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Tips from a PT: Functional is Functional
In the world of physical therapy there are so many different divisions: geriatrics, pediatrics, skilled nursing, neuro, acute, outpatient, management, clinical, and the list goes on. The many avenues are one of the awesome things about being a physical therapist. However, this can also be very overwhelming, especially as a physical therapy student, new grad, or even a clinician a few years out of school. This is exacerbated by the number of specialties and certifications both required and available to physical therapists in order to best practice in each of these divisions. The subsequent pressure to be the expert in at least one area of physical therapy is very prevalent. This unfortunately creates a mindset for many clinicians that they have to pick one area of physical therapy to practice. They have to find the area of physical therapy that makes them most happy and make that their lifelong career. The problem with that idea is that it’s simply not true.
I often hear therapists say, “there’s no way I could treat kids,” or “there’s no way I can treat neuro patients.” These are just a couple of examples I’ve heard over the years. I completely understand not gravitating toward certain patient populations, and if you’ve tried it, and determined that, then that’s acceptable. However, I usually find people make these statements due to their own lack of confidence in their ability. In my opinion, this thought process is exacerbated by the divisions that have been created throughout physical therapy.
If we compare adults versus pediatrics in the physical therapy world we will note many obvious differences: size, cognitive level, interests, energy levels, and education level. But, if you take a step back and reassess, you will find that there are way more commonalities than differences. Kids are just small people with functional needs: same as an adult! Their functional needs may be applied differently, (i.e., accessing a playground, floor mobility, engaging in play activities, achieving independence with ADL/IADL etc.) but at the end of the day, functional mobility is required to be successful in their day-to-day lives.
My ‘ah-ha’ moment for this happened when I became a traveling PT for three years. I was constantly changing settings and patient populations over those three years. These changes, combined with my prior permanent job experiences, really opened my eyes. I’m not saying that there aren’t differences in settings, patient populations, or specialties. But, at the end of the day we are all treating people with the same goal: increased function.
We are trained to functionally assess people and situations and then treat the impairment in order to gain functional ability. If you keep that simple fact in mind, you will quickly realize that you can treat anyone: kids, neuro, acute, or others! You may have to do a little research or use your imagination to come up with treatment strategies to best suit your population, but otherwise the end game is nearly all the same. If you can readjust your mindset and take the diagnosis, age, etc. out of the equation, and focus on the end goal of maximizing functional potential, I think a lot of physical therapists will find increased ability to treat in a variety of settings and populations. Because the bottom line is, a person is a person, and functional is functional.

domain: medical


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United States women's William Jones Cup basketball team
The R. Williams Jones Cup Team is one of the teams under the auspices of the USA Basketball organization. The R. William Jones Cup competition is an international basketball tournament for men's and women's teams held in Taipei, Taiwan almost annually since the inaugural event in 1977. The event is named after Renato William Jones, the founding secretary-general of FIBA, the International Basketball Federation. USA Basketball organized the USA Women's team entry from the time of the inaugural event through the year 2000. In most years, the team was selected from university and high school all stars. In some years, the team was predominantly selected from one university or conference. For example, the 1990 entry was predominantly the North Carolina State team, plus four other players. The 1991 team was composed of all-star players from the Pac-10 Conference.
Year by year results
Head coach: Pat Summitt (at the time, Pat Head). Assistant coach: Betty Jo Crumm.
The USA team had recently completed the World Championship, so were able to bypass the preliminary rounds. They won all six contests and won the gold medal. Four of the USA team member were named to the 12 player all-tournament team:
Head coach: Cherri Rapp. Assistant coach: C. Vivian Stringer.
The team started out strong, winning their first three games. Then they faced the Republic of China – Blue team, who beat the USA 86–81. They won their next fours games, including a close match against the undefeated Republic of China – White team, which they won 84–82, and a rematch against the Blue team, which they won 66–62. With a 4–0 record in medal round play, they simply had to beat their last opponent, South Korea, who had a 3~1 record, to win the gold. However, South Korea won the game 90–79. The Republic of China – White also won. leaving three teams tied with 4–1 records. The tie-breaker was point differential, and this left the USA team with the bronze medal. The all-tournament team included two members of the USA team:
Head coach: Linda Sharp. Assistant coach: Aki Hill.
The team won their first four games easily, then faced the Republic of China – Blue team. Although the USA had an early ten-point lead, the Blue team came back to lead by four points at halftime. The USA opened the second half with a 9–2 run to reclaim the lead for good and went on to win the game. They then went on to win their next two games easily, and faced the defending champions South Korea in the final. The game was very close, throughout much of the game, including a tie at 49 points each with about ten minutes to go. The South Koreans then pulled out to a nine-point lead with under two minutes left. The USA team pulled the margin back to three points, but could not close the gap. The South Korean team won, and the USA team received the silver medal. The all-tournament team included three members of the USA team:
- Jackie White
- Joyce Walker
- June Olkowski
The team started out strongly, winning their first four games by 16 or more points. In the fifth game, they were matched against Australia. The game was close until the end. With a half-minute remaining, the USA held a one-point margin. The USA extended the lead to three points on two free throws, the Aussies brought it back to one with two free throws of their own, and the USA hit two free throws with two second left in the game to secure the 65–62 victory. The next two games were easy victories, then the USA based unbeaten Canada in the final game. The game was very close, but the USA fell to Canada 70–67 to finish with a single loss and the silver medal. The all-tournament team included two members of the USA team:
The 1983 team was composed mainly of members of the Arizona State team, plus two players from California and one from Colorado. The game-by-game results and statistics are not available, although the final standings are known. The USA team finished seventh.
The team chosen to represent the USA was the team expected to be selected as the National Team for the Olympics. This resulted in a very strong team which was able to dominate the competition. In the opening game against Australia, the USA won 82–20. While other games were closer, Italy's 23-point loss to the USA was the closest of the eight games. The USA won all eight games, and won the gold medal. The USA team was led by Cheryl Miller, who led the team in scoring at over 15 points per game, rebounding, free throw percentage, assists and steals. The all-tournament team included three members of the USA team:
The team opened with a lopsided 92–18 victory over the Philippines, then faced Sweden in the second game. The game was close in the first half, and the half ended with the game tied at 31 points each. The USA pulled out to a six-point lead early in the second half but Sweden responded by scoring thirteen consecutive points to take a lead they would not relinquish. The USA team next faced undefeated South Korea. The game was tied again at the half, but this time the USA took a lead in the second half and held on to the lead for the win. They next played undefeated Republic of China and managed to come away with a win by the slimmest of margins, 56–55. After defeating Germany, they had another challenge from Canada, who raced out to a 42–30 lead by halftime. The Canadians still had a twelve-point lead late in the game, but the USA mounted a comeback, and out scored their opponent 18–4 to win the game 65–63. After beating Brazil, they faced Japan in the final game of the competition. Japan was in the lead with five minutes to go in the game, but the USA came back to win with a two-point margin 56–54. The win clinched the championship and the gold medal for the USA team. The all-tournament team included two members of the USA team:
Head coach: Joann Rutherford. Assistant coach: Frankie Porter.
The team started out against Japan, and fell behind at the half. Seven consecutive points to start the second half put the USA team back in the lead, a lead they would not give up, and they went on to win 71–66. The next game against Belgium was also close, with a tie game at halftime, but the USA team managed a three-point victory, 54—51. After easily beating Malaysia, the USA team faced undefeated Republic of China, who kept the game close until halftime. Then the USA went out to a large lead and won 83–74. After beating their next two opponents, the USA team faced an undefeated South Korea. The USA led early but the game was tied at 70 points each with a minute left to go. Tonya Edwards hit two free throws to give the USA a lead, but South Korea hit a three-pointer to take the lead back. Nikita Lowry scored in the final seconds to give the USA team the win, and the gold medal with an overall 7–0 record. The all-tournament team included three members of the USA team:
Head coach: Kay Yow. Assistant coaches: Karen Freeman and Que Tucker.
The 1990 team was made up primarily of players from North Carolina State University. In addition, Katie Meier from Duke and Faith Mimnaugh from Loyola were on the team. The team started out with victories over Malaysia and the Netherlands. In the next game the USA faced the defending Jones cup champions South Korea. The USA team was down by eight points at halftime but close the gap and tied the score up at 76 points late in the game. However South Korea scored the final four points of the game to earn the victory. The USA then went on to lose to Taiwan and Hungary before facing Malaysia again and earning a win. In the final game the USA lost by three points to Japan and ended up with a 3–4 record.
The USA team started out with an eight-point win over Japan, then won their next five with double-digit margins. In their game against Australia, they trailed at halftime, but came back to win by ten points. In their next-to-last game, the USA faced South Korea, who gave the USA the toughest challenge yet, but the USA prevailed 91–84. The final game, for the gold medal, was a rematch against Australia. The score was tied late in the first half, but the USA team finished the half with seven straight point, taking a lead they would not give up. The USA completed the competition with an 8–0 record and won the gold medal. Lisa Leslie, at age 19 was playing in her first Jones cup competition. She was the leading scorer and rebounder on the USA team. Future Georgia Tech Head Coach MaChelle Joseph was the #3 scorer on the team; Joseph was making her second appearance on a USA Women's National Team.
Head coach: Marynell Meadors. Assistant coaches: Evelyn Blalock and Kay James.
The team did not start well, losing the opening game to Japan, and followed that with a three-point loss to Republic of China – Cathay Life. The USA went on to win the next five contests, including a close 74–72 win against Russia, which propelled them to a medal context. That game was a rematch against Russia, and again the results were close. The USA team won 71–69 to win the bronze medal.
Head coach: Sylvia Hatchell. Assistant coaches: Marti Gasser and Jim Lewis.
Despite having four players averaging double-digit scoring, including Wendy Palmer at almost 19 points per game, the USA had some close matches. After winning the opening game, the USA team faced the champions of the prior year, Republic of China – Cathay Life. The game came down to the final seconds, resulting in an 82–81 win. Palmer had 31 points, all needed. In the game against Kazakhstan, the USA was behind by two points at halftime, but came back to win. The USA repeated the feat against Canada, falling behind two points at halftime, but finishing with a win. The USA next faced unbeaten South Korea and came away with a win. Despite not losing a game, the USA needed to beat Republic of China – Nan Ya to advance to the gold medal game, and succeeded, with a 72–64 win. In the final game against South Korea, the teams were tied at the end of regulation and went into overtime. The USA was down with just over a minute to go when Palmer hit a basket to give the USA a one-point lead. After two free throws, South Korea scored, and had the ball on the final possession with a chance to win, but was unable to get up a shot in time. The USA won the gold medal with an 8–0 performance, but with many close games.
The USA team won its first six games, but four of the six were won by single-digit margins. Their seventh game was against Russia, and they fell 100–84. The final game was against South Korea, and a victory would assure the gold medal, but the South Korean team won 80–76 to win the gold medal. The USA team won the bronze medal.
Head coach: Jane Albright-Dieterle. Assistant coaches: Gary Blair and Tori Harrison.
The USA team was dominant, winning their games by an average off 33 points per game. The USA team won their opening seven games, behind the scoring leadership of Sheri Sam, who averaged 13 points per game. In the eighth game, they played undefeated Slovakia, in a game that would determine the gold medal. The USA fell behind; Slovakia had a 22–15 lead. The USA came back, but was still behind at halftime. The game was tied at 45 all, when the USA hit several free throws to take a lead they would not give up. The USA team won he game and the championship 72–62. In the final game, the USA beat South Korea to finish the competition with a perfect 9–3 record.
The USA team won their first six games. Four of the six were decided by six points or fewer, including the semifinal game against Japan which went to overtime. In the gold medal game, the USA faced undefeated South Korea. The USA team played to a six-point margin early in the second half, but could not extend the margin. South Korea came back, took the lead, and held on to win the championship and the gold medal 76-71.
The opening game was against Republic of China. The USA held a small lead at halftime, jumped out to a larger lead and survived a comeback attempt from China to win the game 62–55. The remaining games would not be close, as the USA team beat South Korea, Senegal and Thailand by 27 points, and beat Japan by 42. The USA finished with a 5–0 record, and won the gold medal.
The USA team started strong with a 32-point win over the host team, the Republic of China National Team. They then beat South Korea easily and faced Japan in the third game. Japan started out strongly, and had an 18-point lead in the first half. The USA then out scored Japan 23–3 to take a small lead at the half. The USA built a ten-point lead, but Japan cut it back to three with under a minute to go. Kelly Schumacher grabbed an offensive rebound and scored to bring the lead back to five points and the team held on for the win. Schumacher had 24 points to help the USA team beat Japan 83–80. The final game was against Malaysia, but it wasn't close, with the USA winning 79–24, to secure a 4–0 record for the competition and the gold medal.
Coaches and results
The USA competed in the R. William Jones Cup competition under the auspices of USA Basketball from the inaugural event in 1977 until 2000.
|Mildred Barnes||Head Coach||Central Missouri State||1977||3–4||Fifth|
|Betty Jo Crumm||Assistant Coach||Weatherford College (TX)|
|Pat Head Summitt||Head Coach||Tennessee||1979||6–0||Gold|
|Betty Jo Crumm||Assistant Coach||Weatherford College (TX)|
|Cherri Rapp||Head Coach||Texas A&M||1980||7–2||Bronze|
|C. Vivian Stringer||Assistant Coach||Cheney State (PA)|
|Linda Sharp||Head Coach||Southern California||1981||7–1||Silver|
|Aki Hill||Assistant Coach||Oregon State|
|Marian Washington||Head Coach||Kansas||1982||7–1||Silver|
|Joan Bonvicini||Assistant Coach||Cal State-Long Beach|
|Juliene Simpson||Head Coach||Arizona State||1983||n/a||Seventh|
|Lisa Williams||Assistant Coach||Arizona State|
|Pat Head Summitt||Head Coach||Tennessee||1984||8–0||Gold|
|Nancy Darsch||Assistant Coach||Tennessee|
|Kay Yow||Assistant Coach||North Carolina State|
|Theresa Grentz||Head Coach||Rutgers||1985||7–1||Gold|
|Chris Weller||Assistant Coach||Maryland|
|Joann Rutherford||Head Coach||Missouri||1987||7–0||Gold|
|Frankie Porter||Assistant Coach||Anderson J. C. (SC)|
|Ceal Barry||Head Coach||Colorado||1988||5–2||Silver|
|Debbie Leonard||Assistant Coach||Duke (NC)|
|Kay Yow||Head Coach||North Carolina State||1990||3–4||Sixth|
|Karen Freeman||Assistant Coach||North Carolina State|
|Que Tucker||Assistant Coach||North Carolina State|
|Elwin Heiny||Head Coach||University of Oregon||1991||5–2||Bronze|
|Harold Rhodes||Assistant Coach||Washington State University|
|Chris Weller||Head Coach||Maryland||1992||8–0||Gold|
|Kay James||Assistant Coach||Southern Mississippi|
|Marynell Meadors||Assistant Coach||Florida State|
|Marynell Meadors||Head Coach||Florida State||1993||5–2||Bronze|
|Evelyn Blalock||Assistant Coach||Kilgore College (TX)|
|Kay James||Assistant Coach||Southern Mississippi|
|Sylvia Hatchell||Head Coach||North Carolina||1994||8–0||Gold|
|Marti Gasser||Assistant Coach||U.S. Air Force Academy (C)|
|Jim Lewis||Assistant Coach||George Mason (VA)|
|Lin Dunn||Head Coach||Purdue||1995||6–2||Bronze|
|Trudi Lacey||Assistant Coach||South Florida|
|Amy Ruley||Assistant Coach||North Dakota State|
|Jane Albright-Dieterle||Head Coach||Wisconsin||1996||9–0||Gold|
|Gary Blair||Assistant Coach||University of Arkansas|
|Tori Harrison||Assistant Coach||Coppin State College (MD)|
|Gail Goestenkors||Head Coach||Duke||1997||6–1||Silver|
|Carolyn Peck||Assistant Coach||Purdue (IN)|
|Jody Runge||Assistant Coach||Oregon|
|Nell Fortner||Head Coach||USA Basketball||1998||5–0||Gold|
|Angie Lee||Assistant Coach||Iowa|
|Trina Patterson||Assistant Coach||College of William & Mary (VA)|
|Bonnie Henrickson||Head Coach||Virginia Tech||2000||4–0||Gold|
|Stephanie Gaitley||Assistant Coach||St. Joseph's (PA)|
|David 'Rusty' Ponton||Assistant Coach||Grambling State (LA)|
The following players participated on the USA Basketball William Jones Cup teams:
|Kathy Anderson||Central Missouri State||1977||Fifth|
|Anne Donovan||Paramus H.S. (NJ)|
|Cindy Ely||Cherokee H.S. (GA)|
|Debra Groover||Cherokee H.S. (GA)|
|Katy Harte||Farmington H.S. (MI)|
|Trudi Lacey||Clifton Forge H.S. (VA)|
|June Olkowski||Santa Maria Goretti H.S. (PA)|
|Angela Paccione||Cornwall Central H.S. (NY)|
|Jill Rhodes||Delta State|
|Tammie Romstad||Truman H.S. (MO)|
|Helen Shereda||Oakland (MI)|
|Carol Blazejowski||Montclair State College||1979||Gold|
|Barbara Brown||Stephen F. Austin|
|Nancy Lieberman||Old Dominion|
|Jill Rankin||Wayland Baptist College|
|Jan Trombly||Old Dominion|
|Rose Walker||Stephen F. Austin|
|Cathy Boswell||Illinois State||1980||Bronze|
|Laura Buehning||Cal Poly|
|Pam Crawford||Stephen F. Austin|
|Cindy Davies||Indiana Area H.S. (PA)|
|Janet Davis||Alta Loma H.S. (CA)|
|Corinne Gulas||Penn State|
|Diane Hiemstra||Yarkton H. S. (SD)|
|Beth Schroeder||Long Beach State|
|Cynthia Cooper||Locke H. S. (CA)||1981||Silver|
|Ronda Falkena||North Carolina State|
|Diane Jones||Jackson State C.C.|
|Robyn Mayo||Duval H.S. (MD)|
|Cara Priddy||Kirtland Central H.S. (NM)|
|Regina Street||Mitchell H. S. (TN)|
|Joyce Walker||Louisiana State|
|Jackie White||Louisiana State|
|Yvette Angel||Ohio State||1982||Silver|
|Cathy Boswell||Illinois State|
|Janet Davis||Old Dominion|
|Shelia Foster||South Carolina|
|Paula McGee||Southern California|
|Michelle Pennefather||Machebeuf H.S. (CO)|
|Valerie Walker||Cheney State|
|Kym Hampton||Arizona State|
|Lin Henley||Arizona State|
|Olivia Jones||Arizona State|
|Jodi Ratbun||Arizona State|
|Beckie Smatana||Arizona State|
|Barbara Smith||Arizona State|
|Anna Van||Arizona State|
|Jessica Wiley||Arizona State|
|Maria Wise||Arizona State|
|Cathy Boswell||Illinois State||1984||Gold|
|Anne Donovan||Old Dominion|
|Janice Lawrence||Louisiana Tech|
|Pam McGee||Southern California|
|Carol Menken-Schaudt||Oregon State|
|Cheryl Miller||Southern California|
|Kim Mulkey||Louisiana Tech|
|Debbie Black||St. Joseph's|
|Kahadeejah Herbert||Penn State|
|Pam Leake||North Carolina|
|Suzie McConnell||Penn State|
|Trena Trice||North Carolina State|
|Vicki Hall||Brebeuf Prep H.S. (IN)|
|Kerri Hobbs||North Carolina State|
|Nikita Lowry||Ohio State|
|Lisa Cline||Ohio State|
|Portia Hill||Stephen F. Austin|
|Dale Hodges||St. Joseph's|
|Angelique Lee||Long Beach State|
|Nikita Lowry||Ohio State|
|Ashley Hancock||North Carolina State||1990||Sixth|
|Kerri Hobbs||North Carolina State|
|Krista Kilburn||North Carolina State|
|Jenny Kuziemski||North Carolina State|
|Krissy Kuziemski||North Carolina State|
|Sharon Manning||North Carolina State|
|Danyel Parker||North Carolina State|
|Gerri Robuck||North Carolina State|
|Teri Whyte||North Carolina State|
|Marsha Williams||South Carolina|
|Monique Ambers||Arizona State||1991||Bronze|
|Judy Shannon||Oregon State|
|Jovonne Smith||Arizona State|
|Tamryn Story||Southern California|
|Camille Thompson||Washington State|
|Lisa Leslie||Southern California|
|Joyce Pierce||Georgia Tech|
|Andrea Stinson||North Carolina State|
|Kina Brown||Western Michigan||1993||Bronze|
|Tracy Conner||Wake Forest|
|Falisha Wright||San Diego State|
|Stacy Coffey||Oklahoma State||1994||Gold|
|Tracy Conner||Wake Forest|
|Nykesha Sales||Bloomfield H.S. (CT)|
|Raquel Spurlock||Louisiana Tech|
|Kisha Ford||Georgia Tech||1995||Bronze|
|Shannon Johnson||South Carolina|
|Olympia Scott||Stanford (CA)|
|Sylvia Crawley||North Carolina||1996||Gold|
|Shannon Johnson||South Carolina|
|Michelle M. Marciniak||Tennessee|
|Charlotte Smith||North Carolina|
|Katie Smith||Ohio State|
|Tina Thompson||Southern California|
|Tyish Hall||Duke (NC)|
|Monica Maxwell||Louisiana Tech|
|Kira Orr||Duke (NC)|
|Katrina Price||Stephen F. Austin (TX)|
|Alicia Thompson||Texas Tech|
|Michele VanGorp||Duke (NC)|
|Stephanie White||Purdue (IN)|
|Angie Braziel||Texas Tech||1998||Gold|
|Erin Buescher||UC Santa Barbara|
|Summer Erb||North Carolina State|
|Becky Hammon||Colorado State|
|Chanel Wright||North Carolina|
|Marie Ferdinand||Louisiana State|
|Jackie Stiles||Southwest Missouri State|
|Brooke Wyckoff||Florida State|
|Angela Zampella||St. Joseph's|
- USA Basketball
- United States women's national basketball team
- United States women's World University Games basketball team
- "Long wait over, Guiao set to name RP team's 'Dirty Dozen'". Retrieved July 17, 2009.
- 1990 WOMEN'S R. WILLIAM JONES CUP archived from the original. USA Basketball. Retrieved August 17, 2014.
- 1991 WOMEN'S R. WILLIAM JONES CUP archived from the original. USA Basketball. Retrieved August 17, 2014.
- 1977 WOMEN'S R. WILLIAM JONES CUP archived from the original. USA Basketball. Retrieved August 17, 2014.
- 1979 WOMEN'S R. WILLIAM JONES CUP archived from the original Archived April 28, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. USA Basketball. Retrieved August 17, 2014.
- 1980 WOMEN'S R. WILLIAM JONES CUP archived from the original Archived April 28, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. USA Basketball. Retrieved August 17, 2014.
- 1981 WOMEN'S R. WILLIAM JONES CUP archived from the original Archived April 28, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. USA Basketball. Retrieved August 17, 2014.
- 1982 WOMEN'S R. WILLIAM JONES CUP archived from the original Archived April 28, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. USA Basketball. Retrieved August 17, 2014.
- "1983 Women's R. William Jones Cup". USA Basketball. June 10, 2010. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
- 1984 WOMEN'S R. WILLIAM JONES CUP archived from the original Archived April 28, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. USA Basketball. Retrieved August 17, 2014.
- "1985 WOMEN'S R. WILLIAM JONES CUP". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on April 28, 2013. Retrieved May 18, 2013.
- 1987 WOMEN'S R. WILLIAM JONES CUP archived from the original Archived April 28, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. USA Basketball. Retrieved August 17, 2014.
- "1988 WOMEN'S R. WILLIAM JONES CUP". Retrieved July 18, 2009.
- 1992 WOMEN'S R. WILLIAM JONES CUP archived from the original. USA Basketball. Retrieved August 17, 2014.
- 1993 WOMEN'S R. WILLIAM JONES CUP archived from the original Archived April 28, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. USA Basketball. Retrieved August 17, 2014.
- 1994 WOMEN'S R. WILLIAM JONES CUP archived from the original Archived April 28, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. USA Basketball. Retrieved August 17, 2014.
- "1995 WOMEN'S R. WILLIAM JONES CUP". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on April 28, 2013. Retrieved May 14, 2013.
- 1996 WOMEN'S R. WILLIAM JONES CUP archived from the original Archived April 28, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. USA Basketball. Retrieved August 17, 2014.
- 1997 WOMEN'S R. WILLIAM JONES CUP archived from the original Archived April 28, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. USA Basketball. Retrieved May 15, 2013.
- 1998 WOMEN'S R. WILLIAM JONES CUP archived from the original. USA Basketball. Retrieved August 17, 2014.
- 2000 WOMEN'S R. WILLIAM JONES CUP archived from the original Archived April 28, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. USA Basketball. Retrieved August 17, 2014.
- USA Women's World Championship All-Time Results & Standings archived from the original Archived September 19, 2012, at archive.today. USA Basketball. Retrieved August 17, 2014
- USA Women's R. William Jones Cup Team All-Time Alphabetical Roster archived from the original. USA Basketball. Retrieved August 17, 2014.

domain: game


The Invisible Parents
By Ketevan Ghvedashvili, Advocacy Manager, Human Rights Development Fund
Being a parent is already a huge responsibility but it is doubly complicated when you have to cope with difficulties alone, without help. Often, such parents become targets of negativity from society.
Nor is the State very generous towards single parents. The only positive step the State took with regards to single parents was applying the definition of the status of single parent in the law in 2014. However, on the one hand, the State acknowledges that these people have to bring up their children alone, but on the other hand did nothing to set any benefits for them.
Nowadays, single parents get assistance only based on the kind will of local self-governments, though not in every municipality. Moreover, benefits are granted only to single mothers while single fathers tend to become victims of discrimination. Further, women are unable to get benefits without pre-conditions – they should have the status of socially indigent person.
Non-governmental organization Human Rights Development Fund, which implements a project to advocate for the rights of single mothers, surveyed the budgets of 25 municipalities in the regions of Shida Kartli, Kakheti, Imereti, and in Tbilisi. They found that only 13 municipalities envisage funds for the assistance of single parents in their budgets, but that 10 of them assist only single mothers. HRDF representatives said they had already recommended all municipal councils to amend the discriminative norm; and to date, Khoni and Signagi municipal councils have fulfilled the recommendations.
Yet, it is not just the problem of local self-governments. The only benefits single parents get under the law is also discriminative: single mothers whose annual income is less than 3,000 GEL, do not pay income tax. Fathers cannot enjoy the same. HRDF representatives said they have already recommended the Ministry of Finances amend the law.
If a single parent wants to get social benefits from the State, he/she must first take the status of socially indigent person. However, here we face another obstacle: in accordance with the Law of Georgia on the State Pension, a person cannot take two or more benefits simultaneously. Consequently, if the government fixes social benefits for a single parent, she/he will lose their socially indigent person benefits, and vice versa.
“When we meet single mothers in the regions and Tbilisi, they first inquire what benefits they can get from the status. The majority wants to tackle their primary problems and request legislative guarantees, social benefits and material assistance. Some also have health problems and need medical assistance,” HRDF representative Salome Mezurnishvili said.
However, the problems experienced by single parents do not end there. It is a miscarriage of the law that only certain categories of people can take the status. However, people who got divorced or became widowed are deprived of the right to have the status of single parents, though they also bring up children alone. They can get neither alimony nor benefits for the lost breadwinners in an amount sufficient to support the family.
“Both categories of people should get the status: divorced people and those who have children outside of marriage,” said Eka Skhiladz,e Deputy Public Defender of Georgia, at a discussion organized by HRDF. “However, it should be taken into account that the second category is doubly vulnerable because they are often isolated from families and society”.
“For some reason, we narrow the definition and view it only in relation to the social benefits,” Skhiladze added. “Nowhere else does the status mean only financial support. Often, it is enough for the women if the State acknowledges them as single mothers and creates legislative guarantees. So, the benefits for single parents should be determined based on the social welfare of each parent; maybe, in some instances, it will not mean financial support at all”.
Single fathers also face problems in acquiring the status. While on the one hand, the State gave them the right to take the status, it is only in compliance with the same criteria as set for mothers. The Deputy Ombudsman says this particular provision in the law excludes the notion of single fathers at all, because it is impossible that a mother’s name not be written on the birth certificate of a child. So, the father is restricted in taking the status of single parent. Ms. Skhiladze said the statistics prove the same: 1417 persons received the status since the law went in force and none of them were fathers.
Nino Andriashvili, lawyer at HRDF, spoke about the miscarriage in the law, explaining that the organization has a beneficiary who cannot take the status because of the aforementioned loopholes in the law.
“We have a beneficiary who was abandoned by his wife and now brings up his two underage sons alone. He has done so for six years and says the mother does not call the sons, let alone help them. However, as the name of the mother is written on the birth certificates, the man cannot take the status of a single father,” says Andriashvili, adding that the recording of a second parent on the birth certificate should not prevent a single parent from taking single parent status.
She went on to recall a case of another beneficiary which saw a mother appealing at court for single parent status. She had obtained the identity of her child’s father based on a DNA test in order to respond to the negative attitudes she was experiencing from society. After the expertise conclusion, the information about the father was recorded on the birth certificate. For that reason, she cannot take the status of single mother even though the child’s father does not take responsibility for the care of his child. The State has no effective mechanism to enforce court judgments about alimonies.
In February 2017, a special group was established in Parliament to work on the issues of single parents. Deputy Ombudsman Skhiladze hopes the group will draft legislative amendments which will widen the circle of potential single parents and fix benefits for them.
The State needs to be aware that if these people are strengthened today, tomorrow the State will no longer need to pay benefits to them. It is within the interests of the State to take care of single parents. It is also important to remember that with the strengthening of the parent, we assist the child, defending his/her best interests; surely the biggest priority for any state.


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The 20-year-old reality star marked the occasion by uploaded a sweet mother-and-daughter snapshot on Instagram, showing her cradling her little girl in her arms.
The 25-year-old posted a tightly-cropped image of tiny Stormi Webster wearing a v. cute sweater.
According to USA reports, Kylie is getting back in shape in time for a NUDE photoshoot on her brand new £1.2million Ferarri, which was gifted to her by boyfriend Travis Scott as a "push present" after having Stormi.
The reason Kylie kept her pregnancy a secret was because she "needed to prepare" herself for the role of being a mother, and so chose to take a step back from the spotlight.More news: Injured Neymar a serious doubt for Real Madrid clash
Pouting like she's never been away, the Keeping Up With The Kardashians star looks sensational with her long, dark extensions and matching tracksuit, while the can be seen looking up at her mum. Happy one month baby Stormi!
Though Scott rarely publicly opens up about his personal life, fans saw some intimate moments between the rapper and beauty mogul in the pregnancy documentary Jenner shared when she announced the birth of their child.
"Travis has barely seen Kylie since the baby was born".
'It's been a big adjustment for Kylie, but she's loving be a mom and watching all of the little things that Stormi is doing each day.

domain: celebrity


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New Beginnings Animal rescue in East Brunswick has announced that it will be closing its location at 706R Cranbury Road.
Barbara Keegan, New Beginnings president and shelter director, noted that the nonprofit group had been at the Cranbury Road location since February 2014 and will relocate to a yet-to-be-named space in the near future.
"Without the overhead and expense of operating at this location we will be able to expand our areas of community outreach," said Keegan, "by stepping up our assistance with Trap/Neuter/Return programs, offering a community pet food bank for needy families and rescue groups and providing referral assistance for pet issues."
Keegan pointed out that the rescue will not be leaving the current facility until every animal in its care is placed in a home. New Beginnings will continue to rescue animals, utilizing foster homes until a new location is opened.
For more information and future updates, go to nbarnj.org.

domain: pet


LAMP Stack, an acronym for Linux, Apache, MySQL, and PHP, is a popular open-source web development platform. It provides a robust and scalable environment for building dynamic web applications. Each component plays a vital role in the functionality and performance of web applications.
What is LAMP Stack?
LAMP Stack comprises:
- Linux: The operating system providing the foundation for the stack.
- Apache: The web server software responsible for serving web pages over the internet.
- MySQL: A relational database management system (RDBMS) used for storing and managing application data.
- PHP: A server-side scripting language used for developing dynamic web pages and applications.
Setting Up the Environment
Setting up a LAMP environment involves installing each component individually and configuring them to work together seamlessly.
Choosing a Linux Distribution
There are various distributions of Linux available, such as Ubuntu, CentOS, and Debian. Choose one that aligns with your preferences and requirements.
Installing Apache Web Server
Apache is one of the most widely used web servers globally. Install Apache on your Linux distribution using package managers like apt or yum.
Installing MySQL Database
MySQL is renowned for its reliability and performance. Install MySQL server and client packages to set up the database.
PHP is integrated with Apache through modules. Install PHP and necessary modules to enable server-side scripting.
Creating a Simple Web Application
Once the environment is set up, you can start developing web applications using LAMP Stack.
Designing the Application
Plan the structure and features of your web application. Consider user interface design, database schema, and functionality requirements.
Setting Up the Database
Create a MySQL database and define tables according to your application’s data model. Establish connections between your application and the database.
Writing PHP Code
Write PHP scripts to handle user requests, process data, and generate dynamic content. Utilize PHP frameworks like Laravel or CodeIgniter for efficient development.
Integrating with Apache
Configure Apache to handle PHP scripts correctly. Set up virtual hosts and directory permissions as per your application’s needs.
Securing Your Web Application
Security is paramount for web applications to protect against vulnerabilities and attacks.
Use firewall tools like iptables to restrict access to your web server and only allow necessary traffic.
Encrypt data transmission between the server and clients using HTTPS protocol. Obtain SSL certificates from trusted sources to enable secure connections.
SQL Injection Prevention
Employ parameterized queries and input validation techniques to prevent SQL injection attacks on your MySQL database.
Scaling Your Web Application
As your web application grows, you may need to scale its infrastructure to handle increased traffic and user load.
Implement load balancers to distribute incoming traffic across multiple servers, ensuring optimal performance and availability.
Utilize caching mechanisms like Memcached or Redis to store frequently accessed data and reduce database load.
Optimize database queries, indexes, and configurations to improve query performance and scalability.
Monitoring and Maintenance
Regular monitoring and maintenance are essential to keep your LAMP-based web application running smoothly.
Logging and Monitoring Tools
Use logging tools like syslog or ELK stack to monitor server activities and troubleshoot issues proactively.
Regular Updates and Backups
Keep your software components up to date with security patches and bug fixes. Implement regular backups to prevent data loss in case of failures.
Fine-tune your server configurations, database settings, and application code to optimize performance and resource utilization.
Developing web applications with LAMP Stack offers a powerful and flexible solution for modern web development needs. By following this step-by-step guide, you can create secure, scalable, and efficient web applications to meet your business requirements.
FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions)
- Is LAMP Stack suitable for large-scale web applications?
- Yes, LAMP Stack is highly scalable and can be used to build large-scale web applications with proper architecture and optimization techniques.
- Can I use other programming languages instead of PHP with LAMP Stack?
- While PHP is commonly used with LAMP Stack, you can integrate other programming languages like Python or Perl as well.
- What are some common security threats to LAMP-based web applications?
- Common security threats include SQL injection, cross-site scripting (XSS), and server misconfigurations. It’s crucial to implement security best practices to mitigate these risks.
- How can I improve the performance of my LAMP-based web application?
- You can improve performance by optimizing database queries, implementing caching mechanisms, and optimizing server configurations.
- Is LAMP Stack free to use?
- Yes, all components of LAMP Stack are open-source and freely available for use.


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Cheap Hotels In Portland
Check out our selection of hotels in Portland. Read customer reviews of Portland hotels and check out all our photos of Portland hotels. View Portland hotels on a city map and book a Portland hotel in a location you like. Find the best deals on Portland budget hotels at Hostelworld.com.

domain: travel


On Tuesday December 22, Facilities will be performing emergency repairs for the MSB that will require a steam shut down for about 10 hours. The building steam will be off from 5:00am until 3:00pm on Tuesday.
During the shutdown, the building sterilizers and heat will be affected, but the weather forecast for that day is 60 degrees.
If you have any questions or concerns, please contact Jesse C. Johnson at 901-336-3736 or firstname.lastname@example.org .
We apologize for the inconvenience.
Kimberly Moore, MBA
Assistant Vice Chancellor


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Dear Friends, Most of you already know me and that I'm named for a famous artist because of my stern frown. But I'm really a sweetheart and I am one of the lucky ones. Lucky Dog Animal Rescue saved my life when I ended up in a high kill shelter in SC. They brought me to the DC area and into a foster home. My foster parents, Matt and Katie, had fostered many dogs, cats, puppies and kittens before me but they felt I was the right addition to their pack to help them foster others. Our house always has a few "extras" in it. We call them our "guests" and help them become brave and healthy and to find their own special forever human. I am so grateful to Lucky Dog, I’m walking to save the lives of homeless pets!
This year, I’m participating in Strut Your Mutt, a fundraising walk hosted by Best Friends that saves the lives of homeless pets right here in my community and all across the country.
Please support me by making a donation to my page. Your gift helps homeless pets and will support the animal welfare group I’ve chosen to walk for.
This cause means so much to me and I am grateful for your help. Every day, about 950 dogs and cats are killed in America's shelters, simply because they don't have safe places to call home. Each one is a loving pet just like yours and mine.
Together, we can Save Them All and reduce that number to zero. Thank you for your kind support.


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To those of us who experienced the 60s and 70s it hardly seems like those years would qualify as history. Surely we can't be that old!
But as we are swept into the 21st century the years from 1960 to 1980 have become a significant period of our history.
World War II was over and the Cold War had set in. The Vietnam War divided Americans and the Civil Rights Movement made great strides in integration of Black Americans.
The world changed yet much remained the same. People still embraced handmade crafts from macramé to quilting. There is always a special feeling of accomplishment in making something instead of buying it.
We tend to think that America's 200th birthday in 1976 as the beginning of the latest quilt revival and it is true that enthusiasm for making quilts for the bicentennial did give it a great boost. But the seeds of this renewed interest in quilting started earlier.
In the April, 1961 edition of "Women's Day" magazine we find a preview of what was to come. Rose Wilder Lane, daughter of Laura Ingalls Wilder of "Little House on the Prairie" fame, wrote an article titled "Patchwork".
The romantic bit of history in her article included the same misconceptions found in books on quilting written during the Colonial Revival of the 1920s and 30s. The American Quilt Study Group would not begin serious research on quilt history until 1980 so Rose Wilder Lane wrote what was thought to be true at the time.
The article pictured beautiful quilts from museums along with several individual blocks. These pictures surely inspired many women to try their hand at quilting. The patterns and instructions could be ordered through the magazine.
Just a few years later the back-to-nature movement inspired people to explore crafts from earlier times in history including patchwork. Hippies and communes may have led the way in this movement but others were influenced to try their hand at crafts.
A 1970 pattern book titled "Modern Patchwork" included patterns for patchwork clothing as well as quilts. The cover, pictured to the right, displays a young woman in a lovely natural setting wearing patchwork clothing we assume she has made herself.
Jonathan Holstein and Gail van der Hoof began collecting quilts at the end of the 1960s. Instead of looking only for fine museum quality quilts they chose quilts they found to be of the "greatest visual interest and impact". 1 In 1971 they were able to display the most fascinating of their quilts at the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York City.
This was no easy task; they had proposed a far different exhibit than art museums were accustomed to presenting. Quilting was generally thought of as a craft, not art. But the exhibition turned out to be a huge hit and was promoted enthusiastically both by both publications and word of mouth. As a result the exhibit eventually traveled not only across the United States but to many other countries as well.
When the Bicentennial celebration occurred in 1976 quilts made in honor of the occasion were popular along with parades and ceremonies that included burying time capsules.
Quilt historian, Eleanor Levie, relates, "Almost every quilt historian, and certainly every one who started quilting in the early to mid-1970s, can attest to the influence America's 200th birthday had on quilting. As a celebration of our history, this event grounded everyone in the values of root and traditions". 2
The 1960s showed a gradual increase in women wanting to learn to quilt and by the 1970s a few quilt guilds had formed. Popular women's magazines began to include more articles about quilt projects. Interest in quilting was on the rise.Quilters used the fabric at hand which was often double knit. Double knits went out of vogue for clothing during the 1970s but they were used to make quilts for a while after. This stretchy fabric was difficult to piece so simple patterns were often used like the one to the left made by a church group. But women wanted to try different styles like the doubleknit crazy quilt pillow to the right by Phyllis Breneman.
Below is a close up section of Edith Ferguson's Star of the East quilt. The full quilt is shown near the top of this page. It's a great example of how some women took the challenge and created intricate traditional quilts using this modern fabric. Edith, who lived her entire life in the North Georgia Appalachian Mountains, did a beautiful job of hand stitching and quilting this difficult quilt.
Of course everyone wasn't content to quilt with double knits. Quilters wanted to make quilts like those made in the past and they knew cotton fabric was ideal for this. The problem was that the only cotton commonly available was in a blend with polyester. Serious quilters searched high and low to find what they called 'real cotton'. 3 Some 100% cotton fabric could be found, but not easily. Meanwhile quilters put pressure on the fabric industry to produce more all cotton fabric.
The wonderful quilter's tools we enjoy today like cutting mats and rotary cutters weren't generally available until the 1980s. Quilt pattern templates were made with cardboard or sandpaper instead of plastic and the fabric pieces had to be cut out with scissors. Some quilters pieced by machine but others preferred hand piecing. Applique and quilting were usually done by hand. Quiltmaking methods were still much like those of the past.
But all that would soon change. New tools and methods as well as plentiful quilter's fabric would make a huge difference. Quilter's during the 60s and 70s would have been amazed to see the changes in quilting today.
Thank you for taking the quilt history tour. Enjoy visiting more quilting pages.
1 p21, "Abstract Design in American Quilts: A Biography of an Exhibition" by Jonathan Holstein
2 p 14 and 3 p31, American Quiltmaking: 1970-2000, by Eleanor Levie
If you want to learn more about this time period this is the book to buy.

domain: library


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You will need
- a network of nylon threads;
- - scraps of fabric, rags, flax, etc.;
- - yellow, green, brown;
- - brush or spray.
Buy the store cut the nylon network the required size. In order to mask the car, you need a network the size of not less than 3x6 metres (before purchase measure tape measure the distance from the earth to the land across and along the car). Masking person will be enough network 2,5x3 meters.
If you are going to do camouflage net for hunters in the center cut a window for the face. The edges of the cut threads at the same sear with a match, so that they began to spin. To face was not visible during the hunt, make a small curtain out of scraps of mesh and secure it on your forehead if necessary it can be cut back.
Prepare material for "rags". If possible, use a fully synthetic materials: nylon, nylon, artificial silk, etc., because they remain when wet light, dry very quickly and do not emit smell. Pick up the cloth of the right color: marsh green, gray, different shades of brown and yellow.
Cut the material into strips of a width of 5-15 mm. Then fold the strip together or twist, and with each end cut into a fringe, not reaching the middle. You should have something like Christmas tinsel. Cut the long strip into small pieces of different sizes – from 20 to 50 cm.
Instead of fabric, you can use the flax braids, urine and other natural low-cost materials. Before starting work, try to water them – let's see whether strands of heavy, not whether there will be the smell.
Pull the chain and start to bind the strands and sections of tissue. Fold the strand in half and thread the loop through the mesh, then push the loop back through another cell. Then pass the ends inside the loop and tighten. To reliably fix the fringe, tie the knot, not through adjacent cells and through the cells on the diagonal.
After a homemade camouflage net will start to hide behind it items color strands. To do this, take the spray paint in matching colors and in a chaotic manner spray it on the network. You can paint the chain with a brush, so you will be able to achieve the necessary degree of contrast and variegation.

domain: hobby


Silent Guitar fretboard with 21 frets.
7-string Nylon Silent guitar, scale 648 mm..
Silent guitar Amplified with a Shadow SH Sonic Nanoflex preamp.
Nylon Silent guitar 7-string hand made in Buenos Aires by Luthier Rodolfo Cucculelli.
Ebony guitar peg head and bone nut.
Guitar neck thickness is 17 mm., strings action over frets is 2,3 mm to 4,5 mm for the 7th string.


Following Vivo Nex and Oppo Find X footsteps, Xiaomi Mi Mix 3 appears to be all set to boasts of a pop-up front camera. As per the latest Mi Mix 3 leak, the phone to come with a bezel-less display and a sliding camera on the front. This Mi Mix 3 news is based on the images that have been revealed by Chinese site Smartplay site which were later reposted by Slashleaks.
Xiaomi Mi Mix 3 Features
As per the leak, the Mi Mix 3 won’t be joining the notch brigade as it appears to have no chin at the top and at the bottom. The Oppo’s Find X and Vivo’s Nex S upcoming challenger from Xiaomi is rumoured to house a 5.99-inch display on the front.
If the images are true, the Mi Mix 3 could come with a screen-to-body ratio more than 90 per cent like its compatriots – Oppo and Vivo. Images also indicate the presence of a ‘retractable’ selfie camera module on the Mi Mix 3 if its true, Xiaomi will be finally able to fix awkwardly placed bottom mounted selfie camera.
The Mi Mix 3 maybe sport an AMOLED sourced from Samsung as the phone is expected to feature in-display fingerprint sensor. However, the Mi Mix 3 might be missing 3D facial recognition feature which Xiaomi implemented in its Mi 8 Explorer edition. The phone is expected to feature dual-rear cameras at the rear, which will be vertically stacked and will include a LED flash between the lenses. As per a post on a telegram group called XiaomiUI, the Mi Mix 3 will be running on MIUI 10. The phone is expected to rock a Snapdragon 845 Chipset and could be offered with 6GB or 8GB of RAM.
Xiaomi Mi Mix 3 Release Date and India Launch
Xiaomi is expected to release the Mi Max 3 in the month of July. Having said that, there is no offical confirmation from Xioami’s side as of now. Stay tuned for Xiaomi Mi Mix 3 updates related to its launch, pricing and availability details. We will also keep you posted on Mi Mix 3 specifications and features as we find out more.


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The Single Euro Payments Area (SEPA) is a payment-integration initiative of the European Union for simplification of bank transfers denominated in euro. Splynx is able to export invoices to SEPA, and can import after payments to set invoices as paid, or in case that payments were returnes, to se that invoices as unpaid. Read More
Splynx is an ISP billing software framework created for internet service providers and network administrators.
The cookie settings on this website are set to "allow cookies" to give you the best browsing experience possible. If you continue to use this website without changing your cookie settings or you click "Accept" below then you are consenting to this.

domain: finance


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Both genteel and wild, there’s nothing quite like the English countryside for rural escapes with its patchwork hills, dramatic dales, ancient woodlands and winding country roads. All well and good, but what is there to do in England’s countryside exactly? Quite a lot, actually. Admire the grand interiors of a stately home before catching a play in the surrounding gardens, travel back in time with visits to ancient stone circles and crumbling castles, or step into a chocolate box of quaint villages and market towns and live like a local, trying farmhouse cheeses, cream teas and real ales along the way.
See some of Yorkshire’s beautiful countryside from a mountain bike, Segway, tree-top trail and by night, at one of the UK’s premier activity centres.
Location: Dalby Forest, North Yorkshire
Pedal the extensive, year-round network of cycling routes criss-crossing the woodland, heathland and quiet country roads of the New Forest.
Location: New Forest, Hampshire
Ride 21 view-filled and traffic-free miles along the ‘Cinder Track’, the old coastal railway line between Scarborough and Whitby.
Location: Whitby, Yorkshire
Relish windswept moors, ancient woodland, towering rock faces and rolling dales in the Peak District National Park.
Location: Peak District, Derbyshire
The Lake District was made for cycling, with everything from challenging off-road mountain biking routes to gentle country lanes on offer.
Location: Lake District, Cumbria


BREAKING: Federal High Court Bans Sukubo from Parading himself as President of NYCN
The Federal High Court of Nigeria Abuja Division has granted an interim injunction restraining Sukubo Sara-igbe Sukubo from parading himself as the President of the National Youth Council of Nigeria ( NYCN).
The court has also restrained him to act in that capacity, pending the hearing and determination of the motion on notice
Justice Taiwo O. Taiwo granted the prayers of the NYCN incorporated trustees in Abuja on Monday
The court also granted another order of interim injunction restraining the Federal Ministry of Youth and Sport Development from according Sokubo any form of recognition pending the hearing and determination of the motion on notice.
The motion on notice was brought before the court by the authentic trustees of NYCN, led by the Chairman, Dr Dickson Akoh.
Reacting after the judgement, Dr Dickson Akoh,who is the Chairman of the Board of Trustees NYCN, said that the board as the legal custodian of the Council would explode all judicial means to ensure that no money bag or individual hijacks the leadership of the Council.
He said the only constitutional option left was to conduct a valid and duly convoked elective Congress, to enable the youth genuinely elect leaders of their choice.
Akoh said any youths that believed in his or her popularity, capacity and meets the constitutional requirement would be allowed to contest the election.
Hearing of the pending application was adjourned to June 22, 2020


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Rio Carnival is the world-famous festival that takes place every year in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is a vibrant celebration of Brazilian Culture, music, and dance. In this article, we’ll explore the origins of Rio Carnival and what makes it one of the most unique and exciting events in the world.
Rio Carnival has a long and rich history that dates back to the 18th century when the Portuguese arrived in Brazil. Over the centuries, the festival has evolved and transformed, influenced by various cultures and traditions. Today, Rio Carnival is a beautiful blend of African, European, and Indigenous influences.
Join us on a journey to discover the colorful and joyful world of Rio Carnival. From samba schools to street parties, we’ll explore the different facets of this intriguing festival and highlight why it is one of the biggest cultural events in the world.
Are you ready to dance to the beat of Rio Carnival? Let’s get started.
Rio Carnival is a celebration of life and culture, a true reflection of the vibrant and diverse spirit of Brazil.
The Origins of Rio Carnival: A Riot of Culture, Music, and Dance
The origins of Rio Carnival can be traced back to the Portuguese colonial period in Brazil. At the time, Carnival was a festival celebrated mainly by the upper classes and involved masquerade balls and street parades.
However, with the arrival of African slaves in Brazil, the festival started to take on a different character. The slaves brought with them their own customs and traditions, which blended with those of the Portuguese and Indigenous populations.
Over time, Carnival became a celebration of Afro-Brazilian Culture, and samba emerged as the dominant musical style. Today, samba schools are a crucial part of Rio Carnival, and tens of thousands of participants take to the streets to dance and show off their colorful costumes.
Rio Carnival is not just a celebration of culture, though. It is also a social and political event that represents the voice of the people. From street parties to political satire, Carnival has always been a way for Brazilians to express their identity and assert their rights.
In short, Rio Carnival is more than just a party. It is a rich and complex cultural phenomenon that reflects the history, traditions, and aspirations of Brazil.
Early History of Rio Carnival: From Masquerade Balls to Street Parades
The first Carnival celebrations in Brazil were modeled after European festivals, particularly those in Venice and Portugal. They involved masquerade balls, processions, and street parties, and were mainly attended by the upper classes.
However, with the arrival of African slaves in Brazil in the 16th century, the festival started to take on a different character. The slaves brought with them their own customs and traditions, which blended with those of the Portuguese and Indigenous populations.
By the 19th century, Carnival had become a popular celebration throughout Brazil, with different regions developing their own unique styles and traditions. In Rio de Janeiro, Carnival evolved into a massive street party, with people from all walks of life coming together to dance, sing, and have fun.
Today, Rio Carnival attracts millions of tourists from all over the world, and is considered one of the biggest cultural events on the planet.
The Influence of African Culture on Rio Carnival
The African slaves brought with them their own musical and dance traditions, which heavily influenced the development of Carnival in Brazil. For example, the samba, which is now the dominant musical style of Rio Carnival, has roots in African rhythms and dances.
Other African influences on Rio Carnival include the use of drums, percussion instruments, and colorful costumes. The rhythms of Carnival are meant to inspire joy, connection, and celebration, and reflect the rich cultural heritage of Brazil.
The Unique Features of Rio Carnival: A Blend of African, European, and Indigenous Influences
One of the most unique things about Rio Carnival is the way it blends different cultural influences into one spectacular event. From the music to the costumes to the traditions, Rio Carnival is a riot of colors, sounds, and movement.
At the heart of Rio Carnival are the samba schools, which are neighborhood-based organizations that prepare year-round for the festival. Each samba school has its own unique theme and style, and the members work tirelessly to create elaborate floats, costumes, and choreography.
Another distinctive feature of Rio Carnival is the way it brings together people from different walks of life. From the working-class neighborhoods to the fancy hotels, everyone is welcome to participate in the celebrations. This inclusiveness is what makes Rio Carnival such a powerful symbol of Brazilian identity and Culture.
Finally, Rio Carnival is a celebration of life itself. It is a time to forget about the problems of the world and revel in the joy and beauty of the present moment. Whether you’re dancing in the streets, watching the parade, or simply soaking up the atmosphere, Rio Carnival is an unforgettable experience that will stay with you forever.
The Role of Samba Schools in Rio Carnival
Samba schools are central to the Culture of Rio Carnival. Each samba school is made up of hundreds of members, ranging from dancers and musicians to costume designers and float builders.
The samba schools prepare year-round for Carnival, hosting rehearsals and workshops to perfect their performances. Each school chooses a theme that reflects a particular aspect of Brazilian culture or history, and they work together to create elaborate floats, costumes, and choreography.
On the day of Carnival, the samba schools parade through the streets of Rio, competing against each other for the title of champion. It is a dazzling display of creativity, color, and energy, and one of the highlights of the festival.
The Meaning Behind Rio Carnival Costumes
One of the most striking features of Rio Carnival is the elaborate costumes worn by participants. From feathers and sequins to bright colors and bold patterns, the costumes are a visual feast for the eyes.
But the costumes are more than just aesthetics. They are often designed to reflect the theme of the samba school or to honor a particular historical figure or event. Many costumes also have spiritual significance, with symbols and motifs that represent different aspects of Brazilian Culture and belief.
In short, Rio Carnival costumes are not just frivolous decoration. They are a reflection of the soul and spirit of Brazil, and a powerful symbol of the country’s rich cultural heritage.
The Cultural Significance of Rio Carnival: A Celebration of Diversity, Resilience, and Unity
Rio Carnival is a melting pot of different cultures, musical styles, and artistic expressions. With over two million people on the streets each year, it’s the world’s largest outdoor party. But beyond the joyful chaos lies a deeper message of diversity, resilience, and unity.
The history of Rio Carnival is intertwined with the country’s complex social and political issues. From its Afro-Brazilian roots to the present day, the festival has been a platform for marginalized communities to assert their identities and make a statement. We’ll look at how Rio Carnival reflects Brazil’s struggle for social justice and equality.
Moreover, Rio Carnival is a testament to the power of collective celebration. It brings together people from all walks of life, erasing barriers of race, class, and age. As we explore the different aspects of Rio Carnival, we’ll see how it unites people around a shared experience of joy and wonder.
The Afro-Brazilian Roots of Rio Carnival
Rio Carnival was born out of the fusion of different cultural elements, most notably the African rhythms and dances brought by enslaved people to Brazil. Despite the oppressive conditions they lived in, the slaves managed to preserve their traditions and create new forms of expression.
We’ll delve deeper into the origins of samba, the quintessential music of Rio Carnival, and its connection to Afro-Brazilian religions, such as Candomblé and Umbanda. We’ll also explore the role of the first samba schools, community organizations that developed in the early 20th century to promote social integration and artistic excellence.
By understanding the cultural roots of Rio Carnival, we’ll gain a deeper appreciation for its symbolic and emotional significance.
The Role of Women in Rio Carnival
Women have played a crucial role in Rio Carnival since its inception. From the pastistas, the female dancers who paraded in the streets in the 19th century, to the modern-day queens of the samba schools, women have been at the forefront of creativity and innovation.
However, the gender dynamics of Rio Carnival are not always positive. Sexual harassment and objectification are still common, despite efforts to promote gender equality. We’ll discuss the challenges faced by women in the context of Rio Carnival, and how they are fighting back against harassment and discrimination.
The Music and Dance of Rio Carnival
One of the most distinctive features of Rio Carnival is the Music and dance that animate the streets and stadiums. Samba is the most popular genre, with its infectious beats and catchy melodies. However, there are many other styles, such as funk, axé, and maracatu, that contribute to the musical diversity of the festival.
We’ll explore the different instruments, rhythms, and lyrics that make up the rich tapestry of Rio Carnival music. We’ll also look at the various groups that perform during the event, from the samba schools to the blocos de rua, and the role they play in shaping the cultural identity of Rio and Brazil.
Dance is another essential element of Rio Carnival, with a range of styles and techniques on display. The samba no pé, a specific type of samba dance, is the most iconic, but there are many other forms, such as frevo, forró, and passinho. We’ll examine the cultural and social significance of dance in Rio Carnival and how it reflects the values and aspirations of its participants.
The Evolution of Rio Carnival Music
Rio Carnival music has not been static over the years but has undergone various transformations and adaptations. From the emergence of electric instruments in the 1970s to the fusion with international genres in the 21st century, Rio Carnival music reflects the changing tastes and influences of Brazilian society.
We’ll see how artists and producers have innovated within the framework of tradition, creating new sounds and rhythms while staying true to the roots. We’ll also explore the controversies and debates around authenticity and commercialization of Rio Carnival music and how they impact the festival’s Culture and identity.
The Future of Rio Carnival: Balancing Tradition with Modernity and Sustainability
As Rio Carnival enters its second century, there are new challenges and opportunities to explore. In a rapidly changing world, it’s essential to balance tradition with modernity and sustainability. We’ll examine how Rio Carnival can adapt to the demands of the 21st century while preserving its unique identity and cultural value.
Environmental issues are becoming more prominent in the public discourse, and Rio Carnival is not immune to them. The massive use of plastic, water, and energy during the festival has raised concerns over its ecological impact. We’ll look at how the organizers and participants are addressing these challenges, through initiatives such as waste reduction, renewable energy, and education.
Another aspect of the future of Rio Carnival is its relationship with technology. From social media to virtual reality, new technologies are transforming the way we experience events and connect with each other. We’ll discuss how Rio Carnival can leverage these tools to enhance the festival’s reach and impact, while staying true to its cultural roots and tradition.
The Business of Rio Carnival
Rio Carnival is not only a cultural event but also a massive business, generating millions of dollars in revenue each year. However, as with any industry, there are challenges and opportunities involved. We’ll explore the different sectors that make up the Rio Carnival economy, from tourism to fashion to music, and how they interact with each other.
We’ll also see how Rio Carnival can learn from other successful event industries, such as Coachella or Tomorrowland, in terms of branding, innovation, and customer experience. Finally, we’ll examine the relationship between the business and cultural aspects of Rio Carnival and how they can coexist and reinforce each other in the future.
The Role of Education in Rio Carnival
Rio Carnival is not only a celebration but also a platform for education and social inclusion. From schoolchildren who learn the samba to workshops that teach recycling, Rio Carnival has a valuable role in promoting sustainable development and civic engagement.
We’ll look at different initiatives and projects that use Rio Carnival as a tool for community empowerment and environmental awareness. We’ll also discuss the challenges faced by these initiatives, such as funding and sustainability, and how they can be overcome through collaboration and innovation.
The Global Reach of Rio Carnival
Rio Carnival is not only a local or national event but also a global phenomenon. Millions of people from around the world watch the parades and follow the news and social media about Rio Carnival. Moreover, the festival has inspired similar events in other countries, such as Notting Hill Carnival in London or Mardi Gras in New Orleans.
We’ll examine the cultural, economic, and diplomatic impact of Rio Carnival on Brazil and the world. We’ll also explore the challenges and opportunities involved in showcasing Rio Carnival to an international audience, such as language, branding, and representation. Finally, we’ll discuss how Rio Carnival can use its global reach to promote cultural exchange, diversity, and peace.
The Role of Media in Rio Carnival
Rio Carnival has a vast and complex media ecosystem, consisting of traditional and digital channels, local and international outlets, and paid and free content. This media landscape affects how people perceive and experience Rio Carnival, as well as how the festival interacts with society and politics.
We’ll analyze the different actors and factors involved in Rio Carnival’s media environment, such as TV networks, social media influencers, bloggers, and citizen journalists. We’ll also discuss the pros and cons of various formats, such as TV coverage, live streaming, VR, and podcasts, and how they can enhance or distort the festival’s Culture and identity.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
What are the origins of Rio Carnival?
Rio Carnival has its roots in a mix of European, African, and indigenous traditions. The festival began as a way for slaves to celebrate their freedom, and has evolved over time to become a major cultural event.
What makes Rio Carnival unique?
Rio Carnival is a blend of music, dance, and culture from different parts of Brazil and the world. The festival is known for its elaborate costumes, lively samba music, and colorful parades.
What is the cultural significance of Rio Carnival?
Rio Carnival is a celebration of diversity, resilience, and unity. It brings together people from different backgrounds and promotes cultural exchange and understanding. The festival also helps to boost the local economy and support the arts.
How is Rio Carnival balancing tradition and modernity?
Rio Carnival is an evolving event that aims to balance tradition with modernity and sustainability. This means incorporating new technologies and environmentally friendly practices, while still preserving the festival’s cultural heritage.
Would you like to check out our article ‘Exploring the World’s Most Beautiful Hidden Places‘ in this category?
Check out video on YouTube for more information.

domain: artistic


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domain: design


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My Sweet Physician Wife Calls The Shots - Chapter 1047 - Lesson Learned
Chapter 1047: Lesson Learned
Gu Mingyan’s shock was not an act.
In this life, her greatest asset was Huang Yuhang.
He was a smart, ambitious, and patient child. Therefore, to pave a bed of roses for Huang Yuhang, she had pampered Huang Yuhan from the start. She raised Huang Yuhan into becoming a stupid shrew.
However, Huang Yuhang was completely different from Huang Yuhan. At a glance, everyone could tell that he was a young master from a prestigious family.
So, how could she let anything happen to her son?
“Hang’er, how are you? Are you hurt anywhere? Tell Mommy.”
Huang Yuhang struggled to get up, but Gu Mingyan screeched, “Don’t sit up yet! Let Mommy check if your ribs are broken.”
“Elder Sis, how could you do this? Do you know how happy Big Bro and I were when we heard Mommy tell us that we still have an older sister? Even if you hate Zhong Qianqian because of Big Sis Nuannuan, isn’t our Huang family a victim too? If we hadn’t been deceived by Zhong Qianqian back then, we wouldn’t have had such an unhappy experience with each other either. Elder Sis, can’t you take into account that we’re related by blood and talk to us nicely?”
Although Huang Yuhan was a shrew with a bird brain, Gu Mingyan had always made her remember one thing—never reveal her shrewish nature in front of people who were more powerful than her.
Therefore, even though Huang Yuhan was angry that her elder brother was being treated like this, she did not lose her cool as she did at the auction.
After all, Nuannuan’s six elder brothers from the Nangong family were there. Perhaps any of them might take a fancy at her?
Therefore, like a trembling little white flower in the wind, Huang Yuhan put on a pitiful front.
Selina was disgusted by Huang Yuhan’s attitude. She sneered and walked toward her.
“Didn’t I tell you to stay far away from me the next time you see me?”
Huang Yuhan looked at her elder brother who was still unable to sit up after receiving Selina’s kick. She screamed and ran away.
When Selina saw that Huang Yuhan had run away, she wanted to let her off easy. However, that disgusting Huang Yuhan actually ran over to Nangong Ze, who stood next to Nangong Nuannuan, and begged him with an anxious and pitiful expression on her face, “Big Bro Ze, save me, please! Help me persuade my sister!”
Nangong Ze, “…”
“Do I know you? Why should I save you? Who do you think you are? What right do you have to ask me to save you? Are you pretty? With a face that looked like you grew up dipping your face in urine, how dare you have the nerve to hit on handsome men? I don’t even dare help you.”
Nangong Nuannuan, who stood at the side the whole time, could not help but burst out laughing.
Yep, that was the reason why she hated Nangong Ze so much.
In her previous life, Nangong Ze had always helped Zhong Qianqian. Even though he could not defeat her, he had always spoken harshly to her. His tongue was truly poisonous.
However, in this lifetime, the sharp-tongued Nangong Ze became someone on Nangong Nuannuan’s side. Seeing Huang Yuhan’s face transform from red to purple from his rebuttal, Nangong Nuannuan could not help but laugh without reservations.
A face dipped in urine…
She could not have described it better herself!
At the same time, Selina walked over and asserted herself before Huang Yuhan. She was almost a head taller than Huang Yuhan!
“It seems like you haven’t learned the lesson that I taught you last time. Then, you have to learn your lesson this time.”
After saying that, Selina did not care whether Huang Yuhan was a weak little girl or otherwise and landed a full punch over at the urine-dipped face.
Huang Yuhan could not even let out a scream before she flew several meters away and fainted from the pain.
User rating: 4.4

domain: literature


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This historical drama series explores the events of the 20th century in Arabia i.e. the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the end of the Caliphate, the march of Arab armies towards Syria in 1918 and the French invasion of Sham and Syria in 1920.
This series explores the lives of a group of women of varying social backgrounds and the manner in which they deal with divorce, desire, child-bearing and abuse.
This series explores the lives of a number of families in Damascus (1) during the Battle of Maysaloon in which French forces invaded Syria and (2) thereafter as the inhabitants of Mount Qasyoon opened their doors to Christians driven from their lands (thereby putting aside religious differences).
The events of the series are centered on a political prisoner who's just been set free. His excitement to return to the outside world is diminished as he finds his family in dire circumstances - circumstances he will attempt to enhance.
Kom Alhajar is a small village governed by a council of elders. Doghari is a councilman who attempts to rob the entire village of its wealth.


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75. How can a merciful bountiful God penalise and bring upon wrath upon His worshippers?
The ocean is full of water, but a sealed bottle will not have a single drop of water go inside it even if thrown in the middle of the ocean. Is that the fault of the ocean or the bottle?
Some people have closed all avenues of guidance to themselves; the faculty of thinking and intellect, edification and reflection, listening to the truth and submitting to it, guidance and advice, and assisting others and have built themselves in to being hard-hearted, just as the Qur’an states, they are like stones or harder;
ثُمَّ قَسَتْ قُلُوبُكُم مِّن بَعْدِ ذَٰلِكَ فَهِيَ كَالْحِجَارَةِ أَوْ أَشَدُّ قَسْوَ
“These people have been deprived of the bounties of Allah SWT due to themselves closing the paths that lead to that bounty, not because of any shortcoming from the bounties and mercy of Allah SWT.”1
- 1. Baqarah 2:74.


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A series of luncheon meetings this fall brought elected officials from across Missouri to MCC’s campuses to learn about the district’s legislative priorities.
The legislative luncheons, which were held on each campus, were intended to ensure the officials are familiar with MCC, the campuses and the campus leadership. Some newer legislators were introduced to the college for the first time.
“Because 27% of MCC’s funding comes through state appropriations, it is important, especially with term limits, that the elected officials in our district understand and appreciate community colleges in general, and MCC in particular,” said Tom Vansaghi, associate vice chancellor of college and community relations.
Specific topics of discussion included MCC’s structure, governance, economic impact, funding, enrollment and legislative priorities.
All members of the Missouri House and Senate from each of the campuses’ respective districts were invited to the luncheons. Other attendees included Zora Mulligan, executive director of the Missouri Community College Association, and MCC’s Jefferson City-based legislative consultants Nancy Giddens, Shannon Cooper and Jessica Land. Attendees from MCC included the chancellor, campus president and other campus leaders, and the Institute for Workforce Innovation’s Margaret Boyd.
This is the second consecutive year MCC has hosted legislative luncheons at each campus. In previous years similar meetings have been held at off-campus locations.

domain: news


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Government has listed its agencies, commissions and authorities that were approved for mergers or being transferred back to their mother ministries as departments or directorates.
Some of the changes, the Equal Opportunities Commission will be abolished, and its services transferred to the Uganda Human Rights Commission, since according to the report, equal opportunities are human rights. The Uganda Investment Authority, Enterprise Uganda Foundation Limited, Uganda Exports Promotions Board, Uganda Free Zones Authority, Private Sector Foundation of Uganda and the Privatization Unit have been merged into one entity, while the Management Training and Advisory Centre has been merged with Nakawa Vocational Training Institute.
Also, the Uganda Wildlife Education Centre, Uganda Tourism Board, and Uganda Wildlife Authority will be merged into one. The National Youth Council, National Women’s Council, National Council for Children, National Council for Disability and the National Council for Older Persons have also been consolidated into one authority, and the National Council of Higher Education will be merged with the National Curriculum Development Centre, and Kyambogo Teacher Curriculum centre.


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Scientist of the Week: Paul Loprinzi
Paul Loprinzi Image: Paul Loprinzi
Every Thursday, Laboratory Equipment features a Scientist of the Week, chosen from the science industry’s latest headlines. This week’s scientist is Paul Loprinzi from Bellarmine Univ. Loprinzi worked with Brad Cardinal of Oregon State Univ. to study how sleep and exercise interact and impact health.
Q: What made you interested in studying the connection between physical activity and sleep patterns?
A: Obtaining adequate sleep is essential in ensuring optimal health and productivity. However, about 1 out of every 3 adults have difficulty falling asleep or have excessive sleepiness during the day. Given the beneficial effects of physical activity on a variety of physiological, neurological and musculoskeletal health outcomes, we wanted to see if physical activity was also associated with sleep, and if so, it could be used as a non-pharmacological modality to help improve sleeping-related parameters.
Q: What are the future implications of your research and findings?
A: If additional studies, particularly experimental studies, confirm our findings, then physicians, psychiatrists and other health care professionals are encouraged to promote regular participation in physical activity to help improve sleep quality.
Q: What was the most surprising thing you found in your research?
A: One of the most important and interesting findings in our research was that the physical activity guidelines established for cardiovascular disease, some forms of cancer, and all-cause mortality was also associated with sleep quality and general productivity related to sleep.
Q: What is the take home message of your research and results?
A: The take home message of our research is that adults who engage in at least 150-minutes of moderate-intensity or 75-minutes of vigorous-intensity physical activity per week, compared to those engaging in lower levels of physical activity, may be less likely to feel overly sleepy during the day, have leg cramps while sleeping and have difficulty concentrating when tired.
Q: What new technologies did you use in your lab during your research?
A: Unlike other related studies, we utilized an objective-measure of physical activity to reduce measurement error often associated with self-report of physical activity behavior. Among all the participants, physical activity was measured using a waist-mounted accelerometer that detects accelerations and can be used to estimate the frequency, intensity and duration of physical activity over multiple days.
Q: What is next for you and your research?
A: Given the association between physical activity and sleep in the general adult population, and the fact that adult pregnant women often report problems associated with sleep, we plan to examine the relationship between physical activity and sleep among pregnant women.


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In the next 25 years, Scottish agriculture will have to capture the same amount of carbon it releases if Government targets are to be met.
Back in 2019, the UK Committee on Climate Change (CCC) advised government that Scotland could be net zero for carbon emissions by 2045, five years ahead of England. For Wales, the 2050 target is to reduce emissions by 95%, and for NI it is an 82% reduction, which reflects the fact that NI is likely to remain a significant net exporter of agri food.
In Scotland, an independent group of farmers, scientists and environmentalists were tasked with devising a route for farmers to reach net zero by 2045. The Farming for 1.5°C group, co-chaired by former NFU Scotland president Nigel Miller, produced an interim report in November 2020.
However, the starting point when looking into the future is the recommendations made by the CCC.
The committee recommends an increase in agricultural productivity on good quality land
The model used by the CCC starts with the premise that food production in the UK remains at current levels, which will be critical if we are not to offshore our environmental impact by simply importing all our food.
In crude terms, the committee recommends an increase in agricultural productivity on good quality land, which will free up other areas for trees and energy crops.
However, alongside that are various assumptions, including that food waste is halved, and that the public’s diet will change, with people eating 20% less red meat and dairy by 2030. This would mean that ruminant numbers would fall, although an increasing UK population might mean the expected reduction in cattle is actually closer to 10%.
Currently, suckler cow numbers are falling 1% a year in Scotland.
Planting Fife in trees
In Scotland, woodland currently covers an estimated 18.5% of total land, and by 2032 the Scottish Government has set a target to increase this to 21%. That would equate to planting an area greater than the size of Fife over the next 12 years.
But if we end up producing less, and planting more, it will not simply solve the issue, as imported meat often has higher emissions per kg.
To complicate it even further, the Scottish Government wants to improve biodiversity and protect rural communities during the transition to a low-carbon economy.
Trying to balance all these outcomes is no easy task, points out Nigel Miller.
His group published A Transformation Pathway interim report in November 2020 which sets out five phases of transformation required to deliver the net zero target, starting with “culture change” in Phase 1, through to “land-use change” in Phase 5.
The first phase would involve establishing a baseline across farms, and getting farmers thinking about carbon emissions. The entire farm is assessed to include carbon sequestered in woodlands, hedges, wetlands, etc.
“The Government would have to accept that farming’s net zero was a compound of a whole range of factors on the farmed area, to include carbon taken in, as well as emitted,” said Nigel Miller.
Every farm would be supported to routinely analyse soil, and farmers would be obliged to build soil carbon on 20% of their cropped area each year. This could be through applying manure, compost or crop residue. Or it could be through growing green manure or establishing a grazed break crop.
The Government would have to accept that farming’s net zero was a compound of a whole range of factors on the farmed area
Another proposal is for a tenth of the farm to be used for improved biodiversity and sequester carbon. Farms with high levels already may be exempt, but many units will need to do things such as establish water margins, break crops, green manure, woodland or agro-forestry. Smaller farms may have a reduced area allocated due to a disproportionate impact on their viability.
The second phase allows farmers to select from a menu of options designed to mitigate against carbon emissions. To have a significant impact there needs to be widespread uptake and the more undertaken at this stage the less pressure on farms further down the line.
Examples of what farmers may be asked to do include use of clover in new leys, avoidance of ploughing of permanent pasture, nutrient budgeting, use of low emission slurry spreading equipment and selecting breeding animals based on performance recording figures.
Phase 3 and 4
Later phases will assume that best practice is now in place, and among the proposals are for targets to be set for individual farms to cut emissions. Businesses could choose two different paths to go down. The first is precision farming, which would utilise technology to maintain production, while tackling emissions. The second would be nature value farming which would turn much of the focus on to how that farm can capture carbon and improve biodiversity.
The final phase is centred on land use, and for some farms, a switch from grass and crops to growing trees, and for others, a restoration of peatland to capture more carbon.
The report recognises that some farmers would consider these changes now, and these people should be encouraged.
“Action on peatlands and creating woodlands, for example, should happen as soon as possible,” note the authors.
A future report will explore this issue in more detail.

domain: agronomy


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text:
Let me respond to you in increments. "Sandusky" can be a variety of things. It could be the modern Ohio city of Sandusky, the river Sandusky, the Sandusky River country or the town Upper Sandusky in modern Wyandot County Ohio.
Since she was born in 1881 after the tribe left Ohio it could be Kansas or OK. However if they remained in Ohio they submerged into the surrounding white population. Check Ohio state birth records and also those in the towns of Sandusky, Fremont, Tiffin and Upper Sandusky, Ohio.
There were no last to leave: Wyandots came and went between Ohio, Kansas and Oklahoma.There are no "lists", names that come to mind are George Wright, Peter Gyami, the Walkers and Zanes.
About Smith Nichols see Huron and Wyandot Mythology by Marius Barbeau, page X.
Since you are in California look for the town of Wyandot. A group of Wyandot traveled there during the Gold Rush.
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domain: history


text:
Over a dozen falsehoods were spewed by Donald Trump during the second presidential debate.
Sunday night saw the second presidential debate between Hilary Clinton and Donald Trump. Both notoriously haunted by their past are now in their final run to the Oval Office. While Hilary is no saint, Donald Trump’s lies during the second presidential debate were remarkable. Politicians usually lie in order to gain support of the masses and this particular article shines a rather bright light on that fact, and these lies don’t even have to do with his [Donald Trump] race to the Oval Office. This is just him defending his image or something.
With help from NBC News and PolitiFact, let’s see how the second presidential debate between Clinton and Trump went.
- Trump said he didn’t urge people to “check out a sex tape” about former Miss Universe Alicia Machado. He did.
- Trump said health care costs are going up by 68 percent, 59 percent, 71 percent. The national estimate ranges are far lower.
- Trump said Clinton “acid washed” her private email server. She didn’t. She used an app called Bleachbit, not a corrosive chemical.
- Trump said Clinton doesn’t know Russia hacked the DNC. U.S. intelligence has said they very likely did.
- Trump said Clinton got a man accused of raping a 12-year-old girl “off” his charges. She didn’t.
- Trump said Clinton laughed at a child rape victim. She didn’t.
- Trump said Clinton “viciously attacked” four women. This is largely unsubstantiated.
- Trump said his 2005 recording didn’t describe sexual assault. It did.
- Trump said Clinton’s campaign started the “birther” movement. She didn’t.
- Trump said Clinton wants a single payer healthcare. She doesn’t.
- Trump said the San Bernardino shooters’ neighbors saw bombs in their apartment. They didn’t.
- Trump said Clinton wants 550 percent more Syrian refugees. That’s true.
- Trump said the nation can’t screen those refugees. That’s false.
- Trump said he was against the Iraq invasion. He wasn’t.
- Trump said he doesn’t know Putin. That’s not what he said before 2015.
- Trump called Obama’s Syrian red line a “line in the sand” while Clinton said she wasn’t secretary of state then. They’re both wrong.
- Trump said Clinton will raise the middle class’ taxes. It won’t.
- Trump said Michelle Obama was in 2008 primary ads attacking Clinton. She wasn’t.
- Trump said the moderators hadn’t asked about Clinton’s emails. They had just finished a question about them.
- Trump said Bernie Sanders accused Clinton of exercising bad judgment. He did.
- Trump said the federal immigration enforcement agency ICE endorsed him. They didn’t, a union of some ICE employees did.
It would be more than safe to say that Donald Trump is quite capable when it comes to misleading people, and lying. The second presidential debate is proof enough. The people of the United States of America are witnessing a sad state of affairs having to choose between a rock and a hard place.
Note: The bold statements are lies.You can follow us on Facebook, Twitter, or Google+ for more updates. Otherwise fill in the subscription box above, or subscribe to our RSS Feed.

domain: sociology