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Mortgage Brokering/Lending14-Hour Continuing Education Course 2 0 0 7- 2 0 0 8 E D i t i o n
Acknowledgements Bert Rodgers Schools of Real Estate, Inc. expresses our gratitude and appreciation to the thousands of Mortgage Professionals who have completed our 14-hour course to fulfill their continuing education requirements. We would like to thank the author of this edition, Janine Spiegelman. We recognize her expertise and appreciate her participation. We also want the Student Services Department—both the customer contact employees and those “behind the scenes” processing all the paperwork—to know how much we appreciate their hard work, day after day, making sure our valued students are satisfied customers. And we certainly are grateful to our Publications Department staff. No matter what obsta- cles you encounter in putting together these editions, you always create a product that, year after year, our customers say is by far the best in the industry. Finally, Bert Rodgers Schools would like to thank Julie Wild of Wild Dezign for her typeset- ting expertise and patience, and Mark Mazzuki of Digital Ink Design Group for his cover design of this edition and his design of all our marketing materials. Lori J. Rodgers, Presidentii Bert Rodgers Schools of Real Estate, Inc.
table of Contents 14-Hour MorTGAGE BroKErING/LENDING CoNTINuING EDuCATIoN CoursEFOuNDER w MODULE 1 Bert Rodgers Florida Mortgage Brokerage andPRESIDENT Lori J. Rodgers Lending Act Rules and Regulations | 1ADMINISTRATIVE VICEPRESIDENT William E. Giffard w MODULE 2DIRECTOR OF OPERATIONS Credit Scores and Credit Scoring | 17 Tom HarnerDIRECTOR OFINFORMATION SYSTEMS w MODULE 3 Alison M. HarnerDIRECTOR OF FINANCE Exotic and Nontraditional Mortgages | 23 Aaron PulonePROjECT MANAgERS w MODULE 4 Valerie Churchillo Lisa Lacey Subprime Loans and PrepaymentINSTRuCTOR Penalties | 31 Janine SpiegelmanPROjECT COORDINATORS Michelle Headley w MODULE 5 Jerry Schmitt Lack of Credit DocumentationPRODuCT SuPPORT MANAgER Kelli Finnigan Promotes Mortgage Fraud | 39STuDENT SERVICESSuPERVISOR w MODULE 6 Patti PasquiniSTuDENT SERVICES Updates on Flood and Hazard Insurance | 45REPRESENTATIVES Barbara Dolnick Anthony Fasciano w MODULE 7 Colletta Finnigan Mark Forsman Affordable Housing | 55 Jenncie Grove Laraine Jansen Mary Killoran w MODULE 8 Shirley Samson Kayla Smillie New and Updated Fannie Mae/Freddie Mac Christopher Smith Roman Vizvary Appraisal and Property Report Forms | 61TYPESETTINg Wild DezignPRINTINg Registration/Affidavit Form Action Printing
2 Module 1This is the Office’s mission statement found at recent cHanges in FLOriDa statUtes regULating MOrtgage brOKerage www.flofr.com/Director/abouttheoffice.htm anD MOrtgage LenDing This section discusses the more significant changes inWithin the Office are 2 Divisions. The first is the the Florida Statute Chapter 494 regulating mortgageDivision of Financial Institutions. This division brokerage and mortgage lending effective October 1,licenses, examines, and regulates all state-authorized 2006.or state-chartered financial institutions to ensure theyoperate in a safe and sound manner and in compliance NEWwith applicable statutes and rules. Those institutions Definitioninclude commercial banks, credit card banks, creditunions, non-deposit trust companies, savings banks, Control person means an individual, partnership,savings and loans, and international bank offices. corporation, trust, or other organization that possesses the power, directly or indirectly, to direct the man-The second division within the Office is the Division agement or policies of a company, whether throughof Securities and Finance. Within this division are ownership of securities, by contract, or otherwise.three Bureaus— the Bureau of Financial Regulation; A person is presumed to control a company if, withthe Bureau of Securities Regulation; and the Bureau respect to a particular company, that person:of Regulatory Review. The Bureau of FinanceRegulation regulates retail installment sales busi- (a) Is a director, general partner, or officer exercisingnesses, consumer finance companies, mortgage bro- executive responsibility or having similar status orkers and lenders, collection agencies, and money functions;transmitters. The bureau provides consumer protec- (b) Directly or indirectly may vote 10 percent or moretion from illegal or improper activities performed by of a class of voting securities or sell or direct thethese companies. The Bureau of Securities Regulation sale of 10 percent or more of a class of voting secu-protects the public from investment and securities rities; orfraud. The Bureau of Regulatory Review reviews all (c) In the case of a partnership, may receive upon dis-applications for a financial services firm or a securi- solution or has contributed 10 percent or more ofties firm, reviews individual applications, and either the capital (Chapter 494.001(9)(a-c), F.S.).approves, places licensing restrictions, or denies licen-sure based upon its findings (See Figure 1.1). Office of Financial Regulation Office of Financial regulation Flow chart Commissioner Financial Regulation Chief, Financial Director, Cabinet & General Counsel Inspector General Investigations Legislative Affairs Director of Deputy Commissioner Auditing Financial Regulation Director Director Director Division of Financial Division of Securities Division of Finance Institutions Chief, Bank Chief, Bank Chief, Credit Union Chief, Securities Chief, Regulatory Chief, Finance Chief, Money Chief, Regulatory Regulation District I Regulation District II Regulation Regulation Review Regulation Transmitter ReviewFigure 1.1 Source: www.flofr.com/Director/OFRorgchart.pdf
Florida Mortgage Brokerage and Lending Act Rules and Regulations NEW NEWPowers and Duties of the commission and Mortgage brokerage business branch Offices;Office Principal Place of business requirementsAllows the Office to require the electronic filing Deleted Chapter 494.0036(3), F.S. and Chapterof applications, renewals, and fees, unless granted 494.0039(3), F.S. Eliminated from the statute thea waiver by OFR due to a hardship. Prior to this requirement to display main office, branch office, andchange, the only license type that could file an individual licenses.application online was a mortgage broker (Chapter494.0011(2)(6), F.S.). NEW requirements of Licensees NEW Provides that each licensee shall report any changebooks, accounts, and records; Maintenance; in the principal broker, principal representative, offi-examinations by the Office cers, partners, members, joint venturers, directors, control persons or any individual who is the ultimateAuthorizes the commission to adopt rules for the equitable owner of 10% or greater interest (Chapterrequirements for the destruction of records main- 494.004(6). F.S.).tained by licensees after the retention period hasexpired ( Chapter 494.0016(4), F.S.). Provides that a change of control whether through the power to direct management, ownership or oth- erwise shall require an application to be submitted to NEW the OFR unless a waiver has been granted (ChapterMortgage business schools 494.004(6)(a-d), F.S.).Requires permitted mortgage business schools toelectronically report to the Office the names of pupils NEWwho have successfully completed required trainingcourses (Chapter 494.0029(4), F.S.). administrative Penalties and Fines; License violations Authorizes disciplinary action if fees are paid with a bad NEW check. (Chapters 494.0041(2)(s) and 494.0072(2)(s), F.S.).Licensure as a Mortgage brokerage business; Provides grounds for disciplinary action when a finalMortgage broker’s License judgment is entered against an applicant or licensee inProvides that applications are not deemed received a civil action upon grounds of fraud, embezzlement,until all required fees are received (Chapters misrepresentation, or deceit (Chapters 494.0041(2)(t)494.0031(2)(a); 494.0033(2)(c), F.S.). and 494.0072(2)(t), F.S.). Provides grounds for disciplinary action when action is taken by other federal and state regulatory organiza- NEW tions located in or outside the State of Florida involvingrenewal of Mortgage brokerage business securities, insurance, real estate, mortgage brokers andLicense or branch Office License lenders, or other related or similar industries (ChaptersThe license for a branch office must be renewed in 494.0041(2)(u)1.2. and 494.0072(2)(u)1.2.,F.S.).conjunction with the renewal of the mortgage broker-age business license (Chapter 494.0032(1)). NEW Mortgage Lender’s License requirements; NEW correspondent Mortgage Lender’s LicenseMortgage broker’s License requirements; savings clause; branch OfficesAllows the Office to contract with a third party ven- Provides that applications are not deemed receiveddor to administer the mortgage broker test. This will until all required fees are received (Chaptersallow the test to be conducted electronically at mul- 494.0061(2)(b), 494.0062(2)(b), 494.0065(3)(5)(b) andtiple locations several times a week versus the old 494.0066(2), F.S.).once a month process at limited locations (Chapter Audited financial statements of all licensed lend-494.0033(2)(b), F.S.). ers have to be in accordance with United States
4 Module 1generally accepted accounting principles (Chapters the power to direct management, ownership or oth-494.0061(2)(c), 494.0062(2)(c) and 494.0065(2)(5)(c), erwise shall require an application to be submitted toF.S.). the OFR unless a waiver has been granted. (Chapter 494.0067(4)(a-d),F.S).Provides under certain conditions that existingprincipal representatives can be grandfathered in changes between 2002 and 2004 to the ruleswithout class or testing requirements (Chapters of the Florida administrative code494.0061(2)(f)(8-9) and 494.0062(2)(f)(11-12) and494.0065(4)(c)1.2.(10), F.S.). The most significant changes were that the Rules Regulation Mortgage Brokers were moved from 3D- 40 F.A.C. to a new chapter 69V-40 F.A.C. and all ref- NEW erences to the Department of Banking and Financerenewal of Mortgage Lender’s License; were replaced with the Financial Services Commissionbranch Office License renewal and the Office of Financial Regulation, dependingChapter 494.0064(1)(b), F.S. deleted. Eliminated the upon the specific division of responsibility betweenrequirement to report the continuing education of the departments. See Table 1.1loan associates when renewing a lender’s license. To access any of the required forms, go to website and select the appropriate form. NEW www.flofr.com/licensing/MBlist.htmrequirements of Licensees Under chapters494.006-.0077 To access Chapter 494 online, go to www.Chapter 494.0067(1), F.S. deleted. Eliminated from leg.state.fl.us/Statutes/index.cfm?App_the statute the requirement to display main and mode=Display_StatuteURL=Ch0494/branch office licenses. titl0494.htmStatuteYear=2006Title=- 2006-Chapter%20494Provides that each licensee shall report any change inthe officers, partners, members, joint venturers, direc- To access the Florida Administrative Code,tors, or control persons. (Chapter 494.0067(4), F.S). Rules 69V-40, go to www.flofr.com/licensing/ RulesStatutes/Rule69V-40.htmProvides that a change of control whether through table 1.1 Updates to the rules of the Florida administrative code between 2002 and 2004 books and records 69v-40.170 Amended to substitute the Office of Financial Regulation for all references to the Department of Banking and Finance. application Procedure for Mortgage 69v-49.031(1) Provides that all applications for licensure as a mortgage bro- broker License ker must be filed with the OFR. The address is: Office of Financial regulation 200 East Gaines Street Tallahassee, Florida 299-075 69v-40.031(1)(a) The application form for Licensure as a Mortgage Broker changed to OFr-Mb-101, and is available by mail from the OFR. 69v-40.031(1)(c) The fee which must accompany the applicant’s fingerprint card changed from $15.00 to $2.00. In the remainder of this section, all references to the Department of Banking and Finance changed to the Office of Financial Regulation. application Procedure for Mortgage 69v-40.051 All applications for licensure as a mortgage brokerage busi- brokerage business License ness must now be filed with the OFR. The form that must be used for this application is OFr-Mb-201, and can be obtained by mail from the OFR or accessed online at http://www.flofr. com/licensing/Forms/MBBapp.pdf
Florida Mortgage Brokerage and Lending Act Rules and Regulations 5 table 1.1 Updates to the rules of the Florida administrative code between 2002 and 2004 69v-40.051(2) Regarding the fingerprint cards and Biographical Summary, now provides as follows: Each ultimate equitable owner of 10% or greater inter- est, the chief executive officer and each director of an entity applying for licensure as a mortgage brokerage business, shall submit a completed fingerprint card and Biographical Summary, Form OFR-MBB-BIO-1 (revised 10/99), to the Office of Financial Regulation along with a $2 nonrefundable processing fee. Form OFR-MBB-BIO-1 is hereby incorporated by reference and available by mail from the Office of Financial Regulation, 200 East Gaines Street, Tallahassee, Florida 299-075. All former references to the Department of Banking and Finance have been changed in this section to the Office of Financial Regulation. application Procedure for change 69v-40.100 All references to the Department of Banking and Finance have in Ownership or control of saving been changed to the Office of Financial Regulation. The ap- clause Mortgage Lending plication for Change in Ownership or Control of Saving Clause Mortgage Lending must use the form OFr-MLst. The form must be mailed to the Office at the address. The same changes to the fingerprint card filing and Biographical Summary that were made to the other license application regula- tions, (i.e. form OFr-ML-biO-1 and the fee of $2), were also made to this section. application Procedure for Mortgage 69v-40.200 The application form for licensure as a mortgage lender changed Lender License to OFr-ML-222 and is to be mailed to the Office at the address. Further, the surety bond must be submitted on form OFr-ML-444, Mortgage Brokerage and Mortgage Lending Act Surety Bond. The completed fingerprint card and Biographical Summary form OFr- ML-biO-1, and the nonrefundable, processing fee of $2 must be submitted to the Office. All references to the Department of Banking and Finance have been changed to the Office of Finan- cial Regulation. Mortgage Lender License, Mortgage 69v-40.205 The form for renewal and reactivation of a mortgage lender Lender License Pursuant to saving license is OFr-ML-r, and the form for renewal and reactivation of clause, and branch Office License a mortgage lender license pursuant to saving clause is OFr-ML- renewal and reactivation rs. The form for branch office renewal is OFr-ML-rb, Mort- gage Lender and Correspondent Mortgage Lender Branch Office License Renewal and Reactivation Form. All forms must be filed with the Office. application Procedure for correspon- 69v-40.220 Changed the applicable forms, processing fees, and references dent Mortgage Lender License to the Office of Financial Regulation. The application form for licensure as a correspondent mortgage lender is OFr-cL-333. The surety bond form is OFr-ML-444. The fingerprint card and Biographical Summary form is OFr-cL-biO-1, and the processing fee is now $23. All forms must be filed with the Office. correspondent Mortgage Lender 69v-40.225 Changed the applicable forms and references to the Office of License and branch Office License Financial Regulation. The renewal and reactivation form for renewal and reactivation correspondent mortgage lender license is form OFr-cL-r. The surety bond form is OFr-ML-444. The Mortgage Lender and Cor- respondent Mortgage Lender Branch Office License Renewal and Reactivation form is OFr-ML-rb. All forms must be filed with the Office. application Procedure for Mortgage 69v-40.240 Changed the application form and references to the Office of Lender or correspondent Mortgage Financial Regulation. The application form for mortgage lender Lender branch Office License branch office or correspondent mortgage lender branch office license is OFr-ML-222b. All forms must be filed with the Office. Principal representative 69v-40.242 Changed the applicable form and references to the Office of Financial Regulation. The Principal Representative Designation form is OFr-ML/cL-Pr. All forms must be filed with the Office.Source: Compiled by author.
6 Module 1MOrtgage brOKerage License LaWChapter 494, F.S., is divided into five parts: Part I, General Provisions (494.001-494.00295); Part II, MortgageBrokers (494.003-494.0043); Part III, Mortgage Lenders (494.006-494.0077); Part IV, Florida Fair Lending Act(494.0078-494.00797); and Part V, Loans Under the Florida Uniform Land Sales Practices Law (494.008). Part i: generaL PrOvisiOns (494.001-494.00295)the Financial services commission • may, at intermittent periods, conduct examinationsAs introduced at the beginning of this module, the of any licensee or other person under the provi-Financial Services Commission serves as agency head sions of 494.001-494.0077 F.S.for the Office of Financial Regulation (OFR or Office) • may bring action through its own counsel in theand the Office of Insurance Regulation (OIR). OFR and name and on behalf of the state against any personOIR are administratively housed within the Depart- who has violated or is about to violate any provi-ment of Financial Services, headed by the Chief sion of 494.001-494.0077 F.S. or any rule of theFinancial Officer. The Office is responsible for con- commission or order of the Office issued underducting financial investigations into allegations of sus- 494.001-494.0077 F.S. to enjoin the person frompected illegal financial activities within its jurisdiction. continuing in or engaging in any act in furtherance of the violation.Powers and Duties of the commission and • has the power to issue and serve upon any personOffice an order to cease and desist and to take correctiveThe Office of Financial Regulation is responsible action whenever it has reason to believe the per-for the administration and enforcement of Chapter son is violating, has violated, or is about to violate494.001-494.0077, F.S. The Financial Services any provision of 494.001-494.0077 F.S., any ruleCommission may adopt rules pursuant to Chapters or order issued under 494.001-494.0077 F.S., or120.563(1), F.S and 120.54, F.S to implement any written agreement between the person and theChapters 494.001-494.0077, F.S. The Commission Office. All procedural matters relating to issuancemay adopt rules requiring electronic submission of and enforcement of such a cease and desist orderany forms, documents, or fees required by this act if are governed by the Administrative Procedure Act.such rules reasonably accommodate technological or • has the power to order the refund of any feefinancial hardship. The Commission may prescribe directly or indirectly assessed and charged on aby rule requirements and procedures for obtaining mortgage loan transaction which is unauthorizedan exemption due to a technological hardship. The or exceeds the maximum fee specifically authorizedCommission may also adopt rules to accept certifica- in 494.001-494.0077 F.S.tion of compliance with requirements of Chapter 494,F.S. in lieu of requiring submission of documents. • may prohibit the association by a mortgage brokerThe grant or denial of any license under this chapter business, or the employment by a mortgage lendermust be in accordance with Chapter 120.60, F.S. or correspondent mortgage lender, of any person who has engaged in a pattern of misconduct whileThe Office: an associate of a mortgage brokerage business or an• has the power to issue and to serve subpoenas and employee of a mortgage lender or correspondent subpoenas duces tecum to compel the attendance of mortgage lender. For the purpose of this subsec- witnesses and the production of all books, accounts, tion, the term “pattern of misconduct” means records, and other documents and materials rel- the commission of three or more violations of ss. evant to an examination or investigation. 494.001-494.0077 or the provisions of Chapter 494• or its duly authorized representative, has the power in effect prior to October 1, 1991, during any one to administer oaths and affirmations to any person. year period or any criminal conviction for violating ss. 494.001-494.0077 or the provisions of Chapter• may conduct an investigation of any person when- 494 in effect prior to October 1, 1991. ever the Office has reason to believe, either upon complaint or otherwise, that any violation of Penalties 494.001-494.0077 F.S. has been committed or is about to be committed. Chapter 494.0018 provides whoever knowingly vio-
Florida Mortgage Brokerage and Lending Act Rules and Regulations 7lates any provision of Chapters 494.0041(2)(e), (f), or course of business which operates as a fraud(g); 494.0072 (2)(e), (f), or (g); or 494.0025 (1), (2), upon any person in connection with the pur-(3), (4), or (5), is guilty of a felony of the third degree, chase or sale of any mortgage loan; orexcept that any person convicted of a violation of any (c) To obtain property by fraud, willful misrep-provision of 494.001-494.0077 F.S., in which viola- resentation of a future act, or false promise.tion the total value of money and property unlawfullyobtained exceeded $50,000 and there were five or more (5) In any matter within the jurisdiction of thevictims, is guilty of a felony of the first degree. All the Office, to knowingly and willfully falsify, con-violations are punishable as provided in Chapters ceal, or cover up by a trick, scheme, or device a775.082 F.S., 775.083 F.S., or 775.084 F.S. Each such material fact, make any false or fraudulent state-violation constitutes a separate offense. In addition, if ment or representation, or make or use any falsea mortgage transaction is made in violation of any pro- writing or document, knowing the same to con-vision of Chapters 494.001-494.0077 F.S., the person tain any false or fraudulent statement or entry.making the transaction and every licensee, director,or officer who participated in making the transaction (6) To violate 655.922(2) F.S., subject to 494.001-are jointly and severally liable to every party to the 494.0077 F.S.transaction in an action for damages incurred by theparty or parties. However, a person is not liable under (7) Who is required to be licensed under ss. 494.006this section upon showing that such person’s licens- - 494.0077, to fail to report to the Office theees, officers, and directors who participated in making failure to meet the net worth requirements ofthe transaction, if any, acted in good faith and with- 494.0061 F.S., 494.0062 F.S., or 494.0065 F.S.out knowledge and, with the exercise of due diligence, within 48 hours after the person’s knowledge ofcould not have known of the act committed in viola- such failure or within 48 hours after the persontion of Chapters 494.001-494.0077, F.S. should have known of such failure. (8) To pay a fee or commission in any mortgage loanProhibited Practices transaction to any person or entity other than aChapter 494.0025 F.S. provides that it is unlawful for mortgage brokerage business, mortgage lender,any person: or correspondent mortgage lender, operating under an active license, or a person exempt from (1) To act as a mortgage lender in this state without licensure under this chapter. a current, active license issued by the Office pur- suant to 494.006-494.0077, F.S. (9) To record a mortgage brokerage agreement or any other document, not rendered by a court (2) To act as a correspondent mortgage lender in of competent jurisdiction, which purports to this state without a current, active license issued by the Office pursuant to 494.006-494.0077, enforce the terms of the mortgage brokerage F.S. agreement. (3) To act as a mortgage broker in this state without (10) To use the name or logo of a financial institution, a current, active license issued by the Office pur- as defined in 655.005(1), F.S., or its affiliates or suant to 494.003-494.0043, F.S. subsidiaries when marketing or soliciting exist- ing or prospective customers if such marketing (4) In any practice or transaction or course of busi- materials are used without the written consent ness relating to the sale, purchase, negotiation, of the financial institution and in a manner that promotion, advertisement, or hypothecation of would lead a reasonable person to believe that mortgage transactions, directly or indirectly: the material or solicitation originated from, was (a) To knowingly or willingly employ any device, endorsed by, or is related to or the responsibility scheme, or artifice to defraud; of the financial institution or its affiliates or sub- (b) To engage in any transaction, practice, or sidiaries.
Module 1 Part ii anD iii: MOrtgage brOKers anD MOrtgage LenDersAll the relevant changes made to Chapter 494, F.S. were discussed at the beginning of this module. Included hereis a brief recap of the changes to Chapter 494.003-494.0077, F.S.• Allows the Office to contract with a third party ven- principal representatives can be grandfathered in dor to administer the mortgage broker test. without class or testing requirements.• Provides that applications are not deemed received • Eliminates the requirement to display main and until all required fees are received. Authorizes dis- branch office licenses. ciplinary action if fees are paid with a bad check. • Eliminates the requirement to display individual• Provides that each licensee shall report any change mortgage broker licenses. in the principal broker, principal representative, • Eliminates the requirement to report the continu- officers, partners, members, joint venturers, direc- ing education of loan “Associates” when renewing tors, control persons or any individual who is the a lender’s license. ultimate equitable owner of 10% or greater inter- est. • Provides grounds for disciplinary action when a final judgment is entered against an applicant or• Provides that a change of control whether through licensee in a civil action upon grounds of fraud, the power to direct management, ownership or oth- embezzlement, misrepresentation, or deceit. erwise shall require an application to be submitted to OFR unless a waiver has been granted. • Provides grounds for disciplinary action when action is taken by other federal and state regula-• Audited financial statements of all licensed lend- tory organizations located in or outside the State of ers have to be in accordance with U.S. generally Florida involving securities, insurance, real estate, accepted accounting principles. and lending activities.• Provides under certain conditions that existing Part iv: FLOriDa Fair LenDing act abUsive MOrtgage LenDingIn 494.0078, F.S. the Florida Legislature found that: ate effectively for conventional mortgages, too many homeowners find themselves victims of overreach- “abusive mortgage lending has become a problem ing creditors who provide loans with unnecessarily in this state even though most high-cost home loans high costs and terms that are unnecessary to secure do not involve abusive mortgage practices. One of repayment of the loan. The Legislature finds that as the most common forms of abusive lending is the competition and self-regulation have not eliminated making of loans that are equity-based rather than the abusive terms from home-secured loans, the income-based. The financing of points and fees consumer protection provisions of this act are nec- in these loans provides immediate income to the essary to encourage fair lending.” originator and encourages creditors to repeatedly refinance home loans. As long as there is sufficient equity in the home, an abusive creditor benefits even DeFinitiOns if the borrower is unable to make the payments and Chapter 494.0079, F.S. sets forth the following defi- is forced to refinance. The financing of high points and fees causes the loss of equity in each refinanc- nitions. ing and often leads to foreclosure. Affliate: Any company that controls, is controlled by, Abusive lending has threatened the viability of or is in common control with another company, as set many communities and caused decreases in home forth in 12 U.S.C. 1841 et seq. and the regulations ownership. While the marketplace appears to oper- adopted thereunder.
Florida Mortgage Brokerage and Lending Act Rules and Regulations 9Annual percentage rate (APR): The annual percent- (B) the total points and fees payable by the con-age rate for the loan calculated according to the provi- sumer at or before closing will exceed thesions of 15 U.S.C. 1606 and the regulations adopted greater of—thereunder by the Federal Reserve Board. (i) 8 percent of the total loan amount; or (ii) $547.00, for the year 2007.Borrower: Any natural person obligated to repay a (2) (A) After the 2-year period beginning on theloan, including, but not limited to, a co-borrower, co- effective date of the regulations promulgatedsignor, or guarantor. under section 155 of the Riegle CommunityBridge loan: A loan with a maturity of less than 18 Development and Regulatory Improvementmonths that only requires the payment of interest Act of 1994, and no more frequently than bien-until such time as the entire unpaid balance is due and nially after the first increase or decrease underpayable. this subparagraph, the Board may by regula-Commission: The Financial Services Commission. tion increase or decrease the number of per- centage points specified in paragraph (1)(A),Office: The Office of Financial Regulation of the if the Board determines that the increase orcommission. decrease is—Lender: Any person who makes a high-cost home (i) consistent with the consumer protectionsloan or acts as a mortgage broker or lender, finance against abusive lending provided by thecompany, or retail installment seller with respect to a amendments made by subtitle B of title Ihigh-cost home loan, but shall not include any entity of the Riegle Community Developmentchartered by the United States Congress when engag- and Regulatory Improvement Act of 1994;ing in secondary market mortgage transactions as an andassignee or otherwise. (ii) warranted by the need for credit. (B) An increase or decrease under subparagraphResidential mortgage transaction: A transaction (A) may not result in the number of percent-in which a mortgage, deed of trust, purchase money age points referred to in subparagraph (A)security interest arising under an installment sales being—contract, or equivalent consensual security interest is (i) less that 8 percentage points; orcreated or retained against the consumer’s dwelling to (ii) greater than 12 percentage points.finance the acquisition or initial construction of such (C) In determining whether to increase or decreasedwelling. (15 U.S.C.) 1602(w) the number of percentage points referred to in subparagraph (A), the Board shall consultHigH-cOst HOMe LOans with representatives of consumers, including low-income consumers, and lenders.Definition (3) The amount specified in paragraph (1)(B)(ii) shall be adjusted annually on January 1 by the annualThe provisions of the Florida Fair Lending Act deal percentage change in the Consumer Price Index,primarily with high-cost home loans. as reported on June 1 of the year preceding suchHigh-cost home loans are defined by 15 U.S.C. adjustment.1602(aa), which provides in pertinent part as follows: (4) For purposes of paragraph (1)(B), points and fees(1) A mortgage referred to in this subsection means a shall include— consumer credit transaction that is secured by the (A) all items included in the finance charge, except consumer’s principal dwelling, other than a resi- interest or the time-price differential; dential mortgage transaction, a reverse mortgage (B) all compensation paid to mortgage brokers; transaction, or a transaction under an open end (C) each of the charges listed in section1605(e) of credit plan, if— this title (except an escrow for future payment (A) the annual percentage rate at consummation of taxes), unless— of the transaction will exceed by more than 10 (i) the charge is reasonable; percentage points the yield on Treasury secu- (ii) the creditor receives no direct or indirect rities having comparable periods of maturity compensation; and on the fifteenth day of the month immediately (iii) the charge is paid to a third party unaffili- preceding the month in which the application ated with the creditor; and for the extension of credit is received by the (D) such other charges as the Board determines to creditor; or be appropriate.
10 Module 1PrOHibiteD acts required under the loan are consolidated and paid in advance from the loan proceeds providedChapter 494.00791,F.S. provides for prohibited acts to the borrower.involving high-cost loans. (6) Extending Credit Without Regard To The (1) Prepayment Penalties Payment Ability Of The Borrower (a) A high-cost home loan may not contain A lender making a high-cost home loan shall not terms that require a borrower to pay a pre- engage in any pattern or practice of extending payment penalty for paying all or part of the high-cost home loans to borrowers based upon loan principal before the date on which the the borrowers’ collateral without regard to the payment is due. borrowers’ ability to repay the loan, including (b) Notwithstanding paragraph (a), a lender the borrowers’ current and expected income, making a high-cost home loan may include current obligations, and employment. in the loan contract a prepayment fee or penalty, for up to the first 36 months after (7) Payments To A Home Contractor the date of consummation of the loan, if: A lender shall not make any payments to a con- 1. The borrower has also been offered a tractor under a home improvement contract choice of another product without a pre- from amounts of a high-cost home loan other payment penalty. than: 2. The borrower has been given, at least 3 (a) In the form of an instrument that is payable business days prior to the loan consum- to the borrower or jointly to the borrower mation, a written disclosure of the terms and the contractor; or of the prepayment fee or penalty by the (b) At the election of the borrower by a third- lender, including the benefit the bor- party escrow agent in accordance with terms rower will receive for accepting the pre- established in a written agreement signed by payment fee or penalty through either the borrower, the lender, and the contractor a reduced interest rate on the loan or prior to the date of payment. reduced points or fees. (8) Due-On-Demand Clause A high-cost home loan may not contain a provi- (2) Default Interest Rate sion that permits the lender, in its sole discre- A high-cost home loan may not provide for a tion, to call or accelerate the indebtedness. This higher interest rate after default on the loan. provision does not prohibit acceleration of the However, this prohibition does not apply to loan due to the borrower’s failure to abide by interest rate changes in a variable rate loan oth- the terms of the loan, or due to fraud or material erwise consistent with the provisions of the loan misrepresentation by the consumer in connec- documents, provided the change in interest rate tion with the loan. is not triggered by a default or the acceleration of the interest rate. (9) Refinancing Within an 18-Month Period (a) A lender, its affiliate, or an assignee shall not (3) Balloon Payments refinance any high-cost home loan to the A high-cost home loan having a term of less than same borrower within the first 18 months 10 years may not contain terms under which the of the loan when the refinancing does not aggregate amount of the regular periodic pay- have a reasonable benefit to the borrower ments would not fully amortize the outstanding considering all of the circumstances, includ- principal balance. However, this prohibition ing, but not limited to, the terms of both the does not apply when the payment schedule is new and refinanced loans, the cost of the adjusted to account for the seasonal or irregular new loan, and the borrower’s circumstances. income of the borrower or if the loan is a bridge (b) A lender or assignee shall not engage in loan. acts or practices to evade this requirement, (4) Negative Amortization including a pattern or practice of arrang- A high-cost home loan may not contain terms ing for the refinancing of the lender’s or under which the outstanding principal balance assignee’s own loans by affiliated or unaffili- will increase at any time over the course of the ated lenders or modifying a loan agreement, loan because the regular periodic payments do whether or not the existing loan is satisfied not cover the full amount of the interest due. and replaced by the new loan, and charging a fee. (5) Prepaid Payments A high-cost home loan may not include terms (10) Open-Ended Loans under which more than two periodic payments A lender shall not make any loan as an open-
Florida Mortgage Brokerage and Lending Act Rules and Regulations 11 ended loan in order to evade the provisions of to a borrower in substantially the following this act unless such open-ended loans meet the form: definition in 12 C.F.R. s. 226.2(a)(20). If you obtain this high-cost home loan, the lender will have a mortgage on your(11) Recommendation of Default home. You could lose your home and any A lender shall not recommend or encourage money you have put into it if you do not default on an existing loan or other debt prior meet your obligations under the loan. Mortgage loan rates and closing costs and to and in connection with the closing or planned fees vary based on many factors, includ- closing of a high-cost home loan that refinances ing your particular credit and financial all or any portion of such existing loan or debt. circumstances, your employment history, the loan-to-value requested, and the type(12) Prohibited Door-To-Door Loans of property that will secure your loan. The A high-cost home loan may not be made as a loan rate and fees could also vary based direct result of a potential or future lender or upon which lender or broker you select. its representative offering or selling a high-cost As a borrower, you should shop around home loan at the residence of a potential bor- and compare loan rates and fees. You should also consider consulting a quali- rower without a prearranged appointment with fied independent credit counselor or other the potential borrower or the expressed invita- experienced financial adviser regarding tion of the potential borrower. This subsection the rates, fees, and provisions of this mort- does not apply to mail solicitations that may be gage loan before you proceed. You should received by the potential borrower. contact the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development for a(13) Late Payment Fees list of credit counselors available in your A lender may not charge a late payment fee for area. You are not required to complete a high-cost home loan except as provided in this this agreement merely because you have received these disclosures or have signed subsection. A late payment fee: a loan application. Borrowing for the (a) may not be in excess of 5 percent of the purpose of debt consolidation can be an amount of the payment past due. appropriate financial management tool. (b) may only be assessed for a payment past due However, if you continue to incur sig- for 15 days or more. nificant new credit card charges or other (c) may not be charged more than once with debts after this high-cost home loan is closed and then experience financial dif- respect to a single late payment. If a late ficulties, you could lose your home and payment fee is deducted from a payment any equity you have in it if you do not made on the loan and such deduction causes meet your mortgage loan obligations. a subsequent default on a subsequent pay- Remember that property taxes and home- ment, no late payment fee may be imposed owners’ insurance are your responsibility. Not all lenders provide escrow services for such default. If a late payment fee has for these payments. You should ask your been imposed once with respect to a par- lender about these services. Also, your ticular late payment, no such fee shall be payments on existing debts contribute to imposed with respect to any future payment your credit rating. You should not accept which would have been timely and suffi- any advice to ignore your regular pay- cient, but for the previous default. ments to your existing creditors.(14) Modification or Deferral Fees (b) Annual percentage rate A lender may not charge a borrower any fees A lender making a high-cost home loan shall or other charges to modify, renew, extend, or disclose: amend a high-cost home loan or to defer any 1. In the case of a fixed mortgage, the payment due under the terms of a high-cost annual percentage rate and the amount home loan on a minimum of one modifica- of the regular monthly payment. tion, renewal, extension, or deferral per each 12 2. In the case of any other credit transac- months of the length of the loan. tion, the annual percentage rate, the amount of the regular monthly payment and the amount of any balloon paymentHigH-cOst LOan DiscLOsUres permitted under this section, a statementChapter 494.00792 F. S. provides: that the interest rate and monthly pay- (1) In addition to other disclosures required by law ment may increase, and the amount of and in conspicuous type: the maximum monthly payment based (a) Notice to borrower. A lender making a upon the maximum interest rate allowed high-cost home loan shall provide a notice pursuant to law.
12 Module 1 (c) Notice to purchasers and assignees and Office are responsible for the administration and All high-cost home loans shall contain the enforcement of this act. The Commission may adopt following notice: rules pursuant to ss. 120.536(1) and 120.54 to imple- Notice: This is a mortgage subject to the ment this act. The Commission may adopt rules to provisions of the Florida Fair Lending Act. allow electronic submission of any forms, documents, Purchasers and assignees of this mortgage or fees required by this act. could be liable for all claims and defenses The Office: with respect to the mortgage which the borrower could assert against the creditor. • may conduct an investigation of any person when- ever the Office has reason to believe, upon com- (2) Timing of Disclosure plaint or otherwise, that any violation of the act has (a) The disclosure required by this subsection shall be given not less than 3 business days occurred. prior to the consummation of the high-cost • any person having reason to believe that a provision home loan. of this act has been violated may file a written com- (b) New disclosures are required when, after plaint with the Office setting forth the details of the disclosure is made, the lender making the alleged violation. high-cost home loan changes the terms of • may conduct examinations of any person to deter- the extension of credit, including if such mine compliance with this act. changes make the original disclosures inac- curate, unless new disclosures are provided • may bring action through its own counsel in the that meet the requirements of this section. name and on behalf of the state against any person (c) A lender may provide new disclosures pur- who has violated or is about to violate any provision suant to paragraph (b) by telephone, if: of this act or any rule or order issued under the act 1. The change is initiated by the borrower. to enjoin the person from continuing in or engag- 2. At the consummation of the high-cost ing in any act in furtherance of the violation. home loan: • in any injunctive proceeding, the court may issue a. The lender provides the disclosures in a subpoena or subpoenas duces tecum, requiring the writing to the borrower. attendance of any witnesses and the production of b. The lender and the borrower cer- any books, accounts, records, and other documents tify in writing that the new disclosures were provided by telephone no later and materials that appear necessary to the expedi- than 3 days prior to the consumma- tious resolution of the application for injunction. tion of the high-cost home loan. • may issue and serve upon any person an order to (d) A creditor must disclose to any high-cost cease and desist and to take corrective action when- home loan borrower the rights of the bor- ever it has reason to believe the person is violating, rower to rescind the high-cost home loan has violated, or is about to violate any provision within 3 business days pursuant to 15 U.S.C. of this act, or any written agreement between the s. 1635(a) and shall provide appropriate person and the Office. All procedural matters relat- forms for the borrower to exercise his or ing to issuance and enforcement of such cease and her right to rescission. The notice, forms, desist orders are governed by the Administrative and provisions thereof must be in accor- Procedure Act. dance with the requirements of 15 U.S.C. s. 1635(a). • whenever the Office finds a person in violation of this act, it may enter an order imposing a fine in an amount not exceeding $5,000 for each count orregULatiOn OF tHe FLOriDa Fair separate offense, provided that the aggregate fineLenDing act for all violations of this act that could have beenThe Office of Financial Regulation and the Financial asserted at the time of the order imposing the fineServices Commission are responsible for the adminis- shall not exceed $500,000.tration and enforcement of The Florida Fair Lending Any violation of this act shall also be deemed to be aAct. Duties include investigations, examinations, violation of Chapter 494, Chapter 516, Chapter 520,injunctions, and orders. Chapter 655, Chapter 657, Chapter 658, Chapter 660, Chapter 663, Chapter 665, or Chapter 667. The com-Powers and Duties of the commission mission may adopt rules to enforce this subsection.and Office; investigations; examinations;injunctions; Orders enforcement of the Florida Fair Lending actChapter 494.00795, F.S. provides that the Commission Chapter 494.00796, F.S. provides:
Florida Mortgage Brokerage and Lending Act Rules and Regulations 1(1) Any person or the agent, officer, or other repre- cOncLUsiOn sentative of any person committing a material vio- In conclusion, it is important to be aware of current lation of the provisions of this act shall forfeit the rules and regulations governing the mortgage lend- entire interest charged in the high-cost home loan ing business and the extent to which they affect daily or contracted to be charged or received, and only practice. These rules and regulations apply to a wide the principal sum of such high-cost home loan range of topics, including licensure requirements, can be enforced in any court in this state, either at continuing education requirements, and penalties for law or in equity. violations of the rules. The Department of Financial(2) A creditor in a home loan who, when acting in Services is responsible for regulating the activities of good faith, fails to comply with the provisions of mortgage brokers, mortgage brokerage businesses, this act shall not be deemed to have violated this mortgage lenders, and correspondent mortgage lend- act if the creditor establishes that within 60 days ers by the use of Florida Statutes and the Florida after receiving any notice from the borrower of Administrative Code and, when necessary, for impos- the compliance failure, which compliance failure ing penalties on licensees found to be in violation. was not intentional and resulted from a bona fide error notwithstanding the maintenance of proce- resOUrces dures reasonably adapted to avoid such errors, the borrower has been notified of the compliance fail- To access any of the required forms, go to www.flofr. ure, appropriate restitution has been made to the com/licensing/MBlist.htm and select the appropri- borrower, and appropriate adjustments are made ate license type. to the loan. Bona fide errors shall include, but not To access Chapter 494 online, go to be limited to, clerical, calculation, computer mal- www.leg.state.fl.us/Statutes/index.cfm?App_ function and programming, and printing errors. mode=Display_StatuteURL=Ch0494/titl0494. An error of legal judgment with respect to a per- h t m S t a t u t e Ye a r = 2 0 0 6 T i t l e = - 2 0 0 6 - son’s obligations under this section is not a bona Chapter%20494 fide error. To access the Florida Administrative Code, Rules (3) The remedies provided in this section are cumu- 69V-40, go to www.flofr.com/licensing/Rules lative. Statutes/Rule69V-40.htm
14 Module 1 MODULe revieW eXercises Use the exercise questions to review the module material. The answers are found on the bottom of the next page. 1. In Chapter 494, an individual, partnership, corporation, trust, or other organization that possesses the power to direct the management or policies of a company is referred to as a: a. joint venturer. b. control person. c. principal broker. d. principal representative. 2. The most significant change to the Rules Regulation Mortgage Brokers by 2004 was the creation of which new Chapters? a. 40-69V F.A.C. b. 96V-40 F.A.C. c. 69V-40 F.A.C. d. 3D-40 F.A.C. 3. Which of the following is not a relevant change to Chapter 494 that became effective October 1, 2006? a. Elimination of the need to display individual, main and branch office licenses. b. Provision that applications are not deemed received until all required fees are received and authorizes disci- plinary action if fees are paid with a bad check. c. Provision that grounds for no disciplinary action when action is taken by other federal and state regulatory organizations located in or outside the State of Florida involving securities, insurance, real estate, and lending activities. d. Allows the Office to contract with a third party vendor to administer the mortgage broker test. 4. Which of the following is not a prohibited act per Chapter 494? a. To act as a mortgage lender in this state without a current, active license issued by the Office pursuant to 494.006-494.0077, F.S. b. To record a mortgage brokerage agreement or any other document, rendered by a court of competent jurisdic- tion, which purports to enforce the terms of the mortgage brokerage agreement. c. To pay a fee or commission in any mortgage loan transaction to any person or entity other than a mortgage brokerage business, mortgage lender, or correspondent mortgage lender, operating under an active license, or a person exempt from licensure under this chapter. d. In any matter within the jurisdiction of the Office, to knowingly and willfully falsify, conceal, or cover up by a trick, scheme, or device a material fact, make any false or fraudulent statement or representation, or make or use any false writing or document, knowing the same to contain any false or fraudulent statement or entry. 5. Audited financial statements of lenders must be prepared according to: a. U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. b. U.S. generally accepted auditing principles. c. U.S. generally accounted accepted principles. d. audited financials are not required by lenders once licensed. 6. Electronic filing of applications, renewals, and fees can be done by: a. mortgage brokers. b. mortgage brokerage businesses. c. mortgage lenders. d. all of the above. Transfer your answers to the space provided on the Answer Sheet.
Florida Mortgage Brokerage and Lending Act Rules and Regulations 157. A person is presumed to control a company if, with respect to a particular company, that person: a. is a director, general partner, or officer exercising executive responsibility or having similar status or functions. b. directly or indirectly may vote 10 percent or more of a class of voting securities or sell or direct the sale of 10 percent or more of a class of voting securities. c. in the case of a partnership, may receive upon dissolution or has contributed 10 percent or more of the capital. d. any of the above. 1) b 2) c 3) c 4) b 5) a 6) d 7) d ANSWERS: Transfer your answers to the space provided on the Answer Sheet.
1 Module 2credit bureau within 60 days of being denied credit. rizing disclosure for an employer to access the fileThe Equal Credit Opportunity Act (ECOA) requires is required.that the creditor provide a notice disclosing the rea- • Consumers can limit prescreened offers by optingson the loan was rejected. The Fair Credit Reporting out.Act (FRCA) requires the creditor to give the name,address, and phone number of the consumer report- • Consumers can seek damages from violators.ing company that supplied the information. • Identity theft victims and active duty military per- sonnel have additional rights. www.annualcreditreport.com www.equifax.com The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) handles www.experian.com consumer complaints. Their contact information is www.transunion.com below: Phone: (877) -FTC-HELP (382-4357)credit scoring Mail: Federal Trade CommissionThis process of evaluating past credit performance CRC-240to predict future credit performance is called credit Washington, D.C. 20580scoring. Credit scores for mortgage purposes rangefrom 300 – 850. Higher credit scores are indicative of Online complaint form: https://rn.ftc.gov/better credit performance and lower scores indicative pls/dod/wsolcq$.startup?Z_ORG_CODE=of possible default in the future. Since it is based on PU01statistics and real data, it is more reliable than sub-jective methods as it treats each subject objectively. What counts in a credit score?Under the ECOA, a credit scoring system may notuse race, sex, marital status, national origin, or reli- When a credit score is provided, 4 reason codes aregion as factors. The ECOA states that a person cannot also provided to explain the scoring decision. It alsobe denied credit or have credit terminated because of gives insight on how the score may be improved.their age. However, creditors are allowed to use age in Each bureau places different weight on different fac-a properly designed system but must give equal weight tors. Some look more heavily upon installment loansto elderly applicants. and others on collections. If a credit report is used in making a decision to accept or reject a mortgageconsumer credit rights loan, then the customer must be provided a National Credit Score Disclosure. The National Credit ScoreThe federal FCRA promotes the accuracy, fairness, Disclosure provides the reason codes that were usedand privacy of information in the files of consumer most heavily in determining the score. See a samplereporting agencies. Consumer reporting agen- disclosure in Exhibit I.cies include credit bureaus and specialty agencies.Specialty agencies include agencies that sell informa- FICO Score. According to FICO, a consumer’stion about check writing histories, medical records, credit score is composed of 5 factors each weightedand rental history records. Consumers’ rights under differently.the FCRA include: 1. 35% of the FICO score is determined by how the• Consumers must be told if information in their consumer pays their credit accounts. Late pay- credit file has been used against them. ments, bankruptcies, and other negative items con-• Consumers have the right to know what is in their tribute negatively to the score. file. 2. 30% of the FICO score is determined by how much is owed on all outstanding accounts, the number of• Consumers have the right to ask for a credit score. accounts, and how much available credit is being• Consumers have the right to dispute incomplete or utilized. The more owed, the lower the score. inaccurate information. 3. 15% of the FICO score is determined by the length• Consumer reporting agencies must correct or of the credit history. However a short credit history delete inaccurate, incomplete, or unverifiable infor- with successful financial management will reflect mation. positively in the score.• Consumer reporting agencies may not report out- 4. 10% of the FICO score is determined by open- dated negative information. ing new accounts. Too many inquiries that do not result in the extension of credit will reflect nega-• Access to the file is limited to people with a valid tively in the score. Interest rate shopping should be need. done in a short period of time to minimize lower-• Written signed disclosure by the consumer autho- ing the score.
Credit Scores and Credit Scoring 19 exhibit i: national credit score Disclosure FormSource: Calyx
20 Module 25. 10% of the FICO score comes from having a mix of like a credit card, a car loan, or mortgage are consid- credit like credit cards, a mortgage, and an install- ered unscoreable at the bureaus. Because of the lack of ment loan. traditional credit reporting, the model cannot provideThis chart shows how the Fair Isaac Corp. values the a numerical determination. These borrowers may bevarious parts of your credit management to determine placed into subprime loans with higher rates and feesyour credit score. because the lender cannot determine the risk associ- ated with lending to this borrower. Figure 2.1 What counts in a credit score? Pay rent build credit Pay Rent Build Credit, Inc. (PRBC) is a consumer reporting agency that collects, stores, scores, and reports bill payment data for permissible purposes under the FCRA. Their website is devoted to help- ing people develop credit scores based on alterna- tive credit. Their philosophy advocates that Payment Reporting Builds Credit.SM It is the first credit bureau to give consumers and small businesses the tools toSource: Fair Isaac Corp., www.myfico.com demonstrate their creditworthiness without the need to go into debt (www.prbc.com ).How can a credit score be improved? In addition to receiving payment data from creditorsCredit scores change as new information is reported and financial institutions’ bill payment services, PRBCin the consumer’s credit file. In order to improve the has partnered with the National Credit Reportingscore, a consumer should consider: Association to verify trade line accounts and up to• paying bills on time. 3 years worth of prior payments that are reported directly by consumers to PRBC.• keeping balances low on credit cards in relation to available credit. Lenders can purchase a PRBC ReportSM depicting a• paying down revolving debt. consumer’s bill payment history either on a stand- alone basis, or merged with Equifax, Experían, and• applying for new credit only when necessary. TransUnion credit reports. Each report is accompa-• if any payments have been missed, get current and nied by a PRBC Bill Payment ScoreSM (BPSSM). PRBC stay current. Reports and the BPS are used in the absence of, orThe credit file should be checked periodically to be as a supplement to a traditional credit report, to gaincertain there are no errors and to help guard against a more complete and accurate risk assessment of anidentity theft. If an identity thief opens an account in applicant. A PRBC Report may also be used as ayour name and does not pay the bill, the bad credit nontraditional mortgage credit report which exceedscould be reported under your name. If any of the secondary market standards for documenting cred-information is incorrect, then under the FCRA, both itworthiness. PRBC does not charge consumers orthe consumer reporting agency and the creditor are small businesses a fee to enroll in the service or to viewresponsible for correcting inaccurate or incomplete their own payment data at any time. The main objec-information. Once the consumer sends written proof tive is to automate the mortgage application processof the mistake to the credit reporting agency, the for hard-to-score borrowers so they may qualify foragency has 30 days to investigate the information. better loan products and pricing.The credit reporting agency must delete the con-tested information when the agency does not receive aresponse from the creditor or if the creditor is out of vantagescoreSMbusiness and the information cannot be verified. In 2006, the 3 national repositories introduced the jointly developed new credit score, VantageScoreSMUnder the FCRA, consumer reporting agencies must designed to simplify and enhance the credit process forcorrect or delete unverifiable, inaccurate, or incom- both consumers and credit grantors. VantageScoreSMplete information within 30 days of notification by the can provide consumers and businesses with a highlyconsumer. Negative information or bad credit will be predictive, consistent score that is easy to understand.reported for 7 years. Bankruptcies and judgments will Scores range from 501 to 990. with higher scoresbe reported for 10 years. indicative of lower risk. A type of report card has beenBorrowers who do not have traditional credit accounts created with grades A to F.

domain: finance


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an adventurous wonderment into the tangled weeds of art
pieces of me.
this black photo tray by 7 gypsies called to my creative muse the minute i saw it. not only did i know it would look great on my living room wall but i knew i wanted it to be a part of my adventuresome spirit. i will take each section one by one so you can see up close and personal what i did to it. each section is 4x6" and that's not a lot of space to work with but i made it work. to be a piece of me it is filled with nature items, words, letters, the number 2 and a lot of playfulness. did i tell you how much i love it? oh yeah, i do, really :D

domain: artistic


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Are Alternative Investments Right for You?
With alternative investments, it’s critical to sort through the complexity.
Have A Question About This Topic?
If your clients are buying or selling a home, use this to help them determine if they qualify for capital gains taxes.
Help determine the required minimum distribution from an IRA or other qualified retirement plan.
Do you have causes that you want to support with donations?

domain: economics


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Barcelona: Editorial Anagrama, (Narrativas hispánicas, 624), 2019. First Edition. Paperback. 193p., wrps. "Hombres elegantes y otros artículos" are a collection of snapshots and vignettes, like sketches in a painter's watercolor notebook. The works, written by Milena Busquets, explore the everyday, which at times may seem insignificant to the unattentive eye.....
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domain: library


text:
4 cpoached chicken (diced)
1 ccelery (finely chopped)
1 cpecans (chopped)
1 1/2 cwhite seedless grapes (cut in fourths)
1 cwhite raisins
4 ozsour cream
1 cKraft mayonnaise
salt and black pepper, to taste
1 Poach chicken (boneless skinless) breast. This takes the longest amount of time. I often cook my chicken the day before and store it in a Ziploc bag in the fridge. When you are ready to make the salad you dice the chicken.
2 In a large bowl mix all of the ingredients; salt and pepper to taste. You may need a little more mayonnaise.
3 I serve it with crackers, or it makes a great sandwich with lettuce and tomatoes.

domain: food


This Texas Asylum Is Among The Most Haunted Places In The Nation
Insane asylums are already creepy enough, but what about when the patients are free to roam the halls as they please? Former residents of Dr. White’s Sanitarium in Wichita Falls are bound to be filled with anger – especially those who died from inhumane experiments performed on them. And since they weren’t confined to a single cell, their spirits could be anywhere in the entire building… so beware.
Check out this video of a paranormal crew investigating the asylum. It’s hard to ignore this evidence:


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Contact for price 1—2 bed 350 Clarks Pond Parkway, South Portland ME, 04106
Most errands require a car.
A few nearby public transportation options.
Some bike infrastructure.
Explore how far you can travel by car, bus, bike and foot from Latitude at South Portland Apartments.
Latitude at South Portland Apartments has some transit which means a few nearby public transportation options.
24B Maine Mall via Community Center
24A Maine Mall via Main Street
5 Maine Mall
3 Route 3
View all South Portland apartments on a map.
Latitude at South Portland Apartments is in the city of South Portland, ME. South Portland has an average Walk Score of 41 and has 25,002 residents.Learn More About South Portland

domain: geography


text:
Organisation unknown, Asiyi eKhayelitsha (We will not go to Khayelitsha), 1985. Silkscreen poster produced and printed at CAP, Cape Town. Artist(s) unknown. CAP Collection, CHR / UWC -Robben Island Museum Mayibuye Archives
The CHR fellowship programme will continue in 2022 through online platforms and, where permitted, limited live events hosted in compliance with COVID-19 protocols. Please follow our events page for updates about events.


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Hailey Whitters concert Tickets
Hallie Whitters (born October 15, 1985) is an American country music artist.
She signed a recording contract with Big Machine Records’ imprint The Valory Music Co. in 2019 and released her debut single «Ten Year Town» in early 2020.
Hailey Whitters is living life right on the line between real and imagined.
The Nashville-based singer, songwriter and storyteller is a cast member of the acclaimed musical podcast «The Drop-In,» which tells the story of fictional country star Elaine Kaye’s rise to fame.
On the show, Whitters plays Elaine’s mother, Rose, who helped shape young Kaye into the artist she’d become.
Hallie Whitters will be headlining her own shows, so get your tickets fast!

domain: celebrity


text:
Betsson AB (BETSb.ST)
* Says betsson ab's board of directors has decided to appoint Pontus Lindwall CEO of Betsson until a new CEO has been recruited
* Betsson Q2 operating profit SEK 207 million versus SEK 200 million seen in Reuters poll
* Betsson asks the European Commission to re-open infringement proceedings against the Netherlands Source text for Eikon: Further company coverage:
* Q1 revenue increased by 10.2 percent to SEK 1,102 million Casino revenue increased by 23.0 percent.
* Says Hilsen is currently CFO of Telenor Sweden, a position she has held for four years Source text for Eikon: Further company coverage: (Stockholm Newsroom)
March 31 Online betting firm Betsson said on Friday it was lowering its targeted dividend payout ratio to boost its ability to make acquisitions, sending shares lower.
* Changed dividend policy, applicable as of financial year 2017
* Says offer to acquire UK gaming operator Netplay TV sanctioned by court and will be completed
* Says Betsson's offer to acquire UK gaming operator Netplay TV approved by shareholders

domain: news


Computers and the human brain work in such different ways that it is difficult to comprehend the concept of machine learning. And yet, in today's lesson, former CEO and chairman of Advanced Micro Devices Hector Ruiz explains how this concept might soon become a reality.
The same way that a child accumulates knowledge and then begins to ask the question "why?" experiments have shown that computers can learn to ask questions requesting more information to solve complex problems. And according to Ruiz, the benefits of advanced cognitive computing could be unimaginable.


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The lottery is a form of gambling in which people play numbers drawn randomly and hope to win prizes. It is a multimillion dollar industry and can be very addictive.
The origins of the lottery date back thousands of years and were first used in ancient times to settle legal disputes, assign property rights, and fund large government projects. The modern lottery is a popular way to raise money for charitable causes, public works projects, and military efforts.
Lotteries are a common form of gambling in which a prize is awarded to a winner in a random drawing. They can be run by governments, nonprofit institutions, and commercial companies.
They can range in size from a simple “50/50” drawings that award 50% of ticket sales to multistate lotteries offering jackpots of several million dollars. The odds of winning are based on the number of tickets sold, the frequency of the drawings, and the payout percentage.
In many countries, a lottery is regulated by the government and must meet certain standards. These laws usually govern the conduct of the lottery and how prizes are paid out. They may include provisions for the repurchase of tickets by winners, penalties for illegal activities, and requirements for financial audits.
The government also has a role in regulating the size and amount of prizes offered, as well as ensuring that they are fairly divided among winners. The government may impose taxes on prizes or require the lottery to pay a specific amount of revenue to the government.
Most state governments seek revenues for their budgets by holding a lottery, and the proceeds of the lottery are sometimes distributed to a wide variety of programs. These include schools, parks and recreational services, military and community projects, and other governmental and nongovernmental organizations.
Some governments have banned lotteries, and some endorse them; others regulate them and offer independent audits of the operations. In the United States, many states have passed antilottery laws. Some have even banned them altogether.
In the 15th century, many towns in the Low Countries held public lotteries to raise funds for their poor and for town fortifications. A document from L’Ecluse, dated 9 May 1445, mentions a lottery that raised 1737 florins.
There are numerous ways to win the lottery, but they all depend on your own strategy. The most important strategy is to stop giving so much importance to luck and to carry out precise methods and strategies using observation, mathematics, patience, and perseverance.
The second strategy is to focus on the lottery numbers, and to visualize them clearly in your mind. This is important, because it helps you to see them in a more clear way and it also increases your chances of winning.
A third strategy is to take a look at the previous results of a particular lottery, and to notice whether a combination of numbers has been winning for a long time. This is because if there is a pattern of numbers that are winning, it can be exploited to increase your chances of winning.

domain: law


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Aphasia group launches app to explain the condition
Published On Fri 30 Jun 2017 by Roddy Isles
Cabinet Secretary for Health and Sport Shona Robison was at the University today to help launch a new app created by people with aphasia to help those living with the condition.
The ‘I Have Aphasia’ app, which was created in partnership with people with aphasia living in Tayside, shows a short animated film outlining the key communication difficulties people with aphasia face. This film is a tool that people with aphasia can share with others to explain the challenges they face and the animation illustrates how people can assist anyone with aphasia through understanding and patience.
Aphasia is a complex language and communication disorder resulting from damage to the language centres of the brain. This damage may be caused by a stroke, a head injury, a brain tumour or another neurological illness. It is estimated that there are over 350,000 people with aphasia living in Britain.
The app was developed during a collaborative programme run in partnership with Tayside Healthcare Arts Trust’s ST/ART Project and the Tap and Talk Aphasia iPad group, based at the User Centre of the University’s School of Science and Engineering.
During the eight week programme, members of the group shared their personal experiences of aphasia and worked with professional animator Andrew Low to shape and direct the production of a film and the short app animation. With support from Stirling-based software development firm DOGFI.SH Mobile, the short animation has now been reproduced as a free downloadable app from the Apple App store for iPhones and iPads.
The launch of the app today also helped mark Aphasia Awareness Month.
Cabinet Secretary Shona Robison joined participants of the Tap and Talk group, NHS Tayside Chairman Professor John Connell, Director of Allied Health Professions Karen Anderson, NHS Tayside Board member Alison Rogers and Professor Sir Pete Downes, Principal and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Dundee, to officially launch the app.
Ms Robison said, “We are committed to ensure that everybody living in Scotland with stroke, and other neurological conditions that cause aphasia, has access to the best patient care possible.
“Communication is a key element, and it is extremely encouraging to see partnership working to develop technological innovations such as this app, which can help to support those experiencing challenges communicating as a result of their aphasia.”
Professor Sir Pete Downes said, “This is a strong example of our collaborations with extra-ordinary users and shows again the value of embedding the User Centre within Computing at the University. It demonstrates the difference we can make, not only to the lives of older people or people with a disability, but also to our computing graduates who develop skills in developing technology for a wide range of users.”
Professor Connell said, “I am pleased to attend today’s event to mark the launch of the app and celebrate the hard work of the participants involved with the ST/ART project. The collaborative project has been very much driven by the participants, who by sharing their own experiences with aphasia, have created an app that will potentially help others with the condition. It is a great example of how collaboration with the University of Dundee drives benefit for patients.”
ST/ART projects coordinator Chris Kelly said, “The group were really focused and worked so hard on their message during the project. This made it easy for all the partners to get behind the idea of the app and take it to this new level. It is a wonderful example of empowerment that will potentially benefit thousands of people.”
The app is available at http://aphasia.dogfish.tech for free download from the Apple App Store from today (Friday, 30 June).
The ST/ART project, which has been in place since 2004, provides creative engagement opportunities for stroke survivors, using participatory arts as part of their rehabilitation and recovery.
ST/ART is run by Tayside Healthcare Arts Trust (THAT) in association with NHS Tayside.
For more information on aphasia visit the Stroke Association website at www.stroke.org.uk/what-stroke/what-aphasia
For media enquiries contact:
Head of Corporate Communications
University of Dundee
Nethergate, Dundee, DD1 4HN
Tel: +44 (0)1382 384910
Mobile: 07800 581902


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As the colder months approach, it’s time to ensure that your beloved plants are well-prepared for the winter ahead. In this article, we’ll explore some helpful tips and techniques to effectively winter proof your plants. From providing adequate insulation and protection to implementing smart watering strategies, we’ll guide you through the necessary steps to help your plants thrive during the chilly season. So, grab your gardening gloves and let’s get started on giving your plants the winter care they deserve.
Understanding Plant Hardiness Zones
Defining Hardiness Zones
When it comes to gardening and choosing the right plants for your outdoor space, understanding plant hardiness zones is crucial. A plant hardiness zone is a geographic area that is determined by the average annual extreme minimum temperature. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) has created a map that divides the country into different zones, ranging from Zone 1, which experiences extreme cold, to Zone 13, where tropical conditions prevail.
Identifying Your Zone
To successfully winter proof your plants, you need to know which hardiness zone you are in. This information will help you select plants that can thrive in your specific climate. The USDA has an interactive map available on their website that allows you to easily identify your zone. Simply enter your zip code, and it will provide you with your hardiness zone information.
Choosing Plants for Your Zone
Once you have identified your hardiness zone, it’s time to choose plants that are suitable for your specific climate. Selecting plants that are known to thrive in your zone will drastically increase their chances of surviving the winter. Consider looking for native species that are adapted to the local conditions. These plants have already developed natural defenses against cold temperatures and other harsh weather conditions. Additionally, be sure to avoid planting tender plants that are not well-suited for your zone, as they are more likely to suffer damage or even die during the winter months.
The Importance of Microclimates
Creating Sheltered Spots
Even within a specific hardiness zone, there can be microclimates that offer slightly different growing conditions. These microclimates can be a result of various factors such as nearby buildings, bodies of water, or even the layout of your garden. Creating sheltered spots within your garden can help protect delicate plants from the harsh winter conditions. Consider planting shrubs or erecting fences in strategic locations to provide a barrier against strong winds.
Utilizing Walls and Fences
Walls and fences can serve as effective windbreaks, reducing the impact of cold gusts on your plants. By positioning your plants near these structures, you can create a more favorable microclimate for them. However, it’s important to note that these structures can also create shade, so it’s essential to choose plants that can tolerate such conditions.
Taking Advantage of South-Facing Exposures
South-facing exposures receive the most sunlight during the winter months, making them ideal for cold-sensitive plants. These areas tend to be warmer and provide more conducive growing conditions. Utilize south-facing exposures by planting delicate plants or placing containers in these locations to maximize their chances of survival.
Selecting the Right Plants
Native Species That Tolerate Cold
Native plants are a great choice for winter proofing your garden. These species have adapted to local climate conditions and are more likely to withstand the challenges of winter. Look for native plants that have a reputation for tolerating cold temperatures. Examples of such plants include conifers, hollies, and various ornamental grasses.
Cold-Hardy Varieties for Vulnerable Species
If you have specific plants in your garden that are not native to your area but you are still keen on growing them, look for cold-hardy varieties. These are hybrid or cultivated versions of tender plants that have been bred to withstand colder temperatures. Cold-hardy varieties often retain the desirable characteristics of their parent plants while also developing a tolerance for colder climates. Check with your local garden center or nursery for recommendations on cold-hardy varieties that are suitable for your region.
Avoiding Tender Plants if You’re in a Cold Zone
If you live in an area with a particularly cold climate, it’s best to avoid planting tender plants altogether. While they may be visually appealing, tender plants are much more susceptible to frost and extreme cold. Instead, choose plants that are well-suited to your hardiness zone and have a proven track record of thriving in your region.
Mulching for Cold Protection
Types of Mulch Suitable for Winter
Mulching is an essential practice for winter proofing your garden. Not only does it help insulate the soil and protect plant roots, but it also aids in retaining moisture and suppressing weed growth. There are various types of mulch available, including organic materials such as straw, dried leaves, and wood chips, as well as inorganic options like stone or gravel. Organic mulches are particularly beneficial as they break down over time, adding valuable nutrients to the soil.
Correct Application of Mulch
To effectively protect your plants from the cold, apply a layer of mulch around their base. The thickness of the mulch layer will depend on the plant type, with more delicate plants requiring a thicker layer. Generally, a layer of mulch that is 2 to 4 inches deep is sufficient. Be careful not to pile the mulch directly against the stems or trunks of plants, as this can encourage rot and pest infestations. Leave a small gap around the base of the plant to allow for proper air circulation.
Mulch and Rodent Protection
In addition to providing insulation, mulch can also serve as a deterrent for pests, particularly rodents. By creating a barrier around the plants, mulch makes it more difficult for pests to reach and damage them. However, keep an eye out for signs of rodent activity, as they may still try to burrow through the mulch. If necessary, employ additional methods to control rodent populations in your garden.
Watering Before Winter Freeze
Timing for Last Waterings
Proper watering before the onset of winter is essential for the health and survival of your plants. Aim to give your plants a thorough watering before the first freeze of the season. This ensures that they are well-hydrated and can better withstand the cold temperatures. Additionally, watering in the late afternoon or early evening allows the plants to absorb moisture before the cooler nighttime temperatures arrive.
Avoiding Waterlogged Soil in Winter
While watering is crucial, it’s important to strike a balance and avoid waterlogged soil during the winter months. Excessive moisture in the soil can lead to root rot and other detrimental conditions. Before the ground freezes, ensure that the soil has proper drainage and is not overly saturated. Consider amending the soil with organic matter to improve drainage if necessary.
The Role of Water in Insulating Roots
Water also plays a vital role in insulating plant roots during the winter. Moist soil retains heat better than dry soil, providing a protective barrier for the roots. By watering your plants before winter, you are helping them establish a reservoir of moisture that will contribute to their survival during the cold season.
Using Protective Coverings
Types of Protective Coverings
Protective coverings can make a significant difference in safeguarding your plants from winter conditions. There are several types of coverings to choose from, including burlap, frost blankets, and plastic wraps. Burlap is breathable and allows some air and light to reach the plants, while frost blankets and plastic wraps provide more extensive protection from cold and wind.
How to Properly Cover Plants
When covering your plants, ensure that the entire plant is adequately protected. Begin by securing the covering to the ground around the base of the plant to create a barrier against cold drafts. Make sure the covering extends a few inches beyond the plant’s outer branches or leaves. Avoid wrapping the material too tightly, as this can damage the plant or restrict airflow. Leave enough space for the plant to breathe while still providing sufficient insulation.
When to Remove Plant Covers
Remember that protective coverings should not be left on indefinitely. Once the threat of frost has passed and temperatures begin to rise, it’s essential to remove the coverings. Prolonged use of coverings can create a moist environment that could promote fungal diseases and hinder plant growth. Keep an eye on weather forecasts and remove the covers when it is safe to do so.
Sheltering Potted Plants
Moving Pots Indoors or into Sheltered Spaces
If you have potted plants in your garden, it’s crucial to provide them with adequate protection during winter. One option is to bring them indoors and place them in a spot with sufficient light and temperature control. If bringing them indoors is not possible, consider moving them to a sheltered area such as a garage or a covered patio. This will provide some protection against frost and extreme cold.
Insulating Pots Left Outdoors
For potted plants you choose to leave outdoors, add an extra layer of protection to the pots themselves. Insulating the pots can help prevent the roots from freezing. You can wrap the pots in bubble wrap or burlap, or even place them inside larger containers with insulating materials between them. This creates an extra barrier against the cold and helps regulate the temperature around the plant’s roots.
Adjusting Watering for Potted Plants
One crucial aspect of winter proofing potted plants is adjusting your watering routine. Since potted plants have limited access to water during winter, it’s essential to water them appropriately. Before the first freeze, give your potted plants a thorough watering and allow the excess water to drain out. As winter progresses, only water when the soil dries out slightly, being careful not to overwater as this can lead to root rot.
Pruning for Plant Health
Pruning Before Winter Onset
Pruning is an important practice to maintain the health and shape of your plants. Before winter arrives, it’s advisable to prune any dead or diseased branches from your plants. These branches can become more susceptible to damage during winter, potentially leading to further problems. Pruning before winter onset allows the plants to focus their energy on strong growth in the following spring.
Avoiding Winter Pruning Damage
While pruning is beneficial, it’s crucial to avoid pruning during the winter months. Cold temperatures and frost can cause severe damage to freshly pruned plants. Instead, schedule your pruning activities for early fall or late spring when the risk of frost has diminished. This gives the plants ample time to recover and reduces the likelihood of winter injury.
Promoting Strong Growth for Spring
Pruning before winter not only helps avoid potential damage but also sets the stage for strong growth in the coming spring. By removing dead or diseased branches, you encourage new growth and allow the plants to allocate their resources more efficiently. Proper pruning techniques help maintain the overall health and vitality of your plants, leading to more successful winter proofing.
Wind Protection Strategies
Using Fences and Windbreaks
Strong winds can be particularly damaging to plants during winter. Utilize fences, trellises, or other structures to create windbreaks that shield your plants from strong gusts. By strategically placing these barriers, you can redirect and reduce the impact of wind, protecting your plants from damage. Ensure that the windbreaks are sturdy and securely anchored to withstand gusty conditions.
Selecting Wind-Resistant Plants
Another effective strategy for wind protection is selecting plants that are naturally resistant to strong winds. Look for plants that have sturdy stems, compact growth habits, or flexible foliage that can bend without breaking. Trees and shrubs with dense canopies can also provide protection for more delicate plants growing underneath.
Finding or Creating Sheltered Microclimates
In addition to windbreaks, finding or creating sheltered microclimates can significantly reduce the impact of wind on your plants. Observe your garden and identify areas that naturally provide some protection from wind, such as the leeward side of buildings or tall fences. Capitalize on these locations by planting more vulnerable species or utilizing containers that can be moved to these sheltered areas during the winter months.
Using Anti-Desiccants for Evergreens
How Anti-Desiccants Work
Evergreen plants, such as conifers, can be vulnerable to winter damage due to moisture loss. Anti-desiccants, also known as anti-transpirants, are products that reduce water loss through leaf surfaces, helping evergreen plants retain moisture and protect them from drying out. These products form a thin, waxy film on the leaves, reducing the evaporation rate and preventing excessive moisture loss during winter.
When applying anti-desiccants to evergreen plants, ensure that you follow the instructions provided with the product. Typically, you will want to apply the anti-desiccant in late fall or early winter before temperatures drop significantly. It’s important to thoroughly coat the foliage, including both sides of the leaves, to create an effective protective barrier. Reapplication may be necessary if there is heavy rainfall or if the product’s effectiveness diminishes over time.
Choosing Plants for Anti-Desiccant Treatment
While anti-desiccants can be beneficial for evergreen plants, it’s important to note that not all species require or benefit from their use. Evaluate the specific needs of the plants in your garden before applying anti-desiccants. Evergreen plants that are more susceptible to moisture loss or are exposed to harsh winter conditions are prime candidates for this treatment. Consult with a knowledgeable gardener or local horticulture expert to determine which plants would benefit the most from anti-desiccant application.
By following these tips and strategies, you can effectively winter proof your plants and give them the best chance of surviving and thriving throughout the winter months. Remember to consider your hardiness zone and select appropriate plants, create sheltered spots, provide adequate mulching and watering, use protective coverings when necessary, and employ various other techniques to shield your plants from the cold and wind. With proper care and attention, your garden will emerge vibrant and healthy when spring arrives. Happy gardening!
Our Editorial Staff are a team of skilled writers and editors who are dedicated to providing our readers with high-quality content.

domain: agronomy


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Bijoux Luxury Suite 8.2
Cape Town City Centre
About Bijoux Luxury Suite 8.2
Bijoux Luxury Suite 8.2 is an upmarket one-bedroom apartment, offering spacious living in the heart of Cape Town City Centre, making it the perfect base.
This stylish apartment features hardwood floors and natural lighting, welcoming guests into the space, which features an open-plan layout. The apartment is fully equipped with everything you could need for stress-free business or leisure travels, including an en-suite bathroom; living, kitchen and dining area; and writing desk with laptop plug points.
The City Centre offers guests plenty of activities to enjoy, restaurants and cafes to eat at, and easy access to various business facilities, including the Cape Town International Convention Centre.
● Check-In - From 14:00 - 21:00
● Check Out - From 7:00 - 10:00
● Late Arrivals and Early Departures will be charged a fee for R250 on arrival.
Bijoux Luxury Suite 8.2 Rooms
Bijoux Luxury Suite 8.2 Map
*Distances are shown as the crow flies and not necessarily the actual travelling

domain: travel


Brief but belated research on the fate of the M-60 Tanks roughly runs as follows:
-1700 of the Type are presently operated by the Egyptian Army
-700 of the Type are operated by the tukish army
-Approximately the same number (700) were in the hands of the IDF. In their survice the M-60's were superceded by the home grown "Merkava" (Chariot) Tank. Then 105mm sized gun, an effective tank destroyer in the Yom Kippur War (THE outstand antitank weapon, although, as a shock to the IDF, the soviet made "Sagger" wife guided missiles.
Turkey has upgraded some of their M-60's, I beleive, to carry a 120mm gun. I will try to find a Picture.
Many, sadly, have been "expended" as targets in the US.
I feel this is not a "mistake" as such, but the limited usefullness of the M-1A1's in "Urban combat" and the Usefullness of the well designed, armed, silent, and amored "Styker" Armored Cars (almost a light tank on wheels) does point to the possible need for more than just one "Tank Weight" in US services.
In reading several commentaries from gulf War I, it would appear that the M-60's fared well against the Iraqi operated Soviet T-72's.
It should be noted that this may have been due to better training abd, of course, the cross sharing of Information from the IDF in dealing with Soviet types.
The formidable "Centurion" Tank was upgraded from a 22lb gun (approximately 88mm) to the 105 MM (sorry I forget the exact 'type") Gun in British and israeli Service.
The Centurion had excellent 'grade climbing" and cross country performance.
What I am Suggesting is a Diesel Powered medium Tank Type for US service.
The Abrams is more than a bit of a gas guzzler. However, the British have been able to coax equivalent speed out of Perkins diesel equipped Heavy Tanks, notably Challenger I and II.
"All Enlightenment Gratefully Accepted"


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Minimum Quantity: 5 | RRP: $58.00
SIZING Women's fit hoodie with a relaxed fit. Available sizes: XS-XL.
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CARE INSTRUCTIONS Should be washed inside out on cold setting; tumble dry low or hang dry.


With an increasing population around the world and higher demand for resources, we face more global challenges. Can you believe we have over 7.6 BILLION people living on this earth? I remember when I was a young kid the world population was 6.2 billion. By 2050 we are expected to have nearly 10 billion. Woah!
With that said, our resources are precious. It is important for us to preserve our lands and waters - which we are so dependent on - so we can all continue to thrive in the future. I don't want to have to imagine a world with depleted resources, damaged ecosystems, extinction of wildlife, and a place where life no longer thrives.
There are many (almost effortless) ways we can contribute. Recycling, picking up trash, conserving, and just being more aware and conscientious of the environment and your lifestyle are all easy ways to help make a huge difference over time. You can also donate to many awesome charities that work hard to protect our planet.
Little Cottonwood Collection proudly supports The Nature Conservancy, whose mission is to conserve the lands and waters on which all life depends. In respects to Earth Day, LCC is offering 20% off all orders through April 22nd! Use code HAPPYEARTH20. 🌎


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This study investigated what type of information reduces stigmatization of schizophrenia. Subjects were presented with one of six varying descriptions of a hypothetical case in which a target individual had recovered from a mental disorder. Subjects were asked if they knew someone with a mental illness. Those individuals who had no previous contact perceived the mentally ill as dangerous and chose to maintain a greater social distance from them. In general, knowledge of the symptoms associated with the acute phase of schizophrenia created more stigma than the label of schizophrenia alone. In contrast, more information about the target individuals post-treatment living arrangements (i.e., supervised care) reduced negative judgments. Implications for public education and future research are discussed.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Psychiatry and Mental health

domain: medical


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These days, the legendary television host Leonid Yakubovich has responded to the rumors about what he supposedly had surgery and installed a pacemaker. Therefore, based on the words of people’s artist of Russia, is an absolute lie.
Earlier, various media reported that 74-year-old Jakubowicz was supposedly in one of the Moscow clinics, where he got a pacemaker. And it happened because of health problems – he underwent surgery and go home.
Yakubovich, photos LipetskMedia
However, Yakubovich commented on this information, however, in the form of jokes.
“You can write that on my stretcher out of the emergency room brought to tennis – I now play, and after two hours of me on the stretcher carry back to the intensive care unit,” said he, “the Newspaper”, then hung up the phone.
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As reported by the portal Know.ia, a popular American singer, producer and entertainer Kanye West presented his new album “Jesus is King”.
The portal also Know.Eeyore wrote that one of the most successful artists of our time Kinie West spoke about his history of love for Kim Kardashian.
Teilor Stone has been a reporter on the news desk since 2013. Before that she wrote about young adolescence and family dynamics for Styles and was the legal affairs correspondent for the Metro desk. Before joining The Bobr Times, Teilor Stone worked as a staff writer at the Village Voice and a freelancer for Newsday, The Wall Street Journal, GQ and Mirabella. To get in touch, contact me through my firstname.lastname@example.org 1-800-268-7116