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Portable Fire Pit
Solo Stove Lite Backpacking Stove – Base Camp Food
The Solo Range Bonfire: Evaluation Is the Solo Range Bonfire the best fire pit ever made? The fire pit hasn’t altered much in, well … permanently. Sure you may see various designs cut into the side or fancy legs, but the actual style of the pit itself has actually stayed the same.
What made it various though, was that it was double walled. If you don’t like campfires because of the smoke this is the fire pit you want.
Sure you might see different designs cut into the side or fancy legs, but the real style of the pit itself has remained the very same. Then in 2013, a business called Solo Stove filed a patent for a small wood-burning stove that looked a little various. There were holes in the bottom of the outdoors and holes around the top of the inside – Portable Fire Pit in Arcadia, Bienville Parish.
Solo Stove Ranger Review – Your Portable Campfire Solutionti
The idea was that you ‘d get a huge air draw on the bottom, and after that as the air in the walls warmed up, you ‘d get a secondary burn on the top, producing a near smokeless fire that was exceptionally efficient – Portable Fire Pit in Arcadia, Bienville Parish. They sent us one and guess what we found? That’s precisely what it did.
We evaluated the Solo Range Lite several years earlier – Portable Fire Pit in Arcadia, Bienville Parish. It appeared like every single year Solo Stove would keep making this design larger and bigger. The Bonfire!
The claim is that the Solo Range Bonfire can decrease 20 pounds of firewood to 5 ounces of ash. I chose to put this to the test, so I assembled 25 lbs of wood (kindling consisted of) and nestled into my Adirondack for a beautiful evening of field screening (presently my preferred firestarters).
Best Fire Pit Ever? Solo Stove Bonfire Review
After the kindling was well in progress, I tossed a few logs in, and eventually the secondary burn was eliminating almost all of the smoke. Sure, there was a wisp occasionally, however it’s night and day compared to a routine firepit (Portable Fire Pit in Arcadia, Bienville Parish). The Bonfire fits regular firewood completely. Keep in mind the secondary burn on the bottom right.
There was a little amount of rain early morning, for this reason the wetness. As you can see below, there is very little unburned wood left. On that note, I ‘d state that the only con I can believe of for the Solo Range Bonfire is that it’s not suggested to be excluded in the aspects uncovered. Portable Fire Pit in Arcadia, Bienville Parish.
It features a good bring case, so that’s not a big negative in my book. The positive here is that the case makes it simple to haul around and impress individuals with the style and lack of smoke. If you have backyard fires a number of times a week, I ‘d say yes.
Stainless Steel Wood Burning Fire Pit With Stand – Solo Stove …
It just produces an even more enjoyable experience. If you’re only out there when a month, then you’re most likely much better off getting a cheapo version from a big box shop and letting it rust over the course of two summertimes (like we’ve all done). Personally, I’ll never return to the smoke beast.
Yes. The firepit is not created to be overlooked in the rain, so if it’s going to rain over night (inspect your radar) you have to toss it in the garden shed or garage. The factor I do not find this to be a huge deal is that, due to its effectiveness, it stresses out faster than other firepits.
Since the air flow is so effective, you’ll go through more wood than a traditional firepit will. This is absolutely worth the near smokeless experience in my viewpoint. Almost everybody that comes by for a bonfire discuss the truth that there’s practically no smoke. I’ve even received texts the next day stating “hey, send me a link to that thing – Portable Fire Pit in Arcadia, Bienville Parish.
Solo Stove Bonfire Review: A Better Way To Burn Wood
This is what was left after 25 lbs of wood. Since slow motion fire never gets old If you end up picking up a Solo Range Bonfire, trust us you’ll be having a lot of yard bonfires. Portable Fire Pit in Arcadia, Bienville Parish.
SUGGESTION: get green cured 2x4s for the bottom. It’s essential to keep your firewood bone dry, and if you have a long overhang on your garage or home, you won’t need a cover.
It will fit the log rack above perfectly. Use 2 eight-foot 2x4s on the bottom, and cut 2 in half for the sides. Here’s something we have actually discovered over the years: the hotter your firestarter burns, the faster your fire starts. If paper or dryer lint is exercising for you, keep using it.
A Review Of The Solo Stove – Seed To Pantry School
They burn for 10 minutes, and we have actually never needed to utilize more than one. remarks – Portable Fire Pit in Arcadia, Bienville Parish.
TABLE OF CONTENTSIf you are aiming to upgrade your backyard experience, including a smokeless fire pit is an exceptional decision. Breeo, Solo Range, and Blue Sky make the most popular yard fire pits. Each brand includes innovative styles that provide anupgraded experience over the traditional fire pit. We love a great backyard experience, roasting marshmallows with family and buddies, and after many hours of research and usage, we more than happy to suggest the following items: Modern life is frequently difficult and has much of us stuck inside your home for the majority of the day.
It might be time to produce your own metropolitan oasis and enjoy some fresh air. A smokeless fire pit is the ideal yard centerpiece to encourage kicking back and relaxing (Portable Fire Pit in Arcadia, Bienville Parish). Brand Name Comparison, Still not sure which brand to pick? Each company has its unique styling and particular strengths and weak points.
Solo Stove Lite Review: Twig Powered Cooking …
Breeo vs. Solo Stove, Solo Range’s products tend to be lighter and more portable, while Breeo’s items are much better for open-fire cooking. Solo Range is a leading innovator, including technology like the 360 degrees air flow innovation.
Solo Range Reviews, Solo Range’s whole product line-up is impressive. The 360 Air flow Design supplies oxygen throughout the system, making the fire pit very efficient.
These items are extremely long lasting since they are built from stainless steel, and all feature the signature airflow style. Any of the items would be an exceptional addition to your way of life, so let’s determine which best fits your requirements. If you have an interest in more portable units, there is merely no much better choice; and their standard fire pits are simply as high of quality, even if they have more competitors.
Solo Stove Bonfire Reviews? – Forest River Forums
The mesh cover helps avoid embers from flying out (Portable Fire Pit in Arcadia, Bienville Parish). I have a set of trousers with a hole in them since of this occurring, so I want I had been utilizing the guard then. Obviously, if you want to add on a couple of accessories, you may think about among the packages, which supply reduced rates.
This also indicates it is the most compact style if you are searching for something to require to a campground. The Ranger is just 15 inches in size, and regardless of its little size, it still packs the signature 360-degree airflow design intended to decrease smoke. The Solo Range Ranger really is the supreme portable fire pit, so if experiences call your name every weekend, the Ranger might soon be your favorite piece of gear.
All of Solo Stove’s products can be acquired with a stand and a shield, which we extremely suggest. The stand raises the fire pit off ground surface areas, increasing its adaptability and making it possible for the use on decks and patio areas alike, without worry of harming the surface area.
Solo Stove Bonfire Review: The Best Fire Pit We’ve Ever Used …
Honestly, I am excited about some beachside hot canines and s’mores simply thinking of the Ranger. The Solo Stove Ranger comes in a compact size that produces a warm radiance and produces glowing heat. Just in case you are not totally sure what chunk wood is, we thought we would help you out.
It’s frequently kiln-dried, which makes it simpler to start the fire. Solo Range Bonfire (Medium)Solo Stove’s Bonfire is the brand name’s top-selling item.
While lite and portable, it is still big enough for a few individuals to hang out around it, yet the model suits a carry-bag when it’s time to head back home. It weighs 20 pounds and is 19. Portable Fire Pit in Arcadia, Bienville Parish. 5 inches in diameter, making it a little easier to burn little logs than the Ranger model.
Solo Stove Review: The Best Camping Stove You Need
Like with the other models, we suggest getting the stand and shield accessories, too, due to the fact that they legitimately increase the fire pit’s versatility and safety (Portable Fire Pit in Arcadia, Bienville Parish). The Solo Stove Bonfire is an excellent, do-it-all, fire pit. It’s fantastic for practically any scenario. And while it is a bit more compact than the Yukon, the Bonfire model still postpones a lot of heat.
Solo Stove Yukon (Large)If you are looking for a fire pit to leave in your backyard, the Yukon is for you. The long lasting stainless steel construction is great to leave in the aspects and delight in year-round. At 38 lbs and 27 inches in diameter, the Yukon is considerably bigger than the Bonfire, which is excellent if you plan on cooling around your fire late into the evening.
The smaller sized designs are excellent for portability, and the Bonfire model fits logs too, but the Yukon’s size makes it a lot more flexible for any sort of log, and it is huge enough to accommodate full-size wood logs. Given that the Solo Stove Yukon is the brand name’s biggest item, it is also its most costly. Portable Fire Pit in Arcadia, Bienville Parish.
The Solo Stove Bonfire: Review – 50 Campfires – Pinterest
We honestly expect you to like the product, as does Solo Range, but if you have any doubts, it is assuring to understand the company backs their exceptional product with exceptional customer service too. The Yukon is developed to be the focal point of your backyard, and it will function as an excellent excuse to have friends and family over or simply to take pleasure in the fresh air under the stars on your own. Portable Fire Pit in Arcadia, Bienville Parish.
Breeo’s items look a little less space-age and therefore fit into your outside area more flawlessly. Still, Solo Range products boast leading efficiency, and if you are leaning towards Solo Stove, we are convinced you will be pleased with the Yukon or any other of their items. Solo Range Camp Stoves & Grill, We would be remiss to completely disregard the brand name’s camp ranges since that is where whatever began.
The tiniest version of the camp stove, the Solo Stove Lite, is the original Solo Stove product designed for major hiking and backpacking. For overnight camping and groups of more than two, the Solo Stove Campfire will be the finest choice for most individuals.


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The secret to good barbecue is to know how to get the right amount of sweet mixed with the right amount of heat. Choosing which kind of sweet can be difficult, but an understanding of the different types of ingredients used to sweeten can be of great help when making those decisions. So let's take a look at a few.
We are all familiar with the intense flavor of refined sugar. Brown sugar has a much more complex flavor. There are several other items available to help sweeten up your products. Muscovite is a super rich, molasses flavored sweetener. This is basically dark brown unrefined cane sugar. Also available are dried molasses, which are very easy to work with in rubs. Most molasses are a blend of syrups from different varieties of cane sugar. Blackstrap molasses are thick, strong in flavor, and darker than most molasses and come from the concentrated syrup that is left behind when sugar is refined.
Brown sugar is useful in sauces but difficult to work with in dry rubs. It has a tendency to clump and become hard. Turbinado sugar is a refined sugar with the flavor of molasses and is similar to brown sugar but without the caking problems. Excellent for use in your dry rubs. Honey is one of the worlds oldest sweeteners and its soft, mellow flavor allows you to create excellent sweet sauces. Maple syrup has a smooth rich flavor. It is used quite often with sausage, bacon, and other pork products. Maple sugar has the same bold taste and can be used in dry rubs with excellent results.
Finally, never forget fruits and jellies. Apples, peaches, and plums are excellent fruits to use as sweeteners. My personal favorites are jellies and preserves. I think I like these the most because of all the different flavors available. Next time you get a chance, add some pineapple, apple, blueberry or other flavored jelly to your sauce. About 1 cup per 3 cups of sauce. I think you will enjoy the results. Remember, sugars tend to burn easily on the grill, so be careful.

domain: food


ELECTRIC BIKE MOTORS & DRIVE TYPES
There are various types of electric bike motors available on the market. Two main types which should be distinguished are hub motors and central crank drives. There are significant differences between the hub motor and the crank drives.
CRANK DRIVE SYSTEMS
Crank drive is located in the middle of the bike frame, where the bottom bracket normally sits. Crank drives propel the bike through the chain with the use of the rear wheel gears. It is therefore a very efficient system, because it can increase its own torque through the use of wheel’s cassette. To put it simple, it can allow the bicycle to climb up very steep hills.
But the system has some disadvantages as well. The main disadvantage is its weight, which is very often quite high, and a lack of a throttle. Crank drives are normally built as a pedelec, which means that the electric assistance works only when the rider keeps pedalling by rotating the cranks. Crank drive system are also equipped with a torque sensor, which identifies when the rider puts more effort on the cranks. The higher the rider’s effort on the cranks, the more power is supplied by the motor and the faster the bike goes. To sum up, the crank drive systems are very efficient and are great for hill climbing. But because they work as a pedelec only, the rider need to keep pedalling to make the assistance work, and they need to pedall quite hard to be able to ride fast or uphill.
It is a completely different drive type from the crank central drive bikes. The motor is located inside the hub, which propels the whole wheel independently from the bike chain or cassette. Hub motor bikes can be powered by both a pedelec mode and a throttle only, which means that no pedalling by the rider is required, in contrast to the crank drive systems where pedalling is needed for the electric assistance to work. Hub motors provide a great solution for those who would like to take a break from pedalling but still want their bike to keep moving, and those who want to use electric assistance while pedalling but don’t want to pedal as hard as in the crank drive system to make the bike go fast. Hub motors are suitable for different styles of cycling as users can change the mode from throttle only to pedelec mode at any time.
There are different types of hub motors, with the main types being direct drive only, and the ones using an internal gearing system:
Direct drive hub motors
The direct drive hub motors are very reliable and quiet but on the negative side they are usually quite large and heavy. The direct drive motors need to be big in order to generate sufficient amount of torque.
Geared hub motors
The geared hub motors have a different construction. The hub shell is a lot smaller and the motors weight less, comparing to the direct drive ones. The electric motor inside is a lot smaller but it is assisted by the internal gearing system that allows to generate higher torque. Low weight and a small size work as an dvantage of the geared hub motors. On the negative side, it is normal for geared motors to generate some noise. The level of noise can vary, with steel gears motors being usually quite loud, and Teflon gears ones being very quiet.
Hub motors -conclusion
So which system is better? Considering all pros and cons, it’s probably the geared motors that win the battle. Weight in electric bicycles is crucial and geared motors from reputable manufacturers like 8FUN not only have low weigh, but also offer a great performance and reliability.
Brushed or brushless motor?
There are also two different types of electric motors – brushed and brushless. Generally, brushed motors are less reliable than the brushless ones. They need to be replaced after being used for some time, whereas brushless motors can often run for years without the need for any maintenance. Brushless motors are generally maintenance-free and their failure rates are very low.
The battery on an electric bike is just as important as the motor. Some would even say that thay are more important, as it’s usually the batteries that are more likely to go wrong. In recent years, there has been a real boom on the electric bikes’ batteries market, with more new technologies being used, and better types of batteries that can imporove performance of e-bikes available.
MAIN PROBLEMS WITH E-BIKE BATTERIES
When thinking of buying an electric bicycle, most people are not aware of potential problems associated with batteries, one of them being the high cost if a replacement battery is required, the battery is the most expensive part of an electric bike. Currently replacement batteries cost between £250 and £600 for a new battery pack, depending on the type of the battery, its chemistry, bike model, and other factors.
The main problem associated with batteries is the loss of memory. All batteries will have some degree of memory effect and loose their capacity with the number of recharge cycles. The loss of memory will vary in different batteries, with some poor batteries loosing as much as 50% of capacity after just six months of use, and good quality ones lasting for two years loosing only over a third of their capacity. The majority of high quality e-bike batteries should achieve around 500-800 recharge cycles before they will need to be replaced.
Another problem associated with e-bike batteries is power delivery, these problems are more common with cheap, poor quality and unbranded bikes imported from China that have a very poor records of reliability. The good thing is that a power delivery issue is easy to identify. The motor on the bike simply cuts off when cycling uphill. During climbing the motor normally needs a higher current in order to deliver more power to the motor, poor quality batteries are simply not able to deliver the required current for a longer period of time. It is therefore important to highlight that not every lithium battery is equal. How to distinguish a good one from a poor one? Warranty on the battery is usually a good guide here – good quality batteries usually have a two year warranty also the cells used inside the battery should be of a high quality and from a reputable manufacturer. But you should always remember to ask the seller what the warrantly actually covers.
BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
BMS battery management system in lithium batteries has a role of a little computer that controls the battery performance. All lithium batteries in electric bikes are built up with a number of cells which are all connected. Because there are many cells in one battery, one central computer needs to control a power delivery between cells, check the cell balancing, and make sure that the battery does not overheat and delivers the allowed current. Again, it all comes down to the price, with the majority of cheap lithium batteries using a very poorly designed battery management systems. It is therefore important to ask the seller what type of battery management system is fitted into the battery. Only branded management systems from reputable companies, such as O2 Micro or Toshiba, can give the best performance in power delivery.
Controller is the type of computer responsible for power delivery between the battery and the motor. There are various types of controllers, which can be programmed in a different way. Some controllers can be programmed as e-bikes (bike operated by twist and go only) or pedelecs (require rider’s input in order to provide assistance), other controllers are much ‘smarter’ and can operate in both pedelec and e-bike mode. There are controllers that are re-programmable to run on a different set up, and some controllers also have a de-restriction options, which allow to increase the maximum allowable legal speed of 15.5mph (25km/h).


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Veal embraces the spirit of convenience at his new store
For the last eight to 10 years when a citizen of Mitchell realized they needed a bottle of ketchup or bag of ice they had to make a roughly 12-mile round trip drive to Gibson and back to fill that need. Every day they had to make sure they had plenty of gas before going home for the night.
“It’s not that big a deal, but it is aggravating,” said Scott Veal, who has lived in Mitchell for 20 years. “It was just inconvenient if you wanted a bag of chips or a Hersey bar.”
Now he is doing something to remedy that situation. For the last year he has been remodeling the old gas station at the corner of Highway 102 and the Mitchell-Edgehill Road. He has now opened the only convenience store and gas station on the western end of Glascock County.
“We opened for Springfest, but we were not completely stocked up,” Veal said. “The last couple of weeks we’ve had our vendors coming in and we have it stocked and blocked like a sure enough store now.”
Open from 6 a.m. to 9 p.m. Monday through Saturday, with Sunday hours in the works, his store Rocket Food and Fuel is offering a wide selection of snacks and drinks, grocery staples, a few household goods and other useful items like motor oil and charcoal.
“We’re not going to replace your weekly trip to the grocery store, but if there’s some small item you need, we can save you a drive,” Veal said. “There’s the price of gas right now and if you have to go to Gibson and back that could take a whole gallon.”
The store also features a new kitchen.
“We’re cooking breakfast and lunch six days a week and we’re probably going to move into cooking at night too,” said Veal, who also owns Scott’s Place diner in Gibson, the Lil’ Dutch Bakery in Louisville and two months ago opened Scott’s Place restaurant in Wrens, in the location of the former Dutch House. “For now (in Mitchell) it’s just chicken strips, hamburgers, sandwiches, that kind of stuff. We’ll do pizza eventually and probably regular meals too, a meat and two, as we get more staff in place.”
The new gas pumps should be delivered in the next two weeks and Veal said he hopes to offer regular unleaded, non-ethanol fuel and diesel at the new store.
J.J. Cooper, who has been working for Veal managing the store and getting it ready to open, said he expects it will be an asset for visitors to nearby Hamburg State Park.
Veal said that he has plans to offer a selection of bait and tackle for fishermen and expand the shop area to offer some hardware items.
“Traffic has been really good,” Cooper said. “People are saying they are really happy to have something here.”
Veal said that the kitchen has been popular with area residents and employees of nearby Pulliam Lumber who stop to get breakfast on their way to work. Saturday was also a busy day for the store’s kitchen, which Veal ran himself. He hopes to have other cooks in place to take over there, but still plans to fill in when needed.
“It’s all about having good people,” he said. “JJ has done a lot to get this place open. I can tell him what I want and he does it. Having people like him, and the ones I have in Wrens, and in the last week I’ve hired an office manager to take more of a burden off of me."
Between the four businesses, two of which have opened in the last two weeks, he said that he is up to around 50 employees, significantly more than when he just had the Gibson diner four years ago. All of his business expansions have been tied to offers, whether it be for the property or the business itself, that he says he could not let pass.
“You focus on impact, you don’t focus on the money,” Veal said. “Think about what gets people excited, what it is they want. You can’t go into thinking I’ll make a dollar here and a dollar there. If you focus on the impact your business is having on people, the profitability will follow, you can watch it go up.”
He said that he is looking forward to being able to go back to the diner and run the register at lunch so he can talk to his customers and they can talk to Scott at Scott’s Place.

domain: news


PLATTSBURGH — One person was injured in a two-car accident July 24.
Shortly before 8:14 p.m., Moriah F. Johnson, 35, of Mount Holly, Vt., was traveling southbound on Rand Hill Road approaching the intersection with Route 3 in the Town of Plattsburgh when she failed to stop at a stop sign and struck a vehicle driven by John M. Wheeler, 47, of Cadyville who was traveling west on Route 3.
The accident caused damage to lawnmowers and other equipment that Wheeler was towing in a trailer attached to his vehicle, police said.
No further information was available.
— By Staff Writer Felicia Krieg


The difference for pro version:
1. Trim: When the machine is turned on, it is necessary to press the touch key same time to make manicure.it is more safe.
2,Double click to reverse: Double click the open key to reverse the cutter head. Each double click will reverse about 1-3mm.
If there is a foreign object in the cutter head, you can try to use this operation to slowly remove the foreign object.
xiaomi seemagic Electric Automatic Nail Clippers Pro version:
Product name:Electric nail clippers pro
Product model: SMPH-zjd03s


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Everyone loves a central banker when money is easy, and by that measure Mario Draghi must be the most popular man in Europe. On Wednesday the European Central Bank President lent another €529.5 billion ($719 billion) to euro-zone banks for three years. It remains to be seen whether Mr. Draghi's customers come to regret this second free round from the bar.
Including December's three-year, €489 billion blowout, this brings the Draghi bonanza to a cool €1 trillion and change, about half of which is new lending, the rest replacing shorter-term loans coming due. Some 800 banks participated in the open-ended offering, compared to 523 last time. The larger participation may be due to a decision by some national central banks in the euro zone to loosen collateral rules for the loans.
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domain: finance


Contrary to popular belief, editing documents online can be trouble-free. Sure, some file formats might seem too hard with which to deal. But if you get the right solution, like DocHub, it's easy to modify any file with minimum effort. DocHub is your go-to tool for tasks as simple as the option to Fine-tune Numbers Application For Free a single document or something as intimidating as handling a huge pile of complex paperwork.
When it comes to a tool for online file editing, there are many solutions out there. Yet, not all of them are robust enough to accommodate the needs of people requiring minimum editing capabilities or small businesses that look for more advanced features that enable them to collaborate within their document-based workflow. DocHub is a multi-purpose solution that makes managing documents online more streamlined and smoother. Sign up for DocHub now!
hey whats up coders welcome to one little coder in this stable diffusion tutorial were going to see a new alternative method to dream Booth where you can just use five or six images of your picture and then create dream Booth style stable diffusion fine-tuned model so Im going to show you how you can use these five images this is these are like five images of a very popular Cricket player in India called Virat Kohli so these are images that Ive taken from internet and Im going to show you how you can use these images and then finally come up with something that likes looks like this which is stylized version of um the original images and this is a character so this is very similar to dream Booth but were going to use a different method before we get into this entire tutorial I would like to first point out why we are using this different method instead of dream Booth the method is called Lora L O R A Laura and Laura stands for low rank adaption for fast text to image diffusion f


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Introduction to Gates of Olympus
Gates of Olympus is a mesmerizing online slot game that immerses players in the realm of ancient Greek mythology, where gods and titans reign supreme. Developed by a leading software provider, Gates of Olympus offers an epic adventure filled with divine treasures, mythical creatures, and thrilling gameplay. In this article, we’ll embark on a journey through the Gates of Olympus, uncovering its captivating features, gameplay mechanics, and why it’s become a favorite among slot enthusiasts worldwide.
Enter the Realm of Myth and Legend
Gates of Olympus invites players to step into a world of legend and mythology, where the gods of Olympus rule from their celestial domain. The game’s stunning visuals transport players to a majestic temple nestled among the clouds, where symbols representing Zeus, Poseidon, Athena, and other iconic deities adorn the reels. The stirring soundtrack and dynamic animations further enhance the immersive experience, immersing players in the epic saga of ancient Greece.
Harness the Power of Divine Features
Gates of Olympus offers a wealth of special features and bonuses that add excitement and intrigue to the gameplay. The game includes a cascading reels mechanic, where winning combinations disappear from the reels and are replaced by new symbols, potentially leading to consecutive wins in a single spin. Additionally, Gates of Olympus features a multiplier mechanic that increases with each consecutive win, offering the potential for massive payouts.
Summon the Gods for Divine Rewards
One of the most exciting aspects of Gates of Olympus is its bonus feature, which is triggered by landing four or more scatter symbols anywhere on the reels. When activated, players are granted a series of free spins with enhanced features, including an increasing multiplier that can reach staggering heights. With each spin, the multiplier grows larger, multiplying the value of any wins and offering the potential for divine rewards.
Embark on an Epic Quest
With its engaging gameplay, stunning visuals, and the allure of mythical treasures, Gates of Olympus offers an unforgettable gaming experience that is sure to captivate players of all levels. Whether you’re a fan of Greek mythology or simply looking for an exciting adventure, Gates-of-Olympus delivers the excitement and the chance to win legendary prizes. Join the quest for divine riches today and see if you have what it takes to unlock the Gates-of-Olympus.
Conclusion: Ascend to the Heights of Olympus
In conclusion, Gates-of-Olympus is a breathtaking online slot game that transports players to the realm of ancient Greek mythology, where untold riches and divine rewards await. With its immersive theme, thrilling features, and the potential for massive payouts, Gates-of-Olympus offers an epic gaming experience that is sure to leave players spellbound. Join the gods of Olympus today and embark on a quest for legendary treasures in Gates-of-Olympus!

domain: hobby


Introduction: The Evolution of Material Handling Systems
The NC Servo Feeder is a cutting-edge technology in the realm of material handling. It stands out for its ease of setup, user-friendly interface, high-accuracy feeding, durability, low likelihood of failure, and simple maintenance requirements. Incorporating a state-of-the-art electronic control mechanism—consisting of Yaskawa servo motors, Mitsubishi PLC, and a Weinview touchscreen—it’s undeniably an investment worth considering, despite its higher price tag compared to alternative systems like air feeders and roller feeders.
Accuracy at Its Finest: Understanding Tolerance Levels
When operated under standard conditions, the NC Servo Feeder boasts an impressive material-feeding precision with tolerances as tight as ±0.02mm. Although rare, performance deviations can occasionally occur due to a variety of factors. Below, we explore some of the main culprits behind these discrepancies:
1. Pneumatic Pressure Challenges
One of the leading causes of feeding inaccuracies arises from insufficient external pneumatic pressure, impacting the effectiveness of the clamping and relaxing cylinders. To troubleshoot this issue, you should examine the integrated system of the NC Servo Feeder to ensure it’s operating under the appropriate pressure parameters.
2. Clamping Force and Spring Tension
Another notable factor affecting precision is the suboptimal clamping force generated by the pressure springs. Incorrect tension settings may cause material to slip between the rollers, undermining the machine’s feeding accuracy. The solution? Adjust the clamping force exerted by the pressure springs.
3. Timing Mismatches in Feeding and Relaxation Cycles
Different molds require specialized stamping methods and timing setups. If the timing parameters for feeding and relaxation aren’t appropriately adjusted, you may encounter issues like premature or delayed material release. By fine-tuning the NC Servo Feeder’s settings, you can optimize its performance.
4. Limitations in Feeding Speed
Although the NC Servo Feeder is incredibly efficient, it’s not designed for high-speed applications. When stamping rates exceed 200 cycles per minute, the machine may lag behind. For higher-speed requirements, consider alternatives like roller feeders, gripper feeders, or gear feeders.
5. Contaminants and Obstructions
Presence of lubricants or foreign materials within the feeding roller can also impact feeding accuracy. This typically manifests as intermittent inaccuracies or material slippage. Cleaning the roller effectively resolves this issue.
Conclusion: Why Choose the NC Servo Feeder
The NC Servo Feeder is more than just a material-feeding device; it’s a robust, highly precise, and user-friendly solution. While it may have a higher upfront cost compared to other options, its long-term benefits—ease of use, durability, and precision—far outweigh the initial investment.
For those looking for an unparalleled level of accuracy and operational efficiency in their material handling applications, the NC Servo Feeder is the go-to choice. With a proper understanding of its features and limitations, you can effortlessly optimize its performance to suit your specific needs.


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Located in the heart of Riverstone's transformation, Linkers presents the perfect REGISTERED block.
The highly clicked and viewed Estate is situated in a rapidly transitioning section of Riverstone, naturally close proximity to all of Riverstone's amenities.
Close proximity to all current and future necessities some of them include:
- Riverstone train station
-The future North West Rail Link
-Rouse Hill Town Centre
-Marsden Park Business Centre
-Ikea (For your new home )
-Bunnings Warehouse (Again for your new home)
-Norwest Christian College
-Riverstone High and Primary schools
-With infrastructure like above and adding day by day , enjoy a strong rental return from the get go why not take advantage of the thriving rental market?
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Date(s) - 20/08/2022
10:00 am - 11:30 am
Orangebrook Golf & Country Club
Saturday Junior Golf Clinics (Ages 6-13)
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Begin with stretching and instruction at the golf range, a quick break and refreshments, then putting and chipping activities at the practice green. Kids may practice on the golf course to supplement their learning. Kids learn golf with friends and have a lot of fun!
Only $20 each week.


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Dazzle Africa has developed a working relationship with many artists. Through their partnership, a generous portion of the proceeds from the sale of their art will be donated directly to Dazzle Africa. So what better way to show off your support for Dazzle Africa than by purchasing art from one of the many talented artists listed below. Thank you so much and enjoy!
MAP/PHOTOGRAPHIC is the platform for US-based travel, wildlife, & street photographer Mike Paredes. It’s a party of sorts, so guest photographers are featured regularly. Mike’s goal is to share the stories of the world with his followers and clients. Mike Paredes is currently part of Dazzle Africa’s Board of Directors.
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Zombre Art • firstname.lastname@example.org
Briana Martine is a fine artist located in Las Vegas Nevada. She specializes in recreating photographs based in realism with mediums such as: graphite, colored pencil, acrylic, and soft pastels. Perfect for safari guests who want to create a forever memory with your favorite safari photograph!
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Rocky Hawkins was born in 1950 in Seattle, Washington, and grew up in small towns near the Cascade Mountains. He earned his degree at the Burnley School of Professional Art. His interest in the mystery and spiritual element of the Indian culture began in his childhood. Traveling with his family to historic locations that conveyed Native American history, he was taken with the beauty and mysticism of the Indian’s individual expression.
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Amazon reports record sales, expands Whole Foods delivery service
Amazon reported record quarterly sales late last week, in part because of a spike in Prime Day sales – including Whole Foods Market specials.
In yet another sign that e-commerce and online grocery delivery is becoming more common around the world, Amazon’s net sales surged 39 percent to USD 52.9 billion (EUR 45.4 billion) in the second quarter.
The massive retailer’s fourth annual Prime Day was its biggest global shopping event yet, welcoming more new Prime subscribers than any other previous day-long sales event in Amazon history. Prime members also saved millions of dollars at Whole Foods Market with Prime Day deals, which reportedly included a 10 percent discount on cod.
Amazon also continues to expand grocery delivery from Whole Foods Market. The e-commerce giant recently expanded Whole Foods delivery to 24 U.S. cities, including New York, New York; Long Island, New York; Fort Lauderdale, Florida; Miami, Florida; and Palm Beach, Florida.
Prime Now members can receive "fresh produce, high quality meat and seafood, everyday staples and other locally sourced items" from Whole Foods in as little as one hour using the delivery service, Amazon said in a press release.

domain: economics


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This is an edited volume of essays by psychologists, biologists, cognitive scientists, computer scientists, and geographers on wayfinding by humans and other species. It addresses the extent to which cognitive maps may be universal, and produces evidence that humans, apes, some birds and some small mammals appear to behave as if they have internal representations that guide wayfinding processes in a map-like manner. Evidence also shows that insects, some mammals, and perhaps some birds may not evince such guided behavior, but rely more on spatial updating by dead-reckoning or pilotage. The multiple disciplinary views of wayfinding and navigation by humans and other animals gives the volume a distinctly different content from other available books.
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1. The use of maps in forms ranging from dirt drawings to stone carvings, from rice paper scrolls to Automobile Association trip-tiks, from topographic map sheets to disposable tactile strip maps appears to be a cultural universal (Uttal 1997). Maps both record what is known and remembered about an environment and act as wayfinding aids. In the absence of these artifacts, humans and other animals rely on internal representations or stored memories of experienced environments. It is frequently assumed that these stored memories, now commonly referred to as cognitive maps or internal spatial representations, are used to guide travel. Cognitive maps are always there: they cannot be left at home, torn to pieces by fractious children, rendered apart and pieced together incorrectly, so that map reading errors result in a traveler becoming lost. But they do have their problems.
2. The idea that animals also possess internal spatial representations resulted in Tolman's first identification of the term cognitive map. Rather than state that animals, particularly the rats that took short cuts through his mazes stored spatial information as a map, Tolman used the term metaphorically. In other words, he suggested that the animals used in his studies appeared to be able to use spatial information as though the places they remembered were recorded in a maplike manner. For decades, controversy has raged over whether animals do have cognitive maps or if they have other forms of internal spatial representations that allow them to behave as if they were being guided by a map-reading operation. After decades of research in zoology, other biological sciences, and experimental psychology, in particular, various alternatives have been posed to account for successful animal travel behavior. Many have argued that the practice of returning directly to home after a meandering search for food by many nonhuman species indicates that the species did continuous spatial updating, then returned home by a procedure well known to ocean shipping or aircraft pilots the process of dead reckoning. Called path integration, this process enables a traveler to constantly update their current position with respect to an origin without recording details of the path already followed. Because there is no need for a memory trace of the path, route retrace may be difficult or impossible. The need of many foragers who are partly responsible for feeding other members of their species to return home with food, appears to make the short cut (or 'beeline' or 'crow-fly') return trip the more reasonable option. If food is consumed at the spot on which it is found, safety considerations might dictate an immediate shortest-distance return.
3. Flying insects and avian species appear to use landmarks, sun compasses, magnetic compasses, or other celestial guides to help them with migratory and shorter-distance travel. Naturally enough, questions have arisen as to whether the landmarks used are captured as a perspectively viewed retinal image, or whether their configuration or layout is either stored and recalled in sequence as a route is followed, or represented as layouts or configurations similar to a survey (or overview-based) representation of a large-scale and complex space.
4. Despite the existence of these two vigorous research areas, focused on nonhuman and human travel respectively, until recently there have been few deliberate attempts to combine the two literatures. This lack of attention provided the rationale for a small seminar funded by the Borchard Foundation at the Chateau de la Bretesche in July 1996. The purpose of the meeting was to bring together researchers from both the human and nonhuman research domains who had specialized in navigation or wayfinding behavior and who were familiar with the idea of cognitive mapping and the potential role that cognitive maps might play in wayfinding behaviors. As the guests of the foundation's director, William F. Behling and his wife, Betty, at the Chateau de la Bretesche, nine contributors to this volume first presented position statements on the relationships between cognitive maps and wayfinding in humans and other species. To supplement this group's expertise, other scientists were invited to add chapters to the book.
5. The term 'cognitive maps' is used throughout this book to refer to the internal spatial representation of environmental information. Its use varies, from the metaphorical ('as if' the information was stored in maplike format), to a hypothetical construct.
6. The term 'spatial representation' is also used throughout the book. This might be regarded as a shorthand notation for the organization of components of spatial knowledge or other partly investigative processes (e.g., neurophysiological structures and place cells, cell assemblies, phase sequences). The term also can be used metaphorically, involving an 'as if' quality, particularly when referring to purported maplike properties of representations. It has also been used as an intervening variable in which it is interpreted as a 'note' attached to an economical grouping of measured variables in a statement of functional relations between other measured variable.
7. Structurally, this book is divided into four sections, ranging from wayfinding and cognitive mapping in humans operating in different scenarios, to examinations of special human navigation processes (e.g. without sight), to studies of wayfinding by various non-human species, and the neurobiological bases of environmental knowledge acquisition and use. Each section is now summarized in turn.
8. This first section explores the strong theoretical and empirical links between cognitive maps (or the internal representation of environmental information); the cognitive mapping process itself; the internal manipulation of information in the form of spatial choice and decision making, and the directed acts of human wayfinding through simple or complex environments. The evidence is clear and overwhelming that human wayfinding is directed and motivated, and follows sets of procedural rules whose content and structure are the focus of much ongoing research. The consensus is clear: humans acquire, code, store, decode, and use cognitive information as part of their navigation and wayfinding activities. Although over the centuries they have developed numerous ways of supplementing personally stored environmental information (e.g., maps, written descriptions, and various forms of image representations), it appears that humans rely on personal cognitions to make many spatial decisions, and to guide their movement behavior. There is evidence that internal representations and their externalizations (spatial products) do not necessarily match well, and that the existence of fragmented, incomplete, or distorted cognitive maps appears to account for many behaviors that might otherwise be labeled as spatially irrational.
9. The purpose of this part of the book is to examine sets of concepts deemed relevant to both human wayfinding and cognitive mapping. There are two chapters by geographers (Golledge, and Stern and Portugali), and two by psychologists (Allen and Garling). Although some disciplinary perspectives are evident, there is much overlap and common concern. The first two chapters, by Golledge and Allen (respectively), provide overviews and summaries of theories and concepts relevant throughout the entire book. The following chapters by Garling, and Stern and Portugali have a tighter focus: Garling emphasizes the sequential spatial choice processes so important to human wayfinding, and Stern and Portugali emphasize decision making in urban environments, the complex scenarios in which most humans live and interact. All four chapters contain examples of relevant research.
10. In the first chapter, Golledge reviews critical definitions relating to cognitive maps and wayfinding. He provides an overview of the role of cognitive mapping in human wayfinding and describes the processes of acquiring and storing spatial information about large-scale complex environments. Further, he discusses how humans record and represent environmental knowledge. The role played by landmarks and routes in anchoring knowledge and in wayfinding is examined, and the differences between path following and route-based environmental learning are explored. Errors commonly related to encoding, decoding and internally manipulating cognized spatial data are highlighted. Wayfinding by humans in contexts other than with landmark usage is also examined, and an elaboration of errors commonly found in human wayfinding follows. Throughout, ties are made to treatments of similar problems in later chapters that focus on the nonhuman domains of internal spatial representations and wayfinding.
11. In the second chapter, Allen provides insights into the nature of spatial abilities and the role they play in cognitive mapping and wayfinding procedures. He places emphasis on the concept of individual differences in spatial cognition and in behavior. Allen argues that the scientific literature in psychology and geography contains a vast number of studies concerned with spatial abilities and a growing body of research on wayfinding, although little has been done to establish the relevance of the former for the latter. Thus the question of why some individuals are better than others at wayfinding has been difficult to address. Allen suggests that a potentially informative way to think of wayfinding is to differentiate between wayfinding tasks and wayfinding means. Tasks include traveling to a previously known destination, exploration with the purpose of returning home, and traveling to a novel destination. Means include oriented search, following a continuously marked trail, piloting (between landmarks), habitual locomotion, path integration, and reference to a cognitive map. Spatial abilities in the past have been examined from psychometric, information processing, developmental, and neuropsychological perspectives. Allen suggests that broad fami1ies of abilities involved in the identification of manipulable objects, those involved in anticipating the trajectory and speed of moving objects, and those involved in supporting oriented travel within large-scale environments summarize the dominant research themes. He implies there is considerable utility associated with the concept of interactive common resources for cognitive and perceptual-motor tasks. The result of the use of spatial abilities is support-oriented travel, but they also serve as a resource for acquiring additional environmental knowledge. Cognitive maps are considered as knowledge of places and cognitive mapping includes rules for establishing spatial relations among such places.
12. Next, Garling discusses human information processing in sequential spatial choice, which summarizes the essential acts involved in wayfinding. He begins with the premise that human locomotion in space is goal-directed. Spatial orientation and navigation are, therefore, primarily means of monitoring travel plans. Travel plans are developed prior to initiating movement. The chapter focuses on the formation of travel plans and their consequent execution. Such planning entails spatial choices that are multiattribute, sequential, and stated. He summarizes research on how people process information when solving the traveling salesman problem (i.e., finding the shortest distance between an origin and a set of destinations that might be sequentially visited). He details research on how time and priority are traded off against spatial attributes in sequential spatial choices.
13. Stern and Portugali next examine the relationship between environmental cognition and decision making in urban navigation. They define urban navigation as a sequential process of decision making concerning route choice. They claim that traditionally many choice situations are described by a 'black-box approach', which does not specify choice rules but rather deals only with the relationship between input and output variables. In most of these models a cognitive explanatory mechanism of the choice process is missing. Their chapter presents two complementary conceptual frameworks as possible ways to solve this problem. The first is the inter-representational network (IRN), and the second is decision field theory (DFT). It is suggested that both frameworks can explain the dynamics and high variability in the choices of persons navigating in urban environments.
14. In the exploration of human wayfinding and its various components as illustrated in this first section, the importance of individual differences, those between males and females, and variations according to one's spatial abilities are reviewed.
15. In this part, three chapters explore cognitive processes and human navigation in a variety of contexts, including an extensive investigation of path integration by humans covering wayfinding without vision; updating an object's orientation and location during nonvisual navigation; exploring the geometrical constraints and calibration of action-representation couplings, and relating perceptual processes to various navigation requirements. Focusing primarily on aspects of human perception and cognition with respect to wayfinding, these authors explore nontraditional domains to show the versatility of relevant theories and concepts. Although vision is accepted as the most important spatial sense, there is no doubt that blind or vision-impaired humans can become competent independent travelers using simple cognitive processes and aids such as the white cane, guide dog, or a variety of recently developed auditory navigational aids.
16. In the first of these chapters (chapter 5) Loomis, Golledge, Klatzky, and Philbeck discuss the process of human navigation by path integration, a process that until recently was recognized more in the nonhuman domain. They begin by clearly defining two types of processes influential in wayfinding piloting and path integration. The recent literature is replete with misconceptions of the nature of these processes, but little is left in doubt following their clear and comprehensive discussion. Navigation by humans, animals, and machines is accomplished using two distinct methods. Piloting is the determination of current position and orientation using landmark information in conjunction with a map, either external or internal. Path integration is the updating of position and orientation on the basis of velocity and acceleration information about self-movement. The chapter begins with a consideration of a number of models of path integration. Following is a review of the empirical research on human path integration, with a focus on controlled experimental investigations. Such investigations have been carried out using two distinct tasks: return-to-origin after the passively guided traverse of an outbound path, and perceptually directed action, whereby the person sees or hears a target and then, with the target extinguished, attempts to indicate its position by actively locomoting toward it or by pointing in its direction during locomotion that passes by the target.
17. In Chapter 6, Amorim discusses a neurocognitive approach to human navigation. He suggests that human navigation is viewed as a result of the interplay of neurocognitive functions. Spatial updating and frames of reference constitute the two concepts of maximum interest in this work. He provides experimental evidence on the role of reference frames in computing locations in space, as well as on the effect of two processing modes for the updating of an object's location and orientation. Amorim uses an information-processing approach (commonly used in cognitive psychology) in an effort to understand human processes of updating an object's location and orienting it with respect to a bounding frame of reference. To localize a person in the environment as well as localize an object the environment contains, Amorim suggests that the acquisition, coding, and integration of sensory information (both perceptual and representational) are necessary. Building on the model of visuo-spatial cognition proposed by Kosslyn (1991), Amorim offers two studies; one investigates the role of reference frames in computing locations in space, whereas the other compares two processing modes for the updating of an object's location and orientation in space. In interpreting the results of these experiments he evaluates the neurocognitive approach to the study of the pathological causes of topographical disorientation.
18. In chapter 7, Rieser examines action-representation couplings, focusing in particular on the geometrical constraints on such calibrations. He argues that perception and action are coupled, so that motoric actions result in dependable changes in the actor's perspective. For example, during locomotion the structure of an actor's perspective visibly rotates and translates in directions and at rates that fit with the geometry and rate of locomotion. This coupling provides a chance for perceptual-motor learning. While walking with vision, people learn the covariation of optical (and possibly nonoptical) flow and afferent-efferent input associated with the biomechanical activities of walking. This learning, in turn, provides the basis for the coupling of representation and action. Representation is coupled with action in working memory in analogous ways. When acting without vision, people are knowledgeable about the resulting changes in their perspective. So for example, after viewing their surroundings and then walking without vision, people are able to keep up to date on the changing self-to-object distances and directions relative to their remembered surroundings.
19. In previous sections we focused on humans, in whom cognitive processing is well established, but the tie to navigation and wayfinding is not strongly defined. In this section the authors focus on navigation and wayfinding by nonhuman species, in which the presence of cognitive maps is being strongly debated. In these chapters, biological and ecological scientists examine wayfinding and discuss the possibility that different species have and use cognitive maps.
20. Etienne, Maurer, Georgakopoulos, and Griffin begin (in chapter 8) with a review of the significance of dead reckoning or path integration and landmark use in the representation of space. In many ways this provides a view that complements chapter 5 by Loomis et al., which presents a human navigator's view of the same process. In particular they examine suggestions that dead reckoning (which does not involve learning an environment) seems more dominant in nonhumans, whereas landmark-guided movement may be more dominant in humans. The problem of how different species combine the systems in wayfinding is examined in great detail. Drawing on examples from their group's work with small mammals, Etienne et al. suggest that animals may well have a simple cognitive map that helps their memory for routes and places (such as sources of food or food storage areas).
21. But not all animals may have such cognitive maps. In this chapter, Etienne et al. begin from the viewpoint that spatial representation as defined originally by Tolman (1948) and more recently by O'Keefe and Nadel (1978) refers to a high level of spatial information processing. They use the term cognitive map to imply that a subject organizes the familiar environment as a system of interconnected places and that it applies a set of transformation rules to this system, which may consist of a limited number of complementary operations (such as those hypothesized by Piaget 1937), or that optimize goal-directed movements. Thus whether human or nonhuman, a subject must be able to pilot and perform new route selection before being credited with possessing a cognitive map.
22. The authors define piloting in terms of planning and performing a goal-directed path by deducing an itinerary from the memorized spatial relations between a goal and a traveler's current position, while new route performance implies an ability to select the most economical alternative path (including shortest path and shortcuts) in both familiar and unfamiliar settings. If a cognitive map alone is used, then piloting and path following must take place without either the use of beacons or reference to external landmarks. Etienne et al. argue that the general literature has yet to yield convincing evidence that spatial knowledge reaches this degree of coherence in species other than primates. They suggest using the term spatial representation, or more precisely, the representation of locomotive space, for their work with nonprimate animal species. Thus their chapter directly addresses the question of the universality of cognitive maps by suggesting that whereas spatial representation may be universal, cognitive maps may develop only in a limited number of species. They then point out that the attribution of specific systems of representation to different species poses severe problems. They argue that if one ascribes to an animal or a young child particular forms of spatial representation, inevitably one begins by analyzing subjects' behavior in specific functional contexts to see how observed behaviors fit certain aspects of the environment.
23. The authors make a strong statement that all sedentary species adapt their locomotor behavior to relevant features in the spatial environment in order to reach their goals without getting lost. Thus the observed correspondence between behavior and functionally meaningful aspects of the environment gives insights into what the traveler knows about the environment and thus how the external world is represented or modeled. The authors then examine the process of dead reckoning, with and without the possible use of ancillary landmarks. They report that many theories of navigation emphasize that dead reckoning (path integration) plays a significant role in spatial representation and wayfinding across the entire animal kingdom from insects and other invertebrates to mammals (Gallistel 1990). Then, building on this fascinating introduction, the authors examine the role of dead reckoning in the representation of space in a comparative perspective, including hymenopterans and rodents. They describe how insects and mammals use dead reckoning as current route-based information and how they use landmark-place associations as long-term location-based references. They then consider how the species previously mentioned represents space on the basis of route-based and location-based information, and on the interaction between these two categories of references.
24. In chapter 9, Judd, Dale, and Collett examine the fine structure of view-based navigation in insects. They begin by asserting that insects learn landmarks as two-dimensional views. These views are highly dependent on vantage points, so that even over a relatively short section of a foraging trip, the insect's view of a nearby landmark will change appreciably. Insects simplify the problems of using such retinotopic views for navigation in a number of ways. For example, bees and wasps restrict the range of directions in which they approach a familiar place so that they capture roughly the same sequence of retinal images from visit to visit (i.e.. approach from the same perspective view). They are guided into the vicinity of the goal by aiming at a nearby beacon landmark. Because of changes in image size and shape, a single stored view of the beacon is unlikely to allow the insect to recognize it over the whole range of possible approaches. In addition, the authors claim that wood ants are shown to take several 'snapshots' of a beacon at different distances in the early stages of learning a new environment. Once close to a beacon, the insect relinquishes fixation either to approach another beacon or to approach the goal. This transition is achieved by linking a stereotyped action to a frontally stored view of the beacon. By this means the insect can acquire a standard view of the next beacon or arrive at a point close enough to the goal to allow image matching of the goal itself or the nearest landmark. The goal is then pinpointed by moving so that the image on the retina matches the view of nearby landmarks. The authors go on to suggest that there is surprising similarity in the motor constraints and landmark strategies of real insects and those of simple simulated 'creatures' they have 'evolved' artificially. Again, the parallel between human and non-human species stands out.
25. Moving from ground-based animals and low-flying insects to birds, the internationally acclaimed team of Wolfgang and Roswitha Wiltschko (chapter 10) discuss compass orientation and basic elements in avian orientation and navigation. Birds face orientation tasks in two behavioral contexts: homing and migration. Because of the long distances involved in migration, birds must establish contact to their goal indirectly via an external reference. Three such mechanisms have been described: a magnetic compass based on the field lines of the geomagnetic field and two compass mechanisms based on celestial cues, namely a sun compass and a star compass. To use a compass, birds must first determine the compass course leading to their destination. For homing, experimental evidence indicates that experienced pigeons can derive the home course from site-specific information obtained at the starting point of the return flight. Their ability to do this even at distant, unfamiliar sites has led to the concept of the navigational 'map', which is a directionally oriented representation of the distribution of environmental gradients within the home region. It can be extrapolated beyond the range of direct experience. Birds determine their home course by comparing local values of these gradients with the home values. The 'map' is based on individual experience.
26. During an early phase in life, young pigeons derive their home course from directional information collected during the outward journey. On spontaneous flights, they record prominent landmarks and changes in navigational factors and combine this information with the direction flown to form the navigational map. Once the map is established, it is preferentially used, because it permits the correction of errors. The navigational map is a cognitive map because it allows novel routes; it differs from cognitive maps discussed for other animals by the size of the area covered and by including continuous factors like gradients. In migration, birds must reach a distant region of the world. The course leading to this goal area is constant; the birds possess genetically coded information on their migratory direction. The conversion of this information into an actual compass course requires external references, which are provided by celestial rotation and by the geomagnetic field. Celestial rotation indicates a reference direction away from the celestial pole, whereas the magnetic field defines a specific deviation from this course, resulting in the population-specific migration course. Both types of cue continue to interact during migratory flights. Depending on the nature of the orientation tasks, birds make use of innate information or of individual learning processes. In both strategies, however, external references provided by compass mechanisms are essential components.
27. Thinus-Blanc and Gaunet (chapter 11) discuss the cognitive map as an internal representation of an environment where places and their spatial relationships (such as angles and distances) are charted. This notion has been extensively criticized in the past by Thinus-Blanc because the expression is antinomic and can easily lead to misunderstanding. The authors point out that 'cognitive' refers to dynamic processes and 'map' refers to a static picture of the real world. To this extent, the term cognitive mapping is functionally more correct. Internal spatial representations are said to be useful for orienting in a given environment just as they contribute to the organization of new spatial information as it is accrued. Thus Thinus-Blanc and Gaunet argue that spatial representation may be viewed as maps of the environment but more appropriately should be viewed as cognitive or active information seeking structures. They draw on data from animal and human studies and related theoretical work to support this hypothesis.
28. In this part cognitive neuroscientists Nadel (University of Arizona) and Berthoz (Laboratoire de Physiologie de la Perception et de l'Action, College de France) respectively examine the neural bases of wayfinding and cognitive maps, and computer scientist Chown (Bowdoin College) discusses their implications for computation and artificial intelligence-based travel.
29. In chapter 12, Nadel provides an overview of the neural mechanisms of spatial orientation and wayfinding. He suggests that work on the neural bases of wayfinding in mammals has intensified in recent years, building on the discovery of place neurons in the hippocampus. The cognitive map theory of hippocampal functioning, first put forward by O'Keefe and Nadel in 1978, suggests that this brain structure is the core of an extensive neural system subserving the representation and use of information about the spatial environment. Nadel argues that evidence supporting this theory comes primarily from brain lesion and neurophysiological recording studies. The former showed that damage in the hippocampus system invariably impairs the ability of animals and humans to learn about, remember, and navigate through environments, while the latter show that neurons in this system code for location, direction, and distance, thereby providing the elements needed for a mapping system. Current work in this area focuses on which stimuli control the activity of these neural elements, and how the system is used in behavior. He cites the fact that the roles of external and internal sources of information are under active investigation.
30. In the next chapter, Berthoz and his associates examine the neural bias of spatial memory during locomotion. This chapter addresses the question of the mechanisms that underlie the capacity to memorize routes and to use this spatial memory for guiding and steering of locomotion. A review is presented of several paradigms used in their laboratory to study this question. First, some previous studies, which have shown that vestibular information about head rotation and translation can be used by the brain to estimate distances are reviewed. Berthoz et al. claim that such use has been shown by the vestibular memory contingent 'saccade task', both in normal subjects and in neurological patients. Second, some recent experiments that use the task of walking along a triangular path with or without vision are described. During this task, head position and velocity are measured by video-computerized techniques. Two main results have been obtained: (1) They have discovered that the head anticipates the body movement during walks around a corner: this anticipation also exists in darkness, suggesting that the orienting system is driven by an internal representation of the trajectory and that the brain uses a strategy of guiding locomotion by gaze (go where you look) even in darkness. (2) When vestibular-deficient patients perform the task, they seem to control the total distance but not the direction, suggesting a dissociation between the control of distance and direction in this locomotor pointing task. They also describe a second paradigm of circular locomotion, during which subjects were asked to walk around a circular path with or without vision. Here again, the measure of the kinematics parameters of head movement indicates both an anticipation of head direction and a dissociation between the control of distance and direction, and provides clarification of the frequently misinterpreted concepts of course and heading. Finally, they review a number of recent results which may lead to an understanding of the neural basis of both anticipation and the role of vestibular cues in the steering of locomotion.
31. In the final chapter, Chown discusses error tolerance and generalization in cognitive maps. He asserts that human cognitive maps are not precise, complete, nor necessarily accurate. Because navigation is so important in everyday life, it is not easy to understand why humans have evolved an internal representation of space that appears to have such basic flaws. The theme of this chapter is that it is exactly the sketchy nature of human cognitive maps that make them such a powerful tool for navigation. There is growing evidence from artificial intelligence and robotics that in real environments, useful representations cannot be achieved without sacrificing completeness and precision. Further, it can be shown that the sketchy nature of cognitive maps more naturally lends itself to error tolerance and generalization than would be the case with alternative structures. Cognitive maps may be sketchy but the information they do store is usually sufficient for human needs. The relationship between human needs and how cognitive maps encode information is discussed in a proposed model called PLAN.
32. The more we know about how humans or other species can navigate, wayfind, sense, and record and use spatial information, the more effective will be the building of future guidance systems, and the more natural it will be for humans to understand and control those systems. The question of which of the many cognitive mapping, navigational, or wayfinding procedures and behaviors should be taken as the role model for future systems remains unanswered at this stage. Knowing the advantages and disadvantages, the strengths and the shortcomings, the idiosyncrasies and the universals of spatial knowledge acquisition and storage and wayfinding behavior can only lead to the development of systems that are as endemic as path integration, as powerful as cognitive mapping, and as anchored as landmark usage, and that possess the versatility to handle both view-centered and object-centered modes of recording or experiencing new environments.
Gallistel, C. R. (1990). The organization of learning. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Kosslyn, S. M. (1991). 'A cognitive neuroscience of visual cognition: Further developments.' In R. H. Logie & M. Denis (Eds.) Mental Images in Human Cognition (pp.351-381). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers.
O'Keefe, J., & Nadel, L. (1978). The hippocampus as a cognitive map. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Piaget, J. (1937). La construction du reel chez l'enfant. Paris: Delachaux et Niestl, Neuchtel.
Tolman, E. C. (1948). 'Cognitive maps in rats and men.' Psychological Review, 55, 189-208.
Uttal, D.H. (1997, April) 'Seeing the big picture: Children's mental representation of spatial information acquired from maps.' Paper presented at the 93rd annual meeting of The Association of American Geographers, Ft. Worth, TX.
List of author names with chapter titles and page numbers:
1: Human Wayfinding and Cognitive Maps, 5-46. Reginald G. Golledge <email@example.com>
2: Spatial Abilities, Cognitive Maps, and Wayfinding: Bases for Individual Differences in Spatial Cognition and Behavior, 46-81. Gary L. Allen <firstname.lastname@example.org>
3: Human Information Processing in Sequential Spatial Choice, 81-99. Tommy Garling <email@example.com>
4: Environmental Cognition Decision Makaing in Urban Navigation, 99-121. Eliahu Stern <firstname.lastname@example.org> Juval Portugali <email@example.com>
PART II PERCEPTUAL AND COGNITIVE PROCESSING OF ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION
5: Human Navigation by Path Integration, 125-152. Jack M. Loomis <firstname.lastname@example.org> Roberta L. Klatzky <email@example.com> Reginald G. Golledge <firstname.lastname@example.org> John W. Philbeck <email@example.com>
6: A Neurocognitive Approach to Human Navigation, 152-168. Michel-Ange Amorim <firstname.lastname@example.org>
7: Dynamic Spatial Orientationa and the Coupling of Representation and Action, 168-191. John J. Rieser <email@example.com>
PART III WAYFINDING AND COGNITIVE MAPS IN NONHUMAN SPECIES
8: Dead Reckoning (Path Integration), Landmarks, and Representation of Space in a Comparative Perspective, 197-229. Ariane S. Etienne <firstname.lastname@example.org> Roland Maurer <email@example.com> Josephine Georgakopoulos <firstname.lastname@example.org> Andrea Griffin
9: On the Fine Structure of View-Based Navigation in Insects, 229-259. Simon P. D. Judd <email@example.com> Kyran Dale <firstname.lastname@example.org> Thomas S. Collett <email@example.com>
10: Compass Orientation as a Basic Element in Avian Orientation and Navigation, 259-294. Roswitha Wiltschko, Wolfgang Wiltschko <firstname.lastname@example.org>
11: Spatial Processing in Animals and Humans: The Organizing Function of Representations for Information Gathering, 294-309. Catherine Thinus-Blanc <email@example.com> Florence Gaunet <firstname.lastname@example.org>
PART IV THE NEURAL AND COMPUTATIONAL BASES OF WAYFINDING AND COGNITIVE MAPS
12: Neural Mechanisms of Spatial Orientation and Wayfinding: An Overview, 313-328. Lynn Nadel <email@example.com>
13: Dissociation between Distance and Direction during Locomotor Navigation, 328-349. Alain Berthz <firstname.lastname@example.org> Michel-Ange Amorim <email@example.com>
14: Error Tolerance and Generalization in Cognitive Maps: Performance without Precision 349. Eric Chown <firstname.lastname@example.org>
REFERENCES 371 CONTRIBUTORS 415 INDEX 419


A traditional long scarf, handwoven from exclusive New Zealand yarns in colours inspired by the native Kereru bird including dusky purples and greens with a streak of white and 'feather' yarn details. Both the scarf and the birds are absolutely unique - no two are exactly alike.
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Kereru are also known as the New Zealand wood pigeon. They are a large bird with a plump white breast and beautiful iridescent feathers of green and purple. They make a distinctive ‘whooshing’ sound as they fly and swoop between trees. Kereru have been known to fall out of trees drunk due to eating over-ripe drupes which have then fermented in their stomachs! Despite this, they are responsible for spreading the seeds of New Zealand native forest plants.
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A wrap, or rectangular shawl, handwoven from exclusive New Zealand yarns in colours inspired by...
A traditional long scarf, handwoven from exclusive New Zealand yarns in colours inspired by the...
A traditional long scarf, handwoven from exclusive New Zealand yarns in colours inspired by the native...
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text:
Discordant molecular tests for acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease after liver transplant: FISHing for the proper diagnosis
- Author(s): Evans, Jordan B;
- Shearer, Sabrina M;
- Zhao, Weiqiang J;
- Jones, Daniel;
- Kaffenberger, Benjamin H
- et al.
Published Web Locationhttps://doi.org/10.5070/D3256044446
We report cutaneous fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH) analysis as a useful test for earlier diagnostic confirmation in a case of acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in a sex-mismatched liver transplant patient compared to the gold standard peripheral blood short tandem repeat chimerism analysis.

domain: medical