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H3N2 Flu Pandemic Potential
Published : 2013-05-11 - Updated : 2021-04-27
Author : Massachusetts Institute of Technology - Contact: mit.edu
Synopsis: MIT study reveals there are many strains of H3N2 circulating in birds and pigs that have the potential to generate a pandemic if they leap to humans. In the new study, the researchers compared the 1968 H3N2 strain and about 1,100 H3 strains now circulating in pigs and birds, focusing on the gene that codes for the viral hemagglutinin (HA) protein. The research team identified 581 H3 viruses isolated since 2000 that could potentially cause a pandemic. Of these, 549 came from birds and 32 from pigs.
Potential flu pandemic lurks - MIT study identifies influenza viruses circulating in pigs and birds that could pose a risk to humans. In the summer of 1968, a new strain of influenza appeared in Hong Kong. This strain, known as H3N2, spread around the globe and eventually killed an estimated 1 million people.
- H3N2 - (Influenza A virus subtype H3N2) - a subtype of viruses that causes influenza (flu). H3N2 Viruses can infect birds and mammals. In birds, humans, and pigs, the virus has mutated into many strains. H3N2 is increasingly abundant in seasonal influenza. Both the H2N2 and H3N2 pandemic flu strains contained genes from avian influenza viruses. The new subtypes arose in pigs co-infected with avian and human viruses and were soon transferred to humans. Swine were considered the original "intermediate host" for influenza, because they supported re-assortment of divergent subtypes. However, other hosts appear capable of similar co-infection (e.g., many poultry species), and direct transmission of avian viruses to humans is possible. H1N1 may have been transmitted directly from birds to humans (Belshe 2005). H3N2v is a variant of H3N2 influenza virus. When this virus occurs in pigs, it is called "swine influenza." The virus does not usually infect people or spread among people. It is very different from human seasonal H3N2 viruses.
A new study from MIT reveals that there are many strains of H3N2 circulating in birds and pigs that are genetically similar to the 1968 strain and have the potential to generate a pandemic if they leap to humans. The researchers, led by Ram Sasisekharan, the Alfred H. Caspary Professor of Biological Engineering at MIT, also found that current flu vaccines might not offer protection against these strains.
"There are indeed examples of H3N2 that we need to be concerned about," says Sasisekharan, who is also a member of MIT's Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research. "From a pandemic-preparedness point of view, we should potentially start including some of these H3 strains as part of influenza vaccines."
The study, which appears in the May 10 issue of the journal Scientific Reports, also offers the World Health Organization and public-health agencies' insight into viral strains that should raise red flags if detected.
In the past 100 years, influenza viruses that emerged from pigs or birds have caused several notable flu pandemics. When one of these avian or swine viruses gains the ability to infect humans, it can often evade the immune system, which is primed to recognize only strains that commonly infect humans.
Strains of H3N2 have been circulating in humans since the 1968 pandemic, but they have evolved to a less dangerous form that produces a nasty seasonal flu. However, H3N2 strains are also circulating in pigs and birds.
Sasisekharan and his colleagues wanted to determine the risk of H3N2 strains re-emerging in humans, whose immune systems would no longer recognize the more dangerous forms of H3N2. This type of event has a recent precedent: In 2009, a strain of H1N1 emerged that was very similar to the virus that caused a 1918 pandemic that killed 50 million to 100 million people.
"We asked if that could happen with H3," Sasisekharan says. "You would think it's more readily possible with H3 because we observe that there seems to be a lot more mixing of H3 between humans and swine."
In the new study, the researchers compared the 1968 H3N2 strain and about 1,100 H3 strains now circulating in pigs and birds, focusing on the gene that codes for the viral hemagglutinin (HA) protein.
After comparing HA genetic sequences in five key locations that control the viruses' interactions with infected hosts, the researchers calculated an "antigenic index" for each strain. This value indicates the percentage of these genetic regions identical to those of the 1968 pandemic strain and helps determine how well an influenza virus can evade a host's immune response.
The researchers also took into account the patterns of attachment of the HA protein to sugar molecules called glycans. The virus' ability to attach to glycan receptors found on human respiratory-tract cells is key to infecting humans.
Seeking viruses with an antigenic index of at least 49 percent and glycan-attachment patterns identical to those of the 1968 virus, the research team identified 581 H3 viruses isolated since 2000 that could potentially cause a pandemic. Of these, 549 came from birds and 32 from pigs.
The researchers then exposed some of these strains to antibodies provoked by the current H3 seasonal-flu vaccines. As they predicted, these antibodies were unable to recognize or attack these H3 strains. Of the 581 HA sequences, six swine strains already contain the standard HA mutations necessary for human adaptation, and are thus capable of entering the human population either directly or via genetic re-assortment, Sasisekharan says.
"One of the amazing things about the influenza virus is its ability to grab genes from different pools," he says. "There could be viral genes that mix among pigs, or between birds and pigs."
Sasisekharan and colleagues are now doing a similar genetic study of H5 influenza strains. The H3 study was funded by the National Institutes of Health and the National Science Foundation.
H3N2 Flu Pandemic Potential | Massachusetts Institute of Technology (mit.edu). Disabled World makes no warranties or representations in connection therewith. Content may have been edited for style, clarity or length.
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Cite Page: Journal: Disabled World. Language: English (U.S.). Author: Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Electronic Publication Date: 2013-05-11 - Revised: 2021-04-27. Title: H3N2 Flu Pandemic Potential, Source: H3N2 Flu Pandemic Potential. Retrieved 2021-06-22, from https://www.disabled-world.com/health/influenza/h3n2.php - Reference: DW#128-9709.

domain: health


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4 test match series between india and australia.
India has won both the first test matches against Australia.
Sydney. Veteran cricketer Allan Border believes Pat Cummins has a lot to worry about as the series against India was his ‘first real test as captain’. In the process, in the second Test in Delhi, he bowled a lot less than himself. Australia have missed the chance to win the Border-Gavaskar Trophy after losing the first two Tests in Nagpur and Delhi.
Cummins, who had only lost one match as captain before coming to India, was the only fast bowler in the Australian playing XI during the six-wicket defeat in Delhi. He bowled only 13 overs in the first innings and did not bowl at all in India’s second innings. Border told ‘SEN Radio’, “I think Pat bowled very little of himself in that Test match.”
Became a star overnight, made a bang debut at 21, test career ended at the age of 23
He said, “There were occasions when we started going astray, especially in India’s first innings when we gave them a chance to build a good partnership. If he had bowled two or three overs aggressively then…” Australia reduced India to 139 for seven but Akshar Patel and Ravichandran Ashwin put on a 114-run partnership as the hosts took their score past the visitors. Reached one run less than.
He said, “I think there are other people on the field who can go up to the captain and say, ‘Dude, why don’t you bowl?’ Border said, “But I think this is Pat’s first real test as a captain, everything else has been easy, you go to the subcontinent and suddenly you are tested in every department.”
Cricketer fell in love with 9 years older and divorced, wife only proposed, Jumbo completed the love story
He said, “He is worried about many different things, I think he forgot to bowl to himself. This can happen when your leading fast bowler is your captain. Former wicketkeeper Ian Healy felt that Cummins lost his ‘mental strength’ in the second innings, which led to his inability to field properly in the second innings.
Healy said, “Then the mental stress due to which he could not put the right fielding.” He said, “Instead of putting more fielders around the bat, he put fielders on the boundary. It takes a lot of brain power to think about it (bowling changes).”
First read breaking news in Hindi News18 Hindi| Read today’s latest news, live news updates, most reliable Hindi news website News18 Hindi.
Tags: Border Gavaskar Trophy, India vs Australia, pat cummins
FIRST PUBLISHED : February 21, 2023, 18:12 IST

domain: sports


Posted on 2016-10-28 by Author Admin
As per an independent survey, the introduction of automatic garage door is one of the major improvements in the garages. With keyless garage door opener, you get multiple benefits to enjoy in your new garage door. This blog post discusses some of the reasons to choose automatic garage doors over traditional one. Take a look.
One of the main benefits of having a keyless garage door opener is you need not have to be responsible of keeping the keys. The result of considering an automatic garage door is you end up having limited number of keys and the chances of loosing the keys and entering of thieves is reduced. Instead you can use a keyless operator or a pad where you can enter the code to access the door.
Sometimes you need someone such as babysitter, a friend or a relative to enter the home when you are not there but because the keys are with you, they will keep waiting outside. If this is the case, you can easily tell the person about the code and they can enter the house with being bothered much. If you wish to,you can change the code when you return. It is advisable to keep changing the code on regular schedule so that no one is aware of the entry theme to your home.
Apart from helping others into your home while you are not in, a keyless garage door opener is your best friend when you misplace your garage door opener. You can simply enter the code in the pad outside the garage door and can have easy access to your house. Later, you can always call for a technician to make a substitute to the lost garage door opener.
Another most important benefit for an automatic garage door is that it is independent of wires. You can install the operating remote anywhere on the garage door. You probably do not require to involve wires and face troubles. This automatic system can work by sending the information about the status of your garage door to the motor. When you enter the right code, you get an access to the door.
Apart from the above mentioned benefits, there are many other benefits that makes the wireless garage door the first preference of the customers. If you are planning to install a garage door. See no more that Garage Door Repair St Louis. We have a team of skilled technicians who manage all the issues related to your garage door effectively.


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Verdi's Il Trovatore is said to be a sure success - as long as you have the four best singers in the world singing it. This bold, modern production from the historic Barcelona opera house, the Gran Teatre del Liceu, certainly fits the bill! Fiorenza Cedolins, Marco Berti, Luciana D'Intino and Vittorio Vitelli all shine in this operatic classic, which features the popular "Anvil Chorus" hit.
Director: Gilbert Deflo
Cast: Fiorenza Cedolins, Vittorio Vitelli, Marco Berti and Luciana D'Intino
Sorry there are no upcoming showtimes for Opera in Cinema: Gran Teatre del Liceu "Il Trovatore" Encore

domain: entertainment


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The Soloist (2009)Drama, Musical
- Main Cast
- Robert Downey Jr., Jamie Foxx
- Joe Wright
- Susannah Grant, Steve Lopez
- Film Producer
- Rikki Lea Bestall, Tim Bevan, Josephine Davies, Eric Fellner, Gary Foster, Russ Krasnoff, Jeff Skoll, Leeann Stonebreaker, Patricia Whitcher
- Music Director
- Dario Marianelli
- Released By
- UIP-Solar Entertainment Prod.
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TV Show Airtimes
|3:35 PM - 5:30 PM||May 25, 2020|
Ratings & Reviews

domain: artistic


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Senses, Interiors, Orgies
The orgy, one of the more “communal” public acts, is reliant on a sense of public derived from shared experience: hearing the same moans, groping the same flesh, smelling the same sex. The headphones-wearing orgy goer of Vito Acconci’s poem, therefore is robbed of the commonality of those experiences - instead of sensorial immersion within the pulsating resonance of the room(s), a Walkman creates an interior, a private experience isolated from the room. The Walkman turns an orgy into masturbation.
Never a stranger to masturbation, Vito Acconci, the performance artist, poet, and architect who passed 27 April 2017, pulled the Walkman from the public’s ear. Whether touching, following, whispering, jerking, deviating, confessing, spanking, writing, slapping, reciting, punning, or closing, Acconci, himself, was an actor-in-space that pushed envelopes in culture and architecture. Architecturally, the envelope describes the outer layer of air conditioning, the boundary defining exterior and interior. Instead, Acconci embraced Deleuze and Guittari’s expanded conception of envelope and operated through physical, sensory, and social conditions.
In this sense, envelopes are containers for spheres: social spheres, climate spheres, sonic spheres, sensory spheres. Contemporary architecture, informed by efficiency and sustainability engineering, treats envelope as a sealed bubble, a solid line in an architecture drawing, delineating a definite threshold between inside and out, controlled atmosphere and dynamic atmosphere. Acconci harnessed both the grotesque and beautiful faces of Dionysus to push the edges of envelope, elaborating different ways in which people experience interiors and sensory spheres.
Vito most famously accosted the sensory spheres of intimacy in a series of confessional films where he would share intimate ad hoc personal details. His face was positioned directly in front of the camera in an informal confessional arrangement, while his face was rendered his face larger than life on the viewer’s screen, manipulating scale to create a sort of interior containing the work and the viewer. This intimacy aimed at strangers not only inspires the obvious discomfort for the gallery-goer but exemplifies the way in which sound, scale, and vision form interiors, in this case intimate ones.
Similarly, 1969’s Following Piece delighted in the limits of the public sphere by following random New Yorkers for blocks until they crossed a legal threshold he was not allowed to enter. Beyond expanding and contracting the inner interiors defined by intimate relations, Acconci also exposed the legal system as a contributor to interiority and ownership of space. Unsatisfied with the legal and accepted limits of intimacy, he manipulated the scale of social spheres to form his own worlds, new envelopes to the public. Vito brought the orgy to the people.
Acconci’s work still explored edges through movement as he transitioned from performance to sculpture. Most famous of this period, Instant House initially appears as postmodern punnery: four panels lay flat on the floor, each side painted with an American flag. By sitting on a swing in the middle of the piece, the panels are pulled up by a rope and pulley system, forming a house-shaped interior of flag-immersion, but also revealing that the house’s exterior is painted in Soviet flags. The joke is only comprehensible as an active viewer, moving between inside and out or the movement of the panels, themselves. Here, envelope is not understood as a social condition, but as a mode of behavior: the body through movement and mechanical flow reveals the dual interiority of the envelope.
Acconci’s interest in kinetics and flows finally begat actualized works of architecture later in life. The Storefront for Art and Architecture is the best-known of these works, where collaboration with Steven Holl produced a series of rotating, kinetic punctures where the small retail space becomes an intimate sphere or is opened up to the sphere of the surrounding city.
The energy from his work with Holl eventually begat “Acconci Studio.” With architects in hand, Acconci began using digital tools to design his envelope plays. Most famous, Island on the Muir, is a bridge that houses a cafe presenting as a warping surface, resulting in a cafe where the visitor is never entirely enclosed in an airtight envelope, nor entirely outside, either. Here, the envelope is not treated in engineering terms, altered not to hold atmospheric conditions in, but to define the slow flow of the bridge into the cafe’s programmatic elements, like seating and back-of-house. Acconci pulled and prodded the limits of architectural envelope-as-surface, using scale, form, and digital tools to undermine expectations. Due to the fluid and indefinite relationship between interior and exterior, the only way to know that one is in the cafe is to sense the cafe, to smell the espresso, to overhear shouted orders. The drawn solid lines of the envelope are meaningless as border.
Roof like a Liquid Flung Over the Plaza looks typical of many parametric works, using an undulating glass curtain that extends from a ceiling into small silos at ground level. The parasitic relationship of the work to the building uses a fluid-like surface not to isolate a place, but to imply moments of concentration by framing several spots on the plaza. These spheres of performance are not only delineated through the visual clues of the surface touching the ground, but the dramatically different sonic environment, where isolated cubbies are separated from the loud, discursive noise of urban Memphis.
Even though Vito engaged in architectural modes later in life (including teaching graduate design studios at Pratt Institute), the spatial milieu of his practice provides new conceptions of envelope and interiority radically different from the predominant engineer-led standards. Acconci’s bodily understanding, perhaps carnal knowledge, offers a broad range of sensory and social conditions to articulate different social and interior spheres, instead of perfect seals of air that are equivalent to the Walkmanned orgy goer, closed off from the dynamism of interiority’s tactility by settling for isolated comfort.
Difference can materialize through air conditioning, social cues, or kinetics, but is ultimately defined and processed through sensory understanding. Humans do not need to see a wall or a line on a drawing to comprehend differences between spaces — the ambiguity is comprehended through immersion and changes in sensory events. These thresholds were punctured, pushed, and prodded by Acconci through an occasionally grotesque and uncomfortable aesthetic, but his work can only be appreciated by being present instead of as an image. The only way to engage in the orgy is to be within it and open to its sensations. Closing off from those feelings isolates the Walkmanned to its own, headphone-tethered sphere.
by Craig T. Sinclair


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The North Dakota Department of Commerce announced today that the application window for the 2022 Main Street Tourism Outdoor Recreation Grant is now open until August 9.
The Main Street Tourism Outdoor Recreation Grant is designed to support new or expanding businesses that provide new outdoor recreation opportunities, improve visitor experiences, and have an emphasis on attracting visitors and visitor dollars to North Dakota communities.
“With the unprecedented growth in outdoor recreation, these grants will help North Dakota businesses and communities meet this increasing demand,” Commerce Tourism and Marketing Director Sara Otte Coleman said. “Many visitors and residents are looking for easy ways to enjoy our great outdoors and we hope these grants will support better access to outdoor experiences.”
The intent of this grant is to fund new projects capable of attracting visitors from outside of North Dakota for at least one overnight stay. New recreation opportunities, attractions and improvements funded would give the community and state additional experiences to entertain visitors and attract potential new residents.
The 2022 Main Street Tourism Outdoor Recreation Grant is a 2:1 matching grant program and all grant payments are made on a reimbursement basis. Eligible applicants may request up to $20,000 in funds.
To apply or find more information about the 2022 Main Street Tourism Outdoor Recreation Grant, visit https://msnd.link/NDOutdoorRecGrant.
The North Dakota Department of Commerce works to improve the quality of life for North Dakota citizens by leading efforts to attract, retain and expand wealth. Commerce serves businesses and communities statewide through committed people and partners who offer valuable programs and dynamic services.

domain: economics


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Passion is … it’s fire. And fire is great, man. But we’re made of water. Water is how we keep living. Water is what we need to survive.
Passion and satisfaction go hand in hand, and without them, any happiness is only temporary, because there’s nothing to make it last.
In that daily effort in which intelligence and passion mingle and delight each other, the absurd man discovers a discipline that will make up the greatest of his strengths.
When two people are under the influence of the most violent, most insane, most delusive, and most transient of passions, they are required to swear that they will remain in that excited, abnormal, and exhausting condition continuously until death do them part.
The streets of London have their map; but our passions are uncharted. What are you going to meet if you turn this corner?

domain: literature


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Edge of the lake
1st part of a 1500km trip through Guatemala, to the Yucatan, in 3 weeks, by bike. 100km per day on bike, and a break about every 4 days, to give the body a rest. The first day, We left Guatemala and I cheated a little by doing the first 20km on a bus. There's a lot of heavy traffic on this road, and it is best to really start out of town, the road to the Atlantic. For now it is pretty easy, the city is 1600m above sea level and we're heading for the sea. In general it's not that easy, there are times when your morale is down and it's normally after a 10km climb in tough heat and fast traffic. But there is no other choice, it's the only road.

domain: geography


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Dec 5, 2016
I can't seem to breath with a rusted metal heart.
Episode 44 of Tales from the Mind Boat in the weeks episode I tell the tale of heart ache, longing and being ok with being YUCK! Also on the show is guest comedian Firdi Billimoria with a story about a bad night turned into a great night. Have a listen.


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The Dark Lord hadn’t flinched; he had just made one of his usual random gestures, the typical sweep of his hand when the Dark Lord spoke that for a moment seemed as if he’d been given a reprieve. Severus hadn’t anticipated the Dark Lord’s true intent. No direct curse, no flash of light, no – he didn’t get the customary Avada Kedavra. The large sphere moved instead, entrapping his head and shoulders into the snake’s protective magical cage. His arms were trapped at his sides and the snake coiled around him. He felt the bite of the snake as its jaws clamped down on his neck. One bite. The sphere that contained the snake held him fast, his wand in his hand outside the barrier, and he knew that his magic would not work. The sphere was made of all the protective spells the Dark Lord knew, encasing his precious snake, the only thing the Dark Lord cared about, and the symbol of what the Dark Lord was.
Betrayed, was Severus’ only thought, betrayed by Dumbledore and now by Voldemort – by both men I serve. One I expected – had always expected. The other had been quite the revelation – a surprise; and with it a realization of exactly how far Dumbledore would go, the depths he would delve to obtain a goal. That one betrayal seethed in his mind. And I will fail. ‘You must tell him, Severus. When the time comes, he must know…’ he told me, and I have failed.
The huge snake let loose of him, its powerful grip slacked off and Severus knew that if he had any hope at all of surviving, it would be at this moment. He would have to convince the Dark Lord that Nagini’s bite was more fatal than it truly was. He let his body fall to the floor and rolled onto his back. The venom in his wound made his body spasm and convulse as he’d seen many of Nagini’s victims do; however, the spasms were mild, and he emphasized their effects because Severus wanted the Dark Lord to be convinced. But it would be the wound – the loss of blood that could end him. Not the poison. How many times did that arrogant psychopath ask me to make potions with Nagini’s venom? How many times after his rise to strength did he want that snake milked? How many times he wanted potions, poisons made with Nagini’s venom? Did he really think that after Arthur’s attack, when that snake had bitten him thrice – and Arthur lived, that I wouldn’t take precautions? That I wouldn’t be ready! It was ME! I sent the anti-venom to St. Mungo’s.
Severus lay there, waiting until the footsteps could no longer be heard, listening to the Dark Lord as he left the shack. He felt weak, the loss of blood making even breathing difficult. I have to tell the boy – he must know… or EVERYTHING was for nothing. He tried to raise his hand to send his Patronus… but he could barely lift his arm. I can’t give in now… I must… I can’t fail…
Just then the crate by his head moved. What the…? The boy! Potter. Lily’s son, the bane of my existence, the arrogant, mediocre imbecile… The child that should have been mine – Lily’s and mine! Severus wasn’t pleased, but felt an unwanted sense of relief. The Dark Lord was right… he was right about the boy. He came.
Severus watched out of the corner of his eye as Potter climbed into the room and knelt beside him. As he looked into the boy’s eyes, he could see her; he could see Lily in her son. Staring into the calm, vivid green memories of Lily – his Lily – their friendship… and his betrayal, all came to him. Uttering the curse that would sever and release his memories under his breath, he forced them free and allowed them to separate. Without a wand to collect them, they simply flowed from him, mingling with his blood.
He wanted this boy, Lily’s son, to know, to know everything. After a short while he switched his memories to the ones that would make Potter understand, the sacrifice, the betrayal, and the promises he’d made – and why. He wanted to show Potter what Albus was really like – the real Albus Dumbledore. With nothing more than determined will power, Severus grabbed hold of Potter’s robes. “Take… it… take… it,” he finally managed to say, while still concentrating on the curse that would separate his memories from his mind, concentrating as the memories he wanted the boy to see flowed from him. Potter didn’t ask why. A bottle materialized and Potter took his memories. The ones I had to hide all these years, the ones I had to lock deep inside myself, away from the Dark Lord. Finally to be freed from the guilt they hold. Severus watched as Potter took them away from him – for good. Maybe now I can be free from you, he thought as he lay there.
His strength was ebbing; Severus loosened his hold on Potter’s robes. “Look… at… me,” he said, barely a whisper. I want to see her eyes – one last time… I want to see her in you…
Severus turned his attention inward as he stared at the ceiling, while directing the difficult counter curse to stop the flow of memories. The concentration took every effort he could manage and still breathe. From deep in his mind where the memories had been kept locked away, he mentally worked to cauterize the wounds of his curse. He didn’t want to lose all of her, just the painful ones. With all of Severus’s concentration focused on mentally reversing the effects of the curse, he vaguely heard the Dark Lord’s voice as it filled the surrounding area as if he were still standing in the room. All of Hogwarts and Hogsmeade could hear him – an old trick, he mused, momentarily distracted.
Part of the Dark Lord’s words echoed in Snape’s mind as the room fell silent. “You have permitted your friends to die for you rather than face me yourself. I shall wait for you one hour in the Forbidden Forest… One hour…”
Arrogant, conceited fool… the boy’s here, right under your nose.
Severus concentrated again on the difficult counter curse, shifting his attention inward as he continued to stare at the ceiling. The effects of the damage to his protected memories finally reversed, and those remaining memories shifted back into his subconscious, once again available if he wanted to recall them. Even as he felt his counter curse release, he vaguely heard the boy leave and the soft murmur of assent from his companions.
But Severus felt weak, very weak now. The loss of his blood was alarming. Once again his eyes focused on the old ceiling, only then recognizing a mass of bushy hair surrounding a weary eyed, solemn looking face. Hermione Granger had taken one brief moment to check on him before leaving. Severus could hear someone slide into the hole in the wall, their feet kicking and scraping on the floor beside his head. If Potter left, that could be Weasley, he surmised. This insufferable… brilliant girl – why would she… She would be the last to slide back into the tunnel then and return to the castle – possibly to die.
He tried to tell her to go, to leave – but the sounds were muffled. Quickly she pulled a bottle from a tiny bag and poured some potion that smelled like dittany onto his neck. “Why? Go. I can’t…” he croaked. The skin of his wound was still bleeding, and he was cold; he couldn’t feel his arms or legs. She dug again, this time pulling out a silver and red bottle, tipping the fluid into his mouth. He swallowed the offered Blood Replenishing Potion, knowing that within minutes the ‘new’ blood would leave his body as well. Severus could see a pair of jeans and old Muggle trainers slip from the hole in the wall.
“Professor?” she asked. “What can I…?” she asked turning. “Expecto Patronum.” An otter erupted from her wand. “Shrieking Shack. He needs help; he is one of the Order. Hurry, please, he’s been bitten…” she said into her Patronus, and the silvery otter shot away.
“Left pocket… venom green… anti–venom… then dark-k pur-ple… with the s-silver snake…” he forced each word harshly.
She didn’t slip her hand into his robes to grope his pockets, but used a Summoning Charm instead. “Professor, how… I can’t get…” He tried to scoff at her, making the blood in his wound sputter and his laugh come out as a ragged cough. At the sound she slipped her hand in and fumbled with the multiple vials, pouches, bottles and jars with a look of confusion. “I thought… How come I can’t get it? How do I…” she stuttered annoyingly. “I can’t get them out.”
“Now… say… nonverb—(cough)—ally—(cough)—” She nodded, her lips moved, then she nodded again and pulled out one bottle of pale and putrid green, and another of the deepest eggplant with a silver snake stopper. “Green… one…” She opened the stopper of the green one and he opened his mouth. She dumped half the contents, nearly choking him. “Other…” She held up the second bottle and waited. “Pour… neck.”
Severus closed his eyes for a moment. He felt thousands of stinging prickles when the potion touched his wound. He tried to lift his hand and she placed the bottle in his grip. Thunderous footfalls rocked the ground, shaking the Shrieking Shack. Silence followed in the room, and although he tried, he knew that he would not be able to raise his arms. Cracks, pops and explosions could be heard up at the castle. I should have stayed at the castle… made Minerva and Filius see – made them understand. Potter needed time… I was to remain ‘loyal’ until… Until the Dark Lord became concerned for the snake, then – only then would I know… I was… I am still one… my promise… his side. I shouldn’t – have listened to Lucius.
Another crack sounded, making Severus open his eyes. He never knew when Miss. Granger had scurried away. The room was tilting slightly and all he could feel was cold. A large nose and huge eyes looked at him briefly before the strangling feeling of death, the sudden darkness of leaving this world, yanked him away.
Bright light. White light. He was lying on something… flat.
He must have groaned or made some kind of sound because all of a sudden he heard someone shout at him. “Master Snape, sir, can you hear me?” the young, enthusiastic voice jarred his consciousness back to awareness.
So I’m not dead. Nobody dead can be this loud. Severus mentally scowled. Besides only the good die young and I’m not destined for Heaven… And Hades wouldn’t be this bright.
“I’m Augustus Pye; do you remember me? I’m a Healer.”
Question one down, Severus snarled silently to himself.
“You’re at St. Mungo’s – the Dai Llewellyn Ward…”
That answers question number two, Severus thought sarcastically. So if I can just go back to sleep now and put off Azkaban for a while longer.
“You helped me cure Mr. Weasley… Do you remember?” the enthusiastic Healer asked.
Okay then, no sleeping…
“He was bitten by the same snake you were, we think. At least the same potions work… We still had some, and your directions on how to make the potion to heal the wound, and you were holding the antidote…” Healer Pye continued. “Do you remember? It was sure lucky that you had the antidote – don’t think we could have done it without the venom. Smart thinking, having that on hand.”
No, I don’t – oh, wait… Argh… not… young, skinny, dark, stringy hair…. Severus cringed inwardly. This is worse than death… I’d rather – want to go back to Hogwarts, was his first thought. At least Poppy is quiet. However, if he was alive, he needed news. “What of Potter?” he managed to say, although his lips were dry. He did not want to open his eyes and see the Aurors standing guard over him.
“He did it! He killed him – Tom Riddle. Did you know that You-Know-Who’s real name was Tom Riddle?” Severus groaned as Healer Pye rattled on excitedly. Severus kept his eyes closed, his face impassive, refusing to look at him. “Everyone saw him, hundreds of people – and with his own wand too. Turned out that Potter had been destroying magical objects of Riddle’s – that’s why he was missing all last year – fighting Him – You-Know-Who – Riddle. Him and his five friends been fighting against them.” Something wet was applied to his neck, a smell Severus remembered as having the anti-venom for Nagini’s bite. “The Quibbler, they got the exclusive interviews from Harry Potter, Hermione Granger and Ronald Weasley – the whole Weasley family actually. People wanted Luna Lovegood, Ginny Weasley and Neville Longbottom’s stories as well… maybe next issue. I subscribe to them now.”
Severus opened his eyes, and the bright light streaming in from the large window made him squint. There were no Aurors standing guard over his bed, or at his doorway. Interesting… I wonder…
“Ah, there you are,” said a squat wizard as he entered the room. His comical handlebar moustache blended into his thick sideburns and bushy hair. “Taking care of my distinguished patient here, are you?! Order of Merlin – First Class, Bonamicus Medal for Magical Betterment, and the Sawbridge Medal of Valor. A true war hero you are. Witch Weekly’s Top Ten Most Distinguished Wizard Award. Yes, very honored…” Severus thought that the newcomer had been addressing his irritating Healer, but mid-rant he had obviously redirected his comments to him.
Healer Pye was now giving the squat Healer his undivided attention. So you are the Head Dog around here – interesting.
“Thought we’d lost you there for a while, Master Snape – but you’ve pulled through. Augustus here remembered your directions for the anti-venom and the reparative potion for the bite of that snake – Riddle’s snake. Neville Longbottom killed the snake, you know. What a brave lad, that Longbottom – isn’t he?”
Severus could have groaned. Oh, of course Longbottom was a war hero! Figures! That would mean that Weasley girl and Lovegood would be touted as heroes too. Oh, the trouble those three caused me. He tried to raise his head and noticed – cards, gifts and flowers sat on every surface, and things were taped to his wall as well. He let his head fall back onto his pillow. At least I have a room to myself.
“Healer Smethwyck,” a timid voice said. “What do I do with these?” Severus opened his eyes and saw a huge bouquet of flutterby stems, belladonna, larkspur, foxglove stocks and yesterday-today-and-tomorrows boughs that obscured the witch carrying them. “There’s no more room for flowers and I have six more.”
The stout Healer flicked his wand and a shelf appeared on the wall. “Master Snape, I am Hippocrates Smethwyck, Healer-in-Charge of the Infectious Bites ward. I have personally been overseeing your treatments,” he said with a small bounce that reminded Severus of Hugo Bagman.
“Ohh, Healer Smethwyck, is he awake?” another female voice asked from the corridor. “He has visitors. The waiting room is full of people.”
“Would you like to have me let them in?” his Healer asked, looking pleased.
“No,” Severus croaked.
The house suited Severus. He’d had his family home magically disassembled and reconstructed on the side of a tall, wooded hill overlooking a remote valley. The three-storey row house now blended in with the rock and was flanked with tall pines. The front door, two large windows on the ground floor, three smaller windows for the upstairs rooms, and twin dormer windows on the top level, were all that were discernable from the path that led to the house.
The front door still led into the sitting room, which had been slightly enlarged. The Floo was larger, but all the bookshelves remained the same. Behind a hidden door in the bookcase was a hallway that connected his potions lab and a personal study on one side and the staircase to the three bedrooms upstairs on the other. His parents’ room had been redecorated with replicas of the furnishings from his room at Hogwarts: the four-poster bed, the double wardrobe, his two favorite wingback chairs and table. His study looked just like his office had, except the large desk now faced the window instead of the door and was blissfully free of the piles of sheets of insipid and idiotic dribble and flagrant plagiarism the students called essays. A couch sat against the wall, flanked by reading lamps. The room was brighter, even more cheerful than the office he’d used for seventeen years. Minerva had even given him all his surviving books, potions ingredients and potions. The walls of his study and potions lab were covered with shelves of books, jars, bottles, vials and boxes on the shelves; his bookshelves once again were full.
The sitting room where he sat reading while he waited for his dinner had been furnished with a simple black leather couch and chairs, small tables and lamps. Hanging from the ceiling was a wrought iron candelabrum of a simple design, holding as many as a dozen candles in crystal hurricanes. A large rug provided the only color in the sitting room beside the hundreds of books and artifacts on his shelves. There wasn’t a snake carved or embroidered anywhere in the house with the exception of the occasional book cover or potion ingredient. He’d had enough of snakes.
Severus also had the kitchen remodeled, and the house-elf, Peren, who had attended to him at Hogwarts, could be heard from behind the hidden door as she prepared his food. The most noble house of Snape, Peren called the place. Oh, dad would have loved that one, he sneered silently as he turned the page of the paper. The house-elves had saved all his personal possessions, hiding them away when he’d left the castle, since they knew the truth about him. When Peren came to deliver them, the house-elf begged him to let her stay. It had amused him to say yes.
The money for all this renovation had come from his books, The Anthology of Venoms and Poisons in Potions, Antidotes of the Dark Potions of the Dark Arts and To Reverse the Most Potent of Potions and Poisons, listing all the antidotes and counter-reactive potions Severus had provided during his years under Albus Dumbledore, as well as many of the potions and poisons the Dark Lord and Death Eaters used. Basically it amounted to twenty-two years of his life, seventeen of which he served as Potions master, Head of Slytherin House at Hogwarts and Dumbledore’s puppet. Ironically, he had started his first book the year Albus made him Defense Against the Dark Arts professor. The book reviews said that his books were hard to read, the directions blunt and straightforward, and many of the potions and spells that were listed were very difficult and complicated. However his publisher said that every Healer and Potions Brewer or Master of Potions in three countries seemed to have ordered copies. They had become the must-have books for the medical and potions practitioners. He’d sent two copies of each to Minerva as a gift for the Restricted Section of the new library. Madam Pince had been thrilled.
Severus dropped the paper he’d finished of the next issue of the Daily Prophet onto a pile of back issues he’d amassed since leaving Hogwarts. The issue he held now reported the new appointments in the Ministry as well as those at Hogwarts during the time he had been under treatment at St. Mungo’s. For once he was pleased to see a real change in the paper. They are actually printing the truth – their first real news in years.
The headlines he’d read stated that Kingsley Shacklebolt had been officially appointed Minister of Magic. His first act in the office was to re-appoint the heads of each department in the Ministry. Hermione Granger had assumed Head of the Department for the Regulation and Control of Magical Creatures. Already she’d made news by her drastic review and revision of all the legislation for magical beings. So that know-it-all is going to try changing inter-species relations, he snorted in derision. Good luck, Miss Granger. Harry Potter and Ron Weasley had been accepted into the Aurors office and had been rapidly advanced so that the wonder duo now held the Head and Chief positions. He was pleased to see that like Miss Granger, Potter and Weasley were reorganizing the department and revising the policies and procedures. All three had been appointed to The Wizengamot. According to the new Wizengamot Charter of Rights, everyone accused now had the right to have council representation in his or her defense; they were allowed to call any witnesses to testify on their behalf or to be represented by another person. No one could be arrested and sent to Azkaban without a proper trial. And about time too…
The next issue announced that Arthur Weasley had been appointed as head of the Improper Use of Magic Office. Percy Weasley had been assigned to work under Sturgis Podmore in the Department of International Magical Cooperation. But the announcement that made Severus smile most was a article that reported that Dolores Umbridge had been dismissed, under a large picture of the woman being escorted, none to gently, from the Ministry atrium with Potter in the lead. Justice… you bitch. Too bad they won’t just send her to Azkaban with her Death Eater friends and comrades, thought Severus as he carefully laid the paper aside, wanting to keep the article about Umbridge’s sacking.
In the next issue there were announcements of several new appointments made at Hogwarts. Minerva McGonagall was now officially Headmistress of Hogwarts, but it was reported that she would retire after a year. Filius Flitwick accepted the post of Deputy Headmaster. Severus approved. Pomona Sprout already retired, turning the position over to her favorite student, Neville Longbottom. Hardly a surprise there, he mumbled.
A comical article on the page stated that during the battle at Hogwarts, Professor Binns had suddenly come to the realization that he was in fact dead. Apparently this shocked the ghost professor so much that he actually requested his retirement. However, since ex-professor Cuthbert Binns discovered that he had nowhere to go to, he decided to make Hogwarts his permanent home so as to offer assistance to the newly appointed History of Magic position, Professor Marcus Lancaster. Interesting choice… I wonder how he’ll hold up with Binns haunting him? I wouldn’t be surprised if he lasts only a year, Severus scoffed. With the Defense Against the Dark Arts post cursed and the History of Magic post haunted… I’m glad I chose to write instead of teach. Severus smiled and picked up the next back issue as he continued to wait for his dinner.
Minerva had sent Severus an owl requesting that he visit her after he had been released from St. Mungo’s, which after careful consideration he accepted. She had been politely formal when he arrived in her office, apparently unsure of how to receive him after the events the previous school year. She not only apologized to him, which had shocked Severus deeply, although he did not show it, she also offered him his job back. So either Potter shared my memories with her… or the portrait Dumbledore gave her a bit of his paint-encrusted mind, he had assumed. That Minerva had even wanted him back was interesting enough to indulge in her fine-quality spiced tea and biscuits, but he was being offered the N.E.W.T. level Potions or Defense Against the Dark Arts post.
He had considered. “Wouldn’t you rather have Potter as Defense Against the Dark Arts professor?” he had sneered. Secretly he’d been honored by her request, but couldn’t bring himself to let her know that.
Severus knew that any student that wanted to re-take their previous school year or to return to Hogwarts to complete their education had been given the offer to do so by owl already. All the students who had been deemed undesirable had been invited back, and all the surviving members of Dumbledore’s Army, as they were now known, had been invited back as well. He knew from the articles in both the Daily Prophet and The Quibbler that there was more faculty this year than ever before, each subject now having two professors, O.W.L. level and N.E.W.T. He was surprised to be offered the N.E.W.T. level for either Potions or Defense Against the Dark Arts professor. He’d been offered a choice.
She had sat at Albus’ desk, her pose prim and proper, although with the open attempt at comradeship of long time associates. The office surrounding her looked nearly the same, with the exception of a plaid rug and drapes and a vase of fresh-cut heather sitting next to her biscuit tin. Fawkes’ perch held a magnificent grey owl. “I would like to have you return, Severus, please reconsider,” she had stated, sipping on her tea.
He was certain it was a lie. Potter probably turned down the post. “I no longer wish to teach, Minerva. I don’t really like kids.” She had smiled at his blatant statement.
“I will be hard pressed to find anyone as qualified as you are, Severus,” she had said with unassuming dignity. The scar on her cheek was barely visible in the warm light of the office.
He had smiled at the compliment. “I am certain that the students will be relieved to know I am no longer teaching.”
“I understand that you are going to continue in the field of potions,” she had said as more an inquiry than statement. “I know that you received several offers of employment.”
“If I were to accept any of my offers, Minerva, it would be yours,” he had replied amicably. “I want quiescence – peace, quite and solitude. I shall be making potions by way of orders, but for a select few clients.”
“I heard Poppy saying that you agreed to continue making potions for her. She was very happy,” Minerva had said.
“She was always quite appreciative of my draughts and ointments,” he had said, placing his cup on the desk in front of him. He had smiled when Minerva refilled the cup. Discussion not over yet, I’m to presume…. “Although, I know that she is quite capable of brewing them herself. However, yes, I have agreed to continue to stock her supplies.”
“You will always be welcome here, Severus,” she had replied. Somehow, he actually believed her.
In the end Minerva had insisted that he join the remaining staff for dinner in the Great Hall. Severus had wanted to refuse, but relented. The corridors had been cleared, many of the stained glass windows repaired or various patterned leaded glass panels replaced. Several suits of armor and statues still wore bandages, supports and slings until the restorers could get to them. The Great Hall had been repaired, although much of the castle still showed evidence of reconstruction. Many of the paintings had been taken down for refurbishment. As he and Minerva entered the cavernous room, the staff had risen from the one long table set in the middle of the room and applauded him. It had been embarrassing, the warm accolade and over friendly response from his past work associates.
It was dusk. The descending sun was already turning orange when the wards around his home alerted him to intruders. Very few knew the location, and the Fidelius Charm covered his home and several acres of the valley. Cautiously, he stood at the window and gazed outward.
A thestral soared down the length of the valley carrying a lone figure in long robes and cloak. The animal landed with grace, and its rider sat up and looked around, confused. Hermione Granger sat staring in the direction of his home, waiting. After several minutes, she slid from the animal’s back. He knew she couldn’t see the house, but his curiosity escalated as she waited patiently beside the thestral.
“Well, Miss Granger, what brings you here?” he asked.
She jumped as he suddenly appeared in front of her. He had only broken the wards when he was a few feet away from where she stood. “It will be Mrs. Weasley in a few more months.”
“Congratulations,” he said with his signature drawl, holding the edges of his cloak as he crossed his arms. “Am I to be personally invited by the bride?”
“I’d be honored and delighted if you would come, but no, that’s not why I came. You are on the guest list. However… I wanted to see you,” she said softly. “I have your Order of Merlin, the Sawbridge Medal of Valor and your Tammersforth Medal of Potions Excellence. They were most disappointed that you didn’t show up at the awards ceremony.”
He regarded her, trying to determine the real reason for her visit. “I didn’t want to attend.”
“But I wanted to present your awards to you personally,” she said, handing him two velvet covered boxes: one in purple, embossed in gold with the seal of the Ministry of Magic; the other in rich green with the emblem of the Tammersforth Society of Potion Mastery in silver. “So I borrowed one of the school’s thestrals to find you. You are hard to reach lately.”
“And yet you’ve found me,” he said, bemused, standing over her in the way he used to when he had been her professor. She didn’t even flinch, cringe or break eye contact. Little girl has grown up at last… “Was there anything else?”
“Yes,” she said, dropping her eyes from his. “I wanted to say thank you. I know how much you did for us… all through school. I knew – even before Harry showed us those four memories in the Pensieve… I always believed you were working with us, helping us, trying to protect us.” She looked up into his black eyes with unconcealed sincerity. “I wanted to say thank you.”
His eyebrow rose slightly when she said four. He sneered silently, Only four… Why not all of them? “You’re welcome.”
A large snowy owl flew into the clearing where he gathered his fresh herbs. She landed softly and extended a leg, showing him a folded parchment tied to a small package. “You’re as annoying as your owner,” he said, untying the parchment. “How is it you always find me?” The owl hooted at him questioningly. Ignoring the owl, he read the familiar messy scrawl.
The arrogant, impertinent boy, using my given name as if we are friends, he thought irritably when he saw how Potter addressed him.
I went back to Godric’s Hollow to visit my parents' home… the place where, for me, all this started. I found among my parents’ things, well, my mum’s, these letters. I don’t know why she held onto them all those years, but I think she considered you a friend for many years. I thought that you would like to have them.
I also wanted to return this book to you. It’s yours. I admit that I copied down many of your notations, as they are excellent, but this book belonged to you. It’s time it was returned.
I know now just how much you did for me all those years. How many times you tried to protect and save me. I know I was ungrateful and suspicious of you in school. I hope you can forgive my ignorance.
Harry James Potter
He considered checking the package for hexes, jinxes and curses, then disregarded the notion. The letter was amicable, even respectful. Something Potter had never been toward him as a student.
Inside the package was a small collection of notes, two pictures and his old sixth-year Potions book that had belonged to his mum. He looked at the book, examining the well-worn condition of the pages inside a new cover, and a knowing grin spread across his face.
The slanted scribble and tight slanted writing indicated two handwritings, his and his mum’s. Memories of his mum packing all her old school books for him to use carefully in his trunk flooded him. His father had not approved of his attending Hogwarts and would not pay for new books. The tiny script, so very like his own, had been reassuring and a source of strength in his years as a student, even after her death. In his mind she was still tutoring him, giving him assistance in all her best subjects. She always encouraged me to read between the lines, to think for myself and to experiment. She was an exceptional academic – a brilliant witch. But marrying that Muggle – my father – had changed her, defeated her, diminished…. He put the book into his pocket.
The letters were bound by a green ribbon, the one he’d given Lily before her first Quidditch game. He had told her that it was to match her eyes. Lily had smiled at him, quickly using the green ribbon to tie up her lush red hair. The truth was I just wanted to see her wear green, even just a touch of green on her. From across the Quidditch pitch… from the Slytherin stands I could see the green ribbon against her hair. She frequently wore a green ribbon in her hair for years after… until…. He didn’t need to read these letters – he knew every word by heart. He looked at the pictures instead, curious.
There hadn’t been many times when we had enough money to buy sweets in the village, let alone film. In fact I’ve never owned a camera… Although, Lily’s sister had one… Once, one summer during the holiday… she had taken our picture as proof to her parents that he and Lily remained friends… hoping to catch them practicing magic together. The first picture showed Lily and Severus on the swing set during their first summer holiday from school. The second picture depicted Severus and Lily sitting side by side on a plank dock that stuck out from the bank of the river. That dock used to be Lily’s favorite place to eat lunch during the summer holiday after their second year. They were eating the sandwiches and chips she had brought and the apples he had stolen while dangling their toes in the cool water. He knew that later that afternoon he and Lily had gone for a swim…
I tried to carefully weave this from JK Rowling’s Deathly Hallows, pages 658 – 660 in a plausible way. I think I made this believable, even though it slightly varies from canon.
This may not be an ending that most will have considered… but I didn’t want Severus dead – in some cheesy way. Sorry Jo.
A great deal of thanks goes to Countrymouse712: not only did she unknowingly provide the inspiration for this story but she also gave me her invaluable assistance as a beta – making this story readable.


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Advisory: Competencies for Supervision in Substance Use Disorder Treatment
This Advisory is based on Technical Assistance Publication (TAP) 21-A, Competencies for Substance Abuse Treatment Clinical Supervisors. It identifies foundational knowledge and concepts essential for supervisory proficiency, roles and skills expected of clinical supervisors, the purpose and context of competencies for supervision in substance use disorder (SUD) treatment programs, and dissemination and implementation of these competencies.
Advisory: Complementary Health Approaches
Advisory: Comprehensive Case Management for Substance Use Disorder Treatment
This Advisory is based on TIP 27, Comprehensive Case Management for Substance Abuse Treatment. It surveys the underlying principles and models of case management, discusses reasons substance use disorder (SUD) treatment providers might consider implementing or expanding the use of case management, and lists some case management-related resources and tools.
Advisory: Group Therapy in Substance Use Treatment
Based on Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) 41, Substance Abuse Treatment: Group Therapy, this Advisory provides an overview of goals, processes, group-specific approaches, resources, and common elements that support favorable outcomes in group therapy.
Advisory: Integrating Vocational Services into Substance Use Disorder Treatment
This Advisory, based on TIP 38, Integrating Substance Abuse Treatment and Vocational Services, presents strategies and resources for SUD treatment counselors and clinic directors to improve outcomes for clients in recovery by helping them find and keep employment and deal with workplace stresses. This Advisory is directed to programs serving clients who are unemployed, underemployed, or struggling in workplace settings.
ADVISORY MEMORANDUM ON IDENTIFICATION OF ESSENTIAL CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE WORKERS DURING COVID-19 RESPONSE
As the Nation comes together to slow the spread of COVID-19, on March 16th the President issued updated Coronavirus Guidance for America that highlighted the importance of the critical infrastructure workforce.
Advisory: Opioid Therapy in Patients With Chronic Noncancer Pain Who Are in Recovery From Substance Use Disorders
This Advisory, based on Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) 54, Managing Chronic Pain in Adults With or in Recovery From Substance Use Disorders, is for primary care providers who treat or are likely to treat adult patients with or in recovery from substance use disorders (SUDs) who present with chronic pain. It addresses screening and assessment tools, nonpharmacologic and nonopioid treatment for chronic pain, and the role of opioid therapy in people with chronic noncancer pain and SUDs.
Advisory: Screening and Treatment of Substance Use Disorders among Adolescents
This Advisory is based on TIP 31, Screening and Assessing Adolescents for Substance Use Disorders (SUDs) and TIP 32, Treatment of Adolescents with SUDs. It includes recommendations for engaging adolescents in SUD risk assessment, screening, and treatment.
Advisory: Screening and Treatment of Viral Hepatitis in People with Substance Use Disorders
This Advisory is based on TIP 53, Addressing Viral Hepatitis in People with Substance Use Disorders. It offers guidance to providers and administrators in substance use disorder treatment programs on screening for, and treating clients with, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C infections.
Advisory: Substance Use Disorder Treatment for People with Co-Occurring Disorders
This Advisory is based on TIP 42, Substance Use Disorder Treatment for People with Co-Occurring Disorders. It highlights strategies for counselors and administrators to properly screen, assess, diagnose, and manage the treatment of individuals with co-occurring substance use and mental disorders.

domain: psychology


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Tuesday, May 21, 2013
1:46 pm, Sunday, February 17, 2013 -- After backlash from customers, the producer of Maker's Mark bourbon is reversing a decision to cut the amount of alcohol in bottles of its famous whiskey.
Rob Samuels, Maker's Mark's chief operating officer, said Sunday that it is restoring the alcohol volume of its product to its historic level...
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Another day, another domination by Taylor Swift. She was the red hot winner at the Billboard Music Awards.
See which local softball players were named to the All-District 21-3A teams.
J. Patric Schneider, For The Chronicle
Contestants in the Beach Revue bathing beauties contest in Galveston went retro for prizes.
© 2013 Hearst Communications Inc.


Panerai Radiomir Tourbillon
- Day & Night Indicator
- Power Reserve
- Second Time Zone
- Manual Winding
- Swiss Made
- 10.00atm / 100.00m / 330.00ft
- Pin Buckle
Panerai is thrilled to present the new Radiomir Tourbillon Bronzo, a masterpiece that pays tribute to its legendary history and embodies the essence of the Radiomir. A fitting centerpiece for Madison Avenue, one of the most important openings in the Brand’s history, the Tourbillon Bronzo represents a true work of art that showcases the Maison’s commitment to craftsmanship and innovation.
Combining technical feat and historical design, Panerai’s first-ever 45mm tourbillon movement is set in a bronze case that showcases a characteristic vintage look. Through the natural oxidation process, the bronze material evolves according to wear and tear, and its seasoned and retro appearance becomes completely different, adapting to the wearer’s individual surroundings and giving each piece a unique patina. A supple vintage calf leather strap in brown matches the bronze and ever-present is the cone-shaped crown, an element that distinguishes the Radiomir collection from other Panerai timepieces.
At its core is Panerai’s masterfully executed and patented tourbillon for its innovative mechanism, with a cage that rotates every 30 seconds instead of the conventional one minute along an axis perpendicular to the balance wheel. It is a sui generis design angled to ensure the movement’s precision and to offset the effects of gravity.
The complication is a visual feast complemented by the latest open-worked bridges that enhance the architectural visibility of the tourbillon, made for the first time by Panerai with a military green coating obtained by an innovative ALD deposition process of atomic layers of aluminium oxide.


If there is a country in Europe that is in constant crisis, it is Bosnia and Herzegovina. This is precisely why most analysts call Bosnia and Herzegovina an impossible state. It is important to note that Bosnia and Herzegovina is a complex country made up of two parts: the Republika Srpska and the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (where the absolute majority are Bosniaks and Croats).
Recently, two US Air Force “B-1B” bombers made a low flight over Bosnia and Herzegovina, flying over several cities. After the overflight of American bombers, the US embassy in Sarajevo announced that bomber overflight is a sign of the US’s permanent commitment to the sovereignty, territorial integrity and multi-ethnic character of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
– We are celebrating the lasting bond between the USA and BiH. The flight demonstrates our commitment to building strong bilateral relations and is proof of our common values and goals. Through cooperation and understanding, we are building a path to a future of peace, security and prosperity in the region – announced General James Hecker, member of the US Air Force and commander of American air bases in Europe, air forces in Africa and the NATO Joint Air Command.
The B-1B aircraft is a long-range heavy bomber that can carry the largest conventional load of guided and unguided missiles of any aircraft in aviation.
It is stated that these aircraft are able to quickly drop huge amounts of precision and non-precision weapons against any enemy, anywhere in the world, at any time.
However, no sovereign authority in Bosnia and Herzegovina – the Presidency and the Council of Ministers – has made a decision on the overflight of American bombers over Bosnia and Herzegovina. Specifically, it was done without the consent of the legitimate representatives of the Serbs in the institutions of Bosnia and Herzegovina. With this act, official Washington violated the sovereignty of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The question arises, why are US bombers now flying over Bosnia and Herzegovina and who are they sending a message to? But the answer to that question is simple. The only ones who were bombed by American bombers in the Balkans were the Serbs. Also, only the Serbs protested against the overflight of the American bombers, because they have bitter memories of the American weapons that were used to kill Serbian soldiers and civilians in the Balkans in the 1990s.
Also, due to frequent crises in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the political leader of the Serbs in that country, Milorad Dodik, often talks about a referendum for the independence of the Republika Srpska. And while no one disputes this right with Scotland, as well to other countries in Europe in the past years(like Montenegro), Republika Srpska is threatened with war. Not only from Bosnian radical politicians, but also from American diplomats. To make matters worse, at the same time official Washington created and recognized an independent Kosovo through war. Even today, the main protector and financier of independent Kosovo is US.
It is the hypocrisy of official Washington towards Kosovo that creates additional anger in Republika Srpska. Because, we must not forget, Serbs in Bosnia and Herzegovina experienced the Holocaust at the hands of Croats and Bosniaks (Bosnian Muslims) during the Second World War. Precisely the genocide that the Serbs experienced in the Second World War is the reason why the Serbs in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the breakup of Yugoslavia clearly said that they do not want an independent Bosnia in which those who mercilessly killed them during the Second World War will have the main say. But that they want to live with their mother country Serbia.
The Serbs from Bosnia expected that, just as the Jews got their own state, they too would have the opportunity to decide where they would live. Unfortunately, part of the international community had other plans. The artificial state of Bosnia and Herzegovina was forcibly created, and since the Croats do not want Bosnia in addition to the Serbs, a de facto colonial administration was appointed in Bosnia. It is reflected in the character of the Office of the High Representative. Namely, in the nineties, when US was the only superpower in the world, Washington lobbied to introduce the position of High Representative in Bosnia. He was given dictatorial powers, so the democratic will of the people in Bosnia is valid only if the High Representative agrees with it. Plus, the High Representative could remove politicians, fire them from their jobs, in short, make life hell for anyone who opposes him. Due to all of the above, and bearing in mind that the position of the High Representative was expected to last for a short time, rebellions by local Serbs and Croats, as well as part of the international community, soon occurred. Many respected Western organizations that deal with the protection of human rights have been pointing out for years that the office of the High Representative in Bosnia and Herzegovina must be abolished, because it contradicts democracy and has the characteristics of a dictatorship.
However, the current High Representative, Christian Schmidt was illegitimately elected to that position because he was not appointed to that position by the United Nations Security Council. That is why the Republika Srpska has clearly said that it does not recognize Mr. Christian Schmidt as the High Representative. However, US diplomats in Bosnia don’t accept that decision of Republika Srpska, which is why a new crisis is being created in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Since the Republika Srpska, in accordance with international law, refuses to implement the undemocratic decisions of the High Representative, part of the international community led by Washington plans to implement a new law that obliges everyone to comply with the decisions of the High Representative. And that is exactly why the American bombers flew over Bosnia and Herzegovina, to send a message to the Republika Srpska that it must listen, otherwise they can be punished as they were in the 1990s.
Another big problem is the issue of state property in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Namely, according to the Dayton Peace Agreement, which ended the war and created today’s Bosnia and Herzegovina, all property belongs to the entities, except for property that is decisively stated to be state property.
Even if international law is on the side of Republika Srpska, on this issue as well, the US ambassador in Bosnia and Herzegovina, contrary to diplomatic practice, announced his position in the form of an order.
Speaking about the claims from the Republika Srpska that there is no state property and that it belongs to the entities, Murphy stated that this is completely wrong.
– It is a legal fiction. No matter how many times the Republika Srpska authorities claim the opposite, it does not change the fundamental facts, said Murphy and added that the issue of property is resolved at the state level and that the state must say what property it needs, such as prospective military property.
– If there is property that is not needed, you do not have to keep it and the state can transfer it to another owner: municipality, canton, and even entity.
The question arises, where does a foreign ambassador have the right to interfere in the internal affairs of a sovereign state and to determine what has been resolved and what has not?! However, all of the above indicates that a new serious offensive is heading towards Republika Srpska.
Political neutralization of Milorad Dodik
Republika Srpska, bearing in mind that international law is on its side (Dayton Peace Agreement), must not accept to have her property taken away, under no circumstances. Also, the Office of the High Representative is a relic of the past and is not in accordance with international law, so Republika Srpska is doing the right thing by not recognizing the newly appointed High Representative. This policy of the President of the Republika Srpska, Milorad Dodik, has shown that even small entities/states, if they have strong leaders like Mr. Dodik, can lead an independent and beneficial policy for their people.
However, precisely because of the patriotic policy of Republika Srpska President Milorad Dodik, part of the international community is trying to remove him from power. First of all through accusations of corruption and on top of that with colored revolutions. Despite speculation that NATO soldiers could arrest Mr. Dodik, this is not realistic. But what is realistic is that the State Prosecutor’s Office of Bosnia and Herzegovina issues an arrest warrant and that NATO special units assist in the execution of that act.
There is already intelligence that such plans are being prepared. Due to all of the above, the President of Republika Srpska and the Government of Republika Srpska must approach this issue seriously. First of all, through increasing the number of members of the special police units of the Republika Srpska in Banja Luka and through the mobilization of the people of the Republika Srpska. It is necessary to make it clear to part of the international community that if the political persecution and arrest of Milorad Dodik were to take place, the people of the Republika Srpska would rise to the defense of their democratically elected president through mass protests and demands for the independence of the Republika Srpska. Only these two factors can stop the political neutralization plan for Milorad Dodik, which is already formulated in Sarajevo.
Austerity, corruption, and neglect: How the Greek railway became Europe’s deadliest
“Aren’t trains supposed to be safe?” This was the question on the minds of most Greeks after the fatal collision between a passenger and a freight train that took place on February 28th in the Tempi area of Central Greece. The crash cost the lives of 57 people, mostly young students returning home after the Clean Monday holiday. As it turned out, the trains in Greece were not safe at all. In fact, according to a 2022 report by the European Union Agency for Railways, Greece had the deadliest railway among 29 European nations even before the Tempi catastrophe.
The official inquiry into the disaster concluded that the station master had committed a series of critical errors that night; however it also highlighted that there were no safety systems in place to prevent or correct human errors. In the days following the catastrophe, the phrase “a serious accident was waiting to happen” was used many times by those working at the Greek railway.
Thanasis, 22, a driver for Hellenic Train, had the same opinion. Despite its name, Hellenic Train is a subsidiary of Trenitalia and is responsible for the operation of passenger and freight trains on the Greek railway lines. The state-owned Hellenic Railways Organization (OSE) is responsible for running and maintaining the lines as well as the accompanying infrastructure and systems (signals, stations, etc.).
That fateful night, Thanasis drove the IC62 passenger train from Athens up to Larisa, one station before the disaster. There, he changed shifts with his colleagues, who had to drive the IC62 to Thessaloniki. Approximately one hour later, they died from the collision. Thanasis learned about the accident on his way back to Athens.
“Shortly before we reached Thiva, we learned that something had happened because they called us from the Rentis train depot to ask if we were OK. At first, we did not give it much thought because we were told it was a derailment and derailments happen a lot. Afterwards, we learned that it was a head-on collision and that there were deaths. Shortly before we arrived in Athens, we began to see the first photos and videos [from the place of the accident],”he said.
According to the inquiry report, the absence of the European Train Control System (ETCS) played a central role in the disaster. ETCS is being used by the majority of European countries and it would have automatically stopped both trains after they entered a collision course. ETCS was installed gradually on Greek train engines from 2007 to 2018, but in order for it to be operational, the railway signals on the lines need to work.
However, copper thieves have been stealing cables from the railway lines for years. The theft and selling of copper are predominately dominated by criminal gangs called the “copper mafia”, but in some instances OSE employees have also been implicated. In 2017, a high-ranking OSE director and seven other employees were arrested after they were found to have taken tens of thousands of euros in bribes from these gangs. Due to its limited budget, OSE does not replace the stolen and damaged cables; as a result, the signaling system that is essential for the operation of ETCS is constantly out of order. The lack of signaling has resulted in the Greek railway relying on an obsolete system of station masters. This leaves no margin for human error, especially when all the traffic takes place on a single line, as was the case on the night of the Tempi disaster.
Another railway driver, who spoke on the condition of anonymity due to fear of reprisals, described how vulnerable the Greek railway system really is to criminal organizations taking advantage of it.
“There are extensive copper wire thefts. Even a few days after the accident, wires for the signaling system were installed in Katerini; they were stolen the same night, a few hours after installation. There is a serious problem. The system started to gradually get out of order,” he said. The driver also spoke of human smuggling rings active on the railway.
During the last few years, the Greek railway system has become one of the main means of transport used by migrants and refugees attempting to reach Western Europe. This has attracted human smugglers, creating a dangerous environment for workers and migrants. In August 2022, three migrants were killed in their sleep near Drama after they got hit by a train.
“There is a trafficking problem within the organization (OSE), migrants have inside information such as the train and route numbers, they know each train’s destination and they are prepared. People have come into the cab and offered me 2.000 euros to hide them inside. Obviously I refused because I would be arrested.” stated the driver.
“Migrants sometimes hide even beneath the trains, when we find out, we immediately stop the train and call OSE, but they often tell us “What do you want us to do?”. Even the police do not come. If it arrives, it is usually just one run-down police cruiser with one police officer inside. Sometimes a train may have 90–100 people (migrants) on it,” he added.
Although copper theft and human smuggling are significant issues, the primary factor responsible for the decline of Greek railway is the severe budget cuts that have been implemented on OSE since 2010 as part of wider austerity policies. As a result, OSE gradually became underfunded and understaffed. It is telling that OSE went from employing around 6.000 people in 2010 to less than 1.000 people in 2021. This has led to many stations being left unmanned, while OSE employees sometimes have to work long hours, which makes them more prone to mistakes. Furthermore, the lack of funds means that damaged equipment and infrastructure cannot be easily repaired or replaced.
To make matters worse, the political clientelism that has plagued the Greek public sector for decades has also been present in OSE, with inexperienced individuals being given important positions within the organization simply because of their political ties. According to several reports in the Greek press, the station master charged with causing the Tempi tragedy was a political appointee of the ruling New Democracy party. He had been given the job in 2022 after a few months of training, despite being 60 years old and lacking prior experience.
Moreover, OSE seems to be afflicted by a culture of silence. Every OSE employee we tried to contact refused to talk, with some of them implying their upper-ups had forbidden them to speak publicly. A couple of weeks after the accident, this culture became evident during the visit of the ex-deputy minister of transportation, Michalis Papadopoulos, to the Larisa station. Papadopoulos, while addressing the press, made some inaccurate remarks regarding the station’s control board. When a station master stepped in and corrected the deputy minister, making him visibly uncomfortable, a high-ranking OSE director intervened, tapped the station master on the shoulder and coldly told him, “End it.” The station master complied and stopped talking at once.
A few days after the disaster, Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis referred to it as a “sacrifice” that would help the state to prevent similar disasters in the future. However, if someone roamed the streets during the almost daily large demonstrations in the weeks following the Tempi catastrophe, the word that he would see mostly written on placards and banners was “murder.” This shows that a sizable part of society did not attribute the accident to the convenient explanation of human error but considered the Greek state responsible for the dreadful condition of the country’s infrastructure, including its railway system.
Following the catastrophe, the Mitsotakis government, which managed to secure reelection in June with an impressive 41% of the vote, increased the OSE’s annual funding from 45 million euros to 75 million euros and accelerated construction work, with the goal of having ETCS and signaling installed on the majority of the Athens-Thessaloniki line by November 2023.
Nevertheless, the disintegration of the Greek state’s capacity after 13 years of austerity makes it impossible to close one gap without opening another. In early September, catastrophic floods in Central Greece washed away the new constructions and destroyed a large part of the old railway infrastructure, once again highlighting the authorities’ lack of preparedness.
As a result, the work now has to start from scratch. “It will probably take us many months to return the railway to the point it was 15 days ago [before the floods],” admitted the newly appointed Infrastructure and Transport Minister, Christos Staikouras, in a recent interview. “The work [on the railway] will have been completed by 2026,” he concluded, attempting to reassure the citizens. However, a lot of them will probably be skeptical of the minister’s reassurances
Nurturing Sino-EU Ties through Multilateralism
Considering the fact that relations between China and the EU are shifting, they will continue since China’s position as a crucial economic powerhouse for the EU cannot be understated, especially as the EU confronts a real and technical economic downturn. In the Eurozone, countries such as the Czech Republic, Lithuania, and Germany are experiencing a deceleration in economic growth, which requires immediate consideration. The primary reason for this is the industry-related crisis caused by the collapse of export operations on both domestic and global markets due to a lack of purchasing power.
If this mild downturn becomes a full-blown crisis, the economies of both the European Union and the United States could stagnate. Because of these challenges, the European Union (EU) must strike a fine balance between resolving the current crisis and accommodating U.S. demands. The recent summit of European Union leaders holds great importance as the EU determined its policy towards China. The EU’s economic prospects are highly dependent on developing strong ties with China.
When combined with China’s growing consumer market and massive expenditures in infrastructure, the European Union’s economy has a once-in-a-generation chance to rebound and thrive. The European Union (EU) stands to gain from closer economic connections with China due to the opportunities it presents for increased collaboration, broader trade, and the infusion of much-needed Chinese investment into the EU’s flagging industrial sectors.
Recognizing this undeniable potential, the EU must priorities capitalizing on the benefits of its partnership with China, whilst likewise making sure that the relationship remains mutually beneficial and sustainable. The path towards achieving such equilibrium, however, is fraught with obstacles, mainly due to external pressures from the United States. Notably, the United States has imposed tariffs and trade restrictions on a number of European products, creating financial challenges for European companies. These actions are frequently used as pressure to influence Europe’s approach to China.
The EU is in a precarious position, compelled to navigate an environment where financial goals, geopolitical issues, and common values intersect. Maintaining a delicate equilibrium is essential. The pressure exerted by the United States highlights the necessity for Europe to assert its own interests and independence in international affairs. It is essential that the EU devise an independent and principled strategy that protects its own interests while approaching China with a productive discussion.
European Council President Charles Michel’s recent statement that it is in the EU’s best interest to maintain “stable and constructive” ties with China has, in a sense, confirmed the continuation of EU-China relations. In a latest commentary, Josep Borrell, the EU’s high representative for foreign affairs, pointed to how the EU could modify its policy towards China. However, he advocated for “vigorous engagement” between the EU and Beijing.
Under the weight of US pressure, maintaining a delicate balance in EU-China relations requires careful handling. European leaders will have the opportunity to define the EU’s position on China at the upcoming EU summit, ushering in a future of balanced, constructive, and mutually beneficial engagement. It is essential that European leaders seize this opportunity and set a course that protects their economic interests and fundamental values. In this manner, the EU can promote stability, resilience, and sustainable growth in the face of changing global dynamics.
At this critical juncture, leaders must engage in exhaustive dialogues that incorporate the many facets of the EU’s relationship with China. The promotion of human rights should be coupled with economic considerations. Considerations such as trade disparities, rights to intellectual property protection, and the development of equitable market practices must be addressed in an open discussion. This strategy will ensure an equitable playing field for EU and Chinese businesses, fostering an environment conducive to healthy competition and long-term economic growth.
The foundation of Sino-EU relations should base on mutual interest and respect, multilateralism, and economic exchanges, and they should be exempt from illicit US interference and pressures. By navigating these complexities and forging a path that safeguards economic interests and fundamental values, the EU can promote stability, resilience, and sustainable growth in the face of changing global dynamics.
China-Germany Win-Win Cooperation
The China-Germany cooperation exemplifies the transformative potential of collaboration based on mutual regard, shared objectives, and complementary strengths. This exceptional partnership has spawned a domino effect that extends beyond bilateral relations, inspiring other nations to pursue similarly mutually beneficial partnerships.
As the world becomes more interconnected, countries can learn from the China-Germany model of cooperation, which fosters economic development, technological advancement, environmental stewardship, and cultural exchange. By adhering to the principles of win-win cooperation, nations can construct a more prosperous, sustainable, and harmonious global community.
China and Germany’s dynamic and mutually beneficial cooperation is a shining example of win-win collaboration on the global stage. Both nations have nurtured strong economic and diplomatic ties over the years, resulting in enormous advances and benefits for their respective societies.
Strong and coordinated global action is needed immediately to combat climate change and advance sustainable development. There is still a lot to be done, but China and Germany have already shown their dedication to environmentally friendly and low-carbon development. By aligning their strategies and exchanging best practices, they can expedite the transition to a low-carbon, sustainable economy.
China’s pledge to peak carbon emissions before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality before 2060 shows its commitment to a deep low-carbon transformation of its economy and society. Through the International Climate Initiative (IKI) administered by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, the German Federal Government supports Sino-German climate change cooperation.
Collaboration in areas such as energy efficiency, renewable energy, the circular economy, and sustainable transportation can lead the way for a greener future, mitigating the effects of climate change and nurturing ecological equilibrium.
China and Germany have established a strong economic partnership that has benefited both countries significantly. Germany’s main commercial partner is China, and vice versa, and this strong bilateral commerce has led to significant economic growth and employment creation. This collaboration has given German businesses access to the sizable Chinese market.
Notably, the exchange of products, services, and knowledge between the two nations has fostered innovation, productivity, and economic resiliency, thereby laying the groundwork for long-term cooperation. This commitment to cooperation has yielded an array of beneficial effects, strengthening the conviction that win-win partnerships can drive progress and prosperity in an interdependent world.
The dynamic economic partnership that has grown between the two nations is one of the pillars of China-Germany cooperation. Germany, known for its scientific prowess, inventiveness, and precision engineering, found a favourable market in China, with its enormous customer base and rapidly expanding economy.
On the other hand, China’s manufacturing expertise and devotion to infrastructure development have presented German businesses with incredible possibilities to expand their operations and enter new markets. Entrepreneurs from both nations could keep pursuing openness, inclusiveness, and win-win cooperation, as well as keep the stability of industrial and supply chains with high-level practical cooperation. This symbiotic relationship has allowed both nations to capitalize on their respective strengths, resulting in economic expansion and job creation for both countries.
China and Germany have also established cooperation in the fields of innovation and research, recognizing that advancements in these fields are crucial agents of economic and societal progress. Through joint research initiatives, academic exchanges, and institution-to-institution collaboration, both nations have been able to pool their intellectual resources, foster innovation, and address global challenges. This cooperation has not only led to revolutionary scientific discoveries, but it has also set the groundwork for future innovations in technology that will benefit all of humanity.
China and Germany have fostered cultural exchange and people-to-people diplomacy in addition to their economic and technological cooperation. By encouraging education exchanges, cultural events, and intercultural dialogue, both countries have built bridges of appreciation, understanding, and friendship. Not only do these interactions enrich the lives of individuals, but they also strengthen the bilateral relationship as a whole. They facilitate dialogue, eliminate preconceived notions, and set the groundwork for mutually beneficial relationships and respect.
By expanding on these accomplishments and upholding a spirit of mutual respect and shared objectives, the China-Germany partnership can continue to advance progress and inspire global collaboration.
The China-Germany model of win-win cooperation provides valuable lessons for nations seeking to forge prosperous partnerships. It emphasizes the significance of mutual respect, trust, and open communication as the foundations for productive collaboration. It also emphasizes the importance of recognizing and capitalizing on balance in strengths and resources, which allows nations to maximize the positive effects of cooperation.
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Dieting is all the rage nowadays, and your pup is no exception! While dogs can eat anything and everything, it may be important to understand what your pup should and shouldn’t eat, and what their food should or shouldn’t have. Some popular food diets you may have heard are grain-free diets, which cut out a lot of grains from your pup’s diet.
Some people say “Go grain-free” while others say, “No don’t do it!” With these conflicting opinions, it can be hard to understand what grain-free actually means in terms of health for your dog. There are even different definitions of “grain-free”!
The best way to understand what each diet does is to do your own research, as well as complying to your pup’s needs, along with your vet’s advice! And just like any other diet, there are several pros and cons you should be aware of before feeding your pup a grain-free diet.
One of the biggest reasons dog owners choose to go grain free is that their dogs are allergic to grain. Some symptoms of grain allergies take the form of scratching, hives, and even vomiting up meals. If you suspect your pup may have a grain allergy, consult a vet immediately and put them on a rice soup diet! Slowly figure out what your pup can and can’t have, and reintroduce a new brand of food to your pup.
Grain allergies can also be the cause of several minor digestive issues, such as smelly farts, constipation, diarrhea, and even extra gas. If you find that your pup’s stool isn’t up to par, their diet may be the reason!
Meat And Vegetables: Raw Food Diet
Another reason many owners like switching over to a grain-free diet is that their pup will now be eating meats and vegetables! Due to many dry foods having grains, owners decide to either switch to cans or even prepping their own meals! This switch actually is more appetizing for your pup, as they can now smell their food and thus enjoy their food.
Not only that, removing grains allows you to focus on the nutritional value of their food, rather than stuff your pup’s tummy full of fillers or carbs. While some grains may be good, not all are used to benefit your pup’s health. Raw food diets are able to help you watch what your dog eats, and help balanced meats and vegetables, so they are able to eat healthy rather than just filling their tummies.
One of the major reasons your pup’s food has grain in them is because ancient grains actually help your pup’s digestive system! Wheats like barley and quinoa are actually known to help provide your pup with digestive bacteria they need in their gut. However, many dog food brands don’t have these important wheats. Always check the back label to know what your pup needs!
Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM)
One of the biggest concerns dog owners have is Canine Dilated Cardiomyopath (DCM), which is basically the enlargement of your heart. Enlarged hearts can cause several problems, including affecting the lungs as well as heart failure. When grain is removed from your pup’s diet, it may be replaced with fillers such as meat that can cause your dog’s heart to be enlarged. Check with your vet to make sure a grain-free diet is necessary for your pup, and what to do to avoid DCM.
Dry Food Fillers
When dry dog food brands go free, rather than increasing healthy vegetable content or protein content, they often find fillers such as corn instead. Not only does this actually decrease the amount of real food your pup gets, it can also reduce the amount of nutrients your pup gets, as they may become less hungry due to fillers. The filler content also increases the chances of your pup gaining DCM, which is why pet owners tend to avoid dry grain-free diets, as it causes different problems.
Peas and Lentils
While peas and lentils are great grain substitutes for humans, they’re not so great for dogs. Peas and lentils are another filler replacement for grain, and it can cause DCM for dogs. Legumes are not something you should be feeding your pups, because while they can digest it, they aren’t getting the nutrients humans get from these beans and potatoes.
In other words, you should always do your own research before you decide what to feed your dog! While grain-free diets might seem scary, it depends on what kind of grain-free you’re looking for. Generally speaking, grain-free dry foods may not be the best for your pups, but going grain-free by switching your dog to a raw diet can do wonders for your pet! When in doubt, contact your vet, as they are able to provide the best nutritional needs for your pup.
What are the Best Grain Free Dog Food Brands?
We’ve compiled a list of the most highly recommended (by vets and pet owners alike) grain free kibble for your small dogs here. Chock full of healthy natural ingredients that avoid the heavy carbohydrates of grain, but instead emphasizes the dense nutrients of sweet potatoes, pumpkin, and other vegetables and root crops. Check it out.

domain: pet