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A colourful history of progress
The development of synthetic dyes was a mini industrial revolution.
Going back at least to the Romantics and the nineteenth-century Arts and Crafts movement, we have repeatedly been told that local, artisanal and renewable products are inherently more desirable than more distant, large-scale and ‘artificial’ ones.
In practice though, while small and local might sometimes seem beautiful, bigger and more distant has typically proven better for both people and nature. Natural dyes, which are seemingly rediscovered every generation by idealistic, environmentally minded individuals, are a case in point. Take the following laudatory piece, written by Sarah Bellos in PERC Reports earlier this year. As the Cornell-educated ‘enviropreneur’ sees it, her goal in life is to replace ‘synthetic dyes derived from imported, non-renewable raw materials, such as petroleum and coal tar, with a more sustainable and renewable plant dye source’.
Yet she still needs to overcome some major hurdles, including ‘achieving uniform colours from sampling to production’ and increasing local supplies of dye crops. And what Bellos seemingly doesn’t realise is that these are exactly the issues that demanded the development of synthetic dyes. This raises the obvious question: if natural dyes were so great, why were they so completely displaced by synthetic alternatives?
A brief history of natural dyestuff production (1)
From ancient times up to the middle of the nineteenth century, all dyes (or dyestuffs) were made from a variety of natural sources, ranging from plants (roots, berries, flower heads, or leaves), minerals and trees (especially barks) to lichens, insects, mollusks, and guano (desiccated bird excrements). For example, most red dyes were derived from plants such as madder, beetroot, cranberry, safflower, and orchil; and a few more valuable ones from insects such as cochineal (from Central America and, for a time, southern British North American colonies) and Kermes (from Southern Europe and the Middle East). Yellows were extracted from Persian berries, weld, dyers broom and saffron. Despite its seemingly natural abundance, green could only be obtained by double-dyeing with yellow (fustic or annatto) and blue (indigo).
While dyers historically settled on the large-scale use of a dozen main sources, plants were by far the most important. Among these, common madder and true indigo, while not the most valuable on a unitary basis, stood out in terms of volume produced and overall importance.
The roots of what was historically the most important source of vegetable dyes, common madder (Rubia tinctorum), contain 28 colouring matters, including red (alizarin), orange (rubiacin), purple (purpurin) and yellow (xanthine). From at least 2000 BC, common madder was cultivated on a large scale and in various locations. By the middle of the nineteenth century, large volumes of madder were produced the world over for local consumption, while perhaps as much as 90 per cent of the world madder market relied on the work of growers in the Dutch province of Zeeland and the French regions of Alsace and Provence.
Until the beginning of the nineteenth century, dyes were extracted from madder roots by drying, beating and pounding them to remove the rough parts, in the process yielding the cruder ‘umbro’, ‘munch’ or ‘bunch’ madder and the more expensive ‘crop’ or ‘grade’ madders, which were later matured in casks for two-to-three years. Despite what would now be touted as its ‘organic’ nature and ‘human scale’, madder production and use often had significant environmental impacts. Reminiscing on advances made in previous decades, the Scottish chemist Lyon Playfair observed in 1852 that the ‘large quantities of spent [or used] madder constantly accumulating were found exceedingly inconvenient. It was not valuable enough for the manure heap, and the rivers became polluted in carrying away the waste material.’ (2) Wrestling with the problem, some creative chemists eventually noticed that one third of the colouring matter was thrown away in the process. In time, a simple treatment with a hot acid was devised and again rendered it available as a dye. Following this breakthrough, ‘waste heaps [were] now sources of wealth, and the dyer no longer [poisoned] the rivers with spent madder, but carefully [collected] it in order that the chemist may make it again fit for his use’ (3).
Indigo dyes date from before 3000 BC and were produced from leguminous plants of the approximately 800 species-large Indigofera genus. While dyeing matter had been extracted from a few of these plants, the tropical and sub-tropical ‘true indigo’ (Indigofera tinctoria), usually thought to have originated in India but long cultivated over much of the Sub-Indian continent, South-East Asia, the Middle East and Africa, was historically the most important and valuable variety. Arab traders eventually introduced it to the Mediterranean region during the eleventh century where, after centuries of political resistance, it eventually displaced woad (Isatis tinctoria) as the most commonly used blue dye plant in Europe. Indigo plantations based on both true indigo and sometimes other local varieties were then created from the second half of the sixteenth century onwards in the Americas, in areas ranging from Southern and Central America and the West Indies to Louisiana and the Southern British North American colonies.
Like madder production, the manufacture of indigo dye was also a messy business. According to one 1775 Florida account: ‘The stench of the work vats, where the indigo plants were putrefied, was so offensive and deleterious, that the “work” was usually located at least one quarter of a mile away from human dwellings. The odour from the rotting weeds drew flies and other insects by the thousands, greatly increasing the chances of the spread of diseases. Animals and poultry on an indigo plantation likewise suffered, and it was all but impossible to keep livestock on, or near, the indigo manufacturing site.’ (4)
In the following decades, a combination of factors ranging from high export duties and increased international competition from more lucrative alternatives enticed New World producers to switch to others crops, such as sugar, cotton and coffee. By the late-eighteenth century, Indian regions (originally Bengal and later Bihar) had emerged as the dominant indigo producers, at first under the leadership of the British East India Company (which itself followed earlier initiatives by other European traders and entrepreneurs) and later under independent British capitalists, planters and traders. At one point India dominated nine tenths of world trade in indigo, with the remainder produced in Java, the Philippines, Central America, Venezuela, Brazil and China.
The rise of synthetic dyes
The raw material upon which the numerous synthetic dyestuffs that hit world markets in the late-nineteenth century were to be fashioned was an abundant and cheap waste product of coal-gas manufacture: coal tar, a substance once referred to as the ‘abomination and nuisance of the gas works’ (5). As Playfair put it: ‘[Coal tar was] once the most inconvenient of waste materials. It could not be thrown away into rivers, for it polluted them foully. It could not be buried in the earth because it destroyed vegetation all around. In fact nothing could be done with it except to burn or to mix it with coal as fuel.’ (6)
The first commercially successful, large-scale breakthrough in synthetic dye production occurred in 1856 when a British teenage chemist by the name of William Henry Perkin (1838-1907) obtained a brilliant purplish substance while oxidising some crude aniline. After much developmental work, Perkin and his associates offered the world ‘mauve’ in 1859. This new dyestuff triggered much chemical research in the preparation of aniline-based dyes and, in the process, launched the modern organic chemical industry and prompted the development of coal-tar based products ranging from explosives, medicines and perfumes to flavouring materials, sweeteners, disinfectants, antitoxins and tracing and photographic agents.
The supremacy of British dye manufacturers, however, was shortlived. From the 1870s, German producers began to take over this branch of manufacturing and soon achieved almost complete dominance, accounting for almost 90 per cent of the world production of dyestuffs by 1913. Under the direction of Heinrich Caro (1834-1910) of the Badische Anilin and Soda-Fabrick company (better known as BASF), the development of large-scale manufacturing techniques for the production of synthetic alizarin and other colouring substances quickly put madder producers out of business. The road to synthetic indigo, however, proved much more arduous because of the absence of a suitable ‘carbon skeleton’ in the coal-tar hydrocarbon molecules. In time, though, Adolf von Baeyer (1835-1917) eventually succeeded in producing synthetic indigo in three different ways from various coal-tar derivatives. After much investment and developmental work, scientists and engineers working for BASF were able to market naphtalene-based synthetic indigo in 1897.
The triumph of synthetic dyes
Synthetic dyes quickly put their natural competitors out of business, despite government protectionist policies. This was not achieved because of some ‘Big Coal’ conspiracy, but because the advantages of synthetic dyes were too obvious to overlook. Most significantly, they offered a much greater range of colours (along the lines of a 10-to-one ratio by the turn of the twentieth century) and they were much cheaper. For example, the value of the amount of alizarin used in the world in 1880 was around $8,000,000, while the cost to manufacture the same amount of dye from madder roots would then have been near $28,000,000 (7). This price difference could be explained by the abundance and reliability of the coal-tar supply and by the fact that the preparation of synthetic dyes was much less labour- and input-intensive than the cultivation and extraction of colouring matter from plants.
Synthetic dyes were also better quality because plants often exhibited weather-related changes of colour and contained many impurities. Growers and natural-dye makers also had much more incentive to adulterate their products because of their raw materials’ lack of uniformity.
Plant supplies were also less reliable, as they required a significant growing period and were only harvested periodically. They were also regularly prone to failure or lower yields because of diseases, insects or bad weather. In some cases, they might not even be planted at all if other crops proved more lucrative.
Furthermore, synthetic dyes exhibited several technical advantages. One lb of artificial alizarin had the tinctorial power of at least 90lbs of madder. Their application was also simpler because their quality was more uniform. Materials coloured with synthetic dyes therefore tended to be of a much higher quality.
One other important benefit of synthetic dyes not lost on commentators at the time was that they ‘liberated’ large swathes of agricultural land, which could then be used for producing food or fibres, or else be allowed to revert to a wilder state or used recreationally. Overall, it has been estimated that, at their peak, madder cultivation required between 300,000 and 400,000 acres in 1868, while indigo plants required more than 1,583,808 acres in 1897. Among other cases of land-use conversion, in Avignon (France) madder plantations were replaced by grapevines, while in India and Java, indigo cultivation eventually gave way to sugar plantations and other tropical crops. Closer to us today, the Masters Golf Tournament, held annually in Augusta (Georgia), is staged on a former indigo and cotton plantation. Interestingly, with the annual worldwide consumption of synthetic indigo now approximating 20,000 tonnes, several million acres would be required to manufacture the equivalent using traditional methods.
The same land-use changes were also observed for other natural dyes. For instance, the introduction of artificial scarlets resulted in the abandonment of the cultivation of cochineal in the Canaries and its replacement by sugar and tobacco, while pressures on dyewoods and logwood in other parts of the world were significantly relieved.
Bigger (and more distant) is better
Although the early German supremacy in the synthetic-dye industry has often been attributed to a better educational system, patent monopoly and strong marketing techniques (8), German producers also benefitted from what urban and regional economists refer to as ‘agglomeration economies’ (that is, economies based on the close geographical proximity of several producers active in different lines of work) and production linkages between different firms.
In short, dye preparation in the early years of the twentieth century involved some primary constituents of coal tar, such as toluene, benzene, phenol, xylene, naphthalene, anthracene, cresol, and catchol, which were converted into some 300 intermediate compounds through the action of various chemical reagents such as sulphuric acid, nitric acid, caustic soda and chlorine. By combining these in various ways, usually through manufacturing processes that involved three-to-six steps, but sometimes as many as 15 to 20 (anthraquinone vat dyes), almost 900 commercially successful dyes were prepared by the outbreak of the First World War.
As one observer put it on the eve of the First World War: ‘The problem of working up, completely and remuneratively, without waste and without overproduction, all the by-products formed in the manufacture of the intermediates, is one of the utmost importance for the success of the industry. Owing to the enormous development of her organic chemical industry, embracing the manufacture of dyes, drugs, perfumes, and “fine” organic chemicals generally, the solution of this problem has become more easy for Germany than for any other country.’ (9)
When asked at the time about the possibility of manufacturing locally the more-than-700 synthetic dyes previously imported from Germany, the American chemist Bernhard Hesse commented that the German synthetic-dye industry could not be isolated from its local connections to other lines of work. The coal-tar industry could thus be best understood as being organised along three divisions: 1) products obtained from coal tar through distillation and other operations; 2) productions obtained from 1) by chemical transformation, although not themselves dyes; 3) dyes made from 2). In Hesse’s opinion, the crucial fact was that German producers controlled much of the second division of the world’s markets. This control was due to the fact that while the growth of this division had been relatively slow, it had become tightly interwoven, with ‘each of its hundred-or-more products being dependent upon or made up of one or more other products, so that no one of them is of use without still others’. These commercial and industrial relations had grown to such an extent over time that ‘the coal-tar dye industry is really a conglomerate of many separate parts acting and reacting upon each other, commercially and industrially’ (9).
As Hesse put it in 1917: ‘Not a single one of the 22 factories in Germany is wholly independent of other factories in Germany, whereas together they are independent of sources outside of Germany, or can very readily be so should occasion arise. It would not do merely to transplant even the largest German works to this country; a part of probably each German works would be necessary to produce here or anywhere a complete and self-contained industry. Such a transplanting of the coal-tar dye industry would be comparable to an attempt to transplant to this country every single branch of say, the textile industry or any other highly ramified and diversified art.’ (10)
While the inputs, manufacturing processes and economic geography of synthetic-dye production have changed a lot since then, the reality of economies of scale and scope, along with that of interindustrial linkages, are still very much with us.
The road to green hell is paved with sustainable-development initiatives
Sustainable-development theorists’ aversion to, and environmental activists’ dislike for, synthetic products, long-distance trade and economies of scale is most unfortunate. True, manufacturing operations are not yet perfect, but the ‘green’ alternatives touted as inherently superior, from organic food to local and smaller-scale productions, are typically much worse.
Natural dyes are a case in point. What well-meaning activists and ‘enviropreneurs’ miss is that their ‘solution’ to a largely non-existent problem would come not only with a hefty price for consumers (in terms of paying a lot more for inferior products), but it would also affect the environment given that many parts of the world that have been allowed to ‘rewilden’ in the past few decades would need to be, once again, put under the plough.
Market processes are not perfect, but they constantly reward the development of more efficient and less problematic alternatives over time. Ignoring the lessons of business and technological history can only deliver a poorer and more environmentally stressed world.
Pierre Desrochers is associate professor of geography at the University of Toronto. This essay is adapted from his piece ‘Bringing Inter-Regional Linkages Back In: Industrial Symbiosis, International Trade and the Emergence of the Synthetic Dyes Industry in the Late 19th Century‘. Progress in Industrial Ecology, vol 5, no 5-6 (December 2008), pp. 465-481. (The reader is referred to this article for a more technical discussion of the issues raised and additional references.)
(1) Numerous books and websites are devoted to the topic. See, among others, Indigo, by J Balfour-Paul, Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 1998; From Turkey Red to Tyrian Purple. Textile Colours for the Industrial Revolution, by AS Travis, Jerusalem: The Jewish National and University Library, 1993; and the research annual Dyes in History and Archeology.
(2) On the Chemical Principles Involved in the Manufactures of the Exhibition as Indicating the Necessity of Industrial Instruction, Lyon Playfair, London: Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce, 1852 pp173-174.
(3) On the Chemical Principles Involved in the Manufactures of the Exhibition as Indicating the Necessity of Industrial Instruction, Lyon Playfair, London: Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce, 1852 pp173-174.
(4) ‘Indigo production in the eighteenth century’, K. H Beeson Jr, The Hispanic American Historical Review, 44 (2): 214-218, p215
(5) ‘Utilisation of Waste Products’, anonymous, The Manufacturer and Builder 13 (4): 86, 1981
(6) ‘Waste Products made Useful’, Lyon Playfair, North American Review 155 (432): 560-568, 1892, p566.
(7) ‘The Contribution of Chemistry to Modern Life’, WA Noyes, Science NS (26): 673, 1907 pp706-714
(8) Discussions of this issue can be found in virtually every early twentieth century British essay on the topic. See, among others, Meldola (1905) and Miall (1931).
(9) Products and By-Products of Coal, E Stansfield and FE Carter, Ottawa: Department of Mines (Government Printing Bureau), 1915
(10) Products and By-Products of Coal, E Stansfield and FE Carter, Ottawa: Department of Mines (Government Printing Bureau), 1915
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domain: chemistry


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"The Seas took me back to how I felt as a kid, when you're newly falling in love with literature, newly shocked by its capacity to cast a spell..." Maggie Nelson
"[It] blew me away because of the beauty of the language . . . I found myself highlighting about 85% of the book for the language. It is so beautifully written" Jodi Picoult
Moored in a coastal fishing town so far north that the highways only run south, the unnamed narrator of The Seas is a misfit. She's often the subject of cruel local gossip. Her father, a sailor, walked into the ocean eleven years earlier and never returned, leaving his wife and daughter to keep a forlorn vigil. Surrounded by water and beckoned by the sea, she clings to what her father once told her: that she is a mermaid.
True to myth, she finds herself in hard love with a land-bound man, an Iraq War veteran thirteen years her senior. The mesmerizing, fevered coming-of-age tale that follows will land her in jail. Her otherworldly escape will become the stuff of legend.
With the inventive brilliance and psychological insight that have earned her international acclaim, Samantha Hunt pulls readers into an undertow of impossible love and intoxication, blurring the lines between reality and fairy tale, hope and delusion, sanity and madness.
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domain: artistic


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The savior of the cannabis industry... Ted Cruz?!?
If Jeff Sessions is fired or resigns from his role as Attorney General, as has been widely speculated in recent days, the cannabis industry may have unexpected reason to celebrate: Ted Cruz. President Trump is rumored to be considering Mr. Cruz as Mr. Sessions's replacement. Regardless of what you might think of bases for the current imbroglio that Mr. Sessions and President Trump are entangled in, there is no question that Mr. Sessions is among the politicians most openly antagonistic to the legal cannabis industry. While Mr. Cruz may not be much more popular with legal cannabis advocates than Mr. Sessions, the Texas Senator poses far less of an existential threat to the legal cannabis markets operating in a majority of states throughout the country.
Mr. Sessions has been outspoken in his antipathy toward cannabis, promoting the long-debunked "gateway drug" theory, comparing marijuana to heroin, forming a task force to evaluate existing (hands-off) federal policy, and penning a letter to Congress in May that calls for an end to the Rohrabacher-Farr Amendment, which strips the Justice Department of the authority to expend resources on the enforcement of the Controlled Substances Act against medical marijuana businesses operating legally under state laws. All of this has industry insiders concerned about the potential that federal raids may soon return to a dispensary near you.
In contrast, Mr. Cruz has espoused quite moderate views on the enforcement of federal restrictions on cannabis. Mr. Cruz stated on the campaign trail that, while he personally did not support legalization of marijuana, "it is the prerogative of the states to make that determination." Cruz referenced Justice Louis Brandeis's concept of "laboratories of democracy" in opining that voters of a given state have a constitutional right to self-determination on this issue. This kind of fresh perspective out of the Attorney General's office would be music to the cannabis industry's ears.
While President Trump has signaled less acceptance of legalized cannabis, his tenure thus far has reflected a hands-off leadership approach unless you raise his ire. Additionally, Mr. Trump has not done anything to suggest that this issue is of great import to him. In combination, the facts above suggest that an Attorney General Cruz would have wide latitude to enforce federal drug laws--or not--as he sees fit.
Before cultivators and dispensary owners begin mobilizing against Mr. Sessions, however, they should keep in mind that another name frequently mentioned as a possible successor is Rudy Giuliani, an opponent of even medical marijuana legalization, who rejects the medicinal benefits of cannabis and who, as mayor of New York, led a "zero tolerance" crackdown against marijuana users that resulted in nearly two hundred thousand arrests over the course of his tenure. Thus, the industry is faced with something with which it is all to familiar: uncertainty.

domain: politics


In ranking the most beautiful cars on sale today, the Lexus LC 500 coupe would be near the top of our list. Its concept-car styling paired with a posh, velvety interior makes it one of the most eye-catching cars on sale today. So, how does one make such a statement car even more awe-inspiring?
Rip its roof off, of course.
That's exactly what Lexus did at this year's Goodwood Festival of Speed. The camo-covered LC Convertible prototype is making its UK debut, and though the near-final design doesn't deviate much from the LC Convertible concept we saw back at the Detroit Auto Show in January, it's as striking as ever... from what we can tell.
The LC coupe's same gaping spindle grille and slim, swoosh-shaped headlights carry over to the convertible prototype. Much of the convertible's profile maintains the coupe's same sleek, streamlined shape, too (now, sans roof). And in the rear, the slim LED taillights and silver accent pieces are identical.
Details like engine specs and options are even more under wraps than the body, but we expect the LC 500 Coupe's same 471-bhp V8 to carry over virtually unchanged. Ahead of its eventual production, which Lexus hints could come before the end of the year, professional racing driver Nick Cassidy will run the LC Convertible prototype up the hill at Goodwood.
"The Goodwood Festival of Speed celebrates the history and culture of the automobile, and serves as a gathering place for some of history's most notable cars and drivers," Executive Vice President Koji Sato notes. "Lexus is honoured to join this festival, and I could not be happier to unveil this prototype model of the LC Convertible here at the same venue where the LC Coupe made its debut in 2016."
Read about the LC 500 coupe:
Gallery: Lexus LC Convertible Prototype
Lexus Unveils LC Convertible Prototype at Goodwood Festival of Speed
- Lexus confirms production of a convertible version of its flagship LC coupe
- Prototype model makes its dynamic world debut on the hill course at this year's Goodwood Festival of Speed
Lexus is to extend its exquisite LC flagship coupe range, with confirmation today that a dramatically styled open-top version is to go into production in the near future.
Visitors to this year's Goodwood Festival of Speed in the UK will witness the world debut of an LC convertible prototype in action, when it appears on the famous hill course (July 4 to 7). The new model will take its place among some of the world's most exclusive and prestigious new cars at the world-famous showcase for the finest modern and classic sports cars.
The future convertible sports coupe will broaden Lexus' luxury lifestyle offerings, broadening the LC line-up and giving a sense of a completeness to the brand's flagship models.
The LC has quickly become established as one of the most sought-after and internationally acclaimed models Lexus has ever created, thanks to its combination of striking design, fine craftsmanship and exhilarating performance. The potential evolution of the range to include a convertible was signposted at the North American International Auto Show in January, where Lexus revealed the LC Convertible Concept. The concept's design goal was to express 'Ultimate Beauty', and it provoked an enthusiastic response from both industry experts and the public. Like the LC itself, the concept car was honoured on its debut with a prestigious EyesOn Design Award.
Long, low and lean, the LC convertible will share the coupe's athletic proportions, but project its own, distinct identity. Its large wheels and short overhangs will signal its performance pedigree and rewarding driving experience. The prototype model will carry masking at Goodwood, teasing the design detail and dynamic capabilities of the full production version.
Professional race driver Nick Cassidy will drive LC convertible prototype up the hill at Goodwood Festival of Speed. Nick is currently with LEXUS TEAM KeePer TOM'S competing in the GT500 class of the Super GT series in Japan. Beginning at Goodwood, the prototype LC convertible will take to different venues, gathering feedback for the engineers.
Describing his deep feeling for this moment, Lexus International Executive Vice President Koji Sato said: "The Goodwood Festival of Speed celebrates the history and culture of the automobile, and serves as a gathering place for some of history's most notable cars and drivers. Lexus is honoured to join this festival, and I could not be happier to unveil this prototype model of the LC Convertible here at the same venue where the LC coupe made its debut in 2016."
Detailed specifications and timings for the LC convertible's market introduction will be announced at a later date.


The specifications of Taiwanese manufacturer HTC’s rumoured Android One smartphone have leaked online. Codenamed U11 Life, the smartphone is expected to be launched in the coming weeks.
According to @LlabTooFeR, who has a great track record with HTC-related leaks, the HTC Android One phone will sport a 5.2-inch full HD screen. It will be powered by Qualcomm’s Snapdragon 630 octa-core processor and include a 2600 mAh battery.
There will be 16-megapixel cameras on both front and back of the smartphone. Additionally, HTC will include IP67 water resistance and Edge Sense functionality.
There are expected to be two variants – one with 3GB of RAM and 32GB of internal storage and other with 4GB of RAM and 64GB of internal storage.
HTC U11 Life will also be the first Android One smartphone to come pre-loaded with Android Oreo.
There is no word on the pricing at the moment.
To remind you, Google’s Android One program has suddenly seen a lot of interest from Android device partners. Both Xiaomi and Motorola have already released devices with Android One in various markets. Xiaomi Mi A1 Android One is currently on sale in India and Indonesia, while Motorola’s Moto X4 Android One will be offered via Project Fi in US.


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The Friends of the Emmaus Public Library will hold a holiday book sale and reception 6 to 8 p.m. Dec. 6 at the library, 11 E. Main St. The event will feature wine, cheese and nonalcoholic punch. St. Ann’s chorus will perform. The sale features an array of pre-enjoyed books at affordable prices in gift-worthy condition. There will be a good selection of children’s books, recent fiction, collectibles and holiday books. For information, visit Emmauspl@cliu.org.
Emmaus will hold its annual Old Fashioned Christmas celebration hosted by the Emmaus Main Street Partners and the Emmaus Public Library 11 a.m. to 7 p.m. Dec. 7. Events take place on the Triangle, at various historical sites, the library and throughout the downtown.
One of the activities is Candy Cane Lane. Get a free passport at any of the historical sites (the Emmaus Historical Society, 1803 House, Knauss Homestead, Shelter House and library) to follow a trail through the borough to the sites where children can make ornaments to either take home or hang on the children’s tree at the Triangle. The children’s tree lighting will be 4:30 p.m.
Another event is the Holiday Cheers Trail. Local businesses will be offering samples of adult beverages for passport holders (age 21 or older) to sample.
Hausman Fruit Farms will take families on hayrides with Belsnickel, our Pennsylvania Dutch holiday friend. Stop by the Triangle 4 to 7 p.m. for live music, craft vendors and general merriment. The traditional tree lighting will be held 6 p.m. Other activities are photos with Santa by Wesley Works and Emma the Mule name painting. For information, visit www.emmausmainstreet.com, email AshleyL@LehighValleyChamber.org or call 610-739-1273.
The Emmaus Public Library will celebrate Emmaus’ Old-Fashioned Christmas 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Dec. 7 with special story times, crafts and more for readers of all ages. At 2 p.m. the library will be showing the animated feature, “Dr. Seuss’ The Grinch.”
The Emmaus Historical Society, 218 Main St., has many activities planned to celebrate the holidays. Celebrate the holidays 4 to 8 p.m. Dec. 6 at the society. Enjoy refreshments and the exhibits while listening to the St. Ann’s Children’s Choir 4:30 p.m. and the Emmaus Moravian Church Choir with organist Tom Baker 6:30 p.m. The Emmaus Historical Society will participate in Old- Fashioned Christmas in Emmaus 10 a.m. to 8:30 p.m. Dec. 7. This includes Candy Cane Lane, Cheers Trail and Bonus Bites.
The Knauss Homestead Preservation Society has some exciting activities planned for the Old Fashioned Christmas celebration. The house at the Knauss Homestead will be decorated in the period of 1777, the year the house was built. From 6 to 8 p.m. Dec. 6, the public is invited to visit the house and enjoy wine and cheese while being entertained by Sarajane Williams playing the harp. Williams was taught by Dorothy Knauss, a Knauss descendant. Also the public is invited to stroll the grounds and stop at the barn to see a horse carriage built in 1865 with a lighted Christmas tree.
The Knauss Homestead house will be open noon to 4 p.m. Dec. 7 for children to make their own Christmas tree ornament, which may be placed on the children’s Christmas tree on the Triangle at 4:30 p.m. For information, visit www.theknausshomestead.org.
At the 1803 House, 55 S. Keystone Ave., visitors will enjoy the fire in the open hearth 11 a.m. to 4 p.m. Dec. 7. The house will be decorated with a Christmas tree adorned with Colonial period decorations and window sill and mantle floral decorations decorated by members of the Emmaus Garden Club. See the scale models by Andre Fatula. There will be ornament crafting for the children, historic gift craft ornaments for sale, a hand decorated wreath sale, warm cider and baked Christmas goodies. Tours of the historic Pennsylvania German Settlers Colonial Home are offered. For information, call Dick Farmer at 610-967-4401 or visit www.1803house.org.
The Shelter House, 601 S. Fourth St., will have a Christmas Open House, 1 to 4 p.m. Dec. 7. Light refreshments will be provided and Santa Claus plans a visit.
The Emmaus Senior Citizens group will meet 1 p.m. Dec. 6 and 13 at St. Matthew’s E.C. Church, Fifth and Ridge streets. All local senior citizens are welcome. For information, call 610-966-4273.
Elvis is in town. You’ll find him at the Emmaus Moravian Church Dec. 8. Elvis impersonator, Jeff Krick, will entertain the crowd at Emmaus Moravian Church, 146 Main St., 3 p.m. Dec. 8. Tickets are sold at the church office or at the door. General seating only. For information, call 610-965-6067.
The Emmaus Chorale will hold its winter concert 2 p.m. Dec. 8 at Faith Presbyterian Church, Second and Cherokee streets, Emmaus. The program includes both sacred and secular pieces along with audience participation on several carols. Janet Davis is the conductor. Cynthia Kerr is the accompanist. There is no admission charge. The chorale members invite you to come and enjoy their Christmas gift to the community. For information, call 610-398-4496.
The December hours for the Emmaus Farmers Market are 10 a.m. to noon Sundays. The winter market will be held the second and fourth Sundays January through April. The market is held on the Triangle in Emmaus. For information, visit www.EmmausMarket.com or email INFO@Emmausmarket.com.
The Emmaus Historical Society will hold a Christmas covered dish party 5:30 p.m. Dec. 11 at St. John’s parish hall, Fifth and Chestnut streets. Call the museum at 610-966-6591 if you plan to attend and if you are bringing an appetizer, side dish or dessert.
Don’t forget to visit Santa and Mrs. Claus at the historical society museum, 11 a.m. to 2 p.m. Dec. 14 to receive a special treat.
The Emmaus Historical Society is starting a new season of gifting. For more information, visit the Emmaus Historical Society, 218 Main St., call 610-966-6591, visit https://www.emmaushistoric-pa.org or find the society on Facebook.
Emmaus Borough Council meets 7 p.m. Dec. 2 and 16 in council chambers, 28 S. Fourth St. Budget and finance committee meets 6:45 p.m. before council meetings. The offices will be closed for the holidays, Dec. 25 and Jan. 1, 2020.
Borough leaf collection ends Dec. 6. For information, visit www.borough.emmaus.pa.us.
Reminder: Dec. 25 is a holiday for Whitetail Disposal. If the holiday falls on/or before your normally scheduled service day, your service day will be pushed back one day.
The Friends of the Emmaus Library are offering an ongoing silent auction on two great packages — a midweek golf package for four with lunch at the Northampton County Club ($600 value) and a wine tasting with lite fare, which includes a bottle of wine and two glasses and a vineyard winery tour at the members only Maple Springs Vineyard in Bechtelsville ($360 value). Bids will be received at the front desk. Each bid will be numbered as received. The bid number and the amount of the highest offer will be displayed with the items at the library. Bids are accepted through Dec. 6.
The library is hosting an opening for Art@EPL 3 to 4 p.m. Dec. 14. This is a new partnership with the Lehigh Art Alliance to bring art alive to the library. This program will provide an opportunity to meet the artists who will be giving art lectures and workshops throughout 2020. For a full schedule and a view of a collection of their work visit emmauspl.org. The event is open to the public. Light refreshments will be served. For a list of regularly scheduled programs and movie presentations at the Emmaus Public Library during December, visit Emmauspl.org or call 610-965-9284. The library will be closed for the holidays Dec. 24, 25 and 31.
A highlight program for the youngsters at the library is Barbara. J. Morgan, Lehigh County Humane Society police officer, who will read from her book, “Gummy and the Ferrett,” 11 a.m. Dec. 2. Youngsters and their families are invited to make Christmas ornaments at the library, 10:30 a.m. Dec. 21.
The library is offering the following programs for adults: “Financial Crimes Against Seniors,” presented by Det. Frank Najera, 10:30 a.m. Dec. 5 and a poetry reading with Robert Fillman, assistant professor of English at Kutztown University, 7 p.m. Dec. 16. Also, Bill Miner, career counselor with Pa. CareerLink, will present a program on job interviews 7 to 8 p.m. Dec. 2. RSVP to Lauri at email@example.com.
Adults are invited to join the Pinterest Party, 7 p.m. Dec. 9 to make wreaths and at Crafternoon to make tin can ornaments, 1 p.m. Dec. 19.
The Woman’s Club of Emmaus will not hold a meeting in December. However, 4 p.m. Jan. 20, 2020, the club will have a get-together at the Superior Restaurant in Emmaus. If you are interested in finding out about the club, come to the Superior Restaurant, 102 E. Main St.
Reminder: The Emmaus Main Street Partners will host Small Business Saturday Nov. 30. The Emmaus Historical Society museum, 218 Main St., will participate in Small Business Saturday 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. Nov. 30. Come visit the museum and explore the many businesses in Emmaus.
The deadline for the next column, which will include January 2020 news is Dec. 18. Please send information to 913 Little Lehigh Dr., email firstname.lastname@example.org or call 610-967-2661.
Happy holidays everyone.

domain: library


|Publication number||US7917609 B2|
|Application number||US 11/844,668|
|Publication date||Mar 29, 2011|
|Filing date||Aug 24, 2007|
|Priority date||Aug 24, 2007|
|Also published as||US20090055518|
|Publication number||11844668, 844668, US 7917609 B2, US 7917609B2, US-B2-7917609, US7917609 B2, US7917609B2|
|Inventors||John Jason Auvenshine, Justin C. Blackburn, Nicolas Edward Fosdick|
|Original Assignee||International Business Machines Corporation|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (12), Non-Patent Citations (3), Classifications (6), Legal Events (4)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to an improved data processing system and in particular to a method and apparatus for processing data. Still more particularly, the present invention relates to a computer implemented method, apparatus, and computer usable program code for managing information used by lightweight directory access protocol environments.
2. Description of the Related Art
Lightweight directory access protocol (LDAP) is an application protocol used to query and modify directory services. A directory service is a software application or a set of software applications that store and organize information. This information may include, for example, information about network users and resources. Servers employing lightweight directory access protocol applications may search through directories in response to queries from a user and return results of the query to the user. For example, a user may search for all people located in Chicago whose name contains “David” that have an email address. The query for this search may request a return of a full name, email, title, and description. The results of this query may be returned to the user.
Further, lightweight directory access protocol services may be applied to other types of information. For example, a lightweight directory access protocol service may be used to search for information, such as, for example, encryption certificates, pointers to printers, applications of servers, and other services on a network.
Lightweight directory access protocol environments may be extremely large and complex to manage. These types of environments may be distributed over large geographic areas and usually contain numerous replicas.
In large environments, tasks, such as, maintaining consistent software levels, operating system levels, lightweight directory access protocol configurations, lightweight directory access protocol replication monitoring, hardware, and other system configurations that pertain to lightweight directory access protocol services, may become difficult to manage. Current processes for tracking server configurations are extremely cumbersome and require extensive manual data gathering. Oftentimes, personnel or users are required to go to the different computers on which the servers' applications are located on to verify information, such as, for example, operating system levels, configuration settings, hardware configurations, and replication settings.
This type of currently used process requires time and effort that increases as the number of servers increase and geographic area expands for a lightweight directory access protocol environment. Further, this manual process also may be error prone when relying on different users to identify all of the information needed to maintain and manage a lightweight directory access protocol environment.
The different embodiments provide a computer implemented method, apparatus, and computer usable program code for managing a lightweight directory access protocol environment. A replication hierarchy is identified for a plurality of lightweight directory access protocol servers within the lightweight directory access protocol environment by querying the plurality of lightweight directory access protocol servers for replication information. Environment information is collected for the plurality of lightweight directory access protocol servers using the replication hierarchy, wherein the environment information for the plurality of lightweight directory access protocol servers is used to manage the lightweight directory access protocol environment.
The novel features believed characteristic of the invention are set forth in the appended claims. The invention itself, however, as well as a preferred mode of use, further objectives and advantages thereof, will best be understood by reference to the following detailed description of an illustrative embodiment when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
With reference now to the figures and in particular with reference to
In these examples, a master is a lightweight directory access protocol server process that maintains or holds the original information for the directory. A replica is a lightweight directory access protocol server process that holds a copy of the information. These replicas are also referred to as shadowing or caching servers. A master may read and write data, while a replica may only read data from a directory.
In this example, computer 102 contains master 122 and directory 124. Computer 104 includes master 126 and directory 128. Additionally, computer 104 also includes replication tree 130. Replication tree 130 identifies the different lightweight directory access protocol servers that master 126 replicates to, updates information, and receives requests for changes.
As depicted, computer 106 contains master 132 and directory 134. Computer 108 contains master 135 and directory 136. Computer 110 contains master 138, directory 140, and replication tree 142, and computer 112 contains replica 144 and directory 146. Replica 148 and directory 150 are located on computer 114. Computer 116 contains replica 152 and directory 154. Computer 118 contains replica 156 and directory 158, and computer 120 contains replica 160 and directory 162.
In this example, master 126 provides replication services to master 135, master 138, and replica 144. Master 138 provides replication services to replica 148, replica 152, replica 156, and replica 160.
Each of these servers and the computers on which the servers execute may operate in different environments. For example, different computers on which the masters and replicas operate may have different types of hardware. Computer 102 may have one processor in a processor unit, while computer 104 may have three processors in a processor unit. Some computers may have heterogeneous processors, while other computers may only use homogeneous processors when multiple processors are present.
Also, different computers may use different types of operating systems. For example, computer 106 may contain a UNIX® operating system, while computer 108 may contain a Windows® server 2003 operating system. UNIX® is a registered trademark of the Open Group, and Windows® is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation.
Further, even when the same type of operating system is used, different levels may be present. In other words, within the same type of operating system, different patches or updates may have been installed on different computers. These updates are also referred to as fix packs.
Additional environment information found on these computers in lightweight directory access protocol environment 100 also may include the level or version of software for the different masters and replicas. Other non-limiting examples of environment information that may be used in managing lightweight directory access protocol environment 100 include the configuration of the different operating systems as well as the configuration of the master and replica server processes. Further examples also may include performance and load metrics, the number of network connections, the type of network connections, and the topology of the network connections.
The different illustrative embodiments recognize that the current methodology of collecting this and other type of information is extremely time consuming because a user, technician, or other person is currently required to manually gather this information from each of the computers on which lightweight directory access protocol servers are executing. The different illustrative embodiments also recognize that in many cases with large environments with this type of collection process, this information may be collected infrequently or not at all. Further, only limited amounts of information may be collected rather than the information actually needed to provide proper management of a lightweight directory access protocol environment.
Thus, the different illustrative embodiments provide a computer implemented method, apparatus, and computer usable program code for collecting environment information for lightweight directory access protocol servers, such as masters and replicas. In the different illustrative embodiments, a replication hierarchy for a plurality of servers is identified within lightweight directory access protocol environment 100 from querying lightweight directory access protocol servers within this environment for replication information. A replication hierarchy is an identification of which servers replicate from which servers. In these depicted examples, this replication information may be found in replication trees, such as replication trees 130 and 142. Environment information is collected for these servers using the replication hierarchy in which the environment information for these servers is used to manage lightweight directory access protocol environment 100.
In the different illustrative embodiments, an intelligent gathering engine or other software components, such as crawler agent 163 located on computer 164, may be employed to identify the replication hierarchy and collect environment information for the different lightweight directory access protocol servers located on computers 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 116, 118 and 120. The environment information for a lightweight directory access protocol server may include information about the computer and other software on which the server is located as well as information about the server itself.
As described above, this information may include, for example, information about hardware, one or more operating systems, configuration information, performance and load information, and other software operating on the computer on which the server is located. The actual information collected by crawler agent 163 may vary, depending on the particular implementation.
In this example, master 122, master 126, and master 132 on computers 102, 104, and 106, respectively, are initially identified as computers on which a first level of servers in lightweight directory access protocol environment 100. In some examples, the first level may have only a single master. Crawler agent 163 may begin by querying the initially identified servers in lightweight directory access protocol environment 100. In this example, these servers are master 122, master 126, and master 132.
Based on this initial identification of servers, crawler agent 163 queries each of these servers to determine whether these servers provide replication services for other servers within lightweight directory access protocol environment 100. In this particular example, master 126 returns replication information from replication tree 130 to crawler agent 163. The replication information may include, for example, an identification of the server and an address for the server. Additional replication information that may be collected, includes, for example, pending replication numbers, total replication numbers, last successful replication object, and a status of the most current replication object. For this example, the replication information includes an identification of computers 108, 110, and 112.
Crawler agent 163 also determines whether the servers on these computers are masters or replicas. This identification is used to determine whether to query a particular server on a computer for replication information. Replicas, in these examples, are servers that only contain a copy or cached version of the information and do not provide any capability to modify information within a directory. As a result, these types of servers do not contain replication information and querying of these types of servers is unnecessary.
Computers 108 and 110 are identified as having masters 135 and 138. Computer 112 is identified as having replica 144. This identification may be made by querying the particular server located on each computer. Alternatively, if the information is provided within replication tree 130, such a query is unnecessary.
Crawler agent 163 then queries master 135 and master 138 to determine whether either of these servers contain replication information. Master 138 returns replication information from replication tree 142, in these examples, while master 135 does not return any replication information. Replication information from master 138 identifies computers 114, 116, 118, and 120 as computers containing servers for which master 138 provides replication services.
Crawler agent 163 determines whether masters or replicas are present on these computers. In this particular example, only replicas 148, 152, 156, and 160 are present. When no more masters are found, as in this example, the search for additional servers ends. The replication information forms the replication hierarchy in these examples.
Crawler agent 163 may transmit this information to repository 166 on computer 164. In this particular example, this information may be integrated locally within repository 166 as replication hierarchy 168. In other implementations, this information may be sent to a remote database. An example of a remote database that may be employed is a Tivoli® Change and Configuration Management Database available from Tivoli International Business Machines Incorporation. This type of database is used for storing information on configurations and change histories to integrate processes, information, and technology. In other implementations, this information may be sent in a format, such as extensible markup language (XML) in a readable format, for use in a service-oriented architecture. A service-oriented architecture is a collection of services that communicate with each other in which data may be passed from one service to another or to coordinate activities between one or more services. These services may be implemented with web services.
With the replication hierarchy identified, crawler agent 163 may make queries to obtain environment information for the identified masters and replicas. For example, this environment information may include, for example, operating system configurations, configurations of the lightweight directory access protocol server from the computer, software levels, performance and load information, hardware information, network connections, topology, and other information that may be useful in managing lightweight directory access protocol environment 100.
Crawler agent 163 stores this collected information as environment information 170 within repository 166, in these examples. With this information, human users and/or computer implemented methods may manage lightweight directory access protocol environment 100. For example, analysis engine 171 may generate map 172 using replication hierarchy 168. Map 172 is a visual map of the replication layout. This map may take the form of a tree structure that identified masters and replicas along the replication relationships between the different servers.
Map 172 may be stored within repository 166 or may be sent to other software components or storage locations for use. For example, map 172 may be distributed to team documentation 173 on computer 174, security 176 on computer 178, or self healing 180 on computer 182.
Further, analysis engine 171 also may include processes to analyze environment information 170 to identify problems or potential problems. Some non-limiting examples of problems that may be identified by analysis engine 171 include a presence of different operating system levels or fix packs, different software installed, different software levels, or different fix packs.
Other non-limiting examples include different configuration parameters being present on different servers. For example, differences may be present in different replication agreements and credentials. Differences between internal computer resources may result from different values for performance tuning parameters. These resources include, for example, memory, processor allocation, and other hardware resources. Operating system level tuning parameters may be set to adjust performance and may be configured differently on different computers. If these parameters are not tuned properly, replication could be slow and cause end users to experience problems accessing applications that authenticate though Lightweight Directory Access Protocol.
Additionally, database configuration parameters also may be different. Every lightweight directory access protocol server system has a copy of the database and its own configuration for the server system stored in this database. In order for lightweight directory access protocol replication to have the best performance, each database internal configuration may be configured and/or optimized. Some illustrative examples are the number of processors registered to the database software, maintenance schedules for the database software for optimization of data access, and I/O database configuration settings. Another problem that may be identified by analysis engine 171 is mismatched or unbalanced loads.
These problems may be stored in list 184 and passed to action engine 186. In these examples, action engine 186 may identify steps, which may be automatically performed to remedy a situation from actions 188. Alternatively, actions 188 may include an identification of users or groups that should receive notification to resolve the problem.
For example, action engine 186 may send a notification to security 176 or team documentation 173. The problem may be sent to self healing 180 to initiate an automatic process to fix a problem. For example, an incorrect operating system level or fix pack identification may be sent to self healing 180 on computer 182. In response, self healing 180 may initiate a process on the computer having the incorrect operating system level or fix pack to change the operating system level or install the fix pack.
Further, environment information 170 may be used by billing engine 189 to charge appropriate businesses, organizations, internal groups, or other entities for actions that may be needed to manage lightweight directory access protocol environment 100. In particular, the billing may be performed for specific actions needed to resolve problems that are identified. The entity to be billed may be identified using environment information 170. This environment information may include, for example, an Internet Protocol (IP) address associated with a particular application. The IP address may be used to identify the entity or business unit.
Turning now to
Processor unit 204 serves to execute instructions for software that may be loaded into memory 206. Processor unit 204 may be a set of one or more processors or may be a multi-processor core, depending on the particular implementation. Further, processor unit 204 may be implemented using one or more heterogeneous processor systems in which a main processor is present with secondary processors on a single chip. As another illustrative example, processor unit 204 may be a symmetric multi-processor system containing multiple processors of the same type.
Memory 206, in these examples, may be, for example, a random access memory. Persistent storage 208 may take various forms depending on the particular implementation. For example, persistent storage 208 may contain one or more components or devices. For example, persistent storage 208 may be a hard drive, a flash memory, a rewritable optical disk, a rewritable magnetic tape, or some combination of the above. The media used by persistent storage 208 also may be removable. For example, a removable hard drive may be used for persistent storage 208.
Communications unit 210, in these examples, provides for communications with other data processing systems or devices. In these examples, communications unit 210 is a network interface card. Communications unit 210 may provide communications through the use of either or both physical and wireless communications links.
Input/output unit 212 allows for input and output of data with other devices that may be connected to data processing system 200. For example, input/output unit 212 may provide a connection for user input through a keyboard and mouse. Further, input/output unit 212 may send output to a printer. Display 214 provides a mechanism to display information to a user.
Instructions for the operating system and applications or programs are located on persistent storage 208. These instructions may be loaded into memory 206 for execution by processor unit 204. The processes of the different embodiments may be performed by processor unit 204 using computer implemented instructions, which may be located in a memory, such as memory 206. These instructions are referred to as computer usable program code or computer readable program code that may be read and executed by a processor in processor unit 204. The computer readable program code may be embodied on different physical or tangible computer readable media, such as memory 206 or persistent storage 208.
Computer usable program code 216 is located in a functional form on computer readable media 218 and may be loaded onto or transferred to data processing system 200. Computer usable program code 216 and computer readable media 218 form computer program product 220 in these examples. In one example, computer readable media 218 may be in a tangible form, such as, for example, an optical or magnetic disc that is inserted or placed into a drive or other device that is part of persistent storage 208 for transfer onto a storage device, such as a hard drive that is part of persistent storage 208. In a tangible form, computer readable media 218 also may take the form of a persistent storage, such as a hard drive or a flash memory that is connected to data processing system 200.
Alternatively, computer usable program code 216 may be transferred to data processing system 200 from computer readable media 218 through a communications link to communications unit 210 and/or through a connection to input/output unit 212. The communications link and/or the connection may be physical or wireless in the illustrative examples.
The different components illustrated for data processing system 200 are not meant to provide architectural limitations to the manner in which different embodiments may be implemented. The different illustrative embodiments may be implemented in a data processing system including components in addition to or in place of those illustrated for data processing system 200. Other components shown in
For example, a bus system may be used to implement communications fabric 202 and may be comprised of one or more buses, such as a system bus or an input/output bus. Of course, the bus system may be implemented using any suitable type of architecture that provides for a transfer of data between different components or devices attached to the bus system. Additionally, a communications unit may include one or more devices used to transmit and receive data, such as a modem or a network adapter. Further, a memory may be, for example, memory 206 or a cache such as found in an interface and memory controller hub that may be present in communications fabric 202.
The depicted illustration of different components used to collect information about the hierarchy of servers on different computers within lightweight directory access protocol environment 100 in
Turning now to
Thereafter, crawler agent 163 collects environment information from lightweight directory access protocol servers identified as being in the replication hierarchy (step 302). Next, analysis engine 171 in
Turning now to
The process begins with crawler agent 163 obtaining a list of servers (step 400). This list of servers may be an initial list of lightweight directory access protocol servers identified for the lightweight directory access protocol environment. The list may be one or more servers depending on the architecture implemented in the environment. The list is initially a list of the top-level servers for lightweight directory access protocol environment 100 in
Crawler agent 163 then selects an unprocessed server from the list for processing (step 402). Crawler agent 163 determines whether the selected server is a master (step 404). In these examples, a determination may be made by querying the server on the computer. Alternatively, the list also may include an identification of the type of server present. The first time step 402 is encountered, each server on the list is a master server. When replication information is identified for the replication hierarchy, these subsequent servers at lower levels may include both masters and replicas.
If the server is a master, crawler agent 163 queries the selected server for replication information (step 406). Next, a determination is made as to whether replication information is returned (step 408). If replication information is returned, crawler agent 163 stores the returned replication information (step 410). In storing the replication information, crawler agent 163 also stores an identification of the server returning the replication information. This association may be used to generate a map of the replication hierarchy.
Next, crawler agent 163 adds the servers identified in the replication information to the list (step 412). Thereafter, crawler agent 163 determines whether an unprocessed server is present on the list (step 414). If an unprocessed server is present on the list, the process returns to step 402 to select an unprocessed server for processing. Otherwise, the process terminates. With reference again to step 408, if replication information is not returned, the process proceeds to step 414. The process also proceeds to step 414 from step 404, if crawler agent 163 determines that the selected server is not a master server.
Turning next to
The process begins with crawler agent 163 selecting an unprocessed server from the replication hierarchy (step 500). This replication hierarchy is the replication hierarchy stored by crawler agent 163 during the process illustrated in
Crawler agent 163 may query the server to identify environment information, such as the configuration of the server, the level of the software for the server, and fix packs applied to the server. As another example, crawler agent 163 may make calls to the operating system on the computer to obtain other environment information, such as an identification of hardware present on the computer, information about the operating system, and information about other software that may be present on the computer.
Thereafter, crawler agent 163 receives a response to the query (step 504). Typically, the response is the environment information corresponding to the query. In some cases, the response may be an absence of information or an error. In these examples, the query made in step 502 is a set of queries. This query may be, for example, multiple queries made to different components within the computer on which the server is located.
Crawler agent 163 then stores the response (step 506). Next, crawler agent 163 determines whether an unprocessed server is present in the replication hierarchy (step 508). If an unprocessed server is present, the process returns to step 500. Otherwise, the process terminates.
Turning now to
The process begins with analysis engine 171 creating a map, such as map 172 in
Analysis engine 171 then analyzes the collected environment information (step 602). In these examples, the analysis may be made by comparing values for different parameters' configurations across the different servers. Differences in these values may be identified as potential issues or problems. Another example of an analysis that may be made in step 602 is a comparison of the environmental information collected from the different servers with a baseline or set of standards for the environment information. For example, the standard or baseline may require that a selected set of patches or fix packs be installed for a particular type of operating system. Analysis engine 171 may perform this analysis using a policy. In these examples, the policy is a set of one or more rules used to process or analyze the environment information.
Next, analysis engine 171 determines whether problems were found (step 604). If one or more problems have been found in the analysis, a list of problems, such as list 184 in
Turning now to
The process begins with action engine 186 receiving a list of problems, such as list 184 in
Thereafter, action engine 186 determines whether an unprocessed item is present on the list (step 706). If an unprocessed item is present, the process returns to step 702 as described above. Otherwise, action engine 186 initiates the identified action (step 708) with the process terminating thereafter.
Thus, the different illustrative embodiments provide a computer implemented method, apparatus, and computer usable program code for managing a lightweight directory access protocol environment. The different embodiments identify a replication hierarchy for servers within the lightweight directory access protocol environment from querying servers for replication information. Environment information is collected from the servers using the replication hierarchy. This environment information may then be used to manage the environment.
In this manner, the different illustrative embodiments provide an ability to gather information about the hierarchy or structure of replications occurring within a lightweight directory access protocol environment. Further, the different embodiments also provide an ability to reduce the cumbersomeness and time needed to collect and analyze information as currently performed by users. The different illustrative embodiments provide for more centralized collection analysis information. Further, with the different embodiments, data may be updated in a much more or closer to real time fashion. This type of collection of information using a crawler agent also reduces the time needed to track down and verify settings. Further, through using the crawler agent, the analysis engine, and the action engine, management of the lightweight directory access protocol environment may be made in a quicker fashion as compared to currently used methods. Further, the different advantageous embodiments allow for an ability to identify businesses, organizations, or other entities for purposes of charging for services needed to correct problems that are identified.
The invention can take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment or an embodiment containing both hardware and software elements. In a preferred embodiment, the invention is implemented in software, which includes but is not limited to firmware, resident software, microcode, etc.
Furthermore, the invention can take the form of a computer program product accessible from a computer-usable or computer-readable medium providing program code for use by or in connection with a computer or any instruction execution system. For the purposes of this description, a computer-usable or computer readable medium can be any tangible apparatus that can store the program for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.
The medium can be an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system (or apparatus or device). Examples of a computer-readable medium include a semiconductor or solid state memory, magnetic tape, a removable computer diskette, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), a rigid magnetic disk and an optical disk. Current examples of optical disks include compact disk-read only memory (CD-ROM), compact disk-read/write (CD-R/W) and DVD.
Further, a computer storage medium may store a computer readable program code such that when the computer readable program code is executed on a computer, the execution of this computer readable program code causes the computer to transmit another computer readable program code over a communications link.
A data processing system suitable for storing and/or executing program code will include at least one processor coupled directly or indirectly to memory elements through a system bus. The memory elements can include local memory employed during actual execution of the program code, bulk storage, and cache memories which provide temporary storage of at least some program code in order to reduce the number of times code must be retrieved from bulk storage during execution.
Input/output or I/O devices (including but not limited to keyboards, displays, pointing devices, etc.) can be coupled to the system either directly or through intervening I/O controllers.
Network adapters may also be coupled to the system to enable the data processing system to become coupled to other data processing systems or remote printers or storage devices through intervening private or public networks. Modems, cable modem and Ethernet cards are just a few of the currently available types of network adapters.
The description of the present invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description, and is not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the invention in the form disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. The embodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention, the practical application, and to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the invention for various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.
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|U.S. Classification||709/223, 709/220, 709/221|
|Aug 24, 2007||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION, NEW Y
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:AUVENSHINE, JOHN JASON;BLACKBURN, JUSTIN C.;FOSDICK, NICOLAS EDWARD;REEL/FRAME:019745/0126;SIGNING DATES FROM 20070820 TO 20070821
Owner name: INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION, NEW Y
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:AUVENSHINE, JOHN JASON;BLACKBURN, JUSTIN C.;FOSDICK, NICOLAS EDWARD;SIGNING DATES FROM 20070820 TO 20070821;REEL/FRAME:019745/0126
|Nov 7, 2014||REMI||Maintenance fee reminder mailed|
|Mar 29, 2015||LAPS||Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees|
|May 19, 2015||FP||Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee|
Effective date: 20150329


text:
The North Atlantic States Regional Council of Carpenters represents over 28,000 carpenters, pile drivers, shop and millmen, and floorcoverers in the Northeast United States. I’m proud to have secured their support this year, and I will continue to be a strong advocate for these skilled professionals.
Let’s further strengthen our communities, together. With your help and support, anything is possible. Please consider making a contribution to the D. Billy Jones campaign today.

domain: geography


text:
NORTHBRIDGE — Northbridge Girl Scouts will hold an open enrollment from 6:30 to 8:30 p.m. July 15 at St. Patrick’s Parish Center, Cross Street, Whitinsville. This preregistration is for girls new to Girl Scouting; it is not for girls already in troops. All girls entering kindergarten through Grade 12 are welcome. Leaders are needed on the Daisy level. For more information, call (508) 234-8194.
•Ask the Nurse will be available from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m. July 21 to take vital signs and answer questions about medications.
•The Senior Center bus will go to the Shoppes at Blackstone Valley in Millbury on July 14. The bus leaves the center at 12:45 p.m. Lunch is served at 11:45 a.m.; reservations are needed by 11 a.m. July 9.
UXBRIDGE — The Police Department has acquired a marked police motorcycle unit thanks to donations from two local companies, All-In-One Lawn and Landscape and Uxbridge Pro-Storage.
The motorcycle was acquired from Sheldon’s Harley Davidson in Auburn. Two officers have been certified through the Massachusetts State Police — Police Motorcycle Operator’s Course.
The addition of the motorcycle unit will not only make the officers more accessible to the public, but will also save on wear and tear of the current fleet.

domain: news


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Do you have the Rave Guardian App on your smart phone? Once you download it, you can take photos of suspicious subjects or vehicles and send them directly to the Police Dispatch Center.
Did you know you could get a cash reward for information leading to the apprehension of a criminal through Crime Stoppers? You can earn up to $1000 by submitting an anonymous tip and prevent additional crimes from occurring.
Have you checked out the UNM Police Department Instagram and Twitter feeds to stay connected to campus safety issues? Become involved in the direction our campus is taking towards improved safety measures.
Learn about all of these things and more on the new STOMP (Safety Topic of the Month Page)!

domain: law


This has got to be the quote of the week.
It popped out when Mayor Michael Bloomberg – just days prior to announcing that he’s closing firehouses and slicing teachers – explained the $200,000 hiring of career political-campaign man Howard Wolfson as a deputy mayor in charge of something blatantly non-essential, like promoting Bloomberg nationally.
Declared His Honor:
"He looked me in the eye and he said: 'I've never seen an administration as honest and as competent and as dedicated to making a difference, and I want to be part of it.' It's one of the nicest things anybody's ever said to me."
Message: Honesty and competence equals hiring high-priced political operatives on the public dime when you were given a third term under the rationale of a fiscal emergency.
A longtime source who declined to have his name used offered this tart assessment:
“In a single quote, it captures the fawning insincerity of Howard toward people with power, the fawning narcissism of Bloomberg toward himself, and the complete disregard both of them have for the press.”
Nassau legislative leader Peter Schmitt could perhaps argue some government rationale for his controversial raises. How on earth is Bloomberg's move justified, at least symbolically, in times like these?
Makes you wonder if Bloomberg will even finish this third term that he rigged from the inside.


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There were 2,407 auctions held across the combined capital cities this week, with a preliminary auction clearance rate of 69.6 percent. Last week, the final clearance rate fell to 67.8 percent, recording the lowest clearance rate year to date, across 1,279 capital city auctions. This is the 3rd week in a row now where the combined capital city clearance rate has trended below 70 percent.
National auction clearance results for the week ending 18/06/2017 courtesy of CoreLogic
At the same time last year, auction volumes were lower than this week, with 2,183 properties taken to auction and a clearance rate of 67.4 percent. Across Sydney, preliminary results show an improvement in the rate of clearance after last week’s final result saw the clearance rate drop below 70 percent, however as more results are collected it’s likely Sydney’s final clearance rate will again slip below the 70 percent mark. Melbourne’s auction results have also moderated, however, the clearance rates remain well above 70 percent, indicating some resilience in selling conditions relative to Sydney.
In Melbourne, Australia’s largest auction market, a preliminary auction clearance rate of 72.2 percent was recorded across 1,121 auctions this week. Last week, Melbourne’s final clearance rate was recorded at 75.9 percent across 389 auctions, while this time last year, 1,085 properties were taken to auction across Melbourne and a clearance rate of 68.3 percent was recorded. The busiest Melbourne sub-regions this week were Melbourne’s Inner region and the Inner South region, where 224 and 160 auctions were held respectively.
Sydney’s preliminary auction clearance rate was 72.4 percent this week. Last week, Sydney’s final clearance rate fell below 70 percent (67.7 percent) recording the lowest clearance rate since April 2016, while one year ago results show that 73.4 percent of Sydney homes taken to auction were successful. In terms of the number of auctions across the city, this week volumes were higher, up to 906 from 619 last week. One year ago 768 Sydney homes were taken to auction over the week. The Eastern Suburbs sub-region of Sydney has shown the strongest performance so far this week, with 85.0 percent of the 60 reported results selling.
There were 150 Brisbane homes taken to auction this week, with 96 results reported so far. The preliminary clearance rate for the city is 49.0 percent, down from 52.2 percent last week and higher than one year ago when 45.1 percent of the 120 properties taken to auction were successful. Across the Gold Coast, 34 results have been reported so far, with a success rate of 50.0 percent.
Adelaide recorded a clearance rate of 71.8 percent across 101 auctions this week, up from 68.4 percent across 66 auctions last week. At the same time last year, 80 homes were taken to auction, with 64.8 percent recording a successful result.
There were 62 Perth auctions this week and so far 13 results have been reported, with 46.2 percent selling. Last week there was a 44.0 percent clearance rate for Perth.
Canberra’s preliminary auction clearance rate of 53.8 percent this week is lower than last week when the final auction clearance rate was 62.9 percent and lower than the 61.0 percent recorded last year.
Tasmania saw 5 auctions take place this week, 3 results have been reported so far, with 2 sales.
Preliminary clearance rates in each state courtesy of CoreLogic (as at 9am EST 18/06/2017):
- Sydney – 72.4% clearance, 906 total auctions, 717 results reported, 519 cleared, 198 uncleared
- Melbourne – 72.2% clearance, 1121 total auctions, 981 results reported, 708 cleared, 273 uncleared
- Brisbane – 49% clearance, 150 total auctions, 96 results reported, 47 cleared, 49 uncleared
- Adelaide – 71.8% clearance, 101 total auctions, 71 results reported, 51 cleared, 20 uncleared
- Perth – 46.2% clearance, 62 total auctions, 13 results reported, 6 cleared, 7 uncleared
- Tasmania – 66.7% clearance, 5 total auctions, 3 results reported, 2 cleared, 1 uncleared
- Canberra – 53.8% clearance, 62 total auctions, 52 results reported, 28 cleared, 24 uncleared
Combined national preliminary result – 70.4% clearance, 2407 total auctions (1933 reported, 1361 cleared.)
Last week’s preliminary results as reported are here
The above results are preliminary, with ‘final’ auction clearance rates published each Thursday. CoreLogic, on average, collects between 85% and 90% of auction results each week. Clearance rates are calculated across properties that have been taken to auction over the past week.


text: Plant height is the main agronomic character used to measure the vertical growth and developmental abilities of plant. Cucumber is a popular greenhouse vegetable in Northwest China, and its production is principally limited by water and temperature. However, few studies have simulated water- and temperature-driven cucumber heights in solar greenhouses; in this paper, we explored these optimum growth functions to simulate cucumber height dynamics under different irrigation upper limits by conducting experiments between 2017 and 2019 in Wuzhong, Ningxia, China. First, we calculated the accumulated temperature during the growth period by measuring growth-stage base temperatures.We then calculated water impact factor parameters based on the per-day plant height growth rate. We constructed functions (DWSTR(i)) of the factors affecting cucumber plant heights at different growth stages, then used these functions as multipliers; the accumulated temperature was taken as an independent variable in four functions (i.e., the Bertalanffy, Gompertz, Logistic and Mischerlich functions) to describe the water- and temperature-driven cucumber plant height growth dynamics. Consequently, an optimal function was selected among the four simulated functions defined as Mo-B, Mo-G, Mo-L and Mo-M. Impact factor functions were established with 2018 experimental data as y = 0.1753e0.0177x, y = 0.6332e0.0046x and y = 0.7241e0.0031x in the stretch-tendril period, initial flowering period, and early harvest period, respectively; the corresponding correlation coefficients were 0.9604, 0.9937 and 0.9191. These data were then used to assess the function-associated parameters. The models were calibrated with the 2017 and 2019 experimental data, and the Mo-L model obtained the best IA (0.993 and 0.998 in 2017 and 2019) and NRMSE (10.27 and 4.97 in 2017 and 2019) values among the four models. Further, the mean IA (0.995) and NRMSE (9.20) values of the Mo-L model were significantly higher than those of the Mo-B and Mo-M models between 2017 and 2019. The Mo-L model could be optimal for simulating the physiological cucumber height growth insolar greenhouses, and the model calibration showed good agreement between the simulated and measured results.

domain: biology


text:
West Yorkshire Police said Sir Norman had previously welcomed an investigation into Hillsborough and had nothing further to add today.
A spokesman said:
Sir Norman Bettison has consistently made the point since 15th September, three days after the report was published, that these were matters that needed to be investigated formally and fairly by the IPCC.
At the time, he immediately welcomed the Police Authority's decision to refer this matter.
He is on record as saying he is keen to co-operate with the IPCC inquiry, but now that has been launched, he has nothing further to add.
More top news
Anis Abid Sardar is alleged to have made the roadside bombs which killed Sergeant first class Randy Johnson in Iraq in 2007.
The marketing boss of Protein World Richard Staveley said the matter had been reported to the police who are now investigating.
Nine drug convicts have met their families for what is expected to be the final time before they are executed by firing squad in Indonesia.


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Osteoarthritis is a very common problem in small animals, as it is in humans. It has been estimated that around 4 in every 5 of dogs will be affected by osteoarthritis at some point in their lives.
The condition causes long term degeneration of joints and involves many tissues including cartilage (the white, shiny, low-friction joint surfaces), bone under the cartilage, joint capsule and fluid in the joint (synovial fluid).
Unlike humans where osteoarthritis is usually related to ageing and ‘wear and tear’ of joints, osteoarthritis in dogs usually has a specific underlying cause and is therefore often seen earlier in life. Underlying causes can include developmental conditions such as elbow dysplasia or hip dysplasia, ligament rupture and traumatic problems such as broken bones involving a joint.
Once osteoarthritis has started in a joint it cannot be cured and will affect an animal for the rest of his or her life. However, the osteoarthritis can be broadly divided into two forms (1) chronic active osteoarthritis which causes pain and lameness and (2) chronic silent osteoarthritis which may cause stiffness but not pain or lameness.
Affected dogs may show signs of:
Joints affected with osteoarthritis are often thickened with a restricted range of movement and muscles on the affected limb are invariably wasted or reduced in size. Detecting evidence of pain on manipulation of arthritic joints is an important feature that helps distinguish the active and silent forms of the disease.
X-rays are the most common method of diagnosing osteoarthritis and ruling out other possible causes of joint pain and lameness. Images from the X-rays typically include the formation of abnormal bone around the joint.
Since osteoarthritis cannot be easily cured, the aim of treatment is to convert chronic active osteoarthritis into chronic silent osteoarthritis.
There is no single approach to treatment that is successful in every case, and most dogs need a multi-modal approach.
Since osteoarthritis can be painful, painkillers are usually prescribed. In the long term these can often be reduced or discontinued, although in some animals long term medication is needed. Although long term medication can have a risk of side effects, this risk must be balanced against recurrence of pain from the osteoarthritis if the medication is not given.
Exercise levels are very important. Initially when a joint is painful it is necessary to decrease exercise, often to just short walks on the lead. In the long term, it is very important to gradually increase exercise as much as possible. This allows pets to remain fit and active and enjoy a good quality of life. However, excessive activity must be avoided since this could cause pain to recur. There is no golden rule as to how much exercise an animal with osteoarthritis can have, since all patients are different; instead, exercise levels need to be tailored to the individual animal.
Weight control is also very important. Pets that are an ideal weight have fewer painful episodes and less progression of osteoarthritis than overweight animals. Prescription diets may be needed in some animals to help with weight loss.
Long term food supplements such as glucosamine, chondroitin and green lipped muscle extract have been proposed to help reduce the progression of osteoarthritis in the joint. Whilst these products are very popular and are safe, it should be borne in mind that there is very little proof of their effectiveness.
Foods containing omega-3-fatty acids can have a natural anti-inflammatory action which may help to relieve discomfort associated with osteoarthritis. Supplements (such as evening primrose oil) or special prescription diets can be used.
Physiotherapy and hydrotherapy can be useful in some pets to help maintain fitness and muscle mass.
Some arthritic dogs can benefit from regular hydrotherapy sessions, which can help improve joint range of movement and maintain muscle mass. Swimming, as a non-weight bearing exercise, can also be a useful activity to assist with weight loss, when normal exercise may not be well tolerated.
These therapies need to be discussed carefully with your vet before being started, to avoid making painful joints worse.
Rehabilitation is a process which aims to maximise patient mobility and wellbeing, returning them to their usual way of life following illness, injury or surgery. We restore pets to normal function (or as close as is possible), efficiently and safely using a wide variety of physiotherapeutic techniques.
Injury and even surgery can disrupt the body’s equilibrium in all sorts of direct and indirect ways. Even a pet’s own protective responses such as the inflammatory process can overwhelm and inhibit healing so one objective of rehabilitation is to reduce this level of inflammation. During rehabilitation, we also aim to boost the circulatory system, improve muscle function, increase range of motion within joints, and stimulate innate pain-relieving mechanisms.
With a committed and planned rehabilitation programme, pets can recover more quickly, realise better outcomes and avoid much pain and discomfort.
The best rehabilitation programmes consider the whole pet, not just the area of injury; we target and improve multiple systems throughout the body without forgetting the invaluable healing effects of boosting mental wellbeing too. From the wound healing properties of laser treatment, and the muscle strengthening of hydrotherapy, to the circulation boosting effects of massage, we will devise a rehabilitation programme to match a pet’s specific requirements.
The content on this page is for advice and information only and does not represent veterinary guidance or direction. Please always consult a veterinary surgeon if you are worries about your dog.

domain: medical


In industrial plants, manufacturing facilities, commercial kitchens, the air gets contaminated with particles, oils, greases, unwanted gasses and this polluted air if released into the atmosphere will surely result in bad environmental air quality. This is certainly not desired. Therefore, an air scrubber is used to first clean and filter the polluted air from industries, manufacturing plants, and commercial kitchens. And then this clean and filtered air is released into the atmosphere. Therefore, an air scrubber acts as an air cleaner or air filtration system. These days it is mandated by law for industrial plants, manufacturing companies, restaurants, hotels, bars to have air scrubbers installed in order to ensure that clean air is released into the atmosphere. As the numbers of industrial plants, manufacturing plants, restaurants, hotels, bars grow, the need for air scrubber systems also grows. Without air scrubbers, the ambient air quality will deteriorate across the cities. An air scrubber unit typically comprises a box or chamber wherein electric or water mechanism first removes the particles, oils, unwanted gasses from the air and then this air passes through a series of filters before getting released into the atmosphere. This way only clean air is released into the atmosphere. Based on the type of mechanism that is used to clean the exhaust air, an air scrubber is typically categorized in 2 ways namely wet air scrubber and dry air scrubber. As the name suggests, a wet air scrubber uses water to clean the incoming air from the factory or kitchen or industrial plant. Whereas a dry air scrubber uses an electrical system to clean the incoming air from kitchens, factories, industrial plants.
Wet air scrubber:
A typical wet scrubber has 5 stages:
Suction: Incoming exhaust air from the commercial kitchen, industrial plant, or manufacturing factory is sucked into the wet scrubber machine. The ductline in the kitchen, plant, or factory feeds the bad air into the wet scrubber machine.
Spray Nozzles: The second section or the stage in a typical wet scrubber machine is that of spray nozzles. A series of spray nozzles spray the wet substance. Most of the time, the wet substance is water, however, on some occasions, certain chemicals are also added to the water. The incoming bad air when sprayed with water via a series of nozzles loses dust and particulate matter. However, if the incoming air comprises poisonous gasses or oil, then, chemicals are added to the water to remove poisonous gasses or oil from the incoming air. The used water is taken out of the machine via a drain line.
Eliminator: The third section or the stage in a wet scrubber machine is that of an eliminator. The eliminator as the name suggests removes liquid droplets or mist from the incoming air. There are basically 4 types of eliminators that are used in a wet scrubber machine. One, curved blades eliminator facilitates the highest economy with very low pressure drop of the incoming air. Two, Mesh pads eliminator allows for maximum efficiency over 1 micron. Three, packed beds eliminators are used above 10 micron. Four, cyclone separators eliminators are used for highly contaminated incoming air streams. Curved blades eliminators are mostly used in a typical wet scrubber machine.
Fan and motor: This is the fourth stage or section. The blower and the motor are chosen after calculating the amount of air volume per minute that needs to be flushed out from the factory, plant, or kitchen. The blower is normally belt driven. In other words, the blower and the motor have a pulley system. In case, the incoming air has to pass through several bends or has to travel a long distance, then, higher static pressure is desired. And that means, motor rating goes up. The air volume per minute is expressed in CFM (Cubic Feet per Minute). Therefore, the CFM calculations should be spot on in order to flush out the bad air from the factory, kitchen, or plant as quickly as possible.
Outlet: This is the fifth stage. The incoming air has now been cleaned using spray nozzles and eliminators. And through outlet duct lines, the clean air is released into the atmosphere.
Dry air scrubber:
Dry scrubber comprises 5 steps:
Step 1: Incoming polluted exhaust air is fed into the dry scrubber unit. This exhaust air from the factory, kitchen, or plant usually contains fumes, acids, and grease.
Step 2: Pre filter cleans this bad air by removing heavy particles from the air.
Step 3: Electric field then filters the sub micron particles from the air by using the high voltage ionizing method.
Step 4: These particles are collected on a series of opposite charged electrodes.
Step 5: The clean air is then released into the atmosphere.
Advantages of a dry scrubber over a wet scrubber:
Advantages of a wet scrubber over a dry scrubber:
An air scrubber unit is an essential equipment while planning an HVAC system for an office building, mall, hotel, hospital, warehouse, etc. In order to maintain the desired indoor air quality, the stale air or polluted air must be continuously flushed out. An air scrubber unit first cleans this exhaust air before releasing this exhaust air into the atmosphere. The engineering department or the maintenance department is typically in-charge of managing the air scrubber unit in most commercial buildings.