Is Solar Energy Right For You
As power companies seek to address climate change and eco-conscious energy consumers recognize the benefits of generating their own electricity, solar energy is becoming a much more common source of electricity.
After being merely a blip on the radar as recently as 2010, U.S. solar energy capacity has grown by 50 times in the past decade to reach nearly 76 gigawatts, generating enough energy to power 19 million average households.
Most people have observed this trend toward clean energy, seeing neighbors buy solar panels, coming across solar installations on top of a local business or even driving by a full-sized solar farm. But is solar a good choice for your home?
For many homeowners, the decision comes down to cost. You can get a free, no-obligation estimate from a top solar company in your area by filling out the 30-second form below.
All EcoWatch solar companies are pre-vetted for your convenience.
Other Forms Of Solar Panels And Solar Power
There are emerging technologies in solar that present possibilities to create a step change in the efficiency of panels. These include graphene coating of solar cells, lightweight panels that dont use glass and are flexible. To see a more indepth review of the different types of solar panels and the different brands see this article.
Additionally there are alternate forms of solar power such as Concentrating Solar Power , where instead of solar panels, mirror panels are used to focus sunlight on a central tower where water is heated to high temperatures and is converted back to energy through steam turbines. Solar thermal panels work slightly differently as well, where the water runs through the panels in copper tubing that heats the water while it runs through the panel and returns to the hot water tank.
Compare quotes from up to 7 pre-vetted installers in your area now.
How Do Solar Panels Generate Electricity
PV solar panels generate direct current electricity. With DC electricity, electrons flow in one direction around a circuit. This example shows a battery powering a light bulb. The electrons move from the negative side of the battery, through the lamp, and return to the positive side of the battery.
With AC electricity, electrons are pushed and pulled, periodically reversing direction, much like the cylinder of a car’s engine. Generators create AC electricity when a coil of wire is spun next to a magnet. Many different energy sources can “turn the handle” of this generator, such as gas or diesel fuel, hydroelectricity, nuclear, coal, wind, or solar.
AC electricity was chosen for the U.S. electrical power grid, primarily because it is less expensive to transmit over long distances. However, solar panels create DC electricity. How do we get DC electricity into the AC grid? We use an inverter.
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Common Solar Panel Sizes
60 cell panel : Approx width 0.98m x length 1.65m
72 cell panel : Approx width 1.0m x length 2.0m
96/104 cell panel: Approx width 1.05m x length 1.60m
66 cell panel – Approx width 1.10m x length 1.80m – New*
78 cell panel : Approx width 1.30m x length 2.3m – New*
HC = half-cut cells
A standard size 60-cell panel with 18-20% efficiency typically has a power rating of 300-330 Watts, whereas a panel using higher efficiency cells, of the same size, can produce up to 370W. As previously explained, the most efficient standard-size panels use high-performance N-type IBC or Interdigitated Back Contact cells which can achieve up to 22.6% panel efficiency and generate an impressive 380 to 400 Watts.
Popular half-cut or split cell modules have double the number of cells with roughly the same panel size. A panel with 60 cells in a half-cell format is doubled to 120 cells, and 72 cells in a half-cell format have 144 cells. The half-cut cell configuration is slightly more efficient as the panel voltage is the same but the current is split between the two halves. Due to the lower current, half-cut panels have lower resistive losses resulting in increased efficiency and a lower temperature co-efficient which also helps boost operating efficiency.
How Do Solar Panels Work: The Science
Weve now answered, what are solar panels made of? and how do solar panels work?, its time to explain the scientific process behind converting particles of light from the sun into energy. Not interested in the science behind solar panels? We recommend skipping this section and heading straight into the aspects that will affect your decision to purchase and install a solar panel package how much energy do solar panels produce?.
Solar panels are composed of many photovoltaic cells linked together that convert sunlight into electricity. Photovoltaic cells were initially discovered by a French physicist, Edmond Becquerel in the 1800s, but it wasnt until 1954 that Bell Labs created the first practical silicon solar cell.
As previously explained, solar panels generate power through the power imbalances in the silicone discs or wafers that continuously correct each other. The N-type silicon is a pure form that has one extra electron. The P-type silicone has one less electron and impurities, typically from an infusion of boron. The result of this electron imbalance is that when the sun hits the solar panel, the electrons begin to move around, attempting to fix the others shortfalls. When photons, knock electrons free from atoms, it generates electricity.
The electricity collected from the solar panels is converted from direct current to alternating current through an inverter. The electricity feeds back into the propertys electricity system.
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How To Choose The Best Solar Panels
Look for panels from solar energy companies that have high efficiency rates and offer a comprehensive warranty on product and workmanship. High-efficiency panels let you produce the most power with limited space, and warranties reduce maintenance costs if you have problems with the system later on. Here are some tips to find durable solar panels that meet your energy production needs.
So How Do Modern Solar Panels Actually Work
Solar panels consist of 60 or 72 silicon cells. When sunlight hits these cells, electrons within the silicon at an atomic level are shaken free and move around. An electric current is simply the movement or flow of electrons in the same direction. A bolt of lightning, for example, is a sudden surge of electrons across a build-up of charge within clouds, or between clouds and the ground.
Looking in further detail, the silicon used in solar panels is adapted during the manufacturing process to improve the quantity of available electrons. Often phosphorus and boron are bonded to opposing layers of silicon. The phosphorus add additional available electrons and provides a negative charge, while the boron reduces the available electrons providing a positive charge. The resulting electrical field is primed for when sunlight hits the panel to deliver a flow of electrons to the junction between cells.
If you connect a group of these PV cells in a circuit within in a panel, and install a number of panels side by side, you can create a large flow of electrons and DC electricity. The electricity used in households, however, is AC 240 volts. Therefore a box called a solar inverter usually no bigger than your average shopping basket is used to convert the DC electricity to AC so it can be used immediately by occupants and the electricity grid.
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The Best Type Of Solar Panels
So are monocrystalline vs. polycrystalline vs. thin film panels better? The best type of solar panels depends on the purpose of the panels andwhere theyll be installed. For residential properties with a large roof space or property, the best choice of panels may be polycrystalline. These panels are the most affordable for large spaces and will provide enough efficiency and power. For residential properties with smaller spaces, monocrystalline solar panels may be the best choice. These panels work well for those who want to maximize their energy bills in a small space. Monocrystalline solar panels and polycrystalline solar panels are good fits for homes and other similar buildings. Thin-film solar panels are almost never used on homes because they are lower in efficiency. Instead, thin-film solar panels are perfect for commercial buildings that cant handle the additional weight of traditional panels. Though thin-film is less efficient, commercial roofs have more space to cover more of the roof with panels.
If youre not sure which of the types of solar panels will work best for your project or you want some guidance on understanding solar panel technology, our experts at8MSolarcan help you determine the right panels for your unique project.
Making The Right Decision About Solar Power
There are a lot of advantages to going solar, but itÃ¢s up to you to weigh the pros and cons of your particular goals and system.
If you are not sure if solar is right for you you can use our free solar calculator that will help you see if it makes financial sense and help guide you through the process.
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How Do Solar Cells Work
Artwork: How a simple, single-junction solar cell works.
A solar cell is a sandwich of n-type silicon and p-type silicon. It generates electricity by using sunlight to make electrons hopacross the junction between the different flavors of silicon:
Producing A Solar Panel
It is interesting to note that some solar panel manufacturers processes will only commence from this step and they purchase pre-produced solar cells from other manufacturers. Typical solar panels in Australia use 60 cells or 72 cells combined together in a single panel. Each panel will have top plexiglas sheet to protect the cells, an encapsulent material like EVA between each layer and a back sheet to protect the silicon from moisture and soiling. The solar panels are usually held together with an aluminium frame and have an output/input junction box when solar installers can easily string together solar panels in an array.
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How Much Power Can We Make With Solar Cells
“The total solar energy that reaches the Earth’ssurface could meet existing global energy needs 10,000 times over.”
European Photovoltaic Industry Association/Greenpeace, 2011.
In theory, a huge amount. Let’s forget solar cells for the momentand just consider pure sunlight. Up to 1000 watts of raw solar power hits each square meter of Earth pointing directly at the Sun .
In practice, after we’ve corrected for the tiltof the planet and the time of day, the best we’re likely to get ismaybe 100250 watts per square meter in typical northern latitudes. That translates into about 26 kWh per day.Multiplying up for a whole year’s production gives us somewherebetween 700 and 2500 kWh per square meter . Hotter regions clearly have much greater solarpotential: the Middle East, for example, receives around 50100percent more useful solar energy each year than Europe.
Unfortunately, typical solar cells are only about 15 percentefficient, so we can only capture a fraction of this theoreticalenergy: perhaps 410 watts per square meter.That’s why solar panels need to be so big: the amount ofpower you can make is obviously directly related to how much area youcan afford to cover with cells. A single solar cell can generate about 34.5 watts a typical solarmodule made from an array of about 40 cells could make about 100300 watts several solar panels, eachmade from about 34 modules, could therefore generate an absolutemaximum of several kilowatts .
How Many Watts Are Sunpower Panels
SunPower in the US sells solar panels up to 400w in their A-series. However, if youre looking for something larger, check out Maxeon Solar, their global company, and their Performance series, which goes up to 545w, which is very large for residential installations.
SunPower is one of the largest residential solar manufacturers in the world. Since they mainly target residential markets, they havent given in to the bigger is better trend sweeping the commercial solar market.
However, theyre still known as one of the most prominent solar players in the market, mainly for their jaw-dropping efficiency, high-quality panels, and extended warranties. Theres a reason why their name is associated with high-range solar products.
Ultimately, you probably wont need such high-wattage solar panels for residential installations, and 300w panels or smaller can easily suit your power needs.
Sunpower is also very expensive, and even their smaller wattage solar panels can be pricey. However, you get what you pay for in solar systems, and SunPower is known for its quality.
Theyve recently introduced a 40-year warranty for their Maxeon line of solar panels, unheard of in the solar market today. It speaks volumes about the quality and durability of their products, making them an excellent choice for solar installations.
What problems do solar panels solve?
What are 3 important uses of solar panels?
Do solar panels give you free electricity?
Do you save money with solar panels?
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How Does A Solar Panel System Work
Here’s an example of how a home solar energy installation works. First, sunlight hits a solar panel on the roof. The panels convert the energy to DC current, which flows to an inverter. The inverter converts the electricity from DC to AC, which you can then use to power your home. It’s beautifully simple and clean, and it’s getting more efficient and affordable all the time.
However, what happens if you’re not home to use the electricity your solar panels are generating every sunny day? And what happens at night when your solar system is not generating power in real-time? Don’t worry, you may still benefit through a system called “net metering.”*
A typical grid-tied PV system, during peak daylight hours, frequently produces more energy than one customer needs, so that excess energy is fed back into the grid for use elsewhere. The customer who is eligible for net metering may receive credits for the excess energy produced and can use those credits to draw from the grid at night or on cloudy days. A net meter records the energy sent compared to the energy received from the grid. Read our article on net metering and how it works.
What Are Solar Panels Made Of And How Are They Made
As solar energy becomes increasingly popular for residential use, youve probably had a few neighbors install solar panels and may even be thinking of getting a system for your own home. But before adopting this technology, you may be wondering: What are solar panels made of, and how are they made?
Many people simply accept that solar panels work and thats all we need to know about them, but for the scientifically and technologically curious, each individual solar panel contains a world of interesting components and materials. Keep reading to learn more about what actually makes up a solar panel.
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A Short History Of Solar Panels
The development of solar energy goes back more than 100 years. In the early days, solar energy was used primarily for the production of steam which could then be used to drive machinery. But it wasn’t until the discovery of the “” by Edmond Becquerel that would allow the conversion of sunlight solar electric energy. Becquerel’s discovery then led to the invention in 1893 by Charles Fritts of the first genuine solar cell which was formed by coating sheets of selenium with a thin layer of gold. And from this humble beginning would arise the device we know today as the solar panel.
Russel Ohl, an American inventor on the payroll of Bell Laboratories, patented the world’s first silicon solar cell in 1941. Ohl’s invention led to the production of the first solar panel in 1954 by the same company. Solar panels found their first mainstream use in space satellites. For most people, the first solar panel in their life was probably embedded in their new calculator – circa the 1970s!
Today, solar panels and complete solar panel systems are used to power a wide variety of applications. Yes, solar panels in the form of solar cells are still being used in calculators. However, they are also being used to provide solar power to entire homes and commercial buildings, such as Google’s headquarters in California.
What Does Marine Grade Mean
The standard of marine-grade refers to the wires ability to hold up against natural elements such as harsh rain, wind, and saltwater corrosion.
Therefore, if a marine-grade wire is good enough to survive a rough storm out on the open waters, its good enough for the roof of your van.
10AWG Stranded Wire
- Best wire size for solar arrays
- Designed to withstand harsh environments
- Built to withstand vibrations
Was This Solar Article Helpful? We have other posts dedicated to help you install a camper van solar system. Check out the guide for more great RV solar content!
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Con : Youll Need To Make Sure That Trees Stay Out Of The Way
Shade will absolutely wreck your solar electricity production. If you dont have any trees shading your roof today, thats great. But what if you have a little sapling in your yard? Will it grow up to be a big oak tree in a couple decades and ruin your solar production?
Before going ahead with a solar installation, take a careful look around your property, and make sure that landscaping wont be a problem after a decade or two of growth.


James Limbrunner is a water resources systems analyst at HydroLogics, Inc., a consulting firm specializing in water supply systems management, hydropower systems management, and river basin water allocation planning, as well as a professor of the practice in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. He has lectured on subjects including hydraulics, hydrology, and water resources engineering. The courses that he is currently teaching at Tufts relate to water resources systems and integrated water resources management (IWRM).
Professor of the Practice, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts School of Engineering
Senior Water Systems Analyst, HydroLogics, Inc.
Water Resources Engineer, New England EnviroStrategies, Inc.
Engineer, Haley & Aldrich, Inc.
James Limbrunner's research has focused on developing systems formulations and optimization models for the management of nonpoint source pollution.


A new housing-first approach is to be introduced in Cork city in the coming months in a bid to reduce long-term homelessness.
It is part of Cork City Council's strategy to reduce the number of people in emergency accommodation in the city.
With housing-first, individuals who have experienced homelessness are helped to transition into permanent housing and provided with additional supports on a case-by-case basis for issues which may be identified once they are housed.
It aims to break the cycle of long-term homelessness by removing people from emergency accommodation and placing them in permanent housing.
It comes amid a continued rise in the numbers accessing emergency accommodation in Cork city.
As of the end of November - the most recent figures published by the Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government - the number of adults in emergency accommodation in Cork had reached 363, a 22% increase in just 12 months.
Senior officials at Cork Simon have warned that their shelters are exceeding full capacity and that conditions are worsening for those relying on them.
In a bid to ease the pressure on homeless services in the city, Cork City Council is set to move ahead with the housing first initiative, which has been in operation in Dublin since 2014, in the coming months.
Cork City Council invited tenders for the provision of the service. This selection process has now been completed and the tender has been awarded to Cork Simon and Focus Ireland who submitted a joint bid.
The project will provide for the housing of 40 individuals who are long term residents of emergency accommodation over the next three years with additional supports being provided on a case by case basis by the Cork Region Housing First Team.
Cork City Council has committed to providing 20 units of accommodation with a further 20 units being provided by Cork Simon and Focus Ireland.
This will result in the freeing up of 40 emergency beds as the majority of these bed nights are used by this client group.
In addition to rolling out the housing first approach in Cork, Cork City Council will also take over the operation of the Homeless Persons Unit, currently located on Drinan Street, from the Department of Social Protection before the end of the month.
From January 21, the day-to-day management of the service will instead be provided in Cork City Council's civic offices on Anglesea Street.
A more suitable city centre premises to accommodate this unit is being sourced and will be fitted out over the next number of weeks, after which time the Homeless Persons Unit will be operated permanently from there.
This intervention by the council will result in the provision of an improved, modern facility for persons presenting as homeless in the city, according to Cork City Council.
The Lord Mayor of Cork, Cllr Mick Finn said that the new initiatives may make some difference in tackling homelessness. However, he added that building houses is the only solution to the problem.
Mr Finn said: “While acknowledging that the provision of additional housing - driven by national government as well as local - is the key to solving homelessness, the provision of better services in a better building to address short and medium-term problems faced by people is welcome. Councillors have called for better facilities and I’m glad to see the housing department has acted upon those requests.”


text:
A new logo for the Creative Enterprise Zone
The new logo refers to some of the Zone's iconic structures, from KSTP to Seal HiRise to Vandalia Tower. It was designed by Triangle Park Creative, a small graphic design firm that recently moved into the Zone.
Building job skills (and birdfeeders)
Elpis Enterprises — the name is Greek for "hope"— is a place where young people ages 16–23 can turn their lives around. Is woodworking and screen printing studios are located in Vandalia Tower.
The art of place listening in Peru
Jack Becker, CEZ board member, recently traveled to Peru to work with people there to identify the context of a place, analyze it, and mine it to inform the design of a meaningful, resonant gathering space. He'll be applying these principles soon in the Zone.

domain: artistic


text:
13 dressing Traditional Wine Cellar Design Photos
David Johnston Architects
Dress up tray. Maybe custom build racks like this instead of buying from supplier
Design Build Consultants Inc.
Greenwich Wine Cellar
Ceiling trim to dress it up
House Dressing Company Inc.
Eden on the Prairie
Schedule a FREE Design Consultation
DC Closet Storage & organization design and installation
Since 1983, Closet Factory has defined the art of organization by designing and installing the only truly customized closet and storage solutions in the industry.
Joseph and Curtis Custom Wine Cellars
A Custom Wine Cellar in Old Tappan, NJ
on each side for the granite to sit in with the remainder of the columns dressed in stone.
Blue Grouse Wine Cellars
Modular Wine Racking with Custom Arches
design. This modular wine racking was complimented with custom archways to dress up the design of the cellar. All racking was made from all heart California
OMNIA Group Architects
Stone walls feather grade to the front façade, beginning the masonry theme dressing the structure. A second theme of true Pennsylvania timber-framing is also
dress up bar area
James Patrick Walters
“An elegant bar dressed up the kitchen and melds the cook’s space with the more formal dining room.” - San Diego Home/Garden Lifestyles Magazine

domain: design


Yes, Eurogamer’s unnamed source has spoken out again to confirm David Perry’s assertion that the PSP-4000 is real, UMD-free, and due to arrive before the end of the year. The PSP2 may be coming in 2010.
The source also spoke up on the rumoured sliding screen. "The screen is basically the same as the one in the 3000 - except it slides." In the closed position, it’ll be possible to play games that only use the shoulder buttons, such as LocoRoco.
Perry himself has spoken out again, meanwhile, challenging Sony to deny the rumours. “I confirmed with top PSP 2 developers,” he wrote. “John [Koller], state that PSP 2 will have UMD."
Sony is of course refusing to speak out on these rumours, but we wouldn’t be surprised to see an announcement fairly soon.


Where should the TEV External Equalizer be installed?
The purpose of the external equalizer is to sense the pressure in the suction line AT THE BULB LOCATION and transmit it to the TEV diaphragm.
This usually means installing the external equalizer immediately down stream from the bulb. This ensures the correct pressure is signaled to the TEV.
In some situations this “ideal” location may not be possible. In these cases, an alternate location, could be used. However, the pressure at these locations must be nearly identical to the pressure in the line where the bulb is located.
In other words, alternative locations are acceptable as long as these pressures are essentially the same as when the system is operating at full load.
In the past there has been concern about installing the external equalizer “up-stream” from the bulb. This was due to the possibility of refrigerant leaking past the TEV push rods, passing through the equalizer line and into the suction line, thus falsely influencing the TEV bulb temperature. Today, with Sporlan’s TEV design, this possibility is virtually eliminated.
What makes the Sporlan Catch-All® different?
The famous molded porous core. The Sporlan Catch-All Filter-Drier eliminates all the weaknesses of loose-filled models by molding a blend of specially selected desiccants into a porous core. The core provides excellent filtration without the problem of desiccant powdering, packing and escaping into the system, a common problem with many loose fill driers.
What are the functions of the Catch-All’s special blend of desiccants?
- Moisture Removal – Moisture is an important factor in the formation of acids, sludge, copper plating and corrosion.
- Dirt Removal – Numerous metallic contaminants such as cast iron dust, rust, steel and copper chips can damage compressor bearings and plug capillary tubes or expansion valves.
- Acid Removal – Acid-forming chemical reactions can occur under certain conditions. As an example, at elevated temperatures, many refrigerants will react with oil to form acids. This is particularly true when moisture is present.
- Sludge and Varnish Removal – Although the utmost precaution may be taken in the design and fabrication of a system, once in operation, unusually high discharge temperatures will cause the oil to break down and form sludge and varnish.
Where should the Sporlan See•All® be installed?
The Sporlan See•All is a combination moisture and liquid indicator. Therefore, it serves two functions when installed in the liquid line.
For indicating the moisture content, the See•Alls location can be anywhere in the liquid line. Because the level of moisture contained in the refrigerant reaches “equilibrium” soon after the installation of the Catch-All, and should remain at that level unless moisture is introduced from some external source, the See•All correctly measures the proper moisture concentration at any point in the liquid line.
From the standpoint of indicating the condition of the refrigerant (100% liquid or mixture of liquid and bubbles) the preferred location is immediately before the TEV.
One of the requirements for proper TEV operation, is a solid stream of liquid refrigerant entering the valve. Positioning the See-All immediately before the TEV helps to ensure that is the case. A clear sightglass is also an indication of a properly charged system.
By locating the See-All downstream of the Catch-All, it can signal a restriction in the Catch-All should one occur. However, be careful not to confuse this with a shortage of refrigerant.
Where should the TEV’s bulb be located?
In general, the TEV bulb should be installed on a straight section of horizontal suction line.
When the compressor is above the evaporator…
Locate the bulb on a straight, horizontal line, pitched slightly down, immediately after it leaves the evaporator.
A short trap should follow before the vertical line rises to be connected to the compressor suction. With the line pitched down, any liquid refrigerant and/or oil will pass into the trap, away from the bulb. As the trap fills with oil, the velocity of the refrigerant will carry the trapped oil into the vertical section and be returned to the compressor.
When the compressor is below the evaporator…
No trap is required after the bulb location, but the line should be pitched slightly down to prevent any liquid refrigerant or oil from being trapped at the bulb location.
When several evaporators are installed both below and above the common suction line…
Observing the same principles outlined above, the piping should be arranged to prevent the accumulation of oil and/or refrigerant at the bulb location. Also, traps installed in the suction lines of evaporators prevent the refrigerant from one evaporator from entering the suction line of another evaporator.
What is important in refrigerant distributor performance?
Except for very small sizes, most direct expansion evaporators used in refrigeration and air conditioning systems use two or more circuits. In order for the evaporator to perform at its maximum capacity, equal refrigerant feed to each circuit is a necessity. In addition, each circuit must be exposed to identical heat loads.
Distributing equal amounts of liquid to each circuit is important in refrigeration evaporators because the refrigerant leaving the TEV is a mixture of liquid and vapor. There is a natural tendency for the liquid and vapor to separate, resulting in unequal amounts of liquid being fed to the various circuits. It is the liquid refrigerant flow into the evaporator that produces nearly all the refrigeration effect. The vapor contributes very little.
To ensure equal refrigerant feed, it is important to size the distributor nozzle and tubes to match the system capacity as close as possible. By doing this, the proper velocities are created to completely mix the liquid and vapor.
In addition to feeding equal amounts of liquid and vapor into each circuit to utilize the full capacity of the evaporator, each circuit must be equally loaded.
When planning a system refrigerant conversion it is critical to consider nozzle and tube sizing.
For complete sizing and application information refer to Sporlan Bulletin 20-10.
Sporlan’s product selection program is available online or in CD-ROM format. See the Sporlan Field Sales Engineer in your area.
When should a Catch-All® Filter-Drier be changed?
It is not uncommon to see refrigeration and air conditioning systems that have operated for decades, without any service being performed, and with the Catch-All undisturbed since the original installation. This speaks well, not only for the reliability and durability of all the system operating components, but also for the Catch-All which has provided protection to these components over the many years of operation.
At the initial start-up the Catch-All removed any dirt or excessive moisture that may have been in the system. During the years of operation, the Catch-All continued to provide protection by ensuring that no acid or contaminants formed during periods of high condensing or discharge temperatures.
Unfortunately, things do not always go this smoothly and service calls are necessary. This is when consideration should be given to changing the filter-drier.
Here are some questions that will help determine whether to change the Catch-All:
- Did the See•All indicate moisture was present?
- Was the system open during service?
- Were there any unusual circumstances that could have permitted moisture to enter the system? (ruptured chiller or water cooled condenser; wet conditions in area where repairs are taking place)
- Was there a hermetic motor burn-out involved?
- Was excessive compressor heat involved in the failure?
- Is the refrigerant oil discolored or found to be acidic? (A Sporlan Acid Test Kit will determine this)
- Was it evident that dirt, metal chips or other contaminants were involved in causing the failure?
If the answer to any of these is “yes”, a new Catch-All is good insurance against a repeat problem. If questions 3, 4 or 5 are answered “yes”, both a suction line and liquid line Catch-All are recommended to remove acids and products of oil decomposition. Sporlan Bulletin 40-10 outlines the procedure for this type of cleanup.
The Sporlan See•All and Acid Test Kits are excellent service tools for determining if a replacement of the Catch-All or other filter-drier is required.
What’s different about the Sporlan “O” Valve?
The O valve uses a forced balanced piston to reduce the impact of varying condensing or valve inlet pressure on the valve’s superheat control setting. The piston (pin) in a conventional TEV design is exposed to high inlet pressure on the top and low outlet pressure on the bottom. The pressure imbalance across the pin acts as an opening force that will vary the superheat control setting of the valve by increasing the load on the superheat adjustment spring. As pressure differential across a conventional TEV pin increases, typically caused by increasing condensing pressure, the valve’s superheat control setting will decrease. Inversely, if the differential across the TEV pin decreases the valve’s superheat control setting will increase. The force balanced piston in the O-valve is specially designed to transmit the inlet pressure such that force created by the pressure acting on the piston across the port, is “balanced” by the inlet pressure acting on an equal area opposing the port. Balanced port valve designs are essential for the effective operation of large capacity valves, and/or on systems that experience a wide range of evaporator loads and varying condensing pressures.
What is a Split Condenser?
Split Condensers are used in large refrigeration systems to assist in head pressure control and to minimize the amount of system refrigerant charge required. The size of the condenser required for summer operation is split into two parallel circuits.
One circuit (designated “summer/winter”) is active in summer and winter. The other circuit (designated “summer condenser”) is rendered inactive during winter operation by a 3-Way Split Condenser Valve.
There are three sizes of Sporlan 3-Way Split Condenser Valves with connection sizes from 7/8 to 2-1/8 ODF. The “B” model is designed with an internal bleed. This feature allows refrigerant to bleed from the summer condenser back to suction when it is inactive during periods of low outdoor temperatures.
What are the advantages of the Sporlan TEV?
By changing cartridges, a single Q valve body can be easily altered from 1/4 to 5 tons R-22 and from 1/8 to 3 tons on R-134a. Also, the correct thermostatic charge to suit the application is installed at the same time. These modifications can be conveniently made either before or after it is installed on the system.
Should a solenoid valve be selected based on line size?
There has always been a tendency to select solenoid valves on the basis of line size. This is very risky.
While a 5/8” line size and a 5/8” ODF sweat connection seems like a perfect match, other factors must be considered.
The valve may be used in the liquid, discharge, or suction line. A valve applied in the suction line may have a capacity of 0.52 tons, while the same valve used in the liquid line would have a capacity of 8 tons. Using an oversized valve may mean the valve won’t close properly, not to mention you probably paid for more valve than necessary.
The valve capacity and application should always be the determining factors when selecting a solenoid valve. Use this five step process to help make the correct selection every time:
- type of refrigerant in the system
- application: discharge, liquid, or suction
- flow capacity requirement
- line size
- electrical specifications
Should a Sporlan thermostatic expansion valve (TEV) be adjusted after installation?
Before leaving the factory, a specific superheat setting is made on each and every Sporlan TEV. A standard superheat setting has been established for every size and every thermostatic charge. This standard setting provides the proper superheat on the average system to which the particular TEV size and charge is likely to be applied.
Therefore, in most cases, a superheat adjustment on the job will not be necessary. Sporlan recommends a change in the superheat adjustment only after it has been determined that it is required. A careful measurement of the operating superheat, using the recommended procedure, will establish if a change would be beneficial.
To reduce the superheat, turn the adjusting stem COUNTERCLOCKWISE. To increase the superheat, turn the adjusting stem CLOCKWISE. When adjusting the valve, make no more than one turn of the stem at a time and observe the change in superheat closely to prevent over-shooting the desired setting. On adjustable TEVs, Sporlan attempts to position the adjusting stem at the half-way point when it is at the standard setting. This allows maximum adjustment in both directions.
Sporlan supplies a number of OEMs with non-adjustable TEVs. The OEM determines the superheat setting through laboratory testing of the unit. Some of these valves can be converted in the field to adjustable models.
Catch-All® Filter-Drier application tables – OEM vs. Field Replacement. Why is there such a difference?
Generally speaking, when a manufacturer installs a Catch-All on a piece of equipment, the engineers often (but not always) select the most economical product they feel will handle their application. Most manufacturers employ processes that minimize the amount of contaminants in the system. By analyzing their production methods, decisions are made based on filter-drier capability, dimensions, and cost. Often these decisions result in the selection of a smaller sized filter-drier, because they, are installed in a controlled environment.
When it becomes necessary to replace a filter-drier in the field, the likelihood of the presence of contaminants such as moisture, acid, sludge etc. is very real. The Catch-All application tables are designed to recommend a filter-drier size that is sufficient to handle these problems, and also minimize pressure drop across the drier.
Since it is wise to err on the side of caution, the technician replacing a drier or suction filter in the field is wise to consider the recommendations on the Catch-All package or Bulletin 40-10 rather than going by what is on the system.
How can I tell if my TEV is adjustable?
Most of the TEVs listed in Sporlan Catalog 201 or Bulletin 10-10 will be adjustable unless there is an “N” stamped in the valve body as part of the nomenclature (i.e. NSVE-5). Many of the valves made specifically for OEM customers are non-adjustable. One way to tell if a valve is adjustable or non-adjustable is to look at the bottom cap.
Adjustable expansion valves will have a threaded joint between the valve body and bottom cap as well as a threaded joint between the bottom cap and a hex seal cap that is removable to expose the adjusting stem.
Non-adjustable valves on the other hand will generally have only one threaded joint between the valve body and bottom cap. An exception to this rule is a factory adjustable valve with two threaded joints and a smooth, round non-removable seal cap.
Many non-adjustable valves can be converted to adjustable by changing the bottom cap assembly. Contact Sporlan’s Technical Support department for more information. They will need all the information you can get from the valve’s markings to assist you.
CAUTION: Never attempt to determine if a valve is adjustable by removing the bottom cap assembly unless the system has been pumped down, it could result in serious injury.
I’ve turned the superheat adjusting stem on a Sporlan expansion valve both directions, how can I return the valve to its factory setting?
In most cases, the set point for the adjustable thermostatic expansion valves is midway in the range of the adjustment. The valve can be returned to midway in the adjustment range by simply turning the adjustment counterclockwise to the “fully open” adjustment stop, and then turning the adjustment clockwise half of the number of complete turns available in the adjustment. The total number of turns from fully open to fully closed varies according to valve model.
CAUTION: Never force the adjustment stem in either direction. Exerting too much force at the adjustment stops on either end can result in damage to adjustment mechanism.
Please contact Sporlan’s Technical Support department for help with your specific valve. They will require all of the information you can get from the markings on the valve.
Can I replace the power head on my Sporlan TEV and how do I know what to get?
With a few exceptions, most Sporlan thermostatic expansion valves manufactured after 1993 have replaceable thermostatic elements. The exceptions are valves with a “H” before the valve nomenclature (i.e. HSVE-10), and the relatively new Platform valves. The Platform valves can be identified by a stainless steel element. The valves with the “H” in the nomenclature have had the elements soldered to the valve body at the customer’s request.
Sporlan makes replacement element kits that are available through Authorized Sporlan Wholesalers.
The thermostatic elements on Sporlan expansion valves are identified by a series of numbers and letters. The number (i.e. 33, 43, 83, etc.) identifies the element size, while the letters (i.e. VGA, RC, JCP, etc.) identify the refrigerant and thermostatic charge. A replacement element kit can be obtained based on that information. For example, a valve with markings on the element of 83 and VCP100 will require a KT-83-VCP100 element kit. (For more information on element identification, consult Bulletin 210-60.)
If markings on the element are no longer legible, contact Sporlan’s Technical Support department for help in selecting a replacement element. They will need all information available from the valve body, and a description of the application.
To completely identify a SPORLAN thermostatic element the following information is required:
- Element size number
- Refrigerant Thermostatic charge
- MOP (Maximum Operating Pressure) if other than standard E.
- Capillary tubing length
- Bulb size if other than standard


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Warner Bros. took to SDCC this morning and revealed the final trailer for the upcoming finale to the adaptation of Stephen King’s classic horror novel, IT: Chapter Two. The trailer shows the studio’s willingness to push the boundaries of that R-Rating with quite the bloodbath promised for the film. Taking place 27 years after the events of the first film, The Losers have returned as adults to Derry to face a returning Pennywise, and stop him once and for all.
With an all-star cast that includes James McAvoy, Jessica Chastain, Bill Hader, Bill Skarsgard, and James Ransome, IT: Chapter Two hits theaters on September 6th.
Universal Pictures’ upcoming second attempt at rebooting its Classic Monsters properties, The Invisible Man, has finally found its title character. Deadline is reporting that Oliver Jackson-Cohen (The Haunting of Hill House) has been cast as Adrian Griffin, aka, The Invisible Man.
The film will take a few liberties with the source material, as Griffin is described as “a billionaire sociopath who made his money by developing an invisibility suit for the Department of Defense.” Hopefully things turn out a little better than The Mummy, but with previously announced cast members Elisabeth Moss, Aldis Hodge, Harriet Dyer and Storm Reid on board, things at least look a little brighter.
The cast of Jason Reitman’s upcoming Ghostbusters film continues to grow as the Paul Rudd (Ant-Man) has been revealed to be joining the cast alongside Finn Wolfhard (Stranger Things) and Carrie Coon (The Leftovers), according to Variety. Unfortunately for anyone hoping to see him suit up, Rudd is said to be playing a teacher in the film, though details beyond that are unknown.
“I’ve been wanting to work with Paul Rudd since my short film opened for Wet Hot American Summer at Sundance,” noted Reitman. “I’m thrilled he’ll be joining this new chapter in the original Ghostbusters universe.”
Netflix has shared the final trailer for the upcoming third season of Stranger Things, set to hit the streaming service on on July 4th. With a returning ensemble cast, and an even more horrific looking enemy, the kids of Hawkins, Indiana apear to be in for in quite a fight this time around.
It’s 1985 in Hawkins, Indiana, and summer’s heating up. School’s out, there’s a brand new mall in town, and the Hawkins crew are on the cusp of adulthood. Romance blossoms and complicates the group’s dynamic, and they’ll have to figure out how to grow up without growing apart. Meanwhile, danger looms. When the town’s threatened by enemies old and new, Eleven and her friends are reminded that evil never ends; it evolves. Now they’ll have to band together to survive, and remember that friendship is always stronger than fear.
Warner Bros. has shared the first trailer for the upcoming Stephen King adaptation of the follow-up to his classic novel, Doctor Sleep. Starring Ewan McGregor, Doctor Sleep will follow an older Danny Torrance, who learns of his ability called “The Shining,” only to uncover a quest by a secretive cult to track down people with its power and kill them.
Directed by Mike Flanagan (Haunting on Hill House), Doctor Sleep looks like yet another fantastic Stephen King adaptation, which seem to be coming fairly consistently the last few years. Doctor Sleep hits theaters on November 8th.
Continuing to show just how out of touch they truly are, the executives at Warner Bros. have decided to pull the plug on the DC Universe streaming series, Swamp Thing, cancelled it after just a single episode has aired. The decision was believed to have been made after executives weren’t keen on the direction the series had taken. The cast and crew supposedly received the notification of the cancellation of the series late last night.
The series premiered on May 31st, to generally positive reviews, making it unclear why the studio was so low on the adaptation. Swamp Thing will supposedly run out the remainder of its filmed episodes with the second episode premiering on June 7th.
UPDATE: It would seem creative differences were not the issue, after all. After a $40 million rebate filming rebate debacle in North Carolina with Warner Bros., the studio would only be getting a $14 million tax credit, which slashed nearly half the budget for Swamp Thing, making it unable to maintain its budget for a niche series. For more information, check out this Twitter thread.
With its upcoming DC Universe streaming debut this Friday, the service has revealed a new, full trailer for Swamp Thing giving us our best look yet at what to expect from the horrors of the swamp. A better look at the disease the draws Abby Arcane home, as well as Dr. Jason Woodrue, Madame Xanadu, and even a quick shot of Blue Devil. With all of this to look forward to, Swamp Thing looks to be something special.
“Swamp Thing” centers on CDC researcher Abby Arcane (Reed). When she returns to her childhood home of Houma, Louisiana, in order to investigate a deadly swamp-borne virus, she develops a surprising bond with scientist Alec Holland — only to have him tragically taken from her. But as powerful forces descend on Houma, intent on exploiting the swamp’s mysterious properties for their own purposes, Abby will discover that the swamp holds mystical secrets, both horrifying and wondrous — and the potential love of her life may not be dead after all.
It appears the newest trend in Hollywood is to get the hype train rolling as soon as possible on films, as Universal has announced that its upcoming adaptation of The Invisible Man starring Elizabeth Moss and Storm Reid will hit theaters on March 13th, 2020, less than a year from now. Production is set to begin later this year, with the film going head-to-head against Warner Bros.’ Godzilla vs. Kong.
The Invisible Man is directed by Leigh Whannell (Upgrade), based on the classic novel of the same name.
DC Entertainment has unveiled a new, frightening trailer for its upcoming live-action series for the DC Universe streaming service, Swamp Thing. The new trailer gives us a better look at Alec Holland in the series, before his transformation into the iconic avatar of the Green.
While DC Entertainment hasn’t released much, what we’ve seen of Swamp Thing has been impressively terrifying. Exactly what they’re hoping for. Swamp Thing debuts on the service on May 31st.
PlayStation’s most recent State of Play broadcast also revealed a new title, Predator: Hunting Grounds. The game is an asymmetrical multiplayer shooter, a la Evolve, that pits a team of human players against a single player serving as the iconic Yautja warrior, the Predator.
Few details were revealed at this time, but E3 is approaching, and this should serve as quite the teaser for sci-fi fans.
Warner Bros. has released the first trailer for Stephen King’s IT: Chapter Two, the follow-up to the massive horror success in 2017. The teaser starts off with a tense, extended scene before revealing the film’s star-studded cast that includes Jessica Chastian, James McAvoy, Bill Hader, and more.
Given the success of the first film, and its relatively barren release date, IT: Chapter Two is poised to dominate the box office when it hits theaters on September 6th.
Despite the upcoming launch of Disney+, it would seem that Marvel has not foregone the rest of the streaming world. Marvel Television has announced two new series, set to stream on Hulu. Both Ghost Rider, and Hellstrom, will be making their way to the service, with Runaways confirmed for a third season.
“We’re thrilled Hulu will be moving into a new—admittedly chilling—corner of the Marvel Universe with GHOST RIDER and HELLSTROM. Paul and Ingrid are crafting gripping adventures into fear that live in our SPIRITS OF VENGEANCE cornerstone,” said Marvel Television’s Joseph Loeb. Ghost Rider will follow Robbie Reyes, with Ingrid Escajeda serving as showrunner. Hellstrom refers to Daimon and Stana Hellstrom, who both made their debut back in 1973, thanks in part to the popularity of Ghost Rider. Paul Zbyszewski will serve as showrunner, with this being the live-action debuts of those characters. Currently no other details are available for the series yet, but expect to learn more in the future.
DC Entertainment has revealed the first full trailer for its upcoming streaming series, Swamp Thing, showing that producer, James Wan, is going back to his horror roots for this outing with the Earth elemental. Packed with the first footage from the series, we’re shown hints of The Floronic Man, Blue Devil, and much more.
Starring Crystal Reed as Abby Arcane, Andy Bean as Alec Holland, and Derek Mears as Swamp Thing, as well as Kevin Durand as the Floronic Man. Maria Sten co-stars as Liz Tremayne, with Henderson Wade as Matt Cable, and Jennifer Beals as Lucilia Cable. Jeryl Prescott is portraying Madame Xanadu, while Ian Ziering is playing Daniel Cassidy, with Will Patton and Virginia Madsen also starring in the series as Avery and Maria Sunderland. Swamp Thing premieres on May 31st.
The newest trailer for the upcoming reboot of Child’s Play is now online, giving us our first glimpse of the killer doll in action, as well as the voice of Mark Hamill (Star Wars) as the horror icon. Rather than being possessed by an evil spirit in this rendition, Chucky will be a secret military prototype, with the ability to control other smart connected appliances through the network he’s attached to.
While that premise sounds ridiculous, it also sounds like a perfect modern day re-telling, in my opinion. Child’s Play stars Mark Hamill, Aubrey Plaza, Gabriel Bateman, Beatrice Kitsos, Ty Consiglio, and Brian Tyree Henry. Slashing its way into theaters on June 21st.
In celebration of the release of Academy Award winner Jordan Peele’s Twilight Zone reboot, CBS All Access has released the first one-hour episode, completely free, on YouTube, which you can see above. The first episode stars Kumail Nanjiani and Tracy Morgan, titled “The Comedian” as a stand-up comic makes a Faustian bargain to be funny at all costs.
The first two episodes, “The Comedian” and “Nightmare at 30,000 Feet” are available now for CBS All Access subscribers.

domain: news


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The fuel protests in September ensured that attention was focused on Chancellor Gordon Brown's proposals on vehicle and fuel taxation (see pp 4-5 ), but the pre-Budget report also contained a raft of other measures with environmental implications.
Mr Brown stopped short of offering an equalisation of the VAT position on greenfield and brownfield land, but his speech contained a number of other tax measures designed to encourage redevelopment. These include 100% tax relief on renovating flats above shops; cutting VAT to 5% on residential conversions; and removing VAT altogether on properties that have been empty for ten years or more.
The CPA submitted revised proposals on 30 October. 1 It extended the proposed voluntary agreement from three to five years; boosted the training programme for agronomists; and promised to work on measures to protect water supplies. In addition it put forward proposals to draw up crop protection management plans for individual farms; improve the training of pesticide advisors; improve information available to farmers to encourage them to increase biodiversity; and promised a code of practice for the use of insecticides.
The CPA also responded to criticisms that the original proposals failed to contain quantified objectives and indicators by putting forward five new indicators measuring water quality, cereal field margins, the adoption of new technologies, training of agronomists and training of operators. But the CPA failed to set any targets for these indicators, nor did it make commitments to reduce pesticide applications
The proposals also fell down in that there was no commitment to phase out older, more harmful pesticides. The CPA put the cost of the revised proposals at £10 million - or £2 million a year, around the same as its original proposal. But farmers' costs have rocketed from £1.5 million a year under the old proposals to around £11.5 million.
The Government was not impressed. It threw out the CPA's offer just nine days after its submission. Environment Minister Michael Meacher said that the Government remained keen to get a voluntary agreement from the CPA: "We are pressing the CPA to come up with effective measures," he said. But "a pesticides tax is specifically not ruled out."
Despite the rhetoric, however, the recent fuel protests and the state of the farming industry mean that a pesticides tax is politically difficult.


Hong Kong has evolved into a compact and densely populated city with a limited supply of developable land. The growing maturity of green building and our city’s complex backdrop has called for a holistic, sustainable built environment for the city to thrive in the long run.
For building sustainably, a good environment smart energy connect has and is still finding ways to protect our environment and make it a better place.
Smart energy connect
CLP innovation enterprises launched Smart Energy Connect in 2019. To develop a digital platform to make sustainability and practical reality. By introducing practical and impactful energy management technology to the city, they accelerate the adoption of energy management solutions.
Smart energy connect partner with their customers on their decarbonization journey every step of the way. In this short period, smart energy connect is fortunate to have many joining us in the act on the climate crisis. In 2020 alone, they saved over 250000-kilowatt hours of energy and reduced over 90 tons of carbon emissions for Hong Kong.
SEC connects to organizations of all sizes, fostering wider adoption of sustainability technologies in society.
SEC offers innovative end-to-end solutions to help you reduce your carbon footprint. Buildings account for 90% of the electricity use in Hong Kong in over 60% carbon emissions. Every day, the facility management team has a lot to manage, such as mechanical equipment failures and complaints about room temperature, etc., and the EC building solution manages it all.


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domain: food


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domain: health


Is the newest droid in the „Star Wars“ universe the future of modern robotics?
By Chelsea Gohd | SPACE.com
In the recently released film „Solo: A Star Wars Story,“ the droid L3-37, also known as L3 or Elthree, showcased a unique set of traits among „Star Wars“ robots. The intelligent pilot droid is always changing, improving and repairing itself with found scraps from other bots. L3 is also one of the first bots in the „Star Wars“ franchise to bring feminine programming to a major role.
L3 is a hodgepodge of various droids and astromechs, which are robots typically used for repairs aboard starships in „Star Wars.“ She’s „a bit of a mutt,“ as the film’s creators said, according a new column published yesterday (June 20) in the journal Science Robotics. In this piece, Robin R. Murphy, an artificial intelligence and robotics expert and professor at Texas A&M University, discussed the potential applications of robots like L3 and how close we are to building one. [R2-D2 Gets Real: ‚Star Wars‘ Droids Already Exist]
In the article, Murphy described three main advantages that self-reconfigurable robots would have over traditional machines: They could make themselves more efficient at different tasks; they could be produced more cheaply than robots built for a singular set of tasks, and they could repair themselves and respond to any malfunction.


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Suite Cavour - Florence43.77568, 11.25652
Located in Florence Historic Centre district within a 15-minute walk of Galleria Palatina in Palazzo Pitti, the 60 m² Suite Cavour apartment accommodates up to 4 guests. The onsite housekeeping and ironing service are provided.
Basilica San Miniato al Monte is roughly 1.9 km away. Trattoria ZaZa serves Italian dishes and lies within 5 minutes' walk of the property.
The apartment offers good lodging near Museo Stefano Bardini .
Santa Maria Novella train station is a 15-minute walking distance away.
Room facilities feature individual climate control, TV with satellite channels, a writing desk, iron and ironing board and a separate toilet. The venue comprises 2 bedrooms. 1 bathrooms comprise facilities as a hairdryer, dressing gowns and bath sheets.
Eat & Drink
Kitchen facilities feature a microwave, a fridge, a toaster, an oven and an ice machine.
Wireless internet is available in the entire apartment for free.
Private parking is possible at a location nearby at EUR 26 per day.
EUR 26 per day
Cookware/ Kitchen utensils
No smoking on site
- Air conditioning
- Tea and coffee facilities
- Dining table
- Ironing facilities
- Washing machine
- Free toiletries
- Electric kettle
- Cookware/ Kitchen utensils
- Flat-screen TV
Rooms and availability
650 sq. feet
In the Room
- City landmarks

domain: travel


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My old friends from Washington, DC, The Dance Party, have redesigned their MySpace page and are enforcing the rarely used groove embargo: they've only got one track on their profile.
"Sasha Don't Sleep" easily proves The Dance Party is the best band of the '80s, despite being a modern act. The adrenaline, the fist-pumping, the synthology. They're hyper-attuned to the mandate to move one's body to the insistent party beat. If you've ever been to their shows, you know that the mandate cannot be rebuffed. The fact that they regularly sell out the nation's best venue, the 9:30 Club, should sum it up. They play New York City this Friday night, followed by Halloween in Baltimore. If ever there were a party in Baltimore, surely it's The Dance Party on Halloween.
Go dig their latest track - hopefully a full album will emerge from this, hopefully on the well-deserved major label, hopefully with a million-dollar advance. If we're throwing back to the '80s, it's only fair.

domain: entertainment


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Glaciers are indeed melting - in Antarctica as well. A warm current comes under the glacier and begins to undermine this glacier. But the melting does not occur abruptly.
Imagine a large pile of sand. If you start to undermine it from the side, then a notch will form in it. But if you dig further, more and more sand will begin to fall into this groove. In the same way it is in Antarctica: when warm water penetrates into one valley and destroys one small glacier, it opens a road further into the depths of the continent.
Scientists believe that if this process continues, the rate of melting of the continental glacier of Antarctica may be too intense - and this could cause a rise in sea level by 6-10 meters. But such a process will stretch over fifty years, melting will not happen in one one-time leap.
True, no one knows anything for sure - this process can both intensify and weaken. Water can continue to cool down with progress and lose its destructive abilities. So scientists in Antarctica are keeping a close eye on how things are changing.
Also, glaciers can potentially stop warm currents.
This is due to the fact that they are composed of fresh water, and the water in the oceans is salty. Salt water is constantly moving - because rising salinity and lower temperatures make the water denser (and heavier). When it cools down, it goes to the bottom, and a new one comes in its place. It also cools down, also sinks, and this ensures a constant circulation of water in the ocean. This process is called thermohaline circulation.
If a glacier melts, a huge volume of fresh (and less dense) water is formed, which, unlike salty water, will not sink anywhere. A warm current, meeting with volumes of stagnant fresh water, can stop. This happened, for example, at the end of the ice age: the melting of glaciers led to the release of fresh water into the ocean, the movement of water masses stopped, the glaciers froze, then the circulation resumed, and they melted again. This greatly slowed down the process.
But we do not have to worry, for example, about the warm current of the Gulf Stream - the Gulf Stream flows towards Europe, so the melting of ice from the Arctic Ocean does not threaten it with a stop. But in general, the processes in the ocean should not be neglected!

domain: geography


The exponentially accelerating pace of technology will be incomprehensible to the unaided human mind within thirty years.
If you have heard anything about the movie “Her” you know that it is a futuristic science fiction flick. However, the movie does have a foundation in reality. Particularly interesting, is that the future depicted in the movie shows a genuine attempt to reconcile abstract technological evolution with the concrete; things that our eyes can recognize, such as wooden furniture and handwritten letters. According to a report made by the Huffington Post which was published on Feb. 18, a future with Transhumanist technology may be closer than we think.
The movie begs the question; how far are we from a reality where computers can interact with us, with other computers, learn with us and ultimately express creativity and sentiments? When are computers going to pass the 1950s Turing test, where they can deceive humans into thinking they are not machines? To do this they would need to exhibit human-like behavior and humans are very good at perceiving when something is not quite right.
Ray Kurzweil, a futurist who works for Google, thinks that within the next ten years computers will exceed the computing capacity of the human brain, if measured in FLOPS or floating operations per second. He also believes that within the next thirty years, one single computer will have more computational power than every brain on Earth combined. Kurzweil bases his predictions on Moore’s law, which has more or less been proven. The 30-year period is calculated by the exponentially accelerating pace of technology. Something similar to Samantha, the AI in the “Her” movie, will becoming a reality by 2030 under these calculations.
By 2045, Kurzweil believes humans will have molecule-sized computers inside their brains and bodies, which will enhance their cognitive powers and regulate their health. In order to optimize these functions our brains could connect to the cloud. This singularity, as Kurzweil calls it, is a point where any further advance of a variable leads to an infinite advance in one that is correlated with it. In other words, machines will be advancing technology at this singularity in a way that humans will not even be able to comprehend unless they are neurologically connected to the AIs, similar to a neuropsychological evaluation.
Sound far fetched? Apple Macintosh was unveiled to the world thirty years ago and took up most of the space on your average desk. Today, Apple has built a phone you can fit in the palm of your hand that has computational capacity 200 million times more powerful than the original Apple Macintosh. Projecting out 30 years, a molecule-sized computer that is a billion times more powerful than the iPhone is not far fetched at all, if you do the math.


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This is a soup for people with either big or small food budget. But no matter how deep are your pockets, it will make your heart big and your stomach full and satisfied. I got the recipe for this lentil soup from my dear and favorite aunt Eti. She cooks like they used to in the old-days, with common sense and common ingredients. Straightforward food of hard-working people. The secret ingredient – lots and lots of love. And why is it magical? Because when I made it, I felt like I’m making soup out of nothing. Well, almost.
I always have lentils in the pantry, but, as it sometimes happens, even with basic ingredients, I did not have all of them the night I made the soup. So I improvised a little here and there and now you get two versions for the recipe! Here they are side by side.
Magical Lentil Soup
Makes 4-6 servings
10 oz. red lentils, rinsed until the water is clean and clear
1 small onion, finely chopped
1 carrot, small chopped
1 celery stalk, small chopped/ ½ red bell pepper
3 garlic cloves, minced
1 tablespoon tomato paste/ (tomato pesto that I made 2 weeks ago)
1 tablespoon paprika
Black pepper freshly ground
½ tablespoon hawaij*, or use 1 teaspoon curry powder
½ teaspoon cumin
1 large tomato, grated, or use canned crushed tomatoes
½ cup cilantro and /or parsley, on the stem or chopped
Optional: serve with sour cream, avocado, grated cheese, croutons… if you have it
Put lentils in a medium size pot with 10-12 cups of water. Bring to a boil and skim the foam that floats to the top. Lower heat to medium and continue to cook until lentils melt/break and soften. (I didn’t measure the time but I’d say about 20-30 minutes).
Meanwhile, in a separate pot or medium size skillet, sauté the onion, carrot, and celery over medium-low heat until they soften. Add the garlic and spices and cook for 1 minute. Add the tomato and cook for 10 minutes.
When lentils are ready, add the spice-tomato mixture to the lentils, add the parsley/cilantro and cook for 15-20 minutes for the flavors to combine. (add water if needed, to the desired consistency).
Serve with cream, avocado, grated cheese, croutons… if you have it.
The original recipe (I got it from my aunt) uses 1 tablespoon hawaij. I cut it down to 1/2 Tbs. because it was a bit spicy for me.
I got some comments on this recipe in another forum. One person wrote: “ I found the spices overpowering… I made it again with 2 teaspoons of paprika, ½ teaspoon of hawaij, ½ teaspoon of curry. It turned out much more to my liking.”
Someone else suggested using Spanish smoked paprika.
* Hawaij is a spice blend, sort of like garam masala, from the cuisine of Yemen. There are many variations and recipes, of course. One recipe to make your own hawaij can be found here.
To see this soup from a different perspective, check out my post about Portion Control (how can we NOT eat more than we really need ) on my other blog “Good Food & Bad Food”. Click here to see it.


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2baba ft Falz – Rise Up Lyrics Mp3 Download Audio
Nigerian music star and legend in the industry, 2baba and Falz The Bahd Guy merge force to unleash a potential hit song tagged “Rise Up”.
The latest 2baba and Falz song mp3 download audio “Rise Up” is a song full of vibe and the sound track is superb.
With production credit to Cobhams Asuquo have a feel of the music below now on Amebo9ja.
Listen and download “Rise Up” by 2baba ft. Falz below