentile, whereas categorical variables were presented as number of cases and percentage. Between-group comparisons of numerical variables were performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test and the Wilcoxon rank sum test, whereas repeated measures of ANOVA test was used for within-group comparisons of these variables; Tukey's highly significant difference test was used as a post-hoc test if pairwise comparisons were indicated. If the assumptions of both ANOVA tests were not fulfilled, the Kruskal-Wallis test and Friedman's test were used as appropriate instead. Between-group comparisons of categorical data were performed with the χ2 -test. Any difference with P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
| Results|| |
The two groups were comparable (P > 0.05) regarding age, BMI, and ASA physical status [Table 1].
The difference in the heart rate between the two groups was statistically significant throughout the study except at 1 h record [Figure 1].
|Figure 1: Changes in the heart rate recorded with respect to baseline (bpm).Data are presented as mean values. bpm, beats per minute .|
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The difference in the mean arterial blood pressure was statistically significant throughout the studied times between the two groups [Figure 2].
|Figure 2: Column chart showing changes in mean arterial blood pressure. Data are presented as mean values. TAP, transversus abdominis plane|
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Regarding the pain assessment, the VAS showed statistically highly significant difference between the two groups at rest and during movement ([Figure 3] and [Figure 4].
|Figure 3: Column chart showing pain at rest assessed by VAS. Data are presented as mean and SD. TAP, transversus abdominis plane; VAS, visual analog score .|
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|Figure 4: Column chart showing pain on movement assessed by VAS. Data are presented as mean and SD. TAP, transversus abdominis plane; VAS, visual analog score .|
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There was a significant difference between baseline measure of sAA and 4 h measure in the systemic analgesia group (P < 0.001), indicating significant increase in sAA level, whereas there was no significant change in the TAP group [Table 2].
There was significantly higher percentage of patients who required rescue paracetamol analgesia in the systemic analgesia group in comparison with the TAP group [Table 3]. The total morphine consumption was highly significantly greater in the systemic analgesia group [Table 4].
|Table 3 Percentage of patients who required paracetamol among both groups|
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There was a significant statistical difference between the groups with respect to postoperative nausea and vomiting at 6 and 12 h record [Table 5].
|Table 5 Incidence and grade of postoperative nausea and vomiting between both groups|
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No signs of local anesthetic toxicity or other complications were recorded within the TAP group.
| Discussion|| |
TAP block is a regional technique that blocks stimuli arising from anterolateral abdominal wall. The posterior approach used in this study mainly blocks T10-L1, which supply lower abdominal wall; thus, it is suitable for surgeries below the umbilicus. Therefore, it can be used as a part of multimodal analgesia .
The duration of single-shot TAP block in providing analgesia shows to be between 8 and 10 h . To avoid this disadvantage, a catheter could be inserted for repeated local anesthetic injection [11-13]. Intermittent boluses injections technique was preferred in this study because it has been shown that it works better than the continuous infusion technique because of wider spread of the local anesthetic . The total dose required also is less, reducing the risk for local anesthetic toxicity with intermittent injection technique. Furthermore, bolus injections allow hydrodissection and facilitate the spread of local anesthetic .
In the current study, VAS score was low both at rest and on movement in the TAP block group as compared with the systemic analgesia group throughout 24 h. This was similar to the observations by McDonnell et al.  who compared TAP block to placebo. Our results also are in accordance with the findings of Niraj et al.  and Bharti et al.  who used TAP block for patients who underwent appendectomy and colorectal surgery, respectively. Baaj et al.  found as well lower 24-h VAS scores in the local anesthetic TAP block group in comparison with the control group.
In contrast, Costello et al.  found no difference in VAS scores and morphine requirements between local anesthetic and placebo TAP blocks, but the patients in the study received intrathecal morphine, which had prolonged period of analgesia.
Previous reports suggested that increased sAA may reflect increased physical stress, and it was closely associated with increased plasma norepinephrine , and thus it represented an objective method for stress assessment. In our study, we determined the usefulness of sAA measurement as an objective biomarker of stress. There was no statistically significant difference between baseline and postoperative measurements among the TAP group, whereas there was a significant difference among the systemic analgesia group, which reflects the efficacy of TAP block to control postoperative pain in lower abdominal surgery. This finding is in agreement with several studies [21,22] that showed significant correlation between sAA levels and VAS for pain.
In the present study, there was a statistically significant decrease in the number of patients who required rescue analgesic and in the total morphine dosage in the TAP group in comparison with the systemic analgesia group through the 24 h assessment, which reflects the efficacy of TAP block to alleviate postoperative pain.
These results are consistent with the results of the studies conducted by Belavy et al.  and McDonnell et al.  who showed that TAP block reduced mean total morphine requirements in the first 24-48 h. In addition, a meta-analysis by Siddiqui et al.  showed that TAP block reduced the need for postoperative opioid use and increased the time of first request for analgesia. Another study by Kadam and Field  evaluated US-guided continuous TAP block for abdominal surgery and detected reduction in postoperative pain scores and fentanyl requirement.
In contrast, Costello et al.  showed that there was no statistically significant difference between US-guided TAP block with ropivacaine and placebo block regarding postoperative morphine requirements and the visual analog pain score at 6, 12, 24, and 48 h, but, on closer inspection of the results during the first 3 h, more patients who had received the placebo block required morphine earlier.
The present study showed significant decrease in incidence and severity of postoperative nausea and vomiting in the TAP group at 6 and 12 h in comparison with the other group.
The present study showed no inadvertent intravascular injection, manifestations of local anesthetic toxicity, pruritis, or internal organ injury, which reflects the safety of TAP block when performed by US guidance. Farooq and Carey  reported needle perforation of the liver with blind TAP block technique. Peritonitis was reported once in a case of US-guided TAP block .
| Conclusion|| |
The current study showed that administration of repeated bolus doses of bupivacaine through the catheters inserted with US guidance for TAP block, as a part of a multimodal analgesic regimen, resulted in acceptable postoperative pain scores and relatively lower analgesic requirements. As the TAP block has no effect on visceral pain or on pain deriving from the pelvic floor, we expect the TAP catheters to be incorporated in multimodal analgesia.
| Acknowledgements|| |
| References|| |
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|7.|| McDonnell JG, ÓDonnell B, Curley G, Heffernan A, Power C, Laffey JG. The analgesic efficacy of transversus abdominis plane block after abdominal surgery: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Anesth Analg 2007; 104:193-197. |
|8.|| Hebbard P. US guided TAP block technique and audit. Anesth Intens Care 2007; 35:617-618. |
|9.|| Charlton S, Cyna AM, Middleton P, Griffiths JD. Perioperative transversus abdominis plane (TAP) blocks for analgesia after abdominal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; 4. |
|10.||Niraj G, Kelkar A, Jeyapalan I, Graff-Baker P, Williams O, Darbar A, et al. Comparison of analgesic efficacy of subcostal transverses abdominis plane blocks with epidural analgesia following upper abdominal surgery. Anesthesia 2011; 66:465-471. |
|11.||Alcock E, Spencer E, Frazer R, Applegate G, Buckenmaier C. Continuous transverses abdominis plane (TAP) block catheters in a combat surgical environment. Pain Med 2010; 11:1426-1429. |
|12.||Bollag L, Richebe P, Ortner C, Landau R. Transversus abdominis plane catheters for post-cesarean delivery analgesia: a series of five cases. Int J Obstet Anesth 2012; 6:126-129. |
|13.||Forero M, Neira VM, Heikkila AJ, Paul JE. Continuous lumbar transversus abdominis plane block may spread to supraumbilical dermatomes. Can J Anaesth 2011; 58:948-951. |
|14.||Schulz-Stubner S, Boezaart A, Hata S. Regional analgesia in the critically ill. Crit Care Med 2005; 33:1400-1407. |
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|16.||McDonnell JG, Curley G, Carney J, Benton A, Costello J, Maharaj CH, Laffey JG. The analgesic efficacy of transversus abdominis plane block after cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Anesth Analg 2008; 106:186-191. |
|17.||Niraj G, Searle A, Mathews M, Misra V, Bahan M, Kiani S, Wong M. Analgesic efficacy of ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block in patients undergoing open appendicectomy. Br J Anaesth 2009; 103:601-605. |
|18.||Bharti N, Kumar P, Bala I, Gupta V. The efficacy of a novel approach to transversus abdominis plane block for postoperative analgesia after colorectal surgery. Anesth Analg 2011; 112:1504-1508. |
|19.||Baaj J, Alsatli R, Majaj H, Babay Z, Thallaj A. Efficacy of ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block for postcesarean section delivery analgesia double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study. Middle East J Anesthesiol 2010; 20:821-826. |
|20.||Costello JF, Moore AR, Wieczorek PM, Macarthur AJ, Balki M, Carvalho JC. The transversus abdominis plane block, when used as part of a multimodal regimen inclusive of intrathecal morphine, does not improve analgesia after cesarean delivery. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2009; 34:586-589. |
|21.||Shirasaki S, Fujii H, Takahashi M, Sato T, Ebina M, Noto Y, Hirota K. Source Department of Anesthesiology, Caress Alliance Tenshi Hospital, Sapporo, Japan. Correlation between salivary alpha-amylase activity and pain scale in patients with chronic pain. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2007; 32:120-123. |
|22.||Robles TF, Sharma R, Park KS, et al. Utility of a salivary biosensor for objective assessment of surgery-related stress. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2012; 70:2256-2263. |
|23.||Belavy D, Cowalishaw PJ, Howes M, Phillips F. Ultrasound guided transversus abdominis plane block for analgesia after Caesarean delivery. Br J Anaesth 2009; 103:726-730. |
|24.||Siddiqui MR, Sajid MS, Uncles DR, Cheek L, Baig MKi. A meta-analysis on the clinical effectiveness of transversus abdominis plane block. J Clin Anesth 2011; 23:7-14. |
|25.||Kadam RV, Field JB. Ultrasound guided continuous transverse abdominis plane block for abdominal surgery. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2011; 27. |
|26.||Farooq M, Carey M. A case of liver trauma with a blunt regional anesthesia needle while performing transversus abdominis plane block. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2008; 33:274-275. |
|27.||Lancaster P, Chadwick M. Liver trauma secondary to ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block. Br J Anaesth 2010; 104:509-510. |
[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4]
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4], [Table 5]


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Lucky, for her, she was signed by Elite. This amazing beauty is currently a supermodel who has worked with numerous fashion labels, designers and also been featured in cover pages of several magazines.
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We demonstrate that the quantum mechanical interference between the probability amplitudes for the two-photon absorption of a fundamental (1.55 m)ϳ150 fs pulse and for the one-photon absorption of a noncollinearly propagating second-harmonic ͑775 nm͒ pulse can create transient, ballistic, purely spin-polarized current gratings in bulk GaAs at room temperature. For fundamental and second-harmonic pulses having orthogonal linear polarizations, two periodically modulated ballistic spin-polarizeddoi:10.1063/1.1757033 fatcat:h3fn36rxpbd5tpqfhej7xzuw6u


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WHEATON, Ill. – Maranatha wrestlers participated in the Pete Wilson Wheaton College Invitational on Saturday, with sophomore wrestler Josiah Brendemuehl (Mishicot, Wis.) notching a victory in the 174 weight class.
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The Longyear Museum of Anthropology at Colgate University will host an exhibition called Weaving Identities: Native American Baskets through March 12.
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“Do some languages contain an intrinsic bias towards pulling happy faces? In other words, do some languages predispose – in a subtle way – their speakers to be merrier than the speakers of other languages?”
Judson said she was able to track down only this “smidgen of evidence to suggest the idea’s not crazy”:
A set of experiments investigating the effects of facial movements on mood used different vowel sounds as a stealthy way to get people to pull different faces. (The idea was to avoid people realizing they were being made to scowl or smile.) The results showed that if you read aloud a passage full of vowels that make your scowl – the German vowel sound ü, for example – you’re likely to find yourself in a worse mood than if you read a story similar in content but without any instances of ü. similarly, saying ü over and over again generates more feelings of ill will than repeating a or o.
Judson would like to see researchers test her hypothesis. In the meantime, you can be a study cohort of one: Try smiling more today. See if it changes your mood.
On a (sort of) related topic, BBC radio ran a short segment Tuesday (accompanied by a written article) on how the metaphors used by doctors and other medical professionals may influence a patient’s ability to endure a medical treatment.
The segment also suggests that a doctor’s choice of metaphor may even influence a patient’s decision to undergo a particular treatment:
Dr. Grahame Brown, a musculo-skeletal specialist at the Royal Orthopaedic Hospital in Birmingham, claims he is able to save hundreds of patients from the need to have spinal surgery every year simply by “reframing the negative metaphors that have been unwittingly used by their doctors that can lead to a destructive and self-fulfilling cycle.”
Many of the patients he sees have been referred for surgery after becoming convinced their spine is “crumbling” or that they have “degenerating” disc disease, when in fact they have a prolapsed disc or other normal wear and tear that is common in most people.
Yet anxious patients latch on to these suggestions and become convinced that things are only going to get worse.
Dr. Brown, who has trained in the metaphor-based Human Givens therapy, claims that nine out of ten of his patients no longer require surgery after undergoing linguistic treatment.
“I tell patients who work in computers that I’ve examined their hard drive and it’s functioning well but that the software is corrupt and needs to be deleted and replaced with a new, more positive programme.”
As Brown doesn’t present any studies to support his “nine out of 10” patients statistic, I’m going to remain skeptical about that claim. (And his mode of therapy — Human Givens — apparently has a poor record of backing up its claims with empirical evidence.) But it’s certainly not unreasonable to assume that how a physician frames a patient’s treatment options (whether or not that framing involves metaphors) will influence the patient’s decision-making process.
If you want to catch the 25-minute-long BBC audio segment, “Metaphor for Healing,” you can do so here. (You have six more days to listen to it.)


Instagram influencer and personality who is known for sharing dance and selfie content on her ayoo.nii account.
Her oldest archived mirror selfie was dated 2017.
She frequently collaborated with her friend Destiny Samone.
She was born in the United States.
She has created dance routines set to music made famous by Kanye West.


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Research Coordinator I Occupational Health Cl Rsch
St. Michael’s Hospital require a “Research Coordinator I Occupational Health Cl Rsch” in Toronto, ON:
Minimum of Bachelor’s degree in health science field, however Master preferred. Coordinating ongoing laboratory, pharmacy, etc. activities pertaining to study.
Note: This job is not from Hospital.ca.
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30kw/40HP/6pole Yvf2 Series Variable-Frequency and Adjustable-Velocity Three Phase Asynchronous Motor
YVF2 collection motor is a totally enclosed, compulsive particular used motor. By using a variable-frequency motor of various poles, it can attain stepless sped governing when the extensive velocity variety is 100rpm-3550rpm. It is utilized to the discipline of the admirer, pumps, pipeline automation products, and device instruments (these kinds of as numerical manage equipment device and machining center)in the industries of metallurgy, chemical, textile, pharmacy, printing, and so on.
|Centre peak of frame dimensions:
|.fifty five-315kw/.seventy five-420hp
|Rated voltage and frequency:
|380V 50HZ(special ought to get )
|a hundred and fifty five(F)
|S1(steady), allows starting with total voltage
|Variety of cooling:
Electrical power 55kw and beneath is star-relationship Power above 55kw is delta-relationship.
Circumstances of usage:
Functioning ambient temperature:-15~40degree centigrade.
The altitude: not earlier mentioned 1000m
DAJI Team. ZHangCZPTG DAGAO CZPT MOTOR CO., LTD, is skillfully engaged in electric powered motor manufacturing for 30 a long time since 1988. The headquarters is situated in ZheJiang city, a group with 4manufacturing bases in ZHangCZPTg and ZheJiang , has more than three hundred national product sales facilities and specific companies, and exported to much more than fifty nations around the world and areas.
Manufacturing unit Positive aspects:
one. more than 30 years historical past
7.a hundred%testing after every single approach,one hundred%uncooked resources are selective
10.we have certificates for CE, CCC, CZPT, SGS and so on
Q: What is the shipping time?
A: Inside twenty-twenty five days following acquiring the deposit.
Q: Do you offer OEM provider?
A: Sure. We settle for OEM service.
Q: What is your MOQ of this product?
A:ten PCS for each merchandise.
Q: Can we type our brand on it?
A: Indeed,of training course.
Q: In which is your loading port?
A: HangCZPT Port, ZheJiang Port, China.
Q: What is your generation capability?
A: About a thousand PCS for every working day.
1. Please point out the frame dimensions, energy, synchronous, pace, voltage, frequency, put in measurements,inle cable entrance sort and route of rotation and so on.
2.If have a unique ask for, this kind of as the voltage,frequency,protection degree, duplex shaft, path of rotation,temperature checking system, put in measurements,bering oil discharge device and so on, remember to reveal indetials in the ordering agreement and ssign technical agreement if needed.
3.When purchasing other sequence of motor and derived motor in the sample,remember to follow this instruction CZPT more notice, thank you for your cooperation!


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Home Antibody All anti-AKT1 antibodies
Also for AKT1 (NM_001014431)
|The antiserum was produced against synthesized non-phosphopeptide derived from human AKT1/2/3 around the phosphorylation site of tyrosine 315/316/312 (P-E-YP-L-A).|
|Human (Identities = 100%, Positives = 100%); Mouse (Identities = 100%, Positives = 100%);Rat (Identities = 100%, Positives = 100%)
||WB: 1:500~1:3000, IHC: 1:50~1:100, ELISA: 1:40000
|Phosphate buffered saline (without Mg2+ and Ca2+), pH 7.4, 150mM NaCl, 0.02% sodium azide and 50% glycerol.|
|The antibody was affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogen.
|AKT1/2/3 (Ab-315/316/312) antibody detects endogenous levels of total AKT1/2/3 protein.
|Homo sapiens v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 1 (AKT1), transcript variant 3|
|AKT; CWS6; PKB; PKB-ALPHA; PRKBA; RAC; RAC-ALPHA|
Delta-Notch Signaling Pathway
EGFR1 Signaling Pathway
Jak-STAT signaling pathway
MAPK signaling pathway
Signaling by GPCR
Toll-like receptor signaling pathway
Wnt Signaling Pathway
* Availability is in business days
* OriGene provides validated application data and protocol, with money back guarantee.
Western blot analysis of extracts from A549 cells, using AKT1/2/3 (Ab-315/316/312) antibody.The lane on the right is treated with the synthesized peptide.
Immunohistochemistry analysis of paraffin-embedded human brain tissue using AKT1/2/3 (Ab-315/316/312) antibody.The picture on the right is treated with the synthesized peptide.

domain: chemistry


text: It’s always interesting to discover where DJ Deekline will go next, having gone through garage, booty breaks, big room breakbeat and ragga jungle, and the answer would appear to be: bassy slo-mo ghetto house. The lead track, a collab with Detroit bass dude DJ Assault, is the first release on the brand-new Gutter Gutter label and is a piece that Eats Everything, Justin Martin and Claude VonStroke will lap up. Hand-claps, a plodding bass and Assault intoning “If you’re ghetto and you know it” all make for a dope cut. Dirty. ‘Deepa’, meanwhile, mixes old skool hardcore with future garage for another fresh n’ fly piece.

domain: entertainment


David Suzuki, Grand Chief Stewart Phillip lend support to Site C protesters
A prominent scientist and First Nations leader are lending their support to protesters opposing the construction of the Site C dam near Fort St. John.
Environmentalist David Suzuki and Grand Chief Stewart Phillip, President of the Union of BC Indian Chiefs, held a press conference this morning in support of a camp of protesters at the Rocky Mountain Fort on the Peace River, who have been blocking construction since the beginning of this year.
“The hydro power of Site C is not for families or communities here in B.C.,” said Phillip. “It is for proposed mining projects in northern B.C. and for customers in California. The actions of BC Hydro in court today is to purposefully target, censor, intimidate and silence the peaceful camp of Treaty 8 members and landowners at Rocky Mountain Fort Camp.”
The Union of BC Indian Chiefs says it continues to denounce what it calls BC Hydro’s “deliberately provocative and thuggish efforts” to fast track construction on the proposed Site C project.
Phillip called the Site C proposal Premier Christy Clark’s “make-work project in the demise of her LNG pipe dream” and an archaic notion that he stands in vehement opposition to.
“This is a complete abuse of power, democratic process, and treaty and legal rights of all the parties involved,” said Phillip.
He says he is humbled by the courage of the Rocky Mountain Fort protesters, who, he says, have been harassed and intimated.
The protesters claim the construction of the Site C project should be put on hold while court proceedings are still in place and until the proposal is properly vetted and reviewed by the BC Utilities Commission.
The newly created reservoir would be about 83 kilometres long and two-to-three times wider than the current river, flooding 5,550 hectares of land.
Suzuki says the federal government committed to a “hard” target at the climate change talks in Paris last November, but it’s not changing its ways when it comes to the Site C project.
He says his concern lies in the fact that, the food that Canadians eat is grown, on average, 3,000 kilometers from where it’s consumed and requires fossil fuel to be transported.
“It seems crazy to put farmland in the north under water when that valley could be the breadbasket of the north,” said Suzuki. “We need time to reconsider the way we do everything. This, to me, is one of the great contradictions of a commitment to meeting the Paris target and the apparent lack of concern for a development like the Site C.”
Meanwhile, B.C. Supreme Court is expected to hear an injunction application from BC Hydro to remove the camp in the way of the Site C construction site.
The proposed Site C hydroelectric dam on the Peace River cleared major environmental hurdles in October 2014 as the federal and British Columbia governments granted environmental certificates, and a final go-ahead for construction was granted a month later.
In August, two courts rejected attempts by a pair of British Columbia First Nations to halt the construction of the Site C hydroelectric dam. A B.C. Supreme Court judge ruled against issuing a stop-work order for the first phase of construction. The federal court also dismissed the First Nations’ challenge of the environmental approval process.
Last week, over a thousand people lined up at job fairs in Dawson Creek and Fort St. John.
BC Hydro says the nine-billion dollar mega-project will create 10,000 person-years of employment during its construction, and workers are needed in a number of trades.
When finished, BC Hydro estimates it would provide about 5,100 gigawatt hours of electricity each year. Current forecasts have B.C. needing new sources of electricity by 2028, and Site C would move that date well into the future. It’s estimated it would take eight years to build the facility.
With files from Justin McElroy and the Canadian Press


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CLEMSON, S.C. – The Clemson athletic department announced it would open its famed Howard’s Rock from 8:30 a.m. until 5 p.m. on Thursday, allowing graduating seniors and their families to take pictures with the iconic stone.
“One of the best things about Clemson is the support and passion the students have for Clemson athletics,” said director of athletics Dan Radakovich. “Hopefully they can come out on a very special day in their life, having earned a degree, and capture a moment. We appreciate everything our students do for our department, and thank the seniors graduating Thursday.
“The football team posted a 26-2 record at Death Valley over the last four years, and this graduating class played a big role in creating a great home-field atmosphere each week.”
Graduation ceremonies Thursday will be held at 9:30 a.m. and 1:30 p.m. in Littlejohn Coliseum. More information about graduation, including parent and faculty information, as well as the graduation schedule of ceremonies can be found on the Clemson Registrar site HERE.
October 23, 2021
October 21, 2021
October 15, 2021


Emissions associated with the use of biogenic fuels shown above are not included in our performance metrics. This approach is consistent with the internationally recognised Greenhouse Gas Protocol.
At the end of 2012 renewable energy contributed 26.3% of our total energy use compared to 15.8% in 2008 and 20.2% in 2011.
In some cases the cost of renewable energy remains high relative to non-renewable alternatives. The opportunity to introduce renewable technologies on a scale that significantly contributes to our global target is also a challenge.
Therefore, we continue to evaluate renewable technologies that are scalable and cost effective to keep us on track to meet our target to double our use of renewable energy by 2020.
Reducing GHG emissions through biomass
Sustainable sources of biomass present a significant opportunity to increase our use of renewable energy in manufacturing and help us reach our renewable energy target.
Investment in biomass boilers is therefore an integral part of our wider manufacturing sustainability strategy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
We are now using bio-energy at 30 of our 252 manufacturing sites, providing around 7% of the energy we use. This reduces our annual emissions from fossil fuels by over 150,000 tonnes of CO₂. We are planning to install additional boilers at sites in Latin America, Africa and Asia.
In 2012, we commissioned a new biomass boiler at our Pouso Alegre site in Brazil which produces our AdeS and Knorr products. This burns recycled wood rather than oil and will reduce emissions by around 80%.
Other sources of bio-energy include biogas from the on-site treatment of process wastewaters by anaerobic digestion. Our Marmite factory in the UK uses this technology. In 2012 we commissioned a new anaerobic digestion plant to generate biogas used to produce energy at our ice cream factory in Banino, Poland.
Renewable energy in Europe & North America
The way we buy our energy is a key consideration. In 2012, we increased the proportion of energy we purchased from verified renewable energy schemes. All manufacturing sites in Europe, Canada and the US – more than one-third of all of our manufacturing sites – purchased electricity from renewable sources during 2012. The only exception to this is where a site sources electricity from energy-efficient combined heat and power plants.
The resulting reductions in CO₂emissions are estimated at over 500,000 tonnes, equivalent to 22% of our total emissions worldwide. The approach we took to achieve this in Europe included:
power purchase agreements (PPAs) with national renewable energy producers in countries where liberalised energy markets, governmental incentives and the size of Unilever’s electricity consumption in that country allows it
purchase of national renewable electricity certificates (RECs) generated in individual countries from a dedicated renewable electricity source
purchase of RECs from a dedicated hydro power producer which will cover all electricity consumption of those sites where we are not able to implement national renewable electricity initiatives.
Each year, an independent certification company validates the approach we have taken in Europe.
Our renewable energy portfolio
We make a distinction between our on-site initiatives that generate and use renewable energy and renewable energy purchased from the national electricity grids in the countries where we operate. Of the total energy we used, 26.3% came from renewable sources in 2012, an increase of 15.8% from 2008.
Of our total, approximately 28% came from our on-site initiatives, largely in developing countries. This included the burning of fuel crops, wood from managed plantations and waste materials, such as spent coffee husks and sugar cane bagasse, as well as solar technologies, hydro-electricity and biogas.
The purchase of certified renewable energy, predominantly in Europe and North America, accounted for approximately 59%, with the remaining 13% coming from the national electricity grids in the countries where we operate.
The table below shows the different types of renewable energy we used in 2012.
Internal energy generation or purchased (GJ)
External energy generation (GJ)
|Purchased||Certified green power||4,746,479||Renewable electricity from national grids||1,018,862|
|Generated||Fuel crops||1,179,033|| || |
| ||Solid biomass waste||589,593|| || |
| ||Wood/wood waste||326,439|| || |
| ||Liquid biofuels||86,044|| || |
| ||Biogas||9,419|| || |
| ||Hydro-electric power||31,785|| || |
| ||Solar photovoltaic & thermal||39|| || |
|Totals|| ||6,968,831|| ||1,018,862|
|Proportion of global energy supply|| ||23.0%|| ||3.3%|
However, in some countries there is a lack of options for purchasing renewable energy due to either availability or prohibitive costs. This is one constraint on our progress but we expect the situation to improve. We are currently investigating other renewable energy opportunities better suited to local conditions, such as our recent investments in biomass boilers.
In 2012, we commissioned a new biomass boiler at our Pouso Alegre site in Brazil. This burns recycled wood rather than oil. Combined with the full year benefits of investment in new boilers at our Goa, Mysore and Nashik manufacturing sites in India in 2011, these projects reduce greenhouse gas emissions by over 25,000 tonnes per year.
CO₂ emissions from different energy sources
Our manufacturing sites use different sources of energy depending on their production processes and also their geographical location. The following chart shows the CO₂ emissions from our different energy sources between 2002 and 2012.
Sources of greenhouse gas emissions by type
The chart below shows in more detail our GHG emissions from the energy sources used by our manufacturing sites, together with other site GHG emissions (refrigerant losses, effluent treatment and waste to landfill).


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Lock in your ride without paying in advance with our Book Now Pay Later option. When it’s time to pick up your car in Mount Foster, simply have whoever’s driving hand over a valid credit card to pay in full. The rental car company will also place a hold on your credit card for the security deposit. It’s the perfect way to help you budget for your holiday and avoid paying for everything all at once. Prepayment will apply to some cheaper rental deals. Expedia search results will display if a vehicle is eligible for “pay at pickup.”
We all have times when even the best-laid plans go wrong. That’s why we provide a full refund on many prepaid rentals if cancelled at least six hours ahead of picking up the car. Remember to double-check your rental agreement — in some cases it’s not an option. Found nothing there? Our Customer Service Portal is always here to help.
With car rental companies to choose from in Mount Foster, Expedia makes it easy to find a set of wheels to suit your style. And when you bundle your rental vehicle, hotel and flights into a package, you can save more on your entire Mount Foster holiday. From affordable economy models to SUVs and more, Expedia will get you on the road to your next memorable adventure.
Browse our huge range of rental cars, check out customer reviews and compare prices from popular brands. In a few easy clicks, Expedia will help you score the best deal on your wheels. Got a hotel or flight booking? Add on your Mount Foster car rental to save even more money.
If you’re aged 21 and over, you can rent a vehicle in Mount Foster. Bear in mind that most rental suppliers will charge young drivers an additional fee, which is meant to cover the higher damage or accident risk involved. Also, young drivers are often restricted from renting larger vehicles and luxury cars. Thoroughly read the terms and conditions before booking so there are no surprises at pickup.
You’ll need to present your driver’s license and a credit card in your name at the rental counter. Prior to the pickup date, check with your rental provider whether other documentation is needed. For example, you may also need to provide proof of auto insurance.
If you’re renting a vehicle in Mount Foster or road-tripping around Australia, you’ll be driving on the left. Also, the steering wheel will be on the opposite side of what you’re used to in the U.S. This may feel a little unfamiliar at first, so take things slow to begin with.
You can explore the roads of Mount Foster with a valid U.S. license. But if you’d like extra peace of mind, apply for an International Driving Permit before your journey. It’s another handy form of identification to have in your wallet.
According to prices found within the past seven days, the lowest daily rate for a rental vehicle in Mount Foster was . The next lowest price was per day.
Check out our long-term car rental deals page, enter your trip details and then secure a ride that suits. Whether you’re basing yourself in Mount Foster or exploring beyond, Expedia will help you find a long-term rental at an incredible rate.
This depends on the rental companies that are found in Mount Foster. They often have different age policies. If you’ve found a supplier that does cater to drivers under 25 years of age, be aware that extra fees may apply. Do some research into what those charges could be before picking up the keys to your vehicle.

domain: travel


text:
Questions? Ask a Business Lawyer. Schedule a Free Consultation. CONTACT US
we are proud members of
We are a national, boutique, full-service, business law firm with decades of experience. Our attorneys focus on real world solutions and always consider the return on investment for every legal dollar spent by our clients.

domain: law


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The CO Sensor detects increased levels of the silent-killer – Carbon Monoxide.
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The FREE Delta LaGuardia to JFK Transfer
- Damnit Delta, why are you trying screw me?!
- Santa Mission & Arrow Point Tour
- Kaieteur Falls Guyana
- Air Services Limited Review
- Tour agencies vs tour operators in Guyana
- Impressions of Georgetown, Guyana
- JFK Terminal 4 Lounges/The Oasis Lounge
- The FREE Delta LaGuardia to JFK Transfer
- About Guyana
- Planning a trip to Guyana
We took advantage of an awesome secret Delta perk when we took a free “shuttle” between LaGuardia and JFK airports. The shuttle ended up being a voucher with a $73 face value providing Town Car service to JFK!
Update 1/5/14: This still works! We used this last week on our way back from The Maldives. We were provided a free taxi ride from Newark-EWR to LaGuardia-LGA.
How It Works:
Delta has 2 hubs in the NYC area: LaGuardia and JFK. It is possible, based on flight schedules, that you’ll have to fly into one and out of the other. In most cases, the transfer is up to you and it’s not an easy one. If, however, you fly into Newark (EWR) or LaGuardia (LGA) and you have an international flight (All Transatlantic / Transpacific / Mexico /Caribbean Flights) out out of JFK, then Delta will foot the bill!
When I was booking the flight to GEO (Georgetown, Guyana), the phone agent mentioned that Delta operates a shuttle between airports. Well, after a Google search and rooting around Delta’s website, that appears to not be true. Once we grabbed our bags at LGA, I went up to the baggage services Delta counter, asking for the “Shuttle to JFK.” As expected, the rep said, “There’s no shuttle to JFK. Let me see your tickets,” and, after some quick typing on the computer, she printed off a travel voucher.
How To Get It:
1. Book a Delta flight with 2+ legs with a connection in:
- LaGuardia (LGA) to/from JFK
- Newark (EWR) to/from JFK
2. Make sure you destination is international. Domestic flights DON’T QUALIFY, the rules state that only Transatlantic / Transpacific / Mexico / Caribbean flights qualify — which essentially means if you’re between the US and any red country on the map, you’re good to go.
3. At either JFK, LGA or EWR baggage claim, go to the Delta counter and explain you’re looking for the shuttle for your connecting flight. They’ll do a quick lookup, print off a voucher and call your town car!
The Terrible Alternatives, further emphasizing the awesome-ness of this deal:
Airport transfers are notoriously bad. When you think about it logically, there aren’t many reasons why a city would have 2 airport close together.
Newark (EWR) to JFK by subway can be done for cheap but will take 2+ hours!:
Newark (EWR) to JFK by cab can would cost $96+ w/ tip!:
LaGuardia (LGA) to JFK by subway, again cheap by difficult with bags and time consuming:
LaGuardia (LGA) to JFK by cab, at least $50+!:


What does Thanksgiving Mean To You?
Updated: Oct 5, 2020
By Jacob Pursell
What does Thanksgiving break mean to you? That might change this year. In some of the most recent news, students are going to have the option to remain on campus during the entirety of Thanksgiving break, or to stay home for the final three weeks of the semester. This raised many questions from many different students that live on campus.
Thanksgiving is normally one of the very few times a year students can spend quality time in person with their loved ones. For many on Simpson’s campus, this is a huge decision that they said they did not get a voice in.
Ivan Sevilla, a starting wrestler for the Simpson team, stated, “I am just concerned that with my season if I don’t go see them during that break then I will not see them at all this semester. With our wrestling season getting pushed back to December it makes this just that much harder.”
Thanksgiving break is the only time with family for a long period of time for many of Simpson’s student-athletes.
On the flip side of this, if students do decide to leave, then they are not allowed to return to back on-campus living.
The email from Julie Engelsman, Director of Res-Life, says, “Students who choose to travel and not return to the residence hall for the last three weeks will not receive a housing refund, as the choice to leave is optional.” This also caught the attention of some of the students living on Simpson’s campus.
"I was surprised when I first read it (the email)" ~Ivan Sevilla
Simpson professor Mirek Woznica said, during a class lecture, ”Simpson’s diversity on campus is great, but is Simpson inclusive with these diverse student’s ideas?”
Diverse students mean diverse ideas.
"Students should be able to provide a negative COVID test result in order to return back to campus." Troy, starting swimmer on the Simpson team for the second consecutive year, said after reading the following.


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This month, Thomas Gainsborough’s famous painting Blue boy (c. 1770, pictured above) returned to the National Gallery after a century overseas in the possession of a collector in the US. This article by Matthew Wilson shows how the Blue boy became a gay icon in subsequent centuries. Why did Gainsborough paint it, and how was it that it blue the minds of both contemporaneous and later viewers?
Gainsborough (1727-88) gained prominence as a landscape and portrait painter in late 18th-century Britain. Originating from Suffolk, he apprenticed in London and acquired a reputation for, among other aspects, his integration of portraits (often of prominent figures) within striking landscapes. He was influenced by French Rococo styles, but also by the portraiture of 17th-century Flemish painter Anthony van Dyck. Van Dyck was official court painter for the doomed Charles I of England, whose reign and head were cut short by Parliamentary rebels. Gainsborough was impressed by the vividness and grandeur of van Dyck’s portraits. Thus in his homage to van Dyck, he wanted to show that he was no Charles-atan or por-traitor to the best traditions in Baroque painting.
The Blue boy reflects his admiration for van Dyck. Traditionally, it was thought that the sitter for the painting was Jonathan Buttall, a son of an ironmonger in London, but art historians now concur that it is likely Gainsborough Dupont, nephew of the artist. Gainsborough wanted his audience to focus not on who the sitter was, but rather the qualities of the painting itself. Although the boy may be a commoner, his resplendent blue costume, contrapposto stance, jutting elbow, and forceful gaze are meant to evoke the kind of nobility and majesty on display in van Dyck’s royal portraits. Furthermore, the striking figure of the boy in blue stands out against the moody, menacing background–perhaps an echo of the turbulent civil war surrounding van Dyck’s King Charles? As Susan Sloman has pointed out, the original canvas included an alert, woolly dog on the lower right-hand side next to his master. Gainsborough wisely omitted the loyal pet from the final version, as he wanted his boy in blue to look doggone intense.
Although Gainsborough’s intent was traditionalist, situating himself as an heir to the best of Baroque portraiture, the Blue boy took on a very different life of its own. In the 19th century, both boys and girls would be dressed up like the Blue boy in various stage pantomimes. The image of the Blue boy, according to Valerie Hedquist, blurred the lines of conventional gender norms. By the late 19th century, Oscar Wilde was photographed ‘in swanky buckled shoes and knickerbockers’ in the style of Blue boy, as a tribute to Gainsborough. In the 20th century, the figure of the Blue boy was both ridiculed as the very epitome of a ‘sissy’ and widely embraced by gay culture as a symbol of pride and flamboyance. Gainsborough blue his own horn as a late 18th-century successor to van Dyck, but his portrait inadvertently blue the doors off gender stereotypes in the following centuries.
Till next time,
Early Modern Blue-blood Studies Program

domain: artistic


David Doyle, my niece Jillian’s husband, won two more Emmys. Congratulations!! We are all so proud, and happy for you. – Jackie Be sure to read last year’s story about David’s 2014 Emmy win titled, “Emmy Winner in the Family – Producer David Doyle Honored”, posted June, 24, 2014 newsandviewsjb.com. Also, visit http://www.ampersandmedia.com for more information about his production company.
Categories: 2015 Emmy Winners, Achievements, Entertainment Industry, Family, Hollywood, NEWS


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| Feb 26, 2015
| 5:37 AM
Starlets draped themselves in a bevy of gorgeous gowns at the Oscars.
And while you won't be able to get your hands on many of the custom pieces the celebrities wore as they paraded down the red carpet, we've found dresses that share the same trends...
| Feb 23, 2015
| 6:15 AM
On Sunday night, "Glory" came — and it conquered.
Minutes after their powerful performance earned an extended standing ovation inside the Dolby Theatre, John Legend and Common won the Oscar for original song with "Glory," their stirring anthem...
| Feb 23, 2015
| 3:15 AM
How unfortunate that, in presenting the award for best director during the Academy Awards ceremony, Ben Affleck chose to quote Frank Capra's observation that "the cardinal sin is dullness."
None of the directors nominated, he added, could be accused...
| Feb 21, 2015
| 12:11 PM
LOS ANGELES - No existe una buena fiesta sin música y menos aún cuando están invitados millones de espectadores en todo el mundo, así que los Óscar echarán mano de una receta repleta de canciones y una pizca de magia a cargo del maestro de ceremonias,...
| Feb 19, 2015
| 8:21 AM
Already, you can watch "The Last Five Years" on demand, on your couch, in your jammies. Adapter and director Richard LaGravenese's film version of the Jason Robert Brown stage show was made available last week on multiple platforms simultaneously. At home...
| Feb 18, 2015
| 10:00 PM
You know how most musicals are loud and obvious, desperate to entertain while delivering an overblown dance number and singing about information we already know with an annoyingly catchy air of self-congratulation?
Clearly, I don’t like musicals....
| Feb 17, 2015
| 4:15 AM
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| Feb 14, 2015
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At 12, she was nominated for a Tony for the Broadway musical "High Society," at 24, she snagged an Oscar nomination for the drama "Up in the Air," and, at 27, her song "Cups," from the hit comedy "Pitch Perfect," went multi-platinum and became one of...
| Feb 13, 2015
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"The Last Five Years," starring Anna Kendrick, Jeremy Jordan and their powerful pipes, plays like a Broadway musical, because basically it is a musical. A very distinctive Jason Robert Brown musical, albeit the run was off-Broadway. With clever lyrics,...
| Feb 12, 2015
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Anna Kendrick would live in a musical if she could, that is if Conan O'Brien isn't around to "make romance."
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text:
On Writing About a Different Culture
My recent novel, The Wolf at the End of the World, takes place in modern-day northern Ontario and continues the story of the Heroka, my human-like shape-shifting race that I introduced in my award-winning story, "Spirit Dance."
Along with the Heroka mythology, The Wolf incorporates Cree and Ojibwa stories and traditions. Now, I’m a white male of British descent writing about First Nations culture and beliefs. Any author who writes about a current culture other than their own risks being accused of cultural appropriation.
That risk is even greater if the writer belongs to the majority that has traditionally held power in their society and is writing about an oppressed minority in that society. Europeans have persecuted and oppressed First Nations people since we first arrived in this land. My ancestors stole their land, broke treaty after treaty, and introduced policies designed to destroy their rich culture and way of life.
Perhaps the most egregious wrong was the residential school system that one of my characters suffered through, in which the Canadian government and various churches engaged in a premeditated formal program of cultural genocide. The publicly stated goal was to assimilate the “Indian” into Canadian society (meaning white European), but the program was designed (in a federal minister’s words in the 1920’s) “to kill the Indian in the child.”
Residential schools involved the forced removal of First Nations children as young as six years from their parents and homes, and their mandatory and permanent residence at boarding schools funded by our government and run by the Roman Catholic, Anglican, Methodist, United, and Presbyterian Churches. Survivors of the system have documented the abuses perpetrated in residential schools—thousands of cases of horrific physical, mental, and sexual abuse. Beginning in 1892, the system didn’t officially end until the last school run by the federal government closed in 1996.
Despite this sad history and continued government and cultural oppression, our indigenous people have persevered, carrying on their traditions and bringing their rich heritage to new generations, refusing to have their culture relegated to the past.
So, yes, I’m a tad paranoid that I, as a white man of British descent writing a story that draws from the storytelling traditions and culture of the Cree and Ojibwe, might be accused of cultural appropriation.
Let me first explain why I was drawn to these traditions and stories for this book. With the Heroka, I wanted to create something different from the standard were-beast. I wanted to downplay the shapeshifter element, and instead to have the primary characteristic of the Heroka to be the bond they hold with their totem species. I wanted the very vitality of a Heroka tied to the vitality of their totem.
Why? Because the theme of the book is a warning call about what we’re doing to our environment and to the wilderness that once defined this land—the wilderness the animal species that call this country home depend upon for survival.
So if this story was about resource exploitation and animal habitat destruction by modern society, I needed a contrasting cultural view, one founded on a deep and abiding respect for the relationship that has always existed between humans and nature, humans and animals—a relationship our modern society has forgotten and forsaken. I wanted a belief system diametrically opposed to the European view that places humans at the top of the pyramid of life on Earth.
And I found it in the stories of our First Nations. The Cree spirit Wisakejack is the voice for those stories in my book. If I could pick just one of his tales to demonstrate why these beliefs fit so perfectly with the Heroka and the book’s theme, it would be his story of the creation of the world.
First, Kitche Manitou created the four elements—earth, water, fire, and air—and from them made the world—the Sun, stars, Moon, and Earth. Then he created the orders of life. First plants, which needed the sun, air, water, and earth. Then the plant eaters, which need the plants. Then the meat eaters, which need the plant eaters. And finally, he created humans. We came last, because we need everything that Kitche Manitou created before us. Air, water, earth, sun, plants, animals. We are the most dependent of all of creation, making us the weakest of all orders of life, not the strongest.
My Heroka understand that relationship. They get it. They understand that everything’s connected. Western society has forgotten our dependency on the land. Forgetting our connection, we’ve lost it, too.
These stories don’t encompass all of aboriginal culture. First Nations people are diverse and express their beliefs in varied ways, plus many today are also urban dwellers. But most First Nations stories speak of the close connection between humans and animals and the land, and I believe those stories continue to have relevance.
So that’s why I chose to draw on the rich and wonderful stories and traditions of the Cree and Ojibwe in this book. But that’s only part of my response to any concern a First Nations’ reader might have about cultural appropriation.
I researched. A lot. I read as much as I could about the ceremonies, beliefs, traditions, and histories of the Cree and Ojibwe. And I read the stories. Ever so many stories. Because these stories were more than mere entertainment. The People used stories to teach their children about the harsh environment they lived in, where starvation was only one bad hunt away.
I stayed at an Ojibwe First Nations Reserve. I interviewed the chief and her mother. I visited three different reserve communities and talked to as many First Nations people as I could. I read more. In short, I tried to do my homework as best as I could.
Finally, I’ve treated the Cree and Ojibwe culture with reverence and respect wherever I’ve used it in the book. That wasn’t hard to do. The more I learned of the culture, the more I held it in reverence and respect.
So there’s my defence. I fell in love with the stories and the culture, and found in them the same core truth that is the theme of the book. I did my best to get things right. And I treated that culture with respect.
If you’re Cree or Anishinabe or of any other First Nation, and you read The Wolf at the End of the World, I’d love to hear from you. Tell me what I got right. Tell me what I got wrong. Tell me what you thought.
If you would like to learn more about the shameful chapter of residential schools in Canada’s history, I’d recommend Basil H. Johnston’s book, Indian School Days, which relates his personal experiences in a residential school. Johnston is an Ojibwe writer, storyteller, language teacher, and scholar, and has received the Order of Ontario and Honorary Doctorates from the University of Toronto. His other books were also a wonderful research source for this novel (see bibliography). I’d also point you to the film “Unrepentant: Kevin Annett and Canada’s Genocide,” which is available on YouTube. I would also recommend the “Truth and Reconciliation” website at http://www.trc.ca.
I also include a bibliography in my novel detailing the reference sources that I used in my research. If you’re interested, I heartily recommend that you check them out and read the stories yourself, both to enjoy and to learn more about the culture.
Douglas Smith is an award-winning Canadian author who has been published in thirty countries and twenty-five languages. His first novel, The Wolf at the End of the World, an urban fantasy with shapeshifters and Cree and Ojibwa mythology, was released in 2013. His collections include Chimerascope (2010), Impossibilia (2008), and La Danse des Esprits (France, 2011). Doug is a three-time winner of Canada’s Aurora Award, and has been a finalist for the John W. Campbell Award, CBC’s Bookies Award, Canada’s juried Sunburst Award, and France’s juried Prix Masterton and Prix Bob Morane. His website is www.smithwriter.com, and he tweets at twitter.com/smithwritr.

domain: literature


Highway 14 in La Crosse reopens after landslide
La Crosse - A La Crosse highway has been reopened after a landslide forced the closing of both westbound lanes.
No one was injured in the mudslide, which happened about 5:30 p.m. Saturday. Mud and debris washed across two lanes of Highway 14, just east of the Highway 35 split.
Authorities rerouted traffic into the eastbound lanes, causing several hours of delays while heavy equipment was used to clean up the mess.
The highway was reopened about 8:15 p.m.