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Jennifer Lawrence is… mother!
At only 27, Jennifer Lawrence has won four Golden Globes (Joy, American Hustle, Silver Lining Playbook, Winter’s Bone), one Oscar (Silver Lining Playbook) and attended many film festivals as she traveled the world also promoting her blockbuster trilogy The Hunger Games. But when she arrives at the Toronto Film Festival, she’s come with the experience of having her film mother! booed at the recent Venice Film Festival and remains unfazed.
“Darren’s films have been booed at festivals before because they are polarizing,” she says calmly of the filmmaker behind other provocative films including; Black Swan, The Fountain, and Requiem for a Dream. “We didn’t make this film to be a darling. It’s very loud, it’s aggressive and it’s an assault. What is most important to us is getting the message out. Darren had this story burning inside of him and just had to get it out.”
Aronofsky offers his own take, adding “mother! begins as a chamber story about a marriage. At the center is a woman who is asked to give and give until she can give nothing more. Eventually, the chamber story can’t contain the pressure boiling inside. It becomes something else.”
Protozoa Pictures/20th Century Fox
Lawrence says at its heart, mother! is an environmental allegory. She plays Mother Earth to her husband, Him (Javier Bardem). The couple lives in idyllic surroundings in a remote country house until a couple of strangers, played by Ed Harris and Michelle Pfeiffer, show up unexpectedly.
The actress hopes that love it or hate it, the film will spark discussion and debate about big issues through a unique lens of story-telling. “What’s amazing about the movie is it can be interpreted many different ways, which is a good and bad thing. But it’s important to understand the allegory, that I represent Mother Earth and Javier Bardem represents a form of God, a creator, a writer, an artist and Michelle Pfeiffer would be an Eve to Ed Harris who is Adam and the office would be The Garden of Eden,” she adds. “Once you know that, you can watch giant, universal, biblical themes all condensed into one household. Some people figure it out on their own,” she adds with a laugh, “but I’m like, ‘how are they going to figure it out? I wouldn’t!’”


There appears to be a high demand for new hires in the Wind Turbine field, especially for those postgraduates out of the Wind Turbine program at Lethbridge College. Officials say this is because there is a lot of development in alternative energy sources and energy structures so the demand for more workers is high right now. An official with Lethbridge College says almost all their graduates from this year have found work already.
“The year before that it was above 90 per cent and we are anticipating for next year too it will be about 90 per cent. There is a lot of speculation that over the next few years it’s going to be one of the fastest growing industries and therefore one of the fastest growing businesses to be involved in. All the sources that talk about where the employment is going to be in the future and everything, always speak highly of the alternate energy and specifically the wind in our area so they are anticipating it’s going to be one of the highest that there is,” said Kevin Wiber, Associate Dean of Trades for Lethbridge College.
For those who are interested in joining the college’s program, Wiber says there are only a few more spots left for this fall’s school year.


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First Pacific Financial Inc
Legal Name: FIRST PACIFIC FINANCIAL, INC.
Full Contact Details
First Pacific Financial Inc is legally known as FIRST PACIFIC FINANCIAL, INC.. It is a WA Corporation. This firm has 10 employees, of which 10 are employees in advisory roles. It serves 15 clients. The firm's last reported SEC (U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission) status is listed as “Approved”, with a registration date of Aug 17, 2016.

domain: economics


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Pay day loan template page. Simple tips to submit an application for loans with bad credit
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I got this idea from Danielle Flanders, whose work I always admire. She often uses parts of mini albums to create cute shaped cards. Recently, I have fallen in love with this technique as well. For this card I used lots and lots of Melissa Frances product! So fun! Be sure to check out the video tutorial at the bottom of this post :-)
Supplies: Creative Imaginations - chipboard pumpkin, Melissa Frances - patterned paper, acrylic accent, rubon; Prima - flowers; Craft Supply - star, button, twine.

domain: design


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Cocker spaniel mix puppies for adoption. Look at pictures of cocker spaniel puppies who need a home. If you are unable to find your companion in our dogs for adoption sections please consider looking thru the directory of rescue organizations to see if they have any current dogs for adoption listings. Why buy a cocker spaniel puppy for sale if you can adopt and save a life.
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domain: pet


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Collections of the New-York Historical Society for the Year 1910 - Vol. XLIII Tax Lists of the City of New York December, 1695 - July 15th, 1699 Volume I. Assessments of the Real and Personal Property of the East Ward, City of New York June 24,1791.
AbeBooks Seller Since 16 December 1998Quantity Available: 1
Available from more sellersView all copies of this book

domain: library


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Judd Rubin is one of the best people in this industry when it comes to connecting resources and getting people on board with essential change
NEW YORK and ATLANTA (PRWEB) October 14, 2019
Hudson MX, a cloud-based modern software company solving the problems of local media, announced today that Judd Rubin has joined the company as Senior Vice President, AgencyCloud™. Respected throughout the media landscape for his ability to identify market opportunities and scale revenue, Judd will team up with agencies and their trading partners to enable customized marketplaces through the capabilities of AgencyCloud™ — the suite of open APIs that drives integrations between agencies and media partners, technology partners, and data partners.
Judd joins Hudson MX from FreeWheel Advertisers, where, as SVP Revenue and Marketing, he led FreeWheel’s demand monetization program and strategic partnerships, and launched the industry’s first buyer-centric OTT marketplace. Prior to serving as the principal of his own consulting firm, he led Mediaocean’s media convergence growth initiatives with a focus on digital video and audio. During his tenure with Mediaocean, Judd worked with JT Batson, the Co-Founder and CEO of Hudson MX.
“Judd Rubin is one of the best people in this industry when it comes to connecting resources and getting people on board with essential change,” commented JT Batson. “Our conversation around solving the problems of local media transactions began seven years ago when we were both frustrated by the proliferation of unstructured data and lost opportunities created by outdated systems and disparate technology. The ecosystem at that time was challenging to work within, and almost impossible to interact with from the outside. With the introduction of AgencyCloud™, we have created pathways for seamless transactions, a mechanism for all activity to become structured data, and the incentive for any potential partners to optimize their business by leveraging our solutions.”
“Legacy systems worked perfectly in a closed environment, but interoperability is the backbone of business in 2020,” commented Judd Rubin. “Agencies and partners shouldn’t have to conform to the limitations of their software. By starting fresh, our clients get to dictate how they want to work and whom they want to work with to best serve their clients. With AgencyCloud™ providing a seamless communication layer to the Hudson MX platform, we are able to make collaboration and connectivity easy and configurable. JT and his team have built a solution that is healthy, fair, and a vital addition to the ecosystem. And in doing so they have cleared the way to make local media exciting again.”
Judd discovered his passion for data-driven innovation while serving as a Senior Research Analyst for Monitor Group, where he worked with such clients as Coca-Cola, Merck, and Heineken. Judd has more than 20 years of cross-industry experience in advertising, technology, political and management consulting, and has advised Fortune 100 companies along with some of the country’s top media organizations. Utilizing his expertise, he has launched new technology and business models for a wide range of media and technology companies. Judd earned his B.A. in Political Science from Vassar College and currently resides in Manhattan.
With open standards central to the mission of Hudson MX, the suite of AgencyCloud™ APIs were developed in lockstep with the BuyerAssist™ platform. AgencyCloud™ enables a healthy and fair ecosystem where connectivity and protocols are open to everyone who works with agencies. One of the first AgencyCloud™ integration partners is WideOrbit.
About Hudson MX
By creating modern software that empowers the local buyer of the future, Hudson MX is leveling the playing field between local TV buyers and their digital media peers. In 2019 its BuyerAssist™ platform was used to process $2 billion of local media buys for 30 leading agencies in all 210 markets, servicing 300 national advertisers. The world’s most respected media agencies and sell-side vendors are partnering with Hudson MX to bring the process of local TV buying into the 21st Century for the benefit of today’s advertisers. Hudson MX is looking to build on its initial success and expand its offerings by recruiting the best and brightest for its New York and Atlanta dual headquarters. Learn more about Hudson MX at http://www.hudsonmx.com, LinkedIn and Twitter (@HudsonMXinc).
Code Morris for Hudson MX

domain: news


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|Faculty:||Faculty of Arts and Humanities
|Field of Study:||Art History, Criticism and Conservation
|Description:||The Honors Specialization in Art History and Museum Studies explores and analyzes the history and theory of art, architecture, and visual culture in all media (e.g., painting, sculpture, film, fashion, digital media) from antiquity to the present. The lectures and seminars taught by our outstanding faculty are complemented by field trips to museums, heritage sites, and other cultural institutions and by a lively series of art exhibitions and guest speakers on campus and in the London region.
|Cost per year:*||

domain: history


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Three weeks ago, the largest cyclone ever recorded in the Southern Hemisphere hit Fiji. At the time that the cyclone hit, the water around Fiji was around 1.5°C higher than usual, and consequently was experiencing high amounts of coral bleaching (see previous blog). Unusually high water temperatures are associated to rapid intensification of cyclones, so unfortunately the storm maintained its strength as it crossed the Fiji islands. At the point of landfall, Cyclone Winston had become a category 5 cyclone.
The cyclone has caused huge destruction across many areas in Fiji, with many homes being destroyed or severely damaged. Immediately after the storm, tens of thousands of people (bear in mind Fiji has a population of less than a million) were in evacuation centers across the country, and still three weeks later over 10,000 people remain there.
One of the villages where we have been working was spared the force of the cyclone, one lost four houses and the primary school was severely damaged, and the villages on the island of Ovalau have been seriously hit, losing many houses but no people were hurt. Another of REPICORE’s study sites at Koro Island, was devastated by cyclone, suffering not only from the cyclone but also from a cyclone-induced tidal wave.
For all of those at our institute, there is a donation box in office 2212 that will be brought out by Akuila Cakacaka when he returns to Fiji in a couple of weeks. Otherwise, for anyone keen on donating to the recovery efforts, there are many NGOs and humanitarian organisations doing great work out here to help the people who have lost homes and possessions, and to make sure they have food and water, for example the Red Cross http://www.redcross.com.fj/.
Storm intensities are predicted to increase as a consequence of climate change, and Pacific Islands are particularly vulnerable, so understanding the effects and learning from this experience is vital for Fiji. To understand long-term resilience of communities we must understand their vulnerability to the effects of climate change on local crop production and on coral reefs, which have both been affected by the cyclone and the unusually high recent temperatures.


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My fitness journey has been a roller coaster ride. I was active when I was younger, doing anything and everything from ice skating to Taekwaondo to volleyball to Irish step dance to swimming. When I was in high school, I ran cross-country and threw javelin for the track and field team. By the time I reached college, I felt relatively confident with my fitness regime, especially since I ran a half marathon the spring of senior year.
During my freshman year of college, I walked onto varsity crew as a coxswain. Suddenly all my mental energy was dedicated to minimizing the number on the scale for daily weigh-ins. I was so afraid to do anything but cardio because I didn’t want to gain any muscle mass. My goal with cardio was to cancel out any food/calories I had eaten. It was miserable.
Things started to look up after quitting crew. However, I swore off exercise because I had developed such an unhealthy relationship with it. At the end of freshman year, I made the decision to transfer schools. At my new university, I was completely focused on academics and would sometimes go for a run here and there, but I was wary of becoming super involved in fitness again because of my toxic crew experience.
Nevertheless, I found myself joining Equinox on a whim when I started working full-time (I’m a sucker for a corporate discount). I remember my first class with Gina like it was yesterday, a class called “The Cut” at Orchard Street in October 2018. After that first day, I was HOOKED. Less than a month later, Gina stopped teaching The Cut to go teach her own format, JABS. It still had a kickboxing base but was more focused on strength. I quickly followed and became a Jabber, attending classes all over Manhattan and signing up for every PROJECT class I could make.
I look forward to exercise now. JABS has brought so much structure and pure joy to my life. And while it’s definitely made me physically stronger (shoutout to being able to do a push-up without crying from the exertion), more importantly, it’s made me so much mentally stronger. I’ve finally developed a healthy relationship with food and working out, which is something I really struggled with in the past.
My JABS journey can be summed up, however, in the following anecdote...When my friend and I were deeply enthralled in a tattoo discussion, I had mentioned that tattoos were cool but I didn’t have anything I felt so strongly about that I could justify a permanent inking. My friend instantly responded with, “You feel that way about JABS, though.”
It was a pretty accurate observation. And although I haven’t gotten a #allidoisjab tattoo, that doesn’t mean I didn’t strongly consider it.

domain: hobby


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African American Art Song: An Opportunity for Better Understanding
African Americans have written in all genres of music, including classical. Here is a representation of research into the field.
||African American, Art Song, Music, Diversity, Composers
International Journal of the Humanities, Volume 3, Issue 7, pp.129-138.
Article: Print (Spiral Bound).
Article: Electronic (PDF File; 1.771MB).
Darryl Taylor's New York Recital debut took place at Weill Recital Hall at Carnegie Hall. As a young performer has sung in concert halls across the United States and Europe, including the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, Merkin Concert Hall, Barcelona's Palau de la Mùsica, and was a featured artist under the sponsorship of the Cultural Committee for the 1992 Olympic Games in Barcelona. His numerous tours of Spain have garnered him particular praise. Founder of the African American Art Song Alliance, Taylor has debuted numerous works, including Daniel Bernard Roumaine's Epilogue, 1965 (a performance with the composer on violin and George Shirley as narrator), Erik Santos' Dreamer: Seven Poems by Langston Hughes, Deon Nielsen Price's To the Children of War, Theodore Wiprud's A Georgia Song. His recording, "Love Rejoices: Songs of H. Leslie Adams", was released on Albany Records and was cited as a top ten best classical recording by American Record Guide in 2001. He recorded "Dreamer: A Portrait of Langston Hughes" for Naxos Records' American Classics Series. In demand a lecturer, Darryl Taylor has enlightened students and faculty of Juilliard School, Manhattan School, the University of Michigan, Duke University, Florida State University, and Morehouse College, among many others. A native of Detroit, Michigan, Darryl Taylor holds degrees from the University of Southern California and the University of Michigan. He is a member of Mu Phi Epsilon Music Fraternity, Pi Kappa Lambda National Music Honors Society, and the National Association of Negro Musicians. Dr Taylor serves on the music faculty of the University of California, Irvine.
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domain: artistic


Jackie was in her late 70’s when she became totally blind.
But that didn’t stop her. First, she learned to use a voice activated computer.
But then… another setback… dialysis. Jackie now had to sit in a chair, for four hours a day, three days a week.
That’s when she decided she needed a portable hobby to keep her busy. She decided to learn how to loom knit. Instead of knitting needles, the loom held the stitches for her. This was perfect since she was able to weave the yarn around parts of the loom by feel.
Jackie set a new goal to make beautiful scarves for all her friends and family. She thought, “Who doesn’t need a scarf in the cold winter months in New York?” She could make them for everyone she knew. Jackie bought soft thick comfy yarn in all kinds of New York colors, such as black, brown, blue, white, red, and gray.
She had never knitted before. But that didn’t stop her. In her earlier years, when she was able to see, she did do some crocheting. But this loom knitting was way different… and now she was blind.
Many days, she would start her day by knitting. Most days, she created about six inches of one scarf at a time. She was proud of the creation she saw in her mind’s eye.
The reality was a little different…
However, when her daughter came home from work, it was her hard task to tell her Mom that her beautiful scarf had many “dropped” stiches creating big holes in her work. Although Jackie was disappointed, her determination persevered. She focused on her dream of the day she would present her scarves, to all her friends and family.
Her daughter remembered how grateful Jackie was in learning about the holes in the scarves. How she gently undid all the stitching she had accomplished that day. And how she re-started the scarf again later that evening.
Amazingly, around the holidays, in just about a year’s time, Jackie had finished all of her scarves. Each one was more beautiful than the next. All without holes. Even though she couldn’t see the scarves, she made sure that they were all packaged beautifully, too. They were true works of art. This is when Jackie became my Inspirational Muse.
What Is an Inspirational Muse?


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The Port of Long Beach Tariff No. 4 provides the current rates, rules and regulations governing the Port of Long Beach. You can access a searchable copy of Tariff No. 4 in PDF format with Adobe software.
You can easily locate specific rates, rules and regulations using the "Find" tool (the binoculars icon).
The Port of Long Beach Tariff No. 4 is also compiled in a database format in compliance with Federal Maritime Commission regulations. This format also provides access to tariff history. It is located on the Distribution-Publications Inc. website.
You may direct tariff questions or comments to the Tariff Administrator at email@example.com.


Inside the ent is anticipated to help you choose for the good legislative-step report proposing so you can repeal the fresh new 1976 Eu Electoral Act and you may change it with a new Council Regulation to the election out-of the new Members of this new Eu Parliament (MEPs) by lead universal hookup apps Washington suffrage. Since earliest European elections inside 1979, the rules signing up to this new election of MEPs blend the average values created in the Eu Electoral Act, while the changed into the 2002, and the different national regulations .
Suggesting the newest statutes to own Western european elections
The rules you to definitely connect with Eu elections commonly consistent throughout the brand new Connection. Member States pertain more federal electoral rules, even though all have to conform to the average standards established in the new 1976 Western european Electoral Operate. In ent is expected so you’re able to vote towards the an excellent legislative effort suggesting to repeal the fresh Western european Electoral Operate with a new Council control further harmonising the guidelines appropriate in order to Eu elections, including from the creation .
So it Briefing, authored by the newest Western european Parliamentary Search Service, is made to offer key facts and you can rates towards Western european Parliament. It appears to be at the both the most recent parliamentary identity () and also the 7 past four-12 months conditions since the direct elections were launched inside the June 1979. Into the following the users there was picture of various kinds which: • outline the constitution of the European Parliament today and in the new past; • shade the increase in the number of activities .
Electing this new Western european Parliament’s President
During the ent (EP) comes from choose their 31st Chairman, to hold work environment for the second half of your most recent title, up to next Western european elections, following that your the brand new Parliament usually choose their Chairman when you look at the . New Chairman features an essential and you can increasingly obvious function regarding the European union organization and global mode, mirroring the fresh influential part of your Parliament while the shaper away from Eu guidelines and as co-legislator. This will be a further update .
Within the agreements set-out inside Council Directives /EC and you may /EC, Eu nationals who happen to live in a part Condition besides the individual have earned be involved in Eu and municipal elections, respectively, within their nation away from home. This concerns an estimated eleven billion European union residents regarding voting decades (post-Brexit research). Even if Associate States have effectively transposed one another directives, voter turnout one of mobile people stays reduced than the nationals. Furthermore, merely a portion of .
European Parliament: Situations and Rates
Which Briefing, written by the new Western european Parliamentary Research Service, was designed to give key points and you will numbers concerning Eu Parliament. It appears on both latest parliamentary term () while the eight previous five-season words once the head elections were launched during the June 1979. It offers graphics of various groups and this: * outline brand new structure of your Eu Parliament now as well as in the latest past; * shade the rise from the quantity of parties portrayed about EP and .
Europeanising new elections of one’s Western european Parliament – Mindset for the implementation of Council /994 and you may harmonisation off federal laws and regulations on the European elections
This research, commissioned from the European Parliament’s Plan Company getting Citizens’ Rights and you may Constitutional Things during the request of the AFCO Panel, checks an element of the barriers so you can unifying and you will modernising European elections in various Representative States. It provides an introduction to the brand new implementation of Council /994 and you will highlights, in particular, the necessity of the latest standardisation and you can harmonisation regarding electoral ballots just like the a method to securely up-date voters and you may fortify the Eu .
Transnational electoral listings: An effective way to Europeanise elections towards the Western european Parliament
Planning to provide towards forthcoming Appointment to the Way forward for European countries and debate on the Western european Parliament on you are able to reforms out-of the fresh new 1976 Eu Electoral Act, that it papers on the Eu Parliamentary Search Service analyses area of the proposals to make good Eu constituency (otherwise constituencies), in which Members of new European Parliament could be decided on regarding transnational electoral directories. Like proposals was basically talked about usually from the Eu Parliament in itself, and additionally .
Plenary bullet-up –
Inside the next ent held a lot of arguments with Council and the Eu Payment. Conversations worried simple legal rights facts such as abortion liberties during the Poland, the newest LGBTIQ equality strategy, and you will Hungarian disturbance in the news inside the Slovenia and you may Northern Macedonia. In the a topic that have Council and Commission, People as well as chatted about brand new forthcoming European Council conference, for the ten . Discussions toward Fee incorporated conversation out of another type of .
Providing stock of one’s 2019 Eu elections
During the their next ent is anticipated in order to vote towards the an own-initiative statement bringing inventory of your own European elections, the new ninth head elections for the Western european Parliament just like the first of those within the 1979, and of the subsequent fulfilling of your own College from Commissioners. Which report can make tangible proposals to bolster the electoral processes and promote the European dimensions.


Wireless Networking And Remote Sensor Monitoring For Pivot IrrigationSource: FreeWave Technologies, Inc.
By Dan Steele, FreeWave Technologies, Inc.
As the automation of both private and corporate farms is embraced, we see the use of sophisticated pivot irrigation systems and smart agriculture practices due to new technologies. The human imagination continues to create new ways to use this technology and push those technology providers for more powerful tools. Ten to 15 years ago, even the most advanced automated pivot systems seldom used telemetry, and, if they did, the data throughput was extremely slow and seldom provided coverage to all the pivot irrigation sites. Some of the wireless technology also was expensive. Therefore, the telemetry technology was difficult to use effectively because only some sites could be remotely monitored or where farms were paying by the data byte or monthly usage fees to the technology provider.


Patent application title: Setting Laser Power For Laser Machining Stents From Polymer Tubing
Kevin Jow (San Mateo, CA, US)
IPC8 Class: AB29C3510FI
Class name: Plastic and nonmetallic article shaping or treating: processes laser ablative shaping or piercing (i.e., nonetching, devoid of chemical agent other than air)
Publication date: 2011-03-10
Patent application number: 20110057356
Laser machining polymer tubing sections to form stents such that the power
of the laser machining is adjusted for each tubing section to obtain
repeatable strut widths for stents formed from different tubing sections
is disclosed. A threshold power for laser machining each section is
determined and the power used for machining each section is based on the
1. A method of fabricating a plurality of stents, comprising:providing a
plurality of polymer tubing sections that are each formed separately by
the same type of processing steps for use in forming stents of the same
design;determining for each tubing section a laser power level for use in
forming stents from each of the tubing sections with laser machining;
andlaser machining stent patterns into the tubing sections to form a
plurality of stents using the laser power levels determined for each
tubing section,wherein the stent patterns comprise a plurality of struts
and the laser power determined for each tubing section is selected to
obtain repeatable strut widths in the stent patterns formed from the
different tubing sections.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the laser power level for each tubing section is A×a threshold power, the threshold power being a minimum power that provides a channel completely through the wall of a selected tubing section and A is between 100 and 120% and is the same for each tubing section.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein A is between 108% and 112%.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the laser power level is different for at least two of the tubing sections.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein each tubing section is made of the same material and has the same or substantially the same wall thickness and outer diameter.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein a pulse width, repetition rate, and fluence are the same in the laser machining of each of the tubing sections.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the processing steps comprise tubing extrusion and radial expansion of the extruded tubes, the method further comprising extruding a plurality of tubing sections and radially expanding the extruded tubing sections to form the plurality of tubing sections.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the laser is a femtosecond laser with a pulse width between 95-120 fs.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the tubing sections are made of PLLA.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the stents formed using the determined laser power levels are free of defects including flash, glitter, and melted portions.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the laser machining parameters include a pulse width of 95-120 fs, a repetition rate is 2.5-5 kHz, a power level of 0.2-0.3 mW, and a fluence of 5-15 J/cm.sup.2.
12. A method of fabricating a plurality of stents, comprising:laser machining a plurality of polymer tubing sections to form stents comprising a plurality of struts,wherein the tubing sections are each formed separately by the same type of processing steps for use in forming stents of the same design,wherein the power of the laser machining is adjusted for each tubing section to obtain repeatable strut widths for stents formed from different tubing sections.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein each tubing section is made of the same semicrystalline polymer material and each tubing section has the same or substantially the same wall thickness and outer diameter.
14. The method of claim 12, wherein the adjusted power for each tubing section is different from the adjusted power for other tubing sections.
15. The method of claim 12, wherein at least one processing parameter of the processing steps of each tubing section differ and the morphology of the processed tubing sections depends on the at least one parameter.
16. The method of claim 12, wherein the processing steps comprise tubing extrusion and radial expansion of the extruded tubes, the method further comprising extruding a plurality of tubing sections and radially expanding the extruded tubing sections to form the plurality of tubing sections.
17. The method of claim 12, wherein laser machining is performed with a laser having a pulse width of 80-120 fs.
18. The method of claim 12, wherein laser machining is performed with a laser having a pulse width of 10-15 ps.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to laser machining tubing to form stents.
2. Description of the State of the Art
This invention relates to laser machining of devices such as stents. Laser machining refers to removal of material accomplished through laser and target material interactions. Generally speaking, these processes include laser drilling, laser cutting, and laser grooving, marking or scribing. Laser machining processes transport photon energy into a target material in the form of thermal energy or photochemical energy. Material is removed by melting and blow away, or by direct vaporization/ablation.
The application of ultrashort-pulse lasers for high quality laser material processing is particularly useful due to the extremely high intensity, ultrashort-pulse duration (<1 picosecond), and non-contact nature of the processing. Ultrashort pulse lasers allow precise and efficient processing, especially at the microscale. Compared with long-pulse lasers and other conventional manufacturing techniques, ultrashort pulse lasers provide precise control of material removal, can be used with an extremely wide range of materials, produce lower thermal damage, and provide the capability for very clean small features. These features make ultrashort-pulse lasers a promising tool for microfabrication, thin film formation, laser cleaning, and medical and biological applications.
However, laser machining of a substrate tends to result in unwanted heat transfer to a substrate resulting in a heat affected zone. The heat affected zone is a region on the target material that is not removed, but is affected by heat due to the laser. The properties of material in the zone can be adversely affected by heat from the laser. Therefore, it is generally desirable to reduce or eliminate heat input beyond removed material, thus reducing or eliminating the heat affected zone.
One of the many medical applications for laser machining includes fabrication of radially expandable endoprostheses, which are adapted to be implanted in a bodily lumen. An "endoprosthesis" corresponds to an artificial device that is placed inside the body. A "lumen" refers to a cavity of a tubular organ such as a blood vessel.
A stent is an example of such an endoprosthesis. Stents are generally cylindrically shaped devices, which function to hold open and sometimes expand a segment of a blood vessel or other anatomical lumen such as urinary tracts and bile ducts. Stents are often used in the treatment of atherosclerotic stenosis in blood vessels. "Stenosis" refers to a narrowing or constriction of the diameter of a bodily passage or orifice. In such treatments, stents reinforce body vessels and prevent restenosis following angioplasty in the vascular system. "Restenosis" refers to the reoccurrence of stenosis in a blood vessel or heart valve after it has been treated (as by balloon angioplasty, stenting, or valvuloplasty) with apparent success.
The treatment of a diseased site or lesion with a stent involves both delivery and deployment of the stent. "Delivery" refers to introducing and transporting the stent through a bodily lumen to a region, such as a lesion, in a vessel that requires treatment. "Deployment" corresponds to the expanding of the stent within the lumen at the treatment region. Delivery and deployment of a stent are accomplished by positioning the stent about one end of a catheter, inserting the end of the catheter through the skin into a bodily lumen, advancing the catheter in the bodily lumen to a desired treatment location, expanding the stent at the treatment location, and removing the catheter from the lumen.
In the case of a balloon expandable stent, the stent is mounted about a balloon disposed on the catheter. Mounting the stent typically involves compressing or crimping the stent onto the balloon. The stent is then expanded by inflating the balloon. The balloon may then be deflated and the catheter withdrawn. In the case of a self-expanding stent, the stent may be secured to the catheter via a retractable sheath or a sock. When the stent is in a desired bodily location, the sheath may be withdrawn which allows the stent to self-expand.
The stent must be able to satisfy a number of mechanical requirements. First, the stent must be capable of withstanding the structural loads, namely radial compressive forces, imposed on the stent as it supports the walls of a vessel. Therefore, the stent must possess adequate radial strength and rigidity. Radial strength, which is the ability of a stent to resist radial compressive forces, is due to strength around a circumferential direction of the stent.
Once expanded, the stent must adequately maintain its size and shape throughout its service life despite the various forces that may come to bear on it, including the cyclic loading induced by the beating heart. For example, a radially directed force may tend to cause a stent to recoil inward. Generally, it is desirable to minimize recoil. In addition, the stent must possess sufficient flexibility to allow for crimping, expansion, and cyclic loading without fracturing that would adversely affect stent performance. Finally, the stent must be biocompatible so as not to trigger any adverse vascular responses.
The structure of a stent is typically composed of scaffolding that includes a pattern or network of interconnecting structural elements often referred to in the art as struts or bar arms. The scaffolding can be formed from wires, tubes, or sheets of material rolled into a cylindrical shape. The scaffolding is designed so that the stent can be radially compressed (to allow crimping) and radially expanded (to allow deployment).
Stents have been made of many materials such as metals and polymers, including biodegradable polymeric materials. Biodegradable stents are desirable in many treatment applications in which the presence of a stent in a body may be necessary for a limited period of time until its intended function of, for example, achieving and maintaining vascular patency and/or drug delivery is accomplished.
Stents can be fabricated by forming patterns on tubes or sheets using laser machining. However, as indicated above, the use of laser machining can have adverse effects on the properties of a material, including polymers.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Various embodiments of the present invention include a method of fabricating a plurality of stents, comprising: providing a plurality of polymer tubing sections that are each formed separately by the same type of processing steps for use in forming stents of the same design; determining for each tubing section a laser power level for use in forming stents from each of the tubing sections with laser machining; and laser machining stent patterns into the tubing sections to form a plurality of stents using the laser power levels determined for each tubing section, wherein the stent patterns comprise a plurality of struts and the laser power determined for each tubing section is selected to obtain repeatable strut widths in the stent patterns formed from the different tubing sections.
Further embodiments of the present invention include a method of fabricating a plurality of stents, comprising: laser machining a plurality of polymer tubing sections to form stents comprising a plurality of struts, wherein the tubing sections are each formed separately by the same type of processing steps for use in forming stents of the same design, wherein the power of the laser machining is adjusted for each tubing section to obtain repeatable strut widths for stents formed from different tubing sections.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 depicts a stent.
FIG. 2 depicts an embodiment of a portion of a machine-controlled system for laser machining a tube.
FIG. 3 depicts a close-up axial view of a region where a laser beam interacts with a tube.
FIG. 4 is a plot of the strut width versus laser power for tubing made with two different degrees of radial expansion.
FIGS. 5A-D depict images of a stent pattern formed using a laser using 70 mW of power.
FIGS. 6A-C depict images of a stent pattern formed using a laser using 90 mW of power.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Embodiments of the present invention relating to methods of laser machining of polymer tubing to make a stent that includes setting the power of laser system to obtain repeatable stent dimensions. Although the methods may apply to other laser machining technique, the methods are particularly relevant to ultrashort-pulse laser machining of substrates. These embodiments are suitable for fabricating fine and intricate structures of implantable medical devices such as stents. "Ultrashort-pulse lasers" refer to lasers having pulses with widths or durations shorter than about a picosecond (=10-12). "Pulse width" refers to the duration of an optical pulse versus time. The duration can be defined in more than one way. Specifically, the pulse duration can be defined as the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the optical power versus time.
Ultrashort-pulse lasers can include both picosecond and femtosecond (=10-15) lasers. The ultrashort-pulse laser is clearly distinguishable from conventional continuous wave and long-pulse lasers (nanosecond (10-9) laser) which have significantly longer pulses. In particular, embodiments of the present method employ femtosecond lasers that have pulses shorter than about 10-13 second. Representative examples of femtosecond lasers include, but are not limited to, a Ti:sapphire laser (735 nm-1035 nm) and an excimer-dye laser (220 nm-300 nm, 380 nm-760 nm).
As indicated above, embodiments of the laser machining method described above may be used in the fabrication of implantable medical devices such as stents. In general, stents can have virtually any structural pattern that is compatible with a bodily lumen in which it is implanted. Typically, a stent is composed of a pattern or network of circumferential rings and longitudinally extending interconnecting structural elements of struts or bar arms. In general, the struts are arranged in patterns, which are designed to contact the lumen walls of a vessel and to maintain vascular patency.
An exemplary structure of a stent is shown in FIG. 1. FIG. 1 depicts a stent 10 which is made up of struts 12. Stent 10 has interconnected cylindrical rings 14 connected by linking struts or links 16. The embodiments disclosed herein are not limited to fabricating stents or to the stent pattern illustrated in FIG. 1. The embodiments are easily applicable to other stent patterns and other devices. The variations in the structure of patterns are virtually unlimited. The outer diameter of a fabricated stent (prior to crimping and deployment) may be between 0.2-5.0 mm. For coronary applications, a fabricated stent diameter is 2.5-3.5 mm. The length of the stents may be between about 6-12 mm.
The present embodiments are particular relevant to laser machining polymer substrates to form stents, however, the methods may be applicable to other materials such as metals and ceramics or composite materials composed of combinations of polymer, metal, and ceramic. Polymers can be biostable, bioabsorbable, biodegradable, or bioerodable. Biostable refers to polymers that are not biodegradable. The terms biodegradable, bioabsorbable, and bioerodable, as well as degraded, eroded, and absorbed, are used interchangeably and refer to polymers that are capable of being completely eroded or absorbed when exposed to bodily fluids such as blood and can be gradually resorbed, absorbed, and/or eliminated by the body. In addition, a medicated stent may be fabricated by coating the surface of the stent with an active agent or drug, or a polymeric carrier including an active agent or drug. The drug coating is typically applied to the stent body or scaffolding after being formed by laser machining. The coating is typically much thinner than the struts of the scaffolding, for example, the coating can be 1-5 microns in thickness while the struts can be 140-160 microns thick.
An implantable medical device, such as a stent, can be fabricated by laser machining a construct to form the device. Material is removed from selected regions of the construct which results in formation of the structure of the device. In particular, a stent may be fabricated by machining a thin-walled tubular member with a laser. Selected regions of the tubing may be removed by laser machining to obtain a stent with a desired pattern. Specifically, a beam can be translated or scanned over the surface of a tubing resulting in removal of a trench or kerf extending all the way through a wall of the tubing. When a starting and ending point of a kerf meet, the region surrounded by the kerf drops out or is removed. Alternatively or additionally, the tube can be translated and rotated to allow machining of tubing.
In exemplary embodiments, a stent can be cut from a tubing using a machine-controlled laser as illustrated schematically in FIG. 2. FIG. 2 depicts an embodiment of a portion of a machine-controlled system for laser machining a tube. In FIG. 2, a tube 200 is disposed in a rotatable collet fixture 204 of a machine-controlled apparatus 208 for positioning tubing 200 relative to a laser 212. According to machine-encoded instructions, tube 200 is rotated and moved axially relative to laser 212 which is also machine-controlled. The laser selectively removes the material from the tubing resulting in a pattern cut into the tube. The tube is therefore cut into the discrete pattern of the finished stent.
FIG. 3 depicts a close-up view of a laser beam 408 interacting with a tube 414. Laser beam 408 is focused by a focusing lens 338 on tube 414. Tube 414 is supported by a controlled rotary collet 337 at one end and an optional tube support pin 339 at another end. A coaxial gas jet assembly 340 directs a cold gas jet or stream 342 that exits through a nozzle 344 that cools the machined surface as the beam cuts and ablates a substrate. The gas stream also helps to remove debris from the kerf and cool the region near the beam. Gas input is shown by an arrow 354. Coaxial gas jet nozzle 344 is centered around a focused beam 352. In some embodiments, the pressure of the supplied cooling gas is between 30 and 100 psi. An exemplary flow rate of the cooling gas is between 2 and 10 scfh. Exemplary cooling gases or process gases include helium, argon, nitrogen, or oxygen.
It may also be necessary to block laser beam 414 as it cuts through the top surface of the tube to prevent the beam, along with the molten material and debris from the cut, from impinging on the inside opposite surface of tube 414. To this end, a mandrel 360 supported by a mandrel beam block 362 is placed inside the tube and is allowed to roll on the bottom of the tube 348 as the pattern is cut. This acts as a beam/debris block protecting the far wall inner diameter.
The present invention is applicable to femtosecond pulsed lasers having pulse widths of 5-10 fs, 10-80, 80-120 fs, 120-500, or 500-1000 fs. It is also believed the invention is applicable to lasers with pulse widths greater than 1000 fs (1 ps), greater than 10 ps, in particular, 10-15 ps.
The repetition rate used for laser machining polymers for stents with a femtosecond laser is generally between 1 and 5 kHz. The energy per pulse of such laser machining is generally 2-1000 μJ, more narrowly, 20-30 μJ. The fluence of such laser machining is generally 1-20 J/cm2, or more narrowly, 5-15 J/cm2. The average power per pulse or power of a beam can be 10-1000 mW, or more narrowly 50-150 mW. Fixed and variable wavelength lasers may be used for laser machining polymers. Exemplary fixed wavelength lasers may have wavelengths at 248 nm, 532 nm, or 800 nm.
The embodiments of the present invention relate to determining the power of the femtosecond laser used for laser machining a polymer tubing. A power is determined for a tubing section that reduces or eliminates undesirable cutting affects. The power determination also provides repeatable stent dimensions, such as strut widths, as compared to other tubing sections processed separately prior to laser machining.
Embodiments of the method include providing a plurality of polymer tubing sections that are each formed separately by the same type of processing steps for use in forming stents of the same design. The same design refers to features such as the stent pattern and the dimensions of the structural elements or struts of the stent pattern including thickness and width. Other features of a design include mechanical properties such as radial strength and fracture toughness. Additional features include morphology properties such as polymer orientation, crystallinity, and the size of crystallites of a semicrystalline polymer. The processing of stent precursor constructs or tubing sections is performed so that such features are as close as possible for tubing sections made at different times.
For each tubing section, a laser power level is determined for use in forming stents from each of the tubing sections with laser machining. The method further includes laser machining stent patterns into the tubing sections to form a plurality of stents using the laser power levels determined for each tubing section. The stent patterns include a plurality of struts. The laser power determined for each tubing section is selected to obtain repeatable strut widths in the stent patterns formed from the different tubing sections.
The inventors had used a femtosecond laser (120 fs, fluence=10±5) to machine PLLA tubes to form stents. The machining power was set to a value that was believed to be significantly higher than a minimum value required to machine through the tubing to form struts. The inventors used the same power for all lots of tubing. A "lot" of tubing refers to a section of tubing made or processed at a given time, for example, a lot of tubing extruded and then radially expanded.
Specifically, the inventors unexpectedly found that laser machining different lots with the same power with the same laser yielded stents with different quality and strut widths. The different lots were of the same material, PLLA, and all had the same wall thickness. The different lots were made at different times either with the same processing conditions or only slightly different processing conditions.
The inventors observed that the quality of a machined stent and stent dimensions obtained from laser machining different lots of tubing was extremely sensitive the laser power. "Quality" refers to several aspects of a cut stent pattern. One aspect is the degree of smoothness of the cut. A poor quality cut can have rough portions on a cut surface, such as flashes which refers to un-cut material that is torn from the excess cut away sections. Another aspect of a poor quality cut is "glitter" which refers to re-deposited material as particles large enough to create a reflective surface. Excess melting in portions of the stent pattern are another characteristic of a poor quality cut. Another characteristic of a poor quality stent pattern are islands, which are portions of tubing that are not intended to be part of the stent pattern that do not fall out of the cut pattern since a region surrounded by a kerf is still attached to a strut. Islands may result when the power is insufficient for a beam to consistently cut all the way through a tubing wall as it travels around a region to be removed.
The differences in machining the different lots of tubing are a sensitivity to power likely arising from variations in morphology of the polymer in the different lots of tubing. The difference in morphology can arise from even the slightest differences in processing conditions. Even slight differences in process conditions will likely result in such morphology variations between lots of tubing. However, it was unknown to the inventors that such minor variations in processing conditions prior to machining could have such a dramatic affect on cutting quality and strut dimensions. Inventors have found it essential to compensate for unexpected sensitivity to these variations through adjustment of the power for different lots of tubing.
The processing referred to above includes forming a tube from a polymer resin using an extrusion process followed by radially expanding and axial elongating the tube. A stent is formed by laser machining a stent pattern in the expanded and elongated tube. The tube is radially expanded and axially elongated to increase the radial strength and fracture toughness of the tube and a stent made therefrom.
A semicrystalline polymer, such as PLLA, includes crystalline regions separated or surrounded by amorphous regions. Morphology includes, but is not limited to, degree of crystallinity, molecular orientation of polymer chains, and crystallite size. Molecular orientation refers to the relative orientation of polymer chains along a longitudinal or covalent axis of the polymer chains. The orientation can refer to the orientation of crystalline lamella and to the orientation of polymer chains in the amorphous regions.
With regard to making a tube by extrusion, representative examples of extruders include single screw extruders, intermeshing co-rotating and counter-rotating twin-screw extruders and other multiple screw masticating extruders. For example, tubing for a stent can be formed with a 1'' single screw extruder. A temperature range in the extruder is at least 20° C. above the Tm of the polymer. For example, an exemplary temperature range for PLLA extrusion is 200-225° C. Other exemplary processing conditions for PLLA tubing include a residence time in the extruder of approximately 10 min, quench in room temperature water bath, a die/quench distance of 3/4 in, a pull rate of 16 ft/min, a barrel pressure of 2000 psi, and a draw down ratio approximately 3:1 (ID die to ID of drawn tube).
A polymeric tube is radially expanded and axially elongated by increasing the pressure inside the tube and applying a tensile force along the cylindrical axis of the tube, respectively. The pressure inside of the tube is increased by conveying a fluid into the tube to increase the internal pressure in the tube. Preferably, the tensile force is applied at one end while holding the other end stationary. The tube is heated to a temperature between the glass transition temperature (Tg) and the melting temperature (Tm) of the polymer to allow the radial expansion and axial elongation of the tube.
At the start of the process, the tube is positioned in a cylindrical member or mold. The process parameters are adjusted so that the tube expands against the inside surface of the mold so that the outer diameter of the expanded tube is the inside diameter of the mold. One end of the tube is sealed or blocked and a gas such as air, nitrogen, oxygen, argon, etc. is conveyed in the other end of the polymer tube to increase the pressure in the tube.
The tube is heated by a heating source such as a nozzle or nozzles blowing a warm gas onto a portion of the tube. The nozzle(s) are translated along the cylindrical axis of a the tube from a proximal end to a distal end, blowing warm gas onto an axial section or portion of the mold as it translates which heats the axial section or portion of the mold and the axial section or portion of the tube within the mold. The temperature and nozzle rate are adjusted so that as the nozzle translates, the heated portion expands. The radial expansion follows the translating nozzle and propagates along the cylindrical axis of the tube. As the nozzle translates, the an end of the tube is pulled at a specified rate, which is preferably constant.
The nozzle rate and pull rate are adjusted so that expansion and axial elongation start at the same time and are completed at the same time. Additionally, the nozzle rate and pull rate are preferably constant since the properties of a deformed polymer generally depend on the rate of deformation.
Prior to the expansion and elongation, the tube is pre-heated close to the deformation temperature. Pre-heating can be performed by a nozzle translated along the length of the tube without the increased pressure and the tension. After the expansion and elongation is completed, the polymer tube is cooled or allowed to cool to below its Tg either before or after decreasing the pressure and/or decreasing tension. Cooling the tube helps insure that the tube maintains the proper shape, size, and length following its formation. A section of tubing expanded in the way described is considered a "lot" of tubing.
Any slight variations in the processing conditions from lot to lot can result in differences in morphology from lot to lot. Variations can result from adjustments to processing conditions so that the expansion occurs in the manner desired, as described above. Such slight variations in processing conditions unexpectedly alter the power requirements for obtaining a quality machined stent with repeatable strut dimensions.
Exemplary processing conditions for a PLLA tube deformation include a deformation temperature of 75-130° C., an expansion pressure of 110-140 psi, a nozzle translation rate 0.2-1.2 mm/s, a pull rate of 0.4-4.0 mm/s.
The percent degree of radial expansion (% RE) of a tube is 100%×(Inside Diameter of Expanded Tube/Original Inside Diameter of Tube-1). The percent degree of axial elongation (% AE) is: 100%×(Length of Elongated Tube/Original Length of Tube-1). Exemplary % RE are 200-500% and % AE are 20-200%. The degree of crystallinity of exemplary expanded PLLA tubes and stents made therefrom are 20-50%, or more narrowly, 45-50%.
In addition to selecting the power for quality and repeatability, power is also selected to reduce the heat affected zone of a machined substrate. As mentioned above, the heat affected zone is a region on the target material that is not removed, but is affected by thermal energy from the laser. In the heat affected zone, the properties of material in the zone vary as a function of distance. Stent performance may be increased by reducing or eliminating the variation in properties of the heat affected zone. Stent performance includes having a high radial strength sufficient maintain patency, low recoil, and resistance to cracking upon crimping and deployment.
The inventors have found that the variation of properties in the heat affected zone depends on the power. As the power increases the depth and variation in properties changes. This has been demonstrated by nanoindentation results. Therefore, a lower power is preferable.
In some embodiments of the invention, a selected machining power for making a stent from a selected tubing lot includes determining an a approximate threshold power level for the laser to cut a kerf or channel all the way through the tubing wall. The threshold power can correspond to the power level that allows the laser beam to cut through a length of tubing completely when the beam in scanned over the length, in spite of slight variations in the thickness and properties in different portions of the tubing. A power level that results in portions along the length that are cut all the way through and portions along the length which are not when the laser is scanned along the length is below the threshold power. The length of such a section for determining the threshold power may be 0.2-20 mm, or more narrowly, 0.2-0.5 mm, 0.5-1 mm, 1-5 mm, 5-10 mm, or 10-20 mm.
Each lot of tubing can have a different threshold power level. Any difference or change to the material such as thickness, percent radial expansion, percent axial elongation, or crystallinity may alter the threshold power. The inventors have found that different lots of PLLA tubing have different threshold power levels.
In some embodiments, the threshold power may be the stent cutting power which is the power used to laser machine stents from the lot of tubing. In other embodiments, the stent cutting power level may be above the threshold power. In such embodiments, exemplary stent cutting power level can be A×threshold power, where "A" is between 100% and 120%, or more narrowly, 100% and 110%. "A" can be between 100% and 102%, 102% and 105%, 105% and 108%, 108% and 112%, or 112% and 120%. In other embodiment, A can be greater than between 120-150%, or greater than 150%.
The inventors have found that a preferable stent cutting power level is 110% of the threshold power level. In some embodiments, a stent pattern cut using the power is free or almost free of flash, glitter, or melted portions.
In some embodiments, the threshold power can be determined by first selecting an initial power level that is believed to cut a kerf or channel all the way through the tubing wall, as described above. The presumption is then verified by machining a length of the tubing at the initial power level. Then, a length of tubing is machined at a power level lower than the initial power and the machining portion is inspected. The process is repeated by making discrete steps downward in power until a power level ("sub-threshold power") is found that results in portions along the machined length that are cut all the way through and portions are not after the laser is scanned over length.
In some embodiments, the lowest power level selected that is greater than the sub-threshold power can be selected as the threshold power. In other embodiments, one or more additional power levels between the two lowest power levels can be tested to obtain a more accurate value of the threshold power.
The examples and experimental data set forth below are for illustrative purposes only and are in no way meant to limit the invention. The following examples are given to aid in understanding the invention, but it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the particular materials or procedures of examples.
Example Set 1
The following set of examples describes results of determining laser machining power for four lots of PLLA tubing. Each lot of tubing was formed from an extrusion process from 100% PLLA resin. The dimensions of the tubing, the extruded dimensions, are: outside diameter (OD)=0.0066 inch and inside diameter (ID)=0.0025 inch. The extruded PLLA tubes were radially expanded according the process described above. The target % RE was 400%.
Titanium-Sapphire fixed wavelength lasers were used with a wavelength of 800 nm. The pulse widths of the lasers ranged from 95-120 ps with a repetition rate of 5 kHz. The fluence was between 10±5 kJ/cm2. For a given laser, it was found that each lot had a different selected machining power was determined. Additionally, for a given lot of tubing, the selected machining power was different for each laser. The selected machining powers (110%×threshold power) determined for various lots of tubing were between 90-140 mW.
Table 1 provides the selected machining powers that were determined for the four lots of tubing for three different lasers. The deformation parameters for each lot of tubing is given in Table 2.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Selected machining power for tubing determined for four lots and three lasers. Lot 1 Power Lot 2 Power Lot 3 Power Lot 4 Power (mW) (mW) (mW) (mW) Laser 1 140 135 128 140 Laser 2 105 110 90 -- Laser 3 -- 130 128 100
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Deformation parameters for lots of tubing listed in Table 1. Deformation Parameters Lot 1 Lot 2 Lot 3 Lot 4 Expand Heat (F.) 166 185 178 180 Expand Air Flow (scfh) 60 60 60 60 Pre-heat Dwell (sec) 32 30 38 32 Heat Nozzle Speed (mm/s) 0.32 0.30 .38 .32 Expand Pressure (psi) 110 130 110 115 Number of Passes 1 1 1 1 Initial Tension Position (mm) 25 25 25 25 Pre-Tension (Grams) 180 180 180 180 Set Heat (F.) 32 32 32 32 Set Air Flow (scfh) 20 20 20 20 Set Heat Dwell (min) 0 0 0 0 Cool Time (sec) 30 30 30 30 Tubing Start OD (thou in) 66 66 66 66 Tubing Start ID (thou in) 25 25 25 25 Tubing End OD (thou in) 136 136 136 136 Tubing End ID (thou in) 124.2 124.2 124.2 124.2
Example Set 2
The affect of power and the degree of radial expansion on strut width was studied. The inventors observed that a repeatable strut width was not obtained when the same power was used to machine different lots of tubing. The inventors also observed that for a given power, different strut widths were obtained from tubing with different degrees of radial expansion. The laser power had to be adjusted each time to obtain a desired strut width.
The affect of power and the degree of radial expansion was studied by laser machining two PLLA tubes with two different % RE, 300% and 400%, at several power levels. The strut widths of each of the stents were measured to determine the affect of power on strut width. The expanded inside and outside diameter of the expanded tubes are approximately the same. [Do you have tubing thickness for each group?]
A summary of the strut width data is shown in Table 3 and the data is plotted in FIG. 4.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Laser machining data showing dependence of strut width on power and radial expansion. Strut width % RE Power (inch) 300 80 0.00674 300 90 0.00659 300 103 0.00653 300 123 0.00642 300 145 0.00636 400 70 0.00704 400 90 0.00693 400 120 0.00683
The data in Table 3 and FIG. 4 demonstrate that:
1. As the power increases when laser machining a given lot of tubing, the strut width decreases. The trend was apparent on tubing with two different radial expansions studied.2. The degree of radial expansion affected strut width.
The two groups were cut with the same laser and the same stent pattern program. The measurements were taken with a Keyence optical microscope at 200×, calibrated to a pin gauge. Power dependence shows that if same power is used for all tubes, different strut widths will be obtained.
Example Set 3
Stent patterns cut from a PLLA tube at two different power levels showed the affect of power on the quality of cutting. The degree of radial expansion of the PLLA tubes was 400%. The expanded tubing had a 0.136 in OD and a 0.006 inch nominal wall thickness. The pulse width of the laser was 92 fs and the height of cooling nozzle blowing helium gas was 0.35. Exhaust was 1150 ft/min. [What is this?] Stent patterns were cut at two power levels, 70 mW and 90 mW.
The stent patterns cut with a power level of 70 mW and an helium cooling flow gas of 4 scfh had flashes, roughness, and islands. FIGS. 5A-D are exemplary images of portions of the stent patterns cut under these conditions. FIG. 5A illustrates an island and flash. FIG. 5B shows flash. FIG. 5C shows roughness. FIG. 5D shows flash and glitter.
FIGS. 6A-C are exemplary images of portions of the stent patterns cut with a power level of 90 mW. FIGS. 6A-B are portions cut with helium cooling gas flow of 4 scfh and FIG. 6C are portions cut with the flow at 6 scfh. As shown in FIGS. 6A-B, the flash were no longer present, however, melt and glitter were. The helium flow was raised from 4 to 5, but the melt and glitter remained (not shown). As shown in FIG. 6C, after the flow was increased to 6 scfh, the melt and glitter were no longer present.
As used herein, "substantially the same" or "almost the same" can refer to within 0.01% to 5%.
While particular embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that changes and modifications can be made without departing from this invention in its broader aspects. Therefore, the appended claims are to encompass within their scope all such changes and modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of this invention.
Patent applications by Kevin Jow, San Mateo, CA US
Patent applications in class LASER ABLATIVE SHAPING OR PIERCING (I.E., NONETCHING, DEVOID OF CHEMICAL AGENT OTHER THAN AIR)
Patent applications in all subclasses LASER ABLATIVE SHAPING OR PIERCING (I.E., NONETCHING, DEVOID OF CHEMICAL AGENT OTHER THAN AIR)


text:
How could i start with my book?
right now, i’m overflowing with ideas and i can’t stop thinking about the book i really want to write…
though, i’m still young. (10th grade) i am trying my best to gain the neccesary skills to develop a good book.
but, should i type the chapters that i have and print them out or something?
any tips, please? ^_^
You start at the beginning. It’s as hardly simple as that. You need to sit back and focus because that’s one thing a book really needs: FOCUS.
Here’s what I do when I’m writing a novel. There are parts that may not work for you, or some parts might work better in a different order. I recommend you start with what I give you, then start developing it on your own:
1. Get an idea. Gather any necessary material to execute said idea. Take time to let idea grow.
2. Profile characters I am sure will be in the story.
3. Outline the story.
4. Profile any other major/semi-major characters that appear in the outline
5. Write the story, generally in order.
To give you an idea of deviations in the protocol, these are some different things you can do:
1. Start the outline with only the vaguest idea of what you want to do and let it develop from there (I do this if I have an idea that I know could be something more but I just can’t get it entirely figured out.)
2. Don’t profile characters. (I do this if the characters are recycled or I’m otherwise very familiar with them.)
3. Work with a vague outline, or none at all. (The only time I’ll work with a vague outline or no outline is if the piece is short or it’s a complete rewrite and I have the previous piece to go off of.)
4. Write the story somewhat out of order. (I sometimes go in order of the outline, but skip ahead a few numbers if I feel inspired to write a particular scene, but then I return right back to where I was and keep going.)
If you want to improve your writing, you have to practice and practice well. Practice every chance you get. Use every avenue of writing as an opportunity for practice, even if it’s just chatting with your friends on IM. For example, you could have used your Yahoo Answers! question as a way to practice grammar, punctuation, etc.
Some people say you learn how to write books by writing short stories first. I believe you do it both at the same time. Writing short stories forces you to be concise and to develop your characters is a quick, but effective way. Writing a book forces you to pace a plot properly so you can get the minimum of 80,000 words for a novel. So: write short stories as well as novels.
Read. Don’t read only in your own genre. Read everything, from the labels on cereal boxes, to philosophical musings on the meaning of life. Read about how to write well, how to write badly, how things work, etc. Read for the enjoyment and to study how the author formed his/her sentences, how s/he pulled you into the story/article/essay/poem/etc.
Learning to write any type of text well takes time. It may be a decade down the line before your work is ready to see the light of day. But keep working and have faith in yourself. Consider joining a writer’s forum, such as http://www.absolutewrite.com/forums to learn more about your craft and to enjoy the Share Your Work forums, where you can get critiques on how to improve your story and your writing in general.
And always try to enjoy writing. I’ve always found that a person’s writing sounds the worst when they’re not enjoying themselves.
Finally, learn a bit about the publishing industry. It’s never too late to start. Try going off links you find at AbsoluteWrite. Learn about literary agents at http://www.agentquery.com (since you’ll have to query an agent someday if you want to get a book published). Start reading publishing blogs, such as those found at http://pubrants.blogspot.com.
Good luck and keep writing!

domain: literature


text:
Rosewood certainly has a flair for the dramatics this season.
After beating Princeton 10-5 in nine innings on Tuesday, the Eagles turned around defeated Hobbton 2-1 in eight innings on Thursday.
Davis Albert hit a walk-off ground-rule double to give the Eagles the win. Rosewood (6-1 overall) is now in sole possession of first place in the Carolina 1A Conference.
“Another extra-inning game and I saw a lot of grit and a lot of fight. Hobbton is a really good baseball team, and I have to give them a lot of credit,” Rosewood head coach Jason King said. “We really have held our feet to fire this week and done a great job, and I couldn’t be prouder.”
The game was scoreless through three innings, but Rosewood scored the game’s first run in the bottom of the fourth.
Anderson Clucas hit a double to get on base. Conner Casey then hit a single while Clucas sprinted toward home plate.
Hobbton attempted to tag Clucas out at home, but Clucas made a move to get past the Hobbton catcher, and the umpire called Clucas safe.
Rosewood held a 1-0 lead until the top of the sixth, when the Wildcats scored their only run of the game off a wild pitch.
“We preach staying positive, and we try to create a positive atmosphere, and I think it pays off,” King said. “The guys have stayed behind each other, and they did not get discouraged, which I think adds up to success in the long run.”
The Eagles had a runner in scoring position in the bottom of the seventh, but they could not score a run, so the Eagles had to play extra innings for the second straight game.
In the top of the eighth, with two outs, Hobbton’s Ben Langston ran toward third base, but Albert made a fantastic throw from right field to Logan Merritt, who tagged Langston out to get the Eagles out of the inning.
Casey led the bottom of the eighth off with a double. Albert then stepped up to plate and gave his team a 2-1 win with a walk-off ground-rule double.
The Eagles celebrated by dumping the water cooler on Albert.
“The boys kept fighting and kept chopping. I felt really confident with the top of the order coming up. Conner has been on base for us all year, and I didn’t think that was going to stop,” King said. “I have a lot of confidence in Davis, and I know he can hit the baseball. We did the little things there at the end.”
Will Harris got the start on the pitcher’s mound. Harris pitched six and two-thirds innings and struck out 14 Wildcats. Casey, who pitched the final inning, who got the win, was 2-4 from the plate with a double and an RBI.
Albert finished the game 2-4 with a double and an RBI, while Logan Merritt and Clucas each hit one double in the game.
“Will pitched a great game, and he did exactly what we had to have out of him. He’s more than capable of doing that every time he steps on the mound, but in a big game like this, he performed so well,” King said. “Conner has a great demeanor on the mound, and he doesn’t get rattled, and he did what we needed him to do.”
Rosewood will entertain Union (0-7) on Tuesday, and King said he wants the Eagles to keep up the momentum for the rest of the season.
“In the middle of the season, you can have a tendency to relax and put it in cruise control, and we have to continue coming to the ballpark every day trying to get better, and if we don’t do that, then it’s going to catch up with us.”

domain: game


text:
In the ever-expanding realm of online gaming, a diverse community of players spans generations, breaking stereotypes and bridging the gap between young and old. “Gaming Across Generations” explores the inclusive nature of online play, shedding light on how individuals of all ages find common ground in the digital landscapes that have become an integral part of modern entertainment.
- The Rise of Cross-Generational Gaming:
a. Family Bonding: Online gaming has transformed into a shared activity that transcends generational boundaries. Families now bond over virtual adventures, with parents joining their children in exploring expansive worlds or engaging in friendly competitions. The shared experiences within the digital realm create unique moments that bridge the age gap.
b. Intergenerational Co-op Play: Cooperative play has become a hallmark of intergenerational gaming. Titles like “Minecraft,” “Overwatch,” and “Fortnite” provide platforms where players of varying ages collaborate, strategize, and share memorable moments. The cooperative nature fosters communication and teamwork, reinforcing the positive aspects of gaming as a family activity.
- Educational Gaming for Young Minds:
a. Learning Through Play: Online games designed for educational purposes offer a dynamic platform for young minds to learn and explore. Titles that incorporate math challenges, language skills, or historical simulations provide an interactive and engaging environment where learning becomes an enjoyable experience.
b. Problem-Solving and Critical Thinking: Many online games emphasize problem-solving and critical thinking skills, benefiting players of all ages. Whether navigating puzzles, strategizing in real-time strategy games, or making decisions in narrative-driven adventures, these experiences contribute to cognitive development across generations.
- Gaming as Social Connection:
a. Grandparents in the Virtual World: Contrary to stereotypes, a growing number of grandparents are joining the online gaming community. Virtual worlds serve as spaces where grandparents can connect with their grandchildren, sharing experiences and creating lasting memories, breaking down traditional barriers to bonding.
b. Online Friendships Across Ages: The beauty of online qqmobil gaming lies in the potential for intergenerational friendships. Whether it’s teaming up with players from different age groups or forming guilds that include members of varying generations, the social connections fostered in the virtual world reflect the inclusive nature of the gaming community.
- Navigating Technological Barriers:
a. Tech-Savvy Seniors: The stereotype of seniors struggling with technology is rapidly fading as more older individuals embrace online gaming. The intuitive interfaces and accessible designs of modern games contribute to making online play an inviting and enjoyable experience for players of all ages.
b. Shared Gaming Platforms: The advent of shared gaming platforms and cross-play functionalities further facilitates intergenerational gaming. Whether using consoles, PCs, or mobile devices, families can seamlessly connect, share, and enjoy the gaming experience together, regardless of individual technological preferences.
“Gaming Across Generations” celebrates the inclusive and diverse nature of the online gaming community, where players of all ages come together to explore, learn, and connect. Breaking free from stereotypes, online gaming serves as a dynamic platform that fosters intergenerational bonds, educational opportunities, and social connections. As technology continues to advance, the landscape of online play remains a space where individuals from different generations can unite in the pursuit of shared adventures and virtual experiences.

domain: sociology


A Hindi James Bond clone that lacks the confident swagger and knowing humor to make auds surrender with a smile to its wildly fanciful plot.
Affecting performances and effective storytelling are the hallmarks of actor Matthew Lillard's debut effort as a feature director.
In the zeitgeist-examining docu-essay "Welcome to the Machine," director Avi Zev Weider ponders the degree to which man's present and future are dominated by his inventions.
An infectiously joyful account of a whistle-stop tour by three appealing folk-pop ensembles.
Artful docu reopens the 20-year-old Jeffrey Dahmer case to show a monster so unlikely, even jaded law-enforcement officers couldn't comprehend his behavior.
Cut from the NFL at 25, Kyle Bishop finds himself in the perfect position to kick off any number of exciting genre adventures, rather than the tepid daytime-TV melodrama the film offers instead.
When a documentary begins with its subject using his crutch to deliver a vicious blow to the director's nose, it's reasonably safe to expect less-than-smooth sailing ahead.
Yet another attempt to mix raunchy excess and romantic-comedy sweetness in an anything-goes raucous farce, "The Babymakers" offers a few big laughs between ho-hum stretches of frenetic vamping.
Documentarian Patrick Forbes makes an obvious effort to maintain balance and objectivity in "WikiLeaks: Secrets and Lies," his lucid and comprehensive account of what was arguably the most…
Dignity is demolished and pipe dreams are dashed in "Roadside Fugitive," a redundant third installment in Yu Irie's "8000 Miles" series.
Niche fests and cable networks will be the most hospitable environs for "Waiting for Lightning," a slickly produced, unabashedly celebratory pic about professional skateboarder Danny Way.


text:
Valentine's Day Dinner
We're having homemade chicken Alfredo on special along with $1.00 off bleu fish and shrimp entrees! Wine and dine with us this Valentine's Day!
Rocky's Supper Club
101 N Main St, Stoddard, 54658, WI, United States
No posts on the event's notice board

domain: food


Gas leak shuts down portion of Metro Pkwy
FORT MYERS, Fla. — A gas leak at an area business shut down part of Metro Parkway Tuesday morning, Lee County Sheriff’s Office reports.
Although there is one southbound lane open, both directions of Metro Parkway between East Pine Parkway and Commerce Park Drive are closed, the sheriff’s office said. Motorcyclists shouldn’t drive through the scene and find other means of direction.
It’s unclear what kind of gas leaked. A White House task force is releasing a report Tuesday that recommends dozens of safety changes for the nation’s 400 underground natural gas storage wells, The Associated Press reports, though none of them are in Florida.
No additional information was immediately available.


text:
Oakland Raiders superstar Aldon Smith is fighting the charges in his DUI case -- pleading not guilty to allegations he smashed his SUV door into another car and then drunkenly drove from the scene.
Aldon was arrested on August 6th -- after cops say he tried to get out of his car in a lot about a mile from Levi's Stadium when he swung the door open into the car next to him, causing roughly $500 in damage.
Cops say Smith got back in his car and left ... only to return to the scene on foot, where cops were waiting. Aldon then bombed a sobriety test and was arrested for DUI, hit and run and vandalism.
If convicted, Smith -- who has been arrested for DUI twice -- faces up to 2-and-a-half years behind bars.


Microfiber Terry Cloth SPA Band with Velcro
OTHER COLORS Maycy Technology has, as its mission to be the Aisa leader in the production of textile products. To be theSend your inquiry
|Shelf Life||3 Years|
|Function||Moisturizing, Anti-Aging, Whitening|
|Origin||Made in China|
|Size||8*62cm, custom size|
|MOQ||500 PCS for stock type|
- Velcro design:every spa headband comes with velcro closure, easy for you to adjust the size as you want.
- Wide applications:doing facials treatment, face cleaning, applying makeup.
- Soft and elasticity Material: this set of elastic headband is made of high quality microfiber, soft and skin-friendly, it has good elasticity, very comfortable to wear, can be repeatedly washed without worrying that it will lose its shape and size.
Maycy Technology has, as its mission to be the Aisa leader in the production of textile products. To be the leader does not mean to be the biggest in production capacity, but to be the best in quality, design and customer service.
- Flexibility and quick answer to every customer necessity
- Price policy adjusted to the productivity increase
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-Creativity and design adjusted to the preferences of every customer


text:
Quote of the day.
"We've just got to be very, very creative about this. There's got to be an extra mile that we walk here to do this. And it's absolutely worthwhile." - Michele Deverich, executive director for a consortium of health care companies committed to hiring veterans. Nearly 30 percent of male and 36 percent of female veterans ages 18 to 24 were unemployed in 2011.
1. Pope Benedict’s visit to Cuba looks to boost role of Catholic Church.
"The once-powerful Catholic Church in Cuba is hoping the German pontiff will awaken what Cardinal Jaime Ortega called last week a “a sleeping faith” and also help build on its budding relationship with the Cuban government."
2. Romney wins Illinois primary.
"With a huge spending advantage and just about all the state’s elected Republicans behind him, Romney was leading challenger Rick Santorum 47 percent to 35 percent with 98 percent of precincts reporting."
3. House GOP renews budget clash with Obama.
"House Republicans renewed their commitment Tuesday to the politically risky strategy of targeting Medicare and other popular social programs to tame the national debt, unveiling a $3.5 trillion spending plan that would also slash the top tax rate paid by corporations and the wealthy."
4. Trayvon Martin is dead; nation is soul-searching.
"Spurred by social media and community rallies, the shooting death of a 17-year-old Florida youth has become the latest flashpoint over how young black men are perceived in the United States."
5. Do 14-year-old killers deserve life without parole?
"Justice Anthony Kennedy took center stage Tuesday as the US Supreme Court began examining two cases testing whether life in prison without parole is cruel and unusual punishment for someone who committed murder at age 14."
(Christian Science Monitor)
6. 'Right to Work' bills face uncertain future in an election year.
"After costly, bruising political showdowns with union forces last year in Wisconsin and Ohio, Republicans in some state legislatures are facing a tugging match within their party — between passionate conservative members … and a more moderate bloc not sure it is wise to take on labor so directly now."
(New York Times)
7. French school killings suspect says will surrender.
"A gunman suspected of killing seven people in the name of al Qaeda, including three children at a Jewish school, said on Wednesday he would hand himself over to police to end an hours-long siege in southwestern France."
8. U.S. general suggests Afghan force should stay level after ’12 drawdown.
"The top U.S. commander in Afghanistan said Tuesday that, once a scheduled 23,000 U.S. troops are withdrawn by the end of September, he does not expect to consider additional drawdowns until next year."
9. Syrian forces assault opposition strongholds.
"Syrian government forces have launched military assaults in different parts of the country, activists said, as Russia said Damascus was making "a lot of mistakes" in handling the unrest sweeping the country."
10. Iran ready to retaliate if attacked.
"Iran will retaliate against any attack by Israeli or US forces, the country''s supreme leader has said in a defiant address made shortly after US President Barack Obama had issued a message directly to the Iranian people."


text:
Compelling new drama ‘National Treasure’ debuts on Channel 4 to universal acclaim from audiences and critics
Robbie Coltrane’s return to the small screen draws 3m viewers, making it Channel 4’s third most watched programme of the year
Made with Investment from Screen Yorkshire’s Yorkshire Content Fund
BAFTA-winning writer Jack Thorne’s new drama National Treasure premiered on Channel 4 on Tuesday 20th September to unanimous acclaim from audiences and critics alike. The four part series starring the BAFTA winning actors Robbie Coltrane, Julie Walters and Andrea Riseborough, filmed extensively across the region as a result of investment from Screen Yorkshire at locations including Leeds, Bradford, Wakefield, Harrogate, Scarborough and Hull.
Just over 3m viewers tuned in to watch Robbie Coltrane’s much anticipated return to the small screen, making it Channel 4’s third most watched programme of the year, after The Grand National and Googlebox.
”Robbie Coltrane is superb in this landmark drama” The Telegraph
”Sublime acting and a gripping plot – National Treasure was telly perfection” Daily Mail
”Thoughtful, bold and accomplished, a powerful example of how the issues of a news story can be explored through television drama” The Guardian
BAFTA-winner Robbie Coltrane (Harry Potter, Cracker, Tutti Frutti) plays Paul Finchley, one half of a much-loved comedy double act – a cherished household name with a career that spans several decades. He’s not quite as successful as he once was, but nevertheless he’s frequently recognised on the street, affectionately called upon by taxi drivers to repeat his famous catchphrase and is a familiar face in the TV schedules. He’s a bona fide national treasure. But, in the face of accusations of historic sexual offences from the 1990s, the life of this adored comedian begins to unravel.
Robbie Coltrane, who stars in National Treasure, says: ‘’I think it’s a great showcase for the talents, both of the actors and the writer, director, DoP. All of us involved in it are really proud of it. And I think it’s important to deal with these issues in some way and help people understand them. And hopefully to prevent it from happening again. Because you’re really doing it for the victims. A lot of people’s lives have been ruined by this kind of stuff. You have to do it right out of respect for them.’’
Hugo Heppell, Head of Investments at Screen Yorkshire says: ‘’’National Treasure’ tackles an issue that is still painfully current to many people across the country. That it dramatises and humanises Operation Yewtree with such sensitivity is testimony to the exceptional creative talent that has come together to make this show, and we at Screen Yorkshire feel privileged to be involved in bringing it to the screen.’’
Directed by BAFTA-winning director Marc Munden, National Treasure is a timely exploration of truth, memory, trust and family. As the investigation and criminal trial work their way towards a verdict, those closest to Paul must deal with the effects of the investigation. Memories that have become muddied in the intervening four decades are dredged, doubts flourish, loyalties are tested, and truths, half-truths and lies are all exposed.
National Treasure filmed on location at a range of Yorkshire locations, including Leeds (Town Hall, Headlingley and Colton) Harrogate (Fulwith Mill Lane and Stone Rings Lane), Scarborough (South Bay Beach), Bradford (City Hall, Magistrates Court and City Park), Hull Old Town (Lowgate) and Wakefield (County Hall, Normanton and Pontefract).
BAFTA- and Golden Globe-winner Julie Walters (Harry Potter, Mo, Indian Summers, Brooklyn) plays Marie. Married to Paul for over 40 years, Marie is a strong woman who’s supported her husband throughout his career, despite some tough times. As the investigation unfolds, Marie is forced to ask herself – is the man she’s spent her life with different to the man she thought she married?
BAFTA-nominated Andrea Riseborough (The Devil’s Whore, Birdman, Margaret Thatcher: The Long Walk to Finchley) plays Dee, Paul’s daughter. Deeply troubled and a recovering addict, the accusations levelled against her father threatens her recovery, and the public and private fallout from the case compounds the difficulties she her already faces from fragile state of mind.
George Faber, co-executive producer, says: “It’s the quality of Jack Thorne’s script that’s attracted such a stellar cast (Robbie Coltrane, Julie Walters, Andrea Riseborough). Our drama tackles the complex relationship between celebrity, sex and power and it needed Britain’s finest acting talent to do it justice.”
National Treasure was commissioned by Piers Wenger, Channel 4 Head of Drama, with Beth Willis and Roberto Troni. It is written by Jack Thorne, whose previous credits include Glue (E4), The Fades (BBC3), This is England ‘86, ’88, ’90 (Channel 4) and The Last Panthers (Sky). He has also written Hope and Let the Right One In for The Royal Court Theatre as well as the forthcoming Harry Potter play for London’s West End. Produced by new production company The Forge, National Treasure is executive produced by George Ormond (Great Expectations, Emma) and George Faber (Shameless, The Devil’s Whore, Skins, The Village) and produced by John Chapman (The Street, Cracker).
The series is directed by Marc Munden (Utopia, The Devil’s Whore, The Crimson Petal and the White)
This four-part serial is the second Channel 4 commission for production company The Forge Entertainment. National Treasure is being produced in association with Screen Yorkshire, Lip Sync Productions and the support of the Yorkshire Content Fund and will film in the Yorkshire region. Hugo Heppell will executive produce on behalf of Screen Yorkshire and Norman Merry on behalf of Lip Sync.
Creative England worked alongside Screen Yorkshire to provide crew and locations support for National Treasure, helping to source regional crew, advise on local trainees and facilities companies and a range of key locations including a double for London’s Old Bailey which was secured in Hull.


a51 price in Ghana
Today we are looking at the price for the new Samsung Galaxy A51 In Ghana. Samsung Galaxy A51 is the latest addition to the Galaxy A Series, this phone has all the right specs eg the camera, price, storage, etc. to suit a high-end smartphone by the top Android smartphone maker, Samsung.
If you’re a Samsung smartphones fan or lover reading this post right now and looking to buy this phone, you’re on the right article.
features of Samsung a51
Announced on December 12, Released in December 2019, and now available for purchase, this smartphone boasts specs like 48 MegaPixel Wide Camera, 12 MegaPixels Ultrawide,5 MegaPixels (macro), 5 MegaPixel(depth sensor), 32 MegaPixel Selfie Camera with (25 mm wide). An HDR feature, and shoots Video in [email protected] and [email protected].
A RAM of 4GB, 6GB, & 8GB, with internal storage of 64GB, 128GB, 256GB and many more.
|Release Date||2019, December 16|
|Dimensions||158.5 x 73.6 x 7.9 mm (6.24 x 2.90 x 0.31 in)|
|Weight||172 g (6.07 oz)|
|Colors||Prism Crush Black, Prism Crush White, Prism Crush Blue, Prism Crush Pink|
|Body Material||Front glass, plastic body|
|SIMs||Single SIM (Nano-SIM) or Dual SIM (Nano-SIM, dual stand-by)|
|Water & Dust||–|
|Size||6.5 inches (87.4% screen-to-body ratio)|
|Type||Super AMOLED capacitive touchscreen, 16M colors|
|Resolutions||1080 x 2400 pixels, 20:9 ratio|
|PPI||405 ppi density|
|Protection||Corning Gorilla Glass 3|
|2G||GSM 850 / 900 / 1800 / 1900 – SIM 1 & SIM 2 (dual-SIM model only)|
|3G||HSDPA 850 / 900 / 1900 / 2100
HSDPA 850 / 900 / 1700(AWS) / 1900 / 2100
|Rear Triple||48 MP, f/2.0, (wide), 1/2″, 0.8µm, PDAF
12 MP, f/2.2, 13mm (ultrawide)
5 MP, f/2.4, (macro)
5 MP, f/2.2, depth sensor
|Features||LED flash, panorama, HDR|
|Videos||[email protected], [email protected]/240fps; gyro-EIS|
|SELFIE||32 MP, f/2.2, 25mm (wide), 1/2.8″, 0.8µm|
|Video||[email protected], [email protected]|
|OS||Android 10, upgradable to Android 11, One UI 3.1|
|Chipset||Exynos 9611 (10nm)|
|CPU||Octa-core (4×2.3 GHz Cortex-A73 & 4×1.7 GHz Cortex-A53)|
|RAM||4GB / 6GB / 8GB|
|Storage||64GB / 128GB / 256GB|
|Card Slot||microSD, up to 1TB|
|Fast Charging||Fast battery charging 15W|
|Sound||3.5mm Audio Jack, MP3, Cancelled Noice|
|Sensors||Fingerprint (Under-Display), accelerometer, gyro, proximity, barometer, compass|
|Bluetooth||5.0, A2DP, LE|
|GPS||Yes, with dual-band A-GPS, GLONASS, BDS, GALILEO, QZSS|
|USB||2.0, Type-C 1.0 reversible connector|
|Wi-Fi||Wi-Fi 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac, dual-band, Wi-Fi Direct, hotspot|
price of Samsung galaxy a51
a51 Samsung price. You can get the Galaxy A5 with 4GB/6GB /8GB of RAM and 64/128 / 256 GB storage between GHS 1,650 – GHS 2,015 and please like we always note, prices may vary at different smartphone shops.
Where Can I Get This Phone To Buy?
Across all smartphone shops in Ghana
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