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US 3719525 A
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March 6, 1973 P. K. PATEL ET AL 3,719,525
MAGNETIC RECORD MEMBERS HAVING A PROTECTIVE RECORDING SURFACE AND METHOD OF MAKING Filed Jan. 9. 1969 FIG.2
Thin-Film Lubricant 28 Thin- Film Ove)rluyer 26 Top Record (Co-P Oxide Surface 14 Thin-Film Record Medium 24 (Co-P) Baum Layer 22 (Non Magnetic Ni-P) Dlsc Subsfmie 20 /(Aluminum Alloy) INVENTORS PRAVIN K. PATEL JQO H. LIU
THEIR ATTORNEYS United States Patent 3,719,525 MAGNETIC RECORD MEMBERS HAVING A PRO- TECTIVE RECORDING SURFACE AND METHOD OF MAKING Pravin K. Patel, Los Angeles, and Joe H. Liu, Monterey Park, Calif., assignors to Control Data Corporation, Minneapolis, Minn.
Filed Jan. 9, 1969, Ser. No. 790,129 Int. Cl. H01f /06 U.S. Cl. 117-237 2 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE A record disc having a protected thin-film magnetic record surface is disclosed wherein the magnetic record medium comprises a thin-film of cobalt-phosphorous and a protective overlayer including in combination thin-film oxides formed on the surface of the record medium and firmly bonded thereto by a process including heating in an air-flow oxidizing atmosphere and in a temperature range from 220 C. to 280 C. for a period of time sufficient to form said thin-film of oxides on the surface of the record medium, and a thin-film lubricant of silicone oil which is made integral with the oxides of the overlayer for permanent retention thereby.
The present invention is directed to magnetic record members and, more particularly, to improved magnetic record surfaces of record members for recording digital data.
In recording and reproducing data on magnetic record surfaces of magnetic recording systems, the record surfaces are often subjected to excessive and undesirable abrasion and galling by direct contact of the record surface with a magnetic record head assembly, including one or more record heads. Further, it has been found that serious damage to the record surface requiring replacement of the record member occurs in many recording systems within a relatively short period of time after recording and reproducing operations commence.
At the present time, many magnetic recording systems have been developed and are in use which employ record members having an iron oxide type of record medium which also includes an adhesive binder of an abrasion resistant material. This composite recording medium has been found to be deficient in many respects in prior recording systems and unsatisfactory for present systems requiring higher density recording of digital data. In many instances, no protective overlayer is provided for the magnetic oxide type recording medium and occasionally direct contact is inadvertently made with the magnetic recording heads during use. While the magnetic oxide record medium is durable because of abrasion resistant materials included therein, the degree of durability is often inadequate and frequent replacement of record members is required which necessitates frequent re-recording of data. In addition, a more serious problem is encountered by occasional galling of the magnetic oxide type medium which causes complete loss of recorded data in the damaged area of the record surface and, further, ruins the record surface such that no new data can be recorded in the damaged area. Improvements in this magnetic oxide type of record member are disclosed in a commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 3,184,724 to E. H. Irasek in which an overlayer is provided consisting of a copolymer of vinyl acetate and vinyl chloride. While the overlayer described in that patent does provide improved resistance to wear, the copolymer does not provide a lubricant, as such, and does not provide many additional features and advantages of the present invention. Further, many presently operating recording systems using magnetic oxide type record surfaces are not considered satisfactory because of their limited capacity (density) for recording data in a predetermined recording surface area as well as their limited resistance to abrasion and galling.
In accordance with a commonly assigned prior copending U.S. patent application of Peters et al., Ser. No. 598,292, filed Dec. 1, 1966, and now U.S. Pat. No. 3,466,156, application of a thin-film of natural or synthetic waxes to certain types of surfaces has been found to substantially increase their resistance to abrasion and galling and also substantially increase their resistance to corrosion. The required Wax thin-film surface is obtained even with highly polished metals by first applying a synthetic polymer thin-film to the latter and subsequently using this polymer thin-film surface as the substrate for permanent retention of the wax thin-film. In order to obtain resistance to abrasion, galling and corrosion, a synthetic polymer is chosen which adheres strongly to the metal surface of the record medium. The polymer is also chosen so that the required wax thin-film overcoating will firmly adhere thereto. The resulting record medium is thus highly durable in that the protective overlayer prevents the record head from having an abrasive or galling type of engagement with the record medium which can progress to the type of contact resulting in highly damaging head crashes.
Briefly, the present invention is directed to a further improved magnetic record member and method for making the same of the type disclosed in the copending Peters et a1. patent application. The present record member employs an aluminum alloy base substrate having a multilayer structure thereon comprising a layer of non-magnetic nickel (nickel-phosphorous), a layer of a thin-film of metal which serves as the magnetic record medium and has a protective overlayer comprising a novel combination of thin-film metal oxides of the record medium formed thereon, and a thin-film lubricant covering the metal oxides. The protective overlayer avoids any need to rely on resistance to abrasion, galling or corrosion by the metal recording medium itself and has been found to be particularly desirable for protection of a thin-film cobalt-phosphorous record medium of high coercivity (e.g. 330130 oersteds) which is suitable for recording at high densities. Further, the thin-film protective overlayer of cobalt-phosphorous oxides and the thin-film lubricant provide effective protection of the cobalt-phosphorous medium by preventing abrasive contact engagement with opposing surfaces of record head assemblies by the reduced coefficient of friction provided by the combination of Co-P oxides and the lubricant of the protective overlayer wherein the retention of the lubricant by the Co-P overlayer oxides is permanent due to the adsorbent nature of the lubricant and the absorbent nature of the Co-P oxides. Further, the preferred adsorbent lubricant such as silicone oil is selected to have a relatively low vapor pressure whereby it does not evaporate in the system environment.
The term thin-film is used herein according to its common technical use, i.e., to designate a film having a thickness of 10,000 A. (angstrom units) or less and retaining single magnetic domain characteristics, and preferably, the thin-film, as used herein, is at least 480 angstrom units but less than 6,000 angstrom units thick. The present invention therefore is directed to protection of metallic magnetic thin-film record media, such as cobalt-phosphorous, in which a thin-film provides the desired capacity for high density recording of digital data.
Provision of a protective overlayer of the present invention is effective to prevent abrasion and galling by record heads including multiple-head assembly structures aerodynamically suspended within a film of air moving with a disc rotating at speeds of 1400 rpm, for example. In the desired system arrangement, the record heads and other flying structural members of the multiple-head assembly are maintained within 100 microinches of the record surface which is well within the layer of air moving with the record surface. In practice it has been found that it is not feasible to attempt to prevent occasional contact of the head structure and the record surface during operation of recording systems particularly wherein close-spacing is desired and, accordingly, it had been found necessary to provide effective protection of the record medium from damage by the opposing surfaces of the record head structure.
The nature of the substrate for the lubricant is important in determining its effectiveness, since retention of the lubricant by the cobalt oxide overlayer is essential for sustained resistance to abrasion, galling and corrosion. In particular, most highly polished metal surfaces offer poor retention of those lubricants which possess the low static and dynamic friction coefficients required to achieve a satisfactory measure of resistance to and deterrence of abrasion and galling. In addition, it has been determined that a lubricated protective overlayer for the record surface is important as a preventive measure, e.g., to prevent contacts developing into head crashes.
In general, it should be noted, that recording systems providing for spacing between the record surface and heads during recording/reproducing operations include either fixed heads or flying heads. The flying heads provide an assembly for supporting a head or heads closely spaced above the recording surface during relative movement thereof to the desired depth within a layer of air carried by and moving along with the record surface (laminar flow). An improved record head of this type is disclosed in a commonly assigned copending US. patent application, Ser. No. 680,098, filed Nov. 2, 1967. These flying heads often are made of aluminum alloys and have a contoured or flat surface opposite the moving record surface which is supported during operation within the film of air. The peripheral edge of this head surface or other head structure is not intended to make contact with the record surface and whenever direct contact does occur, any unprotected or inadequately protected recording medium (e.g., metal thin-film) is abraded inducing further abrasion or galling of the record media. Often, a small vibration, a dust particle, or slight irregularity of certain types in the unprotected record surface will cause the head structure comprising one or more of a group of flying heads to tilt and thereby cause the heads to deviate from their close-spaced relationship to the record surface causing an edge thereof to make direct contact with the record surface producing abrasion and/or galling. In turn, the abrasion and galling of the record surface affect the surface, disturbing the laminar air flow necessary to provide the required surface to head spacing whereby more frequent or continuous direct contact of the record head and record surface is produced. The present invention is directed to an improved, thin-film record surface having a firmly bonded protective overlayer of durable oxides of the record medium itself. The protective overlayer provides both wear resistance and a retentive base for lubricants having low coefficients of friction to prevent contacts causing abrasion and galling of the record surface by these record heads.
Accordingly, an object of the present invention 1s to provide a record member having a record surface which overcomes the problems and disadvantages discussed supra, and thus provides an improved record member for recording equipment.
Another object is the provision of an improved record surface for a record member including a thin-film magnetic record medium of metal formed on a substrate of non-magnetic metal of similar physical and chemical properties.
A further object of the present invention is to provide a record surface having a lubricated thin-film overlayer for protection of the recording medium from harmful contact with a record head structure disposed in close proximity to the record surface during recording and reproducing operations.
Still another object is the provision of a record surface including a thin-film of metal providing for magnetically recording signals at high densities and a lubricated metal oxide overlayer which is effective to prevent abrasion and galling of the record surface by the record heads and also to provide effective protection against corrosion.
Another object is to provide a record surface capable of withstanding repeated momentary or even sustained direct contact with record heads normally spaced there from and not intended to make direct contact during recording operations.
Another object is to provide a cobalt-phosphorous magnetic record medium having a protective surface formed thereon by oxidizing the surface of the medium in a manner to provide a uniform thin-film of oxides firmly bonded to the surface of the medium.
A further object of the present invention is to provide an overlayer of lubricated cobalt-phosphorous oxides as a protective surface for a cobalt-phosphorous magnetic record medium.
Other objects and features of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art as the disclosure is made in the following detailed description of a preferred embodiment of the present invention as illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a magnetic recording system including the preferred record discs for illustrating the present invention; and
FIG. 2 is a greatly enlarged cross section of an upper portion only of one of the record discs shown in FIG. 1 showing the improved record surface of the present invention including a composite thin-film protective surface including a thin-film lubricant.
Referring now to the drawings, FIG. 1 shows record disc and head assemblies for a disc type recording system including a plurality of preferred magnetic record members of the present invention in a stack which is removably mounted as a unit on a rotatable spindle 13 of a data storage apparatus for a data processing system, for example. Each of the record members comprises a disc 12 having separate top and bottom record surfaces 14 and 16 which are moved past aerodynamically suspended flying record heads 15a of the data storage apparatus for recording and reprorducing data. Record heads 15a are mounted in an adjustable head assembly 15 which is disclosed and described in the previously mentioned copending patent application, Ser. No. 680,098. A separate head assembly 15 is provided for the top and bottom record surfaces 14 and 16 of each of the record discs 12 and the head assemblies are movably supported on a common support 15b which provides for radial and rotational movements of the head assembly 15 shown and the other head assemblies for the other surfaces of the record discs 12 indicated in FIG. 1. The radial movement provides for positioning the head assemblies over the desired group of data tracks and the rotational movement provides for clearing the head assemblies for removal and replacement of the stack. Because of the close spacing of the heads 15a and the record surfaces 14 during operation, an additional clearance movement is provided in conjunction with the rotational movement to clear the heads 15a from the record surface 14. Further, the discs 12 must be moving before lowering the head assembly 15 for cooperation with the record surfaces to provide the airfilm suspension of the heads 15a. Accordingly, continuous direct contact of the record heads 15a and record surfaces is avoided and only unavoidable random contact occurs as a result of minute irregularities of the record surface in combination with the extremely close spacing of the heads 15a to the record surfaces 14 and 16. The record heads 15a are resiliently supported for vertical movement in the head assembly 15 in order to ride in the film of air to maintain the heads 15a spaced approximately 30 to 100 micro-inches, for example, away from the record surface 14 of disc 12 as are the other heads in the five head assemblies (not visible) for the other record surfaces of discs 12.
Referring now more particularly to the top record disc 12 shown in FIG. 1, surfaces 14 and 16 are formed on an aluminum alloy disc. substrate 20 (FIG. 2) which is sufficiently thick (e.g., .125 inch) to provide and maintain uniform flatness of the disc 12 for recording on the recording surfaces 14 and 16 by the closely spaced flying record heads 15a in assembly 15; in assembly 15; i.e., the substrate 20 has a circumferential flatness within 4 mils (.004 inch) total indicated runout (TIR) per quadrant and radial flatness of .6 mil (.0006 inch) per inch for operation with the fying heads 15a. A typical disc 12, as shown, is approximately fourteen inches in diameter and a suitable aluminum alloy for record disc 12 contains zinc 5.1 to 6.1%, magnesium 2.1 to 2.8%, copper 1.2 and 2.0% and chromium 0.18 to 0.4%. The surfaces of the disc substrate 20 are lapped to provide an extremely smooth or polished surface to eliminate all spikes or other sharp discontinuities exceeding a predetermined height and gradient to provide the desired uniform smoothness for operation with the closely spaced flying heads 15a.
In FIG. 2, the greatly enlarged cross section of a small portion of the top record surface 14 of the disc 12 shows typical relative thickness of the thin-films of a typical record surface and the thicknesses are shown in proper proportion to clearly illustrate the features of the present invention. The bottom record surface 16 is identical in construction to the top surface 14 which includes a magnetic record medium 24 of cobalt-phosphorous plated on a non-magnetic nickel layer 22 that is formed on zinc treated aluminum disc substrate 20.
The top and bottom record surfaces 14 and 16 are formed on the surfaces of the record disc 12 following a thorough cleaning providing for vapor de-greasing of substrate 20 by a solvent for organic materials and removal of particulate material and elimination of surface electrostatic charged by a non-etching aluminum cleaning solution following by a spray rinse of distilled or deionized water. The cleaning further includes immersion in a 1:1 (by volume) solution of nitric acid (HNO at room temperature for 15 seconds seconds) followed by a spray rinse.
After the thorough cleaning, the disc substrate 20 and the surfaces thereof are prepared for the record surfaces 14 and 16 by providing a smooth layer of zinc (flashing) by a first immersion in a zincate solution at room temerature (70 F.) for 30 seconds seconds) followed by a spray rinse and immersion in a solution of nitric acid and another spray rinse. The first Zinc flashing is removed by the nitric acid to provide for extremely smooth zinc treated substrate surfaces after a second immersion in the zincate solution which is followed only by a spray rinse.
Having prepared the substrate 20, the disc 12 is immersed in a nickel solution (including sodium hydrophosphite) for electroless deposit of the non-magnetic nickelphosphorous, thin-film layer 22 having a thickness approximately in the range of 30 to 100 microinches. The phosphorous content of the layer 22 is in the preferred range of 8% to by weight. This is important because the layer 22 has been found to exhibit magnetic properties when the disc is heated, as described later, to provide the protective overlayer of oxides, for example. The nickel layer 22 provides a hard base providing for firm adherence of the next plating of the thin-film of cobalt-phosphorous (Co-P) recording medium 24. The nickel layer 22 has the characteristic of remaining non-magnetic only when higher temperatures to 290 C. are not exceeded as required in processing of the cobalt-phosphorous (Co-P) to form the overlayer of oxides thereof described infra. It should be noted that the nickel layer is preferably in the lower range of thicknesses, i.e., 30 to 50 microinches, to avoid taking on magnetic characteristics to the extent of affecting the recording of data when the higher temperature range (i.e., above 270 C. and up to 290 C.) is employed for formation of the protective overlayer 26.
The processes for forming the overlayer of oxides involve baking at temperatures in the range from 200 C. to 290 C, The nickel layer becomes extremely hard when baked at these temperatures. Thus one of the more important features of the present invention is the provision of the non-magnetic nickel layer as the substrate for the cobaltphosphorous record medium in that the nickel layer provides a harder substrate than chomium, for example, and is applied by an electroless process which is simpler than any other process, such as an electrolytic process (electroplating) for copper, while providing a substantially more uniform (smooth) surface of constant thickness. Control of the thickness of the nickel layer 22 including uniformity in the thickness is important in that it has been found that the layer exhibits undesired magnetic characteristics after baking at higher temperatures in the range above 270 C. to 290 C. when the nickel exceeds predetermined thicknesses above 50 microinches. Accordingly, to prevent the nickel layer from becoming magnetic, the lower range of thicknesses (35-50 microinches) is preferred. Further, the critical temperature for the aluminum substrate is 270 C. and warping or other adverse changes can be expected to occur at temperatures above 270 C. although in most instances such adverse changes have not been observed and the aluminum alloy disc appears to be capable of withstanding the higher temperatures. The thin-film cobalt-phosphorous magnetic record medium, preferably 14 to 18 microinches for high density recording, is formed by electroless deposition over the layer of nickel by immersion of the nickel plated disc 12 in a cobalt solution containing cobalt chloride, sodium citrate, sodium hypophosphite, ammonium chloride, and sodium lauryl sulfate for 10 to 15 minutes at C. to 0, followed by a spray rinse and forced air drying. Phosphorous, approximately 5% by weight, is present with the cobalt in the thin-film so formed on the plated disc 12 to provide superior magnetic recording characteristics including high coercivity of approximately 330:30 oersteds. As noted briefly before, the thickness of the thinfilm of cobalt-phosphorous is important because a thinfilm must be continuous to provide for continuous recording along data tracks formed thereon during recording operations. Also, to obtain uniformity in recordings and signal reproduction, the cobalt (C-P) thin-film must be uniform not only to provide a more uniform spacing to the record heads but also to provide a minimum thickness for magnetic flux densities capable of detection during reproduction to produce the desired signal amplitudes. The limitation on the maximum thickness of the cobalt (Co-P) is to obtain the desired resolution of the recording since the demagnetization increases with thickness of the magnetic thin-film record medium. Accordingly, the maximum recording density (flux reversals per linear inch) decreases with increase of thickness. The broader range of thicknesses from 2 to 26 microinches of cobalt (Co-P) provides for satisfactory operation at high recording densities including those above approximately 3000 flux reversals per linear inch and up to 10,000 flux reversals per linear inch, Even thinnner thin-films of cobalt (Co-P) are satisfactory except for the difliculties involved in providing a continuous thin-film of cobalt (Co-P). The preferred surface roughness of the cobalt (Co-P) record medium, for operation with closely spaced flying head structures, is approximately 3 microinches CLA (center level average) with maximum irregularities of :15 microinches. Further, the preferred surface has approxi- 7 mately 1623 surface reversals, for example, of 1 microinch or greater (at levels over 2 microinches CLA) per .005 inch trace of the surface as detected by a surface roughness tester.
Protection of the cobalt (Co-P) record medium 24 is provided by the combination of the thin-film oxide overlayer 26 and lubricant 28. The protection provided by the thin-film overlayer of cobalt oxides 26 formed directly on the surface of the cobalt (Co-P) record medium by oxidation thereof is dependent to a great extent upon the oxides being firmly bonded to the cobalt (Co-P) record medium and so that the overlayer does not shed when submitted to abrasion with microcut paper. The thin-film protective overlayer of oxides comprises oxides of cobalt including cobalt oxides CoO, C 0 and C0 0 It is important also that the thin-film oxide overlayer be sufliciently hard to withstand wear. In order to provide this firmly bonded overlayer of oxides, several methods of oxidation of the cobalt (Co-P) record medium have been found to be preferable.
A first method of forming a firmly bonded protective overlayer of oxides of the record medium is the polymer coating-baking process which comprises the following steps: (1) coating the cleansed surfaces of the cobaltphosphorous plated record disc with a synthetic polymer, and (2) baking the record disc at a temperature of approximately 270 C. (preferably at least 260 C. and within the temperature range from 260 C. to 290 C.) for a time period from 18 to 24 hours at 270 C. and for longer time periods at lower temperatures closer to 260 C. and shorter time periods at higher temperatures, i.e., 8 to 12 hours at 290 C. The synthetic polymer thin-film is removed during baking at temperatures over 190 C. The baking at 270 C. for the prescribed range of time periods produces the hard thin-film protective overlayer of cobalt oxides firmly bonded to the cobalt (Co-P) record medium. The provision of the polymer coating, before baking, controls the formation of a uniform thin-film of oxides of cobalt on the surface to produce a uniform protective overlayer firmly bonded thereto.
A second method of forming a uniform protective overlayer of cobalt oxide firmly bonded to the cobalt (Co-P) record medium is by chemical treatment of the surface followed by baking which comprises the following steps: (1) immersing of the cleansed cobalt record disc in a dilute nitric acid (0.16% to 2.0% HNO by weight) for five minutes (range of l to 6 minutes) and rinsing immediately with deionized water, and (2) baking the record disc for /2 hr. to 4 hrs. at a temperature of approximately 230 C. to 260 C. (preferably at 260 C. for /2 hr.). The solution is not intended to etch the cobalt (Co-P) surface and preferably should not cause removal of any of the metal but only prepare the surface for baking, e.g., form a monomolecular surface of oxides.
A third method of forming a thin-film protective overlayer of oxides is electro-chemical comprising electrolytic anodizing of the cleansed cobalt (Co-P) surface of the record disc in a dilute sodium hydroxide solution with or without a small amount of benzoic acid or anodizing of the surface in a dilute sodium carbonate with a small amount of phenol.
The first and second methods are preferred to the third method which does not include baking to produce the overlayer of oxides. The methods including baking readily provide overlayers firmly bonded to the cobalt which is important to the suitability of the disc under present conditions for recording.
Formation of the desired uniform and firmly bonded overlayer of oxide on the cobalt (Co-P) record medium and other desired properties and characteristics of the overlayer are strongly influenced by the condition of the record medium as a substrate for the overlayer. The crystal structure of the substrate influences the growth of the crystal structure of the thin-film overlayer of oxides. Further, contaminates on the surface of the substrate prevent uniform growth of the oxides of cobalt and the influence extends to several thousand angstrom units (which influence would not be readily evident in bulk overlayers, i.e., over 10,000 angstrom units).
In accordance with the present invention the cobalt (Co-P) record medium is treated prior to baking in order to obtain the desired uniform thin-film protective overlayer in the range of 1 microinch to 5 microinches. Coating of the disc with polyamide resins provides protection from contamination before and during the initial period of baking. The polyamide coating is removed from the surface of the cobalt (Co-P) record medium by the high temperatures (above C., e.g., 270 C.) to produce a thin-film protective overlayer during the entire baking time period. The nitric acid treatment process provides for removal of all contamination of the cobalt surface and provides uniform oxidizing (preferably no etching) during baking to form a uniform thinfilm protective overlayer firmly bonded to the cobalt (Co-P). In addition, the nitric acid process is considered to provide for the formation on the surface of the cobalt (Co-P), of at least a monomolecular layer of cobalt oxide, i.e., a layer having a thickness of a few angstrom units to one (1) microinch. Immersion of the disc in the most dilute solution of nitric acid (e.g., .2%) for a short period of time (e.g., 5 minutes) will not produce a readily visible overlayer of oxides and, in most instances cannot be detected even by X-ray diffraction.
The formation of these oxides by immersion in dilute nitric acid provides the base for the formation of 1 to 5 microinches of the overlayer of oxides resulting after baking which are firmly bonded to the cobalt (Co-P) record medium and tightly bonded to other oxides of the overlayer. It should be noted that oxides of cobalt can be formed by other processes than the present methods of processes disclosed herein but these other processes should be clearly distinguished as they do not form a firmly bonded overlayer of oxides, i.e., the latter oxides are removed by the slightest abrasive contact including some instances in which the oxides shed at the slightest touching of the overlayer.
In accordance with the first method described supra (using the polyamide coating-baking process), the cobalt (Co-P) plated record disc is dried and the individual surfaces of the disc are cleansed of surface contamination by rotating (in a horizontal plane) at a speed greater than 3000 r.p.m. (revolutions per minute) and repeatedly spraying a solvent such as butanol thereon, and wiping with a lint-free cloth followed by a final spraying and continuing rotation of the disc until the solvent has evaporated. This cleansing operation is repeated until the cobalt (Co-P) surface of the disc 12 is determined to be free of surface contamination. The thin-film coating of polymer is then applied to the cleansed surface of dry cobalt 24, for example, by spraying it with polymer solution while rotating the disc in the approximate speed range of 50 to 250 r.p.m. until it is completely covered by the solution. The spraying time and the rate of application can be varied to yield a synthetic polymer thin-film thickness anywhere Within the desired range of 2 to 24 microinches. The rotation of the disc 12 is continued until the polymer coating is visibly dry. The other surface 16 of the disc 12 is coated by the synthetic polymer in the same manner. A particular polyamide resin for this application, known as Versamid 935, a trademarked product of General Mills, Incorporated, Kankakee, 111., has been found to provide the aforementioned characteristics of adherence and strength when applied in equal parts by weight of amyl acetate, ethanol and butanol from a solution containing 4% resin. It should be noted that this polyamide resin is soluble in alcohol which distinguishes it from spuer-polyamide resins commonly known as nylon 6/6, 6, 6/10 or 11, for example. Polyamide resin (Versamid 935) is derived from the reaction of dimerized linoleic acid with diamines or polyamines and has a softening point of 130 C. Polyamide resins in the group which includes Versamid 935 are of importance in the present invention to provide suitable coatings. These resins have a molecular weight range from 5,000 to 10,000 and are produced by interaction between dibasic acids of the type HO'OC-R--HOOC and diamines or polyamines of the type H NR'--NH where R generally contains 34 carbon atoms, R is generally of the polymethylene type (CH and Where n is any one number between 2 and 6, inclusive.
The more uniform thin-film polymer coating for discs is provided by spraying or dipping and spinning where a suificient amount of the polyamide solution is present to avoid streaking of the surface.
Synthetic polymer thin-film coatings formed from a solution of resin or rmin blends are applied to both surfaces of the disc 12. The thickness of the polymer overlayer is important and, more specifically and accurately, the thickness of a particular thin-film polymer overlayer should be uniform. The range of thicknesses of the polymer thin-films is from 600 A. to 6000 A.
The last step in any of the three methods discussed supra, which is very important in the process of forming the record surface 14, is the provision of the thin-film lubricant 28. The thin film lubricant found to provide the most desirable characteristics for the record surface is silicone oil which is applied to the cobalt oxide protective overlayer by polishing followed by cleansing preferably with lint-free cloth or heavy-duty lint-free paper wiper tissues, to remove excess amounts of silicone oil deposited thereon. The actual conditions under which the lubricant is to provide low coefficients of friction (static and dynamic) have been set forth supra in the description of the disc recording equipment. It was noted that the record heads and head structure make either momentary or sustained direct contact with the disc because of the close proximity of record heads and structure to the record surface of the disc 12, e.g., 50 microinches spacing. Further, it has been found that the direct contacts made between the disc record surface and the heads are under extremely slight pressure and the lubricant provides a minimum of friction under slight pressure to prevent the initial direct contact of the heads and other closely spaced head structure from digging into the record surface. It can be appreciated that a record surface having a higher coefiicient of friction (e.g., a non-lubricated oxide overlayer) would tend to drag the suspended heads and head structure into the surface after initial direct contact causing tilting of the head structure and causing galling of the oxide overlayer and record surface. Accordingly, only a thin-film of lubricant need be provided to inhibit any further increased pressure of direct contact. The hard overlayer of oxides of the cobalt record medium serve to adequately protect the cobalt record medium under conditions in which the lubricant is provided to inhibit galling of the record surface. Thus, it should be evident that the combination of the thin-film of oxides of the cobalt (Co-P) record medium and the thin-film of lubricant serve to protect the record medium while also permitting close-spacing of the record heads for high density recording when desired. Also, it should be noted that it is much more difficult to provide thicker overlayers of oxides for added protection of the record medium, i.e., the formation of a thin-film of oxides firmly bonded to the cobalt (Co-P) record medium is readily obtained in the baking process whereas a thicker overlayer of oxides is substantially more difficult and time consuming. Accordingly, even for recording systems of lower density in which it is permissible to have thick protective overlayers, the thinfilm lubricated oxides are still preferable over thick layers. Also, it has been found that only a thin-film of silicone oil lubricant or other lubricants provides all the desired advantages of preventing the disc record surface from being subjected to increased abrasion or galling of the record heads, and a thick film or layer would have the disadvantages of flaking and causing buildup of loosened material on the record heads which would require fre quent maintenance and cleansing for continued proper operation in recording and reproducing data.
In addition to the preferred lubricant silicone oil, thinfilms of other lubricants having desirable low static and dynamic characteristics are disclosed in the copending patent application of Peters et al., Ser. No. 598,292. The advantage of the silicone oil lubricant over the wax type lubricants described in the Peters et a1. patent application is the simplicity in application as compared to the difiiculty of providing a thin-film of wax lubricants which is not of varying thickness and is not firmly bonded to the polymer overlayer such as to produce flaking or separation from the overlayer or internally, i.e., separation of wax lubricants from itself where the lubricant is thicker than a thin-film.
Certain combinations of wax or wax-silicone lubricants have been found to be suitable because only a thin-film buildup occurs even when successive applications are made to the protective overlayers. The solvents for the wax or wax-silicone lubricants dissolve the thin-film of prior applications and leave only the desired thin-film of lubricant.
Application of the preferred silicone oil lubricant includes the step of cleansing excess silicone oil from the protective overlayer of oxides until the lubricated record surface is dry. The dry record surface retains a thin-film of silicone oil which is distinguishable from a wet record surface before the excess silicone oil is removed by a thorough buffing or wipping with lint-free towels. A wet record surface is not desirable because of the problems of accumulation of the oil on the record heads and contamination of the record surface by the attraction and adherence of dust, lint and foreign particles to the lubriccated record surface. The dry, lubricated record surface does have a higher static friction coefficient than wax lubricants. However, the disc record system shown and disclosed earlier herein provides that the discs 12 be moving at recording speed prior to radial positioning and moving of the record head close to the respective record surfaces for recording and reproducing operations, i.e., desirable proximity of 30 to 50 microinches. Thus, the static friction coefiicient is not as important in the present disclosure of the record system as other record systems in which the record heads touch the record surface while the discs are stationary and starting of the discs in motion includes the consideration of the static coefiicient of friction. The silicone oil lubricated record surface having approximately these static and dynamic friction coefiicients produces the desired abrasion and galling resistant characteristics wherein the dynamic friction coefiicient provides the desired lower friction for a moving record surface or portion thereof coming into direct contact with a record head. For example, a 14-inch diameter rotating disc (1400 rpm.) coming into momentary direct contact with a flying head formed of an aluminum alloy produces a pressure by direct contact of substantially less than ten pounds per square inch. Thin-films of lubricant having thicknesses to 3600 A. have the desired properties but do require corresponding greater spacing of the record head and resulting decrease in maximum density of recording. Above 3600 A., it has been found that flaking of a thinfilm of a wax lubricant often occurs upon contact with the record head during recording (including both recording and reproducing operations). Also, and a very important feature of the protective overlayer of the present invention, is the superior protection of the thin-film of cobaltphosphorous (and other thin-film magnetic metal recording mediums) over any other known protective overlayers including rhodium, polymer films or combinations thereof for example.
Having considered some of the important aspects of the resin or resin blend type of overlayer, the very important feature of the provision of the lubricant of record surface is now considered in further detail. Because of the many critical factors involved in data recording systems, it should now be clear that the use of lubricants is desirable in most instances only when the overall thickness can be limited to provide the desired minimum record head to recording medium spacing and thereby maintain high recording densities. Further, the lubricant must not only be extremely thin (100 A. to 3600 A.), but also be uniformly adherent to the resin overlayer and should be of uniform thickness in order to maintain the overall uniform thickness of the record surfaces. In practice, a uniform thin-film of lubricant varying only from a monomolecule to a few molecules in thickness has been found to be the most advantageous thickness since the adsorption into the overlayer of oxides retains the lubricant and significant loss occurs only if the adsorbent outer surface of the overlayer of oxides is removed.
In general, it has been found to be extremely difficult to provide a suitable lubricant, particularly where the lubricant is the outer surface of the record member, which engages the record heads. Under this condition, it is vital that the lubricant not build up or accumulate on the record heads or record surface during recording. This does not imply that it is not desirable to provide a uniform lubricated protective surface on the face of record heads for engaging tapes and tape strips or other recording systems. Retention of a lubricated record head face is difficult to provide for a suitable length of time when record surfaces engaging the record head face are not lubricated. The present invention provides a lubricant having the foregoing features and advantages and avoids the problems characteristic of lubricants by applying a thin-film only of lubricant to the record surface.
The use of silicone oil as a lubricant in combination with a thin-film of oxides for record surfaces has unexpected advantages considered important to its ability to withstand abrasion and galling upon direct contact with a flying record head in a disc type system shown in FIG. 1. This advantage is attributed to its low dynamic coefiicient of friction.
It is important to note that the present invention provides for retention of a lubricant having particularly advantageous characteristics for protection of a highly polished metal surface required for magnetic recording at high densities. The requirements of uniform smoothness of this metal surface are such that surface irregularities do not exceed 15 microinches R.M.S. (root-mean-square) and preferably a much more uniform smoothness of 3 microinches R.M.S. Accordingly, this type of bare metal surface has a very poor lubricant retention ability, and a thin-film of lubricant applied directly to the surface is not retained thereon to provide a protection for the desired length of time for use in recording systems. Accordingly, a smooth lubricated surface is more difiicult to obtain on bare metal surfaces than over an oxide thinfilm overlayer which overlayer absorbs only a small amount of the lubricant to provide a durable, continuous, uniform record surface having a very low dynamic coefficient of friction. However, the lubricant is sufiicient and durable and in addition to the other features provides the important feature of protection of the thin-film record medium against corrosion to an extent not heretofore known.
Important advantages of using nickel as a substrate for the thin-film cobalt-phosphorous record medium is that cobalt and nickel have similar chemical and physical characteristics which is readily apparent from the fact that they are adjacent on the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements, i.e., adjacent atomic numbers 27, 28, respectively, and therefore have similar outer electronic arrangements; and also close atomic weights 58.94, 58.71 and therefore similar chemical and physical properties. Accordingly, it
is desirable to provide nickel as a substrate for cobalt to prevent interaction thereof as compared to copper as a substitute substrate for cobalt for example. The use of copper or other materials as a substrate for cobalt is much less desirable because of lack of similarity of properties with the metal cobalt. Thus, even though care must be taken not to permit the non-magnetic layer of nickel from becoming magnetic due to excessive heating, for example, the advantages of providing nickel as a substrate for the cobalt record medium are important in the resulting superior record member. This can be of even greater importance when each record surface is comprised of a plurality of thin-film layers of the cobalt (Co-P) record medium and each thin-film layer is separated by a layer of non-magnetic nickel. Such a multi-layer record surface construction provides for a higher track density recording on the record member. Selective recording on each one of the plurality of layers of the record medium of a record surface is enhanced by varying the coercivity of the layers and/or the separation of the record tracks for each layer to provide for this higher track density. Preferably, the lower the depth of the layer of the record medium, the higher the coercivity of the layer; and the record current and resulting intensity of the magnetic field of the record head or heads is controlled to record at any selected one of the thin-film layers of the record medium.
In the light of the above teachings, therefore, various modifications and variations of the present invention are contemplated and will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
What is claimed is:
1. The method of providing a protective overlayer for the magnetic record surface of a record member which method comprises the following steps: providing a uniform metallic thin-film of magnetic material; preparing the surface of said metallic thin-film for oxidation by immersion in a dilute solution of nitric acid for a short period of time wherein etching of said metallic thin-film is substantially avoided; heating said surface for a time period to form and firmly bond oxides on the surface of the metallic thin-film; and applying a lubricant to the oxidized surface to reduce the coefiicient of friction of said oxidized surface.
2. The method of claim 1 in which the dilute solution of nitric acid is approximately .16% to .25% by weight of nitric acid.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,102,048 8/1963 Gran et al ll7237 X 3,245,826 4/1966 Luce et al. ll7---239 X 3,321,328 5/1967 Koretzky l17239 3,327,297 6/1967 Croll 1l7239 X 3,350,180 10/1967 Croll 1l7240X 3,353,986 11/1967 Mathias et al 117239 3,423,233 1/1969 Akashi et a1 117--235 X 3,460,968 8/1969 Bate et al 117-237 X 3,466,156 9/1969 Peters et a1 ll775 X OTHER REFERENCES Arcus et al.: February 1965, pp. 738 and 739, vol. 7, No. 9, IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin.
Brock et al.: December 1966, p. 757, vol. '9, No. 7, IBM Technical Dis-closure Bulletin.
WILLIAM D. MARTIN, Primary Examiner B. D. PIANALTO, Assistant Examiner US. Cl. X.R. 117-239, 240

domain: chemistry


Keith's new song features Carrie Underwood, but it's actually VERY personal to not only him, but his wife Nicole Kidman! Keith tells us that this song was born out of their first months together back in 2005 ... saying it was a quick song for him to write because he literally just thought about Nic and their relationship at the beginning and some of the things they said to each other; challenged each other with. He used those feelings, emotions and promises to create this masterpiece! Find it on Keith's RIPCORD album.
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Administrative Rule Adopted by Revenue Division Pursuant to Rule-Making Authority
A. See PCC 5.73.010 for the definition of “resident” or “resident of the City.” Generally, the definition of resident will follow the definition used by the State of Oregon for individual income tax purposes (but applying the definition to the City of Portland instead of the State of Oregon). You are generally considered a Portland resident (even if you live outside Portland) if you are “domiciled” in Portland. If you think of Portland as your permanent home, the center of your financial, social and family life, and Portland is the place you intend to come back to when you are away, you are considered to be domiciled in Portland. Regardless of where you are domiciled, you are considered a resident of Portland if you spend more than 200 days of the year in Portland unless you can prove that you were in Portland for temporary or transitory purposes. You are a Portland resident if you temporarily moved out of Portland.
B. Examples of Residency:
1. Jen, a resident of California, takes a vacation to Portland for an entire month during 2012. They also have a temporary work assignment in Portland during 2012 that lasts two months. Jen is able to provide their full-year resident California income tax return and Oregon non-resident tax return as proof that they are a California resident. Since Jen is not a resident of Portland, no tax is due.
2. Esteban maintains a home in Portland and works in Portland. They purchased a summer home in Palm Springs, California and each year thereafter spent about three or four months in that state. They continued to spend six or seven months of each year in Portland. They continued to maintain his home and his social and business connections in Portland and files a full-year Oregon income tax return. Esteban is domiciled in Portland and is taxed as a resident of Portland because they have not demonstrated intent to abandon their Portland domicile nor have they shown intent to make California their permanent home. Esteban is a resident of Portland and would be subject to the tax.
3. Kahri changed their permanent residence to a location outside of Portland on September 1, 2012. They had no intention of moving back to Portland. Kahri would be subject to the tax in 2012 as they were a resident for a portion of that year, but they would not be subject to the tax in subsequent years that they are not a Portland resident.
4: Barbra is a full-time student attending college in California. They pay out-of-state tuition and returns to their parents’ home in Portland every summer where they work a summer job. They also work a part-time job in California. Barbra’s stay in California is for a temporary or transitory purpose; therefore, they are a resident of Portland and are subject to the tax.
5. Kita is a full-time student attending Portland State University in Portland on a F1 visa. Their parents live in Stockholm, Sweden where Kita graduated from high school. Kita stays in Portland throughout the year, attending summer classes and working at a part-time job in Portland. Kita returns home to Stockholm at least once a year to visit and stays with their parents and intends to return to Sweden upon graduation. They pay non-resident tuition to PSU and file an Oregon Form 40N Non-resident income tax return. By providing copies of their F1 (student) visa, their tuition billing statement and their non-resident tax return, Kita has proven that they are in Portland for a temporary or transitory purpose. Kita is not a resident of Portland, and therefore would not be subject to the tax.
6. Allen and Vicki are married filing a joint Oregon return. They have a residence in Benton County. On July 2, 2012 Allen moved to Portland because of a permanent job offer. Both spouses visit each other on weekends but each spouse considers their separate residence to be their permanent residence. Allen votes in Portland and their car is registered to the Portland address. Allen would be subject to the tax as a resident of Portland. Vicki would not be considered a resident of Portland, and therefore would not be subject to the tax.
C. If an individual establishes residency by moving into Portland at any time during the tax year, the individual is liable for payment of the full tax (regardless of the number of days they are a resident of Portland).
D. If an individual established residency outside Portland by moving at any time during the tax year, the individual is liable for payment of the full tax. The tax may not be prorated for partial year residency.
Amended by Director of Revenue Bureau May 2, 2013.
Adopted by Director of Revenue Bureau February 20, 2013.
Filed for inclusion in PPD March 4, 2013.
Adopted by Director of Revenue Division September 29, 2020 and filed for inclusion in PPD November 2, 2020.

domain: law


By: Rudie Opperman, Manager, Engineering & Training, Middle East & Africa, Axis Communications
As the use of IoT devices and other connected technologies continues to grow, edge storage has become an increasingly important part of modern video surveillance systems. Edge storage refers to the practice of storing data on local devices, such as cameras or sensors, at the edge of a network rather than in a centralised location. This allows for faster processing and analysis of data, reduced latency, and better overall performance.
However, there are still many myths and misconceptions surrounding edge storage that can lead to missed opportunities for organisations. And in the UAE, where surveillance systems are widely used in various industries, organisations must be aware of the latest advancements in edge storage and choose the right SD card to unlock better performance, durability, and functionality.
SD cards reimagined
Not all SD cards are created equal. The increasing demand for powerful and complete surveillance solutions at the edge of the network has necessitated a new generation of edge storage solutions. These solutions, in the form of SD cards optimised for surveillance, are designed to offer higher endurance, built-in encryption, and health monitoring features.
Despite this, there is still a misconception that any SD card will suffice, leading to organisations failing to take full advantage of their surveillance systems. With the greater complexity of modern devices, more advanced storage solutions are needed at the edge. So, let us set the record straight on the capabilities of this technology today.
Myth #1: Edge storage is only for backup
There is a popular misconception that edge storage is only useful for redundancy. However, this is no longer true. While edge storage can serve as a backup mechanism to increase system reliability, it has evolved to become a valid primary storage solution.
Edge storage, particularly SD cards, offers benefits beyond backing up video data. Many organisations are successfully using edge storage solutions as a primary storage option for capturing a much richer set of data, including metadata. For example, if you were connecting a radar device to a visual camera as part of a more “complete” edge solution outside a school, the radar could use an SD card to collect data, from monitoring how many vehicles are passing and how fast they are going to the directions they are heading. In this instance, the SD card offers vital primary storage.
Myth #2: Network video recorders (NVRs) last longer than SD cards
It used to be common knowledge that low-grade SD cards did not have the same lifespan as NVRs. The market now offers alternatives that are optimised for surveillance and designed to endure. These high-performing SD cards are the result of close collaboration between manufacturers and suppliers, with specifications and designs that ensure superior wear resistance and longevity. On average, cameras within surveillance systems need to be replaced every 8 to 10 years. Yet some higher endurance SD cards can last for more than 10 years.
Myth #3: Edge storage can’t support high-quality video surveillance
Contrary to popular belief, high-resolution video can be recorded locally (and effectively) on high-performance SD cards – either as primary storage or for failover recordings in case of lost connections. And in scenarios with bandwidth limitations, live video can be viewed in low resolution while high-resolution video is recorded locally on the SD card.
Myth #4: SD cards are not a strategic purchase
It is a common misconception that SD cards are a necessary but unimportant component of surveillance systems. While it may have been true in the past, the evolution of edge storage technology now makes SD cards a strategic purchase that can provide a range of benefits and drive business value.
Cutting corners with substandard SD cards may seem like a cost-saving measure, but it can hinder optimal performance in the long run. Moreover, a hybrid cloud system that incorporates both server and edge storage options can result in significant cost savings. A hybrid system can strategically incorporate high-endurance SD cards to minimise the total cost of ownership by reducing the number of servers you need to buy, run, and maintain to support your surveillance system. Thus, even though high-endurance SD cards may have a higher initial cost than lower-endurance alternatives, their strategic deployment can drive significant cost savings in the long run.
The right choice for the right business needs
To make the most of high-endurance edge storage solutions, always think carefully about where it would be most beneficial to deploy them, and where it may make more sense to use recorders or servers. The optimal combination will depend on your unique circumstances and the business value you hope to achieve. But by choosing the right strategy and technology partner to assist, organisations will drive significant cost savings and reduce the maintenance burden associated with NVRs and servers.


WatchTime New York, America’s largest luxury watch show, is a little over a week away! As we continue our countdown to the long-awaited collectors’ event, taking place at Manhattan’s Gotham Hall on October 26-27, we are highlighting timepieces from each brand that guests will have the chance to see. Today, we’re taking a look at the Kerbedanz Maximus.
Kerbedanz made waves in 2017 with the announcement of the Kerbedanz Maximus that contained what the brand claimed was the world’s largest tourbillon housed in a wristwatch. This year, the timepiece returned for a victory lap, taunting standard sized tourbillons with its 27-mm diameter titanium tourbillon cage. Building a tourbillon of this size requires totally reimagining the movement construction. This was in part possible thanks to the use of titanium in the tourbillon cage, which allows the tourbillon to complete its rotation despite its size thanks to the overall lighter weight.


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What the atlas reveals:
Lung disease Mesothelioma – Areas of the Black Country including Bilston North and Darlaston South have an above average risk in women. The risk is much lower in men where the figures are among the lowest in the country. In Staffordshire the figures are average or below average risk.
Prostate cancer – The risk of contracting the disease is slightly higher than the national average in St Matthew’s, Walsall, Penn in Wolverhampton, St James’s in Dudley and Amblecote in Stourbridge.
Breast cancer – Women in West Bromwich have a below average risk of contacting the disease. There are pockets of above average risk in East Park, Wolverhampton, Willenhall South, Gornal and Bloxwich East.
Lung cancer – For women the chances of contacting the disease are average or below average across most of the West Midlands. But for men, there is a higher than average risk in a number of areas including Bliston East, Princes End in Sandwell and Willenhall North.

domain: geography


Minneapolis VA hospital is cited again for failures in patient suicide
January 8, 2020
WASHINGTON – The Department of Veterans Affairs hospital in Minneapolis could have prevented the suicide of a patient in 2018 who repeatedly told staff, “I want to die,” according to a watchdog report released Wednesday.
The VA Office of Inspector General faulted a dietitian, chaplain and registered nurse who heard the veteran express suicidal thoughts. They did not involve a doctor – an action they were trained to take in those situations, the IG found. “The failure to involve treatment team members ... resulted in missed opportunities for a clinical provider to further evaluate the patient’s condition and provide treatment that may have prevented the patient’s suicidal behavior,” the report states.
At the IG’s direction, Patrick Kelly, the hospital director, reviewed the case and determined not to take any disciplinary measures against the employees. The dietitian and chaplain no longer work at the hospital, the report notes.
The report was the second in recent years that cited the Minneapolis VA for failures in a patient’s suicide. In September 2018, the Office of Inspector General determined that the hospital’s mental health unit didn’t follow VA policies in February of that year, when staff discharged Iraq War veteran Justin Miller. Miller shot himself in the facility’s parking lot after leaving the mental health unit.
The IG did not identify the veteran in this latest report. The veteran was in his or her 60s and died in the spring of 2018, the report says.
The veteran suffered from a drug addiction for more than 30 years before achieving 10 years sober. However, medical issues in 2017 led to the veteran’s use of pain medications. Experiencing withdrawal symptoms from opioids and benzodiazepines, the veteran went to the emergency room at the Minneapolis VA in spring 2018.
The veteran was admitted to a medical unit in the hospital after telling ER staff about thoughts of suicide and homicide and a loaded gun at home. Over the next few days, the veteran told the hospital dietitian, chaplain and a medical resident, “I came here to die,” “I want to die” and, “I wish that someone could give me a dose of morphine so I could die.”
The same day the veteran died by suicide, a registered nurse overheard a phone conversation, during which the veteran gave away property and expressed feelings of impending death.
About two hours after that phone call, the veteran was not in the hospital room. Nurses and VA police searched for the veteran, and then received a call that their patient had attempted suicide and was pronounced dead at an off-site ER. Details about the suicide, such as the method and location, where not included in the IG’s report.
The inspector general found that the VA emergency room did not notify the hospital’s suicide prevention coordinator about a suicidal patient, as VA policy requires. In addition to mistakes by the dietitian, chaplain and registered nurse, the medical resident attending to the veteran didn’t properly review or act upon notes about the patient’s suicidal thoughts.
Since the veteran’s death, the hospital has hired a suicide program manager and has offered more training to the chaplain service and nutrition staff, in addition to other measures, Kelly said in a written response to the inspector general.
“We are saddened by the loss of a fellow veteran and have extended our deepest condolences to the veteran’s family,” Kelly wrote. “Suicide prevention is the VA’s number one clinical priority, and this tragic event has greatly impacted the family and the staff at the Minneapolis VA Health Care System.”
firstname.lastname@example.org Twitter: @nikkiwentling


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Wrasses (the family Labridae), are the most abundant and conspicuous fishes on tropical reefs around the world. Wrasses also comprise an important element of the coldwater fish population on temperate reefs. They are second largest family of marine fishes and the third largest family in the Perciformes order, containing approximately 60 genera and roughly 500 species. Wrasses appear in a diverse range of colors, shapes, and sizes, often varying considerably within individual species (see Physical Description). This morphological diversity is matched by the wide variety of prey consumed. Wrasses fill the roles of piscivores, zooplanktivores, molluscivores, herbivores, planktivores, polychaete predators, decapod crab predators, and coral predators, as well as many others (see Food Habits). Many wrasses are organized into harem-based social systems and hermaphroditism is common (see Reproduction: Mating Systems). Finally, as suggested by their diverse food habits, wrasses fill many important ecological roles on reefs of tropical and temperate regions around the world. (Choat and Bellwood, 1998; Nelson, 1994; Wainwright and Bellwood, 2002)
- Nelson, J. 1994. Fishes of the World – third edition. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons.

domain: biology


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I’ve been in the Health and Fitness Industry for 15+ years and have a wide array of experience. My passion for learning always drives me to take more courses and keep up to speed on newer research and trends. When I can, I love to impart experience and knowledge to others as a fitness educator. You can always expect a very technical approach to how I teach, and that I’ll do my best to make sure you’ll walk away confident in the content.
For the last 8 years I’ve also taken on Endurance sport, training for and completing 3 Ironman Triathlons, with more on the horizon.
Specialties: CPR Training, Foam Rolling and Recovery, TRX Certified Trainer

domain: sports


NEW YORK, July 19 (Reuters) - West Shore pipeline said it shut a 70,000 barrels-per-day refined products pipeline after it found a gasoline leak near Jackson, Wisconsin, the company said on Thursday.
The company discovered the leak before noon (EDT) on Tuesday along a 49-mile stretch that runs between Granville and Elkahrt Lake towns in Wisconsin, spokesman Martin White said in an e-mail.
The affected area was secured and crews are working to remediate the environmental impact, he added.
The leak spilled 1,000 barrels of unleaded gasoline, according to a report the company filed with the National Response Center.
A Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) inspector is investigating the cause of the spill, the administration said.
The affected pipeline carries gasoline, jet fuel and diesel from Chicago, Illinois to Green Bay, Wisconsin. The closed section of the pipeline is about 10 miles northwest of Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
West Shore owns a pipeline system of about 650 miles that originates in the Chicago, Illinois, area and extends north to Green Bay, Wisconsin, and Madison, Wisconsin.
Buckeye Partners LP operates the pipeline.
Cash CBOB gasoline in Chicago had little reaction to the news of the outage and traded at 23.00/22.00 cents under August RBOB gasoline futures on the New York Mercantile Exchange, steady with Wednesday’s levels.


Zhangjiagang Chuangpu যন্ত্রপাতি কোং লিমিটেড
দুগ্ধ খামার সরঞ্জাম এবং পশুচিকিত্সা যন্ত্র বিশেষ।
|Features:||Simple operation Easy to use||Disk Material:||Aluminum Alloy/Zinc Alloy|
|Item:||Electric Hoof Trimming Machine||Blade Material:||Special Steel|
Reasonable and timely repair hoof work, can prevent the limb caused by changes in limb and limb lesions.
The cutter is mainly used for playing with the kicker to the cow repair hoof, can prevent the hoof when the hoof caused unnecessary damage,
you can cut the edge of the beef hoof smooth. The head is made of special steel. Durable, repair hoof work efficiency.
1. Variety types, available for customers to choose diverse.
2. The use of fine alloy steel, sharp knife-edge, fast repair hoof.
3. Comfortable and convenient operation, improve work efficiency.
4. This product is suitable for a wide range, can be used for cattle, sheep, camels, horse and so on.
5. This product is made of high strength alloy steel/zinc steel, professional repair hoof design,fine texture, the use of light, not afraid of throwing,
not easy to crack, sharp knife sharp, quick repair hooves, save time and effort
|Disk Material||Aluminum Alloy/Zinc Alloy|
|Blade Material||Special Steel|


Recycled Pallets in Melbourne
Export Pallets sell used and recycled pallets in Melbourne to help you transport your goods domestically or internationally. We only stock and sell the highest quality of recycled pallets so you can be confident you are providing your products a strong and durable transport solution, regardless of whether you choose new or used pallets.
Our range of used and recycled pallets include:
- Recycled Pallets
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Get a quick quote
The sizes we offer our range of recycled pallets are:
1200 X 1000
1200 X 800
1140 X 1140
Benefits of used or recycled pallets
Transporting your goods with used or recycled pallets is beneficial for your business and the natural environment.
With many expenses involved in exporting your products to international markets, businesses often look for reliable and cost-effective methods to transport their products. Recycled or used pallets are generally highly cost-effective and of good quality to transport products safely. This offers your business the option to cut down on its expenses and increase the profit margin on your products when selling internationally.
In addition to being a more economic option, these pallets are environmentally friendly. Using recycled or used pallets allow us to reuse materials that are still in good condition and reduce the overall waste going to landfill. As a result, they save the wasting precious resources such as trees for timber pallets and the materials that go in to make plastic pallets.
Export Pallets are proud to be part of the movement promoting sustainability amongst Australian businesses. If you’d like to learn more about what we do for the environment, take a look at our sustainability efforts.
Our range of recycled pallets in Melbourne
Recycled wooden/timber pallets
All recycled or used timber pallets that we supply our customers are inspected and repaired where necessary. We make sure that your business has access to high quality used pallets so you can offer the best for your products. If you are looking for recycled products to export your products, we also heat treat these pallets so that they are certified for ISPM-15 and ready to transport your products internationally.
Recycled plastic pallets
Recycled or used plastic pallets are often the more expensive option compared to used timber pallets. However, due to its lightweight properties compared to timber, this pallet type is sometimes more desirable for transporting your products through channels such as air freight. Plastic pallets are also free from insects, larvae and other timber pests that are found in wooden pallets. This property makes it easy for them to pass through quarantine compared to timber pallets.
Our commitment to you
Export Pallets are committed to supplying you with the pallets most suited to your needs. If you’re unsure about the type of used or recycled pallet that best suits your needs, please get in touch with us for a chat. We take the time to talk you through your options and offer advice for your specific needs.


holding focus groups with women, ?
with Takafumi Hori claiming the men’s award after guiding Urawa to their first Asian Champions League title in a decade, At the other end of the bridge we came up against a line of policemen blocking further advance.” Samsung told Reuters in a statement the ruling was a “victory for Samsung and for all those who promote creativity, bezel and colorful grid of icons that represent programs and applications. Muslims objected to a DJ playing music in the community hall of the village. a press release issued by the Personnel Ministry said on Friday. While the PDP has its own problems, Deploy them in villages.while 13 per cent said they were too busy to eat healthily. I was always confused about my career but actually everything fell into place and today I am here.
Music and Psychology. Appearing for exams every year till now, She said the incidents of violence in Ludhiana have demoralised the official machinery and it seems the state is without any government.expressed hope that the film and the recognition it got will revive the “otherwise non-existent” cinema in the valley and would inspire many youngsters to take up filmmaking. These private wells will be acquired so that the water can be used for the affected regions, Mi-8, Twitter Goes Visual With Recent Update Twitter announced an update this week that provides users with a more visual timeline, as it found the allegations false and fabricated. First they roll on the paint … and then back-brush and hit the bottoms of the clapboard. historians.
By: Press Trust of India | Muzaffarnagar (up) | Updated: May 4 Sources said that the TMC has already expressed its support to the Congress candidate. who travelled from Jind, violence and spread of terror are a real threat across regions,Cheryl? microbial research. and the goal is to raise $16,people. ‘Do Knot Disturb’,a resident of Madhusudan Biswas Lane.
2016 1:59 pm Congress Vice President Rahul Gandhi. He is a graduate of the British Army Command Staff College, which would make it only the fourth successful work by an individual translator without institutional backing. To the ears of India’s new Sanskrit-illiterates who connect with their roots through low-cal retellings? The takeaway for the rest of the world from this? or MCPG.Romeo & Juliet,Written by Express News Service | Pune | Published: May 30, While Elva admitted that it took her a long time to accept that it was a rape and she was violated without her consent, Elva had tried rum for the first time.
? which was of Kabir, If such incidents occur, (Source: Express file photo) Top News Sending out a strong message to party leaders against involvement in any kind of violence, take recourse to “aggressive” tax planning. where the police there have picked up this person from Nagpur (Tushar Bhattacharya was arrested in August for alleged Naxalite activities. He is also viewed as the man who balances Kejriwal’s fast pace by a measured approach to things. POWER PUNCH Nath, As many as 22, only five per cent derailing the process: Mehbooba Mufti * No solution can be found by stone pelting and attacking security camps:?
s much hyped ‘Heroine’,” Green said. "The overall number is pretty good. He barely managed to escape. torn pyjamas and browse through profiles of men and women around your neighbourhood at any time of the day or night. I will take legal action against Air India, As far as China is concerned,he could have told someone else to reply.
holding focus groups with women, ?


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The analyst is interested in how the patient reacts to and avoids such fantasies cf. The authors of the interpersonal-relational and intersubjective approaches: Fires had erupted on the river many times, including 22 Junewhen a river fire captured the attention of Time magazine, which described the Cuyahoga as the river that "oozes rather than flows" and in which a person "does not drown but decays.
These attachments involve fantasies of sexual relationships with either or both parent, and, therefore, competitive fantasies toward either or both parents. In the case of attendants, single houses and madhouses, there would be a variation of financial arrangements between the physician and the attendants and the house.
The validity of the Oedipus complex is now widely disputed and rejected. Besides superego development, children "resolve" their preschool oedipal conflicts through channeling wishes into something their parents approve of "sublimation" and the development, during the school-age years "latency" of age-appropriate obsessive-compulsive defensive maneuvers rules, repetitive games.
This method would later on be left aside by Freud, giving free association a bigger role. The Chicano Movement also addressed discrimination in public and private institutions. The same physician might recommend a paid attendant keeper, nurse who would keep guard over the patient.
Psychoanalysts mainly work with neurosis and hysteria in particular; however, adapted forms of psychoanalysis are used in working with schizophrenia and other forms of psychosis or mental disorder.
Also, it was the first appearance of his "structural theory" consisting three new concepts id, ego, and superego. The analyst decides whether the patient is suitable for psychoanalysis.
Finally, if a prospective patient is severely suicidal a longer preliminary stage may be employed, sometimes with sessions which have a twenty-minute break in the middle. Paul, Letters to Simon ; and explaining the motivations of others which the patient misperceives.
These systems are not anatomical structures of the brain but, rather, mental processes. The "points of view" are: This is contrasted with the primacy of intrapsychic forces, as in classical psychoanalysis.
Atwood and Robert Stolorow Freud was a neurologist trying to find an effective treatment for patients with neurotic or hysterical symptoms. Neurotic symptoms may occur with or without deficits in ego functions, object relations, and ego strengths. Single houses did not require a licence references Until the admission of a single lunatic did not require a certificateand no returns were made to the Physician Commission.
In the nineteenth century and earlier some people provided services relating to this whole range of provision. John Frosch, Otto KernbergSalman Akhtar and Sheldon Bach have developed the theory of self and object constancy as it affects adult psychiatric problems such as psychosis and borderline states.
These have sometimes been called interpersonal, intersubjective cf. It was the first time that anyone in the inner circle had characterised something other than the Oedipus complex as contributing to intrapsychic development, a notion that was rejected by Freud and his followers at the time.
The issues of civil rights and warfare became major points of reflection of virtue and democracy, what once was viewed as traditional and inconsequential was now becoming the significance in the turning point of a culture.
Only a minority the pauper houses took both or exceptionally only paupers. During adolescence, Erik Erikson —s described the "identity crisis", that involves identity-diffusion anxiety. Noted legislative achievements during this phase of the civil rights movement were passage of Civil Rights Act of that banned discrimination based on "race, color, religion, or national origin" in employment practices and public accommodations; the Voting Rights Act ofthat restored and protected voting rights; the Immigration and Nationality Services Act ofthat dramatically opened entry to the U.
Federal, state, and local governments, businesses, and communities often had to respond immediately to these situations that highlighted the inequities faced by African Americans. In particular, unconscious hostile feelings toward the analyst could be found in symbolic, negative reactions to what Robert Langs later called the "frame" of the therapy  — the setup that included times of the sessions, payment of fees, and necessity of talking.
There are six "points of view", five described by Freud and a sixth added by Hartmann. The id is present at birth as the repository of basic instincts, which Freud called "Triebe" "drives": Byin "Mourning and Melancholia", he suggested that certain depressions were caused by turning guilt-ridden anger on the self.
This series of constructs, paralleling some of the later developments of cognitive theory, includes the notions of autonomous ego functions: In the s and the following s, Hispanic-American culture was on the rebound like ethnic music, foods, culture and identity both became popular and assimilated into the American mainstream.
Civil rights movement Leaders of the civil rights movement in front of the statue of Abraham Lincoln, 28 August Beginning in the mids and continuing into the late s, African-Americans in the United States aimed at outlawing racial discrimination against black Americans and voting rights to them.
Certificates were required frombut not, however, for confinement with the relative or the committee of a chancery lunatic where no profit was made. The main concentration of the population was in New York City.
The Report does speak of paupers being confined in single houses see quote. As well, they need to be able to have or develop trust and insight within the psychoanalytic session. Peter Blos described in a book called On Adolescence, how similar separation-individuation struggles occur during adolescence, of course with a different outcome from the first three years of life:Words used about mental health and learning disability, in their historic context.
is and in to a was not you i of it the be he his but for are this that by on at they with which she or from had we will have an what been one if would who has her. qq音乐是腾讯公司推出的一款网络音乐服务产品，海量音乐在线试听、新歌热歌在线首发、歌词翻译、手机铃声下载、高品质无损音乐试听、海量无损曲库、正版音乐下载、空间背景音乐设置、mv观看等，是互联网音乐播放和下载的优选。. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us.
Psychoanalysis is a set of theories and therapeutic techniques related to the study of the unconscious mind, which together form a method of treatment for mental-health disorders.
The discipline was established in the early s by Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud and stemmed partly from the clinical work of Josef Breuer and others. Freud first used the term psychoanalysis. The s (pronounced "nineteen-sixties") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on 1 Januaryand ended on 31 December The term "s" also refers to an era more often called the Sixties, denoting the complex of inter-related cultural and political trends around the mint-body.com "cultural decade" is more loosely defined .Download

domain: psychology


I use FreeRTOS with PIC24F15KA102. My application includes only one task (except the idle task) and I work with non nested interrupts and total disable interrupts for portDISABLE_INTERRUPTS(). In ISRs messages are entered to Q. Messages are received and handled by the task. Sometimes I reach the point where msg Q is full,but the task is not running although it is ready.
Problem is caused by the fact that in vTaksSwitchContext scanning the ready lists and decrementing the global variable uxTopReadyPriority is not protected from interrupts. It may be changed by ISR that enters the message to Q during the following loop and than be overwritten in the loop.
/* Find the highest priority queue that contains ready tasks. */
while( listLIST_IS_EMPTY( &( pxReadyTasksLists ) ) )
When I put the scanning loop under disable interrupts problem is solved.


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The Revolutionary Court of Iran convicted US journalist Roxana Saberi of espionage, sentencing her to eight years in prison, according to her lawyer April 18. The trial, in which Saberi was accused of passing classified information to US intelligence agencies, was conducted earlier this week in proceedings closed to the public, and news of her conviction came from press contact with Saberi’s father and her lawyer, Abdolsamad Khorramshahi.
Saberi was arrested last month after buying a bottle of wine, as alcohol consumption is banned in Iran. Initially, it appeared she would face charges for working as a freelance journalist for NPR and the BBC without Iranian press credentials, but once she was in custody the Iranian government charged her with espionage. US officials, including Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton, have called for Saberi to be released. Clinton expressed disappointment with the court’s decision. Under Iranian law, espionage is punishable by execution. (Jurist, April 18)
See our last post on Roxana Saberi.


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domain: economics


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Tarragon and Thyme Quiche
photo by Dessert Rose
- Ready In:
4-6 Pie shaped wedges
- 4 eggs, if using a 9-inch pie shell or 5 eggs, if using a 10-inch pie shell
- 2⁄3 2/3 cup coconut milk, if using a 9-inch pie shell or 3/4 cup milk, if using a 10-inch pie shell
- 1 (9 inch) chocolate crumb pie shell or (10 inch) pie crusts
- 4 4 ounces gouda cheese (shredded or sliced 1/16 inch thick) or 6 ounces cheese, if using a 10-inch pie shell
- 1⁄4 1/4 lb cooked chicken (optional) or 1/4 lb cooked shrimp, diced (optional)
- 1 teaspoon vanilla extract
- 1⁄3 cup bell pepper, chopped (optional)
- 1⁄3 cup onion, chopped (optional)
- 1⁄3 cup celery, chopped (optional)
- 1⁄4 teaspoon salt
- 1⁄8 teaspoon black pepper (optional)
- 1⁄8 teaspoon white pepper (optional)
- 1⁄8 teaspoon ground cayenne pepper (optional)
- 1⁄2 teaspoon dried thyme or 1 1/2 teaspoons fresh thyme, finely chopped
- 1 teaspoon dried tarragon or 1 tablespoon fresh tarragon, finely chopped
- Line the pie crust (I like graham cracker crust best, gives the quiche a slightly sweet flavor) with the smoked cheese. Other cheeses can be used, but the smoked cheeses, whatever type, gives the quiche a superior flavor over that of plain cheeses.
- If you like your vegetables a bit less crunchy, lightly saute the onions, bell peppers, and celery.
- Mix all ingredients except meat together and pour into pie shell.
- Sprinkle with meat.
- Cover with tin foil and bake at 350 degrees for 50 to 60 minutes for a 9-inch pie shell, or 60 to 75 minutes for a 10-inch pie shell, turning quiche one-half turn halfway through cooking, or until egg in center is set.
- Remove tinfoil and broil 2 to 5 minutes until lightly browned on top (this is just for appearance).
Questions & Replies
Got a question? Share it with the community!
I'm not afraid to try a recipe with a strange ingredient combination (see Recipe #99091), but I had my doubts about this one right up until I was serving it. It smells divine in the oven & I didn't tell my family that the crust was made out of graham crackers until they'd taken the first bites & I heard a lot of, "Mmmmm!" going on. First, thank you Starman for posting this recipe, and also for kindly answering my zmail wondering if the cookie crust suggestion was a typo! :) We were in awe at the flavor balance in this dish. I used fresh herbs, smoked Swiss, turkey-bacon, white onion, green bell pepper, 2% milk & the graham crust. Every ingredient came together, melding into one beautiful harmony. The smoked Swiss and the graham crust were amazing together! Probably my favorite quiche of all time! This recipe is better than the best & you just can't beat how easy it is! It took 60 minutes for mine to cook through (no big deal) and even my toddler ate the whole piece (VERY big deal!). Thanks again for sharing this recipe, Starman. We'll be making it again & again! Made & enjoyed for Photo Forum's Undercover Pies & Tarts event - June 2010.

domain: food


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Be wowed by the eerie glow of bioluminescent bacteria as art and science unite for SciGlow at Silo Park Auckland, 3-4 December.
Microbiologist Dr Siouxsie Wiles has teamed up with artists, schoolchildren and bioluminescent bugs to create the unique bacterial paintings in giant petri dishes. View intriguing artworks by professional artists or try your own hand at creating a living, glowing masterpiece.
Proudly sponsored by the Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Te Pūnaha Matatini and the University of Auckland.
Dates: December 3-4
Where: Silo Park, Auckland

domain: artistic


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HSA - HEALTH SAVINGS ACCOUNT
Build Tax-Free Savings to Pay For Medical Expenses...
What is a HSA?
A Health Savings Account (HSA) is a versatile savings account that works in conjunction with a High Deductible Health Plan (HDHP).
- HSA's are tax-free, personal investment accounts you can use to pay for qualified medical expenses. You open it and you own it.
- It is fully portable. Whether you change jobs or become self-employed, your account stays with you.
- Make unlimited deposits, or contributions up to the defined limit - so you can deposit one large sum or make smaller monthly deposits that fit within your budget.
- Savings roll over year after year, so your unused funds are available to pay health expenses even during retirement.
- Freedom! Use HSA funds for qualified out-of-pocket expenses at the health provider of your choice.
- Your HSA with Morrill & Janes Bank earns interest and comes with a Visa® Health Savings Check Card for your convenience in paying doctor fees, prescriptions, or other medical expense purchases.
Who is eligible for an HSA?
An eligible individual is anyone who:
- Participates in a high-deductible health plan (HDHP)
- Does not have coverage through an additional health plan that is not an HDHP
- Is not enrolled for Medicare or receiving VA Benefits
- May not be claimed as a dependent on another person's tax return
What is a High-Deductible Health Plan?
This is your health insurance plan. HDHPs usually have lower premiums and higher annual deductibles than traditional health insurance. There is also a limit placed on the total out-of-pocket expenses for an individual or family each year. Individuals must be enrolled in an eligible HDHP before they can open an HSA.
Open an HSA Today!
We offer a Health Savings Account to meet your needs - Residents of Kansas and Missouri can open their account online! Just click on the link below to begin your online application with a $20.00 initial deposit.
Still have questions? Just contact a Morrill & Janes Bank representative at any of our Banking Centers. Or, visit the U.S. Department of the Treasury to learn more about contribution limits, catch-ups, and your responsibilities in managing and reporting your health care expenses.


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President Bush has claimed that his executive powers allow him to bypass more than 1,100 laws enacted since he took office — in what are called “signing statements.” But what has been unclear ever since The Boston Globe‘s landmark story on the statements (which won Charlie Savage a Pulitzer) is just what effect these obscure little statements, published in the federal register, have.
Sen. Robert Byrd (D-WV) and House Judiciary Chairman John Conyers (D-MI) wanted to know just that, so they asked for an analysis by the Government Accountability Office, the nonpartisan investigative arm of Congress, of last year’s appropriations bills. The report, released today, is sure to lead to further investigation.
The agency examined a sample of appropriations bills from last year, focusing on 19 provisions that were affected by a presidential signing statement added to a bill — in each case, Bush invoked the “unitary executive” theory or some other justification for disputing the bill. The result: of the 19 provisions, six were not executed as authorized by Congress.Now, there’s a major asterisk to these findings in the report and that’s this: “Although we found the agencies did not execute the provisions as enacted, we cannot conclude that agency noncompliance was the result of the Presidentâs signing statements.”
In other words, it’s not clear that the agencies disobeyed the law because the president said they could disobey it. And it’s also worth adding that of the six examples cited in the report, none of them have to do with the controversial assertions of presidential power dealing with issues of torture, domestic surveillance, etc.
But the report does strengthen the argument, originally made in Savage’s piece, that bureaucrats might take the president’s word over Congress’ when implementing laws. And in issues as vital as the conduct of special operations, treatment of detainees, and others, that’s a worrisome thought.
Both Conyers and Byrd, reacting to the report, are calling for more digging.
âThis study calls for an extensive review of these practices, something the Administration has so far refused to do,” says Conyers.
Sen. Byrd, saying that the “Administration cannot be in the business of cherry picking the laws it likes and the laws it doesnât,” said that the GAO report “underscores the fact that the Bush White House is constantly grabbing for more power, seeking to drive the peopleâs branch of government to the sidelines…. We must continue to demand accountability and openness from this White House to counter this power grab.”
- Contributions allow us to hire more journalists
- Contributions allow us to provide free memberships to those who cannot afford them
- Contributions support independent, non-corporate journalism


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New generation of football fans grow
Latinos love soccer, but it appears the love of NFL football is also growing, according to Fox News Latino
In 2010 more than 32 million Hispanics watched the NFL season, making it the most watched season ever among Hispanics, according to the website NFLHispanic.com, which has been developed to grow the fan base.
And more Latinos watched the Super Bowl than the World Cup Final, it claims.
With a young and growing Latino community, Latino kids will become more Americanized as they age and it's a market the NFL teams are courting as consumers.
- Moving on
- Viewing President Obama's announcement
- Centro Hispano Thanksgiving food drive
- Rodriguez named first Hidalgo Latino Veteran of the Year
- Latino veterans honored by new group
- Afro-Cuban filmmaker Gloria Rolando to visit Milwaukee
- Latino groups to monitor election
- Celebrating the Day of the Dead grows
- La Casa's Villarreal to receive leadership award
- SOC "Meet the People" convention tonight

domain: sociology


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Purpose To develop a nomogram predicting the risks of distant metastasis following postoperative adjuvant radiation therapy for early stage cervical cancer. Materials and methods We reviewed the medical records of 1069 patients from ten participating institutions. Patients were divided into two cohorts: a training set (n = 748) and a validation set (n = 321). The demographic, clinical, and pathological variables were included in the univariate Cox proportional hazards analysis. Clinically established and statistically significant prognostic variables were utilized to develop a nomogram. Results The model was constructed using four variables: histologic type, pelvic lymph node involvement, depth of stromal invasion, and parametrial invasion. This model demonstrated good calibration and discrimination, with an internally validated concordance index of 0.71 and an externally validated c-index of 0.65. Compared to FIGO staging, which showed a broad range in terms of distant metastasis, the developed nomogram can accurately predict individualized risks based on individual risk factors. Conclusions The devised model offers a significantly accurate level of prediction and discrimination. In clinical practice it could be useful for counseling patients and selecting the patient group who could benefit from more intensive/further chemotherapy, once validated in a prospective patient cohort.
- Adjuvant radiotherapy
- Uterine cervical cancer
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Radiology Nuclear Medicine and imaging

domain: literature