How do you center align text in AutoCAD?
Select two or more objects to align and press Enter. Sets the alignment orientation. This value is stored in the TEXTALIGNMODE system variable. Select the text object to which others should align.
How do I align two lines in AutoCAD?
To Align two Objects in 2D
- Click Home tab Modify panel Align. Find.
- Select the objects that you want to align.
- Specify a source point and then the corresponding destination point. To rotate the object, specify a second source point followed by a second destination point.
- Press Enter to end the command.
How do I center two points in AutoCAD?
To Define the Midpoint Between Two Points (AutoCAD Mechanical…
- Draw two lines as shown in the previous illustration.
- Click Home tab Draw panel Circle drop-down Center, Radius. …
- At the Command prompt, enter AMPSNAPCEN.
- Select the first point (1) and the second point (2).
Which Textalign setting allows you to set up evenly aligned text to defined spacing in a drawing?
The Text Align (TEXTALIGN) command does more than just align text vertically or horizontally. Which TEXTALIGN setting allows you to set up evenly aligned text to a defined spacing in a drawing? Q44.
How do you justify text in CAD?
Representing the simplest type of text in AutoCAD, all single-line text properties are managed as part of the overall object. You can change the justification of single-line text by selecting it within the drawing, and then use the Properties palette to adjust the Justification property.
What is AutoCAD shortcut keys?
Below, you’ll find an abbreviated list of commands that can be used in AutoCAD.
|Ctrl+Shift+V||Paste data as block|
|Ctrl+Z||Undo last action|
|Ctrl+Y||Redo last action|
|Ctrl+[||Cancel current command (or ctrl+)|
How does align work AutoCAD?
Aligns objects with other objects in 2D and 3D. Note: In AutoCAD LT, this command is available only from the command line. Either one, two, or three pairs of source points and definition points can be specified to move, rotate, or tilt the selected objects, aligning them with points on another object.
How do you find the center of something in AutoCAD?
To Center Linework or Objects
- Select the linework, object or block to center.
- Click Home tab Modify panel Align drop-down Center.
- Select an existing edge as an axis, and then specify two points between which to center the object on that axis; or press Enter, and specify any two points between which to center the object.
How do you center a viewport in AutoCAD layout?
To align model space and paper space points
- Type alignspace in the command bar, then press Enter. …
- Click inside a layout viewport, then pick a point. …
- Right click or press Enter. …
- Pick a point in the layout. …
- Click inside the viewport you want to align.
- Right click or press Enter to confirm.
How do you set center points in AutoCAD?
2 Draw a line in the middle of the drawing area. 3 On the ribbon, click Home tab ➤ Draw panel ➤ Circle drop-down ➤ Center, Radius. 4 Press and while holding down Shift, right-click in the drawing area and select Midpoint from the Object Snap menu. This specifies the center point for the circle.


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Local woman Shelle McGahan has been singing and writing music since she was a child. But it wasn’t until she received a gift from her husband of a songwriting course, that her extraordinary talents were discovered by an award-winning music producer.
Shelle was encouraged to reach out to Grammy award-winning music producer Eliot Kennedy who has worked with the Spice Girls, Mary J. Blige, Donny Osmond, Lulu, Gary Barlow, Delta Goodrem and The Wanted.
In fact, it was Eliot Kennedy who famously wrote the nineties hit song Say You’ll Be There in just an hour for the Spice Girls – netting him more than £1million. He also co-wrote and produced several other number one hits in the nineties such as Celine Dion’s Let’s Talk About Love, When You’re Gone with Bryan Adams and S Club 7’s Bring It All Back. Shelle said:
“I couldn’t believe it!
“I knew how much of a legend Eliot was and sent him a few of my songs never in a million years thinking I’d hear back but he did… he got back to me and invited me to the studio. I had to pinch myself!”
Within days Shelle was with Eliot and his team of musicians in his studio laying down her tracks and soaking up the experience. Shelle is also keeping it local by working with Redditch’s Elliot Vaughan – a music producer who is a rising star himself in the music world.
Shelle is now performing across the county and you can catch her performing with the Peaky Brummies, a father and son duo at Alcester War Memorial Town Hall this Friday (25th March) at 7.15pm.
Photo credit: The Peaky Brummies
Where? Alcester War Memorial Town Hall, Henley Street, Alcester B49 5QX
When? Friday 25 Mar 2022, 7.15pm
Shelle told the Standard:
“I will be performing a sample of songs from my forthcoming studio album ‘snakes and ladders.’
“This album is all about the process the journey I’m on, the ups and downs the yes the no’s, how it affects you, what you have to know and learn about the industry. BBC radio 2 play and how hard it is to get it and how I need not to be complacent that I got it so early on. It’s going to be an album like no other.
“I’m having a documentary team doing a fly on the wall diary to run alongside the album. I’m working with Eliot Kennedy on the album and it’s a process in its self, it’s like therapy. Writing songs about life is so rewarding and can make the dullest days seem like Spring.”

domain: artistic


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Here’s Your First Look At The New Sabrina Spellman
Fans of the highly successful teen drama Riverdale would be all over the fact that the Chilling Adventures of Sabrina is already in the works and will be released through Netflix.
With Kiernan Skipka being confirmed for the role of Sabrina Spellman and Ross Lynch being confirmed as Harvey Kinkle, fans were blessed with their first glimpse of the couple through writer Roberto Aguirre Sacassa’s Twitter.
Brace yourself, the picture is adorable!
Fans of Archie Comics have been happy with the television adaptation of Riverdale and it’s not surprising that the creators are quick to push another comic to the small screen.
The show has already signed on two seasons and has confirmed Lucy Davis as Hilda Spellman, Miranda Otto as Zelda Spellman, Chance Perdomo as Sabrina’s cousin Ambrose Spellman, Michelle Gomez as Mary Wardell (a teacher who becomes possessed at some point), and Jaz Sinclair as Sabrina’s friend Rosalind.

domain: news


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- Research article
- Open Access
Characterization of temperature and light effects on the defense response phenotypes associated with the maize Rp1-D21autoactive resistance gene
BMC Plant Biology volume 13, Article number: 106 (2013)
Rp1 is a complex locus of maize, which carries a set of genes controlling race-specific resistance to the common rust fungus, Puccinia sorghi. The resistance response includes the “Hypersensitive response” (HR), a rapid response triggered by a pathogen recognition event that includes localized cell death at the point of pathogen penetration and the induction of pathogenesis associated genes. The Rp1-D21gene is an autoactive allelic variant at the Rp1 locus, causing spontaneous activation of the HR response, in the absence of pathogenesis. Previously we have shown that the severity of the phenotype conferred by Rp1-D21 is highly dependent on genetic background.
In this study we show that the phenotype conferred by Rp1-D21 is highly dependent on temperature, with lower temperatures favoring the expression of the HR lesion phenotype. This temperature effect was observed in all the 14 genetic backgrounds tested. Significant interactions between the temperature effects and genetic background were observed. When plants were grown at temperatures above 30°C, the spontaneous HR phenotype conferred by Rp1-D21 was entirely suppressed. Furthermore, this phenotype could be restored or suppressed by alternately reducing and increasing the temperature appropriately. Light was also required for the expression of this phenotype. By examining the expression of genes associated with the defense response we showed that, at temperatures above 30°C, the Rp1-D21 phenotype was suppressed at both the phenotypic and molecular level.
We have shown that the lesion phenotype conferred by maize autoactive resistance gene Rp1-D21 is temperature sensitive in a reversible manner, that the temperature-sensitivity phenotype interacts with genetic background and that the phenotype is light sensitive. This is the first detailed demonstration of this phenomenon in monocots and also the first demonstration of the interaction of this effect with genetic background. The use of temperature shifts to induce a massive and synchronous HR in plants carrying the Rp1-D21 genes will be valuable in identifying components of the defense response pathway.
The Rp1 locus of maize carries variable numbers of tandemly-repeated genes belonging to the nucleotide binding site, leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) class of major disease resistance genes (also known as R-genes; ) that confer race-specific resistance to the common rust fungus, Puccinia sorghi. The resistance response conferred by these genes is generally activated by a race-specific direct or indirect recognition of pathogen-derived molecules . It includes the “hypersensitive response” (HR) which is a rapid localized cell death at the point of pathogen penetration, the induction of pathogenesis associated genes and a variety of other responses .
The Rp1 locus is complex; the well characterized HRp1-D haplotype is composed of nine tandemly-repeated Rp1 paralogs  while the Rp1 haplotype of the B73 line carries four Rp1-homologous sequences  and more than 50 Rp1-homologous sequences have been identified in other lines . This complexity results in the locus being meiotically unstable [7, 8], with a high frequency of unequal crossover events . Intragenic recombination events resulting in the generation of chimeric genes derived from two different Rp1 paralogs have been observed several times. In some cases these lead to the generation of novel resistance specificities . In other cases it has led to the creation of dominant mutant genes that confer a “spontaneous necrotic” or “lesion” phenotype [10–13].
Rp1-D21 is one such gene . It confers a spontaneous lesion phenotype with lesions forming in apparently random locations without the requirement for the presence of a pathogen. Previously we showed that the Rp1-D21 phenotype is influenced by genetic background; in some backgrounds it is very severe, killing the plant during the juvenile phase. In others it is suppressed to the extent that the mutant plants can set seed in a more-or-less normal fashion [3, 14, 15].
The signal transduction pathway leading to the HR response and the mechanism by which the plant is able to restrict the HR to cells in the immediate area surrounding an infection is poorly understood in plants. We are using a series of genetic crosses with diverse lines and with members of segregating populations to identify loci and genes that interact with Rp1-D21 either to suppress or enhance its expression. The expectation is that many of these loci are also important in the regulation of the ‘normal’ HR induced by wild type R-genes in response to pathogen detection [3, 14, 15]. This approach, in which a mutant conferring an extreme phenotype in a trait of interest is used to uncover previously inaccessible genotype-dependent variation has been termed Mutant-Assisted Gene Identification and Characterization (MAGIC) [16, 17].
Temperature has long been known to play a role in the modulation of plant defense responses in dicots , including the HR [19–22]. In some cases it appears that the temperature-sensitive component of the defense response resides in the NB-LRR genes themselves . Light sensitivity of resistance responses, including HR, is likewise a well known phenomenon [24, 25]. In the course of our studies we noted that phenotypic expression of Rp1-D21 seemed to be affected by temperature. This effect had been briefly noted previously . In light of our ongoing work on the genetic dissection of HR using Rp1-D21 in a MAGIC approach, and especially because these experiments were taking place in multiple locations under varying environmental conditions, it was important to characterize this temperature-dependent effect further and to ascertain whether there was an interaction with genotype. We show here that while temperature effects on the Rp1-D21 phenotype were observed in all 14 genetic backgrounds tested, the temperature effects were significantly affected by genotype. The phenotype could be completely suppressed in a reversible way by manipulating temperature or light levels.
Results and discussion
Rp1-D21-associated lesion phenotypes are temperature dependent
The Rp1-D21-H95 line has the background of the common maize inbred H95 into which the Rp1-D21 allele has been introgressed. It is 97% genetically identical to H95 . Rp1-D21-H95 plants are heterozygous for the Rp1-D21 mutant allele and therefore the F1 progeny of any cross between Rp1-D21-H95 and another line segregate in a 1:1 ratio for F1 progeny carrying an Rp1-D21 gene (i.e. mutant F1 progeny) and F1 progeny carrying the wild-type (i.e. non-autoactive) H95 allele at the Rp1 locus (i.e. wild type F1 progeny). Importantly the wild type and mutant F1 progeny were almost entirely isogenic outside the Rp1 locus .
The Rp1-D21-H95 line and crosses between the Rp1-D21-H95 line and 13 diverse lines were used for this study (Table 1). All of these lines are among the 26 parents of the maize nested association mapping (NAM) population . Importantly for these purposes, these lines represent a diversity of phenotypic effects on the Rp1-D21 phenotype. Table 2 is adapted from Chintamanai et al.  and shows the response of these crosses in the field in two environments, Clayton NC and West Lafayette IN, that we observed in our previous study. Included in this experiment are crosses in which the Rp1-D21 phenotype is substantially suppressed (B97 × Rp1-D21-H95, Mo18W × Rp1-D21-H95, Oh7B × Rp1-D21-H95) and several in which it is substantially enhanced (Tx303 × Rp1-D21-H95, M37W x Rp1-D21-H95, M162W × Rp1-D21-H95 ) as well as several crosses with intermediate phenotypes.
These F1 crosses, together with the Rp1-D21-H95 line were grown in the greenhouse at three different temperature regimes: 22/18°C, 26/22°C, and 30/26°C higher/ lower for 12 hours each. For simplicity, these regimes are referred to here as, respectively, LowGH, MidGH, and HiGH (see Methods). Two traits associated with the severity of the Rp1-D21 phenotype were scored on all the plants, mean lesion score (LES), and mean mutant to wild type height ratio (HTR). LES is simply a score of the lesion severity (Additional file 1: Figure S1) while HTR determines how much the growth of the plant has been inhibited by the expression of Rp1-D21 with respect to a near-isogenic sibling lacking the Rp1-D21 gene. The mean LES and HTR scores for all crosses at each temperature are summarized in Table 1. The plants grown at the highest temperatures, 30/26°C, had the most suppressed Rp1-D21 phenotypes (lowest LES score, highest HTR) in every case regardless of genotype. However, the ranking of these two traits at 18/22°C and 22/26°C depended on the genetic background although in general the phenotype was most extreme at the lower temperature (Figure 1). The results observed in this study are largely consistent with our previous work  with the Tx303 × Rp1-D21-H95, M37W × Rp1-D21-H95, M162W × Rp1-D21-H95 F1 crosses showing the most severe phenotypes and the B97 × Rp1-D21-H95, Mo18w × Rp1-D21-H95, Oh7B × Rp1-D21-H95 F1 crosses among the most suppressed.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the most significant sources of variation for both LES and HTR were environment (meaning the two different occasions on which the experiment was performed in 2009 and 2010), temperature and genotype. There were also highly significant (p ≤ 0.001) interactions between genotype and environment, and genotype and temperature for both traits (Table 3).
Since LES and HTR measure aspects of the same phenotype, it was not surprising that they were highly correlated. Combined data from Fall 2009 and Fall 2010 showed strong negative phenotypic correlation between LES and HTR (Pearson correlation coefficient = -0.77, p < 0.001). At each temperature range the correlation was strong (Pearson correlation coefficient =-0.79, -0.78, and -0.44 at 18/22°C, 22/26°C, and 26/30°C, respectively). The correlation showed a trend of weakening association between LES and HTR as temperature increased. This was probably because higher temperature suppressed the phenotypic expression of the Rp1-D21 phenotype.
The effect of temperature reduction on the Rp1-D21-associated lesion phenotype
To investigate the effect of changing the external temperature on the expression of the Rp1-D21 phenotype, we moved some Tx303 × Rp1-D21-H95 mutant plants from the HiGH to the LowGH. Within 48 hours a dramatic phenotypic change was noticed; leaves which had displayed sparse small lesions developed much more numerous and larger lesions within 48 hours of the transfer to lower temperatures (Figure 2A). Genetically identical plants that remained in HiGH conditions did not display this dramatic change (data not shown).
We subsequently conducted an experiment in which eight F1 seed from each of four families from the crosses of Rp1-D21-H95 to M37W, Tx303, M162W and B97, which represent a diversity of Rp1-D21supressive and enhancing backgrounds, were planted in growth chambers at 30/34°C (12 hours/12 hours)- i.e. 4°C higher than the HiGH. After three weeks growth at 30/34°C (~four leaf stage) no lesions were visible on any of the plants and it was impossible to discern wild type from mutant segregants. In one growth chamber the temperature was then dropped to 18/22°C. After 48 hours, half the plants (i.e. presumably the plants carrying the Rp1-D21 gene) from the M37W, Tx303, M162W F1 families developed copious lesions (an example is shown in Figure 2B). The plants from the B97 F1 family took longer to develop lesions but after seven days some lesions were visible on about half of the plants from this family too. In the growth chamber which had remained at 30/34°C all the plants still were indistinguishable from wild type and no lesions were visible on any leaves.
The HR-phenotype associated with Rp1-D21can be activated/inactivated reversibly using temperature shifts
At the four-week time point and using the same plants that had been shifted from 30/34°C to 18/22°C, the location at which the emerging leaves joined the main stem was marked on the mutant plants and the temperature of the growth chamber was increased from 18/22°C back to 30/34°C. After seven days, all the newly-emerged leaves and the newly-emerged portions of the leaves that had been partially emerged at four weeks showed no, or in just a few cases, a very few lesions (Figure 2C, D).
In a separate experiment (Additional file 2: Figure S2) we grew at least 3 mutant F1 plants from each of 13 different genotypes for four weeks at 22 /18°C and then shifted to 34/30°C. At this point the 5th leaves were partially emerged from the whorl. In every case a clear transition from a lesioned to a non-lesioned phenotype was apparent on the 5th leaf (Additional file 2: Figure S2).
This result implied two things: Firstly that the Rp1-D21 lesion phenotype could be turned off, then on, then off again simply by increasing the temperature above about 30°C and decreasing it to about 20°C by turns. In other words the activation/inactivation of the HR phenotype was reversible. Secondly, since no lesions were visible on portions of the plant that emerged immediately after the temperature was increased to 30/34°C, it implied that the Rp1-D21-associated lesions did not form before leaf emergence from the whorl but that something associated with leaf emergence, perhaps exposure to light, was required for the lesion phenotype.
An objectively measurable quantitative assay for Rp1-D21temperature-sensitive phenotype
To examine the detailed kinetics of Rp1-D21 lesion development following transfer to lower temperatures, four different genotypic combinations were selected: F1 progenies of Rp1-D21-H95 crossed to A632, B73, Mo17 and Tx303. The phenotype underlying Rp1-D21 is highly suppressed in a hybrid combination of H95 with A632, but highly enhanced in a hybrid combination with Tx303 while F1 hybrids of Rp1-D21-H95 with B73 and Mo17 exhibit intermediate phenotypes (Table 2).
None of the mutants F1s developed Rp1-D21-associated lesions in any genetic background when grown at 30°C. Eight days after planting, the temperature was lowered to 26°C at which point HR lesions started to become apparent. The speed at which the HR lesions started manifesting was dependent on genotype of the host (Figure 3). The genetic backgrounds that had previously been associated with a more severe Rp1-D21 phenotype (Table 2), Rp1-D21-H95 × Tx303 and Rp1-D21-H95 × Mo17, displayed lesions within two and three days respectively. Of the backgrounds associated with more suppressed phenotypes, B73 took seven days for half the plants to display lesions while lesions had not formed on Rp1-D21-H95 × A632 mutants at 26°C plants nine days after the temperature shift. These results demonstrate how the temperature-dependent phenotype of Rp1-D21 can be converted to an objectively measurable quantitative trait. Loci responsible for mediating this temperature sensitivity could therefore by mapped using an approach similar to that which enabled us to map loci associated with Rp1-D21-mediated lesion severity in the field [3, 14].
Light requirement for Rp1-D21lesion manifestation
Since it appeared that lesions formed only after emergence from the whorl (see above), we wanted to determine whether exposure to light was important for lesion formation. In a separate experiment, eight seedlings of Tx303 × Rp1-D21-H95 and Rp1-D21-H95 were grown in 34/30°C, with 12 h light/12 h dark for 10 days. The middle sections of the 4th leaves were wrapped in aluminum foil to avoid exposure to light and the temperature was changed to 22/18°C. As before, lesions appeared within two or three days on the mutant segregants. After four days the foil was removed. The tissue that had been covered by the foil had virtually no lesions but after two further days at the lower temperature (with continued exposure to light) lesions started developing in these regions also (Figure 4). This experiment was repeated a second time with essentially similar results.
It should be noted that wrapping a portion of the leaf in aluminum foil as well as blocking out light, may have the effect of locally increasing the humidity and possibly also the temperature of the wrapped part of the leaf. So, conceivably, altered temperature and humidity might underlie the failure to form lesions. However, we have observed in other experiments that Rp1-D21 plants grown in bottles at ~100% humidity display characteristic lesions (data not shown). Therefore it seems that both light and a permissive temperature are required for Rp1-D21-associated lesions to form.
Temperature sensitivity of the defense response associated with Rp1-D21
Apart from the obvious lesion formation phenotype, we have shown previously that Rp1-D21 expression is associated with other characteristics of the classical HR response including the generation of H2O2 and superoxide as well as the induction of expression of defense-related genes such as PR1, PR5, PRms and WIP1. In order to determine whether the Rp1-D21 phenotype could also be suppressed at the molecular (as opposed to the phenotypic) level at elevated temperatures, the following experiment was performed: Twelve seeds from a Tx303 × Rp1-D21-H95 F1 family were germinated and grown in a growth chamber for three weeks at 30°C. At this point all 12 plants appeared as wild type and leaf samples were taken from all of them. The temperature was then reduced to 18°C and within 48 hours, as expected, lesions were visible on the entire area of six of the plants, these were the segregants carrying the Rp1-D21 gene while the plants without lesions were their wild type, near-isogenic, siblings. Leaf samples from two wild type and three mutant plants were taken at the four week time-point (i.e. a week after reducing the temperature). Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis was performed on RNA extracted from the leaves of these five plants sampled at both the three- and four-week timepoints (i.e. before and after the temperature drop). The results indicated that, after three weeks of continuous growth at 30°C, PR1 and PRms were not detectably expressed while WIP1 was expressed at relatively low levels in both wild type and mutant segregants. After a week at 18°C, all three of these genes were highly induced relative to their levels at 30°C in mutant but not in wild type plants (Figure 5). This therefore indicates that the defense response (at least as reflected by defense-related gene expression of these specific genes) associated with Rp1-D21 lesion phenotype is affected by temperature in the same way as the visible HR response.
While this is, to our knowledge the first detailed demonstration of this phenomenon in monocots, examples of temperature sensitive plant disease resistance genes have been long been known, with high temperatures often suppressing function . The tobacco N gene, which confers resistance to TMV and the Arabidopsis RPW8 gene, which confers resistance to powdery mildew are, like Rp1-D21, not effective above 30°C [27, 28]. Recently the temperature responses of two NB-LRR genes, the N gene and the Arabidopsis SNC1 gene, another NB-LRR gene associated with the defense response , were investigated. It was shown that the temperature sensitivity of the defense response they mediated was likely resided in the NB-LRR gene products themselves and not in some component of the downstream signal transduction pathway. Our work here further suggests that while the NBS-LRR gene product may be the primary cause of temperature-sensitivity the interaction of other loci and alleles can modulate this effect. Alcázar and Parker  reviewed the interaction of temperature and immune responsiveness in Arabidopsis (the system in which most of this work has been done). They suggest that temperature sensitivity might be a characteristic associated with the molecular assembly of which the NB-LRR gene is a part, but which also includes other proteins such as HSP90. They also suggest that, given the prevalence of this type of relationship, temperature sensitivity may have evolved as an adaptive strategy to ‘tune’ the defense response to the local environmental conditions to balance the advantages of a robust defense response (disease resistance) with the disadvantages such as reduced growth and reproductive potential [29, 30].
The basal defense response in Arabidopsis has been shown to be regulated in a circadian manner . The expression levels of several genes important for resistance to Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis and for basal resistance were shown to peak around dawn, the time of peak spore dissemination. In this way, it was hypothesized, the plant was able to synchronize its maximal defense responsiveness to the period of maximal need. Of course dawn is also the coldest period of the day and so perhaps the temperature sensitivity of NB-LRR resistance complexes is another way of fine tuning this system. Similarly, light dependence of the HR mediated by other R-genes has been observed [24, 32]. In some cases, this may reflect a relationship between HR, photosynthesis and the oxidative balance in the cell [33, 34].
We have been using Rp1-D21 as a reporter for the HR in order to map loci important for controlling natural variation in the maize defense response [3, 14, 15]. This work is being performed largely in field experiments in North Carolina and Indiana. The results reported here suggest that environmental temperature will be an important factor in determining how severe the Rp1-D21 phenotype is in the field and, more importantly, that different temperatures may differentially affect different genotypes. This is not necessarily surprising. Genotype by environment interactions are observed in the vast majority of quantitative trait mapping studies, emphasizing the need for conducting studies over multiple environments.
We have demonstrated here that:
The Rp1-D21 associated lesion phenotype is temperature-sensitive at both a morphological and a molecular level.
Rp1-D21 temperature-sensitivity is observed in all genetic backgrounds studied, including backgrounds that both strongly enhance and strongly suppress the phenotype.
However, there is a significant interaction between temperature and genotype. In other words, the response of the Rp1-D21 phenotype to changes in temperature is, in part, dependent on genetic background.
The effect of genotype on temperature sensitivity can be objectively quantified by examining the kinetics of lesion formation after temperature change.
The Rp1-D21 phenotype can be suppressed at temperatures above 30°C in all genetic backgrounds studied at both the gross phenotypic and the molecular level.
The Rp1-D21 phenotype can be suppressed and activated in a reversible manner by altering the external temperature.
Light exposure is also required for the Rp1-D21 lesion phenotype.
As noted above, temperature effects on the R-gene mediated defense response may be a general phenomenon in plants [18, 23, 35]. However this is the first time that the interaction of this effect with genetic background has been demonstrated. This implies that other genetic factors other than the R-gene itself are responsible for mediating the effect of temperature. Using the Rp1-D21 system and the MAGIC [14, 16, 17] technique we will now be able to examine the loci and genes underlying this response. Furthermore, the precise ability to turn the defense response on and off in a massive and synchronous way provides new resources with which to characterize the molecular and physiological events associated the maize defense response.
The Rp1-D21-H95 line was generated as described previously . Briefly, the Rp1-D21 variant was crossed to the maize inbred line H95, and subsequently backcrossed to the H95 parent four times, while selecting for the HR phenotype indicated by the spontaneous formation of cell death lesions. Since Rp1-D21 homozygotes in the H95 background are often unable to set seed, this stock is maintained in heterozygous condition by repeatedly crossing it as a male to the H95 inbred. A previous study showed that the Rp1-D21-H95 line is 97% identical genetically to H95 with 121.5 Mbp of the genome heterozygous for the recurrent and donor parent alleles out of a total genome size of 2045 Mbp . The Rp1-D21- B73 line was produced in the same way as Rp1-D21-H95, just substituting B73 for H95.
The Rp1-D21-H95 line was crossed to 13 diverse lines. All of these lines and B73 are among the 26 parents of the maize Nested Association Mapping population . F1 progenies segregated 1:1 mutant:wild type. Apart from the segregation of the Rp1-D21 gene, these progenies were essentially isogenic.
Plants were grown in the phytotron greenhouse facility at North Carolina State University with fixed temperatures of 22/18°C, 26/22°C, and 30/26°C higher/ lower for 12 hours each, respectively. For simplicity these greenhouses (GH) were referred to as LowGH, MidGH, and HiGH, respectively. In each year the experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with two replicates per year per temperature condition. Within each replicate three wild type and three mutant plants were measured per genotype in 2009 and two plants per genotype in 2010. Each replicate was arranged as a randomized complete block. The experiment was performed in fall 2009 and fall 2010. No artificial lighting was used.
In each GH seeds were planted on a plastic germination tray. As soon as it was possible to distinguish wild types from mutant counterparts, seedlings were transplanted to a six inch pot with standard soil mix. Throughout the study period seedlings were watered two times a day on regular basis. Changes in growth and lesion development were photographed and documented.
For all the growth chamber experiments light level were maintained at approximately 325 micromoles/m/s using cool white fluorescent lights. Growth chamber experiments were performed to determine whether constant temperatures above 30°C could abrogate the expression of Rp1-D21 entirely and to determine whether the phenotype was reversible. Four F1 families: Tx303 × Rp1-D21-H95, M162W × Rp1-D21-H95, and M37W × Rp1-D21-H95, B97 × Rp1-D21-H95 were used for this experiment. In the first three of these F1 families, the Rp1-D21 phenotype is relatively enhanced; in the last it is relatively suppressed. The Rp1-D21-H95 and Rp1-D21-B73 lines were also included as standard checks for comparison. Eight plants were grown for each of the crosses in two growth chambers. Both growth chambers were initially calibrated at low temperature of 30°C and high temperature of 34°C. Illumation was fixed at 12 h dark and 12 h light and seedlings were regularly watered twice a day. In one growth chamber, after three weeks (corresponding to the four leaf stage), the temperature was changed to a low temperature of 18°C and high temperature of 22°C. After four weeks the temperature in this growth chamber was shifted back to 30/34°C. Temperature shifts took about 20 minutes to complete in every case. Light duration remained unchanged.
For the experiment to measure the kinetics of Rp1-D21-associated lesion formation, F1 crosses of Rp1-D21-H95 crossed to A632, B73, Mo17 and Tx303 were used. Twenty plants from each of the four F1 families cross were grown in pots (2 plants per pot) in a growth chamber under a daily photoperiod of 12 h. Initially the temperature of the growth chamber was maintained at a constant temperature of 30°C, but after 8-days of growth (V2 stage) the temperature was dropped to 26°C. Plants expressing HR lesions were counted twice every day for the next 9 days.
Phenotypic data collection
Plants were evaluated for a lesion severity phenotype on a 0–10 scale with 0 being no symptoms and 10 being dead. Wild type to mutant height ratio was also measured. This was simply the average height of the mutant plants divided by the average height of the wild type plants [3, 14]. Lesion severity was scored twice in both fall 2009 and fall 2010.
ANOVA was performed using SAS version 9.2 (SAS Institute, 2002–2008). SAS Version 9.2 PROC CORR (SAS Institute, 2002–2008) was used to estimate the Pearson correlation coefficients. Heritability estimates were calculated using PROC MIXED procedure of SAS, as described previously .
Total RNA was extracted from maize leaf tissue using Trizol (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA) according to manufacturer’s instructions. RNA concentration, quality and integrity were monitored by the NanoDrop and agarose gel electrophoresis. For cDNA synthesis, 1μg of total RNA was reverse transcribed using M-MLV (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA) following standard protocols. Briefly, total RNA was mixed with 1μl of Oligo (dT)20 primers (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA), heat denatured at 65°C for 5 min and chilled on ice for 2 min. To each reaction 4 μl of 5× First Strand buffer, 2 μl of 0.1 M DTT, and 1μl RNaseOUT (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA) was added. The reaction was incubated at 37°C for 2 min and then 1 μl of M-MLV was added, to a final volume of 20 μl. cDNA synthesis was performed at 37°C for 2 hours, followed by a 15 min incubation at 75°C for enzyme inactivation. The cDNA reaction was then diluted 5× using water.
The cDNAs were used for semi- quantitative measurements of gene expression using PCR. Primers PR1-F (5′-AGGCTCGCGTGCCTCCTAGCTCTGG-3′) and PR1-R (5′-GGAGTCGCGCCACACCACCTGCGTG-3′), PRms-F (5′-ACCTGGAGCACGAAGCTGCAG-3′) and PRms-R (5′-GCAGCCGATGCTTGTAGTGGC-3′), WIP1-F (5′-TGCTGATCCTGTGCCTCCAG-3′) and WIP1-R (5′-CTCTCTGATCTAGCACTTGGGG-3′) were utilized to amplify the maize defense genes PR1, PRms and WIP1, respectively . The maize genes EF1α and GAPDH2 were used as reference and amplified using primers EF1a-F1 (5’- ATCTGAAGCGTGGGTATGTG-3’) and EF1a-R1 (5’- GCATAGCCATTGCCAATCTG-3’) and GAPDH2-F2 (5’- GACTTCCTTGGTGACAGCAGG-3’) and GAPDH2-R2 (5’- CTGTAGCCCCACTCGTTGTC-3’), respectively. The EF1a and GAPDH2 primers were from Hachez et al.  and slightly modified as needed to minimize dimer formation. Amplification conditions consisted of 32 cycles of 94° for 30 sec, 57° for 30 sec, and 72° for 30 sec, using 250 uM of each primer and 1–4 uL of the 5× diluted cDNA reaction. All primers were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Amplification products were analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Genomic DNA contamination was monitored by the size of the amplification product for the GAPDH gene using B73 genomic DNA as positive control for the PCR.
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This work was funded by USDA-ARS, Purdue University and an NSF Grant # 0822495. We thank Janet Shurtleff, Carol Saravitz and the staff of the NCSU phytotron for making this work possible.
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
AN, GJ, PBK planned the project. AN, GFW performed experiments examining the interactions between genetic background and temperature. LB planned and performed the RT-PCR experiments. CMK planned and performed the experiments for the objective quantification of the background effect on temperature. GFW, VC planned and performed the experiments on the effect of light. AN, PBK analyzed the data. AN, PBK wrote the manuscript. AN, GJ, PBK, GFW edited the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Adisu Negeri, Guan-Feng Wang contributed equally to this work.
Electronic supplementary material
Additional file 1: Figure S1: The scoring scale used for visual scoring of the lesions. Leaves scored from 1–8 are shown. An entirely dead leaf would score a “10” whereas a “9” would be a leaf with just a few patches, about 5%, of living tissue. (PPTX 2 MB)
Additional file 2: Figure S2: Plants in 13 different backgrounds were grown for four weeks at 22/18°C, 12 hr light/dark and then shifted to 34/30°C 12 hr light/dark. At this point at which the 5th leaves were partially emerged from the whorl. Pictures were taken from 5th leaves five days after temperature shift. In every case the genotype of the plant is an F1 cross between the line indicated and Rp1-D21-H95. The red line indicates the point up to which the 5th leaf had emerged at the time of the temperature shift. While only one plant is pictured for each background, at least 3 mutant F1 plants were observed in each background and the results were essentially similar in each case. (PPTX 458 KB)
Authors’ original submitted files for images
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Cite this article
Negeri, A., Wang, GF., Benavente, L. et al. Characterization of temperature and light effects on the defense response phenotypes associated with the maize Rp1-D21autoactive resistance gene. BMC Plant Biol 13, 106 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2229-13-106
- Hypersensitive response
- Disease resistance
- Temperature sensitive
- Light dependent
- Autoactive R gene

domain: agronomy


text:
The NFL's preseason experiment with longer extra points is over. The move to a 33-yard extra point changed a totally useless play to one that was slightly less useless.
There were only five extra points missed all of last season in 1,321 attempts. Eight were missed in 33 preseason games this year. Hooray?
While the change was an improvement, we still believe it was a half measure. 99.6 percent of extra points were made last season. 94.3 percent of extra points were made this preseason. We still don't see much of a point in any play that is successful more than 90 percent of the time.
Bill Belichick has alternatively proposed to abolish extra points entirely or move the extra points back to the 25-yard line, creating a 43-yard extra point. The league originally debated moving the extra point to the 20-yard line, creating a 38-yard extra point.
All of the measures above are superior to the 33-yard extra point. It's a shame that none of them will be introduced to the league this season, and we'll continue to waste time with the most boring play in sports.

domain: sports


15-year-old Seow Wei Sheng needs to undergo his third heart repair surgery, and the RM90,000 surgical fee he needs has successfully been raised. Special thanks to all well-wishers for the donations to enable him to undergo the surgery. The hospital is currently scheduling the date for surgery.
Wei Sheng from South Seberang Prai in Penang was diagnosed with DiGeorge syndrome, a severe genetic disorder that cause problems with the immune system after he was born. He also suffers from congenital heart disease. Although his life was never easy, but his parents never gave up on him. They hope that he could grow up healthily and stay away from danger.
He survived the two surgeries, and now, he needs the blessings and prayers from everyone for him to undergo the third surgery.


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A popular French singer, Pauline Viardot had an extraordinary vocal range: she could sing soprano and contralto roles. Berlioz portrayed Pauline Viardot as 'the greatest artist of both past and present'. Enjoying her unique singing career, Viardot, at the same time, wrote 4 operettas, great deal of vocal and instrumental music. Schumann and Saint-Saëns dedicated many of their works to Viardot.
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domain: library


text:
Wednesday, July 20, 2016
Gourgeous Lakewood weather today, heatwave over the weekend
Today we get a break from the heat with temps in the low 80's but more so a very low humidity making it a enjoyable day to be outdoors. For the weekend thats a different story as forecasters predict a excessive heatwave temps will again soar into the 90s to near 100 degrees or above this weekend through Monday. On Sunday Shiva Asar B'Tamuz (Nidcha) the fast day, temps will be in the low 90's with high humidity.


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domain: finance


text:
Saturday 3 November, 2018 - Saturday 3 November, 2018
3:00 pm - 6:00 pm
Suitable for: All levels / Adults
Join us for an exciting collaboration between Real Talk and Creative Flow as we explore our expressive selves! We will create a safe space to play with our creative processes.
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Expect mandala making, free writing, meditation, space to learn about storytelling techniques and time for story boarding.
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HOW MUCH: £30 (which includes all painting materials)


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Another trivia behind the Florida story
- This is my biggest role yet in TCoH history, as the story focuses on my severed friendship with Fiki due to the presence of Anas. Anas forces me to be his dude when Fiki says I am his only dude in the world.
- Also, this story features the major role of my classmate, Kirana Srihapsari Bimoputri (a.k.a. Kirana). Kirana is like, beautiful with a cute voice, long wavy black hair, and tan skin. She debuted in the Georgia story and always wears purple clothes (even her jacket is purple). She can sing, her hobby is playing games, and her Pokefruit is Gaming Grape (a Ghost-type grape with earphones).
- Starting from next week’s Maine story, Kirana will join the group frequently.
Complete list of Pokefruit in TCoH
- Fina: Annoying Orange (Fire) –> Mega AnnoyingOrange (Fire/Flying)
- Tasya: Pear (Water) –> Mega Pear (Water/Dragon)
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- Dzaky: Grapefruit (Electric) –> Mega Grapefruit (Electric/Dragon)
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- Kirana: Gaming Grape (Ghost) –> Mega GamingGrape (Ghost/Dark)
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- Sahda: Sugarcube (Fairy) –> Mega Sugarcube (Fairy/Steel)
- Bryan: Blood Orange (Electric) –> Mega BloodOrange (Electric/Ghost)

domain: entertainment


text:
Galapagos VacationsGalapagos Odyssey Yacht Vacations offer nature avid travellers the opportunity to experience close encounters with the unique wildlife of the Galapagos Islands.
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domain: geography


WASHINGTON — China is displaying a model hypersonic rail gun on one of its naval vessels, a public display that could mean Beijing has finalized development of one of the 21st century weapons sought by the U.S., Russia, Iran and others.
As shown in photos on social media, a Chinese warship the Haiyan Shan appears to be carrying a hypersonic rail gun mounted on its bow. Analysts told TMN on Thursday that it is unlikely Beijing would permit such photos to be posted unless it intended to send a message.
The same analysts cautioned that posting photos of a rail gun hardware does not mean the weapon works.
Pentagon officials confirmed Thursday that they were aware of the photos, as well as China’s announced policy to develop a rail gun. They could not offer further comment on national security grounds, they said.
Initial reports of the mounted rail gun were by Task and Purpose.
A rail gun is a launcher that uses high-powered magnets and electromagnetic fields to fire a projectile traveling 4,800 miles an hour at distances of up to 100 miles, according to published data.
It has two anchored parallel metal rails connected to an electric power supply. A projectile that can conduct electricity is placed between the rails, completing the circuit and creating a magnetic field. The projectile is thus akin to a charged wire in an electric field as part of the Lorentz force, according to published data.
The challenges to build and use a rail gun include finding enough electricity to power the gun, as well as offsetting the high velocity of the armature and the heat that could damage the surface of the rails, according to published data.
Existing guns ignite gunpowder or some other powder charge to trigger an explosion to send a projectile down a tube. That requires storing and charges, which can explode and sink a ship or destroy an outpost.
Current guns also have a more limited velocity and range.
Beijing had announced in March 2018 that it made progress on a rail gun, according to news reports then.
The Navy has been trying to develop a rail gun for more than a decade. The Pentagon tasked defense contractors BAE Systems and General Atomics in 2005 with creating a working rail gun for the Navy by 2020.
In early 2018, the Army announced it would seek one as well, according to a report in the Army Times.
Pentagon officials previously said the Defense Department has spent about $710.5 million on the rail gun program. The Army received $20 million for its program in the 2019 defense bill while the Navy also received $20 million.


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by Linda Straker
- Vulnerable and or marginalised homeowners are currently using pit latrines will receive grants to construct bathrooms and toilets
- Ministry plans to install 10,000 toilets and bathrooms throughout the island
- Grenada committed to achieving Goal 6 which focuses on clean water and sanitation
Government through the Ministry of Social Development and Housing will be embarking on a project that will result in thousands of vulnerable and or marginalised homeowners who are currently using pit latrines, receiving grants to construct bathrooms and toilets with potable water.
Delma Thomas, Minister for Social Development and Housing said that funding for the project will be through the additional EC$5 million that is allocated to her ministry in the 2020 budget which is currently being debated in the house after it was presented by Finance Minister Dr Keith Mitchell on Wednesday, 20 November 2019.
“Inside bathroom and toilet is a basic human right. Recently, we are seeing a significant shift from pit latrines to toilet and bathroom. It is a health hazard and we must get rid of health hazards in our communities,” she said, deliberating on the programmes of her ministry as part of the budget debate.
She indicated that there will be challenges to implementing the projects for some homeowners because there will be issues with land ownership for erecting these concrete structures because not everyone will own the land where the homes are located.
The plan is to install 10,000 toilets and bathrooms throughout the island.
Grenada as a signatory to the Sustainable Development Goals is committed to achieving Goal 6 which focuses on clean water and sanitation. That goal requires states to provide access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all, and an end to open defecation, with special attention paid to the needs of women and girls, and those in vulnerable situations.
The sale of latrine units will be among licensing fees that government will be taking measures to repeal in 2020.
19 November is observed globally as World Toilet Day. The theme this year was “Leaving no one behind.” The theme was very relevant to the task of tackling the global sanitation crisis and in helping to achieve Goal 6 of the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals of ensuring “sanitation for all by the year 2030.”

domain: sociology


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PUNA, BIG ISLAND (HawaiiNewsNow) - A Puna woman was arrested after she was found driving a stolen truck, Big Island police said.
Police arrested 23-year-old Ashley Grammer in Ainaloa on Monday after finding her in the Toyota Tacoma pickup truck that was reported stolen from a parking lot on Old Volcano Road on Aug. 25, according to officers.
Grammer was also arrested for contempt of court.
Upon obtaining a search warrant, detectives then found a substance resembling crystal methamphetamine in the truck.
Grammer was charged with unauthorized control of a propelled vehicle and possessing an imitation substance. Her bail was set at $2,500.
Her initial court appearance on these charges is scheduled for Wednesday.

domain: law


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Stir Barley Grass directly into water, or, while you’re getting used to its earthy flavour, blend it into your favourite smoothie. A little each day will improve the diversity of nutrients in your diet, providing positive whole-body effects and improving well-being.
Barley green boost: includes a bevy of essential amino and fatty acids, antioxidants, vitamins and flavonoids, plus natural proteins, dietary fibre, and key enzymes. The result is one of the most nutritionally-dense superfoods brought to market with benefits for both your body and mind.
Certified organic: Barley grass is only as good as the soil in which it is grown. That’s why we go to great lengths to ensure that it is grown to USDA organic standards with no interference from genetically-modified organisms. Unlike barley grass juice powder organic products, ours does not undergo any additional processes beyond crushing it into a fine, uniform powder and packaging it for shipment to your door.
Two full months of a superfood: We bring you 75 servings of our USDA-certified organic barley grass powder in each pouch. That’s significantly more servings than you’ll receive with typical barley grass juice powder on the market today, which translates to greater nutritional value in each package.
Grown and packaged in the USA: our organic barley daily greens come to you straight from fields here in America with no additives or fillers. Simply add a scoop to your smoothie or glass of water to experience the wide variety of benefits offered by this amazing full-spectrum superfood.
The pure co promise: Try a full pouch of our organic barley grass powder. Discover now what some of the earliest-grown, best-regarded sweetgrasses can do for your energy levels, immune system, heart health, gut health, muscles, skin, bones and more; click add to cart today!

domain: food


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PROJECT: Family Adventure Album
Monday's are craft days around here in the summer. Today we've been scrapbooking up a storm. One of the projects I hope to complete this summer is a giant paper scrapbook documenting our families travels over the past 6 years. It's kinda my homage to scrapbooks of yesteryear, that were cut and paste style without the plastic covering. I'm really loving the simplicity of this project. Kia has been busy making page after page for her own album, I think she's on page number 6 with no signs of stopping.

domain: hobby


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The Colt AR6951 AR-15 Carbine in 9mm features a 16.1-inch barrel, black anodized finish, flat top upper receiver, Rogers 4-position telescoping Super-Stock, front adjustable post sight, rear adjustable sight, bird cage flash hider, front barrel lug, ejection port cover, cartridge case deflector, removable carry handle, an overall length of 31.5 inches, an unloaded weight of 6.35 lbs, and a 32+1 round capacity


Xiaomi has launched Book S 12.4, the company’s first 2-in-1 laptop along with Mi Smart Band 7 in Europe. The 12.35 inch touch screen has been given by the company in the laptop. This tablet of Xiaomi comes with Windows 11.
Apart from this, the company laptop has a Qualcomm Snapdragon 8cx Gen 2 processor and a 13-megapixel camera at the back. Let’s know about the price and features of this laptop.
Xiaomi Book S 12.4 laptop with 12.35-inch WQHD+ display
Xiaomi Book S 12.4 laptop has a 12.35-inch WQHD + (2560 x 1600 pixels) LCD touch screen from the company. The refresh rate of the display is 60Hz and the peak brightness is 500 nits. The screen has an aspect ratio of 16:10 and 100% DCI-P3 color gamut.
For security, the display has the protection of Corning Gorilla 3. Aluminum magnesium alloy has been used to make the body of the laptop and it weighs 720 grams.
Use of snapdragon 8cx gen 2 chipset in laptop
The Snapdragon 8cx Gen 2 chipset is used in the Xiaomi Book S 12.4 laptop, which is paired with 8GB of RAM and 256GB of internal storage. It works on Windows 11 in laptop .
For connectivity, the laptop has USB Type-C port, 3.5mm headphone jack. Apart from this, Wi-Fi, microSD card and Bluetooth 5.1 support are also available. The laptop has two microphones and two speakers.
Laptop has 13 megapixel rear camera
Xiaomi company’s first 2-in-1 laptop Book S 12.4 has a 13-megapixel camera at the back. Apart from this, a five-megapixel camera has been given in the front of the laptop for selfie and video calls.
Along with the laptop, the company is also selling a keyboard cover separately. This keyboard comes with 1.3mm travel and touchpad, which has been priced at 150 Euro (approximately Rs 12,300).
Know the price of Xiaomi Book S 12.4 Laptop
Xiaomi Book S 12.4 laptop has been launched at a price of 700 Euro (about Rs 57,500). You can pre-order this tablet till June 30.
According to the company, during the first two days, you will be able to buy the laptop for 600 euros (about Rs 57,500), in which the company is also giving a 65W GaN charger for free.
The laptop is available on the company’s website in several other European markets, including Spain, Germany and the Netherlands.
Xiaomi’s first laptop was launched in July 2016 under the name Mi Notebook Air. It was launched in two models. The first one with 12.5 inch display, which cost around Rs 35,300. The second one with 13.3 inch display was around Rs 51,400.


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Camp Ganga Riviera Rishikesh – Situated on the banks of the mighty Ganga, getting to the camp is in itself an experience. In an effort to maintain the grandeur of an isolated beach and jungle camp, it is situated away from the nearest road head on the Rishikesh-Badrinath highway.
One has to walk for approximately 2km (30 mins), crossing a quaint jhoola pul (suspended bridge) and the age old pilgrim’s path to Badrinath to reach the camp.The camp, along with the property attached, would be the largest on the river including 2 beaches, a perennial green field & a waterfall close by.
Accommodation is on twin sharing basis in comfortably large tents with independent toilets and separate hot and cold showers.The kitchen serves 3 meals a day, buffet style & the buffet may be either Indian, Chinese, Continental or local Pahari food.
With its peaceful setting and serene ambiance, the camp is also ideal for meditation and yoga sessions, for both, the expert practitioners as well as for the inspiring beginners. Sessions can be organized on request in collaboration with specialists from Rishikesh.
Camp Ganga Riviera Rishikesh – Packages:
– Accommodation in tents on twin/triple sharing

domain: travel


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Located just next to kayak and kanue centre where also world cup is taking place (Tacen), just 5 km form Golf court Diners, running, walking paths and cycling tours are all around Dvor Tacen. In winter time there is just 20km to the neaest ski slopes Krvavec.
7 luxury rooms from 22m2 to 32m2 are waiting for your. Downstairs, in the house with history and tradition is coffee shop, meeting room and nice terrace in summer months just next to river Sava.
Cancellation policy: 48h advance notice
Late cancellation or noshow – one night charge
Payment upon arrival by cash or credit cards
Check in from 14.00
Check out before 11.00
Taxes not included - tourist tax EUR1.01 per person per night to be paid locally
Take buses nr 01, 01B, 1S, 08, 15 to Tacenski Most. Pot Sodarjev is at the crossroads.


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Black Friday Holiday Savings in Palm Springs
The Palm Springs Vagabond Inn is coming at you with 10% off your hotel booking this holiday season. The deal will go up from November 19th until December 3rd. During this time guests will be able to book a stay up until December 31st. The holidays are already expensive, so take this opportunity to save money while still getting the full experience. See the offer here!
Where to shop on Black Friday
Only 30 minutes away from the Vagabond Inn at Palm Springs is The Desert Hill Premium Outlet Mall. This year it opens on Thanksgiving all the way through the night until the end of the day on Black Friday. Getting incredible deals on already discounted, brand name goods? Sign me up! Some of the stores at the outlets include ALDO, 7 for All Mankind, American Eagle, Balenciaga, Billabong, Calvin Klein, Express, Gucci, GAP, Lulu Lemon, Nike, Polo, Steve Madden, Vans, and many more. The options here are unlike any other. Don't miss your chance to get your holiday shopping done for your whole family right in one location.
What's Happening Locally
The Desert Hill Premium Outlets are obviously a great spot to get holiday shopping done for family and friends, but if you want some closer options to the Vagabond Inn, I have some stores for you. Palm Springs is an awesome area for boutique shopping which allows you to find unique options that aren't at national chains. A few choices that are around the area are Bazar, Hoof & The Horn, Lush Couture, Oooh La La, Wil Stiles, Elizabeth and Price, plus plenty more. Palm Springs has options for everyone, and staying at the Vagabond Inn puts you in the ideal location.


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Kefir, a fermented dairy drink, has grown prevalent in recent years due to its multiple health advantages. By fermenting milk with kefir grains, you may make this probiotic drink with a distinctively rich and tangy flavour. But what makes Kefir unique? Why are people fond of incorporating it into their diet?
The distinct and unique taste of kefir is noticeable, especially if you are new to consuming it. This is because of how it was made using kefir grains and coconut water or milk. By doing the fermentation process, you can either make water kefir or milk kefir, depending on your base liquid.
Water kefir, which is often produced with coconut water, may be distinguished by its softer flavour. On the contrary, milk kefir is thick since it is prepared from dairy milk.
If Kefir piqued your interest, then read this article as we explore the wonders of Kefir. Together, let’s unravel the secrets of Kefir to know how it can benefit us in the long run.
The Incredible Health Benefits of Including Kefir in Your Diet
Kefir is a dairy product that has undergone fermentation and is an excellent boost to your diet because of its many health advantages. The following are just a few of the many health benefits of kefir consumption:
- Immune System Boost: Kefir may assist in boosting immune function by supporting a healthy mix of helpful microorganisms.
- Aid in Digestion: Kefir’s probiotics may help in the digestion of meals and the absorption of nutrients, thereby lowering symptoms of digestive problems.
- Gut Health Support: Probiotics, beneficial microorganisms that support a balanced population of good bacteria in the stomach, are abundant in kefir.
- Reduced Inflammation: Chemicals found in kefir may help reduce inflammation in the body, enhancing overall health and well-being.
- Source of Minerals: By consuming Kefir, you have added nutrients that will help maintain strong and healthy bones. It is also beneficial in promoting bone mineralisation and calcium absorption.
- Weight Management: Studies showed that incorporating kefir to your diet will improve hunger control and insulin sensitivity. With this, you are less likely to eat, which will help you reduce fat.
- Lactose Digestion: People that are lactose intolerant can never worry in consuming kefir because the lactose content in the milk is broken down during the process. You might select water kefir.
- Mood and Mental Health: Kefir’s probiotics may help to maintain a healthy balance of intestinal flora, which might have a favourable influence on mental and mood health.
Delicious Ways to Enjoy Kefir
Kefir, a probiotic-rich fermented milk drink, is healthful and versatile in culinary creations. The following are just several ideas for incorporating kefir into your meals besides drinking it on its own.
- To begin with, one standard breakfast option is to include milk kefir in overnight oats. Make a creamy and fulfilling breakfast that could be made ahead of time by mixing rolled oats, kefir, and the toppings you want, like nuts or fruits.
- Kefir may be a great addition to smoothies for people who appreciate them. Combined with your favourite vegetables and fruits, Kefir yields a delicious and nutrient-dense beverage.
- Try creating kefir pancakes when you are looking for something more decadent for breakfast or brunch. You may make fluffy pancakes with a faint tanginess by replacing some liquid components in your pancake batter recipe with kefir.
Which One Should You Choose Between Yoghourt and Kefir for Better Health?
When deciding between yoghurt and kefir, each has its health advantages. Understanding the distinctions between the two helps you make an educated selection.
Yoghurt and kefir are fermented dairy products; however, they vary in terms of the bacteria strains utilised throughout fermentation and the quality of the end product. Milk is fermented using kefir grains, which are packed with bacteria and yeast.
Regarding nutrition, you can definitely enjoy the nutrients brought by yoghurt and kefir, which are both types of fermented foods Australia. On the other hand, Kefir has a greater variety of helpful bacteria than yoghurt because of the yeast present in kefir grains.
Due to the inclusion of minerals like folate and vitamin K2, kefir has been found to provide health advantages above and above those of conventional yoghurt. These elements are essential for the development of new cells and strong bones.
It is important to note that if you have a sensitive stomach, then you should opt for yoghurt instead of kefir because it is more acceptable for the stomach.
Kefir, a fermented dairy beverage, offers numerous health benefits and a delicious taste that everyone should consider incorporating into their daily routine. Embracing kefir’s health benefits and deliciousness can significantly contribute to overall well-being. By combining this nutritious beverage into your diet today, you can enjoy improved gut health and increased nutrient intake and indulge in its delightful taste. So why wait? Start reaping the rewards of kefir today!

domain: biology


The latest Orwellian doublespeak to come out of the Trump Administration was spoken by Donald Trump's favorite minion Kellyanne Conway on Sunday's Meet the Press.
While discussing press secretary Sean Spicer's bizarre first briefing from the White House during which he lied at least four times, according to PolitiFact, about the number of people who attended the Trump inauguration and accused the media of distorting the true attendance numbers.
Host Chuck Todd was flabbergasted by Spicer's remarks and practically stupefied when Conway justified his statements by saying he was merely providing "alternative facts" to the media.
"Why did he do that? It undermines the credibility of the entire White House press office on day one," Chuck Todd asked Conway.
"Don't be so overly dramatic about it, Chuck... You're saying it's a falsehood... Sean Spicer, our press secretary, gave alternative facts to that," Conway fired back.
"Wait a minute," an incredulous Chuck Todd interrupted, laughing, "Alternative facts!?... Four of the facts he uttered are just not true. Alternative facts are not facts!"
But, of course, Kellyanne Conway doesn't care about facts. Instead, she changed the subject to Barack Obama's policies because that's what Kellyanne does best. When she knows she's beat, she pivots to a completely different topic and paints herself and the Trump administration as the helpless victim of the gotcha media's biased coverage.
It's going to be a long four years.


From Wikipedia: A suppressor, sound suppressor, or silencer, is a device attached to or part of the barrel of a firearm which reduces the amount of noise, and the amount of visible muzzle flash, generated by firing the weapon.
An essay on the anatomy of firearms was clearly not the intention of my post. Obviously it was to voice my opinion concerning another tragic crime in our community. My original opinion contained no facts to be misrepresented.
However; I now have a new opinion that you have anger issues arising from your inability to legally procure a "suppressor".
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From Our Editors
Whether you are dining in or ordering takeout, Little Caesars Pizza's pizza in Harlingen is always served hot and fresh. Cautious diners will appreciate the low-fat and gluten-free fare at Little Caesars Pizza.
At Little Caesars Pizza, drivers will appreciate the ample parking options in the area.
Appease your inner-foodie without spending a fortune when you swing by Little Caesars Pizza for one of many flavorful (and inexpensive) dishes. So stop fantasizing about ordering pizza and call the team at Little Caesars Pizza to make that amazing pie a reality.


The Steelers will chat with another CB – this time it’s Texas corner Curtis Brown, who also will talk with half the league according to the National Football Post.
University of Texas cornerback Curtis Brown is in heavy demand with several upcoming visits and workouts, according to a league source with knowledge of the situation. That includes the New England Patriots, Baltimore Ravens, New Orleans Saints, Chicago Bears, Pittsburgh Steelers, Tampa Bay Buccaneers and the Cleveland Browns.
Brown ran the 40-yard dash in 4.51 seconds at the NFL scouting combine and registed a 10-8 broad jump and a 38-inch vertical leap. He’s regarded as a good fit for man or zone coverage schemes. He was named second-team all-conference last season, recording 26 tackles, one for a loss, an interception and six pass deflections.
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There are more styles of barbecue than any of us can possibly count — we see you, Central Texas, with your glorious salt and pepper rub and oak-y, pecan-y wood-smoked barbecue. You too, bulgogi. Tandoori chicken. We see you all.
Yet, here we are, getting introduced to yet another type of barbecue that we had never encountered before: Yanbian-style. Yanbian lies within Mainland China and is bordered by North Korea to the south, and is officially designated as a “Korean Autonomous Prefecture” because historically, it has been predominantly populated by ethnic Koreans. Over many years, the Korean culture and cuisine of Yanbian integrated elements of Chinese culture and cuisine, resulting in a distinctive blend of the two.
Here in Bangkok, Bad-B-Q opened in the Siam Square area last month, specializing in grilled skewers — mostly mutton, though other kinds of meat are also available — that are rubbed with an intensely flavorful spice blend driven by cumin and chili.
After choosing what goes on their skewer(s) — selecting from mutton, pork, chicken, seafood and vegetables (ranging from THB30 to THB65) — customers then place them on an automatic electric griller that rotates the skewers until they’re cooked through uniformly.
For those of you going with a group of fellow carnivores, then the Bad-B-Cube (THB350), a thick stack of meat formed by nine pork and beer skewers with Yanbian spices, could be a good bet. Omnivores, on the other hand, might prefer the Mix Award (THB499), which is packed with 17 skewers, 12 of which are assorted meat skewers, and the other 5 being vegetable combos.
For a single dish, the Badddddddd (THB450) comes with medium-rare mutton ribs that have been marinated with milk and Yanbian spices, served with mashed potato and homemade yogurt.
Bad-B-Q is open from 3pm until 9pm every day. It sits on Soi Siam Square 9 and is best reached from BTS Siam’s exit No. 4.
Bad-B-Q is at Soi Siam Square 9, Pathum Wan, Bangkok
Open 3pm – 9pm, daily
Phone: +6698 405 7577
Still hungry for more Coconuts Bangkok’s Food & Drink content? Read more…