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It is avodart soluble in ethanol (44 mg/mL methanol (64 mg/mL and avodart polyethylene glycol 400 (3 mg/mL but it is insoluble in water. What are the effects ingredients in avodart? The brand name available for dutaseride is Avodart. Dutasteride is not avodart recommended to pregnant females because it can cause birth defects in the unborn child. Other side effects not listed may also occur in some patients. Exposure Of Women - Risk To Male Fetus avodart Capsules should not be handled by a woman who is pregnant or who could become pregnant. Prostate Volume Percent Change avodart from Baseline (Randomized, Double-blind, Placebocontrolled Trials Pooled) Effect On Maximum Urine Flow Rate A mean peak urine flow rate (Qmax) avodart of 15 mL/sec was required for trial entry. Avodart has devastating effects and it can do more harm than good. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients, but greater sensitivity of some older individuals cannot be ruled out see clinical pharmacology. Mean prostatic tissue concentrations of testosterone were significantly higher in the dutasteride group compared with placebo (2,073 and 93 pg/g, respectively,.001). What happens if I overdose? If youve been prescribed to take this effects drug, you should really talk to your doctor. Dutasteride can irritate your lips, mouth, or throat if the capsule has been broken or opened before you swallow. Keep a list of them to show avodart your healthcare provider and pharmacist when you get a new medicine. Serum levels of dutasteride are detectable for 4 to 6 months avodart after treatment ends see clinical pharmacology. For patients undergoing PSA screening, increases in PSA levels while on treatment with avodart may signal the presence of prostate cancer and should be evaluated by a healthcare provider see warnings AND precautions. Breast enlargement or breast tenderness - up.1 percent of people. Can Finasteride Shrink an Enlarged Prostate? It is not known whether rabbits or rhesus monkeys produce any of the major human metabolites. Do not donate blood while taking Avodart and for at least 6 months after your treatment ends. Some side effects may occur that usually do not need medical side attention. Check with your health care professional if any of the following side effects continue or are bothersome or if you have effects any questions about them: Less Common. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible side to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. Animal Toxicology And/Or Pharmacology Central Nervous System Toxicology Studies In rats and dogs, repeated oral administration of dutasteride resulted in some animals showing signs of non-specific, reversible, centrally-mediated toxicity without associated histopathological changes at exposures 425- and 315-fold the expected clinical. Before taking Avodart, tell your doctor if you have ever had an allergic reaction to this medication, or to a similar medicine called finasteride (Propecia, Proscar). Animal doses.5 to 30 mg/kg/day resulted in prolonged gestation in the parental females and a decrease in time to vaginal patency for female offspring and a decrease in prostate and seminal vesicle avodart weights in male offspring. A child or a teenager. Skip the missed dose if it is almost time for your next scheduled dose. Coadministration of dutasteride and tamsulosin resulted in similar changes to serum PSA as dutasteride monotherapy. Therefore, the clinical significance of the numerical imbalances in cardiac failure is unknown. Call your pharmacist for instructions on how to safely dispose of a leaking Avodart capsule. Dutasteride capsules may soften and leak if stored at high temperatures. Enlarged Prostate (BPH) Pictures Slideshow Prostate Cancer Slideshow Pictures Take the Enlarged Prostate Quiz! Do not start a new medication without telling your doctor. From clinical trials with avodart as monotherapy or in combination with tamsulosin: The most common adverse reactions reported in subjects receiving avodart were impotence, decreased libido, breast disorders (including breast enlargement and tenderness and ejaculation disorders.
This difference was seen by Month generic 6 and continued through Month. What other drugs will affect Avodart? The average steady-state serum dutasteride concentration was 40 ng/mL generic following.5 mg/day for avodart 1 year. Effects On Other Hormones In healthy volunteers, 52 weeks of treatment with dutasteride.5 mg/day (n 26) resulted in no clinically significant change compared with placebo (n 23) in sex hormone-binding globulin, estradiol, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, thyroxine (free T4 and dehydroepiandrosterone. No imbalance was observed in the generic incidence of overall cardiovascular adverse events in either trial. Do Not Take generic avodart if you are: pregnant or could become pregnant. The relationship between long-term use of dutasteride and male breast neoplasia is currently unknown. During the double-blind treatment period, 2,167 male subjects were exposed to avodart, including 1,772 exposed for 1 year and 1,510 exposed for 2 years. Avodart is manufactured by GlaxoSmithKline. Avodart ( dutasteride ) is a prescription medication that has been licensed to treat avodart an enlarged prostate. Each avodart soft gelatin capsule, administered orally, contains.5 mg of dutasteride dissolved in a mixture of mono- di- glycerides of caprylic/capric acid avodart and butylated hydroxytoluene. At Month 12, the mean increase in Qmax across the 3 trials pooled was.6 mL/sec for avodart and.7 mL/sec for placebo; the mean difference (dutasteride minus placebo) was.8 mL/sec (range:.7.0 mL/sec in each of the 3 trials,.001). Please make sure to read generic the contract fully and to contact a consultant directly, extension 1 for Sales/Inquiries, to talk to a Consultant for free. Avodart may generic also cause decreases in serum PSA in the presence of prostate cancer. For example, generic your ex-spouse or children will not get any money if you discharge child support. After stopping dutasteride for 24 weeks, the mean levels of testosterone and thyroidstimulating avodart hormone had returned to baseline in the group of subjects with available data avodart at the visit. Visit the FDA MedWatch website or call 1-800-FDA-1088. Increases in your PSA levels while generic on treatment with avodart (even if the PSA levels are in the normal range ) should be evaluated by your healthcare provider. See m for detailed info about what we are able to accomplish in the field currently. Tell your doctor about all medications avodart you use. Now you have your setup with the Treasury to Discharge certain accounts, court cases, or debts. Do not take extra generic medicine to make up the missed dose.


text: A Mexican food restaurant for the whole family. Something for the whole family. Very festive atmosphere. Friendly employees. If you have a larger group, expect a little wait, or maybe call ahead. A variety of foods to choose from, and drinks. Good size portions, usually have to bring half of mine home.

domain: food


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I put up lots of my Ichiban Eggplant in the freezer and up to 4 months later thawed and fried it with excellent success.
Above is my 96 year young Dad wondering what we will do with all these eggplants.
Here is the recipe I use to freeze this harvest and be one step closer to putting it on the table.
This recipe for freezing surplus eggplant is a delicious way to enjoy your harvest months later. At that time, just warm up your frying pan and be ready for a treat![/recipe notes]
- 6 medium Ichiban Eggplants
- Salt-be moderate because you soaked the raw eggplant in a salt brine previous to breading it.
- Flour-begin with 2 cups
- Egg-begin with 2 eggs
- Bread Crumbs-begin with 2 cups
- Peel the eggplant. Cut peeled eggplant rounds 1/2 inch thick.
- Submerge the rounds in salt water until you are ready to coat and fry them.
- Meanwhile, prepare a bowl of flour, a bowl of beaten egg, and a bowl of breadcrumbs.
- Take a few of the eggplants at one time out of the salt water, shake off excess water, and stir into the flour.
- Remove the coated eggplant rounds from the flour and submerge them in the beaten egg.
- Shake excess egg from the wet eggplant rounds and mix into breadcrumbs until covered.
- Place the coated eggplant rounds on a cookie sheet and place into the refrigerator for about an hour once all the rounds are coated.
- At this point, you have two options that work equally well for us. The object is to “blanch” the rounds by heating them for a short time. – You could heat the oil in your frying pan to 350 degrees and fry each of the eggplant briefly on both sides just until the coating sticks well. – You could put your sheet of rounds in a 350 degree oven for 20 minutes.
- After they cool from the oven, freeze them flat. When frozen, transfer the rounds gently to a freezer storage container for future use. After coming out of the freezer, you will need to fry the rounds to crisp them before serving or incorporating into your recipe.
UPDATE: My cousin Tracey said that her Grandmother skipped the breadcrumbs step. After taking the eggplant rounds out of the salt water soak, they are coated with flour and them dipped in egg. They went into the frying pan and cooked lightly before cooling and freezing. Thank you Tracey!


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Introducing the Corsair CPU Cooler – the ultimate cooling solution for your high-performance desktop computer. This product is designed to keep your CPU running smoothly and efficiently, even during intense gaming or graphic design workloads. The Corsair CPU Cooler features a sleek, compact design that easily fits into most computer cases. It is equipped with a powerful fan that delivers exceptional airflow to help dissipate heat quickly and efficiently. This results in cooler temperatures, longer lifespan, and better performance for your CPU.
The cooler also comes with advanced noise-cancellation technology, which reduces fan noise without affecting the cooling performance. This ensures that you can enjoy a quieter operating environment while still benefiting from the superior cooling capabilities of the Corsair CPU Cooler. In addition to its impressive cooling performance, the Corsair CPU Cooler is also incredibly easy to install. It comes with a user-friendly instruction manual that guides you through the installation process, making it an ideal choice for beginner PC builders and enthusiasts alike. Overall, the Corsair CPU Cooler is a must-have accessory for any high-performance desktop computer. It offers exceptional cooling performance, low noise levels, easy installation, and a sleek design that complements any build. Order yours today and take your gaming or creative work to the next level!
The Corsair CPU Cooler is a high-performance cooling solution for your computer's processor. This durable and efficient cooler is designed to keep your CPU cool and running smoothly, even under heavy workloads. With a sleek and stylish design, the Corsair CPU Cooler is sure to look great in any gaming or professional PC build. The cooler is constructed with high-quality materials such as copper heat pipes and aluminum fins, ensuring optimal heat dissipation. The Corsair CPU Cooler features a 120 mm fan that operates quietly while keeping your processor cool. The fan operates at a maximum speed of 1500 RPM, delivering a maximum airflow of 63 CFM. This results in an efficient and quiet cooling experience, perfect for any desktop computer.
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In summary, the Corsair CPU Cooler is an excellent choice for anyone looking to upgrade their PC cooling solution. With its high-quality construction, efficient performance, and quiet operation, this cooler is a perfect addition to any desktop computer.

domain: design


Leslie West: The Man Behind the Iconic “Mississippi Queen”
Leslie West will always be remembered as one of the greatest guitarists and singer-songwriters of his generation. This legendary musician first captured the hearts of rock music fans in the late 60s and continued to inspire generations of musicians with his groundbreaking music. Here’s everything you need to know about his life, career, and legacy.
Who is Leslie West?
Leslie West was an American guitarist, singer-songwriter, and mountainous figure in the rock music industry. He was born on October 22, 1945, in New York City, and grew up in Hackensack, New Jersey. He started playing the guitar at a young age and quickly gained a reputation as a technically skilled and deeply emotional musician.
What was Leslie West famous for?
Leslie West was known for his powerful, soulful voice and bluesy guitar playing style. He was a co-founder of the legendary band Mountain, which released several iconic albums throughout the 60s and 70s. He is best known for his solo on the hit song “Mississippi Queen,” which is still widely regarded as one of the greatest guitar riffs of all time.
What is Leslie West’s age?
Leslie West sadly passed away on December 23, 2020, at the age of 75. He had suffered a cardiac arrest at his home in Palm Coast, Florida.
What was Leslie West’s height?
Leslie West was six feet tall, which was considered quite tall for a rock musician in the 70s.
Did Leslie West have any children?
Yes, Leslie West had two children, Jesse and Katie West, from his first marriage to Elizabeth Lee Sanders.
What were Leslie West’s top songs?
Leslie West had many great songs throughout his career, both as a solo artist and as a member of Mountain. Some of his most iconic songs include:
– Mississippi Queen (Mountain)
– Nantucket Sleighride (Mountain)
– Theme for an Imaginary Western (Mountain)
– Don’t Get Me Wrong (Leslie West Band)
– If Heartaches Were Nickels (Leslie West Band)
What was Leslie West’s net worth?
At the time of his passing, Leslie West’s net worth was estimated to be around $2 million.
Did Leslie West have any famous relationships?
Leslie West was married three times throughout his life. He was married to Elizabeth Lee Sanders from 1969 to 1974, then to Jenni Maurer from 1974 to 1984, and finally to his longtime girlfriend and musical collaborator, Jenni-Purr, from 1994 until his death in 2020.
What was Leslie West’s career?
Leslie West’s career as a musician began in the mid-60s when he formed the band The Vagrants. The group had some success with their singles “Respect” and “I Can’t Make a Friend,” but eventually disbanded in 1969.
West then formed the band Mountain with bassist and vocalist Felix Pappalardi. The group released their debut album, “Climbing!,” in 1970, which featured the hit song “Mississippi Queen.” Mountain continued to release successful albums throughout the 70s, including “Nantucket Sleighride,” “Flowers of Evil,” and “Avalanche.” The band eventually disbanded in 1972 but reunited several times throughout the decades.
West also had a successful solo career, releasing several albums throughout the 70s and 80s, including “The Great Fatsby” and “Theme.” He continued to perform and record music until his passing in 2020.
What was Leslie West’s guitar setup?
Leslie West had a distinctive guitar sound and used a variety of equipment throughout his career. His signature guitar was a Gibson Les Paul Junior model, which he often played through a Fender Twin Reverb amplifier. He also used a Maestro Fuzz-Tone pedal to achieve his gritty distortion sound.
What was Leslie West’s background in music?
Leslie West grew up in a musical family and learned to play the guitar at a young age. He was influenced by blues and rock guitarists like B.B. King, Eric Clapton, and Jimi Hendrix. Before forming Mountain, he played in several local New York City bands and even opened for The Who at one point.
What inspired Leslie West’s songwriting?
Leslie West was inspired by a variety of influences when it came to his songwriting. He often wrote about personal experiences and emotions, but also drew inspiration from literature, philosophy, and current events. His song “Mississippi Queen” was inspired by a photo of a paddlewheel boat.
Did Leslie West produce any albums?
Leslie West produced several of his own albums throughout his career, including “The Great Fatsby” and “Theme.” He also produced albums for other artists, such as the band Twisted Sister.
Did Leslie West ever collaborate with other musicians?
Yes, Leslie West collaborated with many other musicians throughout his career. He played with fellow guitarists such as Joe Bonamassa, Slash, and Richie Sambora, and also performed with members of The Rolling Stones and KISS.
What awards did Leslie West win?
Leslie West was widely respected as a musician and was nominated for several Grammy Awards throughout his career. He was inducted into the Long Island Music Hall of Fame in 2007 and the Hall of Heavy Metal History in 2019.
Did Leslie West ever perform at Woodstock?
Yes, Leslie West performed at the original Woodstock festival in 1969 with his band, The Vagrants.
What was Leslie West’s last album?
Leslie West’s last album was “Soundcheck,” which was released in 2015. The album featured guest appearances from members of Zakk Wylde, Johnny Winter, and Queen’s Brian May.
Was Leslie West ever inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame?
No, Leslie West was never inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, despite his significant contributions to the industry.
What was Leslie West’s influence on other musicians?
Leslie West was a huge influence on many musicians, particularly in the hard rock and heavy metal genres. His guitar sound and style inspired countless guitarists, and his songwriting and vocal style influenced many singers. Musicians such as Eddie Van Halen, Slash, and Joe Bonamassa have all cited Leslie West as a major influence.
What was Leslie West’s cause of death?
Leslie West passed away on December 23, 2020, due to cardiac arrest.
What was Leslie West’s legacy?
Leslie West’s legacy as a musician and songwriter is immense. He is remembered as one of the greatest guitarists and musicians of his generation, and his influence can still be felt in the world of rock music today. His innovative guitar playing and deeply emotional songwriting continue to inspire fans and musicians around the world.


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Under a Painted Sky is her first novel.
Here Lee dreamcasts an adaptation of the novel:
Sammy: Katie Leung. Katie is known for her first role as Harry Potter's first girlfriend. She has a sweet aura about her. I would love to see her play tough.Visit Stacey Lee's website.
Annamae: Zoe Saldana. I love her no-nonsense vibe.
West: Liam Hemsworth. He does dark and brooding well.
Cay: Ryan Philippe. Golden boy down to the blond curls. Perfect.
Peety: Diego Luna. He's good at sensitive and he's funny.
Directed by: Ang Lee, of course! He's Chinese and won an Oscar for directing the western Brokeback Mountain.
Writers Read: Stacey Lee.

domain: artistic


The government is making a major effort to wipe out the plague of locusts that is afflicting crops in northern Laos.
The locust outbreak is expected to continue to spread and is likely to affect seven provinces. So far about 3,710 hectares of crops have been ravaged in Luang Prabang, Huaphan and Phongsaly province.
Farms in Xayaboury, Bokeo, Luang Namtha, Oudomxay, Xieng Khuang, Vientiane and Xaysomboun provinces now face the same fate as they are in the same part of the country and likely to be the next stop in the locusts’ path.
A survey in May this year found locust eggs in 450 places in Luang Prabang, Huaphan
and Phongsaly provinces, 310 more locations than were detected in November.
Prime Minister Thongloun Sisoulith has issued an order to ministries, provinces and local residents, urging them to do whatever they can to prevent the spread of and eliminate the pests.
“Provincial governors must report any sightings to the Committee on Locusts set up by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry,” the PM ordered.
Authorities are using four-wheel drive vehicles and travelling on foot to spray pesticides in a bid to kill locusts in outbreak zones. Villagers are using nets to catch the insects in hopes of reducing the damage to upland rice, sweetcorn and other crops.
The species found in this area is the yellow-spined bamboo locust, Ceracriskiangustsai, which had previously been found damaging crops in southern China.
These insects typically eat bamboo leaves in hillside forests but upland rice farmers have been felling scores of bamboo trees over the last few years to clear the land for rice cultivation so their crops have also become targets.
The first locust outbreak in Laos in 2014 affected the districts of Phongthong and Viengkham in Luang Prabang province.
In May this year, millions of the pests spread into 14 districts in the three northern provinces of Luang Prabang, Phongsaly and Huaphan. The Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry also said that locusts have recently been found in one more district.
Source: Vientiane Times


With the recent IIJA Bill, hundreds of millions of dollars have become available to communities to compete for. The competition, however, is fierce. This presentation will review some of the new grant programs available through IIJA and the key requirements for some of those programs. It will also include tips for developing a competitive project and writing a winning grant proposal. The presentation will conclude with a case study on the City of Nampa's recent RAISE Grant win. They will present lessons learned as well as key takeaways for what happens when you win a federal grant and the procurement process.
By the end of this session, participants will better understand federal grant programs, define and understand federal grant selection criteria, identify if a project is a good fit for a federal grant, and understand the process to internally execute a federal grant upon award.


New Delhi: German carmaker Audi announced that its second generation of Q3 has earned the top score of five starts in Euro New Car Assessment Programme (NCAP) on Wednesday.
Audi Q3 gets full marks in the category of adult occupant protection as well as for child safety, vulnerable road user protection and driver assistance systems.
It is also equipped with pre sense basic and pre sense front that provides provides the driver with a visual, audible and haptic warning when critical situation involving pedestrians, cyclists and other vehicles are detected via radar. It even initiates emergency braking if necessary.
In addition, the new Audi Q3 is also tops when it comes to passenger protection. Components made of hot-shaped steel form the backbone of the passenger cell.
The hot-shaped components, which combine low weight with extreme strength, comprise 26 per cent of the body by weight. Their combination lays the foundation for high crash safety and rigidity.
Satinder Bajwa, senior vice president and Head of Sales and customer care, and Harish Lalchandani, VP, Marketing, Mahindra Automotive, have quit the organisation, three people aware of the matter informed ETAuto on condition of anonymity.


For the first time in 16 years Ugandans are going to elect their village council representatives in an exercise that will see voters line up behind their preferred candidates on November 21.
LC I elections were last conducted in 2001 and since then the government failed to conduct three electoral cycles in 2006, 2011 and 2016, reportedly due to lack of funds.
And, updating the media about the Local Council elections today, the Chairman of the Independent Electoral Commission Justice Simon Byabakama said the exercise will cover about 59,200 villages in Uganda.
Justice Mugenyi disclosed that the compilation will be followed by two days of voter register display, and urged voters to turn up in big numbers, with the relevant documents entitling them to participate in the exercise.
“The registration, display of voter’s registers, nomination and registration of voters are aimed at enabling all willing village residents have a chance to participate in the elections,” Justice Mugenyi said at the Commission headquarters today.
In August this year the IEC received Shs 15.7 billion from the ministry of finance to organise the LC 1, 2 and Women Council elections all over Uganda.
However, the exercise that entails lining up has been criticised by political activists, who say it is against the principles of liberal democracy.


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- On a recent episode of her new Apple TV+ series, Oprah Talks COVID-19, Lady O spoke with three New York City nurses on the frontlines.
- They opened up about woking in the state that has the highest number of cases in the virus in the world.
For a recent episode of Lady O's new Apple TV+ series, Oprah Talks COVID-19, the mogul sat-down for a video chat with three New York City nurses fighting the coronavirus on the frontlines. Her previous guests on the show include Idris Elba, DJ D-Nice, and Rev. Wintley Phipps.
At 149,316 cases and counting, New York state currently has the highest number of confirmed COVID-19 cases—compared to any other country in the world. To date, there have been 6,298 deaths, which according to the New York Times is "more than double the number who died in the Sept. 11, 2001, terror attacks at the World Trade Center." On Tuesday, New York City set another record, with more than 800 reported deaths in a day.
"It's getting scary here," said float nurse Emily Fawcett, who spoke to Oprah from the Lenox Hill Hospital where she works. "I can start to feel it."
Xenia Greene, pediatric ICU nurse at the Bronx's Montefiore Medical Center, echoed that sentiment.
"Everyday walking into work it is incredibly scary," she said. "We are hearing rapid response, or pediatric medical emergency overhead pages, five to six times an hour, which [is] an indication that someone is doing poorly and in need of a higher level of care."
The nurses explained that while they're able to keep their emotions in check while working with patients, downtime often gives way to anxiety and panic attacks.
"For me, I think what has been particularly challenging is not just what's going on inside the hospital, but outside the hospital," Idara Inokon, a cardiovascular intensive care unit nurse at Brooklyn Methodist Hospital. "I have several friends and loved ones who have been confirmed COVID positive. I can't escape it. Everywhere I go, there's some type of aftermath of COVID-19."
The trio also opened up about the lack of medical supplies—including masks, gloves, and face shields for personnel—as states across the country struggle to work with the federal government to provide enough protective gear for their health care workers.
Greene explained that before area hospitals felt the full impact of the virus, nurses and doctors were able to treat patients with infections and viruses without reusing basic supplies.
"Every time you enter the room you would put on a new set of masks and gown," she said. "We're not doing that now....Nurses are all over are telling me that they're using them for multiple days, they're using them for the entire shift. That is not sanitary and that will not protect nurses or anybody else in the community."
Celebrities like the O of O herself plus Ralph Lauren, Elon Musk, and Kelly Ripa and Mark Consuelos have donated millions to coronavirus efforts to combat this issue. And there are plenty of organizations accepting donations to go towards global relief.
Despite the weight that comes with fighting a national pandemic, the nurses explained to Oprah that they're still able to find hope in human generosity. They've received lunch deliveries from local restaurants, check-in calls from neighbors and family members, and there are even messages of encouragement in the form of sidewalk art outside of their hospitals.
"All of that support and all of that community for everyday people is literally breathtaking and very much reminds me of everything that was happening so soon after 9/11," Greene said, who was a paramedic during the 2001 terrorist attacks.
In the meantime, they urge us all to continue to social distance and "Stay home!" while they continue to be our superheroes of 2020.
"We never asked did New York City wanna be the epicenter of this," said Fawcett. "We never asked, 'Can we treat COVID patients?' We just did. That's what nurses do. We just do. None of us worried about ourselves. We just showed up, and we're gonna continue to show up every single day to fight for our city."
You can watch the full Oprah Talks COVID-19 episode on Apple TV+.
For more stories like this, sign up for our newsletter.
McKenzie Jean-Philippe is the editorial assistant at OprahMag.com covering pop culture, TV, movies, celebrity, and lifestyle. She loves a great Oprah viral moment and all things Netflix—but come summertime, Big Brother has her heart. On a day off you'll find her curled up with a new juicy romance novel.

domain: news


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Posted: Mon May 30, 2011 6:54 pm Post subject: Superbugs Europe E.coli outbreak bio-weapon
Superbugs Europe E.coli outbreak
is a bio-weapon using bubonic plague see page 2
May 30, 2011 BERLIN
An E. coli outbreak that has killed 14 people and made more than 300 seriously ill in Germany has spread to other north European countries and is expected to worsen in the coming week.
"We hope that the number of cases will go down but we fear that it will worsen," said Oliver Grieve, spokesman for the University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein in north Germany, where many of those afflicted are being treated.
The source of the virulent strain of the bacteria is unknown, German authorities said on Monday ahead of a crisis meeting of federal and state officials in Berlin. Most of the deaths have been in northern Germany.
The E. coli pathogen has been identified on cucumbers imported from Spain but it is unclear if they were contaminated there, during transport, or in Germany.
There are 36 cases of suspected E. coli in Sweden, all linked to travel in northern Germany, authorities said. A small number of cases have been reported in Britain, Denmark, France and the Netherlands, all linked with travel to Germany.
Rare strain causes serious complications
The German government has identified the pathogen as a relatively rare strain of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli, or STEC. The virulent bug has caused many cases of hemolytic-uremic syndrome, or HUS, a potentially life-threatening complication of E. coli infection.
Smoking gun elusive in deadly E. coli outbreak
BERLIN – European health officials tracking one of the worst E. coli outbreaks on record might never know where it came from. It's a sad fact of life in food poisoning cases: There often is no smoking gun.
The germ has sickened more than 1,500 people, mostly in Germany. Most patients who have been interviewed said they ate lettuce, tomatoes or cucumbers, but officials testing produce across the continent have yet to find any vegetables with the particular strain involved.
Illnesses can occur days after tainted food is eaten and leftovers thrown out, so "the trail gets cold pretty quick," said Bill Marler, a Seattle attorney who specializes in food poisoning cases.
"They might never find the cause of the outbreak," said Paul Hunter, professor of health protection at England's University of East Anglia. "In most foodborne outbreaks, we don't know definitively where the contaminated food came from."
Germany's national health agency said Wednesday that more than 1,530 people there had been sickened by a dangerous E. coli germ, including 17 dead and 470 suffering from a kidney failure complication that was previously considered rare.
The outbreak has hit at least nine European countries, but virtually all the sick people either live in Germany or recently traveled there. Two people who were sickened are now in the U.S., and both had recently traveled to Hamburg, Germany, where many of the infections occurred.
The outbreak is already considered the third-largest involving E. coli in recent world history, and it may be the deadliest. Twelve people died in a 1996 Japanese outbreak that reportedly sickened more than 12,000, and seven died in a 2000 Canadian outbreak that also made thousands ill.
Nearly all cases are linked to northern Germany, "so it seems to be a common exposure there. But we don't yet know what was this exposure," said Dr. Hilde Kruse, the World Health Organization's food safety program manager for Europe.
"It's like a puzzle. But unfortunately the puzzle is not complete."
Where the dangerous germ came from is just one of the questions health officials have. Another is why patients are suffering from life-threatening kidney complications in an unusually high percentage of cases. It might mean the strain is particularly virulent, but it's also possible that thousands of less serious cases of food poisoning have gone unreported.
People with less severe symptoms may contact health authorities later, or not at all, Kruse said.
Kruse also said the outbreak is "different in that it mainly affects adults and predominantly women." Some experts say that likely has to do with diet — women tend to eat more fresh produce.
Experts are cautious about trying to explain what's happening at the moment. "An epidemic is like a battle — it's not clear where everything is coming from and what is going on," said Dr. Phillip Tarr, an E. coli expert at the Washington University School of Medicine.
The bacteria being investigated is one of the few dangerous types among the hundreds of different E. coli bugs. People and animals carry various E. coli in their intestines. But only a very small percentage are deadly. One of the most notorious was a strain that killed four U.S. children in 1993 and was linked to contaminated hamburgers at a fast-food chain.
Some experts said the sheer scope of the German outbreak may help eventually solve it. With more cases, there are better odds that the source can be found. That helped in the Japanese outbreak in 1996, which was blamed on radish sprouts, and the 2000 Canadian outbreak, which was traced to drinking water.
"Public health investigations are not always successful. But a big one with a lot of investigation around it is usually successful," said Dr. Robert Tauxe, a foodborne disease expert at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
To nail down the source, scientists will have to match the strain found in patients to one in vegetables or other sources by using DNA sequencing, said Brendan Wren, professor of pathogen molecular biology at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.
But it can be difficult to find the strain in vegetables, and Wren doubts cucumbers are responsible.
"As in many foodborne disease outbreaks, the culprit may never be identified and the epidemic just fades away," he said.
Meanwhile, investigators will increase efforts to find the food distributors and producers where the vegetables originated.
That can take weeks or even months, and can be complicated by the fact that different vegetables are often eaten together, as in salads, Tauxe said.
In the U.S., the government said it would step up testing of any imports of cucumbers or other possibly implicated produce from affected countries — but the nation gets very little fresh produce from Europe, especially this time of year. There was just one shipment of cucumbers from Spain in May, for instance, and no cucumbers, tomatoes or lettuce from Germany since January.
Another challenge for health officials: Catching and preventing future outbreaks of this strain.
According to an expert panel of the European Food Safety Authority, there is limited data on the presence of dangerous E. coli strains across Europe.
Current surveillance systems aren't well coordinated across Europe, the group said.
It recommends monitoring a number of dangerous E. coli strains — but not the one that is responsible for the current outbreak.
In Germany, there are no spot checks of imported food coming from the 25 countries that are part of a zone that lacks internal border controls.
In the United States, labs regularly test for a dangerous E. coli type in stool samples from people with food-poisoning symptoms, but only a small percentage of the labs test for other forms of E. coli that make people sick. In recent years, investigators have found that a wider variety of E. coli bugs are also causing illness.
1,500 people already ill, some died
serious liver damage
Highly infectious and toxic
Resistant to antibiotics
One should think of an animal source (includes humans)
Farmers are furious, no one wants their veggies
Was this killer created in a bio-lab? THIS IS a QUESTION, not a statement.
Preliminary genetic sequencing suggests the strain is a never before seen combination of two different E. coli bacteria.
If this is intentionally created in a bio lab to kill us off, I do not blame farmers for being angry! This is their livlihood!
I could be VERY WRONG, but somehow this stinks of globalist, NWO activity.
Go ahead, call me a conspiracy nut. Just pray over everything you buy, eat, and everywhere you go. THAT is WISDOM.
A highly infectious new strain of E.coli bacteria is causing a deadly outbreak of food poisoning that is spreading from Germany across Europe, raising alarm bells worldwide.
When this occurred in the USA it was believed it was caused by feces, numerous sources.
China found the bug carried genes that made it resistant to several classes of antibiotics.
The strain is found in the Central African Republic (Congo?)
Russia banned imports from the European Union of raw vegetables
The new strain has various characteristics that make it more virulent and toxin-producing than other E. coli strains.
Researchers unable to pinpoint the food source, so people fear buying, eating tomatoes, cucumbers and lettuce.
The germ has caused 499 to develop a kidney failure complication. Germany is hardest hit.
Outbreak in Europe Blamed On ‘Super-Toxic’ Strain
Editors Note: Many questions remain unanswered. Was this made in a lab? Will this enable Codex Alimentarius to be implemented worldwide?
June 2nd, 2011 AP London
Scientists on Thursday blamed Europe’s worst recorded food-poisoning outbreak on a “super-toxic” strain of E. coli bacteria that may be brand new.
But while suspicion has fallen on raw tomatoes, cucumbers and lettuce as the source of the germ, researchers have been unable to pinpoint the food responsible for the frightening illness,
which has killed at least 18 people, sickened more than 1,600 and spread to least 10 European countries.
About 500 have developed kidney complications that can be deadly.
Chinese and German scientists analyzed the DNA of the E. coli bacteria and determined that the outbreak was caused by “an entirely new, super-toxic” strain that contains several antibiotic-resistant genes, according to a statement from the Shenzhen, China-based laboratory BGI. It said the strain appeared to be a combination of two types of E. coli.
This is a unique strain that has never been isolated from patients before.
17 of those infected with E. coli ate in same restaurant in Lubeck, near Hamburg
It never was the veggies!!!!!!!!!!!
June 04, 2011 Saturday
I am NOT sounding any 'all clear' but did want to post the above news off twitter.
Wash fruit and vegetables before eating them
Peel or cook fruit and vegetables
Wash hands regularly to prevent person-to-person spread of E. coli strain
Germany appeals for blood donors
German clinics have appealed for blood donations as the number of people infected with a deadly strain of E. coli has reached 1,836 globally.
Nearly 200 new cases have been reported in two days in Germany, which has seen the most infections. The bug has killed 17 people in Germany and one in Sweden.
German scientists say the new E. coli strain's genes have been decoded. It is a new hybrid form toxic to humans.
Germans are still being advised not to eat raw vegetables.
European E-coli outbreak likely caused by Genetic Engineering run amok
6/3/11 We’ve seen this scene before – only a short two years ago in the Salinas Valley of Central California – hundreds of individuals seriously ill from eating vegetables tainted in some fashion by variations of the highly virulent e-coli bacterium. In the end, in order to protect the sacred cow of the GMO industry, the Salinas Valley episode was conveniently blamed on cattle droppings which were claimed to have occured miles from the apparent contamination area. This is sound science?
The contaminated samples of spinach and other vegetables were collected and then conveniently sliced and diced so that it was virtually impossible to determine if the e-coli was present on the vegetable’s surface or inherent in the genetic makeup of the vegetation.
The more logical explanation, now conveniently hid from view due to the “destroyed” sample vegetables is the use of highly virulent bacteria in the horizontal gene transfer in genetically engineered vegetables. Normal “vertical” genetic transfer is from within the native plant itself, a “mother-daughter” transfer of genetic information from the mother plant to the daughter seed.
In genetic engineering, extremely toxic microbes, many in the e-coli family of bacteria, are transferred “horizontally” or basically injected into the native plant so as to genetically alter a variety of plant features, including color, taste, productivity, and immunity to various insects and plant diseases.
In this process, even genetic engineers admit that this horizontal gene transferring process can create new and radical species of bacteria, which then reside in each and every molecule of the new plant when it germinates and is harvested. And this is what you might be eating when you buy vegetables in your local grocery store - where it is currently illegal to mark or designate various table vegetables as GMO.
In Europe, as in the United States and many foreign countries which have experienced similar outbreaks of “NEW” variants of e-coli, the culprit may very well be this genetic engineering process running amok – creating a multitude of vaccine and anti-biotic resistant bacteria strains which are entirely new to scientists and biologists and are highly destructive to animals and humans.
Watch carefully to see how organizations such as the World Health Organization and the Food and Drug Administration quickly discount this possibility – a clear indication as to how closely these organizations are tied to the GMO industries of Dupont, Monsanto and a variety of European concerns who want to control our food chain.
17 of those infected with E. coli ate in same restaurant in Lubeck, near Hamburg.
German-grown beansprouts likely cause of deadly E. coli outbreak, officials say.
Specific farm identified. Was this natural, or a NWO test?
Last edited by CJ on Fri Jun 10, 2011 3:58 am; edited 1 time in total
Germany's Superbug Is Weaponized With Bubonic Plague DNA
On Tuesday [May 31], the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung reported that [leading German E. coli researcher Helge] Karch had discovered that the O104:H4 bacteria responsible for the current outbreak is a so-called chimera that contains genetic materia from various E. coli bacteria. It also contains DNA sequences from plague bacteria, which makes it particularly pathogenic." ...Helge Karch, the director of the Robert Koch Institute (Germany's CDC) who heads a consulting laboratory at the Münster University Hospital in Germany, says that he has discovered that the super killer contains DNA from E. coli, which is what he expected. It also contains DNA from the organism that causes plague, responsible for wiping out a quarter of Europe's population during the Black Death (1348-1351). Bubonic plague is caused by Yersinia pestis and is one of the most feared of all disorders.
Very interesting this E. coli plague broke out just prior to the Bilderberg meeting, those who rule the world.
The Bilderberg conspiracy, global shadow government
E.coli breaks out in France, 5 children in hospital
Five children admitted to hospital in northern France after eating beefburgers infected with a strain of E.coli bacteria are seriously ill, health officials said on Thursday, fanning fears of a wider outbreak.
The officials said the bacteria did not appear to be related to the lethal strain of E.coli that has killed 37 people and made 3,000 ill, most of them in northern Germany.
Privately owned German discount chain Lidl withdrew boxes of the frozen beefburgers believed to be behind the French infections. The boxes were sold under the brand "Steaks Country" and had expiry dates of May 10, 11 and 12, officials said.
On Wednesday six children, aged between 20 months and eight years and from different towns in the Pas de Calais region, were taken to a hospital in the city of Lille after suffering bouts of bloody diarrhea.
One was released, but five are in a "serious condition" and still being treated at the hospital. Three are being treated with hemodialysis, a method of removing waste products from the blood in the case of kidney failure.
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domain: medical


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Stations of the Cross 12
By far the most powerful stations of the cross I ever saw. The artwork is meant to place Jesus in the context of Bolivia at a time when brutality was at its worst. If you study the images, you will see the Liberation Theology as it is military soldiers dressed in Bolivian uniforms torturing Jesus or the color of the skin and look of the people is that of Bolivian men and women. A very moving way of seeing religion intersect into the real lives of the people in this Jesuit Mission area by Santa Cruz.

domain: sociology


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Some swear by the keto diet, but is it right for you? The Doctors have profiled the popular diet trend and weighed its benefits and possible downsides. These are important questions you'll want to be answered before going keto.
Will the Keto Diet Help Fight Diseases? - In the video above, we speak with documentary filmmaker Rob Tate, who directed the documentary “The Magic Pill,” cardiologist Dr. Joel Kahn and nephrologist Dr. Jason Fung about whether the low-carb and high fat diet can be used to help treat diseases.
Is There Evidence to Support Keto's Effectiveness? - Find out if there is science behind the popular diet when The Doctors address if there are studies to back the diet’s claims.
Should You Invest in a Device That Indicates Ketosis? - The Doctors check out the $100 Keyto device, which tells someone if their body is in ketosis. Dr. Travis Stork notes someone would be able to tell if their body is in ketosis simply by smelling their breath, which would smell of sweet acetone.
Will Going Keto Lead to Oily Urine? - Will someone's bodily fluids change if you go keto? Urologist expert Dr. Aaron Spitz discusses why some people on a ketogenic diet can develop oily urine and whether this should be concerning or not.
Is The Keto Diet Ever Safe for Kids? - Keto might be successful for many adults, but before you consider putting your children on this diet, find out what pediatrician Dr. Dafna Ahdoot has to say.
Can Your Comfort Food Favorites Be Transformed in Keto-Friendly Dishes? - Chef Rocco DiSpirito tells The Doctors he used the Keto diet to help jumpstart a return to a healthier lifestyle, and he found a way to still enjoy comfort foods, like lasagna, and mac and cheese, and a new take on fried chicken (seen here).
Ready to Try out Keto? - Check out these great cookbooks (with thousands of 4-star or higher ratings!) filled with recipes and meal ideas that may help on your journey to a healthier lifestyle.
*CBSi may earn an affiliate commission if you purchase something through featured links above. As always, speak with your medical care provider or doctor before making any major changes to your diet.


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A new program designed to give community service workers a way to complete court-mandated service hours is clearing roadsides throughout the county.
Workers have collected between 80 and 120 bags of trash each week since October and painted 150 fire hydrants on the way to fulfilling their community service requirements.
Reggie Forrester, court administrator for the Northeastern Judicial Circuit, said the program, a collaboration between the county, court system and local probation offices, is a win for everyone involved.
“The issue was many community service workers work full-time jobs during the week and are only available to do their community service hours on Saturdays,” he said.
Those workers noted the lack of approved community service agencies open on Saturdays.
While the county can use help at locations such as the senior center during the week, only the park system and transfer station are open on Saturdays.
“It became evident over the past year or so that there is a lack of locations for community service to be done on Saturdays and on weekends,” said Dawson County Manager Kevin Tanner.
Using money from its solid waste fund, the county hired a part-time corrections officer to oversee community service workers on Saturday clean-up projects.
Workers can log their hours without missing time from their jobs, while the county benefits from the free labor.
“It’s proven very successful,” Tanner said. “We’ve been able to remove a lot of debris from the roadways, which include scrap tires and other items.”
Forrester said the court system is pleased with the results.
“This program is working really well,” he said, adding that Superior Court Judge Jason Deal has begun assigning workers to the program.
Tanner said residents have also noticed the impact.
“If a citizen does have a concern about trash on their road, they should contact us,” he said. “We can coordinate to make sure their road gets on the list. And as soon as we can get around to it, we’ll be glad to get out and clean up the road.”


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|Publication number||US5116131 A|
|Application number||US 07/510,976|
|Publication date||May 26, 1992|
|Filing date||Apr 19, 1990|
|Priority date||Apr 19, 1990|
|Also published as||CA2034880A1, DE4107190A1|
|Publication number||07510976, 510976, US 5116131 A, US 5116131A, US-A-5116131, US5116131 A, US5116131A|
|Inventors||Shahrokh R. Farahani, Mohammad M. Tehrani|
|Original Assignee||Litton Systems, Inc.|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (9), Referenced by (13), Classifications (6), Legal Events (4)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a pathlength controller for a ring laser gyroscope and, more particularly, to an improved and simplified pathlength control assembly.
2. Description of Related Art
The Ring Laser Gyroscope has been developed as a logical replacement for the mechanical inertial gyroscope. Based upon the principles of the Sagnac Effect, ideally the ring laser gyroscope has minimal moving parts allowing extremely accurate rotational sensing. As originally envisioned, the ring laser gyroscope has at least two counter-propagating electromagnetic waves (such as light) which oscillate within an optical ring cavity. When the ideal ring laser gyroscope is stationary, no rotation is indicated by the sensor. As the ring cavity of the laser gyroscope is rotated about its central axis, the counter-propagating waves develop a beat frequency. Well above a characteristic lock-in zone a linear relationship between the beat frequency and the rotation rate of the gyroscope with respect to the inertial frame of reference may be established.
The working ring laser gyroscope requires various adjusting mechanisms to approach the ideal linear relationship between the beat frequency and the rotation rate of the gyroscope. Although the ideal ring laser gyroscope is characterized by a beat note proportional to the rotational rate, the two mode planar ring laser gyroscope requires rate biasing or mechanical dithering to prevent counter propagating waves from locking at low rotation rates. Mode locking is a major difficulty at low rotation rates where the ring laser gyroscope produces a false indication that the device is not rotating. If the rotation rate of a ring laser gyroscope starts at a value above that of where lock-in occurs, and is then decreased, the frequency difference between the beams disappears at a certain input rotation. Lock-in arises from the coupling of light between the beams. An effective means of overcoming the lock-in effect of the counter-propagating modes of light within a two mode gyroscope is to mechanically dither the mirrors or body of the gyroscope.
Additionally, the optical pathlength of the gyroscope must be controlled and monitored to make certain that the resonant cavity operates at the center of the atomic spectra gain curve. Due to the multiplicity of their applications, ring laser gyroscopes are required to operate over a wide temperature range, such as -55° C. to +75° C. Since the laser light beam emitted by the active gain region of the gyroscope propagates around the ring laser by means of reflection off the surfaces of at least 3 mirrors, thermal expansion of the frame will cause a significant change in cavity resonant wavelength. It is therefore necessary to provide a pathlength control mechanism to slightly vary the optical pathlength of the gyroscope ring resonator in order to preserve the fundamental resonance of the cavity to which all sensing instrument components of the gyroscope are calibrated.
Even where low expansive glass materials are used for building a monolithic frame which supports the optical cavity path between the mirrors, the pathlength of a ring laser gyroscope will still experience a substantial change in path length during temperature changes. This change can be as much as 5 wavelength or more at the resonant frequency of the light produced by the gaseous active medium, such as a helium-neon mix. In an active path length control system, the changes in path length due to thermal expansions and contractions are monitored by detector electronics and provide feedback information for driving one or more piezoelectric transducers.
Another important function of the pathlength control assembly is to maintain the resonant frequency of the ring laser cavity at the peak or center of the inhomogeneous line of the gain medium. It is well known to persons skilled in the art that the dispersive effects caused by the departure of the resonant frequency from the peak of the gain curve result in the two counter propagating beams experience different indices of refraction, and consequently different optical pathlengths which leads to a false gyro output, i.e., bias. Furthermore, the bias, besides being temperature dependent, is highly erratic as its magnitude changes with the uncontrolled offset between the cavity resonant frequency and the gain line center.
With reference to prior art FIGS. 1A and 1B, preserving the optical pathlength means that the gain center line 12 of the atomic spectra resonant gain profile 10 should be centered with the curve at a point of maximum intensity. In order to preserve this setting during a variety of temperatures, piezo-electric transducer driven mirror assemblies 16 and 18 are electrically actuated to move axially as shown in FIG. 1A to compensate for changes in the pathlength of the ring laser optical path 20. Light intensity detectors 22 and 24 are positioned at either of the fixed mirrors 26 and 28 to sense rotation. Each of the transducer driven mirror assemblies 16 and 18 include piezoelectric actuators attached to a flexible annular surface or driver in order to accomplish the axial deflection of reflecting surfaces thereon.
Heretofore, various schemes for pathlength control assemblies such as assemblies 16 and 18 of FIG. 1A have been suggested. Among the designs for pathlength controllers are those included in U.S. Pat. No. 4,824,253 issued Apr. 25, 1989 to Butler (owned by the common assignee of this application); U.S. Pat. No. 4,861,161 issued Aug. 29, 1989 to Ljung; U.S. Pat. No. 4,691,323 issued Sep. 1, 1987 to Ljung; and UK Application GB 2,037,455 published Jul. 9, 1980, inventors Ljung and Williams. U.S. Pat. No. 4,861,161 to Ljung teaches a particular technique in the design of PLC assembly to minimize the mirror tilt.
In particular, attention is drawn to FIG. 2 as an example of the complex structure of a PRIOR ART pathlength control assembly. A path length controller mirror assembly 30 is shown generally to include a membrane-type mirror housing 38 which supports the mirror 44, which mirror is positioned facing into the gyroscope frame 40 for reflecting light within the optical path off of its surface. The housing 38 has an outer cylinder 34 and a central mirror post 36. The annular surface 48 of the mirror post 36 and the outer annular surface 52 of the housing 38 are flush against the circular backing plate 32. The circular backing plate 32 is sandwiched between the mirror housing 38 and the driver body 50. The driver body includes a driver post 54, which during activation of the cavity length control assembly causes the driver post surface 56 to move axially along the direction shown at 42. Such axial movement of the driver post 54 causes axial movement by the mirror post 36 against the flexible mirror membrane 46, thereby allowing axial movement of the mirror 44 between a rest position and a flexural position 44' (shown in phantom). The driver body 50 has an outer surface 58 which is flush against the backside of the backing plate 32.
Positioned on either side of the back end of the driver body 50 are two piezo-electric elements 60 and 62. These elements are often bimetallic or bimorphic, such that when they are alternatively polarized by applying a voltage thereto through electrical terminals 64 and 66, the driver body 50 and driver post 54 move axially along the central axis of the driver body 50, back and forth as needed in the axial direction 42. Such movement results in positioning the backing plate to a new position 68, and moving the diaphragm membrane 46 of the mirror housing 38 to a new position 72, all of which results in the desired axial movement 42 of the mirror surface 44 out to 44'. It will be noted that in the prior art FIG. 2, a relatively complex structure, including a separate driver body 50, was needed to achieve a proper and balanced pathlength control assembly. Such a structural complexity was dictated by the need to drive the mirror 44 in one axial direction 42 , while the driver 50 would not act to destabilize the dynamic symmetry of the assembly 30. Certainly, the more complex that a pathlength controller is, the more costly becomes the gyroscope design and fabrication.
What is needed is a simplified approach to making pathlength controller assemblies, which includes fewer parts than that required in prior art pathlength controllers, yet with no sacrifice of performance. Disclosed herein is such a pathlength controller assembly for ring laser gyroscopes which includes a mirror mounted on (or is an integral part of) a mirror housing, where the housing includes an axially deflectable membrane. The mirror housing also has a mirror post coupled to its deflectable membrane. The mirror housing is positioned flush with a backing plate. The backing plate will have affixed to it at least one transducer, mounted to and supported by the backing plate, for axially deflecting the backing plate in response to an electronic input signal. In this manner the backing plate acts to support the piezo-electric transducer elements and the mirror housing, while at the same time the backing plate also acts to drive the membrane and the reflecting mirror through the mirror post. Thus, the backing plate serves the dual functions of supporting the transducers and axially driving the mirror post. Due to bimorphic effect of piezo-electric elements.
The transducer elements generally comprise a pair of transducers, a first transducer which is a flat bimorphic disc supported on one side of said backing plate, and a second transducer which is a flat bimorphic ring defining a central aperture. In this way, the central aperture of the second transducer allows the mirror post of the mirror housing to be inserted against one side of the backing plate, while the other side of the backing plate supports the first transducer. The concentricity of the first and second transducers with respect to the mirror post minimize the tilt of the path length control assembly.
FIG. 1A is a PRIOR ART drawing showing a schematic view of the ring laser gyroscope instrument illustrating the operation of a cavity length control system.
FIG. 1B is a PRIOR ART graphic representation illustrating the atomic gain medium curve of the gyroscope operating at the resonant frequency of a ring laser gyroscope.
FIG. 2 is a PRIOR ART drawing of a cross-section of a pathlength control assembly.
FIG. 3 is a perspective isometric view of a preferred embodiment of the pathlength control assembly for ring laser gyroscopes of this invention.
FIG. 4 is a cross-section view of the pathlength control assembly of this invention, taken along line 4--4 of FIG. 3.
FIG. 5 is an exploded isometric view of the device of FIG. 3.
With reference to FIG. 3, a pathlength control assembly is shown positioned at one of the three or four corners of a ring laser gyroscope. A mirror surface 84 is shown reflecting light along an optical path 87. The reflective surface is mounted on a mirror membrane 82, which membrane 82 forms the forward surface of the mirror housing 74. The dual function backing plate and driver 76 is shown positioned at the back end of the mirror housing 74.
A more detailed view of the components comprising the pathlength control assembly of this invention can be comprehended with reference to FIGS. 4 and 5. It can be seen that the basic components of the pathlength control assembly 70 include a mirror housing 74 and a backing plate 76, which serves in the dual capacity as a driver and which is sandwiched between the piezo-electric elements 78 and 80. The piezo-electric element 78 has an inner annulus 77 to accommodate placement of the mirror post 75 of the mirror housing 74. The piezo-electric elements 78 and 80 are secured and bonded to the front and back surfaces, respectively, of backing plate and driver 76 by the use of epoxy cement.
The mirror housing 74 include a forward surface which supports the mirror surface 84 and acts as a membrane surface 82. The membrane surface 82 also acts as a mirror substrate for the mirror surface 84. The mirror housing 74 has an outer cylinder 86 which provide symmetry and balance to the pathlength control assembly 70.
Preferably, except for the piezo-elements 78 and 80, all the components which make up the assembly 70 (like the mirror housing 74 and the backing plate and driver 76) should be made from the same material to decrease the effects of differential thermal expansion. Materials of relatively low thermal expansion coefficients such as Cervit, Zerodur, ULE (Ultra Low Expansion) Glass are among the most desirable to use to manufacture the pathlength control assembly 70. In this manner, the assembly 70 is able to operate over a wide temperature range from -55° C. through at least +75° C.
In operation, an electrical stimulus is provided as shown along the electrical wiring 88A and 88B. One will note that the piezo elements 78 and 80 are charged in such a way that the two inner surfaces closest to the backing plate acquire like (say, negative) charges and, at the same time, the outer surfaces of elements 78 and 80 acquire like changes of the opposite sigh (i.e., positive). Thus, when they are voltage activated, the piezo-electric elements 78 and 80 tend to bow in an axial direction along the central axis of the pathlength control assembly 70 (Line 4--4 of FIG. 3). The piezo-elements then cause the backing plate to bow and move the mirror post 75 in an axial direction. A vent hole 90 is provided to allow pressure equalization within the pathlength control assembly 70 and to also allow passage of the wiring 88A and 88B from the piezo-elements 78 and 80 from the inside of the housing 74 to the outer surface for electrical connection outside the assembly 70. It should be noted that only a single vent hole through the mirror housing 74 is needed to accomplish the pressure equalization required, (when the mirror membrane 82 moves in and out along the axial direction of the assembly 70), while the prior art design, as illustrated in FIG. 2, requires at least a pair of pressure equalized vent holes on either side of the driver body 50.
Movement of the mirror post 75 of the mirror housing 74 causes the reflective mirror surface 84 to move back and forth along the central axis of the mirror assembly 70, thereby allowing active cavity or optical pathlength control to be accomplished. It shall be understood that heretofore an additional driver body 50 (of Prior Art FIG. 2) was need to accomplished the desired axial translation that the invention of this application accomplishes by using the backing plate 76 in a dual capacity such as a driver and piezo-element support plate. Such design allows a considerable cost savings due to the elimination of the driver body 50 component.
A particularly deleterious error source in the performance of any pathlength controller assembly is the mirror tilt, i.e., the mirror motion in directions other than its perpendicular axis. As it was heretofore taught in the art (i.e. U.S. Pat. No. 4,861,161 to Ljung), such mirror tilt can cause bias shifts in the ring laser gyroscope output under changing temperature.
An effective technique to test the pathlength control mirror assembly for mirror tilt is to perform a "mode scan". A mode scan comprises the application of full electrical voltage to the pathlength control piezo-electric elements 78 and 80, while simultaneously monitoring of the outputs of the light intensity detectors, such as detectors 22 and 24 of FIG. 1A. Under such a test, the pathlength control mirrors move through their maximum number of design modes, and a trace of the output signals from the photodetectors show a curve like the one depicted in FIG. 1B (the gain profile). Any changes in the maxima of the successive gain profiles under a mode scan would be indicative of mirror tilt. The Pathlength control assembly and mirror of this application have been tested for mirror tilt errors according the mode scan method as described heretofore. In a manner distinct from the teachings of the prior art (including U.S. Pat. No. 4,861,161), the pathlength control assembly of this application shows an inherent simplicity in comparison with previous designs. This simplicity of design (including the absence of any point contacts between its components) allowed the applicant's invention to test quite successfully with regard to mirror tilt. The inventors have built and tested a number of pathlength control assemblies according to the teachings of this disclosure. Two such assemblies were integrated into a ring laser gyroscope which underwent a variety of gyroscope performance tests, including the mode scan test for pathlength controller mirror tilt. The inventor's test results showed that over a scan of seven modes (which is within the design goal) there was no measurable change in the maxima of the gain profiles traced during the mode scan.
While preferred embodiments are shown, it is clear that alternative equivalent embodiments of the invention may be envisioned which provide adequate alternatives, performing similar functions to the preferred embodiment, yet using the basic teachings and principles of the herein described invention. For example, any symmetric shape for the mirror housing 74 would be suitable to achieve cavity length control provided there is a balanced distribution of forces across the face of the backing plate 76. Thus, alternate embodiments having substantially equivalent functions or structures are intended to be comprehended within the scope of the appended claims.
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|U.S. Classification||356/469, 310/332, 372/107|
|Apr 19, 1990||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: LITTON SYSTEMS, INC., CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:FARAHANI, SHAHROKH R.;TEHRANI, MOHAMMAD M.;REEL/FRAME:005292/0057
Effective date: 19900418
|Jan 2, 1996||REMI||Maintenance fee reminder mailed|
|May 26, 1996||LAPS||Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees|
|Aug 6, 1996||FP||Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee|
Effective date: 19960529


A contemporary faucet imbued with the grandeur of a classic era, the statuesque Grandera two-handle bathroom faucet with swivel spout stands at 11 13/16 in. tall, and features an arced spout that extends 6-1/8 in.. In addition to the 90 degree swivel spout, users can direct the flow of the water by adjusting the angle of the aerator thanks to GROHE AquaGuide. Twin lever handles rotate forward to turn the water on and each incorporates a GROHE SilkMove advanced ceramic cartridge for smooth, precise control of the water temperature and volume. With a flow rate of only 1.2 gpm, this faucet benefits from GROHE EcoJoy technology, reducing water consumption without sacrificing performance. ADA compliant.
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In March 2013, School Districts 65 and 202 participated in the Illinois 5 Essentials Survey of Learning Conditions. The survey was administered by the Illinois State Board of Education (ISBE) to parents and teachers and to students who were in sixth grade and above. The survey was developed by researchers at the Consortium of Chicago School Research (CCSR) at the University of Chicago.
Last summer ISBE provided to each school the raw data summarizing the survey responses of teachers, parents and students at that school. ISBE also provided an analysis of the responses, said Sue Schultz, Assistant Superintendent of District 65 at a District 65 School Board meeting on Dec. 2. She said, though, that ISBE decided to pull back the analyses of the data. It also pulled back the raw data summarizing the parents’ responses to the survey.
In commenting on why the analyses were pulled back, Assistant Superintendent Ellen Fogelberg said, “There was a great deal of controversy around the comparisons that were made based on using the Chicago schools. That’s why it was recalled.”
ISBE said it decided not to publish the analyses until next year to give educators and school leaders a chance to familiarize themselves with the surveys, to allow ISBE time to explore the relationship between the survey results and school outcomes statewide, and to give researchers a chance to review all survey questions for their applicability statewide.
ISBE said the reports analyze the data using a scoring process developed by CCSR that ensures accuracy and reliability. The scoring method allows schools to compare results from one year to the next and to make comparisons within and between school districts, says ISBE.
Even though it decided not to release analyses of the survey data, ISBE says “the raw survey responses themselves contain valuable information that can be useful for school and district staff and the public.”
The accompanying table provides students’ responses to selected questions about whether they feel they are being challenged in the classroom. In order to present the data in a manageable way, the RoundTable reports a combined total of the responses “most of the time” and “all of the time.” ISBE cautions that combining response categories in this fashion obscures statistically significant distinctions that might appear if the responses to “most of the time” and “all of the time” were separately reported. For readers who are interested, a full breakdown of the data is available on ISBE’s website.