Uber’s sexual harassment case is the latest controversy in a long history of the ride-sharing company flouting regulations and, according to the company’s critics, ignoring ethical and legal standards in the name of “disruption”.
The San Francisco-based technology corporation is facing a widespread backlash after a former engineer went public with her story of sexual harassment and discrimination by management and repeated rebuffs from the HR department, adding fuel to the #DeleteUber campaign that went viral last month. The company has hired former US attorney general Eric Holder to investigate the claims.
Consumer activists and social justice organizers, who have pushed for stricter regulations of Uber, point to the scandal as another example of the company’s disdain for business norms.
From questionable labor practices to privacy concerns to flagrant rejections of transportation laws, Uber has built its service through a culture of defiance that opponents say stands out even in Silicon Valley, where rule-breaking under the guise of innovation is commonplace.
The wave of negative publicity that peaked last month stemmed from a user boycott over CEO Travis Kalanick’s brief participation in Donald Trump’s economic advisory council. But long before the #DeleteUber campaign and gender discrimination case, Uber has battled frequent accusations of ethical misconduct.
“You just see this pattern of arrogance that says, ‘We can do whatever we want and get away with it,’” said Orson Aguilar, president of the Greenlining Institute, an economic justice organization that has been critical of Uber’s move to Oakland. “We definitely see Uber as a bottom-feeder of the tech industry when it comes to issues of fairness and equity.”
Uber’s business and profits are dependent on its classification of drivers as independent contractors as opposed to employees, a major source of contention among labor organizers. While critics have argued that Uber should provide basic employee protections and rights to drivers, Uber has claimed that its services are part of the so-called sharing economy.
Unlike its competitor Lyft, Uber has also rejected pleas to add a tipping feature to its app, which drivers said has made it even harder for them to earn a decent wage. The company has argued that tipping should not be required or expected so that the experience is “hassle free” for passengers and so both parties know the cost of a trip upfront.
“I don’t know any drivers who feel that Uber cares about their drivers, so why would they care about their employees?” said Jim Lesondak, a 59-year-old California resident who drove for Uber for several years and recently quit. “Their attitude is they are above the law or above reproach.”
Around the country, Uber has also aggressively resisted regulators’ efforts to force the company to follow the rules that govern traditional cab companies, and some say the consequences for public safety have been severe.
Lawsuits filed against the company allege that Uber’s lack of traditional background checks and fingerprinting of drivers have enabled drivers to sexually assault passengers. Uber has settled cases without admitting wrongdoing and has repeatedly argued that its screening of potential drivers is sufficient. The company has also said it is not liable for the actions of “contractors”.
When an Uber driver killed a six-year-old girl in San Francisco, the company claimed it was not at fault since he was not carrying a passenger at the time, even though the victim’s family said the driver was using the Uber app and looking for rides when the collision happened.
Uber’s rule-breaking mentality has extended to alleged abuses of users’ privacy, according to numerous reports. The company’s former forensic investigator recently testified that employees regularly used the corporation’s “God view” to spy on the movements of politicians, celebrities and ex-partners.
In 2014, Uber’s head of business also suggested the company dig up dirt on critical journalists, suggesting that reveal details of the personal life of a specific female journalist. Around the same time, a manager was also accused of tracking a different reporter’s movements through the app.
Last year, Uber also sparked an outcry from government officials and consumer groups when it launched self-driving cars in California without proper permits and blatantly ignored demands to halt the program despite clear evidence of traffic violations. The company said it did not believe that state laws applied to its autonomous vehicles and eventually moved its fleet to Arizona where it did not face regulatory hurdles.
“Like many Silicon Valley companies, they say, ‘We’re supposed to be disruptive and better to ask for forgiveness than permission,’” said John M Simpson, privacy project director for Consumer Watchdog and frequent critic of the company. “With Kalanick and Uber, they have sought forgiveness one too many times.”
Given the corporation’s history, critics who have scrutinized Uber said it was not surprising to learn that the $68bn company allegedly has a management team and HR department that ignored formal complaints of harassment, protected a repeat offender and threatened to fire a woman for speaking up.
Unlike Apple, Google, Facebook and other major tech corporations, Uber has also long refused to disclose data on the diversity of its workforce. In a staff email on Monday, Kalanick revealed that women made up only 15% of the company’s workforce in engineering, product management and scientist roles. But the CEO did not provide statistics on the number of women in senior positions or any data on racial diversity.
Kalanick has also faced criticisms for sexist remarks in the past, including a joke in a GQ interview about “women on demand”, where he said: “We call that Boob-er.” The company has further faced backlash for misogynistic ads.
Although Kalanick has brought on Holder and Uber board member Arianna Huffington, founder of Huffington Post, to investigate the sexual harassment claims alongside a new HR executive, critics have called for a fully independent inquiry.
“HR departments are there to protect the company as opposed to protecting the employee,” Lesondak said.
Aguilar said it seemed clear that Uber was most concerned with responding to bad press that could hurt its profits. Kalanick stepped down from Trump’s advisory council after several days of the #DeleteUber campaign.


text:
Build your dream home on this 5.5 surveyed acre lot with private setting located in Calais and so close to everything. Located just off the main paved road and set back on a town maintained road, the parcel is accessed via a deeded right of way entry.
Land borders the town forest and a country subdivision. There is access in place, a well on site, power at the road.
Due to mailing from Plainfield zip code this property can not be geocoded. Please see map.

domain: geography


text:
3 edition of Liability insurance coverage principles found in the catalog.
Liability insurance coverage principles
Thomas R. Newman
|Statement||by Thomas R. Newman.|
|LC Classifications||KF1215.Z9 N48 1983|
|The Physical Object|
|Pagination||v, 209 leaves ;|
|Number of Pages||209|
|LC Control Number||83231673|
Motor Vehicle Liability Insurance Reporting Implementation Guide Document Purpose The purpose of this Implementation Guide is to provide insurance companies and servicing agents with information on how to report certain liability insurance . Liability insurance is a part of the general insurance system of risk financing to protect the purchaser from the risks of liabilities imposed by lawsuits and similar claims and protects the insured if the purchaser is sued for claims that come within the coverage of the insurance policy.
Blanket Additional Insured Coverage extends your existing liability insurance to other entities as required by some contracts with employers. General liability insurance cost. In , the national average monthly cost for general liability insurance . Commercial general liability (CGL) is a form of comprehensive insurance that offers coverage in case of damage or injury caused by a business’s operations or products, or on its : Julia Kagan.
Uninsured and underinsured motorists liability coverage: If you’re in an accident with another driver who doesn’t carry any or enough liability coverage, uninsured or underinsured motorists liability coverage allows you to collect damages that you personally experience from the accident. The following table lists commonly recommended limits and deductibles for various coverage . Coverage when driver mode on but no ride accepted. Our primary liability coverage is designed to provide coverage when the app is in driver mode before you’ve received a ride request in the event your personal insurance .
The modern French drama
J.A. Coderch de Sentmenat, 1913-1984
RACER # 3642942
Images of weather and climate
Modelling reality and personal modelling
Pioneers of progress
Public Domain Software on File
Home on the bayou
Report on the Regional Seminar on Hospital Administration, Mysore, Sept. 24-29, 1973
Las Vegas Map
Property and Liability Insurance Principles AINS 21 Course Guide The Institutes. out of 5 stars 1. Paperback. 25 offers from $ Property and Liability Insurance Principles INS 21 Course Guide /5(2). Liability Insurance Principles Property and Liability Insurance Principles INS 21 Course Guide Risk Management, Coverage, Life insurance, Book 1) The No.1 Property Investing Tips From Top File Size: KB.
This is a thin book that explains different kinds of insurance coverage and defines key terms and limitations. It's going to be of greatest use for somebody working in insurance sales, perhaps providing background about Life & Health coverage /5(46).
Liability coverage pays for the policyholder’s legal responsibility to others for bodily injury or property damage. Medical coverage pays for the cost of treating injuries, rehabilitation and sometimes lost wages and funeral expenses.
Most states require drivers to have auto liability insurance. General Principles of Insurance Coverage Page | 24 Those deposits which are opened at IDIs as payable-on-death or in-trust-for accounts or are titled in the name of a revocable trust agreement are.
The guide provides concise explanations of auto, home, life, disability and business insurance, as well as issues papers, a glossary and directories. (Note: This book updates and expands upon the former I.I.I.
Insurance Handbook for Reporters and the Insurance. INSURANCE LAWINSURANCE LAW AND AND PRACTICEPRACTICEPRACTICE MODULE 3 ELECTIVE PAPER ICSI House, 22, Institutional Area, Lodi Road, New Delhi tel File Size: 2MB.
• insurance cover • liabilities • claim • mutual insurance association, • “club ” • etc. 2 Supply the missing words: In basic terms there are three main types of marine insurance: Hull and machinery, cargo insurance, and _____.
Protection and Indemnity insurance. Principles of General Insurance Principles of Insurance 54 INTRODUCTION After studying, the life insurance and its importance, the over aspect of insurance other than ‘Life Insurance’ would is General Insurance. In this chapter, we cover various aspect of General Insurance such as Principles.
General Liability (GL) Insurance typically provides insurance coverage to small businesses for, among other things, third-party bodily injuries, medical payments, and advertising injuries.
As a contractor or small business owner, GEICO can help you get the coverage. Free preview: Read the first three chapters. Download Sample Chapters.
An Excellent Resource on Commercial Insurance Products. This book details key property and casualty concepts rarely. UnIt 15 Commercial General Liability Insurance. Business Liability Exposures Commercial General Liability Coverage Part Occurrence and Claims-Made Forms Definitions Coverage A—Bodily Injury and Property Damage Liability Coverage B—Personal and Advertising Injury Liability Coverage.
Updated: January Auto liability insurance is a type of car insurance coverage that's required by law in most states. If you cause a car accident — in other words, if you are liable for the accident — liability coverage Author: Allstate.
Commercial General Liability (CGL) Policy. A standard insurance policy issued to business organizations to protect themagainst liability claims for bodily injury (BI) and property damage (PD)arising out of premises, operations, Contractual Liability Insurance.
Insurance that covers liability of the insured. One of the most important components of a homeowners, condo or renters insurance policy is the personal liability section.
This coverage provides protection for accidents you are liable. principles of insurance. liability gets void (i.e legally I delineate the principles of what I call Victorian visual ethics to ask questions about the relationship between perception and.
What Does Liability Insurance Cover. There are two types of liability car insurance that companies like State Farm offer, and each covers different items: Bodily Injury Liability Coverage. This type of coverage, often referred to as “BI” coverage. Professional Liability: Law and Insurance 2nd Edition has been updated in line with changes in the law.
With the increase in liability litigation and the growing sophistication of the law in this area, this. Chapter 1 / General Principles of Insurance Edition typically does not contain an enforceable binder); Baylor v.
Cont’l Cas. Co., Or 78 P3d () (while ruling that certificate of insurance did not provide temporary provision of coverage File Size: KB.
liability insurance (also called property and casualty insurance). (b) Property and casualty coverages can be divided into personal lines and commercial lines. Personal lines include private passenger auto insurance, homeowners insurance, personal umbrella liability insurance, earthquake insurance, and flood insurance.
LIABILITY INSURANCE PRINCIPLES (Required) (Course Textbook Consists of Pages) This course will enable the student to analyze fundamental principles of liability insurance and the insurance contract to determine the coverage and understand basic concepts of insurance law for liability coverages .Media Liability Insurance Application and Discount Information.
Members of the Authors Guild are eligible to join a specially-negotiated group plan and receive media liability insurance through AXIS PRO, one of the world’s leading Underwriters of media liability insurance.Real-world war stories from the front lines of D&O Insurance to illustrate the importance of various principles.
The book contains a chapter of career advice from more than 60 senior insurance .

domain: finance


Replacing ducts in your Fayetteville, North Carolina, home isn’t cheap, but you’ll waste more money in the long run by continuing to force conditioned air through damaged ducts. When your ducts are beyond repair, several signs like rust and compromised airflow will signal it’s time for duct replacement.
The Seals and Joints Are Rusty or Damaged
You can see parts of your duct system in your attic or crawl space. Sometimes ducts are exposed in the corners of closets, too. Check the parts you can see. Are the joints worn or damaged? Do the ducts have any holes or rusty spots? Has any part of the duct ever been repaired with duct tape? If you can answer yes to any of these questions, we’ll need to examine your ductwork thoroughly.
Your Airflow Is Compromised
The airflow through your vents should be consistent. When your system is on, go from room to room and check the air coming through the vents. If the air coming through one or more vents doesn’t seem to have enough pressure, that could mean part of the ductwork is damaged or disconnected. You’re wasting valuable money for temperature treated air that isn’t even reaching you effectively.
The Ducts Are Old
Most residential ductwork only lasts for 10 to 15 years before it needs serious repairs or replacement. If you’ve lived in your home for a longer period and never had the ducts replaced, call us for a duct blower test. Not sure how old the duct work is? We’re happy to take a look.
Our professional HVAC technicians at Bass Air Conditioning Company will examine your ductwork and let you know if it’s time for a cleaning, repair, or total replacement. Please call us at (910) 672-8885 if you have any concerns about your ducts. We will conduct a thorough inspection and give you our professional assessment, removing stress and guesswork on your part. Don’t spend another day with faulty ducts when you can call on us to help.
Image provided by Shutterstock


text: What do the Tower of Pisa and MMG emcee Meek Mill have in common? You guessed it: they're both Leanin'. Whereas soft ground and an inadequate foundation are responsible for the former's tilt, the latter's has more to do with his heavy consumption of sizzurp. On this freshly-minted mixtape single, Cardo's ominous synths and trunk-rattling percussion back gruff verses chronicling Meek's love affair with promethazine—and, of course, his ongoing romance with the Almighty Dollar. Owl Pharaoh emcee/producer Travi$ Scott delivers a menacing guest 16, as well as lending his Autotuned vocals to the outro. Despite contributing ad-libs to the joint's original mixtape version, Diddy and Birdman don't appear in Jon J.'s official visuals. For Leanin' and much more, cop Meek Mill's Dreamchasers 3 street album, available online as of September.

domain: artistic


text:
Filing bankruptcy is the first step in a three-step process, which is something I’ve been saying for more than twenty years to my bankruptcy clients and which now I say in my Indiana bankruptcy blogs. Step two is saving money, and step three is rebuilding credit.
Oddly enough, stress relates to all three of these steps. Often, just filing bankruptcy can provide immediate stress relief. Some of that relief comes because, when people face up to their problems instead of trying to avoid them, they are able to let go of negative feelings and move on with their lives. From a legal standpoint, because of bankruptcy’s “automatic stay”, filing puts an immediate halt to the legal proceedings and collection efforts which have typically been such a big source of the stress. Whew!
The Chicago Tribune writes, “In this economy, bankruptcy may be an answer for many.” In Newsweek a couple of months ago, financial journalist Jane Bryant Quinn talks about “the case for walking away, saying that “if you’re reaching the end of your rope, don’t try to hold on. Save what you can…..go bankrupt in 2009.”
Stress in the workplace is a subject that has gained the attention of many of the world’s major employers. In the United Kingdom, studies revealed that stress was the trigger for 70% of doctor visits. In Japan, the threat of stress is perceived so strongly, they have a word for sudden death from overwork – “karoushi”.
As a bankruptcy attorney in Indiana for so many years, I’ve learned something very interesting about stress – most people file bankruptcy not to get rid of debt, but to get rid of stress! And, while I’ve often blogged about the fact that job layoffs are one of the three leading causes of bankruptcy (along with divorce and medical bills), the interesting thing I’ve found is that stress relief helps increase job security!
How can that be? Stress in the workplace reduces productivity, hurting the performance of the brain in memory, concentration, and learning. Once some of the pressure is relieved, people bring less stress to work each day, life starts to look more hopeful, and their superiors notice they’ve become more cheerful to be around – and more productive in their work! Their job security may actually be enhanced!
No, the job markets won’t have changed. “As a result of globalization, outsourcing, contracting, downsizing, recession, and even natural disasters, job security can seem like a thing of the past,” writes Mindtools.com. But now, you’re “dealing with the feeling”, more focused on your future, better prepared to face whatever comes.

domain: psychology


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30° Light Freezing Rain Fog/Mist
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By Matt Elwell
August 15, 2010
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A break from the heat is expected overnight with temperatures dipping into the 60s. Monday will see mild heat return with a chance for storms late.
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August 15, 2010
New students move in on KU campus August 15, 2010
Hawk Week festivities near August 15, 2010
Haskell holds BBQ dinner on campus August 15, 2010
Fallen trees cut power to residents August 15, 2010
House fire investigation continues August 15, 2010
Disability scores lagging in school district August 15, 2010
Kansas inmate seeking new trial August 15, 2010
GaDuGi hires new trauma counselor August 15, 2010
Experts help Kansans save treasures August 15, 2010
Road restoration to preserve history August 15, 2010
New KU pharmacy building opens August 15, 2010
Overnight weather for August 16, 2010 August 15, 2010
KU students to help rewrite fight song August 15, 2010
KU soccer drops exhibition contest August 15, 2010
Area children reel in the big ones at derby August 15, 2010
County to offer new mediation service August 15, 2010
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(Jul 31, 2014) Anthony Hamod, Regional Franchisee at Fastway Couriers Wollongong, has again been recognised as NSW/ACT Franchisee of the Year (two or more staff) at the NAB Franchise Council of Australia (FCA) NSW/ACT Excellence in Franchising Awards 2014.
The award ceremony took place at the Four Points by Sheraton in Sydney on Friday night [25 July, 2014].
Anthony said that receiving the award was the perfect way to celebrate ten years owning and running Fastway Couriers Wollongong.
“After winning Australia’s Franchisee of the Year last year, I am honoured to have been recognised again by the FCA. My wife Andrea and I would like to thank our dedicated Courier Franchisees, staff, clients and the Fastway Franchise Support Office for the role they have each played in making Fastway Couriers Wollongong a success,” said Anthony.
Richard Thame, CEO at Fastway Couriers, said that Anthony has consistently led the franchise to higher levels of growth and efficiency since taking over in 2004.
Read more at fastway.com.au


Paramiko is a SSH module for Python, meaning it gives the developers the ability and same time the flexibility to write applications or scripts to connect to a device securely via SSH, and execute commands similar as if you were using your command line interface.
Following we will come up with a very basic script to connect via SSH to a Linux device and run and execute a Linux command remotely.
Same method can be used for other systems such as, network devices, smartphones, etc. This is my setup as below:
Logically first step would be to install Paramiko on your machine (assuming you already have Python installed):
pip install paramiko
Once we make sure that Python combined with Paramiko are running properly, let’s see how we can connect to a remote device via SSH. Get yourself a good text editor or use the command line.
Second step, we need to import the module Paramiko:
And below is the rest of the basic script, so what happens is, we call the paramiko module together with the SSH client method, and assign it under the ‘ssh’ variable. We will use this variable (object instance) for all the rest of the script. Next, the ‘set_missing_host_key’ provides the method to authenticate the keys between host and remote device. The ‘ssh.connect‘ method takes as input the IP address of remote device, the username and the password. The ‘ssh.exec_command’ method takes as input the commands we want to execute on the remote host which happens to be Linux in our case.
ssh = paramiko.SSHClient()
ssh.connect(‘192.168.105.207′, username=’testuser’, password=’test123′)
I hope this helps to get up and running with paramiko on python, in case you have a better idea let me know. I know the code could have been written in a better way but I’m not a Python expert 🙂 .
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Nanjing Jieya Extrusion Equipment Co., Ltd. (referred to as "Jieya") was established in 2004. It has the manufacturing capacity of various types of production lines with an annual production and sales of more than 350 sets. Its comprehensive capability ranks in the forefront of the Nanjing twin screw extruders industry. The company focuses on the R&D and manufacturing of various production lines centered on co-rotating twin-screw extruders and single-screw extruders. The product applications cover compounding, modified granulation, polymerization, devolatilization, one-step molding, and recyclable resources, etc.
Project Director Mr Chen introduced that every industry has competition, but specific to a certain market segment, the competitors involved are different. Traditional physical blending and modification is the largest market for twin-screw extruders, so the competition is the most intense. For Jieya, the bio-degradable plastic market was changed greatly in 2021, and a considerable part of Jieya’s orders in 2021 also came from this market.
Mr Chen explained that the reason why bio-degradable plastics are singled out from the traditional blending and modification market is that there have been many entrants in this market in the past two years, which has led to the rapid expansion of the market scale. Therefore, from traditional compounding and extrusion to processing bio-degradable plastics, is it necessary to carry out certain technical reserves? Mr Chen said frankly that it depends on how much bio-degradable plastics companies want to achieve. Just like melt blown materials in 2020, some companies have astonishing shipments, and some companies choose to take the quality to a higher level. The bio-degradable material made by special equipment must be of higher quality.
Around 2010, Jieya began to get involved in bio-degradable-related projects. During this period, we saw the ups and downs of major companies, and also witnessed the gradual growth of some companies from small to large. Most of these surviving companies are in the bio-degradable market. They started foreign trade before they became popular, and some companies even achieved a market share of about 30% in the export of Chinese vest bags.
He also talked about some distressing points in the biodegradable market: at present, the Chinese government has not clearly stipulated the definition and criteria of "bio-degradable". For example, some regions regard photo-degradable as a kind of bio-degradable. Many people oppose this. Mr Chen said that at present, most people in the Chinese market think that 'bio-degradable' is compostable and degradable, and garbage must be sorted and recycled before composting is possible.
However, Mr Chen is still very optimistic about the development of bio-degradable plastics. Bio-degradable must be the general trend of future social development, but the specific direction remains to be verified. Jieya has a layout for the main bio-degradable plastic categories, such as targeting for many PBAT projects launched in China in the past two years, we are actively discussing with customers whether we can directly use the twin-screw extruder in the polymerization stage to directly make modified materials (without extruding PBAT raw materials). Jieya has also followed up on the project of carbon dioxide production of PPC bio-degradable materials and PGA synthesized with glycolide. At present, the bio-degradable plastics market is still developing and improving. What we need to do now is to develop the corresponding twin-screw technology with the industrial chain. Based on the accumulated experience of a large number of practical applications to continuously improve the stability of the equipment.
Under the big goal of carbon neutrality, some very big changes have taken place in industries such as home appliances and automobiles. The intuitive impact is that Jieya has recently received some projects for recycling, dismantling, and regranulating waste household appliances, as well as the crushing, recycling, and regranulation of some new energy battery shells, which is also one of the important markets for Jieya in 2021. Mr Chen said that these manufacturers have multiple production lines and large projects, but they are usually new entrants, and usually require suppliers to provide them with whole-plant project planning, so they put forward higher requirements for suppliers' project experience and service capabilities.
Fluorochemicals, another key application area for which Jieya is recognized. Fluoroplastics are also known as "plastic kings". Their corrosion resistance, solvent resistance, weather resistance and temperature resistance are relatively good, so they are often included in the field of special engineering plastics. The most well-known is the PVDF used with lithium battery binder. In 2021, Jieya also undertook some projects in this field.
Mr Chen believes that the Chinese market is developing very fast, and twin-screw extruder enterprises must keep abreast of customer needs in order to gain a foothold in the market. Therefore, Jieya is also seeking new development in the upstream links. For example, the twin-screw devolatilization extrusion unit developed to meet the growing demand of downstream customers for products with low VOC and low residue; as well as corrosion resistance and wear resistance under high temperature conditions. The extrusion unit meets the production needs of special products under severe working conditions.
The success of Nanjing Jieya in the market is inseparable from the technical advantages of its twin-screw extruder equipment: its core components are all self produced, including high-torque gearboxes, extruder barrels, extruder screw elements, screen changer, die, etc. The product quality is stable and controllable, which can meet the personalized customization needs of customers, and the delivery time is flexible. In addition, Jieya stable team has also played a huge advantage. It is said that its sales, technology, management, and after-sales teams have an average of more than 10 years of experience in the industry. They have rich industry experience and are relatively clear about the pain points of various market segments. Provide complete personalized solutions, and can also undertake large and complex complete system projects.
The engineering plastic twin screw extruder consists of a transmission device, a feed device, a barrel, and a screw. The function of each component is similar to that of a single-screw extruder. The difference to the single screw extruder is that in the engineering plastic twin screw extruder two parallel snails are arranged in the "cross-section" of the material.
What is the working principle of the engineering plastic twin screw extruder?
How do you treat a engineering plastic twin screw extruder?
Why is the cooling device particularly important when using engineering plastic twin screw extruders?
From the point of view of the principle of movement, the engineering plastic twin screw extruder distinguishes between the straight and uneven, and non-foaming types.
1. Double screw extruder of technical plastic
This type of engineering plastic twin screw extruder has a low speed and a high speed. The former is mainly used for profile extraction, while the latter is used for special polymer processing operations.
(1) Tightly machined extruder. The slow-running extruder has a closely combining screw geometry, in which the spiral antenna shape of one snail closely matches the spiral antenna shape of the other snail, i.e. the conjugated snail shape.
(2) Self-cleaning extruder. The simultaneous high-speed extruder has a closely tuned spiral shape. This type of snail can be executed with a relatively small snail split so that the snail has a closed self-cleaning effect. This type of engineering plastic twin screw extruder is called a compact self-cleaning engineering plastic twin screw extruder.
The gap between the two screw edges of the closely combining, opposing engineering plastic twin screw extruder is very small (much smaller than the gap in the evenly rotating engineering plastic twin screw extruder) so those positive conveying properties can be achieved.
2. Non-reciprocating double screw extruder of technical plastic
The axis distance between the two snails of the non-foaming engineering plastic twin screw extruder is greater than the sum of the radii of the two snails.
1. After using the engineering plastic twin screw extruder for 500 hours, iron chips or other impurities from the gears are in the gearbox. Therefore, the gears should be cleaned and the gear lubricant replaced.
2. The engineering plastic twin screw extruder should carry out a comprehensive inspection of the extruder after an operating period to check the density of all snails.
3. If the double screw extruder is suddenly switched off during production, the main drive, and the heating stops, if the power supply is restored, each section of the cylinder shall be reheated to the specified temperature and kept for a specified period, before you can start the extruder.
4. If the display and the display of the engineering plastic twin screw extruder are full, check if the contact of the thermocouple, etc. is good.
After the molded plastic extrusion layer has left the engineering plastic twin screw extruder, it should be cooled and formed immediately, otherwise, it will deform under the influence of gravity. The cooling method normally uses water cooling and is divided into quick cooling and slow cooling according to the different water temperatures. Fast cooling is the direct cooling by cold water. Rapid cooling is advantageous for the design of the extruded plastic layer, but in the case of crystalline polymers, due to sudden heat cooling, it is easy to leave internal stresses in the extruded layer structure, which leads to cracks during use. Generally PVC The plastic layer is deterred. Slow cooling should reduce the inner tension of the product. Water with different temperatures is given in the cooling water tank to gradually reduce the temperature and shape of the product. The extrusion of PE and PP takes place under slow cooling, i.e. through hot water, hot water, and cold water, which is called three-stage cooling.
Nanjing JlEYA is the leading manufacturer extruder manufacturer specializing in twin screw extrude. If you want to get more information, just go and connect them.
A plastic extruder performs all of the following processes through a barrel with a screw and auger channel. The plastic pellets enter the barrel through a hopper at one finish of the barrel and are then transferred through the screw to the opposite finish of the barrel. What are the working principle and molding principles of a plastic extruder? The following is a detailed description.
Here is the content list:
Pressure and shearing, etc., convert the solid plastic into a uniform and consistent melt and send the melt to the next process. The production of the melt involves processes such as mixing additives such as masterbatches, blending resins, and re-crushing. The finished melt must be homogeneous in consistency and temperature. The pressurization must be high enough to extrude the viscous polymer.
To have sufficient pressure, the depth of the threads on the screw decreases as the distance to the hopper increases. The external heating and the internal heat generated in the plastic and the screw due to friction softens and melts the plastic. The design requirements for plastic extruders often vary from polymer to polymer and from application to application. Many options involve discharge ports, multiple loading ports, special mixing devices along the screw, cooling and heating of the melt with or without an external heat source (adiabatic plastic extruders), the relative size of the gap variation between the screw and the barrel, and the number of screws. For example, twin-screw plastic extruders allow for more thorough mixing of the melt than single-screw plastic extruders. Tandem extrusion uses the melt-extruded from the first plastic extruder as feedstock for the second plastic extruder, which is typically used to produce extruded polyethylene foam.
D L the characteristic dimensions of plastic extruders are the diameter of the screw (D) and the ratio of the length of the screw (L) to the diameter D L/D (D) (L/D. Plastic extruders usually consist of at least three segments. The first section, near the L/D) filling hopper, is the filling section. Its function is to allow the material to enter the plastic extruder at a relatively smooth rate. In general, this section will be kept at a relatively low temperature to avoid clogging the charging channels. The second section is the compression section, where the melt is formed and the pressure is increased. The transition from the charging section to the compression section can be abrupt or gradual (gentle). The last half, the metering section, is adjacent to the plastic extruder outlet and its main operate is that the uniformity of the fabric flowing out of the plastic extruder. In this section, the material should have sufficient residence time to ensure uniformity of composition and temperature.
At the end of the barrel, the plastic melt leaves the plastic extruder through a head that is designed in an ideal shape for the extruded melt stream to pass through.
Another important part is the drive mechanism of the plastic extruder. It controls the rotational speed of the screw, which determines the output of the plastic extruder. The power required is determined by the viscosity (flow resistance) of the polymer. The viscosity of the polymer depends on the temperature and flow rate and decreases with increasing temperature and shear. Plastic extruders are equipped with screens that keep impurities out of the screen. To avoid downtime, the screens should be able to be changed automatically. This is especially important when processing resin with impurities, such as recycled material. The extruder's screw is divided into feeding section, plasticizing, melting section, temperature according to the process parameters of the plastic particles, the model according to the diameter of the screw 20, 36, 52, 65, 75, 95, 120, 135. Plastic particles heated by the movement of the screw to change the original state, there are many types, depending on the specific application. The capacity of the frequency conversion is proportional to the diameter of the screw and then adjusted according to the different raw materials.
The extrusion method of plastic extruders generally refers to the melting of plastic at a high temperature of about 200°C. The melted plastic is then passed through a die to form the desired shape. Extrusion molding requires a deep understanding of the characteristics of plastics and extensive experience in mold design and is a technically demanding molding method.
Extrusion molding is a method of a continuous flow of material through a die by heating and pressurizing in an extruder, also known as "extrusion molding". Compared with other molding methods, it has the advantages of high efficiency and low unit cost.
Extrusion is mainly used for molding thermoplastics, but it can also be used for some thermosets. Extruded products are continuous profiles, such as tubes, rods, wires, sheets, films, wire, and cable cladding, etc. In addition, it can also be used for mixing, plasticizing and granulating, coloring, blending, etc. plastics.
The extruded products can be called "profiles", which are also called "profiles" because of their irregular cross-sectional shape.
The plastic extruder is a common plastic machinery equipment, in the process of the daily operation of the extruder, the extruder will have a variety of failures, affecting the normal production of plastic machinery, the following we will analyze the extruder failure.
Here is the content list:
Unstable host current
The main motor can not start
The head is not discharged smoothly or blocked
The main electric starting current is too high
The main motor makes an abnormal sound
1. Production reasons.
(1) Uneven feeding.
(2) The main motor bearing of the plastic extruder is damaged or poorly lubricated.
(3) A section of the heater is out of order and does not heat up.
(4) The screw adjustment pad is not correct, or the phase is not correct, and the component interferes.
2. Treatment methods.
(1) Check the feeder, troubleshooting.
(2) Overhaul the main motor of the plastic extruder, replace the bearings if necessary.
(3) Check whether each heater is working properly, replace the heater if necessary.
(4) Check the adjustment pad, pull out the screw to check whether there is interference with the screw.
(1) There is a mistake in the start-up procedure of the plastic extruder.
(2) The main motor thread has a problem, whether the fuse is burned ring.
(3) The main motor-related chain device to function
2. Treatment methods.
(1) Check the program, reboot the machine in the correct boot sequence.
(2) Check the main motor circuit.
(3) Check whether the lube oil pump of the plastic extruder is started and check the status of the chain device associated with the main motor. The oil pump is not on and the motor cannot be turned on.
(4) The inverter induction power has not been discharged. Turn off the main power and wait for 5 minutes before starting again.
(5) Check whether the emergency button is reset.
(1) A section of the heater does not work, and the material is not plasticized well.
(2) The operating temperature setting is low, or the molecular weight distribution of plastic is wide and unstable.
(3) There may be foreign substances that do not melt easily.
2. Treatment methods.
(1) Check the heater of the plastic extruder and replace it if necessary.
(2) Verify the set temperature of each section, and if necessary, consult with the technician to increase the temperature setting.
(3) Clean and check the extrusion system and the head.
(1) Insufficient heating time and high torque.
(2) A section of the heater does not work.
2. Treatment methods.
(1) Apply hand pan machine when starting, if not easy, extend the heating time or check whether each section heater is working properly.
1. Produced by.
(1) The main motor bearing of the plastic extruder is damaged.
(2) The main motor silicon controlled rectifier line in silicon controlled damage.
2. Treatment methods.
(1) Replace the main motor bearings.
(2) Check the silicon-controlled rectifier circuit, if necessary, replace the silicon-controlled components.
Our company's website is https://www.njjyextrusion.com/. If you still have questions, you can contact us on the official website.
Twin-screw extruders have barrels with an extension range of 4 and 6D, allowing for precise process design to meet specific customer requirements. All barrels allow for precise temperature control. Cooling is achieved by cooling water injection and high-performance electric heating rods for direct and fast heating. The auxiliary equipment of the twin-screw extruder consists of a straightening device, a preheating device, and a cooling and heating device. The following is a detailed description of the auxiliary equipment.
Here is the content list:
l Straightening device
l Preheating device
l Cooling device
One of the most common types of plastic extrusion rejects is eccentricity, and bending of the wire core in various patterns is one of the most important causes of insulation eccentricity. In sheath extrusion, scratches on the sheath surface are also often caused by the bending of the cable core. Therefore, a variety of extrusion units in the straightening device is essential. The main types of straightening devices are roller type (divided into horizontal and vertical type); pulley type (divided into single pulley and pulley group); stranded pulley type, which plays a variety of roles such as dragging, straightening, and stabilizing tension; pressure pulley type (divided into horizontal and vertical type), etc.
Cable core preheating is necessary for both insulation extrusion and sheath extrusion. For the insulation layer, especially the thin layer of insulation, the existence of pores should not be allowed, the core can be completely removed from the surface of the water, oil, and dirt through high temperature preheating before extrusion. For the sheath extrusion, the main role is to dry the cable core, to prevent the role of moisture (or moisture around the bedding layer) to make the sheath in the possibility of porosity. Preheating can also prevent the plastic from being extruded due to sudden cooling and residual internal pressure. In the process of extruding plastic, preheating can eliminate the cold line into the high-temperature heat, in contact with the plastic at the mouth of the die to form a disparity in temperature, to avoid fluctuations in plastic temperature and lead to fluctuations in extrusion pressure, to stabilize the amount of extrusion and ensure the quality of extrusion. Extrusion unit is used in the electric heating core preheating device, requires sufficient capacity, and ensures rapid temperature rise, so that the core preheating and cable core drying efficiency. The preheating temperature is restricted by the speed of wire release, generally similar to the temperature of the head.
The formed plastic extrusion layer after leaving the head should be immediately cooled and shaped, otherwise, deformation will occur under the action of gravity. The way of cooling usually uses water cooling, and according to the water temperature is different, divided into rapid cooling and slow cooling. Rapid cooling is the direct cooling of cold water, rapid cooling of plastic extrusion layer sizing is beneficial, but for crystalline polymers, due to sudden heat cooling, easy to internal residual stress in the extrusion layer organization, resulting in the use of the process of cracking, general PVC plastic layer using rapid cooling. Slow cooling is to reduce the internal stress of the product, in the cooling water tank placed in sections of different temperatures of water, so that the product gradually cool down and set, PE, PP extrusion on the use of slow cooling, that is, after hot water, warm water, cold water three cooling.
If you are engaged in a twin-screw extruder-related industry, you can consider our cost-effective products.
Each type of product in the plastic extruder line has its operating characteristics, and a detailed understanding of its operating characteristics is necessary to give full play to the effectiveness of the machine. The following is a detailed description of the operating procedures and maintenance methods for plastic extruders.
Here is the content list:
The plastic extruder is one of the machine types, master the extruder operation points, the correct and reasonable use of a plastic extruder. The use of plastic screw extruder includes a series of links such as installation, adjustment, commissioning, operation, maintenance, and repair of the machine, and its use has the commonality of general machines, mainly in the drive motor and reduction and speed change device. However, the working system of the plastic screw extruder, the extrusion system, is unique, and special attention should be paid to its characteristics when using the plastic screw extruder. Extruder manuals generally have clear provisions for the installation, adjustment, and commissioning of the machine, here the main points of the operation, maintenance, and repair of the plastic screw extruder are briefly described as follows: in particular, to correctly grasp the structural characteristics of the screw, heating and cooling management instrumentation characteristics and assembly, the correct extrusion process conditions, the correct operation of the machine.
1.Pastic extruder equipment should be placed in a ventilated position to ensure that the heat of the motor work prolongs its life; the machine should be kept well grounded.
⒉Regularly check the tool screws, the plastic extruder after 1 hour of use, with tools to tighten the moving knife, fixed knife screws, to strengthen the fixed between the blade and the knife frame; should be regularly filled with lubricating oil to ensure the lubrication between the bearings; to ensure the sharpness of the cutting edge of the tool, should always check the tool to ensure its sharpness, to reduce unnecessary damage to other parts caused by the blunt lack of the blade; regularly check whether the belt is loose, and timely tightening.
3. Restart - Before starting the plastic extruder for the second time, the remaining debris in the machine chamber should be cleared to reduce the starting resistance. Periodically open the inertia cover and pulley cover to clear the ash outlet under the flange, which can cause the powder to enter the shaft bearing.
4. Replacement parts - When replacing knives, the clearance between the moving and fixed knives should be 0.8 MM for crushers over 20 HP and 0.5 MM for crushers under 20 HP. The thinner the recycled material is, the gap can be adjusted appropriately larger.
If you need to know more, you can consult our company. The company focused on co-rotating twin-screw compounding extruders with the core of the various R&D and manufacturing, such as a twin-screw extruder, mini twin screw extruder, plastic extruder, parallel twin-screw extruder, and so on, the application covers compounding mixing modified granulation, polymerization, devolatilization, step molding, renewable recycling, and other fields.
Weigh the complete feeding system (silo, feeder and bulk material) through static scales and control the discharge flow of bulk materials through variable speed motors or electric vibrators. Material is discharged from the system (via screw, vibrating tube or trough), the "loss" measured per unit of time (dv/dt) is compared to the required feed rate (preset value), the actual (measured) The difference between the flow rate and the desired (preset) flow rate generates a corrective signal through the dosing controller, which automatically adjusts the dosing rate to maintain the accurate dosing amount without process lag. When the weight measured in the silo reaches the low level of the silo (refilling), the controller will control the feeding system according to the volumetric feeding, and then the silo will be reloaded quickly (manually or automatically), and the weight loss controller will restart . In a batch loss-in-weight system, the design is similar to a continuous loss-in-weight system, however, the accuracy of the final weight of the feed (batch) cycle is higher than the actual feed amount control. The controller accomplishes fast dosing by providing a high dosing signal to the variable speed drive, then transitions to a low dosing control signal for precise control at the end of the batch. Technical parameter
Metering accuracy ≤0.5%
Ingredient accuracy ≤0.5%
Batching measurement control range 0.01-300t/h
Scope of application
Continuous stabilized soil, cement batching in concrete mixing plants, sintering quantitative control feeding, coal powder quantitative control feeding and batching of various thick slurries, etc.
Product introduction of loss-in-weight scale: the loss-in-weight feeder consists of a hopper, a feeder (single and double-shaft screw feeder), a weighing system and a regulator. During operation, the hopper, material and feeder are weighed continuously. As the material is delivered, the actual rate of weight loss is measured and compared to the desired rate of weight loss (set point). Automatically corrects for deviations from setpoint by adjusting feeder rates. Thus, the material can be fed continuously and evenly and accurately.
Applicable scope: granule, powder, calcium carbonate, talcum powder, resin film powder, flour, starch, etc. Powder gravimetric feeder: solves the problem of feeding metering and feeding with poor fluidity while pellet gravimetric feeder solve any bridging problems that may occur.
The composition of the single screw extruder: mainly consists of servo motor, reduction box, screw cylinder, nozzle head, filter air, heating and cooling system, touch screen, and SPS control. It is the extrusion host to form.
What are the reasons why the main engine of the single screw extruder cannot be started and the solutions?
What are the reasons and solutions for the high inlet flow of the single screw extruder?
What is the design concept of the single screw extruder?
(1) The driving program of the single screw extruder is wrong.
(2) There is a problem with the main engine thread and whether the fuse is blown.
(3) The locking device for the single screw extruder and the main engine works.
(1) Check the program of the insert extruder and restart in the correct order.
(2) Check the main engine circuit.
(3) Check whether the lubricating oil pump has started and check the status of the locking device concerning the main engine. The oil pump cannot be turned on and the engine cannot be turned on.
(4) The inverter has not discharged the induction current, turn off the main power supply and wait five minutes before starting.
(5) Check if the emergency button of the single screw extruder has been reset.
1. Reasons: (1) The single screw extruder has an insufficient heating time and a large torque. (2) A certain section of the heating does not work.
2. Treatment method: (1) Use the handwheel when driving the single screw extruder. If it is not easy, extend the heating time or check that the heaters of the individual sections work properly.
The main engine makes an abnormal noise:
1. Reasons: (1) Main engine stock damaged. (2) A specific SCR in the SCR DC power supply of the main engine is damaged.
2. Treatment method: (1) Replace the main engine stock of the single screw extruder. (2) Check the thyristor alignment and replace the thyristor component if necessary.
1. High-speed and high-Yield extrusion based on high quality.
2. The design concept of low-temperature plasticization ensures the extrusion of high-quality products.
3. The two-stage overall design of the single screw extruder reinforces the plasticization function to ensure the adjustment of the high-performance extrusion.
4. Special barrier, comprehensive mixing design to ensure the mixing effect of materials.
5. High torque drop, extra-large pressure bearing.
6. Gears and shafts are made of high-strength alloy steel, cooled, and chipped.
7. High hardness, high finish, extremely quiet.
8. PLC-intelligent control can realize the connection between main and auxiliary machines.
9. The easy-to-monitor human-machine interface makes it easy to understand the processing and machine status.
10. The control method (temperature device) can be changed if necessary.
11. The material is 38CrMoAL/A nitric treatment, wear-resistant.
12 Strict temperature control accuracy, combined with air cooling and water cooling.
13. The single screw extruder has a unique inlet design and complete water cooling.
14. An single screw extruder with a grooved surface of the lower shell has an improved feed function that guarantees a high speed and a high yield of extrusion.
The single screw extruder is increasingly used in industrial production.Nanjing JlEYA has committed itself to offering the best-suited single screw extruders at a reasonable price, and all that is necessary to meet the needs of the customer.


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Owner of popular deli in Irvington shot and killed during a robbery
Regulars at Don?s Deli in Irvington are mourning the loss of its owner, who was killed Monday night.
Authorities say Don Amiliani was shot and killed during a robbery. Neighbors say Amiliani was a father of a young boy and lived in an apartment above the store. Residents say there have been many robberies in the area in the last few years.
Police are searching for three suspects in connection with the deadly shooting. Anyone with information is asked to call Irvington police at (973) 399-6521.


Last night, we talked about the importance of elected politicians being the ones in charge, not the unelected bureaucrats.
Regardless of the issue, regardless of who is in power this is how our system works. We don’t let unelected bureaucrats run the show, especially not the ones with guns. We are not a banana republic.
Before I get to the latest developments in this fight between unelected bureaucrats and elected officials over the back door gun registry I want to focus on this principle of who is in charge because too many don’t understand it.
We elect governments, they run the show. Bureaucrats make recommendations to government on what government should do and then the politicians, our elected leaders make decisions.
On the front page of today’s Toronto Globe and Mail there is a front story that shows that the paper that likes to think of itself as the paper of record does not get this basic principle of our system. Read more…
Barack Obama has a history of flipping and then flopping. On Glenn Beck’s show Thursday, Beck took Obama’s record to task and I promise you it goes well beyond his gay marriage turn and twist this week.
Obama’s Same-Sex Marriage Announcement Timed For Tinseltown
by Ben Shapiro
President Obama’s seemingly-sudden decision to endorse same-sex marriage may have been far more orchestrated than previously believed. CNN reported today that President Obama was supposedly planning to announce his support for gay marriage next week on ABC’s The View before comments by Joe Biden caused him to accelerate his timetable.
But there is another theory in the works.
Biden’s comments on Sunday were clearly orchestrated; the notion that they were unplanned neglects the tape of the interview, which shows David Gregory consulting his notes as he asked a completely out-of-the-blue question on same-sex marriage. The very next day, Secretary of Education Arne Duncan endorsed same-sex marriage. The following day, Obama himself did so. That’s not an accident. That’s a roll-out.


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Winterfield Township Hall
8987 Cook Ave
Winterfield Township Hall was founded in 1922, and is located at 8987 Cook Ave in Marion. It employs 20 employees and is generating approximately $0.00 in annual revenue.
by dandb on August 20, 2015 from
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Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) reveals retina ganglion cell layer plus inner plexiform layer (GCL+IPL) and peripapillary nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thinning in chronic optic nerve injury. At presentation, swelling of the pRNFL confounds evaluation of early axon loss.
We studied whether the GCL+IPL thins before the pRNFL, the trajectory of GCL+IPL loss and relationship to vision.
We prospectively evaluated 33 eyes (study) with new optic neuritis, using perimetry and SD-OCT with investigative 3-D layer segmentation and commercial 2-D segmentation to compute the GCL+IPL and pRNFL thickness.
At presentation, GCL+IPL thickness (82.4±8.8 μm) did not differ from unaffected fellow eyes (81.2± 6.7 μm), via the 3-D method, while the 2-D method failed in 9% of study eyes. At one-two months, there was thinning of pRNFL in 10% and of GCL+IPL in 93% of study eyes. GCL+IPL reduction was greatest during the first two months. GCL+IPL thinning at one-two months correlated with GCL+IPL thinning at 6 months (r=0.84, p=0.01) and presentation visual acuity (r-0.48, p=0.006) and perimetric mean deviation (r=0.52, p=0.003).
GGL+IPL is an early biomarker of structural injury in optic neuritis as thinning develops within one-two months of onset, prior to pRNFL thinning.
Acute optic neuritis (ON) causes vision loss at presentation that recovers in the majority of affected eyes. Optic nerve head swelling can last more than a month, making it difficult for optical coherence tomography (OCT) to demonstrate if and when permanent structural injury to the optic nerve and loss in the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) have occurred.1 Despite these limitations, optic neuritis can serve as in vivo injury model of an acute demyelinating lesion to study and evaluate the effectiveness of potential neuroprotective agents on quantitative functional and structural outcome measures.2,3
OCT shows pRNFL thinning correlates with visual field loss in other optic neuropathies, glaucoma and ischemic optic neuropathy.4–12 In glaucoma, thinning of the retinal ganglion cell layer (GCL) plus inner plexiform layer (IPL) occurs with the thinning of pRNFL13,14 and reflects progressive injury but both measures do not always change in parallel.15 Determination of the thickness of the GCL alone or in combination with the IPL as is typically performed, also reveals thinning with long standing multiple sclerosis16,17 and following non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy.18 Given that approximately 50% of retinal ganglion cells are located in the human macula region19 and optic neuritis tends to affect some portion of the central 10 degrees of visual field, GCL+IPL measurement might detect early structural loss.
We postulated the GCL+IPL measurement at presentation would not be confounded by optic nerve head, pRNFL or thickening of retinal layers not including the GCL, and could be a reliable baseline structural biomarker that could be followed longitudinally.
We prospectively evaluated eyes (study eyes) with new onset optic neuritis (n=33), within 15 days of patient-reported vision loss, at one-two months after vision loss (or approximately one month from presentation), at three months and at six months or longer from 2009–2013. Each subject had clinical evaluation and perimetry performed using the Humphrey Field Analyzer (Zeiss-Meditec, Inc., Dublin, CA) with SITA 24-2 standard perimeter strategy using size III (expressed as perimetric mean deviation, PMD, in decibels, dB), and spectral domain (SD) OCT of the optic disc and macula regions at each visit (details below). Visual acuity was reported as LogMar values. Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance image (1.5T) of the brain and orbits was performed, which included fat suppression and short tau inverted recovery (STIR) sequences for the orbits (within several days of presentation) in 32 patients (one had prior MRI). The hyperintense signal on the STIR images and/or the abnormal enhancement on T1 images were used to determine the length of the optic nerve lesion on MRI. Fellow eyes were considered normal if there was no history of optic neuritis or abnormal signal in the optic nerve on MRI, visual acuity 20/25 or better, normal 24-2 visual field, and the average pRNFL thickness ≥ 5th percentile of the Zeiss-Meditec (ZM) controls. This research was conducted with New York Eye and Ear Infirmary IRB approval and adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.
Following pupillary dilation, we used the Cirrus 4000 SD-OCT (Zeiss-Meditec, Dublin, CA) to scan a 6×6 mm area, to capture volume data consisting of 200 A-scans from 200 linear b-scans for the optic nerve region, and 128-b scans, each with 512 pixels of horizontal width and 1024 pixels of vertical height for the macula region. At least two scans were obtained for each region and only images centered on the optic disc or macula with signal strength scores 6 or greater were analyzed. The average peripapillary pRNFL thickness (microns, μm) was calculated from values at 256 points in the peripapillary circumference using the Zeiss-Meditec algorithm and exporting process. The average GCL+IPL thicknesses (μm) was derived from macula scans using, two algorithms: a three dimensional (3D) segmentation methodology developed at the University of Iowa21 (3-D method) and the Zeiss-Meditec (ZM) proprietary methodology (2-D method), utilizing Cirrus software 6.0.2.
For 3-D method, the GCL+IPL complex thickness (excluding the local RNFL) was calculated from eleven intra-retinal surfaces of each macula-centered volumetric scan that were first segmented using a previously published graph-theoretic approach.20 A minimum of four surfaces including interfaces between layers were retained to enable computation of the fovea center and the combined GCL+IPL thickness. The mean GCL+IPL thickness was computed within an elliptical annulus (with a vertical inner and outer radius of 0.5 mm and 2.0 mm, respectively; and horizontal inner and outer radius of 0.6 mm and 2.4 mm, respectively) centered at the fovea.
The 2-D method utilized a two dimensional proprietary algorithm which finds the distance between the outer boundary of the RNFL and the outer boundary of the IPL to report the combined thickness of the GCL+IPL.11 The average thickness of the GCL+IPL is measured in an elliptical annulus of the same dimension of the 3D-method described above. The raw image data are initially segmented identifying the inner limiting membrane (ILM) and retinal pigment epithelium to create a region of interest within which lie the intra-retinal layers. The algorithm continues this hierarchical approach, segmenting first the outer boundary of the outer plexiform layer, followed by the outer boundary of the IPL, and last the outer boundary of the RNFL.
We measured the average pRNFL thickness and the macula region GCL+IPL thickness in the normal fellow eyes of study subjects using the 3-D method. These eyes had a mean GCL+IPL 81.2 ± 6.7 μm and the 5th percentile lower limit was 70.8 μm. We also utilized the ZM control data base (which included 149 women and 133 men with a mean age of 46.6 ± 16.9 years) and calculated the age related 5th and 95th percentile of the pRNFL thickness values (83.0 μm and 113.5 μm, respectively) and of the GCL+IPL thickness (for 3-D method) values (71.8 μm and 93.4 μm, respectively) for the 3D-method. We calculated the variability for the 3-D method GCL+IPL measurement in the normal fellow eyes by retesting on at least three visits over several months (Figure 1). These data were used to determine the 5th and 95th percentile normal limits. These normal fellow eyes had a mean change between visits of 0.03 ± 1.2 μm and the 95th percentile for change was 1.9 μm. Reduction in the study eye GCL+IPL measurement over time greater than 1.9 μm was therefore utilized to determine thinning of the GCL+IPL.
We report the average pRNFL (2-D method only) and GCL+IPL (both methods) thickness measurements over six months. We compared the average GCL+IPL thickness measurements for the 3-D and 2-D methods. We report the amount of GCL+IPL thickness reduction compared with baseline for 3-D method using t-tests. Pearson correlations were used for comparing visual acuity, PMD and MRI optic nerve lesion with the 3D method derived GCL+IPL reduction at one-two months and six months.
The patients, 11 men and 22 women, with a mean age 37 ± 12 years, were evaluated on average at 7.3 ± 3.4 days from the reported onset of vision loss. The visual acuity, visual field loss and recovery were typical of optic neuritis (Table 1). No patient had diagnosed multiple sclerosis prior to presentation; seven had prior optic neuritis in the fellow eye, three were diagnosed as having MS at presentation, and 10 had a clinically isolated syndrome with white matter hyperintense lesions in the T2 and FLAIR sequences of the brain MRI. Abnormal signal and/or enhancement was seen in all study optic nerves that had fat suppressed gadolinium T1 weighted and short tau inversion recovery studies of the orbits. The average pRNFL thickness measurement at presentation was 116 ±7.8 μm. pRNFL thickening at presentation (Table 1) occurred in 10 of 33 study eyes (defined as pRNFL thickness > 95th percentile for 32 year old ZM controls) and 46% of study eyes had pRNFL values 10% or greater than the fellow normal eye. At presentation, no study eye had pRNFL thinning (defined as pRNFL thickness < 5th percentile for 32 year old ZM controls).
The 3-D and 2-D methods gave similar results for GCL+IPL measurement in 26 unaffected fellow normal eyes of the study subjects. For the same dates, the values from both methods showed a strong correlation (r= 0.96, p = 0.001).
In three study eyes, 2-D method values (50 ± 2.0 μm) for GCL+IPL were markedly less than 3-D method (77.8 ± 3.1 μm; p = 0.001) values at presentation. All three eyes had 2-D method GCL+IPL values ≤ 20 μm than the values derived by 3-D method. The correlation coefficient for the baseline GCL+IPL thickness in all 33 eyes between 3-D and 2-D measures was 0.51 (p=0.002, Figure 2). Excluding the three eyes with presumed artifactual GCL+IPL reduction by 2-D method at presentation, the GCL+IPL values derived from both methods showed a strong correlation (r = 0.87, p =0.01).
At presentation (acute stage), the 3-D method showed no significant thinning or thickening of GCL+IPL thickness in study eyes compared with normal fellow eyes. The mean difference in GCL+IPL thickness between the study and unaffected eyes was 0.75 ± 5.1 μm. No study eyes had GCL+IPL thickness less than the 5th percentile of the normal eyes from ZM or normal fellow eyes (73.1 μm) using the 3-D method.
We evaluated 10 study eyes in patients who returned earlier than one month for examination (within 21 days of presentation, mean 15.6 ± 5.0 days) or at a mean time after vision loss of 21.8 ± 6.0 days. The GCL+IPL thickness was reduced, on average 8.4 ± 5.4 μm (range 15.9 μm), from presentation values in nine eyes (Figure 3). Four eyes had GCL+IPL thickness below the normal 5th percentile while none had RNFL values below the normal 5th percentile.
At the one-two months exam (mean 30 ± 12 days from presentation), the average pRNFL thickness measurements for 30 study eyes was 99.1 μm (Figure 4 and Table 1). The average pRNFL became thinner in 16 study eyes at one-two months due to reduction in optic nerve edema from presentation (mean pRNFL reduction = 22 ± 44 μm). Only three eyes (10%) had pRNFL thinned less the 5th percentile of controls (83 μm for 32 year olds). For 28 of 30 (93%) study eyes, the GCL+IPL 3D method measurement at one-two months was less than baseline (reduced by >1.9 μm), an average of 9.9 ± 6.1 μm (p=0.001; Figure 5). The GCL+IPL thickness was less than the control 5th percentile (71.8 μm) in 50% of study eyes. The GCL+IPL thinning at one-two months accounted for an average of 77% ± 20% of the total thinning that occurred over the six months.
At one-two months, the GCL+IPL thickness values for all study eyes were similar for the 3D and 2D methods (r = 0.85, p = 0.001; Table 1). The three eyes with low baseline GCL+IPL thickness by the 2D-method were at least 12 μm thicker at one-two months. The 3D-method derived GCL+IPL thinning at one-two months showed no correlation with the PMD or visual acuity at that time point. The amount of GCL+IPL thinning at one-two month did not correlate with duration of vision loss at presentation nor with the vision at one-two months-, but it did show moderate correlation with the presentation visual acuity (r = −0.48, p=0.006) and PMD (r=0.52, p= −.003) and with the six month PMD (r = 0.38, p = 0.04).
Compared to baseline, the 3D-method GCL+IPL showed total thinning at three months (mean 118 ± 37 days from presentation) an average of 11.4 ±8.4 μm (p=0.01) and 13.5 ± 8.9 μm (p=0.01) at six months (mean 291 ± 126 days from presentation; Figure 5 and Table 1). The 2-D method GCL+IPL thickness values were also reduced (Table 1) and the GCL+IPL thickness measurements by the 3D and 2D methods were strongly correlated at three (r=0.99, p = 0.01) and six months (r=0.98, p =0.01). At six months, the average pRNFL thickness for study eyes (84.1 ± 11.2 μm) was thinned compared to the normal fellow eyes (93.1 ± 9.0 μm, p =0.01); and 17 eyes had pRNFL thickness less than the control eye 5th percentile of 83μm (Figure 4). At six months, all study eyes had 3D-method GCL+IPL thinning greater than −1.9 μm compared to baseline presentation and 56% were thinner than the 5th percentile for normal eyes (71.8 μm). At six months, the amount of pRNFL and GCL+IPL thinning (relative to the normal fellow eye) were moderately correlated (r = 0.48, p = 0.02). The three and six month GCL+IPL thickness were strongly correlated (r = 1.00, p = 0.01) and the mean loss was only 0.59 μm + 0.96 between the three and sixth month exams.
GCL+IPL thinning at one-two months and six months were strongly correlated (r=0.84, p=0.01). Neither the GCL+IPL thickness value or amount of thinning or the pRNFL thickness value at six months correlated with the visual acuity or PMD at six months. However, there was moderate correlation between the six month GCL+IPL reduction and the presenting visual acuity (r=0.50, p=0.003) and PMD (r=0.46, p=0.008).
MRI correlations with pRNFL and GCL+IPL (Figure 6)
Study eyes showed a moderate correlation for GCL+IPL thinning at one-two months with the length of the optic nerve lesion (r = 0.45, p = 0.014) on MRI short tau inversion recovery or gadolinium enhanced T1 sequences. There was no correlation for GCL+IPL thinning at one-two months and the proximity of the lesion to the globe (r = 0.24, p = 0.19) by MRI.
This study shows the importance of measuring the GCL+IPL thickness as a structural biomarker for evaluating the effects of optic neuritis. GCL+IPL thinning, which represents permanent shrinkage or loss of retinal ganglion cells, occurs at one month and possibly earlier. This confirms the results from a study recently reported on acute optic neuritis.21 In contrast to the early GCL+IPL loss, significant pRNFL loss cannot be detected until three months due to acute thickening, which prevents detection of early axon loss. GCL+IPL thinning worsens over six months but the trajectory of loss is greatest during the first month. The 3-D segmentation algorithm appears to be superior to the 2D commercial algorithm for accurately measuring GCL+IPL thickness at presentation when pRNFL swelling is prominent. In a small group of patients, who had evaluations earlier than the one-two month time point, GCL+IPL thinning developed in 90% of eyes within two to three weeks after presentation. Additional cases need to be evaluated weekly for the first month after vision loss in order to verify this finding and determine the earliest time when GCL+IPL loss occurs.
Even though the trajectory for thickness reduction appears similar for GCL+IPL and pRNFL, it is important to note that pRNFL thinning below the 5th percentile of normal eyes occurs later than GCL+IPL thinning. At one to two months after optic neuritis onset, pRNFL thinning less than normal occurred in 10% of eyes, while GCL+IPL thinning occurred in 50% of eyes. By three months, thinning of the pRNFL and GCL+IPL occurred in 50% and 57% of eyes, respectively. Most GCL+IPL thinning occurs during the first two months, possibly due to early changes in the morphology of the retinal ganglion cell bodies and dendrites.22–24
The GCL+IPL thickness determined with 3D-segmentation was not thinned at presentation. However, the 2-D method for determining GCL+IPL thickness failed in 9% of study eyes, presumably due to processes that distort normal retinal layer architecture and adversely affect the proprietary segmentation algorithm. The 2-D method showed a similar apparent failure when the optic nerve head is markedly swollen as in papilledema.25 At the one-two month follow up evaluation the apparent GCL+IPL thinning found using the 2-D method normalized, suggesting the baseline results using the 2-D method were flawed. In contrast, the 3-D method appeared to be relatively unaffected by the same pathological processes at presentation. The 2-D method algorithm performs two dimensional segmentation and assumes a quantitative relationship between the internal limiting membrane and the other layers of the retina. The 2-D method appears more susceptible to failure with any process, such as edema due to swelling of the peripapillary pRNFL and adjacent retina, which disrupts the regular retinal layer position, shape and boundaries. In contrast, the 3-D method algorithm incorporates 3D contextual information into the optimization process which helps to reduce failures due to local distortions in retinal layers. It is clinically important to carefully evaluate algorithm performance in OCT scans, since apparent failures may lead to false interpretations and may adversely influence clinical decisions.
OCT demonstration of pRNFL and GCL+IPL thinning is important in determining irreversible neuronal loss. Retinal ganglion cell loss has been shown on histopathology in glaucoma24,26 and in eyes of patients with multiple sclerosis, even without a history of optic neuritis.27 To date, one month has been considered the earliest time point for demonstrating vision or pRNFL features that predict permanent injury in optic neuritis.2,28,29 Our results suggest that permanent structural loss or atrophy of RGCs commonly occurs by one-two months, and even earlier in some cases, with acute optic neuritis. We cannot directly compare our finding with other reports on optic neuritis. A prior report, by Syc et al.30, described GCL+IPL thinning with acute optic neuritis evaluated within four weeks of vision loss but was possibly complicated by the use of a commercial algorithm similar to the 2-D method which fails when optic nerve head swelling is present. Also, prior optic nerve injury might have been present since 45% of their patients had MS for five years.30 GCL+IPL thinning of approximately 10 μm was seen at three months, similar to what we found at one-two months, but earlier results were not reported.
MRI optic nerve lesion length, but not lesion proximity to the globe, correlated with GCL+IPL thinning at one to two months. Prior studies showed longer MRI lesions were associated with more severe vision loss at presentation,31,32 suggesting a more profound injury. However, neither the length of lesion or GCL+IPL thinning at one-two months correlated with vision outcome.31 We had anticipated greater GCL+IPL thinning would occur earlier when the lesion was closer to the eye and the RGC’s, but this was not shown. One possible explanation is that GCL+IPL thinning is not just a manifestation of retrograde degeneration occurring from the site of the inflammation. Additional pathological process such as intra-retinal release of toxic excitatory neurotransmitters could be contributory.
pRNFL and GCL atrophy or loss correlates particularly when there is chronic disease or significant persistent vision loss in glaucoma, ischemic optic neuropathy, optic neuritis and MS.13,14,16–18,26 In our study, vision loss was not permanent as is the case in most optic neuritis. The lack of correlation between the visual field or visual acuity and the amount of GCL+IPL loss or preservation at six months, when the episode is considered to be concluded, suggests that a more sensitive method of vision performance such as low contrast acuity might be needed particularly when investigating eyes with optic neuritis that typically recover33,34. Additionally, overlap in receptor fields and redundancy of neural networks in the macula that support normal vision function may not require the full complement of RGCs.
GCL+IPL thickness measurement appears to be a better biomarker of structural injury than pRNFL thickness with acute optic nerve injury due to optic neuritis. The 3D-segmentation algorithm can accurately measure the GCL+IPL at baseline and the change over time.
This work was supported, in part, by 3U10EY017281-04AS1, NEI subcontract R009040554, NEI R01 EY018853, R01 EY023279, the Department of Veterans Affairs Rehabilitation Research and Development Division (Iowa City Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss and Career Development Award 1IK2RX000728 for Dr. Garvin), and Research to Prevent Blindness (New York, New York)
Mark K. Kupersmith, MD – study concept and design, data collection, biostatistics and manuscript preparation, study supervision
Mona K. Garvin, PhD – data analyses and manuscript preparation
Jui-Kai Wang, MS - data analyses and manuscript preparation
Mary Durbin, PhD – manuscript preparation, revision for intellectual content
Randy Kardon, MD, PhD – biostatistics and manuscript preparation, revision for intellectual content
Mark K. Kupersmith, MD – none
Mona K. Garvin, PhD - none
Jui Kai Wang, MS - none
Mary Durbin, PhD – employee of Zeiss-Meditec, Inc.
Randy Kardon, MD, PhD – none

domain: literature


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Black Rainbow Spend our money on distractions To displace our emotions Exhaust sleeps with ambition In overpriced accommodation With telephone and bills Everybody's shouting And all I feel is dirty Everything's distorted By rays of different waves To make it all look normal To make it feel ok I know you really want me But you can't have me I think I'll sit in this window I think I'll tease you I think I'll please me Something's you'll never know Like what's at the end of my black rainbow You know we've been cabled in With intellectual morphine We want to be outrageous But we don't even know it Only victory's impressive The vanquished are neglected Honesty's rejected All I feel is dirty All I feel's complicit Now I'm not playing for a gallery Or some index linked academy We get all judgmental I know you really want me But you can't have me I think I'll sit in this window I think I'll tease you I think I'll please me Something's you'll never know Like what's at the end of my black rainbow Words best left unexplained Places you'll never go Like all the way to the end of my black rainbow
Written by: JORDAN DAVIS, LOGAN LIBBY, MATTHEW WILLIAMS
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When you lose a tooth, you have several options for replacing it. A dental bridge is a cost effective solution for a replacement tooth that stays in your mouth and is very similar to having a natural tooth. A bridge costs much less than a dental implant and can last about 10 years before needing replacement.
How a Bridge Works
A bridge works by placing an artificial tooth in the gap where your tooth is missing and supporting it with two crowns on either side. This is the most common type of bridge used for the replacement of a single missing tooth. The first step in getting a bridge is for your Uptown Charlotte dentist to prepare the teeth on either side of the gap to be fitted with crowns. These crowns are the support system for the artificial tooth, called a pontic. The pontic fits into the gap and the bridge is cemented in place.
Why Get a Bridge
A dental bridge could be considered cosmetic dentistry, but it is important for your oral health to replace missing teeth, even teeth in the back that don’t show when you smile. Just one missing tooth can cause problems including:
• Shifting of other teeth
• Oral hygiene problems from buildup of bacteria in the gap
• Problems with chewing or changes in speech
• Jaw soreness or TMJ symptoms
Other Types of Bridges
A bridge can be used to replace up to three consecutive missing teeth. If a missing tooth is on the side and has no tooth alongside of it, a different type of bridge can be used. This is called a cantilever bridge, and it relies on support from the teeth that are present on the other side of gap. This type of bridge is not as strong as a traditional bridge and may not last as long.
Materials Used for Bridges
Bridges and crowns are made of materials that are used in many restorative and cosmetic dentistry procedures. Porcelain is the most natural-looking material used in dentistry. Bridges can also be made of metal or porcelain that is fused to metal. Composite resin materials are cost effective and a popular choice for dental work.
Find Out More About Bridges and Crowns
Call our Uptown Charlotte dentist now if you’d like to learn more about bridges, crowns or any other restorative or cosmetic dental services. We can set up an appointment for you to come in and chat with us or have an initial exam.
When you have damaged or missing teeth your quality of life can suffer greatly. That’s why more and more dentists are now offering restorative dentistry.
Restorative dentistry is a process in which an experienced dentist performs a variety of different procedures to help restore the mouth to an aesthetic and functional state. The result is a healthy smile patients love to show off.
The top restorative procedures performed are as follows:
Benefits of Restorative Dentistry
There are of course many benefits associated with this type of treatment. With this article we will focus in on just two.
The first benefit is improved functionality. In some cases, when teeth are missing or severely damaged, it can make things such as chewing very difficult. A restorative procedure such as dental implants could completely restore your ability to chew.
The second benefit is improved aesthetics. If you have gaps in between your teeth the last thing you will want to do is smile. In this situation dental bridges can be used to fill the gaps and help restore your smile. Dentures and dental implants are also restorative procedures that can improve aesthetics.
What is The Best Type of Restorative Procedure?
When it comes to this type of dentistry there is no one size fits all. The procedure that’s best for you will depend on your individual situation. An experienced dentist will be able to exam your teeth to see what procedure would be best for you.
It is advised you speak with a dentist as soon as possible. Left untreated, missing or damaged teeth can lead to a host of health concerns that are not only more complicated, but also more expensive to take care of.
Thanks to the many advancements in technology you no longer have to tolerate missing or damaged teeth. To find out how we can help improve your quality of life, contact our dental office today. Schedule a private consultation so we can discuss the options available to you.
Restorative dentistry provides patients with some of the most advanced procedures in modern dentistry. The primary objective is to improve the quality of life for those patients who have missed, damaged, decayed or broken teeth. Many restorative treatments are necessary because teeth have been damaged because of disease, accidents, or just by years of neglect. An experienced dentist can diagnose severe dental problems and devise a comprehensive plan for treatment of the entire mouth. This treatment plan may require full-mouth restoration or involve cosmetic procedures such as porcelain crowns or fixed dental bridges. A thorough dental examination and medical and dental evaluation by an experienced dentist can provide available treatment options.
The type of dental bridge required depends on the proper foundation surrounding the missing tooth or teeth. If the foundation is weak, a bridge may be attached using dental implants as an anchor for support. Although most bridges are permanently attached to the teeth nearest the missing tooth, some are removable. These are sometimes referred to as partial dentures.
Restorative dentistry provides patients with several options for giving them a realistic way to regain optimal dental health. Missing and damaged teeth can have severe detrimental effects for the patient. Modern dental treatments can be customized to fit the unique needs of everyone thus ensuring that they receive the ultimate results. Patients can enjoy an improvement in both functionality and appearance with dental implants.
Benefits of Dental Implants
1. Provide more stability than dentures.
2. Implants look and function more naturally.
3. Are designed to function like a natural tooth root.
4. Do not need to be replaced and can last a lifetime.
5. Are easier to clean and care for. Hygiene becomes less complicated.
6. Are more durable and stronger than natural teeth.
Severe dental problems cause pain and discomfort that could possibly be eliminated with restorative dental care. Good oral health is an important aspect of living a healthy life with self-confidence. Healthy teeth and a bright smile can be accomplished again with a restorative procedure. It can literally be life changing. Contact an experienced dentist to discuss the benefits of restorative treatments. Everyone can experience optimal dental health. The latest advances in modern dentistry can make a difference. Call for a personal consultation today.
The term cosmetic dentistry pertains to the enhancement of a smile through various restorative techniques typically used by local dentist office providers. Although its main focus is on aesthetics, many cosmetic procedures also improve the overall function of the mouth, such as speech patterns and mastication. In addition, a beautiful smile boosts the patient’s self confidence and poise.
Because of continuous advancements in technology, an array of cosmetic dentistry procedures can be performed to correct the teeth that have been chipped, fractured, stained or misaligned due to trauma, poor nutritional choices or genetics.
Perhaps the least invasive method of smile improvement recommended by a cosmetic dentist is tooth whitening or bleaching. The procedure is painless to the patient. Depending on the severity of the present staining, it can dramatically enhance the appearance of the teeth. Tooth bleaching requires periodic re-applications and can be maintained by proper oral care at home and changing individual eating and drinking habits.
Composite Restorations (Bonding)
By bonding durable tooth-colored material, the cosmetic dentist is able to restore the tooth structure lost because of decay or fractures. The composite compounds are also used to close small diastemas (spacing between teeth) or minor cracks. Due to the porosity of the material, the restorations may have to be occasionally replaced as they wear down.
More durable than composite and made of ceramic ingredients, the veneers are implemented when significant aesthetic discrepancies are present. They can only be applied within the anterior region of the mouth and considerably improve the patient’s smile. The shade of the ceramic restorations closely mimics the natural hue of the existing teeth.
Minimally invasive, this method is used for slightly misaligned teeth or dentition that could benefits from minute redesign. It is sometimes combined with bonding for better functional value.
Crowns and Bridges
Numerous types of materials are used in this type of restorations and depend on the location and function of the tooth in the oral area. All-ceramic crowns are often placed on anterior teeth. Porcelain-fused-to-metal crowns are placed on posterior teeth as they provide added strength and durability needed for chewing and speaking. Dental bridges effectively replace missing teeth and have long-term prognosis.
Local dentist office professionals always offer full explanation of each option and guide the patient through the process with their skills and knowledge. New materials and techniques are continually developed, and the patients are encouraged to schedule their initial consultation to learn more.
Uptown Charlotte Dentistry & Orthodontics
We do our best to make it easy for you to get the beautiful smile you deserve! Our office accepts nearly all major insurance plans. Even though dental insurance is a private arrangement between you and your company, we will file your claim, handle all the paperwork, and help you get maximum insurance benefits.
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