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The objective of this chapter is to present the results of a monitoring study carried out with physiological responses (biomarkers) in Rhinella marina (giant toad) for two different years, inhabiting the low basin of Coatzacoalcos river, one of the most contaminated regions in Mexico. A decrease in delta aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (δ-ALAD) (considered inhibition) and in the condition factor (1.2–1.5 times) found in toads of the industrial zone compared with reference organisms, each year. As for the hematological parameters, the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentrations (MCHC), in the amphibians of industrial zone of the first sampling year show a decrease, while for the second sampling year, show an increment of 1.5 times than organisms of reference site. These effects could be associated with exposure to pollutants such as heavy metals (mainly Pb), which have been registered in different studies. This study demonstrates the usefulness of giant toads as biomonitors of contaminated sites.
- physiological biomarkers
- giant toads
Amphibians are vertebrates that represent the link between life in the aquatic environment and adaptation to terrestrial life. They have important characteristics; such as its ectothermic physiology, metabolism, and highly permeable skin, which makes them sensitive to disturbances in the ecosystem such as changes in water conditions, as well as the presence of pollutants and certain diseases [1, 2, 3]. This complex life cycle makes them susceptible to different routes of exposure to environmental pollutants, which is why they have been considered as bioindicators of environmental quality . Currently, environmental pollution is considered one of the main factors in the worldwide decline of amphibians that has occurred since 1990 . Some species of amphibians have all the characteristics of a bioindicator or biomonitor, other species can satisfy only some of the criteria and are less suitable as study animals [2, 6].
The giant toad or cane toad (
In some of the previous research, different physiological responses have been used, from general to specific responses of pollutants from the study sites. These responses are called biomarkers, where all biochemical, physiological, histological, morphological, and behavioral measurements are quantifiable in tissue or biological fluids from different organisms, including amphibians, like the
Moreover, in Mexico, there are several types of environmental pollution scenarios that have not been assessed from the point of view of the effects to the biota living these sites. In addition to this, there are very little environmental regulations as to some types of pollutants, such as: persistent organic compounds (POPs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and heavy metals. One of the sites has a higher record environmental pollution is the region of the lower Coatzacoalcos River Basin (Veracruz); region highly impacted due to industrial activities and urbanization that have contributed to the deterioration of ecosystems since the 1960s. Currently, Coatzacoalcos is considered one of the most polluted regions in Mexico [22, 23], to such a degree that, in environmental matrices such as water, soil, air, or sediment, and even in fauna, the presence of POPs, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), dioxins, heavy metals, among others, has been detected [11, 24, 25, 26, 27]. Some of these pollutants have been associated with genotoxic or enzymatic effects in aquatic and terrestrial organisms at this site [10, 11, 28, 29]. In this context, the objective of this chapter is to present and compare the results of a monitoring of physiological responses (biomarkers) in
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Study site
The lower basin of the Coatzacoalcos river is in the southeastern state of Veracruz, Mexico (18° 08′56” N; 94°24′41” W). It comprises 21 municipalities, which house petrochemical, industrial, urban complexes, and agricultural land areas. Pollution has been historic since oil exploration and refining works began at the beginning of the twentieth century up to industrialization, agricultural development, and urban growth at present, causing a rapid deterioration of the ecosystems found there.
The sampling stations were established along the basin according to the degree of contamination found. Thus, they were grouped by two zones: industrial and rural. In May 2008, the first sampling of monitoring study was carried out, while the second was carried out in February 2016 (Figure 2).
The industrial zone (I) was formed by the following sampling stations (red oval, Figure 2):
Ejido Cangrejera: site adjacent to the petrochemical complexes of Pajaritos and Cangrejera, where various derivatives of chlorine and ethylene compounds are produced. In addition, the presence of POPs in both environmental and biological matrices has already been evidenced in this area, as well as the effects that these could be causing in terrestrial organisms [24, 28, 29].
Estero del Pantano: site located on the banks of the Calzadas River. According to  the river receives discharges of sewage and industrial waters. Also, the presence of POPs and lead (Pb) has been demonstrated, as well as the effects of these compounds on terrestrial and aquatic organisms [10, 11, 30].
While the rural area (R) (yellow oval, Figure 2) was formed by:
Ejido Limonta: Located upstream of the Coatzacoalcos river, in the municipality of Hidalgotitlán. It presents scarce urbanization and ecosystems still well preserved. At present, concentrations of pollutants have not been reported in this sampling station.
San Carlos: Located next to the Uxpana river, upstream and that ends at the Coatzacoalcos river. It has well-preserved ecosystems. Like the previous one, no contaminant concentrations have been reported in this site.
The sampling stations of the rural area selected are characterized by semi-preserved ecosystems and minor impact by agricultural production, being susceptible areas where organophosphorus, organochlorine, or carbamate pesticides can be used to control pests or vectors.
As a reference, giant toads (seven organisms) kept in the laboratory for 1 year under conditions of feeding, humidity, and controlled temperature were selected, collected in a site outside the study area (Huasteca Potosina, San Luis Potosí) and free of exposure to pollutants.
2.2. Biological sampling
Adult male giant toads were collected per site by night transects and hand capture. In the first sampling (May 2008), 40 toads were collected, while in the second sampling (February, 2016), 30 toads were collected. The organisms were transported in containers to the laboratory (Facultad de Química-Universidad Veracruzana-Campus Coatzacoalcos). The body weight and snout-venth length (SVL) were taken. Subsequently, a blood sample (3–5 mL) was taken with heparinized syringes (following the guidelines established for amphibians and reptiles ). An aliquot of whole blood was stored in liquid nitrogen (−186°C) for enzymatic analysis. While with the rest the hematological parameters were analyzed. The toads were released in their respective habitat. The toads were collected under a scientific collection permit (SGPA/DGVS/09731/15) issued by the Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (SEMARNAT).
2.3. Evaluation of physiological responses (biomarkers)
2.3.1. Delta aminolevulinic acid dehydratase
The inhibition of the activity of the enzyme δ-ALAD is a biomarker that has shown in several studies a response to a specific contaminant. This enzyme is very sensitive to the effects of increased blood lead, even at very low levels . In the biosynthesis of the heme group, the prosthetic group of hemoglobin (Hb) is selectively damaged by the binding of lead, thus affecting important steps of biosynthesis, inhibiting the activity of δ-ALAD (necessary for the synthesis of the heme group), and affecting the synthesis of protoporphyrin IX and hemoglobin [33, 34].
The determination of δ-ALAD was based on the method of  following modifications . The whole blood samples (0.05 mL) were diluted with deionized water (1:35). Then 1 mL of 10 mM aminolevulinic acid (in phosphate buffer pH 6.4) was added. The samples were incubated at 38°C for 60 min in a water bath in complete darkness. The reaction was stopped by placing 1 mL of trichloroacetic acid (10%), then the samples were centrifuged for 10 min at 2000 rpm (Thermo Scientific® Sorvall Legend X1R). The supernatant was mixed with 1 mL of the Erich’s solution. After 10 min, the absorbance was measured at 555 nm in a UV–Visible spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific® Genesys 10S). Units of enzymatic activity were expressed as micromole per min per liter of red blood cells (RBC), which were calculated using the following formula (Eq. 1):
where Abs = absorbance of the sample,
2.3.2. Hematological parameters
The chemical and morphological parameters of the blood can provide a wide range of biomarkers; its use has increased because the sampling can be very fast and non-destructive . The hematological parameters can provide evidence of pathology including anemia, dehydration, infectious processes, parasitism, or poisoning . These parameters in turn may be related to pollution and its effects . The volume of the cell pack or hematocrit (HT) is the percentage of the total volume of blood composed of red blood cells. The mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) is the range of the weight of hemoglobin by the volume of the erythrocyte. An iron deficiency, increased immature erythrocytes (reticulocytosis) and methemoglobin can result in a decrease in MCHC values . Some toxic compounds can alter the functioning of the hematological system through interference with cellular production in the bone marrow or in the synthesis of the heme group, by direct cytotoxicity to the cells, or by injuries in other tissues resulting in a loss of blood cells [32, 39].
Therefore, the hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (HT), and the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were determined. The hemoglobin content (g/dL) was measured using the kit HemoCue Hb 201+ (microcuvettes and HemoCueHb 201+ Analyzer). The determination was made following the protocol of the commercial distributor . The hematocrit was determined with the globular sedimentation method with the aid of the hematocrit chart (Critocaps™ tube reader). The MCHC was calculated integrating the two previous parameters following equation.
2.3.3. Condition factor (CF)
Condition indices are potentially attractive biomarkers because they are simple to implement and provide information on the use of energy as well as the general health status of the organism . The morphometric index most used is the condition factor (CF) expressed as the weight (g)/length (cm). Pollutants can produce rapid and marked changes in condition indices.
To calculate the CF, the snout-vent length (SVL) of the toads was taken with a vernier caliper (mm) and its body weight (BW) (g) with an electronic scale. Subsequently, these two parameters were integrated and used the following formula (Eq. (3)) to calculate the CF (%).
2.4. Statistical analysis
The statistical analysis was carried out with the GrapPhad Prism 6.0 software (for Windows, La Jolla California USA, www.graphpad.com). The results are reported in media ± standard error. A comparison analysis of means (Mann-Whitney test) was carried out to evaluate the differences between the biomarkers per years, with a level of significance of 1 and 5%. To evaluate the difference in δ-ALAD between years, zones, and the laboratory, the Kruskall-Wallis test was used. A correlation between δ-ALAD and hematologic parameters (Log-transformed) was realized with Spearman’s test.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. δ-ALAD activity
The results of the δ-ALAD activity in blood of
The δ-ALAD activity has been shown to be a specific biomarker for evidence of lead exposure in organisms such as birds, amphibians, and mammals, both in the field and in the laboratory [42, 43, 44]. Our results show that, in 2008, toads from the industrial zone showed an inhibition of the δ-ALAD enzyme compared to those from the rural zone, which can be consistent and expected if this area is taken as a reference. This inhibition can be attributed to concentrations of lead found in the blood of giant toads, where residents of the industrial zone contained higher concentrations of this metal . However, for 2016, the activity of δ-ALAD was similar for both areas. Refs. [33, 43] demonstrated in laboratory studies that exposure to lead in adult toads (
On the other hand, the δ-ALAD activity in the laboratory toads was greater for those of Coatzacoalcos; this would also confirm an enzymatic inhibition in the organisms of this region, increasing in recent years. Finally, it could be said that the δ-ALAD activity could reflect a chronic exposure to lead, because the erythrocytes that carry out the transport of hemoglobin have a half-life of between 700 and 1400 days in
3.2. Hematological parameters
The concentrations of hemoglobin and the percentage of hematocrit are presented in Figure 3. No statistical differences were found per year between zones (MW-U, p > 0.05). The levels of both parameters were similar in the toads resident in the rural area in 2008 (Hb = 9.05 ± 0.4 g/dL, HT = 34.6 ± 1.9%) and 2016 (Hb = 8.3 ± 0.4 g/dL, HT = 37.4 ± 1.6%) as well as those of the industrial zone in both years (Hb = 7.6 ± 0.3, HT = 32.3 ± 1.4; Hb = 7.9 ± 0.7 g/dL, HT = 30.7 ± 2.2%, respectively) (Figure 3B and C). However, when comparing by area in each year, a statistically significant decrease in the hemoglobin concentration of
Very few studies, in relation to pollutants and hematological parameters, have been carried out with amphibians.  used these parameters to evaluate the effects of agroecosystems on the health of amphibians; however, no statistically significant differences were found between the reference site and the agroecosystems. The results obtained in our study are contrary to those obtained in  where they showed a decrease in hematological parameters according to the presence of lead in tissues of the Egyptian toad
We consider that the hematological parameters of Coatzacoalcos toads are altered (increases or decreases) when comparing areas in both years. But not so, if they are compared per year between zones, because similar values are obtained in Hb and HT, only one alteration was found in the MCHC in the organisms of the rural area in 2016. The increase of some parameters, such as Hb, could be related to a response of organisms to a decrease in the transport of oxygen in the blood (hypoxia), derived from anemia (anemic hypoxia) . Hypoxia in some vertebrate organisms (fish, amphibians) has been related to the natural and anthropogenic increase of ammonium, sulfides, or organic matter, as well as the presence of pollutants (organic or heavy metals—lead) and excess nutrients [54, 55]. In the case of MCHC, the decrease in organisms residing in industrial zones, in the sampling of 2008, can be attributed to contamination in these places, being associated with a microcytic anemia, which could have been caused by exposure to pollutants such as heavy metals (e.g. lead) . But for 2016, MCHC concentrations in
3.3. Condition factor (CF)
The results of the condition factor of
The estimation of the condition factor in amphibians is important to evaluate if they are under environmental stress . This biomarker is commonly used to assess the general health status of aquatic and terrestrial organisms, because it is considered a non-destructive biomarker of energy reserves . This is very important given that energy reserves can be used for the maintenance, development, or reproduction of amphibians. Commonly, a greater reserve of energy in organisms gives them greater resistance without food, greater survival, and better reproductive performance compared to individuals with lower reserves .
There is very little information on the use of the condition factor in amphibians in contaminated sites. Some researchers  reported a decrease in the condition factor and enzymatic alterations in semi-aquatic and terrestrial frogs resident in agricultural sites, associating it with a possible activation of compensatory or detoxification systems in amphibians in the face of environmental stress or a decrease in their prey (mosquitoes) by the application of insecticides. In other organisms, such as fish and birds, the decrease in the condition factor after exposure to heavy metals and organochlorine compounds, respectively, has been reported [59, 60]. Exposure of organisms to pollutants can increase energy requirements, decrease the metabolic or nutrient assimilation rate, and even alter digestion enzymes [41, 54, 61]. This could explain the decrease in the condition factor of the resident toads of the industrial zone in our studies (both samplings), given that, as already mentioned, a greater presence of pollutants has been demonstrated in this area. Regarding the similarity found between the toads resident in the rural area of 2016 and the laboratory ones and their increase in comparison of the organisms of the rural (2008) and industrial sites (2016), another factor that could be influencing these differences could be the scarce availability of food, caused either by natural conditions or by anthropogenic conditions.
3.4. Relationship between δ-ALAD and MCHC
The results of the correlations between the δ-ALAD enzymatic activity and the MCHC are shown in Figure 4. As observed in this figure, for the organisms of the 2008 sampling, in the rural area, there is an association between these physiological responses. This same pattern is observed considering both (total) sites in this sampling year (Figure 4A and C—2008). As previously mentioned, the relationship of the activity of this biomarker and the hematological parameters is found in the fact that the former is part of the metabolic pathway of hemoglobin, which is congruent with these results. However, when making the correlations for the toads of the 2016 sampling, only a statistically significant correlation (p < 0.05) between both biomarkers is observed for the industrial zone (Figure 4B-2016). It is important to mention that for the laboratory toads, no correlations were found between the physiological responses, besides that the values of δ-ALAD in these were found above those of Coatzacoalcos, and the hematological parameters in smaller quantity. This could support the hypothesis that organisms from this site could be producing more Hb and HT (MCHC) to defend against the effects caused by pollutants (heavy metals such as lead) found in the area, which is evident in the organisms of the rural area of the 2008 sampling. However, for the 2016 sampling, the rural area shows a decrease in the MCHC. Therefore, the hypothesis could be supported that the concentrations of lead have increased in this site and consequently the exposure, thus affecting the compensation system of the organisms in this area. In addition to confirming a chronic exposure to this pollutant.
It is important to mention that several routes and sources of exposure to lead can be found in the toads of Coatzacoalcos due to their complex life cycle. One of these can occur when the tongue of this organism catches its prey, because this organ can be in contact with the soil or sediments (which can be exposed by dredging that takes place in the area), and, as a consequence, ingest particles in which lead may be present . Also, the exposure in this case could be increased by consuming preys that have been exposed to this metal and that contain it; in this case, the presence of lead has been demonstrated in insects that inhabited industrial sites  that could be part of the diet of the giant toad in Coatzacoalcos due to their voracious appetite . Likewise, it has been demonstrated that the consumption of prey in some organisms can increase the concentrations of lead and manifest the toxic effects . Therefore, this would complement the possible explanation of the decrease or increase in some physiological responses in organisms of the 2016 sampling.
Finally, it should be mentioned that the physiological responses quantified in
The δ-ALAD activity, the hematological parameters, and the condition factor can be considered as biomarkers of exposure and/or effect, non-destructive, in giant toads in monitoring studies in sites contaminated by heavy metals or other pollutants. Especially δ-ALAD, which could reflect a chronic exposure in organisms. On the other hand, the results found with the organisms of the lower basin of the Coatzacoalcos river could lead to the need to make a new monitoring with emphasis on the rural regions to affirm or discard out if there is an increase in the concentration of pollutants, especially Pb, its possible causes and, if this may be affecting other organisms and even the human settlements that are there. New studies carried out in this region should take into account this type of physiological responses in a battery of biomarkers that reflect the response to other pollutants already registered on the site.
Once again, it was confirmed that the giant toad (
This work was supported by Fondo de Apoyo a la Investigación (C17-FAI-06-27-27) by Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí and Secretaría de Educación Pública - Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (SEP-CONACYT-Ciencia Básica-178778). We are also grateful to the Catedras CONACyT-UASLP project (No. 553). Special thanks to Universidad Veracruzana-Campus Coatzacoalcos for the facilities granted for sampling and obtaining samples of the giant toads.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this chapter.

domain: chemistry


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text:
My first shoot of the spring, with just a tiny bit of green starting, was of a beautiful 3-year-old girl. I’ve been lucky enough to photograph her 4 times, and she just gets more lovely each time.
She has gorgeous eyes.
Her daddy is sooooo funny!
Even in black and white, those eyes grab you.

domain: artistic


text:
The aims of the UK Pygmy Goat Society is to promote the keeping and enjoyment of these amazing little animals whilst also supporting, and encouraging effective and sensitive husbandry of pygmy goats, ensuring positive experiences for both keepers and goats and ensuring goats are healthy and happy now and into the future.
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domain: pet


2001 TOYOTA TACOMA MANUAL TRANSMISSION FLUID CHANGE
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text:
I remember listening to Hendrix records when I was very young, probably around 10 years old, and being transfixed. Listening to his music was a deep, cathartic experience that was a little embarrassing to talk about as a little kid -- I didn’t see anyone else my age flipping out when they put on ‘Third Stone from the Sun.’ I had to get ready to listen to that song, so I knew it was doing something to me. The first time I listened to it all the way through, I felt as if my heart and mind had just been put through the wringer -- and it’s difficult for a 10-year-old to put those feelings into words. To be able to listen to his music like that was like a gift from one human being to another.
“I was totally obsessed with the sound of music and since I was a little kid I guess I didn’t pay close attention to details. When I’m really obsessed with Hendrix I tend to block out even the most basic things. For instance, back then I didn’t even know what a Fender Stratocaster was -- and it was right there, in front of my face. When I would put on those early Hendrix records, all I could think of was how I felt when I heard the music. I didn’t care about the amp or any of his equipment -- I just couldn’t believe that someone could make music like that.

domain: psychology


text:
Stepping into Elephant & Castle is like going back to the British Isles, complete with English bric-a-brac, a roaring fireplace during the chilly season, and an open-air patio in the summer. One of the city's tour companies even includes the restaurant in its round of historic sites. During the week, its mostly business people. But look out for the occasional pip-pip celeb dropping in on the weekend. Try the pub's popular grub dishes that include, chicken and pineapple curry and grilled salmon and prime rib.
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domain: food


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Beautiful crisp white and natural pillow cover that mixes with any pattern or color. It’s a perfect accent in any farmhouse, modern or boho decor.
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domain: design


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Caregivers of aging parent(s) or those facing the challenges of assisting a loved one or friend who is chronically ill, disabled or elderly are growing in numbers. As a caregiver, you are one of the 22 million Americans who care for an older adult. Caregivers provide 80 percent of in-home care, but unlike nurses and home health aids, they are mostly unpaid for their labor of love. Dr. Elizabeth Clark, executive director of the National Association of Social Workers says “Care giving is a difficult job that can take a toll on relationships, jobs and emotional well-being. Those who care […]
The responsibilities of Alzheimer’s family caregivers is enormous. Is it no wonder that the #1 complaint of caregivers is stress? Many of these responsibilities overlap a bit into other areas, but I wanted to give you something to work with. Depending on where you’re currently at in your journey with your loved one, you’ll take something different away from this article. Knowing what lies ahead in your journey as a family caregiver will help you prepare and plan for when things get more difficult. This is better than being surprised by having to make yet another change in […]
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domain: sociology


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text:
A kindergarten class from Isabella Dicken Elementary School enjoyed a day playing in the dirt at the Fernie Community EcoGarden on Friday, May 8.
Parent Helen McAllister, who has a daughter in Jane Fraser’s class, organized the outing.
“The kids had a great time and I think they were so happy to be outside and playing,” said McAllister. “All the kids got to participate in planting their own seeds and taking part in all the activities.”
The children were given a tour of the garden and informed about seeds and where food comes from before being divided into groups to rotate between four fun garden-related activities.
“The kids learned about planting seeds, adding soil to garden pots, a nature scavenger hunt and a sandbox station,” McAllister said.
She added, “I’m very passionate about growing food and I think kids are at a wonderful age now to be able to learn where their food comes from. Nowadays, families just go to the local grocery store [for food] but that hasn’t always been the case and I think that concept of planting your own food has been lost.”
The advisory committee from the Ecogarden has also ensured that the seeds the kindergarteners planted will be used in their annual market garden stall this summer.
Mrs. Fraser also donated bags of sand to the sandbox at the EcoGarden.

domain: agronomy


NANA has put together an outline of the latest financial support package announced by the NSW Government covering the New Small Business Support Program, Eligibility conditions and the Amount of the support payment
Through Service NSW, the NSW Government has added $500 in value to accounts which allow Newsagents to claim up to $2,000 in government fees and charges through a rebate scheme. The full value of the scheme – $2,000, became available on Monday this week when Service NSW business accounts were topped up by $500.
The value of the NSW Government small business fees and charges rebate has been increased to $2,000 from the original $1,500 however the increase is yet to be reflected in the Service NSW business accounts of eligible Newsagents.
The NSW Government has announced the Small Business Fees and Charges Rebate has been increased by $500 to a total of $2,000. Newsagents will have until 30 June 2022 to submit claims under the rebate scheme. It may take a bit of time for Service NSW to reset the administration of the program to make […]
The NSW Government has announced hospitality and retail businesses will be able to apply for a grant of up to $20,000 to compensate for the loss of perishable stock, or claim $10,000 for reduced capacity to sell non-perishable items, if they’re forced to close their doors between 1 December 2021 to 31 January 2022, due […]
The Federal Government’s JobMaker Hiring Credit scheme is winding down. The period during which the scheme operated for registrations concluded on 6 October 2021. Newsagents who are eligible under the scheme to make a claim and who have already registered still have some time to finalise claims especially since the claim period runs through to […]
The NSW Government has introduced changes to the JobSaver program which now require eligible Newsagents to pass the decline in turnover test each fortnight to continue to receive payments. This additional requirement will apply to the fortnight ending 26 September 2021 and subsequent fortnights.
The Hon Josh Frydenberg MP, Treasurer, has announced the federal government is providing additional support to small and medium sized businesses (SMEs) who continue to deal with the economic impacts of the COVID-19 crisis by expanding eligibility for the SME Recovery Loan Scheme. Newsagents will generally fall within the definition of a business eligible under […]
In addition to negotiating a special arrangement through which NANA Members who rent/lease premises can claim local government rates under the NSW Government’s $1,500 government fees and charges rebates scheme, NANA has succeeded in a test of the “system” which allowed for a claim of the NSW Emergency Services Levy (ESL). The ESL in normally […]


Artificial Intelligence has Reached An Era of Consumerization: Kris Gopalakrishnan
Infosys co-founder Kris Gopalakrishnan said Artificial Intelligence has reached the era of consumerization and opined that it might be disruptive in the coming years. “What we are witnessing right now is the consumerization of AI. Consumerisation has two aspects, one is cost and second is access. And I believe that we are at the beginning of the consumerization of AI,” he said.
Gopalakrishnan, who is chairman of CII India Innovation Summit, opined that AI may be disruptive in the coming years.
Citing the example of AI backed machines in health care, he said simple technologies for thermal imaging to detect breast cancer might disrupt mammography, the traditional mode of breast cancer detection.
He said the reason was that the powerful AI engines in them examine thousands of such images and has a database of past diagnosis. “And this (AI) is able to do it better than traditional mammography and things like that,” he said.
He was addressing a press conference to announce the 14th edition of India Innovation summit by Confederation of Indian Industries here on July 12 and 13.
The topic this year is ‘India. AI Driving the future for the World!’. The two day summit will delve on subjects like machine learning, AI, myths and truths of augmented reality and virtual reality, impact of AI on smart farming, health care, learning, automobiles (driverless vehicles) and how they would supercede humans.
Besides Kris Gopalakrishnan, the two-day event will feature speakers like Union Commerce and Industries Minister Suresh Prabhu, NITI Ayog CEO Amitabh Kant, Karnataka large and medium industries minister K J George, Aceenture India chairman and senior Managing Director Rekha M Menon, Volvo Group India president and MD Kamal Bali.


In recent years, we’ve become increasingly aware of the hidden costs of the convenience we get from Big Tech. From Google’s shady data mining practices, to Colonial Pipeline’s infrastructure fail, to peeping toms in our inboxes, it’s clear that it’s up to consumers and businesses to protect ourselves from overreaching Big Tech.
Today, many popular messaging technologies have adopted end-to-end encryption with the goal of ensuring the secure communications of their users. For example, WhatsApp, Telegram and Signal all rely on the use of encryption-to-end encryption (e2ee) to ensure no one but the sender and the recipient can read the communications.
The National Security Agency calls for the defense industrial base (DIB) in particular to use end-to-end encryption to secure data. Other industries, as well as individuals, should follow suit. But what is end-to-end encryption? How does end-to-end encryption differ from other forms of data protection and why is it more secure?
This piece will focus on providing answers to these questions.
- End-to-end encryption: What it is and how it works
- An example of how end-to-end encryption works
- How end-to-end encryption differs from other types of data security
- Why end-to-end encryption is important and what it protects against
- What are the advantages of end-to-end encryption
- How to implement end-to-end encryption
End-to-end encryption: What is it and how does it work
Encryption in transit and encryption at rest are standard these days, but they aren’t enough to protect your data and ensure secure communications. When your data is at rest on the server, it is vulnerable. Once a hacker infiltrates the server, they can camp out there indefinitely, reading your messages.
With end-to-end encryption by contrast, the only people who can access the data are the sender and the intended recipient(s) – no one else. Neither hackers nor unwanted third parties can access the encrypted data on the server.
In end-to-end, encryption occurs at the device level. Messages and files are encrypted before they leave the phone or computer by a public key which is available to everyone but are only decrypted by the recipient’s private key when they reach their destination. Hackers can’t access data on the server because they don’t have the private keys required to decrypt the data. Instead, secret keys are stored on the individual user’s device and are only available to the recipient.
This process of creating a public-private key pair is known as asymmetric cryptography. Separate cryptographic keys secure and decrypt the message. Public keys are widely disseminated and are used to lock or encrypt a message. Private keys are only known by the owner and are used to unlock or decrypt the message.
In end-to-end encryption, the system creates public and private cryptographic keys for each person who joins.
An example of end-to-end encryption
In order to better understand how end-to-end encryption works, let’s provide an example.
An example of how end-to-end encryption works
Let’s say Alice and Bob create accounts on the system. The end-to-end encrypted system provides each with a public-private key pair, whereby their public keys are stored on the server and their private keys are stored on their device.
Alice wants to send Bob an encrypted message. She uses Bob’s public key to encrypt her message to him. Then, when Bob receives the message, he uses his private key on his device to decrypt the message from Alice.
When Bob wants to reply, he simply repeats the process, encrypting his message to Alice using Alice’s public key.
How end-to-end encryption differs from other types of data security
As noted above, end-to-end encryption is a type of asymmetric encryption. Asymmetric means that different keys are used to encrypt and decrypt data. End-to-end encryption typically relies on the use of public and private keys to ensure data security and privacy.
By contrast, symmetric encryption uses only one key such as a password or string of numbers to encrypt data. The same key is used to both encrypt and decrypt data. Symmetric keys are much faster at performing encryption and decryption operations than asymmetric encryption. However, if used as the only source of data protection, symmetric encryption isn’t very scalable. As a system grows and more information and users are added, it becomes increasingly difficult to distribute and update the symmetric keys.
Another encryption solution that is frequently used is encrypting data in transit and at rest.
With encryption in transit – frequently TLS – data is encrypted from the endpoint to the server. However, that data is vulnerable because it can easily be sniffed by hackers who control a malicious server and use that control to steal data.
With encryption at rest, data might be encrypted on the server but the decryption keys for that data are often nearby, on the same server or centrally managed. The weak key protection represents a single point of vulnerability and attack for the server . Attackers frequently take advantage of this vulnerability for ransomware or to read and steal data.
Why end-to-end encryption is important and what it protects against
You don’t want someone camped out in your network, reading your messages. End-to-end encryption keeps your data secure. This not only protects your data from hackers, but also protects your privacy from Big Tech.
Service providers like Google (Gmail), Yahoo, or Microsoft hold copies to the decryption keys. This means these providers can read users’ email and files. Google has used this access to profit off of users’ private communications via targeted ads.
By contrast, in well-constructed end-to-end encrypted systems system providers never have access to the decryption keys.
What are the advantages of end-to-end encryption
The NSA recently issued guidelines for using collaboration services. The NSA’s number one recommendation is that collaboration services employ end-to-end encryption. The NSA notes that by following the guidelines it defines, users can reduce their risk exposure and become harder targets for bad actors.
How to implement end-to-end encryption
Legacy systems such as PGP were early examples of technologies that tried to implement end-to-end encryption. However, they inevitably were difficult to use and maintain because of the challenges from key management. As a result, these systems failed to catch on.
PreVeil however has developed techniques to use end-to-end encryption that maximize data protection and facilitate key management. At PreVeil, end-to-end encryption is at the core of how we protect users’ email and files. Hundreds of defense companies and small businesses rely on PreVeil every day to protect their customers’ most sensitive data.
Learn more about how PreVeil uses end-to-end encryption to protect your data. Download our architectural whitepaper today.


text:
While the 1990s are in the process of becoming history, the book project is conducting an archaeology of the documents and remnants that remain of it: This archaeology of the 1990s deals with an in-between time that, as a “recent past” (Walter Benjamin), has not yet become binding history.
Newspaper — »Archäologie autonomer Zeitungen in den 90ern: scheinschlag und A.N.Y.P.« — conversation with Ulrike Steglich and Stephan Geen
Archive — »Es wird gewesen sein: (Über)Leben und Arbeiten im post Futur II-Zeitalter.« — conversation with Bettina Allamoda
Office — »Wir wollten, dass auf der Ebene der Produktion miteinander gesprochen wird.« — conversation with Waling Boers
Sound carrier — »Diese Verweigerungshaltung, die kann ich total nachvollziehen.« — conversation with Mo Loschelder
Video — »Wie besetzte ich ein Haus, und wie berichte ich darüber?« — conversation with Manuel Zimmer
Poster — »So inszenieren wir die Stadt!« — conversation with Carl Hegemann and Bernd Frank
The series of talks took place as part of the research project Autonomy and Functionalisation — a Cultural-Historical-Aesthetic Analysis of Art Concepts in the Visual Arts in Berlin from the 1990s to the Present at the Berlin University of the Arts, funded by the Einstein Foundation.
Knut Ebeling is a philosopher, media theorist and art critic. Since 2009 he has been a professor of media theory and aesthetics in the department of Theory and History at the weißensee academy of art berlin. He lives and teaches in Berlin.
Annette Maechtel lives and works as a freelance curator, art and cultural scholar and lecturer in Berlin. Her research focuses explicitly on Berlin as a political and discursive space. Her curatorial approach is research-based, mostly collective and uses a wide variety of media and formats including temporary spaces, publications, walks, radio programmes, but also institutional exhibitions.
In 2018, she completed her dissertation at the HGB Leipzig. Since 2017, she has been a research assistant in the Einstein research project Autonomy and Functionalisation at the UdK Berlin, Institute for History and Theory of Design (IGTG).
Studied at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna and the Whitney Independent Study Program, NY. Co-operator of the project space General Public Berlin (2005–2015). Since 2015 editorial member of the Berlin Journals—On the History and Present State of the City and co-editor of Ibid. – szenische Lesungen aus Dokumenten der Berliner Stadt-und Kunturpolitik. Since 2017 research on Autonomy and Functionalisation at the UdK Berlin. Lectureship at the department of Theory and History at the weißensee academy of art berlin (2017–2018).
Eds.: Knut Ebeling, Heimo Lattner, Annette Maechtel
Conversations with: Bettina Allamoda, Waling Boers, Bernd Frank, Stephan Geene, Carl Hegemann, Mo Loschelder, Ulrike Steglich and Manuel Zimmer
Design: Madeleine Stöber
Approx. 300 pages, 50 illustrations, image sequences, film clips and audio
epub (42 MB)


text:
Cancer is a disease. Depression is a disease. When the former worsens, it ravages its sufferer physically. But when the latter is severe, it’s often invisible. A depressive may not get out of bed much, or shower, or eat. Clean clothes and a comb, however, are usually all it takes for the person to look healthy. So is it fair for a Kevorkian-type angel of mercy to discriminate between the two, aiding one and refusing the other?
That’s the conflict in Honey, actress Valeria Golino’s feature directorial debut that she co-adapted with two other scripters from a novel. The title is the work name of Irene (Jasmine Trinca), a young Italian who helps end the lives of both the terminally ill as well as those who may keep breathing indefinitely, but aren’t really living. Every month, Irene travels to Mexico to buy veterinary barbiturates, telling the pharmacists that she wants to put down her sick dog herself. Back home, she receives assignments via an intermediary, visits her clients and their families a few times to discuss the procedure and make sure the ill are certain of their decision, and brings the music of their choice and anything else they may request to the final meeting.
Irene is kind but disciplined, following the rules of whomever she works for (a neurologist is mentioned, but it’s otherwise unclear if she’s the only foot soldier). She doesn’t actually give the suicidal the drugs—first anti-anxiety, then lethal—but insists on being present to ensure directions are precisely followed; a goodbye note is also required.
Honey’s depictions of these fatal calls are unsurprisingly wrenching. As loved ones weep, Irene watches, in the room but emotionally distant, saying the drugs should take effect in two to three minutes. The film is the inverse of Dallas Buyers Club: Though Irene similarly performs her illegal activities out of compassion, she’s killing people instead of saving them, and she doesn’t get attached. Trinca is in nearly every scene, and she’s consistently fascinating, lending her boyish but beautiful Irene a seemingly neverending preoccupation with what she’s doing. And though the character projects a sense of serenity throughout most of the film, Irene doesn’t hold back when she’s angry. She’s authentic, and you’re in her corner.
Irene’s ease begins to melt, however, when she’s sent to Carlo (Carlo Cecchi). She reluctantly agrees not to be there on the day he decides to die. But when she finds out he’s just tired of living—“I’m brimming with health,” he says—she’s relentless in trying to retrieve the drugs, and an unlikely and sometimes combative friendship results. Naturally, this leads Irene to question herself.
Golino’s debut is a frequently delicate portrayal of a difficult subject. It’s often quiet, with plenty of outdoor scenes drenched in sun. She occasionally gets unnecessarily artsy with her angles, and at one point has Trinca look directly into the camera, which is out of place and distracting. Irene’s confusing personal life may also take you out of the story; she seemingly has two lovers (who look alike), a friend who pops up out of nowhere, and a skiing experience from her past that you assume has been informing her present, though the few flashbacks to it are inexplicable. Honey also ends somewhat sappily, but that’s forgivable considering the handful of unexpected turns it takes along the way. Better yet, the film doesn’t judge. Its message is objectively complex—even if you think Irene is bad, Honey is not.

domain: entertainment


BEAVERTON, Ore. – Hunters, picture this: Leupold® now offers a trail camera system featuring innovative “plug and play” technology that simplifies the process of taking and retrieving images of game in the field.
The new RCX™ Trail Camera System is not only designed for easy use, but for capturing high-quality images in the places that can help swing the odds in a hunter’s favor. Key components of the system include the USB Controller/Viewer and either a RCX-1 (eight megapixels) or RCX-2 (10 megapixels) camera. A feature exclusive to Leupold, the hand-held USB Controller/Viewer has a three-inch display screen and can be used to download and view images from the camera on the spot, eliminating the need to remove photo/SD cards and check them at another location. With the controller/ viewer, the user can also get real-time alignment of the camera’s view and instant access to all program settings, without opening the camera or removing it from the mount.
“We call our new RCX Trail Camera System a game changer for whitetail deer hunters and others interested in patterning animals,” said Pat Mundy, communications manager for Leupold & Stevens, Inc. “It is the most user-friendly system of its kind, doing away with the hassles common to traditional trail cameras: manual resets, swapping photo/SD cards in and out, guessing on alignment of the sensor and framing of the picture, counting blinking lights, scrolling through confusing mode options, multiple trips to and from your home or truck to view the images, and so on. RCX is also extremely versatile, allowing users to choose how simple or advanced they want the system to be, according to their specifications.”
The USB Controller/Viewer plugs into the USB jack in each RCX camera, and also plugs into home computers to download pictures and images to the hard drive. RCX cameras provide high- resolution color images during the day and infrared images at night, as well as a video/audio option. A special day/night sensor allows the camera to quickly adjust exposure as light levels change, and to activate the infrared system when darkness falls.
Both the RXC-1 and RXC-2 cameras have a 54-degree lens for a wide field of view, and offer 45 degrees of heat/motion sensing coverage to a maximum range of 45 feet. A feature unique to the RCX-2 camera is Dual Sensor Technology (DST™), which provides the option of 10 degrees of sensing coverage out to 90 feet. The user can choose to have the 45-degree sensor and the 10-degree sensor active at the same time.
Other key features include a silent digital shutter, “blink-of-an-eye” (less than one second) trigger speed to capture more complete images, and extremely fast recovery time – after taking a picture, the camera can recover and be ready to take another in two seconds or less, depending on setting. The system is designed to easily take the user through each program setting, step by step. The RCX Trail Camera System offers many customizable features – image file type/size, picture quality, time lapse, operation hours and separate day/night settings, among others.
The RCX camera frame is constructed for durability and to provide maximum protection for the internal components. Each camera can operate continuously for months using eight AA lithium batteries; AA alkaline batteries work as well.
RCX cameras and the controller/viewer can be purchased separately or in kits. The RCX-1 System Kit includes the camera, controller/viewer, 12-volt cable, car adapter, home adapter, USB cable, AA battery pack cartridge tray (batteries not included), lithium-ion battery (for the controller/viewer), six hex standoffs for mounting and a mounting strap. The RCX-2 System Kit offers the same items, plus a lock-down security plate and screws.
For more information, visit a local dealer, go to www.leupold.com or call 1-800-LEUPOLD.
Leupold & Stevens, Inc., the preeminent American-owned and -operated optics company, employs more than 700 people in its state-of-the-art facility near Beaverton, Ore., where rugged, dependable, high-performance Golden Ring® optics, Mark 4® riflescopes and Redfield® Revolution™ riflescopes are designed, machined and assembled. Leupold is a fifth-generation, family owned company whose products are sold worldwide to hunters, competitive shooters, American military warfighters, law enforcement personnel and wildlife observers. The product line includes rifle, handgun and spotting scopes; binoculars; rangefinders; trail cameras; flashlights; mounting systems; and optical tools and accessories.
Leupold & Stevens, Inc. is a Charter Supporter of the Hunting and Shooting Sports Heritage Foundation.


Belleville boil-water alert lifted
Belleville — The boil-water advisory issued Sunday for the city's residents has been lifted, officials said Monday.
As of noon, the alert has been canceled.
An early Sunday water main break caused a brief road closure on part of Huron River Drive and prompted the advisory.
Water pooled along a stretch of the road, causing traffic to back up and forcing the closure of two blocks of Huron River Drive between Madelon and Clarence streets, according the police.
The city's water service was shut down at about 4:30 p.m. but restored by 7:30 p.m. Sunday.


text:
Statistically, in the UK, the first Monday in February is the day most likely for employees to call in sick – and has subsequently been coined ‘National Sickie Day.’
One of the reasons is the first payday since Christmas, “meaning people have been out celebrating all weekend with a particularly heavy one”.
Since physical illness is a much more socially acceptable reason for taking the day off work, many people use this as a reason instead of telling their boss that they are struggling with mental health issues. But taking a mental health day certainly is an acceptable reason to call off from work.
Many people find that taking one day of sick leave for stress or mental health can save a great deal of sick time that might be taken later in the year if those pressures build into something worse. So don’t be afraid to call off work every now and then. Especially on National Sickie Day!
#MentalHealth #GoodWellbeing #MondayMotivation


text: My heart bleeds for those mine workers who are now worried about how to pay for their investment properties! They have been sucked into the greed of property ownership. Their greed has led to crippling rents in Perth for those who have not been so lucky as to be part of the temporary big boom. The fly-in fly-out policy of the corporations has removed BHP et al from any responsibility for their workers. Years ago BHP upgraded their steel mill in Kwinana then closed it down. There will soon be a shortage of steel worldwide. Now is the time for the Federal Government to invest in opening up Kwinana steel and investing in Australia’s steel industry again since most of the minerals are in WA. This will make it possible for big infrastructure projects to take place. Spain has already begun a revolution in travel habits. Spanish high speed rail has grown by 28%. The high speed train journey from Madrid to Barcelona now takes 2hours 35 minutes. This controls carbon emissions since the VFT uses 19% less energy than other trains is more efficient than air travel that often force long delays at airports. Spain has increased infrastructure projects to combat the recession and plans to invest $145bn in high speed rail networks until 2020. Australia could learn from this Spanish initiative by investing in such projects that would save Australian outback towns from extinction. Open up tourism and give more jobs outside the metropolitan regions. Government public spending should have long term plans that will give workers jobs and hope for the future without our Government being forced to be beholden to corporations in China, Japan and the USA. The community doesn't want charity it wants work and security for the future. We are fed up of greedy boom bust economy policies.

domain: finance


text:
|Main Index||PA Index||How To Support RootsWeb|
Pennsylvania Dutch Family History - Dedicated to the genealogy, history and culture of those who came to America fro ... <<snip>>|
Mid-Atlantic Roots Network - Genealogy, History, and Today in the Mid-Atlantic region
GEBHART, QUINTRELL, MEASE, WEAND, JONES, SCHLACK - About 20 Northampton Co. surnames.
Some Fogel and variations in 1910 Northampton and Lehigh County, PA - from 1910 PA Soundex census
Stahley/Steely/Stehley etc. in Northampton and Lehigh County 1910 Census - Stahley and variations in Northampton & Lehigh Counties in the 1910 PA Census
Northampton County PAGenWeb - Northampton Co., PA history, genealogy resources and links.
BEVELHYMER BEVELHEIMER BEVELHIMER BEVILHIMER - Bevelh*mer
Bill & Sue's Genealogy - Descendants of Jacob Hubler
FamilyHart Pennsylvania Dutch Database - Over 230,000 names online
Breidster - Bodensteiner - McPeak Ancestry - Ancestors of Carrie E. Bodensteiner
PA: Northampton Co: Raubsville Cemetery, Williams Twp.
SLOYER/SCHLOYER (other variant spellings) HOME PAGE
Flory Flora Florey Florea Flori Genealogy Northampton, Co. PA - Site focuses in part on Florey Families of Northampton Co., PA
GENEALOGY BY JACKIE - GED of 20,000 individuals, including the surname SELLERD
Fort Norris, old Northampton County, Pennsylvania - Research and tract maps showing approximate site of old Fort Norris
Pennsylvania Genealogy - Online Pennsylvania genealogy databases, births, deaths, cemeteries, marriages, ... <<snip>>
Pennsylvania Cemeteries - Burial records of persons interred in Pennsylvania cemeteries are indexed here.
Kunsman/Eichlin and Allied Families - All of Northampton/Bucks Counties PA, Hunterdon County NJ
Pennsylvania Military Records - Online records of Pennsylvania military service men and women
Pennsylvania Census Records - Shows you where to find online Pennsylvania census records.
Pennsylvania Yearbooks & Schools Online - transcriptions and scanned images of high school yearbooks
Waltman Family of Northampton County - Conrad Waltman (1715-1796) and Descendants
Obituary Daily Times
RootsWeb Surname List (RSL)

domain: history


text:
Teddy Grubbs, former DePaul University basketball player, was ordered held on $20,000 bond Monday on a charge of attempted rape.
Grubbs was charged with exposing himself to and attacking a 30-year-old woman who collects rent in his apartment building.
Grubbs was a starter at DePaul in 1980-81 and 1981-82 but eventually quit school.
Violence Court Associate Judge Michael Buckley Bolan set a preliminary hearing day of July 29.
Grubbs was convicted of lewd fondling and simple battery of a woman on a Chicago Transit Authority train in October of 1983 and was on probation for one year. He was charged with public indecency in June of 1986 and placed on conditional discharge for one year.

domain: news


text:
Kevin S. Coy
The late Col. Cross
It is painful to record the untimely decease of those dear from personal association, or whose record belonging to the country, brings with its narration remembrances burdened with the plans, hopes and pleasures of a life of intimate and pleasant intercourse.
Realizing our duty to the public and the justice due to the memory of the gallant dead, it becomes our province to allude more fully to the career and services of the subject of this article.
Colonel EDWARD EPHRAIM CROSS, who died at Gettysburg, Penn., July 3d, of wounds received in the engagement the preceeding day, was born in Lancaster, April 21, 1831, and was consequently in the 33d year of his age. Availing himself to the advantages of the public schools and academies, he early entered as an apprentice the office of the Coos Democrat then conducted by Hon. James M. Rix. Completing his time, he was for a while Foreman of the establishment, after which he spent a summer in Canada, with his father, Col. Ephraim Cross, in construction a steamboat upon Memphramagog Lake.
Of an adventurous mind, strengthened by camp life at this period, and by former experience with surveying parties, he desired the novelty of a Western Life, and at the age of 20, left home for Cincinnati, Ohio. After a temporary engagement with paper, he became associated with the Cincinnati Times, maintaining his connection for several years, first as a journryman, and next as a Local Editor. As travelling correspondent, he contibuted sketches of much interest to its columns. During this period of travel, Col. Cross passed through the West and Southwest and penetrated the Indian Country around the great northern lakes. His notes of travel, written over the nom de plume of Richard Everett, are mentioned with pleasure by thousands. He also furnished original stories and scraps of poetry of decided merit for the Times and other journals. The last winter of his connection with the Times was spent at Washington, when he was also the "special" of the N. Y. Herald and other sheets. It was at that time his intention to return to Cincinnati as Editor of the Times; but private affairs preventing, he disposed of his interest there and emabarked his fortunes in the Santa Rita Mining Co. of Arizona.
Organizing the company and taking with them a printing press and fixtures, the emigrants crossed the mountains, enduring the trials incident to a new country full of hostile Indians.
Col. Cross' career while in Arizona was full of incident and romance. As a publisher, he issued the first newspaper in the Territory; as an Indian fighter, he often volunteered to accompany Government expeditions, or to organize companies to pursue the hostile Apaches, and his adventures on the wilds of the Gila and over the Mexican border abound in daring.
In the unsettled condition of the Territory he was frequent at Lynch Courts, and was a principle in several duels, from all of which he escaped unharmed. In the spring of 1861, the withdrawal of the National troops from the Territory, induced an outbreak among the Indian tribes, the silver mine was broken up, the machinery damaged and most of the operators killed. Burying such machinery as was saved, Col. C. left the scene of desolation and proposed entering the Liberal service in Mexico, and was for a time over the border in a military capacity; but abandoning his plan, he proceeded to Concord and tendered his service to Governor Berry, who soon thereafter commissioned him Col. of the 5th Regiment.
A good soldier and thoroughly imbued with the importance of discipline and drill, Col. Cross was fortunate in the selection of his officers and the organization of his regiment. It earned an enviable reputation while at Concord- and on every field has nobly sustained the honor of the state.
The 5th has been in almost every engagement from the time it joined the Army of the Potomac. It has participated in all the great battles of the war, and has performed a great amount of picket and engineer duty. The celebrated "grape vine bridge" across the Chickahominy, which saved McClellan's army was built by Col. Cross, and his perseverance and Yankee skill were always in requisiton.
Col. Cross was shot through the thigh at Fair Oaks, was severely wounded at Antitam, where his regiment saved Richardson's Division from being flanked, was badly bruised at Fredericksburgh, where his "his dead lay nearer the rifle pits than those of any other Regiment in the Army of the Potomac," and was slightly wounded on other occasions.
The brave regiment that he commanded is now reduced to a handful. Its history is the history of the Army of the Potomac, and its original flags, torn and bloody, are proofs of its desperate encounters. Col. Cross has been recommended for promotion by all the leading generals, and undoubtedly soon have worn the stars of a Brigadier. For the last year, as a senior Colonel, he has frequently commanded a brigade. He did so at Chancellorsville; and at Gettysburg, where he fell, he was in command of the 1st brigade of the 1st division of the 2nd army corps-the command which so gallantly repulsed the repeated charges of the rebels.
Col. Cross was wounded at 11 P.M., Thursday, July 2, by a minnie ball, which entered the abdomen in front, coming out near the spine. He lived until 12 1-2 A.M., of Friday, July 3, maintaining his consciousness during the whole period and expressing joy at the continued success of our arms.
His body reached here Tuesday evening following his death, and was interred by NorthStar Lodge, in the presence of an immense concourse of people, on Thursday at 6 P.M. the national flags dropped at half mast; the band played solemn dirges; the fraternity, in large numbers, assisted in the solemn ceremonies, and amid a throng of friends who had known him from boyhood, the brave soldier, the true friend, the impulsive and honorable man was borne to his final resting place in the valley he loved so well amid all his wanderings, where he now sleeps, unmindful of the din of battle or the shouts over that victory for which he laid down his valient life.
As a man, Col. Cross was ardent, impetuous and unreserved in his acts and feelings. A true patriot and earnest lover of his country, which he gave his life, he was wont on all occasions to canvass freely the policy or motives involved in the struggle, but his faith was not complete with words, for he subjected it to the practical test of the battlefield, from whence it derived its purity.
As an officer, he was a strict and unswerving disciplinarian, punishing with severity any shirking or neglect of duty, but ever prompt to recognize and reward actual merit. Brave to the utmost limit, his command was always in the front, where it performed prodigies of valor. He never asked his men to go, and they did well if the followed closely where he led.
As a son and brother, he was kind, attentive and observing. His parents and relatives were always the source of remembrance and solicitude and his practical kindness was frequent and abundant.
Of a strong and original mind, Col. Cross was in boyhood, an intense reader and keen observer. His mind was particularly active and had prepared data for literary and scientific works of decided value. One of his strongest emotions was his love of the place of his nativity. His visits here were intensely enjoyed, and his frequently expressed wish was, that wherever he might die, he might be buried here. While in Arizona he came east, one great motive being that he might receive the Masonic Degrees in the old Lodge at Lancaster.
He was a kind friend, a good son and brother, a brave and chivalric soldier. Devoting his life to his country, he yielded it up in its prime, and passed away while the nation is yet convuluted with the throes of rebellion.

domain: library


Paul Robeson - Negro Spirituals download flac
Paul Robeson, Lawrence Brown.
Spirituals - Paul Robeson, Paul Robeson, Lawrence Brown. Открывайте новую музыку каждый день. Лента с персональными рекомендациями и музыкальными новинками, радио, подборки на любой вкус, удобное управление своей коллекцией.
Listen free to Paul Robeson – Negro Spirituals (Water Boy, Were You There and more). Discover more music, concerts, videos, and pictures with the largest catalogue online at Last. Paul Robeson (April 9, 1898 – January 23, 1976) was a multi-lingual American actor, athlete, bass-baritone concert singer, writer, civil rights activist, Spingarn Medal winner, and Lenin Peace Prize laureate. Robeson found fame as an actor and singer with his fine bass-baritone voice. He is one of the few true basses in American music, his beautiful and powerful voice descending as low as a C below the bass clef. In addition to his stage performances, his renditions of old Negro spirituals were acclaimed; Robeson was the first to bring them to the concert stage.
Piano – Alan Booth (2). Vocals – Paul Robeson. Flipback cover (see images). Gravure Universelle' printed on front & back cover + labels, which means "boosted mono". Probably released in late 60's. Negro Spirituals (LP, Album). Поль Робсон Поет Негритянские Спиричуэлс (LP, Album, Red).
Features Song Lyrics for Paul Robeson's Negro Spirituals album. Paul Robeson - Negro Spirituals Album Lyrics. Paul Robeson Lyrics provided by SongLyrics. Do you like this album?
Paul Leroy Robeson (/ˈroʊbsən/ ROHB-sən; April 9, 1898 – January 23, 1976) was an American bass baritone concert artist and stage and film actor who became famous both for his cultural accomplishments and for his political activism. Educated at Rutgers College and Columbia University, he was also a star athlete in his youth. He also studied Swahili and linguistics at the School of Oriental and African Studies, London in 1934.
Shop 53 records for sale for album Negro spirituals by Paul Robeson on CDandLP in Vinyl and CD format. All fields Artist Title Artist + Title Label Seller Item Select a specific format: All formats Album CD CD Album CD Single CD Maxi Vinyl records LP 7 inchs 7 inchs (SP) 7 inchs (EP) 12 inchs 78 rpm 10 inchs DVD VHS Cassette Clothing T-Shirt Others. Paul robeson negro spirituals.
On this page you can listen to mp3 music free or download album or mp3 track to your PC, phone or tablet. Release title: Paul Robeson - Negro Spirituals. Photo of Paul Robeson - Negro Spirituals. More albums of Paul Robeson: Honey, Einsamer Sonntag. Sanders Of The River. This album was released on the label His Master's Voice (catalog number 7EG 8422).
Album by Paul Robeson. All God's Chillun Got Wings. Mary Had a Baby, Yes, Lord. Carry Me Back to Green Pastures. When It's Sleepy Time Down South. Fat Li'l Feller Wid His Mammy's Eyes. River, Stay 'Way from My Door.
|The Minstrel Boy|
|The House I Live In|
|They Scandalize My Name|
|SUEP 507||Paul Robeson||Negro Spirituals (7", EP, Mono, RP)||Supraphon||SUEP 507||Czechoslovakia||Unknown|
|SUEP 507||Paul Robeson||Negro Spirituals (7", EP, Mono)||Supraphon||SUEP 507||Czechoslovakia||Unknown|


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Submitted by Anonymous (not verified) on Mon, 07/22/2013 - 06:46
Praise be to Allah, the Almighty, the Cherisher and Sustainer of the Universe, and peace and blessings be upon our Prophet Muhammad, last of the Prophets, and upon all those who adhere to his example until the Day of Judgement.
മലയാളത്തില് സാര്വത്രികമായി 'നബിചര്യ' എന്ന അര്ത്ഥത്തില് വ്യവഹരിക്കപ്പെടുന്ന പദമാണ് സുന്നത്ത് എന്നത് . Read More
PROPHET EASA -PBUH- WILL RETURN
According to the historical sources, Mariyam was born at a time when the chaos mentioned earlier in the book was happening, when Roman oppression was real, and the Jews were impatiently awaiting the Messiah's arrival. She was a descendent of `Imran, whose family had been made superior by ALLAH (Qur'an, 3:33).


|"Ring in the Season"|
November 3, 2017
Ring in the Season is a song written by Elyssa Samsel and Kate Anderson, and sung by Elsa (Idina Menzel), Anna (Kristen Bell) and Olaf (Josh Gad) in the 2017 Disney featurette, Olaf's Frozen Adventure.
During the song, Elsa, Anna and the castle staff put the finishing touches to the surprise party they have planned for the citizens of Arendelle. They then go out into the courtyard to greet the citizens, and ring the Yule bell to mark the beginning of the holidays for the kingdom.
Anna: Look at everyone
They don't realize
We planned a party as a big surprise
Soon the ballroom will echo with sounds of cheer
As we ring in the season this year
Elsa: This is overdue
Gotta look our best
Olaf: Oh, I've never been so nicely dressed!
Elsa: We'll be hosting and toasting the whole night through
As we ring in the season with you
Anna: It's the first Christmas in forever
Elsa: Since we opened up the gate
Anna: And it's the first Christmas I remember to date
Anna & Elsa: And it's already worth the wait!
Look at all the joy
Citizens: Look at all the joy
Anna & Elsa: That is everywhere
Citizens: That is everywhere
Elsa: I feel the Christmas spirit in the air
Elsa & Anna: And the party will start at the strike of noon
And we'll ring in the season so soon
All: And it's almost time to ring the bell
You'll hear it chime through Arendelle
Elsa: It's finally here and it's happening fast
Anna: We'll make up for all we have missed in the past
All: It's time to celebrate
As we ring in the season at last!
- There is also an instrumental version of "Ring in the Season".


CES 2013 MEGATech Videos – Asus, Seagate, Cooler Master, Diamond Multimedia and Rocstor Michael Kwan January 17, 2013 MEGATech Videos That’s it, folks. Following our MEGATech gaming accessory video from yesterday, here is our fifth and final video from the 2013 Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas. In this video, we cover a variety of gadgets and technology that are perfectly adapted to our digital lifestyles both at home and on the road. That includes portable drives, laptop coolers, Android home entertainment boxes, and even a massive tablet-desktop all-in-one. Rosewill (0:00): We start off again in the Rosewill booth, taking a look at some IP cameras that they have. This is a very easy way to set up some surveillance in your home or office, allowing you to keep tabs on your stuff when you’re not there. Asus (0:31): We’ve seen the Asus Transformer line of Android tablets before, but a new all-in-one PC takes that to a whole new level. The Transformer AIO features a massive 18.4-inch IPS display that you can use as a standalone Android 4.1.1 tablet with about 5 hours of battery life. Put it in its docking station, though, and you get the full blown Windows 8 experience. Another great product from Asus is the new Qube with Google TV. This goes beyond other HD media players with a gyroscopic control, HDMI in and out, and Google TV 3.0. Seagate Technology (6:38): We briefly covered the Seagate Wireless Plus last week and now you can see it in video form. It’s a WiFi-enabled portable drive that allows you to stream HD content to multiple wireless devices, boasting a full terabyte of internal storage. There’s also the Seagate Central, which aims to centralize all the content in your home for ease of access and enjoyment. Cooler Master (11:49): You might already be familiar with the variety of Cooler Master notebook coolers, but now they’ve got several new products in this mobile cooling range. There’s one that works like a breakfast-in-bed table, complete with cooling fan, and then there’s another that combines the comforts of a lapdesk with the performance of active cooling. And yes, they’ve got a beefier cooler for gaming notebooks too. Diamond Multimedia (14:01): Following our review of the Diamond Multimedia WPCTVPRO, we take a look at three more products from this expanding company. They have a super compact Bluetooth speaker, a unique Android-powered set top box for home entertainment, and an IP camera that does not require a PC to set up. That’s quite the variety and it clearly indicates that Diamond wants to support our digital lifestyle! Rocstor (15:06): Last, but certainly not least, we approach the realm of encryption and higher levels of security with three different portable hard drives from Rocstor. They offer varying levels of security, including one version that needs both a key card and a PIN to be entered each time you want to access the data within. The encryption is all hardware-based, making for an easy yet powerful way to protect your private data. Share This With The World!


Robot makers at Boston Dynamics have unveiled their latest military-funded creation: a four-legged machine called WildCat that bounds and gallops across the ground in an uncannily animal-like way.
A new video shows off the robot's ability to run to at 16 mph (25 km/h) on flat surfaces. Boston Dynamics has not released much new information on their new bot, but a caption on the company's YouTube page says WildCat will eventually be able to run quickly over all types of terrain.
Source: Live Science . Read full article. (link)


We expect to find much to welcome in the NHS Long Term Plan, at least in its intentions. But the NHS has been great at plans, not great at really changing patterns of care, treatment and support.
‘Patient-‘ or ‘person-‘ centred care has been frequently promised since 2000.
Education for self management bloomed in the mid-2000s and was then neglected.
Care planning for everyone with long term conditions has been pledged since 2008.
Coordinated care was a major national commitment in 2013.
A new relationship with people and communities was foreseen in 2014.
And the legacy model of reactive, episodic care has stubbornly persisted beyond the landmark work of Wagner (chronic care model), Wanless (sustainability through engagement), and Marmot (social determinants of health).
So when the National Voices coalition looks at the Plan – and the process that follows – from the perspectives of people with health and care needs, we will need to sort ‘ambitions’ from likely delivery.
We propose five tests to PROVE the NHS is convincingly setting out the right direction.
P for personalisation
Is personalised (or person-centred) care embedded at the core of the future NHS – especially in relation to supported self management for people living with multiple conditions?
R for radical
Is the NHS committed to a radical shift of resource to primary and community care (integrated with other services and the VCSE) -- starting now and accelerating over the decade?
O for open and accountable
Will people from outside the NHS be properly engaged in redesigning services – and holding the NHS to account for its objectives?
V for voluntary sector
Can the NHS make good on partnership working? If it can’t, the Plan will fail.
Can it find ways to create high level, genuine, equal, respectful and coproductive partnerships with the VCSE sector – and fund them?
E for equality
Structural inequality is creating our industrial levels of ill health: can the NHS put inequalities at the heart of place-based, population health, targeting first and foremost the people with most to gain from personalised approaches?
The Plan is now expected between 12 and 21 December, if the Brexit gunsmoke ever clears.
When it arrives, check the five tests and let us know what you think.


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Kumbhalgarh – The Invincible Fort
The present book gives a vivid description and general introduction of the invincible fort of Kumbhalgarh which was built by Maharana Kumbha on the high packs of Arawali terrain to protect territories of Mewar from the Muslim invaders and another outside incursion. At the beginning of the book, the geographical location of the fort and the historical background of it have been traced out in the simple language adorned with the lucid style. The strategic importance, the architectural and monumental value of the fort along with the worth-seeing places of it are the main feature of this book. Kumbhalgarh – The Invincible Fort
The main fort and the neighboring tourist resorts of Kumbhalgarh have been mentioned in details which may serve the purpose of guidelines to the tourist and the visitors. A portrait of the personality, works and achievement of Maharana Kumbha with the fort and, therefore, the writer has done labour to trace it out in a separate political situation of the country and mentality of the medieval age. The stone inscriptions of Kumbhalgarh mentioned in the last chapter prove the glorious period of Maharana Kumbha. It can attract the vision of the historians to proceed in the fieldwork of research. In nutshell, this book is very useful and valuable for its readers because it has touched all the important points of Kumbhalgarh in short and sweet manner.


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Christmas is here! It's the unofficial basketball holiday of the year when the NBA shines bright and spreads that festive cheer!
There’s so much NBA action arranged under the tree it’s almost impossible to figure out where to even begin.
To help get you set, here’s a start-to-finish primer on the biggest things to look out for on Christmas.
Kemba Walker vs Kyle Lowry
Despite the rash of injuries to the Raptors that will most notably keep likely All-Star Pascal Siakam sidelined, there's plenty to get excited about in the day's first tilt between Boston and Toronto.
The Raptors continue to show the heart of a champion in battling through their seemingly endless string of injuries while Jayson Tatum and Jaylen Brown have made significant progress on their individuals journeys to stardom.
But who are we kidding... the headliner in this one is the battle of All-Star point guards in Kemba Walker and Kyle Lowry.
Lowry dropped 29 on the Celtics earlier this season though it wasn't enough to overcome Walker's 22 points including 11 in the fourth quarter which sparked Boston's big come from behind victory.
Walker is among the favourites to start in February's All-Star game in Chicago and Lowry is making a bid for his sixth straight All-Star appearance. It's a guard dominated league and these are two of the best currently holding it down in the Eastern Conference.
The world's best snowball fight
Don't bring light powder to a heavily packed snowball fight. At least one in the paint involving Joel Embiid and Giannis Antetokounmpo.
There are not too more physically destructive forces in the NBA than Embiid and Antetokounmpo.
Antetokounmpo may not be a traditional centre and yet he’s averaging more points in the paint per game than anyone since Shaq .
Embiid is nothing short of a behemoth, a legitimate wrecking ball against which few teams have a true answer. The only person that’s been able to consistently stop Embiid is Embiid.
When these two square off, watch out!
Case in point? Last season. I mean… just look at these head-to-head meetings .
- They both nearly went for 30-20 in the first meeting.
- Then Embiid dropped 40-15 in a win that Giannis finished with 52.
- And then Giannis responded with 45-13-6-5 to get revenge in a game Embiid had a 30-point triple-double.
Do. Not. Miss. This. Matchup.
Bernard King on notice
This year marks the 35th anniversary of Bernard King’s 60-point game on Christmas which remains to this day the most ever scored on this hoops holiday.
Many have tried, all have failed.
MJ. LeBron. Kobe. KD. Shaq. Iverson. T-Mac. Melo. Westbrook.
James Harden might have something to say about that as the Houston Rockets pay a visit to Golden State. With a beard bigger than Santa himself, Harden is the perfect candidate to stuff the chimney like nobody ever has on Christmas.
LeBron vs Kawhi
The King on Christmas
Nobody does Christmas quite like LeBron James who with a win can tie Dwyane Wade for the most wins ever on Christmas with 10.
James has played on Christmas each of the last 12 seasons and will be playing in his 14th Christmas Day game overall. The only player in NBA history to play more games on Christmas is Kobe Bryant who suited up 16 times on December 25th.
James ranks third all-time in points on Christmas, second in assists, fourth in steals and third in made 3-pointers.
No, but seriously, Lakers-Clippers will be amazing
I've made my list and checked it twice.
- LeBron James might be the greatest player ever.
- Kawhi Leonard might be the best in the world right now.
- Anthony Davis is the favourite for Defensive Player of the Year.
- Paul George is averaging career highs in points and assists per 36.
- National TV Rondo.
- Patrick Beverley wants to play in any and all Reindeer games.
- Kyle Kuzma once tied a Christmas record with six 3-pointers in 2017.
- Lou Williams is the favourite to win Sixth Man of the Year for the 896th consecutive year.
- Unless his teammate Montrezl Harrell steals it from him.
- Two words: Alex. Caruso.
It’s like Santa just rolled up to the Staples Center with a shipping container of toys dragged behind his sleigh and dumped them all out for everyone to enjoy.
Jolly Saint Nik
Nobody wheels and deals like jolly old Saint Nik-ola Jokic.
The best passing big in today’s game and potentially ever, Jokic spreads cheer and will stuff stockings from any and all angles.
After somewhat of a sluggish start to the season, Jokic is coming on strong with averages of 21.9 points, 10.3 rebounds and 8.6 assists per game during Denver's seven-game win streak. The Nuggets are the NBA's hottest team and flying under the radar. In a loaded Western Conference stuffed to the brim with title-contending juggernauts, it's the Nuggets who are currently in second place.
The views expressed here do not represent those of the NBA or its clubs.

domain: sports


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Skilled Guatemalan artisans transformed recycled glass into this
set of stylish aqua-tinted wineglasses. Ideal for everyday use and festive occasions, they are dishwasher safe for an easy cleanup.
These premier wineglasses are crafted in Germany using
Titan crystal glass, a patented Schott Zwiesel innovation, that replaces lead content in fine crystal with titanium and zirconium for enhanced durability and sparkling clarity.


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Amari Don Mueang Airport Bangkok is adjacent to Don Mueang International Airport in Bangkok, Thailand. The hotel and airport are connected by a walkway, making it an ideal choice for travellers who need to catch an early morning or late night flight. Not having to go outside the airport is also a plus.
It was past 10:00 p.m. when I arrived at Don Mueang Airport, and it would be a hassle to go to the city center to look for a hotel at that time, and it would also be a hassle to look for a hotel after getting out of the airport, so I booked a hotel next to the airport.
The reservation was made through Trip.com for THB1,626, almost the same price as the official site. There were cheaper hotels within walking distance from the airport, but the Amari Hotel which is directly connected to the airport, was the most convenient!
Arrive at Terminal 2 of Don Mueang Airport and walk to Terminal 1 where there is a direct bridge to the hotel. After a 5-minute walk from Terminal 2, you will arrive at the Terminal 1 arrival. The direct connection bridge is right in front of that arrival.
I crossed that long bridge feeling the humid, hot air of Bangkok because the air conditioner was not running. This is an airport hotel, but it does not mean it is in the airport, so you must walk a bit.
Airport hotels are often crowded late at night, but the Amari Don Muang Airport Hotel was never crowded and check-in went smoothly. If there were a line to check in after arriving at the hotel late at night, it would be extra tiring.
Deluxe Twin Room
Check-in was smooth and we went straight to our rooms, but the hotel was huge. I finally arrived at my room, feeling a little lost.
On the way to the room, I knew the furniture and carpet were old. I liked the room size of 32 square meters, which I think is large for an airport hotel. Room size is essential because some airport hotels do not allow you to expand your luggage.
What I like most about this room is that the complimentary tea bags were TWG. This tea brand is my favourite; I often see it in luxury 5-star hotels.
I had a problem while taking a shower, the shower head could not be fixed, and the direction of the water was not stable. Also, there is no door in the wet room, so water went all over the bathroom.
Many airport hotels have pools, but they are not very crowded. Hotel pools in Bangkok are often crowded, so you may choose to play in these hotel pools.
The fitness centre was more like an ample space with machines and cardio machines than a room. Still, it is satisfactory for a light workout, so getting moving before or after a long flight is a good idea.
In my experience, airport hotel breakfasts are always crowded no matter what time you go, and this hotel is no exception.
Still, I have a good impression of the breakfast at this airport hotel. There is a lot of staff, and they quickly replenish food when it runs out.
I am wondering why there is miso soup in Thai airport hotels. I have found Korean and Japanese food for breakfast in various hotels other than airport hotels, but none are good. Do Koreans and Japanese also like to come to Thailand to eat their own food, which is not good?
|Value for Money
Amari Don Muang Airport Hotel tour on YouTube
I did not expect much from an airport hotel, but the service and room size exceeded my expectations. Especially the smooth check-in was a plus. Of course, the hotel is old and the bathrooms are not very user-friendly, but you can definitely relax at the hotel before or after your flight.
Have you stayed at the Amari Don Muang Airport Bangkok? If so, please share your thoughts in the comments section below.

domain: travel


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Native American Picture-Writing of the American Indians
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Free Books
About Petroglyphs Rock Art Symbols of the Southwest. Elephant-Head (Mammoth or Mastodon) were they manufactured while those huge mammals still roamed North America? Ancient Portable Rock Art Elephant-Head, Petroglyphs are images created by removing part of a rock surface by incising, picking, carving, or abrading, as a form of rock art. Outside North America, scholars often use terms such as "carving", "engraving", or other descriptions of the technique to refer to such images..
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