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What is Sciatic Nerve Injury?
Due to the nerve running over the greater sciatic notch, injuries may be common as a result of poor injecting of intramuscular injections (these are injections that are inserted into the muscle) or pelvic fractures. Tumor growth may also have an impact on the nerve.
The sciatic nerve is a sensory motor nerve with two divisions that innervate the muscles behind and below the knee. These divisions are the tibial and peroneal nerves.
The sciatic nerve is a sensory nerve that originates from the 7th lumbar vertebrae and sacrum of a dog’s spinal cord.
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Symptoms of Sciatic Nerve Injury in Dogs
- The dog will not be able to flex their hock and knee
- Flexion and extension of the paw will not occur
- Back pain in the lumbosacral region
- Inability to urinate or defecate properly
- Change in posture
- Muscle wastage due to lack of blood flow
- Abnormal gait movement; the dog will not put much pressure on the affected side
- Pain on affected side, however should a deep lesion on the sciatic nerve occur then pain may not be observable
Sciatic neuropathies may be associated with compression of the sciatic nerve, this may be caused by lymphomas, which are benign tumors. Iatrogenic trauma occurs as a result of fracturing in the pelvic region. Lumbosacral disease associated with the compression of the sciatic nerves, like humans, would be associated with sciatica.
Sciatic nerve injury may further be classed into 3 levels of severity:
Neurapraxia refers to the least severe case of sciatic injury, where by the dog’s nerve may have mild damage and with appropriate treatment this damage is reversible.
Axonotmesis refers to the second class of damage of the sciatic nerve. Animals with Class 2 may have their axons partially destroyed while surrounding connective tissue may still be intact. As such, canines classed with axonotmesis may often experience lack of motor function by the nerve, pain, and an inability to stretch their hind limbs. Muscle waste (atrophy) may be a common clinical sign.
Neurotmesis refers to the most severe and often irreversible injury of the sciatic nerve. This occurs as a result of complete destruction of the axons and connective tissue of the sciatic nerve.
Causes of Sciatic Nerve Injury in Dogs
Injuries to the sciatic nerve are often quite common in dogs as they may have a range of causes. These include:
- Hip fractures
- Displacement of the lumbosacral joint
- Iatrogenic trauma - these may be seen as femoral fractures, diaphyseal fracture repair, triple stabilization of hip luxations, repairing any hernia in the perineal region and intramuscular injections directed to the hamstrings
Diagnosis of Sciatic Nerve Injury in Dogs
Diagnosis is based on clinical signs, history of any traumatic injury, electrophysiology, spinal reflex testing and/or X-rays, should your dog have experienced a trauma (for example, a car accident).
In regards to spinal reflex testing, a withdrawal reflex may be done in order to determine the flexing of the hock.
If the cause of sciatic nerve damage was a result of neoplasm (such as a tumor growth) then a CT, MRI or ultrasound may be done in order to verify the presence of cancerous growths such as lymphosarcoma.
Treatment of Sciatic Nerve Injury in Dogs
Treatment of sciatic injuries may vary depending on a multitude of factors such as severity and cause. Should the sciatic nerve be completely paralyzed then your vet may surgically reroute the digital extensor tendon to an area on the femur. This is referred to as muscle relocation which is a procedure that allows the knee joint to be supported by the quadriceps.
Should the sciatic nerve be damaged as a result of injury towards the lumbosacral plexus, then veterinarians may consider amputation of the affected hindlimb. Sciatic nerve injury as a result of neoplasia may be treated with either chemotherapy and/or through surgical removal of the growth.
Recovery of Sciatic Nerve Injury in Dogs
Postoperative recovery and management may take anywhere from 2 to 6 months of recovery depending on the severity of the operation. Management often involves:
- Avoiding the recovering limb from sustaining any more secondary problems such as pressure exertion and lack of blood circulation
- Hydrotherapy and/or shockwave therapy
If amputation was not the method of treatment, then postoperative care may involve reducing inflammation that may have occurred as a result of traumatic injury. Your veterinarian may administer NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) for approximately 5 to 7 days post op. The purpose of this is to promote blood circulation and regeneration of nerves by decreasing the risks of edemas.
Your veterinarian may suggest physiotherapy in order to prevent muscle wastage. Additionally, owners are encouraged to massage their dogs’ affected leg in order to stimulate recovery time.
Sciatic Nerve Injury Questions and Advice from Veterinary Professionals
My dog had an indent in his gum in his mouth. I took him for a second opinion and the vet gave him a shot in his muscle in his thigh saying it was glucosamin two days later my dog was paralyzed. That particular leg is now bent funny and painful to him
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domain: biology


As a cutting edge player in the crossbow hunting market, more and more archery hunters are after Barnett crossbow reviews to help in the purchase decision making process.
While in the past the main issue was a lack of designs and not a lot of variety, now the tables have turned.
Barnett offers a wide selection of crossbow varieties all suited to best fit different shooting styles and hunting types.
The problem now comes with choosing the best crossbow for your hunting purposes as there exists a variety of crossbow brands.
Top 5 Best Rated Barnett Crossbow Reviews
Below is a highlight of the best Barnett crossbow reviews giving an insight to what Barnett currently offers in the crossbow hunting market.
Presenting Barnett’s new Hyper Series, featuring Hyperflite ™ and HyperGhost ™ high-performance hunting crossbows.
Barnett engineers channeled years of engineering and production experience into Hyper crossbow technology and functionality.
Blistering arrow speed rates paired with top-performing Hyperflite arrows will make Hyper hunting crossbows the toughest, fastest weapons in the woods next deer season.
The HyperTac ™ Pro 430 is packed with great features for crossbow hunters, consisting of a freshly patented string system you will not locate anywhere else.
Combined with the quick-detach incorporated CCD, the HyperTac Pro guarantees a worry-free and faster draw so you can be ready for action faster.
The super-customizable format is great for shooters of all sizes. Make use of the flip-down Verti-Grip ™ to fire AR-style, and also set the ideal length-of-pull fit with a micro-adjustable rear stock butt as well as a comfortable cheekpiece.
The conventional frontend, as well as slim backend, provide the HyperTac Pro an extremely well-balanced weight center for peak maneuverability and comfort when aiming.
Hyperflite ™ innovation pounds little diameter arrows at the target with incredible speed as well as accuracy– as much as 430 feet per second and better penetration vs standard crossbow arrows.
Comes equipped with 1.5-5x32mm red/green brightened, speed-compensating optics, pre-installed string dampeners and also multi-position premium quiver finish the bundle for the supreme shooting and hunting experience for shooters of all sizes and experience levels.
The available all-inclusive ready to hunt packages on the market make this a great high-tech turn-key hunting crossbow that is ready to hunt with.
One of the most portable, as well as destructive crossbow in its price range, is here — the HyperTac ™ 420.
A recently made as well as ultra-compact riser assembly coupled with the tactical-style adjustable composite stock makes this high-performance hunting xbow unbelievably maneuverable in limited quarters such as small hunting blinds and treestands.
The ultra-compact design isn’t the only ultra-compact feature on this brand-new model, it also fires the small-diameter, severe penetrating HyperFlite ™.204 diameter arrows which can rip through vitals when tipped with sharp broadheads.
However, its sharp decor sweetens the deal much more. Mossy Oak Elements Terra Gila® camo conceals the bow in any type of terrain, while the accompanied Halo ® 1.5 – 5 x 32 mm premium red/green illuminated optics allows you to find your target in thick brush and also low light with precision reticles from 10-70 yards out.
The included TriggerTech trigger increases the precision with a crisp, three-pound no creep trigger that adds to the accuracy of the package.
Tiny size arrows provide unbelievable precision and penetration however are generally out-of-bounds to crossbow hunters … previously.
The Hyper Whitetail obtains a leg up with Hyperflite arrowheads, promising as much as 25 percent deeper penetration with 410 feet per second for dangerous and accurate kill shots out to 70 yards.
Complete the package with a brightened 4×32 scope, rope cocking sled, pre-installed string dampeners as well as Picatinny rails for mounting additional devices like flashlights and rangefinders.
There’s a reason Whitetail Series weapons have actually become Barnett’s most popular, and the total shooting experience with the Hyper Whitetail 410 really makes crossbow deer hunting a joy for all hunters!
Barnett STR (Step-Through-Riser) Crossbows
Barnett step-through riser crossbows incorporate the foot stirrup directly into the riser so there is no designated foot loop stirrup adding to the total length of the crossbow.
STR style crossbows are lighter and also a lot more portable because of this, making them simpler to carry around the woods and not as nose heavy so they shoot and balance more like a traditional rifle does.
Additionally, step-through riser innovation means there’s less weight changing around when shouldering and aiming the crossbow to enhance control and ultimately, your total shot accuracy.
The phenomenal design and balance of the STR crossbow series as well as trusted efficiency will certainly take your crossbow quest to an entire new level.
The Whitetail Hunter STR provides a compact, workable profile that deer hunters of all sizes as well as abilities can handle while hunting in ground blinds, treestands or stalking through the trees!
Barnett’s Step-Through Riser (STR) innovation lowers the size of the crossbow by integrating the foot brace straight into the front of the riser itself. Integrated with a general weight of just 6.6 extra pounds, this crossbow hunts light and fast with a Chrono speed of 375 FPS.
The Whitetail Hunter STR comes ready-to-hunt with all the accessories you require and a fast and easy assembly that will have you out hunting in no time at all.
All important safety features consist of a TriggerTech trigger, anti-dry fire modern technology, finger safety as well as a patented arrow retainer which helps keep the arrow where it should be on the rail.
Take it up a notch with all the bells and whistles of the standard version amped up a bit to provide a slightly faster arrow speed and a crank to draw option.
You can constantly rely on the Droptine STR ™ to feel great, shoot right as well as deliver solid shots to the vitals where they count the most!
Ditch the old fashioned foot stirrup your grandpa used to use! The step-through riser gets rid of the requirement for a foot stirrup to give the Droptine a longer power stroke with 380 feet per second of hard-hitting speed that will tag any deer out to 50 yards and beyond.
The Droptine STR is decked out in Realtree EDGE™ for some serious blending in to your natural surroundings. You see that crossbow hunter over there? Neither do we!
Another great option in Barnett’s STR (Step Through Riser) hunting crossbow series the Ghost 405 packs a series punch out to 50 yards and beyond.
The HyperGhost comes loaded to the gills with innovative safety features and it’s compact profile and easy to shoulder footprint makes hunting with this crossbow a joy!
Other Barnett Compound Hunting Crossbows
Barnett’s full range of compound hunting crossbows features a wide range of options for hunters looking for anything from lower-cost entry-level models to higher-end full performance crossbows.
It has a rope cocking mechanism with string dampeners to smoothen the shooting for improved accuracy. Sighting is done through a 4 x 32 scope.
Carrying it around should never be a problem since it is light, having a total weight of 7.6 lbs., and it requires a draw weight of 187 lbs.
Its flight track is made of aluminum and machined precisely with CNC precision for smooth and quiet shots.
The safety of the Barnett TS380 is enhanced through the knock sensor, trigger finger guards, and anti-dry fire trigger to avoid accidental dry-fire.
The Barnett Explorer series presents excellent power and also efficiency in an inexpensive crossbow package that is a great choice for people who are new to crossbow hunting and want something accurate and dependable without having to take out a home equity loan!
The XP370 and XP400 is completely customizable, with an easy to adjust stock and cheek rest for an exceptionally comfy fit and overall pleasant shooting experience regardless of the shooter’s arm length.
Twin laminated limbs provide utmost toughness, enabling the shooter to achieve arrow speeds in the 370-400 feet per second range depending on the model.
An awesome choice for shooters wanting to nail that trophy buck without breaking the bank! The Explorer XP370 and XP400 comes ready-to-hunt with two carbon arrows, 4x32mm multi-reticle scope, rope cocking tool, and a quiver to safely hold the arrows at the ready.
The Headhunter is also a favorite and well-reviewed crossbow from Barnett.
The Headhunter is developed with the reverse draw technology producing a powerful shot having a power stroke of 15.125″ and shooting an arrow at 330 fps.
It has a slim design being only 16.75″ from one axle to the other, thereby increasing efficiency in handling. Headhunter is one of the lightest crossbow weighing only 6.5 lbs and requiring a draw weight of 155 lbs.
It is usually shipped and delivered while assembled although assembly does not require too much time; the package contains a manual that aids in the assembly purpose.
Barnett Ghost 375 Hunting Crossbow
It also has finger reminders to enhance the safety of the trigger finger.
Besides safety enhancements, the 375 features a patented step-through Carbonlite riser design incorporating the foot stirrup into the riser itself. This reduces weight and overall length, making the Ghost 375 balance better.
The flight track is made of aluminum, the limbs are compositely laminated while the riser is made of carbon, and therefore, the bow’s weight is significantly reduced.
It makes for a great hiking companion when out hunting or on long treks to the deer stand.
The Barnett Ghost 375 requires a draw weight of 165 lbs. via the included rope cocking system or the option to include a rope-draw mechanism.
Barnett Recurve Hunting Crossbow Reviews
K.I.S.S. Keep It Simple Stupid! That’s the glory of low maintenance recurve crossbow design. Recurve crossbows are wonderfully simple and super dependable.
Are they blazing fast like their compound limb brothers and sisters? Heck No! But they are plenty fast to stick a deer out to 40 yards or bag a turkey fast and easy.
These options by Barnett are great for younger hunters or for those looking for a dependable and durable survival crossbow they can count on.
Barnett has updated its recurve crossbow line with the all-new Blackcat. Covertly covered in black, it’s a stealth ally that will keep you hidden. Recurve crossbow formats are a fantastic alternative for new crossbow shooters who desire an uncomplicated, easy-to-use design that is incredibly dependable.
The Blackcat additionally has many crucial safety features on its side, with an anti-dry fire trigger as well as finger safety and security features so novices can shoot and hunt safely. Each Barnett Recurve hunting crossbow includes a red dot sight, aluminum arrowheads, and a light-weight quiver.
Recurve bows maintain the heritage of crossbows alive with a classic, simple design. But do not be tricked– this is no old-fashioned recurve crossbow.
The Wildcat ™ comes equipped with modern upgrades like a complete camo wrap, anti-dry fire trigger system, 4×32 mm multi-reticle range optics as well as copyrighted Soft-Lok ™ drifting bristle crossbow bolt retainer safety feature.
An excellent introductory bow for any type of new crossbow hunters or target shooters, the Wildcat consists of a light-weight quiver and two lightweight aluminum crossbow bolts so you can begin practising for hunting season right away.
The Barnett Crossbow Company In Review:
Before kicking right into the best, Barnett crossbow reviews, let’s look at the company as a whole.
As one of the most powerful xbow brands, Barnett crossbows have been leading the industry for over 50 years now.
Bernard Barnett is the founder of the company where he started making crossbow in the United Kingdom in 1958.
In 2003, the Barnett crossbow company moved to the United States where it has been operating up to date.
Barnett has invented many of most of the widely used crossbows models throughout the hunting industry, and the company continues to review the market and adjust their xbow offerings to offer shooters the best Barnett crossbows for hunting and competition.
There are different Barnett crossbows available at different prices to increase affordability across the scale. In review, this strategy has worked well for the company as it provides a broad spectrum of crossbow models across the entire market.
Instead of focusing on just high or low-end crossbows, Barnett offers the complete spectrum of crossbows ranging from inexpensive beginner and youth models to cutting edge reverse draw and hi-performance compact xbows pushing the envelopes of speed, power, and accuracy.
This article provides information on the best Barnett crossbows reviews to help you in choosing the model best suited for you.
The best Barnett crossbow reviews are not all about price alone.
The critical thing to remember when looking to buy a Barnett crossbow is to carefully consider how you intend to hunt with it.
If you plan to hunt from a tree or a small ground blind you are better off with a Barnett compact crossbow vs. one of the larger models, for example.
As a leader in crossbow design and production, Barnett continues to forge high quality, fast, and durable crossbows for hunting and competition.
Barnett crossbows consistently do well in reviews, and there is a reason for that!
Barnett Crossbows: Older and Outdated Models
Here’s a roundup of some of Barnett’s older crossbow models to give you an idea of the evolution and technology upgrades the brand has implemented throughout the years.
Barnett Vengeance Crossbow
The Vengeance shoots a bolt at a speed of 365 feet per second, which is enough power for a lethal hit on most large game animals.
It has an attached 3 x 32 scope that increases the accuracy by reaching a broader view. The barrel can accommodate an arrow of up to 22″ in length, and it has a rope cocking mechanism.
The Barnett Vengeance crossbow is developed with a reverse limb and a carbon riser technology.
The riser weight has significantly been reduced up to 43% while it requires a draw weight of 140 lbs. Therefore carrying it around should never be a problem.
It is definite that the Barnett vengeance crossbow was developed to increase the efficiency of hunting by ensuring maximum accuracy.
Assembling the components of the crossbow should take you less than 30 minutes.
Barnett Predator Crossbow Snapshot
The Barnett predator was one of the fastest crossbows from the Barnett developers. It hits at a speed of 405 fps with a power stroke of 16.25″.
This crossbow has a 1.5-5 x 32 scope, which is illuminated; greatly enhancing the accuracy in low light conditions. The xbow has a rope cocking mechanism and a barrel holding arrows of up to 22″.
This crossbow is light in weight, i.e., 7.6 pounds and requires a serious 187 pounds of draw weight, making it almost effortless.
The footprint is narrow with a length of 37.125″, a width of 19.75″ and measures 17.875″ from one axle to the other.
The efficiency and safety of this crossbow are enhanced by the inclusion of a side mount quiver, string dampers, and carbon-lite step-through riser.
In a nutshell, shooting using this crossbow means silent, smooth, and highly accurate hits.
It also features an anti-dry trigger system with finger guards, nock sensor and lube wax for rail efficiency and string life.
Stay tuned! We will continue to update this page with new and exciting crossbow models from Barnett! They are always adding to their line of hunting crossbows as advances in engineering and design become available.
The future will most likely bring faster shooting crossbows with more features that will make them easier to draw, and more lethal. A win-win for all crossbow hunters!


Lords amendment: No. 57, after Clause 61, insert:
,—(1) Where an airport is designated for the purposes of section 78 of the 1982 Act (regulation of noise and vibration from aircraft), the Secretary of State may, after consultation with the airport operator, by order require him—
(2) Any reference in subsection (1) to the movements of aircraft shall be read as a reference to the routes taken by them measured by reference to both direction and height.
(3) Subsection (9) and (10) of the said section 78 (enforcement) shall apply for the purposes of this section as
if, in subsection (9) of that section, any reference to subsection (8) of that section were a reference to subsection (1) of this section.
§ Mr. Michael Spicer
I beg to move, That this House doth agree with the Lords in the said amendment.
§ Mr. Spicer
The new clause enables the Secretary of State, after consultation with the airport operator, to impose on him a requirement to monitor the movement of aircraft—that is, their direction and height—on flights to and from the airport and to make reports. This will be done at the airport operator's expense, but it is a matter for the airport operator whether he chooses to cover the costs of installing and operating the monitoring system through airport user charges.
The new clause will enable compliance with the noise preferential routes to be more effectively monitored. That information will enable us to assist airlines in making greater efforts to keep to noise preferential routes. That, in turn, will make for the more effective limitation of aircraft noise and disturbance around designated airports. The enforcement of compliance will, of course, remain with the Government.
§ Mr. Robert Hughes
I welcome the new clause as one of great importance. Those of us with constituency interests in and around airports or the flight paths of aircraft continually receive complaints about aircraft noise and there has been a feeling that proper checking has not been taking place.
I hope that the Minister will confirm that helicopters, in particular, and not just fixed wing aircraft, will be covered by the provisions. Certainly in my constituency the biggest problem is the large number of complaints about helicopters not following the agreed preferred routes and not complying with the rules, but when we take the complaints up we are often told that the constituent is wrong abut where the helicopter was flying.
Provided that helicopters are covered, I believe that they must be, I welcome the help provided by the new clause in relation to monitoring, and so on, and I give it a warm welcome.
§ Mr. Steen
First, I must declare an interest in British Island Airways, which flies noisy planes that have been quietened by hush kits. I must also declare an interest in British Midland and in its subsidiary companies, Loganair and Manxair. There is considerable concern about the new clause. Noise is rather like security in that there is no limit to the amount of money that could be spent on abatement and safety.
Can the Minister give an undertaking that the clause will not be used to drive the smaller airlines, which often use older planes, out of business by insisting upon noise abatement equipment which is so expensive to install? I remind the Minister that British Island Airways was asked to install hush kits on its BAC 111 jets at a price of about £100,000 a plane, which added up to over £1 million for its fleet. According to the monitoring equipment, the actual noise on take-off is the same. The Secretary of State must not be persuaded to exercise the powers in this clause in such a way that he insists on more and more equipment being added to aircraft which will in theory make them quieter but which means that beyond the perimeter of the airport the sound to the public is exactly the same.
1125 The clause gives the Secretary of State too much power which, in the wrong hands, could be exercised in the wrong way. Can the Minister give some reassurance to the smaller airlines, which cannot afford the mammoth expenditure that the state airlines can afford on new, hush-kitted planes, that they will get help from him if he insists on them increasing noise prevention?
The point must be made in the House that whereas the penalties on our airlines are considerable if they fly planes which go beyond certain noise levels, planes from Africa, for example, can continue to fly into Heathrow and into Gatwick even though they are noisier than the planes that our airlines are allowed to fly. I think particularly of the 707s, which our airlines are no longer allowed to fly but which Nigerian and Cyprus airlines will be allowed to fly for another two years. That is discrimination against our airlines.
Perhaps in his reply the Minister can say something about his wish not to discriminate against our smaller airlines or in favour of Third world countries which are today flying noisy planes into Heathrow and Gatwick.
§ Mr. Michael Spicer
I shall be happy to discuss that matter in detail with my hon. Friend. We have had an Adjournment debate on the subject initiated by him or perhaps by my right hon. Friend the Member for Taunton (Sir Edward du Cann). It would be out of order to deal with the matter now because the new clause deals specifically with compliance with noise preferential routes.
I am grateful for what the hon. Member for Aberdeen, North (Mr. Hughes) has said. I have felt strongly about the matter for some time. It seems nonsensical to have noise preferential routes and to have no means of ensuring that they are adhered to. Although costs will be involved, I am grateful for the support of the hon. Gentleman on this important new clause. I can give the assurance the hon. Gentleman sought that helicopters are included.
§ Question put and agreed to.
§ Subsequent Lords amendment agreed to.


Uralvagonzavod (UVZ) has shut down its programs with Caterpillar and Bombardier owing to Western sanctions against Russia, CEO Oleg Sienko told Interfax.
“The sanctions are having an effect. There are difficulties with payments. We have closed several programs with partners: locomotive production with Caterpillar, and metro car production with Bombardier. There are certain problems at our enterprises abroad. Everything is more or less normal with Polish Pesa, because our joint venture is located in Russia,” Sienko said at a briefing on Thursday.
Caterpillar diesel and electric locomotive manufacturer Electro-Motive Diesel Inc signed a protocol of intent with UVZ in December 2013 to study development and construction of mainline locomotives in Russia. Caterpillar planned to assemble SD70Ace diesel locomotives at UVZ production facilities. The first stage of the project called for test operation of a Caterpillar-delivered locomotive in Russia.
In addition, UVZ and Bombardier Transport & Services planned to set up a joint venture to manufacture metro cars in Moscow under an agreement signed at the Hannover Messe trade fair in April 2013. The agreement covered joint development, manufacture and maintenance of metro trains for systems in Russia and the CIS.


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Frida and Diego
The relationship between Frida Kahlo and Diego Rivera developed each of their unique and individuals styles.
As a Couple
Similar ideas popular now
Kunstwerk: 'Frida Kahlo' van Harald Fischer

domain: artistic


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2011 has been an intriguing and stupendous year of traveling halfway around the world. I got these inspiring quotes from the Travel & Learning Channel (TLC) and I live by them from now on:
- “When you journey there are no strangers.”
- “Fun is when you add a bit of extra in ordinary.”
- “The more you go out, the more you journey inside yourself.”
From Shanghai’s vibrant city escapades to Beijing’s Great Wall and Great Roasted Duck down to India’s paradise beaches and seaside sharjas, I am lucky to have traveled far and wide to Asia. I love Asia, period. There are many more places to visit: Singapore, Malaysia, Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Australia, Fiji. One place I’d want to live: South Korea. Another place I want to go back to: Taiwan. Where I want to see my dear family: Shanghai. I love discovering culture and food, and hence, this endeared blog and piles of personal journals. I save tickets, brochures, restaurant business cards, and pictures. I want to commit my experiences with the world to memory. One of my biggest fears is memory loss, forgetting loved ones or wonderful places. I get highly meticulous and ambitious when it comes to learning, remembering, and keeping my souvenirs. I do not need glittering crystal glasses of the Oriental Pearl Tower or a traditional Indian dress to make me happy; I am perfectly content with travel brochures of attractions, my tickets to ride an elephant or to climb the Great Wall, personal snapshots of the city’s glories, candy wrappers I received from important people, and food menus of indigenous cuisines. Simple, yet meaningful.

domain: geography


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But the city of Cusco as such is an extremely charming place, too. Therefore, here is an introduction to some places not to be missed.
Cusco’s History in a Nut Shell
Cusco is a fantastic treasure box full of pre-colonial and colonial architectural gems and monuments. It’s nestled in the Peruvian Andean highlands. Hence, that the city’s name supposedly translates to “navel of the world” seems to make sense.
Also, today the former capital of the Inca Empire is Perú’s center of attraction for many tourists.
According to legend, the first Inca Manco Cápac, the son of the sun, founded the city with his sister Mama Ocllo. The area was probably previously inhabited by the Quechua Indian tribe Tampu. With certainty, it belonged to the Wari culture, whose center of power fell into disrepair in the 11th century.
More precise records on Cusco and its governments have only been available since the time of the 9th Inca, Pachacútec Yupanqui. During his reign from 1438 to 1471, he extended the Inca empire in the Central Andes from Lake Titicaca to Junín.
To ensure the nourishment of the population, Pachacútec had agricultural terraces built for the cultivation of corn.
In the city, canals were dug to the rivers Saphi and Tullumayu. They provided the citizens with fresh water and also kept the city clean.
The Sun Temple Inticancha was built in Cusco, housing unimaginable amounts of finest gold jewelry.
In 1471, Túpac Yupanqui, took over from his father and became the 10th Inca ruler.
Under his leadership, the Inca Empire reached its greatest expansion. Through different alliance measures, he was able to enlarge the empire from today’s Ecuatorian Quito in the north to what is now Santiago de Chile in the south.
On November 16, 1532, infamous Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro captured the last Inca emperor Atahualpa in Cajamarca. To buy himself free, Atahualpa had immense quantities of gold and silver brought from Cusco. Pizarro still had him killed and moved to Cusco.
On November 15, 1533, he conquered the capital. Initially, Cusco remained mostly undamaged. Eventually, however, the Spaniards looted the city.
In 1543, the Spanish royal administration shifted the capital status to Lima. Cusco finally ceded its former importance.
In 1572, at the order of Viceroy Francisco de Toledo, the last Inca king Túpac Amaru was demonstratively beheaded in front of an indigenous audience. Obviously, in order to discourage the native inhabitants from any form of rebellion.
When the city of Machu Picchu, hidden on a mountain, was discovered in 1911, the importance of Cusco changed dramatically. The city became the center of renewed interest in the Indian past. Obviously, at the same time, Cusco developed into the largest tourist center in Peru.
Finally, in 1983, UNESCO added the Andean city to the list of World Heritage Sites. Cusco is also the starting point for excursions to the long-hidden Inca city of Machu Picchu, about 100 kilometers away.
Nonetheless, for centuries, the indigene culture was considered inferior and savage. Hence, the greedy Spanish conquerors were followed by European clerics who convinced the native population to convert using sword’n’bible.
Therefore, only a few Inca structures survived the colonial period. In return, towns were basically flooded with Catholic churches’n’convents. Hence, listing all those houses of worship from the colonial era would be….a very long list.
The most important one is certainly the Cathedral. It was built from 1560 to 1654 on the foundations of the 8th Inca Viracocha Palace and stands on the eastern side of the Plaza de Armas.
Not far, on the square’s southern side, stands the Iglesia de Compañia. This Jesuit church was built from 1552 to 1668 on the foundations of the Huayna Cápac Palace. It even surpasses the cathedral in splendor and beauty.
Only three blocks west is the next grand square, the Plaza de San Francisco. The church of San Francisco, first built in 1572, is richly decorated with a carved choir and baroque paintings.
However, the most fascinating structure is the complex of the Santo Domingo Convent. It was Juan Pizarro, brother of the infamous conqueror, who gave the land together with the Inca temple to a congregation of a Dominican order.
After several years of construction, Santo Domingo was finally officially consecrated in 1633. In 1650, an earthquake severely damaged the convent. The Inca Coricancha, however, remained undamaged. Karma is a…beach. Reconstruction took until 1680.
In 1950, another earthquake seriously damaged the Santo Domingo church even more. Again, the Inca stone walls, built from huge interlocking blocks still withstood due to the sophisticated masonry.
Basically, the entire city of Cusco is kind of an open-air museum. All those churches and abbeys and colonial buildings lining cobblestone alleys will just make your eyes pop, your head spin, and your heart melt.
In addition, there are some real museums that you should not miss out on.
Before the Arrival of the Spaniards
Chronologically, you should start at the Museo de Historia Regional. Here, you can admire Pre-Columbian objects and ceramics from the Chavín, Mochica, Chimú, and Nazca cultures.
Next on your list should be the Museo Inca. Here, you’ll see traditional fabrics, ceramics, jewelry, and everyday objects. But there are also mummies and trepanned skulls from the Inca period on display.
Escuela de Cusco
I’m very much into art.
Therefore, I enjoyed the Museo de Arte Religioso a lot since they have some masterpieces from the Escuela de Cusco, the baroque Cusco style.
Right next to the Museum of Religious Art is the famous Twelve-Angled Stone.
More of those wonderful paintings are shown at the Iglesia De La Compañia De Jesús at the Plaza de Armas.
Next door is the Museo de Historia Natural. The exhibition on the Andean surroundings along with the collection of regional animals and birds is certainly interesting – if you have enough time.
I personally preferred to see the surroundings and animals and birds where they were. But everyone has their personal interests and passions.
Another fine place to admire the artistic fusion between the baroque colonial style and local motives is the Museo Monasterio de Santa Catalina de Siena. Besides grand art, it also explains the culture of the female monasteries in colonial Cusco and the economic autonomy and intellectual self-determination of the nuns in a male-dominated society.
Then, there is also the Machu Picchu Museum Casa Concha, housing a collection of objects from Machu Picchu. This small museum is only worth the visit if you’re not planning on going to Machu Picchu; but – who doesn’t!?
Mercado San Pedro
Another lively area is the Plaza San Francisco and the street Santa Clara: much local color – shoeshiners, vendors, school kids…you name it!
Turn left at the street Tupac Amaru and you find yourself at one of Peru’s most vibrant markets, the Mercado San Pedro.
The variety of fruits and vegetables, exotic roots, and potatoes in many colors, spices, and herbs is just overwhelming.
But also just strolling up and down – literally, whereby the latter is the easier part – Cusco’s picturesque streets and alleys are a treat for the eye, the heart, and the soul.
Extra-Tip: If you are thinking about doing a language course in Perú, I’d recommend doing it in Cusco – alone to enjoy the array of cultural attractions.
Going to Cusco on the Ruta del Sol
Going from Cusco to Puno – or the other way around, for that matter – you can easily add a handful of really nice sights on the way. When you book with Turismo Mer, the trip takes the entire day. Either way – literally – the trip starts at 7 a. m. and you reach your final destination around 5 p. m.
This way, you don’t enjoy the Altiplano just from your bus window, you actually get to see some beautiful place,s and your guide supplies you with all the necessary information.
Between Cusco and Puno, there are five official stops.
Leaving Cusco at 7 a. m., already after 40 kilometers, Andahuaylillas is your first stop. At Andahuaylillas – nope, there is not one single typo in this name – you visit the really beautiful church of San Pedro de Andahuaylillas.
It was built by the Jesuits in the late 16th and early 17th centuries with architectural structures that are typical for Latin America’s small-town churches.
The walls are wide and made of sun-dried clay bricks. Murals and two stone columns are adorning the facade.
Because of the quality of its works of art like for instance the Virgen de la Asunción by Spanish painter Esteban Murillo, it is also referred to as the Sistine Chapel of the Americas. However, the church also houses a collection of paintings from the baroque “Escuela Cusqueña”.
At Raqchi, you visit the archeological site with the remnants of the Great temple the Incas had built for God Wiracocha.
Made of volcanic rock and clay, the temple in honor of the Inca god is absolutely unique and, hence, very different from all other Inca ruins you’ll get to see in Perú.
Souvenirs also here – I bought a really neat woolen wall hanging.
Don’t forget to bargain gently.
Around noon, you’ll enjoy a lunch buffet at the Pascana II restaurant at Sicuani. Here, you cannot only sample Peruvian food, but also buy all sorts of knitted wear.
Also, you can take cheesy pictures with llamas and alpacas and Peruvian kids dressed as…Peruvians.
Although this part of the trip is a bit tacky, the food is really nice, considering that it is a tourist restaurant.
The Cordillera la Raya will be the highest part of your trip. You’ll find yourself at 4,335 meters above sea level.
From here, you’ll have a grand view of Mount Chimboya.
Your last stop will be the town of Pukará. From here, it will be another 100 kilometers to Puno.
There is a beautiful cathedral from the 16th century at Pukará’s central square.
If you intend to get some ceramics for a souvenir, buy them here. The vendors around the plaza sell nice pieces at really good prices.
At this stop, you’ll also enjoy a guided tour of the regional archeological museum.
After Pukará, hop on the bus, lean back, relax and enjoy the views on the last 100 kilometers towards Lake Titicaca.
And finally, in the late afternoon, you arrive at Puno.
How to Get There
Getting to Cusco is easy and companies like PeruHop and other tour operators are taking travellers there. However, don’t underestimate the distances. If you go from Lima to Cusco without making stops in other places, it will take at least 18 hours. So if you have limited time, flying is a good alternative.
The Alejandro Velasco Astete International Airport actually is an international airport insofar that besides domestic flights, there are also flights to Chile. It is located about three kilometers east of the city center.
Cabs are waiting just outside of the arrival area. If you take the official Llama Taxi, the ride will be quite expensive, about 35 Soles. In comparison, non-official cabs charge about 15 Soles.
Surprisingly, the most expensive options are the shuttle services like Cusco Airport Shuttle and Cusco Shuttle. They actually charge for those three kilometers – that you practically could walk – about 18 to 20 US-Dollars. This is an incredible rip-off!
As I mentioned above, it won’t be a problem finding a bus connection to Cusco from any place in Perú. Still, the ride can be very long. However, usually, big bus companies like Cruz del Sur have a modern, clean fleet with reclining seats. So at least you’ll be really comfortable on your long trip.
I’ve introduced the special tour to Puno above. If you go from Cusco to Lake Titicaca by Turismo Mer, you get to see some amazing landmarks during your trip.
Pick up at your hotel is around 7 a. m. Then, there are a couple of stops at the most scenic places along the route.
At 65 USD per person, the tour is not exactly cheap. However, you get to see far more than on a regular bus, and it’s also much more comfortable and fun.
How to Get Around
You’ll probably explore the city of Cusco mainly by walking. That’s nice and charming, however, the city is extremely hilly. You might possibly opt for a cab ride from time to time. In this case, make sure to negotiate the fare beforehand and have small change ready – basically, as anywhere else in Perú.
For longer distances like going to the bus terminal or the airport, you might want to use an App or ask at your accommodation.
It was in Cusco that I understood how tourists might get ripped off. Firstly, I had a limited amount of time and wanted to have everything organized and ready when I got to Perú. Also, I was afraid tours might be booked out.
At least the first argument is understandable. However, you might have to pay more than what they charge on the spot. As soon as you get to Cusco, go to the Plaza de Armas. Across from the Cathedral are tons of small tour agencies that will charge a fraction. There are so many, you probably don’t have to worry that they’ll leave you behind. I got to Cusco in the evening and they still had places available for the next morning. Unfortunately, I had already forked out a small fortune for another tour.
Apart from Machu Picchu, many activities can be booked sometimes spontaneously and a bit cheaper on the spot. However, if you want to make sure to join a certain activity or tour on a specific day, you might want to pre-book*:
I wrote about the dilemma between booking ahead or just on the spot in another post that might be helpful especially if you’re planning on going to Perú.
Boleto Turistico – Tourist Pass
There are so many places and churches and museums to be visited in Cusco as well as at its proximities. Getting a Boleto Touristico, the Cusco Touristic Ticket, will save you a little money since entry to 16 attractions in the city of Cusco and adjacent places are included – have to be visited within ten consecutive days, though.
Where to Stay
Cusco is one of the most touristy places in Perú, consequently, accommodation for all budgets is plenty. I stayed at the Hospedaje Hatun Quilla* and liked it a lot. It’s not a fancy hotel, but a cozy guest house with very friendly people. Also, the breakfast room on the top floor is just wonderful. Up there, you won’t find only a nice meal to start the day. You’ll be also amazed by the view of the city of Cusco from above.
However, here is a choice of various accommodations around Cusco*:Booking.com
Cash And Cards
Most larger businesses in Cusco are accepting credit cards. However, many still prefer cash – and you often get a small discount if you pay with Soles.
In the area of the historic city center are various banks and all of them have ATMs.
Note that sometimes, a perfectly good ATM does not work with your perfectly fine credit card. If your card declines at an ATM, don’t panic, just try another bank.
Since Cusco is probably Perú’s most important tourist hotspot, at least people who work in tourism speak pretty good English. Nevertheless, it’s always a courteous gesture to learn at least some basic vocabulary when visiting a country. Therefore, you might want to brush up on your Spanish on babbel.
Cusco is packed to the brim with amazing landmarks. Although it is not that large, I’m marking them in this map so that you’ll find them easier:
Puno and its amazing surroundings were only one of many beautiful stops on my tour through Perú, obviously. So to read about the others, go to the main post and take your pick! There, you’ll also find further relevant information on money, communication, and more.
If you choose to pin this post for later, please use one of these pictures:
Note: This post is being regularly completed, edited, and updated – last in November 2022.
Did You Enjoy This Post? Then You Might Like Also These:
* This is an affiliate link, obviously. So if you book through this page, not only do you get the best deal. I also get a small commission that helps me run this blog. Thank you so much for supporting me!


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Do you want to grow your career at one of the nation's 100 Top Hospitals? St. Luke's University Health Network is seeking a BC/BE Gastroenterologist to join our growing team of 41 young and dynamic physicians. Our team is shaping the future of gastroenterology services in the region through the development of new and innovative programs and brand-new state of the art endoscopy centers. Successful candidates will split time between beautiful Allentown and Coaldale, Pennsylvania where you will experience a culture immersed in innovation, while supporting a wonderful local community. Candidates will have the opportunity to help train future gastroenterologists by working with the Network's Gastroenterology Fellows at the Allentown Campus.
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Shooters??? Hey, I'm glad you're enjoying them. You've got a 44 flattop with a 7.5'' barrel--very nice! The 45 Colt is also pretty nice. Not many of either made. Makes that beautiful Super look a little .... ordinary! Not an easy task!
oregon73, got the .45 last year; it had been shot very little. Turns out I had to have the front sight built up (welded) to bring the groups down 6". Also it (the front sight) was so far off to the right I had to have the barrel reindexed to center.
Also the center pin HAD THE NOTCH IN THE WRONG PLACE. Replaced with a Belt Mt. pin. In addition, the recoil plate pin kept walking out, so I had to reinstall with some locktite (blue).
Had to have the cylindersmith.com punch out the chamber throats in both cylinders for me so I could chamber Keith syle cast bullets. Man, it was just one thing after another. But now she is an awesome shooter.


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Games have been a part of human existence since ages. From public gatherings to events meant for choosing leaders, sports have been used for several purposes since a very long time. While all major games have today evolved into career options. However, it was not always the same. Sports have been played for entertainment activities and other several events since eternity. The games such as cricket, hockey and football that we see today are evolved forms of ancient games. But people managed to find ways of entertaining themselves even with limited resources and knowledge. That’s how games were invented.
What’s interesting is that some of the ancient sports are in business even today. I’ve compiled a list of 8 of the world’s oldest games.
Centuries before the great Muhammad Ali blessed the boxing ring with his string-like punches, boxing emerged as a strength development game in Greece in 687 BC. It was a spectator sport in ancient Rome that was played to test strength, speed and stamina of the fighters. The only difference- there were no gloves or padded rings. However, the sport evolved as a professional event only in the 16th and 18th centuries in Great Britain. It soon became a popular sport in the modern Olympics. It still remains to be a popular sporting event in the Olympics as well as other events.
Just like strength, flexibility and agility were also key constraints of measuring an individual’s value in the ancient world. The game is believed to have Greek-origin and is considered as the seventh oldest sport in the world. Horse riders who used to mount or dismount from horse using acrobatics invented the game. The game requires a perfect balance of flexibility, balance, agility and strength. Gymnastics was included in the modern Olympics in 1896. Men and women compete in different categories at global stages. Floor Exercise, Pommel Horse and Still Rings are some popular gymnastics events.
Polo is an ancient team sport that is believed to have been invented in the 4th century. The links of sports with the Sassanid dynasty provide some proofs regarding the origin of the game. Horse riders try to push a small wooden ball into the opponents’ goal using a long handle mallet. It is one of the most glorious games that were particularly popular among the royal kingdoms.
Discus throw is another major Olympics sport whose roots are ancient. Discus throw is a track and field event. The sportsperson has to throw a heavy disc to a farther distance. The origins of the sport can be traced back to the fifth century BC in Europe. This game has six key movements namely wind up, move in rhythm, balance, right leg engine, orbit and delivery. It was also one of the most played games in ancient times. It was one of the ancient Pentathlons in 708 BC.
Just like Discus throw, Javelin throw is another track and field event. It involves throwing as well. The only difference is that the Discuss is replaced by a long stick-like object called javelin. In ancient times, the game was practiced in the Ancient Mycenaean and Romans. However, the stick in those days was lighter. The javelin used today in the Olympics is heavier. Just like discus throw, javelin throw is also one of the oldest sports in the world. It also finds a mention in the Ancient Olympics.
Since there was a limitation of equipment and facilities in the ancient world, it is understandable that most of the ancient sports were played with minimum equipment or with bare human bodies. Long Jump is one such sport. Long Jump has ancient roots and it was contested in the Ancient Olympics of 656 BC. In the long jump, an athlete is required to jump the farthest distance from the take-off point. It is the only jumping event in the original Olympic games. The game remains to be a popular Olympic game till today.
A lot of ancient games were played to find the better one out or to determine who was the strongest. Wrestling is one of the oldest forms of combat that requires beating the opponent without using any external weapon, just by using human strength. This game is more than 15,000 years old and its roots can be found in France and several parts of Asia. It was also a part of the ancient Olympics. Till today, wrestling is an important sporting event.
What could be the best way to compete without hurting the opponent or spending too much on equipment or accessories. Running is one such sport that is regarded as the oldest sport in world history. It was a part of the Ancient Olympics in 776 BC. Running is probably the only sport that is both- a sport and a form of training. This tests the stamina, power and endurance of the player. A runner is required to have swiftness and agility along with the skill to run longer to win a race.

domain: game


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The latest housing credit data released by the Reserve Bank showed that the expansion of housing credit continued to slow in May 2018.
Housing credit growth is slowing as new housing finance commitments fall as do dwelling values nationally.
Given the slowing expansion of housing credit and falling demand for new finance it seems likely that falls in dwelling values will continue.
In May 2018, total housing credit expanded by 0.4% to be 4.8% higher over the year.
The 0.4% monthly expansion in credit was the slowest since January 2013 while the 4.8% annual rise was the slowest annual rise since February 2014.
The two charts above highlight that growth in credit is in a slowing trend both monthly and annually.
Monthly data shows that owner occupier credit is in a slowing trend while annual owner occupier credit growth is just beginning to shift lower.
In May 2018, owner occupier credit expanded by 0.6% over the month which was its slowest rate of monthly expansion since December 2016.
On an annual basis, owner occupier housing credit has increased by 7.9% and has now been falling for three consecutive months.
Investor housing credit was unchanged in May and as the above chart shows it has been in a clear slowing trend for some time.
The last time there was no change in investor credit on a monthly basis was December 2015 however, it has been extremely rare over the past two decades for investor credit to not be expanding.
On an annual basis, investor housing credit increased by just 2.0% in May 2018 which was the slowest rate of credit growth on record.
The above chart shows how since macroprudential policies have been in use, the monthly change in investor credit growth has been very closely correlated with the monthly change in national dwelling values.
Given that credit has become tighter and there is little sign of loosening, it seems likely that investor credit demand will remain soft and as a result value growth across the housing market will continue to be dampened.
With tight credit and fewer investors the outlook for the housing market over the coming months appears to be one whereby current conditions continue.
What this means is we would expect further value falls in Sydney and Melbourne, the most expensive and investor-centric markets, and quite moderate growth in the other markets where properties are more affordable and investors are less prevalent.
The trend of softening demand from the investor segment also seems likely to persist over the coming months as accessing credit is difficult accompanied by low rental yields and limited value growth potential currently in the market.
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domain: news


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For over eighty years the German-American Children's Chorus has celebrated German culture and song.
Under the direction of Ms. Carol Himmel, this group of sixty-some children has performed in Germany, Disney World, Navy Pier, The Museum of Science and Industry, The Chicago Cultural Center, the National Saengerfest and many Chicago area events. Kinderchor will also be performing in Germany and Austria this summer.
Any child from four years old through eighteen years old, regardless of ethnic background, is welcome to join the chorus. We rehearse 10:00-11:00 Saturday mornings, September through May, at St. John's Lutheran Church, 4939 W. Montrose, Chicago.
Children ages 14 through 18 can also join the Jugendchor, which rehearses from 11:00-12:00, right after Kinderchor rehearsals.
Kinderchor is looking for new singers of any age between 4 years old through 18 years old. Have fun and be part of the German community through singing and performing in concerts in the Chicago area. Why should you join Kinderchor?
1. We have fun- Not only do we have fun singing, we have good times performing in Chicago and the surrounding suburbs.
2. Get to know people- In Kinderchor you will build life long friendships for your kids. Kinderchor and Jugendchor are a very close group that get along great.
3. You dont have to be a fluent German speaker- Don't worry if your kids are not fluent in German, we sing a mixture of traditional German songs along with some english songs. Children learn as they go.
4. You can visit and perform in Germany- Every few years we organize a group trip to Germany. Through out the year we do fundraising to help with the cost of our trip, its an experience of a lifetime.


South African Raisins Report, December 2022
RedSun Raisins: Projected Crop of 2023
The South African raisin crop size estimate for 2023 remains at the 77,000mt level. This is despite the considerable flood levels of the Orange River and now the Olifant’s River at Vredendal. There has been limited rain fall in the raisin-producing regions, however, the maturity levels of the grapes to be dried for raisins were not ripe enough to be damaged by the rain or the humidity in the air from the flooding river. There has been massive rainfall in the catchment areas (Johannesburg, Bloemfontein etc) of the Orange River, which has caused the Orange River and the Olifants River to break their banks on the way to the Atlantic Ocean. Farmers are hoping the rain will not return during January, February and March, where the damage to the raisin crop will be worse (as in the 2022 crop).The volume is down, but the quality is up. This is typical if the grape vines do not have a heavy crop to carry. Every bunch of grapes receives more intensive nourishment from the plant.
Prices for the 2023 crop
It is December and no processor is committing themselves to firm prices for the farmers. The competition between the packers is always strong, however, in the end, the market guides everyone. Therefore, with two exceptions, the prices being spoken about are similar to the 2022 levels. Thompson mediums are discussed at prices slightly down on 2022 levels. Flame mediums are in line with the prices of Thompsons because they are becoming more popular every year. The Flame medium volume will be limited at a little under 5000mt
Currants prices are down.
The one exception to the price range change from 2022 is the currants. Currants will be cheaper this year and more in line with the Greek prices. The volume will be down because processors have introduced harsher requirements in terms of chemicals and drying methods. Furthermore, there has been some rain damage on the currants due to their earlier ripening properties. The damage is not great, but it is there. Golden prices are up. The second exception to the price stability of 2022 is the goldens. Everything will depend on the weather conditions and the suitability of the climate to make goldens. As of now, everything looks good. If everything is positive, we anticipate a crop of about 20,000 mt of good-quality goldens. Prices will stabilize after the initial rush at the beginning of the season.


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The project aims to prevent and control violence and crimes against 120+ persons with albinism by supporting the roll-out of community-based protection mechanisms and improving their economic and living conditions in Machinga district in Malawi.
Malawi has so far registered close to 145 perpetrated crimes against persons with albinism for the sale of body parts The cases involve, 20 murder, 45 cases involving tampering with graves etc. The majority of cases were reported in the district of Machinga. Poverty of persons with albinism has increased their insecurity. It is very common for the houses of persons with albinism to be easily accessible, with no windows, no door and just a curtain at the entrance.
The project will promote and defend the fundamental human rights of persons with Albinism within the communities through awareness-raising campaigns, strengthening the security of the houses of families with persons with albinism, rolling-out of community-based protection mechanisms and putting in place economic empowerment programmes for their poor households with persons with albinism through the provision of start-up capital.
1. Enhanced knowledge of disabilities rights with a special focus on persons with Albinism within the community members, mother groups and community Police. 2. Improved capabilities of community police in promotion of rights of disabilities and prevention of crimes. 3. Increased visibility and participation of persons with Albinism in social and public life 4. School attendance of learners with Albinism improved. 5. Violence and crimes against persons with albinism prevented and controlled

domain: sociology


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"Historians are the helots of academe," my grad-school advisor used to say. Take advantage of all that labor, he urged—you won’t believe what they’ve managed to find till you take a look.
Or a listen. Historian Emily Thompson's book The Soundscape of Modernity (MIT Press, 2002) is a work of mind-blowing ideas about sound, based on research in mind-numbing detail about architectural acoustics. There is more in that book about ceiling tile than anyone should need to know, and yet… I treasure the knowledge, because what Thompson does with it changed my listening forever. And I am far from lonely in my admiration for the book—it helped launch the now-booming academic field of sound studies, and earned its author a MacArthur fellowship.
Recently, Thompson put her efforts into building The Roaring Twenties, a website that documents the sounds of New York City in the early 20th century. Less a work of analysis than a mass of painstakingly organized detail—the helot’s hard drive—it is now available for our collective exploration. Newsreels, newspaper clippings, and city documents relating to noise are not only cross-referenced, but physically overlaid on one another via a map, a chronology, and a chart of all the city’s noises by type. In a statement for Vectors Journal, publishers of the site, Thompson explains:
To those of us who click play buttons all day long, this is quite a throwdown. The internet has brought us into easy contact with so many sounds, but typically at the price of divorcing them from context. LPs gave us liner notes (or at least credits and an image to stare at) and CDs provided booklets that framed the music in some way. But mp3s and streaming files are lonely things, usually identified only by artist and title. Leaks and other sub-legal downloads might not even come with those (at least not spelled correctly).
Is this loss of context contributing to a loss of meaning for music, as Thompson implies for the noises she documents? Noise and music are not always the same, but to the historian they certainly can be: "Musical Instruments" is one of the categories of sounds on The Roaring Twenties, as is "Radio and Music Shops" (don’t miss the fantastic newsreel footage of Radio Row on Cortland Street, where all the shops broadcast different music into the street simultaneously). Context, or Thompson’s "historicized mode of listening," would seem to be precisely what we are losing by listening online.
Still, if you are not a helot of academe, a critic making use of their labor, or an obsessive record collector, dehistoricized listening may suit you fine. But Thompson's project reminds us of the thrill and the importance of context—a concept that might not just be confined to the academy. After all, the LP and the cassette are both experiencing revivals, and maybe it's partly because they reintroduce history to the sounds they convey.


My story on the burgeoning craft beer scene in Vietnam’s Ho Chi Minh City appeared in Traveller.com.au today. For the full story click here or read on below…
It’s another sticky, humid night in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Everyone, it seems, is drinking beer. But here at this small, timber-clad bar in up-and-coming District 2, instead of people clutching the familiar bottles of Heineken, Tiger and Bia Saigon they are nursing stranger brews – think IPAs, pale ales and even the odd stout.
Welcome to BiaCraft, HCM City’s first dedicated craft beer bar. Since opening a year ago with six taps for local brews, it has expanded to 14, reflecting Vietnam’s new love affair with craft beer.
“The craft beer scene is still in its infancy here,” says Tim Scott, BiaCraft’s Brisbane-born co-founder. Scott, 35, has been living in Vietnam since 2002 and started brewing pale ale to complement the food at his barbecue restaurant Quan Ut Ut, a business he started with Frenchman Albin Deforges and American Mark Gustafson in March 2014. They opened BiaCraft in August 2015 to give locally brewed craft beers an outlet. “It’s new and it’s such a difficult country to brew and get [ingredients and licences] in,” says Scott. “The community is quite close – everybody helps each other out. It has not yet got to that point where we’re competing with each other at all. Right now it’s very much a case of a rising tide floats all boats.”
Vietnam’s beer history dates back to the 1890s, when French colonialists introduced brewing to Indochina. But until now the beer favoured by locals has been restricted to German and Belgian-style lagers and bia hoi (low-alcohol “fresh beer”, brewed every morning and sold from as little as 25¢ a glass).
Australian Sean Symons is credited as being among the first expats to try something different, when he started brewing at his Louisiane Brewhouse in Nha Trang in 2006. Meanwhile, in HCM City, British architect Hannah Jeffreys turned her hand to craft cider, selling her first batch in 2013 at alternative rock-climbing-cum-band-venue Saigon Outcast. “It was a bit of a hit, we sold out, so at the next event I introduced flavours from south-east-Asia,” says Jeffreys, who arrived in Vietnam in 2011, from Somerset in England. “We added things like local ginger, local chillies, cinnamon, and the flavours were a huge hit and we sold out at subsequent events.” Three years later her business has grown to employ five part-time staff and supplies venues in Saigon, Nha Trang and will soon be available in Da Nang, Hoi An and Ha Noi.
Today, though, HCM City remains the centre of the craft beer movement, with main players including Fuzzy Logic, Platinum, Te Te, Phat Rooster and the Pasteur Street Brewing Company.
Of those, Pasteur Street is perhaps the most professional and commercial outfit, with its own tasting room, outlets across the country and a serious ambition to export. In May, it became the first Vietnamese brewer to win a gold medal at the prestigious World Beer Cup awards in Philadelphia (for its “Cyclo” stout, made using Marou chocolate – a Vietnamese success story in itself). That came only a few weeks after picking up three golds and a silver at Singapore’s Asia Beer Medals. “And from there, boom, we had all these distributors hitting us up for export,” says John Reid, the company’s 32-year-old American expat founder. “Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Hong Kong, China, UK, Australia, US – they all were asking us what are you guys doing over there? It’s pretty cool.”
Reid started brewing in HCM City in November 2014, after convincing Colorado’s Upslope Brewing Company brewmaster Alex Violette to join him. “When we started the company we had this vision,” says Reid, perched over a golden IPA, upstairs in the company’s taproom headquarters. “We didn’t just want to bring American-style craft beer to Vietnam […] we wanted to create something out of Vietnam, out of local ingredients.”
Back at BiaCraft, Spanish brothers Luis and Ruben Martinez (29 and 32, respectively), and Tobias Briffa, 28, from Malta have just arrived with a fresh keg of their Belgian-style wheat beer Te Te. While the mostly expat punters slurp their brews and nibble on porcine bar snacks the three friends explain how they started as a marketing company and began brewing in March 2015. Since then they have gone from producing 70 litres a week to 800 litres, with plans to supply 15-20 venues.
The craft beer scene here is definitely experiencing “an awakening”, they say. But why? “Because it’s much better than regular beer,” deadpans the older Martinez. “It’s a cliche to use,” adds Briffa, “but it is a little revolution. The industrial companies took over and controlled pretty much all of the market and took away the good beer from the people.” Happily, it looks like there is a growing number of beer fans in Vietnam, dedicated to bringing good beer back to the people.
WHERE TO DRINK CRAFT BEER IN HO CHI MINH CITY, VIETNAM
90 Xuan Thuy, Thao Dien, District 2, Ho Chi Minh City
Phone +84 837 442 588 or see biacraft.com
PASTEUR STREET TASTING ROOM
144 Pasteur Street, District 1, Ho Chi Minh City
Phone +84 838 239 562
BROMA: NOT A BAR
41 Nguyen Hue, Ben Nghe, Ho Chi Minh City
Phone +84 838 236 838 or see facebook.com/bromabar/
QUAN UT UT
168 Vo Van Kiet, Phuong Cau Ong Lanh, District 1, Ho Chi Minh City
Phone +84 839 144 500 or see facebook.com/quanutut/
188/1 Nguyen Van Huong, Thao Dien, District 2, Ho Chi Minh City
Phone +84 912 194 894 or see saigonoutcast.com
Several airlines fly from Melbourne and Sydney to Vietnam’s Ho Chi Minh City (formerly known as Saigon). See virginaustralia.com, thaiairways.com, vietnamairlines.com,qantas.com.au, virginaustralia.com, jetstar.com, and cathaypacific.com.au. We flew comfortably with Royal Bunei Airlines, which included a one-hour stopover in Brunei’s capital, Bandar Seri Begawan.
With a population of more than eight million accommodation options in Ho Chi Minh City are many and varied. Choose from budget (US$11, Hong Han Hotel, 238 Bui Vien Street, District 1, +84 8 3836 1927, honghanhotelhcm.com), to three-star hotels (Huong Sen Hotel, from VND 1,800,000, 66-68-70 Dong Khoi Street, District 1, +84 8 3829 1415,huongsenhotel.com.vn) to the upper end (VND 2,900,000, Hotel Majestic Saigon, 1 Dong Khoi Street, District 1, +84 8 3829 5517, majesticsaigon.com).


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My daughter and her family live in Baltimore County, MD and loves everything about it but she recently told me that home prices are climbing out of reach for many who work in the City of Baltimore and are being forced to travel 50 miles and further for housing.
On Thursday, Baltimore County Executive Johnny Olszewski introduced legislation in the county council that would make affordable housing more attainable in the county.
The proposals include funding the development of more affordable housing, defining legally what is considered a vacant home, and allowing more leeway in who can live in an accessory apartment at a home. Those apartments are sometimes called ‘mother-in-law suites’.
Another proposal would allow developers to build more townhouses by making them smaller. They could be 16 feet wide, rather than the current minimum of 20 feet.
16’ wide townhouses would open the doors to modular factories to begin shipping their widest modules into the county. This could be another win for those townhouse and multifamily modular factories located along the East Coast.
Olszewski said the deal with developers is that while they would get the smaller townhouses they wanted, in exchange they would have to guarantee they are creating affordable housing which is what going with modular construction would give them.
In Baltimore County, those accessory apartments or ‘mother-in-law suites’ can only legally be occupied by immediate family members. That would be loosened up under this legislation to include anyone related by blood, adoption or marriage.
It’s not unusual for local governments to want to do something to help people find affordable housing. The difference here is Baltimore County is actually proposing some real changes.
Gary Fleisher, Contributing Editor


A stunning image dubbed the Pillars of Creation is possibly the most famous and iconic ever taken by the Hubble Space Telescope. Now the European Space Agency has taken the same target and turned up the wow factor with a new image produced by two other observatories in space.
Those pillars, looking like ET’s outstretched fingers in the sky, were just part of a cloud of gas and dust that astronomers term the Eagle Nebula. Lying 6,500 light-years away in the constellation of Serpens, it is just one of many clouds throughout our Milky Way galaxy where new stars are being born.
Hubble could not actually see the newly hatching stars because dust blocked the view inside their clumpy incubators, known rather fittingly as EGGs for “evaporating gaseous globules”. But telescopes watching in different light, further along the spectrum from the visible, have been able to peer directly through the same dust to identify the hatchlings.
One of the telescopes responsible for the new picture was ESA’s Herschel Space Observatory, which Skymania’s Paul Sutherland visited in Friedrichshafen, Germany, as it was being assembled for its flight into space. This probe, which is able to see with infrared eyes, captured a wide-field view with the famous pillars, each many light-years long, showing at its centre.
The Herschel data was combined with an X-ray view from ESA’s orbiting XMM-Newton telescope, revealing the hot young stars that carved out the pillars. This view is only visible from space because X-rays get absorbed by the Earth’s atmosphere.
The results from the two space telescopes were merged with pictures taken in the near-infrared by the Very Large Telescope (VLT) at Paranal, and in visible light from Max Planck Gesellschaft 2.2meter diameter telescope at La Silla, both high observatory sites in Chile operated by the European Southern Observatory.
Together they have produced a powerful new picture of a cosmic maternity ward that not only inspires the general public but contains data that helps professional scientists understand more about how starbirth actually happens.
ESA notes that in visible wavelengths, the nebula shines mainly due to reflected starlight and hot gas filling the giant cavity, covering the surfaces of the pillars and other dusty structures. This gives the famous Hubble photo an almost 3D quality, which Skymania News heard one professional astronomer offer as a reason for the photo’s iconic nature at a meeting of the Royal Astronomical Society last week.
However, at near-infrared wavelengths, the dust becomes almost transparent and the pillars virtually vanish from view. They reappear in the far-infrared picture obtained by Herschel as it detects this cold dust and sees the pillars glowing in their own light. Herschel recorded intricate, shining tendrils of dust and gas which give astronomers clues about how it interacts with strong ultraviolet light from the hot stars seen by XMM-Newton.
Those famous pillars no longer exist, it seems. The Eagle Nebula contains a young hot star cluster, NGC6611, which is easily seen in amateur astronomers’ telescopes. Professional astronomers believe that one of the stars in the cluster exploded in a supernova 6,000 years ago, producing a shockwave that destroyed the pillars. If so, we will not witness this act of wanton destruction for hundreds of years yet because the Eagle Nebula is so far away. Read ESA’s special release about the new image and how it was produced.
Related: Pillars of Creation toppled
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The third generation Mustang had two different front end styles. From 1979 to 1986 the car had an angled back front clip and four headlights, known by enthusiasts as "Four Eyes," the same front end styling.....
The fourth generation Dodge Challenger Concept was unveiled at the 2006 Detroit Motor Show to rave reviews and started production in 2008. Many design cues of the Challenger Concept were adapted from the.....


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Prime Minister Thongloun Sisoulith paid an official visit to the Federal Republic of Germany in response to the invitation of his German counterpart Angela Merkel between Mar 12 and 13.
The visit is the first visit ever made by such a high ranking official of the Lao PDR and constitutes a significant landmark for enhancing the friendship and cooperation between the Lao PDR and the Federal Republic of Germany.
At a bilateral meeting in Berlin, Germany on Wednesday, Prime Minister Thongloun Sisoulith and the German Chancellor highly valued the friendship and cooperation the two countries have maintained since the establishment of their diplomatic ties in 1958.
The assistance from German government has been focused on Laos’s priorities. The technical and financial cooperation between the two countries is in line with the overall objective of the socio-economic development plan of the Lao government with a focus placed on rural development, vocational education, green growth strategy, human resource development, environmental protection, transport infrastructure development, and business promotion.
The assistance Germany has provided to Laos for the 2018-2020 period is valued at EUR 50 million. This includes EUR 10 million as relief aid for flood victims in Attapeu province and parts of the country.
On this occasion, Prime Minister Thongloun expressed gratitude for the priceless assistance the government and people of Germany have provided to the Lao PDR over the past years noting that such assistance is in line with the socio-economic development in the Lao PDR.
Both sides also discussed cooperation for years to come especially in areas of foreign affairs, economics, trade, investment, and education.
The German government has reaffirmed that it will increase assistance for agricultural development and processing industry in the Lao PDR in order to help the Asian country graduate from the least developed country status and achieve sustainable development goals.
Both sides also exchanged points of view on regional and international issues of common interest. The German Chancellor Merkel also accepted the invitation of Prime Minister Thongloun for an official visit to Laos.
Source: Lao News Agency


Contact: J. D. Harrington
NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center
Caption: This plot shows the locations of 150 blazars (green dots) used in the EBL study. The background map shows the entire sky and was constructed from four years of gamma rays with energies above 10 billion electron volts detected by Fermi. The plane of our Milky Way galaxy runs along the middle of the plot. The Fermi LAT instrument is the first to detect more than 500 sources in this energy range.
Credit: NASA/DOE/Fermi LAT Collaboration
Usage Restrictions: None
Related news release: NASA's Fermi measures cosmic 'fog' produced by ancient starlight


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We go here on for sunday lunch (12.00 - 14.00 is packed). Traditional slovenian food. Mushroom soup is a must, fish is beyond great.
This is a restaurant of national Slovenian cuisine. Here you can taste real old food. But, be careful, these are very large portions and very calorie dishes! This place is very touristy, always in the evening a lot of people. It is not my favorite. But if you want to try something interesting and…

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