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Predictors of homelessness among vulnerably housed adults in 3 Canadian cities: a prospective cohort study
BMC Public Health volume 16, Article number: 1041 (2016)
Homelessness is a major concern in many urban communities across North America. Since vulnerably housed individuals are at risk of experiencing homelessness, it is important to identify predictive factors linked to subsequent homelessness in this population. The objectives of this study were to determine the probability of experiencing homelessness among vulnerably housed adults over three years and factors associated with higher risk of homelessness.
Vulnerably housed adults were recruited in three Canadian cities. Data on demographic characteristics, chronic health conditions, and drug use problems were collected through structured interviews. Housing history was obtained at baseline and annual follow-up interviews. Generalized estimating equations were used to characterize associations between candidate predictors and subsequent experiences of homelessness during each follow-up year.
Among 561 participants, the prevalence of homelessness was 29.2 % over three years. Male gender (AOR = 1.59, 95 % CI: 1.14–2.21) and severe drug use problems (AOR = 1.98, 95 % CI: 1.22–3.20) were independently associated with experiencing homelessness during the follow-up period. Having ≥3 chronic conditions (AOR = 0.55, 95 % CI: 0.33–0.94) and reporting higher housing quality (AOR = 0.99, 95 % CI: 0.97–1.00) were protective against homelessness.
Vulnerably housed individuals are at high risk for experiencing homelessness. The study has public health implications, highlighting the need for enhanced access to addiction treatment and improved housing quality for this population.
Homelessness is a major public health concern in many communities across North America. Recent reports suggest an estimated 650,000 individuals across the United States and Canada are homeless on any given night [1, 2]. Compared with the general population, homeless individuals have poorer health status and a high prevalence of physical and mental health problems [3–5]. As a result, they experience high rates of healthcare utilization, morbidity, and mortality .
Numerous studies have examined risk factors for onset of homelessness and identified several risk factor categories such as demographic characteristics, physical and mental health status, substance use, involvement with the criminal justice system, and housing conditions [6–13]. With regards to demographic factors, younger age has been associated with a higher likelihood of becoming homeless and shorter duration of homelessness [6, 7]. Male gender and African American ethnicity have been identified as independent predictors of homelessness [8, 9]. Obtaining less than a high school education has also been associated with homelessness [6, 10], while being a college graduate has been recognized as a protective factor . Having no income, lower income, or financial difficulties are risk factors for homelessness [10, 12, 13]. Unemployment has been associated with homelessness , while employment and earned income are predictors of a shorter duration of homelessness .
A variety of physical and mental health conditions have been linked to homelessness . Physical health problems and worsening of general health have been associated with homelessness [6, 11, 14]. Mental illness and family history of mental illness have been identified as predictors of homelessness [12, 13]. Specifically, homelessness has been linked to schizophrenia , bipolar disorder , anxiety disorder , post-traumatic stress disorder , and personality disorder .
Moreover, substance use and addictions are important risk factors for homelessness [8, 13, 16]. Illicit drug use and having an alcohol use disorder are both predictors of homelessness [6, 15]. Previous research has identified crack cocaine use as a risk factor for becoming and remaining homeless . In addition, recent drug injection use is associated with homelessness .
Previous research has also linked housing status and housing conditions such as crowding with homelessness . Living in unstable housing is also a predictor of homelessness . Protective factors against homelessness include receipt of subsidized housing and having one’s own place . Preliminary research has also found an association between social support and homelessness, suggesting that lower social support is linked to chronic homelessness .
Although previous research has identified risk factors for onset of homelessness, few studies have examined risk factors for homelessness among individuals who are vulnerably housed, which has been defined as experiencing prior homelessness or having frequent housing transitions . Emerging research suggests that vulnerably housed individuals have similar health and social outcomes to homeless individuals and are at an increased risk of experiencing homelessness [9, 19].
Recent studies have found that a substantial proportion of homeless individuals who obtain housing subsequently experience a recurrence of homelessness [20, 21]. In one study of 344 single adults in emergency shelters in New York City who were newly homeless, 24 % of those who obtained housing (81 %) over an 18-month period had another episode of homelessness. Recurrent homelessness was more common among those who were initially rehoused with family and those with a high school education . Compared to housed individuals, those experiencing recurrent homelessness were more likely to have a 30-day and lifetime history of alcohol and substance use disorders . Another U.S. study examined predictors of returning to homelessness after attaining housing in a sample of 392 formerly homeless veterans who participated in a trial of case management and rent subsidies, case management only, or standard care . Over the course of a five year period, 44 % of all participants experienced another homeless episode after being housed. Participants who received case management and rent subsidies had significantly longer periods of continuous housing compared with participants in the two other groups .
Given that vulnerably housed individuals are at risk of experiencing episodes of homelessness, it is important to identify potentially predictive factors linked to subsequent homelessness in this population. The present paper reports findings from the Health and Housing in Transition (HHiT) study, a prospective cohort study that tracked the health and housing status of homeless and vulnerably housed adults in three major Canadian cities . The objectives of this paper are to examine participants who were vulnerably housed at the baseline interview and determine the probability of experiencing homelessness over a three-year follow-up period and the individual characteristics associated with higher risk of homelessness.
Homeless and vulnerably housed persons aged 18 or older who were single (i.e. not living with a partner or dependent child) were recruited in Ottawa, Toronto, and Vancouver from January to December 2009. Homelessness was defined as living within the last seven days at a shelter, public space, vehicle, abandoned building, or someone else’s home, and not having a home of one’s own. Vulnerably housed was defined as currently living in one’s own room or apartment, but having been homeless or had two or more moves in the past twelve months. Full-time students and individuals who were visiting the city for three months or less were excluded.
The sampling procedure for recruiting homeless participants was based on the design suggested by Ardilly and Le Blanc (2001) . Study participants were recruited at homeless shelters and meal programs. Homeless participants who did not use shelters were recruited at meal programs proportionally to the estimated number of homeless persons that slept on the street in each respective city. Vulnerably housed participants were recruited from randomly selected rooming houses in Ottawa and Toronto, and from Single Room Occupancy (SRO) hotels in Vancouver. Due to difficulties in gaining access to some of these locations, the recruitment strategy for vulnerably housed individuals was modified to include meal programs, drop-in centers, and community health centers. Data were collected from participants between January 2009 and February 2013. All study participants provided written informed consent and received $20 CDN upon interview completion. The Research Ethics Boards at the University of Ottawa; St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto; and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver approved this study.
Full details of all survey instruments used in the study have been reported elsewhere . Data on demographic characteristics, health conditions and health status, alcohol and drug use, housing history and quality, social support, legal incidents, and victimization were collected using structured, in-person interviews conducted by trained research personnel immediately following recruitment. Interviews took approximately 60 to 90 minutes to complete. Participants reported their ethnic background based on categories adapted from the Statistics Canada Ethnic Diversity Survey .
Chronic health conditions listed in the survey tool were adapted from the Canadian Community Health Survey , and participants were asked to report any chronic health conditions that had lasted or were expected to last six months or more and had been diagnosed by a healthcare professional. Lifetime prevalence of mental health diagnoses was determined by self-report. Lifetime prevalence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) was determined using a question from a previous study on prison inmates . Participants were asked whether they had ever had “an injury to the head which knocked you out or at least left you dazed, confused, or disoriented?” Health status was determined using the 12-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) to generate Physical Component Summary (PCS) and Mental Component Summary (MCS) subscale scores .
Alcohol use was assessed using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), with a score of eight or more resulting in a positive screen, with scores of 8–15 indicating hazardous, 16–19 harmful, and 20–40 indicating high levels of risk related to alcohol . Drug use problems experienced by participants were assessed using the 10-item version of the Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST-10) . Scores of three or higher on the DAST-10 resulted in a positive screen, with higher scores indicating moderate (scores 3–5), substantial (scores 6–8), or severe (scores 9–10) drug use problems. The Housing Quality Score was used to determine self-reported quality of the current living environment in 6 domains: comfort, safety, spaciousness, privacy, friendliness, and overall quality . Each item was ranked on a 7-point Likert scale with a maximum total score of 42. Social support was assessed using the Social Support Network Inventory (SSNI), a questionnaire that measured the size of a person’s social network and perceived social support .
Housing history data were categorized based on methods adapted from Tsemberis et al. . Each residence in a participant’s housing history was classified into one of 25 types of residence, which were then classified into one of three mutually exclusive residence categories: housed, institution, and homeless. Periods of time spent in institutions were considered periods of being homeless or housed based on a functional classification . Further details are available from the authors upon request.
Participants provided contact information during administration of the baseline survey so that they could be located for follow-up surveys administered approximately one year, two years, and three years after the baseline survey. The follow-up survey included questions of a similar nature to the baseline survey on health status and health conditions, alcohol and drug use, housing status and quality, and social support.
Vulnerably housed participants originally recruited into the study who did not complete any follow-up interviews were excluded from the analyses. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize all quantitative variables. The percentage of vulnerably housed adults who experienced homelessness anytime over the three-year follow-up period was calculated. The main outcome of interest was whether a vulnerably housed participant ever experienced homelessness during any of the three one-year periods between the baseline and follow-up 1 interviews, the follow-up 1 and follow-up 2 interviews, and the follow-up 2 and follow-up 3 interviews.
Baseline characteristics were summarized using means, standard deviations, medians, interquartile ranges, and proportions, wherever appropriate. Comparisons between vulnerably housed participants who did and did not experience homelessness during the three-year follow-up period were performed for baseline characteristics. P-values were calculated from t-test or Wilcoxon rank-sum test for continuous variables. Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test were used for categorical variables.
Various demographic, health, and housing variables were assessed for an association with a higher probability of becoming homeless over a three-year follow-up period. These characteristics included fixed covariates (determined at the baseline interview) and time-varying covariates (determined at baseline, follow-up 1, follow-up 2 interviews).
The list of candidate predictors of homelessness was developed based on a literature review and consultation with experts. Characteristics assessed for association with experiencing homelessness in the follow-up period were city, time interval, and 1) fixed predictors including: age, gender, ethnicity, highest level of education, percentage of time spent homeless two years prior to baseline divided by 10 for ease of interpretation, number of chronic health conditions (≥3 versus <3), history of a mental health diagnosis, history of TBI, and 2) time-varying predictors evaluated at the beginning of each one-year interval including: employment in the past 12 months, total income in the past 12 months, SF-12 PCS, SF-12 MCS, AUDIT risk level, DAST risk level, housing quality score, and social support network size. For example, SF-12 PCS at baseline, follow-up 1, and follow-up 2 interviews was a time-varying predictor for the main outcome of homelessness during the periods between the baseline and follow-up 1 interviews, the follow-up 1 and follow-up 2 interviews, and the follow-up 2 and follow-up 3 interviews.
Generalized estimating equations (GEE) with the logit link were used to determine the association between predictors and experiencing homelessness, accounting for the correlations between repeated measurements (SAS PROC GENMOD). For fixed predictors, the quasi-likelihood information criteria (QIC) were used to find the correlation structure. For time-varying predictors, we applied the Rotnitzky and Jewell approach [32, 33], and chose the correlation structure for which its associated empirical covariance matrix was closer to the model-based covariance matrix. The GEE model was developed in two steps. Step 1 included city, time interval and fixed predictors, which were retained in the model if significantly associated with or clinically relevant for the outcome (Core Model); Step 2 added time-varying predictors to the Core Model, one at a time. Time-varying predictors significantly associated with or clinically relevant for the outcome were retained in the final model. Analyses for the 2-step process were performed using the exchangeable working correlation structure and coding of time as a continuous variable (time interval years 1, 2, 3) because these settings yielded slightly better goodness of fit statistics. All statistical tests were two-tailed and statistical significance was set at a P-value of 0.05 or less. SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC) was used for all analyses.
Of 594 vulnerably housed individuals interviewed at baseline, 561 (94.4 %) completed at least one of three follow-up interviews and were included in the analyses. Attrition was due to inability to locate participants, refusal to participate, and death. Baseline characteristics for the whole sample and stratified by city are provided in Table 1.
As per design, equal numbers of vulnerably housed participants were recruited in each city (34 %, 33 %, 33 % in Ottawa, Toronto, and Vancouver, respectively). The mean age was 42.6 (standard deviation [SD] 9.8) years, and the majority of participants were male, White, born in Canada, had completed some high school, not partnered, and currently unemployed. Participants had a median monthly income of $900 CDN (interquartile range [IQR] 600–1320) with a median percentage of income spent on rent equal to 41.4 % (IQR 25–62 %).
More than half of vulnerably housed participants (54 %) were living with 3 or more chronic health conditions. Fifty-five percent of participants had ever received a mental health diagnosis and 64 % reported having a prior TBI. Mean SF-12 PCS score was 43.6 (SD 10.79) and mean SF-12 MCS score was 39.93 (SD 13.02). Two hundred and twenty-two (40 %) participants had a positive AUDIT screen and 322 (58 %) had a positive DAST screen. Almost all participants had their own place (95.7 %) or stayed in a place belonging to friends or family (4.3 %). Of this group, 85 % had experienced homelessness in the one-year period before entering the study. Median age at first homelessness was 24 (IQR 16–38) and median lifetime years of homelessness was 3.15 (IQR 1–6.73) among participants. Less than half of participants (41 %) were residing in subsidized housing. Mean housing quality score was 27.53 (SD 8.21).
Over the three-year period, 269 of 561 (48 %) participants experienced at least one episode of homelessness, while 292 (52 %) never reported homelessness. Among those who had experienced homelessness, the median duration was 202 (IQR 92–456) days. Those who experienced homelessness during the three-year follow-up period were significantly more likely at baseline to have been younger, born in Canada, completed high school/equivalent, employed in the past 12 months, smoked cigarettes daily, have positive AUDIT and DAST screens, and experienced arrests or incarceration in the past 12 months (p < 0.05) (Table 2).
Across 1618 residential records of the 561 participants, the prevalence of homelessness was 29 %. Specifically, the prevalence of homelessness among residential records of participants was 30.7 %, 28.5 % and 28.3 % between baseline and follow-up at 1 year, between follow-up at 1 year and follow-up at 2 years, between follow-up at 2 years and follow-up at 3 years, respectively. Participants experienced a variety of residential state trajectories, where many individuals experienced transitions into and out of homelessness (Fig. 1).
Table 3 presents GEE results. In the final multivariable model, residing in Ottawa (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] = 1.88, 95 % Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.31–2.70), male gender (AOR = 1.59, 95 % CI: 1.14–2.21), percentage of time homeless prior to the baseline interview (AOR = 1.06, 95 % CI: 1.01–1.11), moderate DAST risk level (AOR = 1.4, 95 % CI: 1.00–1.97) substantial DAST risk level (AOR = 1.71, 95 % CI: 1.20–2.44), and severe DAST risk level (AOR = 1.98, 95 % CI: 1.22–3.20) were independently associated with experiencing homelessness over the three-year follow-up period. Factors that were independently associated with a decreased likelihood of experiencing homelessness over the three-year follow-up period were having less than a high school education (AOR = 0.68, 95 % CI: 0.50–0.91), having 3 or more chronic health conditions (AOR = 0.55, 95 % CI: 0.33–0.94), and higher per unit housing quality (AOR = 0.99, 95 % CI: 0.97–1.00).
Among residential records of vulnerably housed participants, the prevalence of homelessness was 29 % over the three-year follow-up period, suggesting that experiences of homelessness are relatively common in this population. This finding is similar to other studies that have found that 24–44 % of individuals with prior homeless episodes experienced a recurrence of homelessness [20, 21]. The current study also revealed a variety of housing trajectories among participants, with many individuals experiencing multiple episodes of homelessness and being housed over the follow-up period. These findings suggest that vulnerably housed individuals frequently experience housing instability and housing transitions, similar to what has been previously reported for homeless individuals .
The study also identified several risk factors of subsequent homelessness. Vulnerably housed individuals who were male, residing in Ottawa, had spent a higher percentage of time homeless prior to the baseline interview, or had moderate to severe drug use problems were significantly more likely to experience homelessness over the three-year follow-up period despite adjustment for potential confounders.
Gender was a significant predictor of homelessness among vulnerably housed individuals, with men being 1.6 times more likely to experience homelessness compared to women during the follow-up period. This is consistent with previous research that has identified male gender as a risk factor for homelessness . Ottawa participants were also more likely to experience homelessness during the follow-up period compared to individuals living in Vancouver. The reasons for this observation are unclear, but these findings may be attributed to differences that could not be captured between participants at different study sites and the availability of housing and social services in each respective city. Similar to prior studies [20, 21], those who reported a higher proportion of time spent homeless before the baseline interview were also more likely to experience homelessness during the follow-up period.
Moderate to severe drug use problems were independently associated with experiencing homelessness in the follow-up period, with severe drug use problems significantly associated with the greatest likelihood of homelessness. Those who reported severe drug use problems were almost two times more likely to experience homelessness during the follow-up period compared with participants who reported no drug use. These findings are consistent with previous research that identified drug use as the greatest risk factor for housing instability . Findings from the current study additionally suggest a dose-dependent relationship of drug use and homelessness, with more severe drug use problems being linked to an increased likelihood of subsequent homelessness among vulnerably housed adults.
Despite adjustment, participants who had less than a high school education, had 3 or more chronic health conditions, or reported higher housing quality were significantly less likely to experience homelessness over the follow-up period. While the association between attaining less than a high school education and decreased likelihood of homelessness was unexpected , it is similar to a previous study which found that high school completion was associated with recurrent homelessness among adults who had experienced prior homelessness . The underlying explanation for this finding is unclear, but may in part, be due to the higher likelihood of individuals with lower education levels to have a learning disorder or experience unemployment and subsequently qualify for social assistance programs. Paradoxically, these vulnerably housed individuals may be less likely to experience homelessness while those with a high school education may be eligible for more employment opportunities, but may also be more likely to experience recurrent homelessness .
Vulnerably housed adults who had 3 or more chronic health conditions were less likely to experience homelessness over the follow-up period. This finding could also be attributed to the fact that individuals living with multiple chronic conditions may be more likely to be eligible for financial assistance programs and access to health and social services. They may also be given priority for subsidized and supportive housing because of their chronic medical conditions.
Those who reported higher housing quality were also less likely to experience homelessness over the follow-up period. This is an important finding that has not been previously reported and has implications for efforts to prevent homelessness. It appears that individuals living in higher quality housing characterized by aspects such as comfort, safety, privacy, and spaciousness were more likely to remain in that housing. Previous research suggests that housing quality concerns are common among vulnerably housed populations, with up to 85 % of affordable housing properties having at least one health-related housing quality issue . Our findings suggest that low housing quality may be a modifiable protective factor for homelessness. Thus, improving the quality of low-cost housing may decrease the likelihood that vulnerably housed individuals become homeless in the future.
The study has service provision and public health implications, highlighting the prevalence of homelessness among vulnerably housed individuals and the need for screening and treating modifiable risk factors among this population. Specifically, the findings highlight the importance of connecting individuals with addictions treatment to potentially reduce the risk of subsequent homelessness. The study also found that housing quality may be a protective factor against homelessness among vulnerably housed individuals, suggesting that this population may benefit from targeted efforts to improve housing quality in domains such as comfort, privacy, spaciousness, and safety which in turn, may help prevent subsequent homelessness. This can include assisting individuals to access subsidized housing and rent supplements to achieve housing stability [9, 35].
The study has several limitations which may restrict the interpretation of its findings. The study sample was limited to single adults and the sampling strategy may not have been fully representative of the entire vulnerably housed population. Since data on demographic characteristics, health conditions, and housing were collected by self-report, accuracy may have been affected by recall and other sources of reporting bias. The study did not examine personality traits of participants which could contribute to both increased risk of substance use and likelihood of experiencing homelessness. In addition, participants who had severe drug use problems may not have completed the survey. Thus, the relationship between drug use problems and subsequent homelessness may have revealed an even stronger association.
Future studies should investigate risk factors for recurrent homelessness and examine predictors of homelessness over a longer follow-up period. In addition, interventions to prevent homelessness among vulnerably housed individuals should be explored given the potential public health implications.
The study followed housing trajectories of vulnerably housed adults and found that 29 % of the study sample experienced homelessness over a 3-year period. The study also identified risk factors for homelessness among vulnerably housed individuals such as male gender, higher percentage of time spent homeless prior to baseline, and moderate to severe drug use problems. Protective factors included having 3 or more chronic conditions and higher housing quality. The study has important public health implications, highlighting the need for addictions treatment and efforts to improve housing quality among vulnerably housed individuals, which may help prevent subsequent experiences of homelessness in this population.
Adjusted odds ratio
Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test
10-item Drug Abuse Screening Test
Generalized estimating equations
Mental Component Summary
Physical Component Summary
12-item Short Form Health Survey
Single room occupancy
Social Support Network Inventory
Traumatic brain injury
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We would like to acknowledge the following individuals from our community partner organizations: Laura Cowan, Liz Evans, Sarah Evans, Stephanie Gee, Clare Haskel, and Erika Khandor. The authors also thank the study coordinators and interviewers in each of the three cities as well as the shelter, drop-in, and municipal and provincial staff for their assistance with participant recruitment and follow-up. The Centre for Urban Health Solutions in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute at St. Michael’s Hospital gratefully acknowledges the support of the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care. The views expressed here are the views of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of any of the above named organizations.
Funding for the Health and Housing in Transition (HHiT) study was received from an operating grant (MOP-86765) and an Interdisciplinary Capacity Enhancement Grant on Homelessness, Housing and Health (HOA-80066) from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research. The funding body had no role in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
MJT helped conceived of the study and its design, coordinated and participated in data collection, analysis and interpretation of the data, and drafted the manuscript. AP helped conceive of the study and its design and interpretation of the data. TA helped conceive of the study and its design and interpretation of the data. RN carried out statistical analyses and interpretation of the data. EG coordinated and participated in data collection and interpretation of the data. AG participated in interpretation of the data. RC participated in interpretation of the data. SF participated in interpretation of the data. VM carried out statistical analyses and interpretation of the data. SWH helped conceive of the study and its design, interpretation of the data, and supervised the study. All authors read, revised, and approved the final manuscript.
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The Research Ethics Boards at the University of Ottawa; St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto; and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver approved this study. All study participants provided written informed consent.
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To, M.J., Palepu, A., Aubry, T. et al. Predictors of homelessness among vulnerably housed adults in 3 Canadian cities: a prospective cohort study. BMC Public Health 16, 1041 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3711-8

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This charming getaway is nestled in a peaceful position, in the heart of the beautiful village of St Monans and benefits from spectacular uninterrupted views out to sea and over the harbour.
Dumfries (9mlsW), Dumfries and Galloway
Callander (11mls NE) , Perth and Kinross
This spacious, stylish, detached lodge is ideal for a romantic getaway, with housed hot tub and magnificent views over the splendid Loch Earn and within walking distance to all local amenities.
Let with us

domain: geography


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balanced t chart 10 ways to maintain a balanced healthy t from A Balanced Diet, source:truweight.in
Despite which eating plan you end up picking, being mindful of the meals you might be consuming is a have to. While this does not sound too complicated, it could possibly in fact be pretty easy to get rid of monitor of what number of energy you've got eaten within a day, like snacks and drinks. Due to this, it is actually smart to start-up a food items diary as you can enter everything you've eaten into it, regardless of whether it had been definitely modest. For those who do this for even two or three weeks, you will most likely be surprised whatsoever the extras that slip in. Even though you believe that you'll be remaining on target with your food plan, you might not be counting every past matter you eat. You are able to stick with any diet plan, or a minimum of check if you are dishonest, using a food items journal.
There is a food plan called the Mediterranean Diet that's principally dependant on the truth that people in international locations like Greece, Spain, Italy and France have much less health conditions and being overweight concerns compared to the U . s ., and some other international locations. You will find lots to choose from on this diet program, however the major aim is on wholesome fat, like olive oil, fresh vegetables and fruit as well as a restricted sum of fish and meat. As wine is thought to help avoid heart disorder, a small amount of money of it is at times welcomed. Looking at the level of organic and mouth watering meals you are able to opt for from together with the Mediterranean Diet plan, it's surely well worth wanting into Cat Raw Diet.
Vegetarian and vegan eating plans are advised by many industry experts in fat decline and wellbeing. Merchandise derived from animals can't be eaten on a vegan eating plan, but with a vegetarian food plan it is possible to try to eat things such as dairy and eggs, just no meat. Both equally sides of your argument with regards to which is much healthier concerning vegan diet plans and vegetarian diet programs is usually learned in a variety of books, sites and article content. Although you will discover individuals who do nicely on these types of diet programs, others do not. You continue to should be careful along with your calorie and carbohydrate intake on this type of diet regime. You could halt eating meat such as but still consume a load of sweets, pasta and bread won't be of use to you when trying to shed some excess weight. Finding within a excellent amount of money of fruits and veggies is required for equally meat eaters and vegetarians alike, but other sources of protein should be uncovered for vegetarians.

domain: food


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China Signals More Support for Banks to Set Up Fund Management Units
What’s new: China’s top securities regulator pledged to further expand mutual fund managers, increase policy support and guidance to the industry, and continue to encourage commercial banks to set up fund management units.
Comments by Yi Huiman, chairman of the China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC), signal that more banks may enter the mutual fund sector for the first time in nearly four years. Yi made the remarks at a recent event for National Investor Protection Day.
The background: Since the CSRC and China’s banking regulatory commission unveiled related rules in 2005, 15 fund management units have been established with commercial banks as controlling or participating shareholders. But no new such business was approved since July 2016 when Hang Seng Bank and Shenzhen Qianhai Financial Holdings Co. Ltd. obtained approval to establish a joint-venture fund management company.
Among the 126 mutual fund managers, bank-affiliated enterprises manage 1.9 trillion yuan ($266 billion) of assets, or about 23% of the industry, according to Citic Securities Co. Ltd.
During the first four months this year, equity mutual funds raised a total of 430 billion yuan, nearly quadrupling the total from the same period last year, Yi said.
Quick Takes are condensed versions of China-related stories for fast news you can use. To read the full Caixin article in Chinese, click here.
Contact reporter Denise Jia (firstname.lastname@example.org) and editor Bob Simison (email@example.com)
Caixin Global has launched Caixin CEIC Mobile, the mobile-only version of its world-class macroeconomic data platform.
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domain: news


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7th September 2012
6th September 2012
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14th August 2012
7th August 2012
The magnetic sensor market is now worth $1.5 billion, which is growth of 22 per cent over figures recorded one year ago.
31st July 2012
Electronics giant Intel has revealed a new design for one of its radio frequency chips, which makes use of a standard 65-nm foundry process.
3rd May 2012
Researchers at Exeter University believe that the days of indium tin oxide being used in electrical devices could be numbered.
© 3M 2012. All Rights Reserved.


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Ideally, every individual love music whether you listen to it or you make one on your own. Numerous people out there are glad to make their music, anyway the issue arises, whereby they don’t have even the remotest clue what to look or start. If you need to make stanzas, music itself or singing, there are some essential things you need to oversee without on a very basic level costing earth. For the motivation behind making your own music, cognizant on the fundamental things controls in this website. If you want to read more about this, consider to click this page.
First, consider to notice similarly as be prepared for inspiration. At times, people will all in all be hit with inspiration at most discretionary times, Among the various habits by which you can keep your inspiration is by utilizing the remarkable device of keeping a book. In extension to that, you are urged to consider recording the different things that end up animating you, for references case.
To make your own music, another major point to mull over about is the establishment music. There exist different establishment music producers that you are good for choosing to make tunes with. It is moreover possible to get hand made ones that will suit refrains that you as of now have. However, is recommendable to guarantee that you have been given assent and besides take a gander at the music sellers to promise you don’t close in real trouble. You can contemplate to check at this online stores for more concepts.
Lyrics accept a huge capacity in the creation of music and subsequently they are a bit of the things you can’t overlook. There are various writers of refrains out there who can either make, and you pay them, or you have a participation if you don’t lavish making the words yourself. For your music to have the best stanzas, you can decide to attract refrains making experts that are open out there.
You are expected to give a plan to the vocals during your creation of tunes since they play a critical role. To innumerable music vocals are essential. Regardless of the way that by far most can convey quality music, many are times when they can’t have vocal that meet the standard. It is the tendency of various people to either make vocals for your music or have a partnership.
As you make your music, you need to join the social occasions since they play one of the major roles. It is fitting that you put commercials on the close by papers or the web in order to outline the band in case you should make a band and play an instrument or sing. You can use the web to acquire capability with a couple of various routes through which extraordinary music can be formed.

domain: entertainment


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Film Review: NovemberSpirits and demons afflict a peasant village in a morbid fantasy from Estonia.
Like a folk tale only dimly remembered, November follows a dark path through dreams that shift into nightmares. Filled with startling imagery, it twists elements from familiar fairytales into an engrossing, if not entirely original, story.
Writer-director Rainer Sarnet adapted his script from Rehepapp ehk November/The Old Barney, a 2000 novel by Estonian writer Andrus Kivirähk. Set in the 19th century, but filmed in a sort of indeterminate time that could just as well be the Middle Ages, the story follows the peasants of a dirt-poor village as they struggle against poverty, disease and the supernatural.
These are characters from a Brueghel painting, farmers with dirty hair and beards, witches in ragged clothes, their faces lined with worry. They live in huts or in cramped log cabins they share with farm animals, their family treasures and stolen gimcracks hidden under floorboards. They are lorded over by an indifferent baron (Dieter Laser) ensconced in a sprawling mansion. He doesn't even bother to speak Estonian to the servants who steal from him at night.
Spirits dominate a world of swamps, streams, fallow fields and deep forests. They animate livestock and farm implements or drop by as ghosts dressed in spectral white. Satan can be summoned at a crossroads in the woods, where he steals souls to form kratts, talking heaps of shovels and hatchets enslaved to their owners.
Sarnet and cinematographer Mart Taniel reveal their world gradually, in glistening, high-contrast black-and-white photography, deliberately overexposed to blow out highlights and bleach whites into dream landscapes. Unexplained rituals and religious observances gradually coalesce around Liina (Rea Lest), a fresh-faced blonde in love with neighboring farm boy Hans (Jörgen Liik).
But Hans is smitten with the baron's sleepwalking daughter, prompting visits to the Devil and a local witch for romantic advice and potions. Love is a problem to peasants and nobility alike, as worrisome as hungry ghosts, angry kratts and a shape-shifting plague that drifts into the village.
November alludes to everyone from Carl Dreyer to Béla Tarr and David Lynch, its striking compositions commanding attention even as its narrative slips and stalls over repetitive scenes and situations. One of the most distinctive aspects of November is how it uses simple methods, not extensive special effects, to bring its folk tale to life. It's a worthwhile journey into a demonic world.
Click here for cast and crew information.

domain: artistic


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Unlike most of the nations with strict rules for immigration Canada has a heart for immigrants and accepts people with the right skills that could help the nation to progress. When there is progress, there is crime and conspiracy always surrounded. In Canada, there has been an increase in the number of cases filed against. The ratio of filed versus solved cases raised eyebrows and is alarming.
A crime can be a life-changing moment for the victims and the criminals. The victims are the ones who suffer the after-effects of the crime, as it would take a unique turn in the lives and surviving that makes their life very hard. Whereas the criminals, accused of the crime, may or may not be completely affected by the chain of reactions of the crime.
The charges of the crime are to be proven in a court of law with Criminal lawyers Toronto for the verdict. Most of the cases filed need a courtroom and time for an argument, which helps the judge to take a decision on the case. If the charges are confronted then it would be significant in deciding the fate of the person.
With the right Criminal lawyers Toronto, you might find yourself in a confident position of getting the justice for your case. There are many legal services that either party of the case can reach out for. The best defence or prosecution lawyer gets the case straight and gets it sorted without any delays. The statistics say that there 94% of cases have delays in hearing the verdict. This is alarmingly high and needs urgent attention.
A criminal defence lawyer is your best mate if you are accused and worst enemy when you are the victim. The field of law is very tricky as it needs innovation and smartness combined with huge knowledge. Picking the right point of the law and presenting the way it makes an impact is what makes a lawyer.
Due to lack of resources in the field of law most often the cases are being by different means. If the justice is sorted out as quickly and smartly as possible then it would give a chance to clear out the cases. The implications of this delay are huge. It might end a career or future of an entire family. There are many Criminal lawyers Toronto groups that have helped many cases to go through and reach a verdict.
The skill of the individual to have the correct points to make a statement to judge, matters the most. Skills, when combined with modern technology, can give unmatched results in filing the evidence for the cases. In some cases, there would be a team of lawyers who would be assisting the main lawyer to turn the case in favour of their clients. While choosing a lawyer to consider the results he or his group has produced and the variety of the cases they have handled in the past. Not to mention the pricing varies depending on the clients and the category of the case. For more info read this article!
Human is a social being; he likes to have a company of people of his kind and like. The company of any individual in this world is either family or friends. As we get older and start having families, the family makes a major role in shaping our lives and gives us a purpose to live for. Parents and grandparents form the integral base for the family tree and give the necessary guidance whenever necessary. They lend their hands in an hour of need and shoulder to cry when necessary. Although partners share life with you, parents are the only reason, we all are where we are.
Living away from parents and family is a difficult task, especially when the workplace or education demands a life away from your family and friends. In the case of stay in foreign countries, it becomes very tough to stay close. The only way you stay close in a foreign country is to immigrate them. Parental immigration allows you to immigrate parents and/or grandparents to your country of residence lawfully.
For parental immigration, Canada is the most liberal country with easier and extensive policies. It is way better than the most restrictive policies of other countries like US and UK. Although the process takes time, parental sponsorship lawyer in Toronto makes it hassle free with eligibility assessments and guidance at every step.
Eligibility & process steps
Parental sponsorship lawyer in Toronto’s assessment and help will allow following the process steps as laid by the Canadian government which are stated briefly below
o Income requirement for 20 and 3 years
o Evidence of income
o Sponsorship eligibility
o The applying Canadian should get approval for sponsoring
o Once above is complete the elders can file their PR applications with the sponsorship
Also, the eligibility slightly differs in the Quebec province in terms of the income levels of the sponsor. Income levels of the sponsor are key in making the decision on the application to be a sponsor. This will ensure that the sponsor would be able to take care of the parents and grandparents while looking out for himself. The co-signer, if applicable, along with you should be able to prove that there would be sustainable income.
The incomes of the sponsor, and co-signer if applicable, can be proved to the immigration department by submitting the notice of assessment from the Canada Revenue Agency. The taxation of three years preceding immediately from the date of application needs to be submitted. Out of the multiple ways, there are two acceptable ways
- a) Give the immigration department consent to access your tax statements directly from the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA). This method would give access to the necessary and would need no paperwork involved
- b) Sending the paperwork of the notice of assessment to the authorities. This would need a lot of manual work which can be easily sorted with the help of parental sponsorship lawyer in Toronto.
As mentioned earlier, this lengthier process takes up to or more than one year. Once the process of sponsorship complete, the parents/grandparents of the Canadian can move to Canada for good. Read more immigration and sponsorship news here!

domain: law


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Noonan knocks ‘insular’ defense of Cain
In her Friday Wall Street Journal column, Peggy Noonan shakes her head at the Michigan GOP debate audience’s rally-'round-Cain response when CNBC’s Maria Bartiromo asked about the sexual harassment accusations against the candidate:
Mr. Cain surfed on crowd response. These are “unfounded accusations,” it is “character assassination.” This brought cheers.
Maybe he’s telling the truth. Maybe he’s not. But again, this isn’t a small thing. What the Republicans in the audience were seeing was a sympathetic guy struggling with grave charges that may or may not be true. (Though yes, in any audience there would be some who react, inside and down deep, as if they run Penn State: Why let a few allegations get in the way of the fun?)
But what everyone else is seeing—what those who do not live in Republo-world are seeing—is a guy who, faced with the charges, nervously dodged, deflected and denied. What they are seeing is four women, not one or two. What they are seeing is something that may amount to a pattern.
What the charges deserve is consideration, attention, deep reporting. What they don’t merit is raucous boos, and an insular spirit of “You’re either with us or against us.”


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Chapter 15: The Logic of the Ostrich
He said, “That is my only hope, and I don’t want to get disillusioned so soon. If it is not in that pocket, then it is not anywhere, so I am saving that pocket; I am not going to look in it.”
People become closed. Perhaps they are afraid that there may be better philosophies - the world is big - and there are; there may be sweeter languages, and there are; there may be better literature, and there is. It is better to keep your eyes closed so you can remain self-satisfied that you have the best in the world.
This is called the logic of the ostrich: seeing the enemy the ostrich immediately puts his head deep into the sand. He cannot see the enemy anywhere because in the sand his eyes are closed. Naturally, if there is no enemy.
I feel that the French people are ostriches. Somebody needs to pull their heads out of the sand and tell them that the world is big: “Jean-Paul Sartre is not the only philosopher, your painters are not the only painters, and your musicians are not the only musicians!”
The world is one and we should not keep apart. We should not create citadels around us; they are dangerous. They give you strange egoistic feelings and don’t allow you to mix with the human beings around you.
I have heard that a Frenchman, even if he understands English, will pretend that he does not understand. Even if he can speak English, he will speak French; he will not speak English.
This is something inhuman. It does not show the superiority of your language; it simply shows your egoistic idea.
Your language may be superior, but speak it, spread it, exchange it with people. Let others also enjoy your literature, your music, your language, your philosophy. But that is possible only if you start enjoying other people’s literature, and other people’s philosophies. They all have their own dimensions, and life is so vast that nobody can be exhaustive.
There is something which only Chuang Tzu has, but he is Chinese.
There is something which only Dostoevsky has, but he is Russian.
There is something which only Jean-Paul Sartre has, but he is French.
There is something only Nagarjuna has, but he is Indian.
And there is something which only Basho has, but he is Japanese.
They all are unique, incomparable.
All languages have their own different qualities, and all people have contributed to life.
But the French have lived in isolation. That isolation should be broken; it will be helpful for the whole world, and it will be helpful for the French people too. I am coming to try my best.
What do you think of socialism in France and of the president, Mitterand?


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Guess what, folks? I'll be taking a short break from life here in A-town and visiting the great city of New York! I've never been to the city during the holiday season, so I'm psyched to see it all a-glow and a-twinkle with Christmas (or whathaveyou) spirit!
I'll be back on Monday, December 4th with some exciting blog news, a complete foodie rundown, and more photos than you can shake a stick at.
In the meantime, have a great weekend...and keep sending those entries for the Super Souper Challenge - you have until Friday December 8th to get them in!!

domain: travel


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|The "Golden Lion" Hotel in Bridge Street
|Richard Hayden of Exeter recently (in 2006)came across a booklet produced in the early 1900s by the
proprietor of the "Golden Lion", Mrs John Fry. The booklet gives the owners of the property from 1613,
and is reproduced below, together with some illustrations which were included in the publication.
|John Fry, landlord of the Golden
Lion in the early years of the 20th
|Some More Old Postcards You May Like !
Advertising Aircraft Animals Birds Butterflies Comic Erotic Fashion Fish
Military People Sport Trains

domain: history


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Isaiah 15, Part Two: The Prime Of Life
Isaiah continues his lament, describing Moab as a valuable, vigorous animal, soon to be slaughtered.
Isaiah 15:5 (ESV) My heart cries out for Moab; her fugitives flee to Zoar, to Eglath-shelishiyah.
Eglath-shelishiyah is a compound word, combinining "heifer" (a young female cow that has not borne a calf) with "third", referring to a three-year-old cow. "Heifer" was used to refer to young women (Judges 14:18), as well as the nations of Egypt (Jeremiah 46:20), Chaldea (Jeremiah 50:11), and Ephraim (Hosea 10:11).
Jeremiah echoes the declaration of Isaiah:
Jeremiah 48:34-35 (ESV) “From the outcry at Heshbon even to Elealeh, as far as Jahaz they utter their voice, from Zoar to Horonaim and Eglath-shelishiyah. For the waters of Nimrim also have become desolate. And I will bring to an end in Moab, declares the LORD, him who offers sacrifice in the high place and makes offerings to his god.
Moab was being described as a young female cow, three years old, at its full vigor, not yet brought under the yoke, but soon to be broken by an invading, foreign nation.
Zoar means "little", and it referred to a place east of the Jordan River. Luhith was a mountain in Moab. Horonaim, a town not far from Zoar - Nimrim, a city south of Moab. Brook of the Willows probably referred to a valley far away from the desolation of Moab. Eglaim and Beer-elim referred to places east of Moab.
Moab's history, as well as that of Israel, Assyria, Babylon or the Medes, does not describe the nations as being morally excellent or spiritually vigorous. The LORD's compassion for Moab could not have been based upon admiration of their works.


Music was exactly what we asked for, so was the uplighting! Everyone was on the dance floor. He even pronounced our table names in foreign languages correctly!
We only used the DJ services. They also provide lighting.
We created a playlist for the DJ and he played exactly as we suggested. Music was a bigh HIT.
Click on each tool to see a sample.


Ravens CB Marlon Humphrey To Speak At Graduation Ceremony For People Who Completed Drug TreatmentRavens cornerback Marlon Humphrey is scheduled to speak at a graduation ceremony next week for people who completed drug treatment through the state court system, the Maryland Judiciary announced Friday.
Ravens' Secondary Gearing Up For Another Clash With MahomesSince the start of the 2018 season, Baltimore is 35-14 in the regular season — but that mark includes an 0-3 record against the Chiefs.
Ravens Teammates React To TE Mark Andrews' Contract ExtensionThe Baltimore Ravens inked tight end Mark Andrews to a four-year contract extension on Monday night, keeping the receiving threat in purple and black through the 2025 season. His teammates celebrated the deal on social media.
SEE IT: Ravens' Marlon Humphrey Poses With Massive Dead AlligatorRavens star cornerback Marlon Humphrey is known for preying on some of the biggest and best wide receivers in the NFL. Now it appears he's also not afraid of one of nature's fiercest reptiles either.
Stingy Ravens Secondary Tasked With Stopping Josh Allen, Stefon Diggs In AFC Divisional RoundThe Ravens defense faces a playoff test in trying to contain one of the top passing teams in the NFL: Bills quarterback Josh Allen, and his top-target, Stefon Diggs.
Ravens Injury Report: Who's Playing, Who's Not In Clash With TitansThe Baltimore Ravens have listed seven players on their roster as questionable going into Sunday's game against the Tennessee Titans.
7 Baltimore Ravens Voted Into Pro Bowl; Lamar Jackson Not Among ThemSeven Baltimore Ravens have been voted into the Pro Bowl for their performances on the field this season, but quarterback Lamar Jackson was not among them.
Ravens Cornerback Marlon Humphrey Will Play Sunday Against The Patriots, Taken Off Reserve/COVID-19 ListThe Baltimore Ravens activated cornerback Marlon Humphrey from the Reserve/COVID-19 List Wednesday morning.
Ravens Return Six Players From Reserve/COVID-19 List Ahead Of Game Against ColtsThe Baltimore Ravens returned six players who were on the Reserve/COVID-19 list ahead of Sunday's match up with the Indianapolis Colts.
Ravens Place Judon, Queen, 5 Others on Reserve/COVID 19 ListThe Baltimore Ravens have added seven players to the Reserve/COVID-19 list, including starting linebackers Matthew Judon, Patrick Queen and L.J. Fort.
Ravens Must Overcome Turnovers And Loss Of Stanley, HumphreyLife in the NFL is a week-to-week endeavor, except perhaps during those times when an assortment of bad things occur in the span of 24 hours.
'Hard-Nosed Football' | Ravens' Rookies To Get First Taste Of Steelers Rivalry SundayAny football fan who has been in Baltimore even a short period of time is aware of the Ravens-Steelers rivalry.
Marlon Humphrey's Dad Noticed An Odd Transaction On His Son's Account. Turns Out, Matthew Judon Was Hungry After The Ravens Week 2 WinRavens defensive back Marlon Humphrey cashed in big this week, signing a five-year, $98.75 million extension. But the 24-year-old said his dad will still be watching over his finances.
'It Was Really Big For Me To Stay A Raven' | Ravens Sign CB Marlon Humphrey To Five-Year ExtensionThe Ravens signed Humphrey to a five-year extension, keeping the All-Pro under contract through the 2026 season.
Ball-Hawking, All-Pro Ravens CB Marlon Humphrey Ready For ChiefsWhether it's knocking down a pass, punching the ball loose or going the other way with an interception, Baltimore Ravens All-Pro cornerback Marlon Humphrey has a knack for making game-changing plays.


For architects, engineers and fabricators, digitally-based material-forming processes present exciting opportunities to create one-off prototypes, limited quantities of project-specific components, and freeform parts that would be difficult, prohibitively expensive or impossible to manufacture by conventional methods.
New computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technologies allow digital models to be transformed into tangible, functional architectural components. This is done by using data from digital designs to instruct computer numerically controlled (CNC) machines to produce three-dimensional models direct from the screen.
The subtractive and additive modelling processes were described in some detail last week. To summarize, subtractive manufacturing processes use CNCmilling machines, routers or lathes to automatically 'carve' components or tools out of solid blocks of material. Generally, CNC mills and routers can move freely on a number of axes but only the five-axis machines can access undercuts and other complex features.
Additive manufacturing processes incrementally deposit, cure or bind very thin layers of material within the 'build chamber' of a machine, and produce parts by building them up layer by layer. These technologies are often referred to as rapid prototyping (RP) processes because they were first used commercially in product design to create prototypes quickly for evaluation and verification. Now, however, additive technologies are increasingly used to manufacture functional metal and plastic components directly or indirectly.
Most RP machines have small build chambers, but this constraint is often circumvented by subdividing a part and building it in sections. RP processes are also capable of making freeform parts that cannot otherwise be manufactured.
To use subtractive technologies, data is typically exported from CAD software in a neutral format such as IGES. This data is then imported into CAM software and used to create Gcode, the computer code containing the tool paths and other instructions necessary to direct material removal and operate a CNC machine. Popular CAM programs include MasterCAM, SurfCAM and X-CAM.
For additive technologies, surface data from computer models must be exported in STL format (named after stereolithography, the generic term for 3D modelling). STL files are then imported into software that permits the selection of an optimal build orientation and automatically 'slices' the component into very thin horizontal sections (layers). Their thickness is specified by the machine operator and determines the accuracy of external surfaces. Thicker layers result in faster formation and thinner layers in greater accuracy.
My own architectural practice designs organically-shaped metal frame structures with components such as the freeform column with an integral 'branching' member (pictured). I have found that the most inexpensive way to manufacture such large freeform tubular components accurately is to cast them using CNC-milled foam patterns.
The component (shown opposite) was designed in Pro/Engineer, an advanced parametric solid modelling program with the capacity to create freeform shapes. The computer model of this column was then divided into two interlocking subcomponents in order to accommodate locally available casting equipment. Each of these components was in turn subdivided into interlocking, self- registering pattern halves that were later glued together. These pattern component models were exported in IGES format and then imported into SurfCAM, which was used to create the G-Code.
The CNC milling machine automatically used a predetermined optimal variety of different shapes and sizes of bits as it 'carved' the pattern parts out of high density styrofoam. The completed foam patterns were used to investment-cast the freeform column components in stainless steel.
This freeform column represents an excellent example of the benefits of advanced solid modelling software.
Conventional architectural CAD programs create purely representational models that cannot function as useful manufacturing databases. CAD/ CAM processes can be engaged much more effectively by designers using parametric, dimensionally driven, feature-based modelling software such as Pro/Engineer, SolidWorks, or StudioWorks by Alias Wavefront, and these programs are no longer significantly more expensive than conventional architectural software.
In these programs, individual features of a model are created by inputting dimensional data or equations, and the three-dimensional geometry of these features can be changed automatically by simply editing dimensions.
The capacity of a computer model to evolve along with a design is extremely valuable in terms of obtaining collaborative technical input. The original design for the freeform column, for example, was based on aesthetic considerations and reasonable structural assumptions.
The software used to model this component made it easy to collaborate with both the foundry and structural engineer and then make modifications. The foundry analysed the computer models using MAGMASoft, a program for predicting the behaviour of molten alloys during casting, and this indicated the need to change some variations in wall thickness to ensure proper solidification and casting integrity.
Making the recommended changes to the model only required simple editing of the dimensions used to create the design. Technical input from the structural engineer was also readily accommodated, and the complex form of the component was revised and regenerated automatically.
Rapid prototyping can be particularly useful in architecture as a technology that enables the indirect manufacture of metal components.
Many readily available RP machines can be used to make expendable patterns for investment casting. DTM Corporation in the US and EOS in Germany manufacture selective laser sintering (SLS) machines and materials designed for use in foundries.
SLS machines produce very accurate patterns. The fused deposition modelling (FDM) machines made by Stratasys also make excellent patterns for investment casting. The Thermojet Solid Object Printer by 3D Systems uses multi-jet modelling (MJM) to make thermoplastic patterns that behave like wax, and Z Corporation's Z402 3D Printer (3DP) produces easily combustible patterns made of starch and wax.
TriPyramid Structures, a US company that designs and manufactures custom metal structural components, recently experimented with RP to make prototype castings for a structural connection in the Regional Performing Arts Center project in Philadelphia. This is being designed by Rafael Vinoly Architects and engineer Dewhurst Macfarlane.
TriPyramid collaborated with Harvard Design School's CAD/CAM lab, using its Z402 3D printer to make a mock-up of the assembly and its Thermojet machine to print patterns that were successfully used to investment-cast the components.
Additive technologies are especially useful for making small quantities of patterns with complex shapes. Portions of several different freeform architectural elements can be manufactured with connective or internal features that cannot easily be CNC milled. These may require composite RP processing. Similar components have successfully been cast in aluminum and stainless steel from patterns made using SLS, MJM, and 3DP.
Rapid prototyping can also be used very effectively with soft tooling to manufacture limited quantities of components inexpensively. This approach requires a strong, accurate and durable master pattern, and because of this stereolithography is often used. A soft mould is made by suspending a master pattern in a flask and filling it with a room temperature vulcanizing (RTV) material, typically silicon rubber. The master pattern is removed by cutting it out with a scalpel. The resulting mould components are then reassembled, and wax or urethane is injected into the mould to make replicas of the master pattern. These replicas make excellent investment casting patterns, and a typical RTV mould can produce at least 20 parts before wear diminishes accuracy.
IMI Rapid Prototyping in Birmingham has used this method extensively to make castings for the automotive industry, and used it to make the patterns, mould and structural castings for the Triumph Design Group's Daytona motorcycle.
It is easy to see how such methods could be adopted in architecture to make interesting and innovative components.
While it is now possible to use RP to manufacture architectural castings, it will eventually be possible to create metal components directly from CAD models. SLS is already used in some industries to make functional prototype parts from metal powder.
Professor Tom Childs and his students at Leeds University are conducting research in this area with my architectural input. Aerospace companies in the US and the UK are also developing additive technologies that will eventually be able to make very large and strong metal parts directly from CAD models.
Dr Kevin Rotheroe is an architect with Freeform, One Stuyvesant Oval Unit 9D, New York, e-mail krotheroe@ nyc. rr. com See classified pages 94 and 95 for modelmakers' information


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Pippa Hinchley A HUGE shout out and big thanks to WILDsound film festival who have gone t extraordinary lengths to hold the festival and get some great, meaningful audinence feedback to us filmmakers. This is a message I just got from Matthew who runs the festival: “This was our first ever private festival because of… Continue reading WILDsound Festival Testimonial – May 4 2020
SHORT FILMS IN NOVEMBER 2018 – WATCH AUDIENCE FEEDBACK VIDEOS FOR ALL 23 FILMS.
Submit your Film & Screenplay via FilmFreeway: A showcase of 23 short films in total from six festivals in Los Angeles & Toronto for October 2018. INCALL, 10min., USA, Thriller HOODYMAN, 6min., United Arab Emirates, Thriller BOONDOGGLE, 11min, UK, Thriller LIVING WITH A MONSTER, 4min, Canada, Horror/Comedy GOLDBLOODED, 9min., USA, Action/Crime THE ROSE GARDEN, 3min.,… Continue reading SHORT FILMS IN NOVEMBER 2018 – WATCH AUDIENCE FEEDBACK VIDEOS FOR ALL 23 FILMS.


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Tripp Lite 3ft Cat5e / Cat5 Snagless Molded Patch Cable RJ45 M/M Gray 3' Item # 539450
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Tripp Lite's 0.91 m (3-ft.) grey snagless category 5e (Cat5e) patch cable has 2 snagless RJ45 molded male connectors featuring integral strain relief. The cable is manufactured from PVC 4-pair stranded UTP and is rated for 350MHz/1Gbps communication. All cables are offered in a variety of lengths and colors for all category 5 (Cat5) and 5e cabling needs. Standard category 5e patch cables are also available.
|Additional Information||Cabling for category 5 (Cat5) and 5e (Cat5e) applications; Molded connectors with integral strain relief; Snagless design protects the locking tabs on the RJ45 connectors from being damaged or snapped off during installation Applications:; 1000Base-T (1Gbps Ethernet); 10/100Base-T (Ethernet); 100 Mbps TPDDI; 155 Mbps ATM; ISDN; Voice; Token Ring Type3 applications|
|brand name||Tripp Lite|
|Cable Characteristic||Patch Cable|
|cable type||Category 5e|
|Certifications & Standards||Meets most current industry standards including: IEEE 802.3ab; IEEE 802.5; ANSI/EIA/TIA 568; ISO/IEC 11801; ETL (category 5e draft 11)|
|Connector||RJ-45 - male|
|Connector (Second End)||RJ-45 - male|
|Connector on First End||1 x RJ-45 Male|
|Connector on Second End||1 x RJ-45 Male|
|material||Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) - Jacket|
|package contents||Cat5e Patch Cable; 3-ft. Gray Snagless Cat5e Patch Cable|
|warranty length||limited lifetime|
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3-ft. Cat5e 350MHz Snagless Molded Patch Cable (Gray)
|Don’t settle for less than the best—enjoy better signal quality and faster transmission! This three-foot Tripp Lite Cat5e 350MHz Snagless Molded Patch Cable ensures peak performance throughout your local area network application and has a snagless design for a secure connection. Cat5e cables (also called network cables, patch cables, computer cables, Ethernet cables and LAN cables) are used to connect components like printers, computers, copy machines, routers, servers, modems and switches. The N001-003-GY is manufactured to exacting specifications, using superior materials, for optimal network performance. It’s designed for 1000Base-T (1 Gbps Ethernet), 10/100Base-T (Ethernet), 100 Mbps TPDDI, 155 Mbps ATM, ISDN, voice and Token Ring Type 3 applications. For peace of mind, the N001-003-GY comes backed by a lifetime warranty and has an eco-friendly, RoHS-compliant design.|


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Last month, we reported that Tesla has 80% market share of Hong Kong’s growing electric vehicle market. Yet, that’s only ~1% of the city’s entire automotive market. Now the automaker aims to double its impact and dominance in the EV market by introducing its all-electric SUV, the Model X, in Hong Kong.
The company started taking orders for the Right-Hand Drive (RHD) Model X in Hong Kong in July after years of reservations. Those who turned their reservations into orders should get the vehicle by the end of the year or early 2017 at the latest, according to Tesla.
At an event for the launch of the vehicle and for reservation holders to test it, Isabel Fan, regional director for Tesla Hong Kong, explained that the company expects to have as much success with the Model X in Hong Kong as it currently has with the Model S because three of the six best-selling gas-powered vehicles in the city last year were SUVs.
She told the South China Morning Post:
“The majority of families in Hong Kong only own one car, and customers see the Model X as an ideal family car as it is more spacious and fits more people [compared to a sedan]. Furthermore, the total cost of ownership is great because they save on petrol and [have access to] charging infrastructure,”
When asked about potential competition in the city, Robin Ren, vice-president for Asia-Pacific at Tesla, said:
“I don’t think [Tesla] needs to worry about competition at this point. We are confident about our technology. Less than 0.2 per cent of the cars sold globally last year were electric vehicles … so there is a lot of opportunity in the market.”
All-electric cars imported in the city benefit from a 100% waiver on first registration taxes, which can be pretty steep in Hong Kong resulting in an edge for electric vehicles. The program will be revised next year and as we reported last month, German automakers have been lobbying for the government to include plug-in hybrids in the program citing that they were giving an unfair advantage to all-electric vehicles like Tesla’s.
In the meantime, Tesla will be looking to deliver as many Model X’s as possible in Hong Kong where the vehicle starts HK$610,200 ($79,000).
A video of the launch party:
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When you’re during the dealership you can easily remain under spending plan. You can start by checking the values of automobiles you have in mind, then plugging when you look at the figures into the car loans calculator to see in the event that re re payment quantity works together with your month-to-month spending plan.
Additionally, it is vital to keep in mind that this car finance calculator doesn’t take into account title and enrollment costs, so that your cost that is actual may a bit higher than this estimate.
Simple tips to make use of finance calculator to determine month-to-month vehicle payment
Listed here is a glance at the figures that define your monthly car repayment, that you will type in the car loan calculator below:
- Cost of the car
- How long the mortgage will endure
- Advance payment, or just how much you may be spending toward the motor vehicle outside the loan (20 % or even more is preferred)
- Product product Sales income tax price for the state
- Interest, enter the price you have qualified for, and if you do not understand, it is possible to calculate it, the larger your credit rating the lower the attention price
Once you have got the effect, it is possible to select “Amortization, ” that will create a dining table you are able to print showing the month-to-month break-down with due dates and a month-to-month balances. Purchasing a car that is used? Click the “See Normal prices for utilized Car” banner to see just what you will probably pay money for protection for 4,500 car models from 2006 to 2017. Continue reading “The vehicle loan calculator will provide you with notion of just how much you really can afford to fund the new automobile”

domain: finance


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Jacob Sullum on the Clintons' Disdain for the Second Amendment
Arkansas has pretty permissive gun laws. It does not require handgun owners to obtain licenses, does not ban so-called assault weapons, issues concealed-carry permits to anyone who meets a short list of objective criteria, accepts carry permits issued by other states, and since 2013 arguably allows people to openly carry handguns without a permit.
Although Bill Clinton was the governor of Arkansas from 1983 to 1992, he and his wife, the Democratic Party's presumptive presidential nominee, prefer a decidedly more restrictive approach. On Sunday, Jacob Sullum notes, the former president highlighted the couple's disdain for the right to armed self-defense by declaring that "you can't have a bunch of people walking around with guns."


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Switch Nutrition >99.9% Pure NMN Powder (30 Grams)
Experience the transformative power of one of nature’s most dynamic molecules with Switch Nutrition's NMN. Crafted with an exceptional >99.9% purity, Switch Nutrition NMN is meticulously designed for those who prioritise optimal wellness & longevity.
NMN (Nicotinamide Mononucleotide) is a precursor to Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide + (NAD+) and can play a role in energy metabolism, metabolic function, inflammatory response, cellular aging, mood balance and much more.
As we age NAD+ declines and supplementing with NMN has been shown to increase NAD+ levels to help support healthy aging.
Switch NMN is 3rd party tested to >99.9% purity. See Certificate of Analysis below.
- Contains a remarkable >99.9% Pure Beta-Nicotinamide Mononucleotide
- Increases NAD+ levels
- Supports healthy mood and sleep
- Aids skin rejuvenation
- A full 500mg of NMN per serving for maximum benefit
- Provides 60 servings per container, ensuring a lasting supply
- Absolutely no calories, carbohydrates, sugars, fats, or sodium for a clean integration into your daily routine
- Flavourless powder form
More About NMN
NMN is a ground-breaking compound that has been backed by science and is recognised as an important precursor of NAD+. Switch Nutrition, which is always among the most reliable brands when it comes to delivering the best health & wellness supplements, has formulated a pure NMN supplement that is 3rd party tested with 99.9% purity.
Offering 500mg of NMN per serving and no other additives or ingredients, this vegan-friendly extract is clean and reliable. For anybody who struggles with that early afternoon slump, NMN can play a role in increasing your energy levels by aiding ATP production.
Among its plethora of benefits, NMN supports your metabolic health, helping you target certain goals while improving NAD+ levels to support the conversion of food into energy. When it comes to your cellular health, NMN thrives. The cognitive benefits include focus and memory, which may be ideal if you need to get through a long essay at uni or working on spreadsheets at work, to everything in between.
Certificate Of Analysis
Directions For Use
Consume 1 - 2 scoops daily on an empty stomach preferably in the morning, or as directed by your healthcare professional.

domain: chemistry


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The Components of the Pennsylvania Art Standards
Application of problem solving skills.
Extensive practice in the comprehension of basic symbol systems and abstract concepts.
Application of technical skills in practical production and performance.
Comprehension and application of the creative process.
Development and practice of creative thinking skills.
Development of verbal and non-verbal communication skills.


‘Pinch’ Interface Connects Touch Devices Into One Giant Display
It might not have the sophistication of the XDesk tabletop interface, but in development by a research group at the Tokyo University of Technology, a new interface named ‘Pinch’ allows users to connect various touch-enabled devices together into one larger, mismatched but quite remarkable screen.
Brillaintly simple, the user only has to place a thumb and index finger on two adjacent screens before ‘pinching’ to pair them up into one singular display, even if the linked devices have different sized screens. What’s more, each screen can be lined up in whichever alignment the user behind the devices chooses, whether vertical or horizontal, using a system in which each device shares its position and screen size via Wi-Fi to another.
“People probably own just one of these devices each. So, I think people could communicate in fun ways, by getting together with friends and putting their devices next to each other.”
Takashi Ohta, Associate Professor at Tokyo University of Technology
So far, the technology is little more than a tech demo, though the team behind it is hopeful to see it enter the hands of app developers and businesses alike in order for them to unlock the potential behind this quite swish interface; “We'd like people to use this system to develop apps. So, we're offering Pinch to developers and are basically just asking them to do something with it. We've just started several projects like that.”


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Earlier this week, in Burnaby, British Columbia, just outside Vancouver, a squirrel worked its way through some electrical equipment. It chewed and chewed enough to spark a fire on a utility pole, which cut power to 150 residents, in addition to a local cheese factory.
This was bad news for around 21,000 gallons of milk at the factory, which spoiled after sitting in the Pacific Northwest’s mild summer heat for 12 hours without cooling, according to the Vancouver Sun.
The factory is operated by Scardillo Cheese, which calls itself “British Columbia’s largest independent cheese makers,” and while the milk was lost, the cheese inside was spared, thanks to generators that kept it at the right temperature. But this is cold comfort, since the aftermath of the squirrel’s infrastructure adjustments is expected to last for a while.
“The company is estimated to lose about a week of production disposing of and cleaning up the milk,” the Sun reported Thursday. “The squirrel is still at large.”
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BT has launched a subsidised, cheap telephone service to help low-income families in the UK cope with the rising cost of household bills.
BT Basic will offer cheap phone line rental costing £4.50 a month for people who receive one of three specific benefits – Income Support, income-based Job Seekers Allowance or Guaranteed Pensions Credit. This is less than half the £10.50 a month phone line rental which customers on the cheapest non-subsidised option pay.
The phone line rental fee includes £4.50 worth of phone calls a quarter and there is no surcharge for non direct debit payments.
Broadband users eligible
Unlike BT’s previous social telephony offering, customers on relevant benefits who have a broadband service will be entitled to sign up to BT Basic. Under BT’s former social telephony offering – its Light User Scheme – people who had broadband were ineligible for the cheap phone deal.
Claudio Pollack of telecoms regulator Ofcom said: ‘We welcome and support BT Basic. Special schemes provided under the Universal Service Obligation can bring real benefits for those who have difficulty affording telephony.’
Signing up to the BT Basic phone tariff
BT has already begun automatically transferring eligible customers on to the BT Basic phone deal from old tariffs, such as the Light User Scheme. BT will be writing to all its home phone customers already on its Light User Scheme about the BT Basic phone tariff, so there’s no need for these customers to call BT.
BT has also started to put eligible new customers, who meet the criteria agreed with Ofcom and verified by the Department for Work and Pensions, on to the BT Basic phone deal. Customers should call 0800 783 1675 to inquire about BT Basic.
Home phone alternatives to BT basic
Which? telecoms expert Ceri Stanaway says: ‘BT Basic is a great low cost option for eligible people on benefits who are finding it hard to cope with the rising cost of bills in the current credit crunch – but there will be many people who don’t qualify.
‘If you’re not eligible for BT Basic’s phone service but think you’re paying too much for your phone bill, or you’re not happy with your home phone provider, there’s nothing stopping you from switching your phone service to a better deal.’
Take a look at our advice on choosing a home phone service , or save still more money on your phone bill by using the Which? review of phone bundles to choose a home phone service that’s bundled together with broadband, TV or mobile for one monthly fee.
For daily consumer news, subscribe to the here. If you have an older web browser you may need to copy and paste this link into your newsreader: https://www.which.co.uk/feeds/reviews/news.xml . Find out more about RSS in the Which? guide to news feeds.

domain: economics


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The Microsoft Surface GO 2 STQ-00002 is one of the most interoperable and versatile laptop models. The manufacturer understands that you may want to carry it wherever you go. That informs the reason why it reduced the screen size and made it portable.
And if you are considering using it as a tablet too, it is possible. The device is versatile meaning that it can double as a tablet and a Personal Computer (PC).
Besides, you will love the host of other features that come with the Microsoft Surface GO 2 STQ-00002.
Memory: 8GB of RAM
Storage: 128 SSD
Processor: Intel Pentium
Up to 8 hours of battery life
- A versatile design that allows you to use the Microsoft Surface GO 2 STQ-00002 as a tablet and a Personal Computer (PC).
- You can use it for different purposes, such as watching videos, jotting down and typing ideas, managing your emails, and browsing.
- The lightweight design empowers you to move around the device and at the same time, use it for different purposes without feeling the weight.
- It comes with many premium apps, such as Microsoft 365 and other Premium Office apps.
- No optical drive is included
- It only has 1 USB 3.0 port
- The 10-inch screen size may not be ideal for all the things you would want to do with it.
The Microsoft Surface GO 2 STQ-00002 is more of a portable PC or tablet than a laptop. You can still consider it a mini laptop because it can offer you some of the things a traditional and larger screen size laptop would.


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This page has been archived and is being provided for reference purposes only. The page is no longer being updated, and therefore, links on the page may be invalid.
Work Begins on New USDA Cereal Crops LabBy Erin Peabody
July 7, 2005
MADISON, Wis., July 7--The U.S. Department of Agriculture broke ground here today for a new laboratory where federal researchers will work to improve barley and oats. The laboratory will be operated by the Agricultural Research Service (ARS), USDA's chief scientific research agency.
"This facility will provide much-needed work space for Agricultural Research Service scientists who provide a critical link between barley growers and breeders and the malting and brewing industries," said ARS Administrator Edward B. Knipling, who participated in today's ceremony. "The new lab will be important because it is the country's only public research facility that evaluates malting barley cultivars based on their quality and usefulness."
Barley malt, which contains natural sugars, can be found in a wide range of foods, including breakfast cereals, beverages and bakery goods. It is the basic, fermentable ingredient in beer.
In 2004, ARS scientists at Madison assessed more than 5,000 different malting barley breeding lines, providing data that will help breeders develop high-quality cultivars for U.S. farmers. ARS research at Madison is also focused on finding new ways to bolster crop plants against attack from persistent and costly fungal diseases, like Fusarium head blight on barley and blast on rice.
The ARS scientists are also studying the unique, health-promoting compounds found in oats, which they hope to someday enhance to make the hearty grain an even more significant heart-healthy food.
ARS scientists in the Cereal Crops Research Unit share an outdated 1948 laboratory. The new facility will have more than twice the square footage of the current one, and will house about 50 employees, including seven full-time research scientists. Estimated to cost $11.3 million, the new building is due to be finished in July 2006.

domain: agronomy


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Contract JACK demo
Try out the multiplayer side of Monolith's NOLF prequel.
This morning you're encouraged to head to FilePlanet, which is running an exclusive multiplayer demo of Monolith's upcoming No One Lives Forever prequel, Contract JACK.
According to the site, this demo uses FilePlanet's Beta Protection System, which means that you have to use a registration key during installation, you must be connected to the Internet the first time you run it, and that you will be forced to install the demo on no more than one PC and for a single user only.
Terrifying. Still, if that doesn't bother you, then the 109.5MB demo should be on its way to you very soon - with something like 19,000 people already having downloaded it, apparently. That should throw up plenty of opposition for the demo's deathmatch/team deathmatch, Doomsday and Demolition modes.

domain: game


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Supposedly, the stacked shipping containers are not structurally sound enough for Berkeley. Jim Mason, the owner of the facility, has received a ‚Äúvacate and abate‚Äù notice unless he can prove, in three days, the “shipping containers as a new rated assembly for habitable buildings.”
It’ll be sad to see it go. It had been the home for several fabulous events and art projects including: How To Destroy The Universe Festival (2004 & 2005), The Clock Works (2005), Neverwas Haul (2006).
Jim Mason has stated that he is looking to move everything to Oakland. Hopefully, the new home bring less bureaucratic headaches.


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- UPC: 733739046048
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is a perennial herb that is indigenous to the Middle East. Because of its deep root system, Alfalfa is better able to absorb minerals from the soil than other plants. Therefore, Alfalfa is a rich source of vitamins and minerals, as well as Chlorophyll. NOW® Alfalfa Leaf Caps are free of pesticide and herbicide residues.
Alfalfa alkalizes and detoxifies the whole body, it acts as a diuretic and can calm inflammation as well as fight against fungus like an antifungal. Alfalfa has been shown to help the body lower cholesterol, balance blood sugar and hormones, as well as help the pituitary gland to function properly.
Alfalfa has been shown to aid in anemia, arthritis, ulcers, and disorders related to bones and joints, as well as help boost skin health and aid the digestive system. This herb should be used regularly to help promote good health and wellness. Remember to always buy from reputable brands like Now Foods to ensure quality and purity of the product you purchase.
Serving Size: 1 Capsule
Suggested Use: As an herbal dietary supplement, take 1 capsule 3 times daily with meals.
Free of: sugar, salt, yeast, wheat, gluten, corn, soy, milk, egg, preservatives or artificial colors.
Other Ingredients: Gelatin (capsule).
Warnings: Caution: Please discard the inedible freshness packet enclosed.

domain: biology