|Publication number||US5146985 A|
|Application number||US 07/635,560|
|Publication date||Sep 15, 1992|
|Filing date||Jun 2, 1989|
|Priority date||Jun 3, 1988|
|Also published as||CA1341360C, EP0425521A1, EP0425521B1, WO1989012157A1|
|Publication number||07635560, 635560, PCT/1989/274, PCT/FR/1989/000274, PCT/FR/1989/00274, PCT/FR/89/000274, PCT/FR/89/00274, PCT/FR1989/000274, PCT/FR1989/00274, PCT/FR1989000274, PCT/FR198900274, PCT/FR89/000274, PCT/FR89/00274, PCT/FR89000274, PCT/FR8900274, US 5146985 A, US 5146985A, US-A-5146985, US5146985 A, US5146985A|
|Inventors||Bernard Alquie, Norbert Kohler, Marcel Wild|
|Original Assignee||Societe Nationale Elf Aquitaine|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (9), Referenced by (12), Classifications (12), Legal Events (4)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
The present invention relates to a liquid composition for the production of a gel and a process for placing such a gel in a well drilled in the ground for the temporary and selective isolation of the permeable zones in the subsoil crossed by wells. More particularly, the invention applies to oil wells.
It is often necessary to temporarily block or isolate the permeable formations of a well, so that other zones can be treated or stimulated, for example by fracturation or acidification, or when it is necessary to remove or modify well equippment. Similarly, in the course of drilling, it is current practice to carry out isolation of permeable zones, often causing considerable loss of drilling fluid.
Many methods and compositions have been suggested up to the present and are used to provisionally isolate a productive formation. For example, fibrous, flaky or granular plugging agents, cements or viscous gels have been used as plugging agents. The more recent use of aqueous gels, such as those containing crosslinked polysaccharides, dispersed in water in the granular state, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,227,212, constitute a great improvement with respect to previous methods. Nonetheless, certain operational difficulties in the use of these gels have been observed, in particular the instability of formulations following abrupt changes in pH values, lack of homogeneity of aqueous dispersions during the placing in wells and, especially, the difficulty in controlling gel setting time so that it swells to the exact size of the formation to be isolated.
Improvements have been sought through the use of hydrogel polymers such as polyacrylamide, cellulose ethers or polysaccharides in a mono- or polyalcohol. Crosslinking of the polymer on contact with water was obtained by the addition of an oxidation-reduction system, particularly sodium bichromate/sodium sulfite. This is the content of U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,881,552 and 3,964,923. The compositions suggested suffer from the instability of oxidizing agents in organic medium and difficulties in controlling the viscosity of the fluid used.
It follows that, despite the many efforts undertaken in this field, there is still a need for a practical composition for the satisfactory production in a well of a waterproof gel.
The present invention provides a suitable and economical solution to this problem. It allows the placing of the gel plug in the required position to be controlled. Contrary to compositions and gel placing according to the prior art, it is not necessary to carry out preliminary laboratory measurements concerning gel setting time as a function of temperature. Hydration of the polymer in solid form is delayed as long as the non aqueous fluid which supports it does not come into contact with water in amounts large enough to cause its gelling.
Another advantage of the technique according to the invention resides in the fact that the risk of filtration of gel constituents into the formation and the risk of irreversible damage to formation injectivity or productivity are reduced. This is particularly important when isolating a fissured or fractured zone, where the rapid setting technique according to the invention provides a solution which is only obtained with difficulty with conventional techniques.
Furthermore, with the technique of the invention, it is possible to considerably increase solid polymer concentration in the gel, and thus the mechanical resistance of the latter, without the pumping difficulties encountered with water-based fluids.
The composition according to the invention, consisting of a suspension or solution of a hydrophilic gel polymer in an organic liquid at least partially miscible with water, is characterized in that it contains a borate of an alkali metal or a complex salt of a polyvalent metallic cation in suspension as a bridging agent.
Contrary to previous practice, which uses aqueous compositions, the alkali borate does not dissolve or dissolves only very slightly in the alcoholic medium of the composition. It was unexpected to find that these salts react well as soon as the composition comes into contact with water. In fact, as described above, oxidation-reduction systems, and not borates, were used in the prior art technique with a non-aqueous liquid.
The bridging agents in the compositions according to the invention can be Na or K metaborates or tetraborates, anhydrous or hydrated, that is NaBO2, NaBO2.4H2 O, Na2 B4 O7, Na2 B4 O7.5H2 O, Na2 B4 O7.10H2 O. The latter compound, borax, is industrially very practical and it is with respect to this compound that proportions are given. These proportions range from 0.01 to 20% and, especially, from 0.05 to 5% of the weight of hydrophilic polysaccharide of the composition.
It is a good idea to thicken the mono- and/or polyalcohol used by the addition of a viscosifying agent in order to prevent any eventual sedimentation of the solid polymer.
In this way, a composition according to the invention includes a hydrophilic polysaccharide, in suspension or solution in a practically anhydrous organic liquid, but at least partially miscible with water. By hydrophilic, reference is made to a polymer soluble in water at concentrations likely to produce a gel. The organic liquid is considerably anhydrous, that is to say that, when it contains water, the amount of water should be sufficiently low, for example less than 10% in weight, to prevent excessive viscosification before placing the gel. Various additives promoting the formation, stability and, when the time comes, fracture of the gel are generally added to this suspension, in particular a pH-control agent and a gel fracture agent.
As the organic liquid must be at least partially miscible with water, this miscibility is, for example, at least 1 part per 100 parts water, preferably at least 10 parts per 100 parts water. Miscibility in all proportions is nonetheless preferred.
The following can be cited as examples of organic liquids used as support fluids for the polymers making up the gel and at least partially miscible with water: lower aliphatic monoalcohols, for example with 1 to 8 carbon atoms, more particularly methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, tertiobutyl alcohols, aliphatic dialcohols, for example with 2 to 10 carbon atoms, more particularly ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, diethylene glycol, aliphatic trialcohols, for example glycerine, and various C1 to C4 aliphatic ethers of ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol and triethylene glycol.
The following compounds can be cited as examples of hydrophilic polysaccharides, suspended in powder form in these organic liquids and which constitute the basic component of the final gel: polysaccharides of a natural origin, such as galactomannane gum, for example guar gum and the derivatives of its substitution, hydroxypropylguar, carboxymethylguar, tara, cassia and carob gums and the derivatives of their substitution, synthesis polysaccharides such as xanthane gum and scleroglucane, as well as their cellulose derivatives, such as hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl-hydroxyethyl cellulose, etc. Between 5 and 40 parts in polymer weight per 95 to 60 parts in weight, respectively, of organic liquid are preferably used.
The thickening agents of the carrier fluid can be used to prevent sedimentation of polymer powder. Additives specific to each kind of fluid are known to the man skilled in the art. Concerning the alcohols, which constitute the preferred organic fluids of the invention, hydroxypropylated or carboxymethylated derivatives of guar gum with a high degree of substitution are preferably used, as this confers on them at least partial solubility in these fluids. Thus, it is possible to use, in mixture with these alcohols, 5 to 40 parts in weight of hydroxypropyl guar having a degree of substitution in hydroxypropyl groups of less than 0.5, for example from 0.2 to 0.4, and 1 to 10 parts in weight of hydroxypropyl guar having a degree of substitution in hydroxypropyl groups of more than 0.5, for example from 0.5 to 0.7, the latter being used as an alcohol thickener.
Another method for alcohol thickening consists in adding 1 to 10 parts in weight of water concomitantly to the addition of hydroxypropyl guar, which leads to partial solubilisation of the latter and prevents its sedimentation. The exact amount of thickening agent depends on climatic conditions and the length of time for which the suspension is to be stocked, gel setting temperature and the nature of the other additives found in the composition.
pH-control agents are also added. They help delay hydrolysis of the polymer and increase the stability of the gel in time. pH values exceeding 7.5 and preferably ranging from 8 to 13 are obtained after mixing the composition with water, by adding hydroxides, carbonates, bicarbonates or phosphates of alkaline and/or alkali earth metals to the composition.
Gel fracture agents, such as enzymes, persulfates and peroxides are, in general, also added. They help ensure the destruction of the gel after use. Their concentration and field of use depend on downhole temperature in the well.
The process for placing the gel in the well zone to be isolated consists in supplying this zone, via two separate passages, with the composition according to the invention, on the one hand, and an aqueous fluid, particularly water, on the other hand. The two passages, which are not connected to each other except at their outlets, can be the interior and exterior (flow annulus), respectively, of a tubular body, for example a production pipe or drill pipe, placed in the well (see diagram). At the issue of the two separate passages, the composition becomes hydrated and rapidly forms a consistent gel.
Thus, for example, the considerably anhydrous fluid containing the principal constituents of the gel, is injected through the tubular body, possibly preceded or followed by a buffer liquid to prevent premature hydration of the base polymer on contact with any water possibly present in the tubular body. On the other hand, water is injected through the flow annulus at a flowrate adapted to the formation of the desired gel and such that at no time do the two fluids come into contact with each other when flowing through the well. At the base of the tubular body the two fluids (the non-aqueous fluid injected through the tubular body and the water injected through the flow annulus) come into contact with each other and with the base polymer, in solid form, first become hydrated on contact with water and then form a gel on contact with the crosslinking agent also carried by the non-aqueous fluid.
The attached drawing illustrates the operations according to the invention.
1 designates the wall of the well and 2 is the tubular body, situated concentrically in the well. 3 represents a joint placed at the upper end of the zone where the protecting gel according to the invention is to be formed. The gel is represented by the shaded area 4 in the drawing.
As explained above, the polymer dispersion, called "Pol" on the drawing, is introduced through the tubular body 2, whereas the water arrives in parallel through the flow annulus between the tubular body 2 and the well wall 1. Polymer and water mixing takes place at the outlet of tube 2, as illustrated by the three converging arrows on the diagram, to form the edges in zone 4.
Junctions 5, shown on both sides of zone 4, illustrate the way in which the gel 4 plugs any well leaks by penetrating into any fissures in the surrounding soil.
Aqueous gels thus formed in the wells can have a hydrophilic polymer concentration ranging, for example, from 10 to 250 kg per m3 of water, preferably from 20 to 150 kg/m3 of water, but which depends on the nature of the hydrophilic polymer and the effect aimed at.
The amount and flowrate of water to be supplied, for example through the flow annulus, to the gel formation zone is thus calculated as a proportion of the amount of hydrosoluble polymer in suspension or solution in the carrier liquid and the desired concentration of the gel to be obtained.
The technique for placing the gel according to the invention also allows the concentration of the gelling catalyst (borax for example), and thus the stability of the gel, to be greatly increased without indefinitely delaying gel setting, which is one of the main disadvantages of fluids of the known art. This is also true concerning the use of large amounts of basic agents, no longer necessary in the invention, required to delay the hydration of polymer in powder form in known fluids and which consequently leads to considerable delays in the setting time of this kind of gel. Nonetheless, and particularly for applications at high temperatures, it may be useful to incorporate large amounts of gelling catalyst and/or basic agent to increase the gel's stability in time. In this case, one of the preferred techniques for placing the gel according to the invention consists in sending two successive polymer plugs, in suspension in the organic fluid, through the tubular body and reacting them with water in the zone to be isolated. The first quick-setting plug contains no or very little catalyst and/or basic agent, whereas the second slower-setting plug contains the desired amounts of catalyst and/or basic agent.
Further advantages of the compositions and the process for placing them in conformity with the invention are illustrated in a non limiting manner by the following examples.
The setting times at 90° C. of the following five compositions are determined.
(1) Suspension according to the invention containing 140 g/l of hydroxyproypl guar (HPG), 1 g/l of borax and 2 g/l of sodium carbonate in propylene glycol, which is dispersed in an equal volume of water so as to form a gel containing 70 g/l of HPG, 0.5 g/l of borax and 1 g/l of sodium carbonate.
(2) Suspension according to the invention containing 140 g/l of hydroxypropyl guar, 10 g/l of borax and 2 g/l of sodium carbonate, dispersed in an equal volume of water so as to obtain a gel containing 70 g/l of HPG, 5 g/l of borax and 1 g/l of sodium carbonate,
(3) Suspension in water, according to the prior art, of 70 g/l of hydroxypropyl guar, 0.5 g/l of borax and 1 g/l of sodium carbonate (final pH=9.3).
(4) Suspension in water, according to the prior art, of 70 g/l of hydroxypropyl guar with 1 g/l of sodium carbonate. The final pH is adjusted to 12.1 with sodium hydroxide. This composition does not contain borax.
(5) Suspension in water, according to the prior art, of 70 g/l of hydroxypropyl guar. This composition contains neither borax nor basic agent and its final pH is 8.3.
The determination is carried out for each composition using a 500 cm3 sample which is heated in an oil bath to a temperature of 90° C. Setting time is the time the gel takes to a reach consistency whereby it no longer flows when the container is turned upside down.
The following table gives the results obtained for the various compositions studied.
TBLE 1______________________________________Measurement of setting time at 90° C. Composition 1 2 3 4 5______________________________________Setting time 1 mn 45 5 mn 15 60 mn 35 mn 40 mn______________________________________
It can be seen that compositions 1 and 2, corresponding to the subject of the invention, have much shorter setting times, despite the presence of large amounts of borax, than conventional compositions 3, 4 and 5.
The lifespans at 90° C. of the 5 compositions described in example 1 were determined as follows.
The gel is prepared in a steel cell (internal diameter of 57 mm, length 195 mm) containing a threaded pipe (diameter 7 mm, length 180 mm) weighing 55 g, placed vertically within the setting gel. A metallic cap seals the cell. The fluid gel is poured into this cell, leaving an empty space of 20 mm at the top. After the gel has set, a pressure of 14 bars of nitrogen is applied to the gel and the cell is placed vertically in an oven at the test temperature. A change in the state of the gel has taken place when, on turning the cell upside down, the threaded pipe set in the gel drops and hits the bottom of the cell, indicating the gel is no longer rigid.
Table 2 gives the results obtained from the stability tests on the compositions tested.
TBLE 2______________________________________Lifespans of different compositions oftemporary gels at 90° c. Composition 1 2 3 4 5______________________________________Lifespan >30 >30 10 7 8in days______________________________________
It can be seen that compositions 1 and 2 according to the invention, have much longer lifespans than the compositions of the prior art 3, 4 and 5.
A well test (downhole temperature 57° C.) was carried out to compare the ease of setting up and the mechanical resistance of a temporary gel prepared according to a conventional technique with that of a temporary gel prepared according to the invention.
(1) The composition prepared according to the conventional technique is the following: to prepare about 1 m3 of gel, successively add 960 liters of water, 10 kg of sodium bicarbonate, 7 kg of borax, 70 kg of hydroxypropyl guar having a degree of substitution of 0.3 and 500 g of fracture agent (enzyme).
The conditions for placing this gel in the well were previously determined in the laboratory: increase in temperature from 22° to 48° C. over a period of 15 minutes, then more slowly for 80 minutes from 48° to 57° C. Setting time at downhole temperature (57° C.) was found to be 25 minutes.
The gel, once it had formed at the bottom of the well, was subjected to excess pressure of 50 bars for periods of time ranging from 1 to 3 hours, with a leakage rate of 30 l/hour. 44 hours after placing the gel, pressure dropped from 50 to 23 bars in 3 hours, with a leakage rate of 25 l/hour. These rates correspond to a decrease in the level of liquid in the piping of 1 to 1.5 m/h. Under the effect of a fracture agent, the gel fractures after 3 to 4 days and the residues are evacuated to the top by simply circulating water.
(2) The composition according to the invention contained, per 500 liters of propylene glycol, 130 kg of powdered hydroxypropyl guar having a degree of substitution of 0.3, and 10 kg of hydroxypropyl guar having a degree of substitution of 0.6 as a fluid thickener. 14 kg of borax and 1 kg of fracture agent (enzyme) are added at the top of the well. This mixture was pumped by the production pipe and was hydrated at the bottom of the well, in the formation to be isolated, on contact with water pumped at the same time by the flow annulus. The gel, whose setting time was previously determined in the laboratory and found to be in the order of a few minutes at well temperature, finally contains 70 kg of guar gum, 7 kg of borax and 500 g of fracture agent (enzyme) per m3.
Once formed, the gel can withstand excess pressure of 63 bars, which drops to about 25 bars in 7 hours with a leakage rate of 6 l/h. This rate corresponds to a decrease of 0.3 m/h in the level of liquid in the piping. Under the influence of the fracture agent, the gel fractures after 3 days. Measurement of injectivity in the formation shows there is no residual damage caused by the gel.
A second well test on a gel prepared according to the invention was carried out under much more severe conditions, in particular at a downhole temperature of 130° C. Tests had previously been carried out on the same type of well using conventional compositions and had demonstrated the difficulty in placing the gel and its inadequate mechanical resistance. 2500 liters of a suspensin consisting of 79 parts propylene glycol, 10 parts hydroxypropyl guar having a degree of substitution of 0.3 and 4 parts hydroxypropyl guar having a degree of substitution of 0.6, as a thickening agent for propylene glycol, were prepared. 1.25 kg of borax were added to this suspension at the top of the well. The suspension was pumped through the drill pipe at a rate of 250 liters/mn and hydrated on contact with 2500 liters of water, pumped through the flow annulus at the same time and at the same rate. A gel representing 5 m3 in volume and containing about 7% in weight of the polymer was thus obtained at the formation situated at a depth of 3750 m.
At the end of injection, the 350-m pipes are brought up, adding water for 30 minutes to compensate for the volume of metal removed at the same level, which becomes stable at 2424 meters. Pressure on the gel is progressively increased by pumping water through the flow annulus and the water level continues to be controlled by the production pipe. It is then found that the gel is perfectly stable up to excess pressure of 135 bars and is only affected by temperature at the end of 9 hours. This corresponds to the lifespan measured in the laboratory.
A composition similar to composition (1) described in example 1 is prepared, but using ZrCl4 instead of borate.
2 g of ZrCl4 per liter are dispersed in a suspension of 140 g of hydroxypropyl guar (HPG) per liter of propylene glycol. The suspension is diluted in an equal volume of water to form a gel containing 70 g/l of HPG and 1 g/l of zirconium chloride.
Setting time is 3 mn 48 and the lifespan of the gel is 23 days.
This gel thus compares favorably with gels (1) and (2) described in examples 1 and 2.
|Cited Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US3215197 *||Dec 1, 1960||Nov 2, 1965||Exxon Production Research Co||Completion system for secondary recovery|
|US3227212 *||Jun 19, 1961||Jan 4, 1966||Halliburton Co||Temporary plugging agent|
|US3763934 *||Apr 3, 1972||Oct 9, 1973||Dow Chemical Co||Method of temporarily sealing a permeable formation|
|US3766984 *||Jan 31, 1972||Oct 23, 1973||Dow Chemical Co||Method for temporarily sealing a permeable formation|
|US3881552 *||Apr 12, 1973||May 6, 1975||Phillips Petroleum Co||Shutting off water in gas wells|
|US4461351 *||Feb 28, 1983||Jul 24, 1984||Marathon Oil Company||Process for partially or completely plugging permeable zones in a subterranean formation|
|US4461352 *||Feb 28, 1983||Jul 24, 1984||Marathon Oil Company||Process for selectively plugging a subterranean formation with a polymer gel|
|US4485875 *||Feb 28, 1983||Dec 4, 1984||Marathon Oil Company||Process for selectively plugging permeable zones in a subterranean formation|
|US4498539 *||Nov 16, 1983||Feb 12, 1985||Phillips Petroleum Company||Selective plugging of highly permeable subterranean strata by in situ _gelation of polymer solutions|
|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US6908886||Jan 9, 2003||Jun 21, 2005||M-I L.L.C.||Annular fluids and method of emplacing the same|
|US7493956 *||Mar 16, 2006||Feb 24, 2009||Baker Hughes Incorporated||Subsurface safety valve with closure provided by the flowing medium|
|US7829509||Mar 1, 2005||Nov 9, 2010||M.I. L.L.C.||Annular fluids and method of emplacing the same|
|US8381814||Feb 12, 2010||Feb 26, 2013||General Synfuels International, Inc.||Groundwater isolation barriers for mining and other subsurface operations|
|US8678089||Nov 10, 2011||Mar 25, 2014||Halliburton Energy Services, Inc.||Cleanup fluids for anhydrous borate compounds and methods for use thereof in subterranean formations|
|US20040138070 *||Jan 9, 2003||Jul 15, 2004||Jones Andrew G.K.||Annular fluids and method of emplacing the same|
|US20050113264 *||Oct 26, 2004||May 26, 2005||Vollmer Daniel P.||Well treatment fluid|
|US20050176591 *||Mar 1, 2005||Aug 11, 2005||M-I L.L.C.||Annular fluids and method of emplacing the same|
|US20120160498 *||Jun 28, 2012||Halliburton Energy Services, Inc.||Concentrated Polymer Systems Having Increased Polymer Loadings and Enhanced Methods of Use|
|CN101027376B||Aug 4, 2005||Jun 27, 2012||贝克休斯公司||Stabilizing crosslinked polymer guars and modified guar derivatives|
|WO2004063521A2 *||Jan 9, 2004||Jul 29, 2004||Mi Llc||Annular fluids and methods of emplacing the same|
|WO2013070361A1 *||Oct 8, 2012||May 16, 2013||Halliburton Energy Services, Inc.||Cleanup fluids for anhydrous borate compounds and methods for use thereof in subterranean formations|
|U.S. Classification||166/270, 166/295|
|International Classification||C09K8/512, C09K8/90, E21B33/13|
|Cooperative Classification||C09K8/512, C09K2208/26, C09K8/90, E21B33/13|
|European Classification||C09K8/90, E21B33/13, C09K8/512|
|Jan 6, 1991||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: SOCIETE NATIONALE ELF AQUITAINE (PRODUCTION), FRAN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:ALQUIE, BERNARD;KOHLER, NORBERT;WILD, MARCEL;REEL/FRAME:005625/0702
Effective date: 19900912
|Feb 23, 1996||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|Feb 10, 2000||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 8
|Feb 25, 2004||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
Late December is tax-selling season. Investors dump their losing stocks and write off the red ink against gains taken on winners. This ritual frequently further drives down prices of stocks that already have had tough years.
But there’s often a silver lining for those who hold on to battered stocks, at least when the underlying business is still sound: Bargain hunters come out once tax selling has run its course. Accordingly, one year’s underperformers sometimes emerge as the next year’s leaders.

domain: finance


text:
- West Country (W)
South Dorset MP Richard Drax gives his reaction to a letter expressing concern about Government plans to scrap the Portland rescue helicopter.
More top news
Exeter Chiefs lose a narrow decision at home to Leicester despite leading for much of the game at Sandy Park.
Plymouth Argyle and Yeovil Town both lose away from home but Torquay United continue to impress in the Conference with victory at Grimsby
Big crowds gathered in Exeter as they waited for Sir Bradley Wiggins and the other riders of the Tour of Britain at the end of Stage 5.

domain: news


text:
Desk With Credenza
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Deskdesk (desk),USA pronunciation n.
- an article of furniture having a broad, usually level, writing surface, as well as drawers or compartments for papers, writing materials, etc.
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upon: And with that last remark, she turned and left.
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- with that. See that (def. 10).
Credenzacre•den•za (kri den′zə),USA pronunciation n.
- Also, credence. a sideboard or buffet, esp. one without legs.
- a closed cabinet for papers, office supplies, etc., often of desk height and matching the other furniture in an executive's office.
- [Eccles.]credence (def. 3).
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domain: design


text:
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A copy of this work was available on the public web and has been preserved in the Wayback Machine. The capture dates from 2021; you can also visit the original URL.
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Distribution shifts -- where the training distribution differs from the test distribution -- can substantially degrade the accuracy of machine learning (ML) systems deployed in the wild. Despite their ubiquity in the real-world deployments, these distribution shifts are under-represented in the datasets widely used in the ML community today. To address this gap, we present WILDS, a curated benchmark of 10 datasets reflecting a diverse range of distribution shifts that naturally arise inarXiv:2012.07421v3 fatcat:bsohmukpszajxeadeo25oxmbs4

domain: literature


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The expression goes, “If America sneezes, Mexico catches a cold”. With the potential American debt crisis looming, my judgment is that Mexico will not only whether the storm but may lead Latin America economically. First, doing business in Mexico is much easier than a decade ago when trade barriers and governmental policies were in place. Second, many Mexican multinationals are flush with cash and investing in operations domestically and abroad. Cemex, the third largest cement company in the world stock has grown by 8.53%. Others showing growth include Empresas, Grupo Mexico, and Gruma. Pemex is building its first refinery in over 30 years and should open by 2016. Last, Government agencies are flush with cash and are willing to spend through the end of the year.
If Mexico does catch pneumonia, its because the US is still a major importer of goods. Brazil and Chile benefitted from Chinese demand but that growth may slow. Mexico is still reeling from a recession but the government plans on keeping interest rates low. Next year is an election year that brings uncertainty into the markets and will be a factor.


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Intermittent Fasting Explained - An Interview with Dr. Emil and Amanda Tocci
We had the privilege of being interviewed by Erica at bringyourownkombucha.com on Intermittent Fasting and the health benefits of it. She asked us a series of interview questions to gain a base knowledge of what intermittent fasting is, why it's healthy and our personal tips on how to be successful with this eating strategy!
For those of us who are newbies, what exactly is intermittent fasting?
Amanda: Intermittent Fasting is an eating practice where someone eats during a 6-8 hour window in a day and fasts for at least 16 hours with no food consumption. It's a way of getting yourself into a fasting state daily. This is congruent with our genetics because it is a model of our ancestor's eating schedule.
WOW! I had no idea that it was actually based upon our eating schedule back in the day. What are the benefits to Intermittent Fasting?
Dr. Emil: There are a lot of benefits to fasting! The science behind fasting is called autophagy. Autophagy is how the body naturally cleanses and detoxifies itself, breaking down abnormal unwanted cells. It stabilizes your blood sugar, insulin levels, helps with cravings, reduces inflammation and puts your body in a fat burning state.
Amanda: It also affects hunger hormones, such as Ghrelin and Leptin sensitivity which can aid in weight loss. I personally love it because when I'm fasting I have mental clarity and feel much more alert and energized. I also think that it helps me not snack on foods late at night so I wake up feeling fresh with my body cleaned out. If someone is willing to try intermittent fasting, it can be a simple approach to detox the body and to burn body fat.
That SOUNDS AMAZING. But is it too good to be true? Why doesn't everyone do it?
Amanda: Cons- as far as cons to Intermittent Fasting, not everyone can handle attempting to fast for 16 plus hours. There are many factors that could make this challenging for someone such as lifestyle and eating habits. Most people have a difficult time changing what they eat and taking away foods that they like. With eating in a 6-8 hour window, you can still experience some of the benefits without having to change your diet. Now of course ultimately if someone isn't eating a healthy diet, they should look to make changes.
Dr. Emil: If someone has a challenge with their blood sugar, is dehydrated or if they are overweight, it may be hard to complete a fasting state without becoming lightheaded and dizzy. In this case there's another way to get into fasting which we utilize with patients and clients all the time. That approach is with a very specific diet but this is done while on a customized plan that is supervised by me or another qualified doctor.
This approach to eating is a more advanced strategy when it comes to dieting and can be looked at as a challenge to a lot of people but it is something that can be achieved into someone's lifestyle over time with proper guidance and support.
SO how do I (and all the BYOK readers) get started?
Dr. Emil: The easiest way to start is to just compress the food that you are currently eating into one consecutive 8 hour window. Again this may be challenging but start off with one day a week and build up the amount of days until you can reach 5 days per week. This is definitely a lifestyle although many are enticed to use it to lose weight as a quick fix.
(Utilize the below time table to help track when to start and stop eating while intermittent fasting)
I'm a big fan of Bulletproof coffee. Where does the Bulletproof coffee come into the mix with intermittent fasting?
Amanda: That's a great question! Bulletproof coffee or Keto coffee can be used as a substitute for breakfast and to curb hunger. You can drink coffee with a high quality fat in it during the 16 hour fasting window and it will not break your fast. This is great because it will keep you in a fasted state while feeling satiated, energetic and focused.
PERFECT! So even though I'm fasting, I can still have my bulletproof coffee! #Winning! How did you start intermittent fasting?
Dr. Emil: I started intermittent fasting in 2003 because I would get home from work late, eat dinner and go to bed. On certain nights when I skipped dinner and went to bed hungry, I noticed I would get up the next morning feeling much more energetic and fresh the next morning. I started to listen to my body and started using this method one day a week, then three, then 4 days a week. More recently I added a 5th day of fasting per week.
Amanda: I was introduced to intermittent fasting a few years ago through Emil. I thought he was crazy at first because he would start fasting from 2pm onward. Once I learned of the health benefits of it, I started to fast as well and have been doing it for 4 days a week for two years now. While 2pm worked well with his work schedule, it did not with mine and so my eating window is 10am-5pm. I created this sample intermittent fasting meal schedule for our clients so they can see it’s not as daunting and have an example of what my eating schedule looks like.
Can you exercise while you intermittent fast?
Dr. Emil: If you have been exercising, you can definitely continue your regimen but take caution because not everyone can handle exercising on an empty stomach without food. Although the combination of intermittent fasting and exercise is wonderful for your health, I would recommend for people just starting out to not exercise on your fasting days.
Does your diet remain the same when your fasting?
Amanda: While your diet can remain the same, it's much more advantageous to consume a diet full of clean protein, healthy fats and lots of vegetables. We always share health tips and tricks since each person is on their own health journey and so providing general guidelines can be helpful and apply to many people. One health tip we provide for people wanting to transition to eating more healthy foods is what is called “The Three Exchanges”.
- Exchange out grains (wheat, corn and rice) for ancient grains (such as quinoa, buckwheat, etc)
- Exchange refined sugars for natural sweeteners (such as honey, maple syrup, coconut sweeteners, monk fruit)
- Exchange poor quality fats for high quality fats (such as coconut oil, ghee, grass fed butter, avocado).
These are small changes that make a big impact and are helpful when easing people into a new way of eating.
Any other tips or tricks we should follow while intermittent fasting?
Dr. Emil & Amanda: Make sure to stay hydrated! Drink two glasses of water 20 minutes before eating. Utilize coffee with fat if you skip breakfast which will hold you over until you eat. Floss and brush your teeth after your last meal so it mentally gets you shut down from eating for the rest of the day. Also be sure that you are eating enough during the eating window and always listening to what your body is telling you.

domain: medical


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Lexington Realty just became the latest REIT to cut the common stock dividend. Yahoo! Finance It of course had to maintain its preferred stock dividends since it still plans to pay a common dividend. I have been looking at one of its preferred issues, LXPPRD, that is currently selling at around 7, with a $25 par value and a 7.55% coupon, currently yielding about 27% at that $7 price. LXPPRD Stock Quote - Lexington Rlty Tr Stock Quote - LXPPRD Quote - LXPPRD Stock Price It is cumulative. I realize the risk with these issues and do not expect all of them to work out. Nonetheless, the yields are tempting and I am attempting to evaluate them separately and on their on merits to improve my likelihood of avoiding too many blow ups. I have not decided yet on this one but 50 shares would be my limit for it.
Great Plains Energy (GXP), one of my positions, went ex dividend today and I am reinvesting dividends on that one. I also had a couple of Canadian Energy Trusts go ex dividend today, which pay monthly distributions and are recent adds, but have not yet been discussed, PWE and
AAV Stock Quote - Advantage Energy Income Fund Stock Quote - AAV Quote - AAV Stock Price I did discuss another one PVX and the same problems mentioned in that post are equally applicable to PWE and AAV. The later two have been impacted adversely by the fall in gas and oil prices, even with some collars in place. INZ AND PVX As mentioned in that post, these companies can pay high dividends because they do not have to pay Canadian taxes at the federal level and can thus distribute more income to shareholders, but this will cease in 2011 when Canada will start to tax them as regular corporations. The fall in energy prices is another negative issue. The fall in the Canadian dollar over the past several months, (see chart of FXC), results -in and of itself- in lower dividends to a U.S. holder and Canada taxes the distribution by requiring the company to withhold 15%. Some of the Canadian Energy Trusts have already lowered their dividends to reflect the fall in prices, including PVX and ERF. However, these stocks are starting to interest me after being smashed over the past several weeks. Last earnings report for PWE: Penn West announces its results for the third quarter ended September 30, 2008: Financial News - Yahoo! Finance
My max for AAV is 100 shares which I already have and 150 for PWE and I am at 70 so far. I do not intend to add to PWE for the remainder of the year or until I see some kind of stabilization to energy prices.

domain: economics


Downloads: 115 | Views: 174
Research Paper | Mechanical Engineering | Ethiopia | Volume 3 Issue 11, November 2014
Investigation on the Performance of Fuel Stick Fuel Conditioner in Diesel Vehicle
N. Ramesh Babu | Alemayehu Wakjira
Abstract: In the present scenario of worldwide hype about the usage of fuel stick fuel conditioner in various types of vehicles, stationery engines and its associated benefits related to power output, fuel cost, pollution, durability of engine parts etc. the fuel industry of Ethiopia is preparing grounds to adopt such fuel conditioner in anticipation of better benefits. It is very much misleading in the absence of authoritative and extensive validation of the performance of such fuel conditioner in vehicles and engines. In this context to bring out the reality and to make it clear to the automotive industry and society of the country as a whole, a team from Mechanical and vehicle engineering department carried out a series of laboratory experiments to estimate the performance of the fuel stick conditioner in various types of vehicles and engine test rigs. The performance parameters like wheel power, wheel force and fuel consumption were measured under various operating conditions. This paper discusses the procedure and the results obtained in one of such experimentation done on Diesel vehicle using chassis dynamometer. The experiments were conducted with both pure diesel and diesel added with fuel stick conditioner under similar conditions. Comparison was made to understand the pros and cons of fuel stick conditioner. From this exhaustive experimentation it was found that the usage of fuel stick definitely helps in increasing wheel power and wheel force of diesel vehicles. Increase in fuel consumption was also observed which might be the result of cleaning effect of fuel stick on fuel lines. So it is recommended proper tune up of the vehicle is to be done before using diesel with fuel stick.
Keywords: Fuel-stick fuel conditioner, Chassis Dynamometer, Wheel Power, wheel force, fuel consumption
Edition: Volume 3 Issue 11, November 2014,
Pages: 2429 - 2432


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Inspired by the centuries-old symbol of authority, divine power and good fortune, the Grand Scepter collection of fountain pens offers a glimpse of this majestic staff as depicted in the history of civilizations, ancient legends and modern fantasy stories.
From the helical design to the nomenclature, these pens are crafted for an exquisite and luxurious experience. They go one step further than the Scepter range – they glow in the dark! Much like the Luminous Briolettes the Grand Scepters emit a stunning luminous glow after exposure to light. They also have a #6 nib, rather than the #5 of the Scepter.
The Grand Scepter XII glows in a stunning Lime Green!
Taking the concept of Scepters even further by following the tradition of distinguishing monarchs with the same given name by their ordinals, BENU has used Roman numerals to name each of the colour variations in the Scepter line.
Length (Capped) – 133mm
Length (uncapped) – 127mm
Weight – 26.6g
Uncapped weight – 19.3g
Cap weight – 7.3g


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This recipe for Cholant- Ashkenazi Chamin- is a version that embodies the characteristics of Eastern European Shabbat pots, in particular from the kitchen’s of Polish Jews. This iteration is yet another member of the endless family of slow-cooked legume dishes that Jews all over the world have prepared for Shabbat for centuries. Each community and even each family probably has its own special version – share your version here.
Ingredients for Cholant - Ashkenazi Chamin
- 5 tablespoons Sugar
- 2 tablespoons Salt
- 1 tablespoon ground black pepper
- 5 tablespoons date honey (silan)
- 4.4 pounds (2 kilograms) beef neck meat or short ribs
- 2.2 lbs (1 kilogram) dried beans and dried chickpeas White and red beans, and chickpeas soaked in water for 24 hours
- 6 marrow bones
- 12 potatoes medium sized
- 12 eggs hard-boiled, not peeled
- kishka (optional)
1. Heat the sugar in a pot with a cup of hot water, while stirring, until a brown caramel is obtained. Add salt, pepper, date honey (silan) and a little water and bring to a boil.
2. In this order add the beans, bones, meat, potatoes and hard-boiled eggs to the pot. Add water to cover and bring to a boil. Boil for about 5 minutes.
3. Lower the heat and cook for another 3 hours.
4. If using kishkah, tie it with a string, pierce it with a toothpick along its entire length, at intervals of ¾ of an inch (2 cm) and place it in the pot.
5. Seal the pot with aluminum foil and put it in an oven preheated to 212F (100C) degrees for 10-14 hours.
This recipe is taken from the interactive food display at ANU – Museum of the Jewish People. Chief Museum Curator: Orit Shaham Gober. Performance Content Manager: Liron Tzabri; Director: Amit Farber; Artistic director: Amit Farber; Photography: Daniel Lailah; Interactive: Creative Love.

domain: food


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“Sew” many fun adventures await! Walt Disney’s classic technicolor film, Brave Little Tailor, comes to life with delightful details on this carousel-shaped crossbody bag. This crossbody bag is the perfect accessory for bringing any adventurous outing to full circle—or for turning everyday activities into character-filled memories.
This crossbody bag is an officially licensed Disney product.
Approximate crossbody bag dimensions: 8.5” W x 5.5” H x 5.5” D (Width is measured across the bottom of the bag.)

domain: hobby


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Unconsummated marriage (UM) is the failure to perform successful sexual intercourse at the beginning of the marriage. Vaginismus has been traditionally reported as the leading cause. ED is also a leading cause for UM. This appears to be a significant problem in the conservative middle-Eastern societies and in the developing countries, where couples are strongly prevented by religious rules and cultural taboos from sexual experiences before wedding. One could think that according to major sexual freedom and information, in Western countries UM is now disappearing, but the number of observed cases by the authors in 2008–2012 was relevant. The aim of this study is to compare the literature data from non-Western countries with the features of UM in Western ones, focusing on cases observed by the authors, and to verify whether the etiology of UM proposed in the ’70s is still relevant, outlining any changes that occur in current reality. In our series, traditional appearance of UM is no more effective, while the role of man is undervalued, because of his frailty, lack of self-confidence and ignorance, expressing a social and cultural change of man’s role in the couple.
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Faruk M . Honeymoon impotence: psychogenic or organic in origin? Urology 2001; 57: 758–762.
Shamloul R . Management of honeymoon impotence. J Sex Med 2006; 3: 361–366.
Badran W, Moamen N, Fahmy I, El-Karaksy A, Abdel-Nasser TM, Ghanem H . Etiological factors of unconsummated marriage. Int J Impot Res 2006; 18: 458–463.
El-Meliegy A . A retrospective study of 418 patients with honeymoon impotence in an andrology clinic in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Europ J Sexol 2004; 13: 1–4.
Yanaihara H, Marumo K, Murai M . Clinical study of honeymoon impotence at Keio University. Impotence 1998; 13: 201–204.
Ozdemir O, Simsek F, Ozkardes S, Incesu C, Karakoc B . The Uncosummated marriage: its frequency and clinical characteristics in a sexual dysfunction clinic. J Sex Marital Therapy 2008; 34: 268–279.
Zargooshi J . Male sexual dysfunction in unconsummated marriage: long-term outcome in 417 patients. J Sex Med 2008; 5: 2895–2903.
Kaplan HS . The New Sex Therapy. Brunner/Mazel: New York, NY, USA, 1974.
Ghanem H, El-Dakhly M, Shamloul R . Alternate-day tadalafil in the management of honeymoon impotence. J Sex Med 2008; 5: 1451–1454.
Crowe M, Jones M . Sex therapy: the successes, the failure, the future. Br J Hosp Med 1992; 48: 474–479.
Binik YM . The DSM diagnostic criteria for vaginismus. Arch Sex Behav 2010; 39: 278–291.
Fisher WA, Eardley I, McCabe M, Sand M . Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a shared sexual concern of couples II: association of female partner characteristics with male partner ED treatment seeking and phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor utilizations. J Sex Med 2009; 6: 3111–3124.
Conaglen JV, Conaglen HM . The effects of treating male hypogonadism on couples' sexual desire and function. J Sex Med 2009; 6: 456–463.
Lauman EO, Paik A, Rosen C . Sexual dysfunction in the United States. Prevalence and predictors. JAMA 1999; 281: 537–544.
Zargooshi J . Unconsummated marriage: clarification of aetiology; treatment with intracorporeal injection. BJU Int 2000; 86: 75–79.
Masters WH, Johnson VE . Human Sexuality Inadequacy. Little Brown: Boston, MA, USA, 1970.
Gindin LR, Resnicoff D . Uncosummated marriages: a separate and different clinical entity. J Sex Marital Therapy 2002; 28: 85–99.
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. http://www.oecd.org/edu/EAG2012%20-%20Countary%20note%20-%20Italy.pdf.
Gül V, Ruf GD . Treating vaginismus in Turkish women. Nervenarzt 2009; 80: 288–294.
Ribner DS, Rosenbaum TY . Evaluation and treatment of unconsummated marriages among Orthodox Jewish couples. J Sex Marital Ther 2005; 31: 341–353.
Perelman MA . Sex coaching for physicians: combination treatment for patient and partner. Int J Impot Res 2003; 15: S67–S74.
Dean J, Rubio-Aurioles E, McCabe M, Eardley I, Speakman M, Buvart J et al. Integrating partners into erectile dysfunction treatment: improving the sexual experience for the couple. Int J Clin Pract 2008; 62: 127–133.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
About this article
Cite this article
Michetti, P., Silvaggi, M., Fabrizi, A. et al. Unconsummated marriage: can it still be considered a consequence of vaginismus?. Int J Impot Res 26, 28–30 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/ijir.2013.24
- honeymoon impotence
- unconsummated marriage
This article is cited by
Journal of Endocrinological Investigation (2015)
“Throwing the Baby Out with the Bathwater”: The Demise of Vaginismus in Favor of Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder
Archives of Sexual Behavior (2014)


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New My Little Pony: A New Generation Character Kindle & comiXology #2 Digital Book available now!
According to the details:
- The new adventure continues! Join Sunny, Izzy, Zipp, Pipp, Hitch, and their trusty sidekick Cloudpuff as they explore a brand-new Equestria following the magical events of the hit Netflix movie!
- The quest to find the missing Unity Crystal has led our Mane 5 to a place they never thought they’d see—Canterlot! But a familiar figure lurks in the shadows, intent on stopping magic for good…
- Due to its large file size, this book may take longer to download
- Read this book on comiXology. Learn more
- Perfect gift for any My Little Pony fan!
- Features a Character Kindle & comiXology #2 digital book.
- Publisher: IDW (June 22, 2022)
- Publication date: June 22, 2022
- Language: English
- File size: 83760 KB
- Text-to-Speech: Not enabled
- Enhanced typesetting: Not Enabled
- X-Ray: Not Enabled
- Word Wise: Not Enabled
- Print length: 28 pages
- Lending: Not Enabled
- Brand: Hasbro
- Character: My Little Pony
- Color: Multicolor
- Inspired by My Little Pony: A New Generation
Here are a couple of photos of this cool digital book:

domain: library


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By Calvin Manika
AT the dawn of a new government administration of Zimbabwe in 2017, masses of Zimbabwe were left with hope as President Mnangagwa announced that farmers whose land was expropriated without compensation, will be recompensed. The news was received with mixed feelings locally but with great anticipation by the former white farmers in Zimbabwe. This was one of the baits of ‘Zimbabwe is open for business’ mantra.
“It was clear, even to this date, that despite a bad reputation on the international arena, Zimbabwe wants investment especially Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Farming is one of the areas (agro-business), Zimbabwe Investment and Development Agency (ZIDA) is marketing. So, it was just a starting point to encourage entrepreneurs,” said Makanaka Chonho, an economic analyst.
After the land reform programme in 2000, Zimbabwe put a law of indigenisation and empowerment in certain sectors. The law required foreign investor to concede 51% of their capital to native Zimbabweans. In addition, in late 2013 a law was passed which forbids foreigners from owning small business in Zimbabwe. The law was later amended with the new administration scrapping the 51% clause in many of the sectors except for critical sectors like mining of diamond, gold and platinum to attract investments.
Few years later Zimbabwe seems to be aggressively continuing its campaign on engagement and re-engagement efforts to attract investments. In a bid to lure Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), the Government of Zimbabwe is running the Zimbabwe Investment and Development Agency (ZIDA), responsible for promoting and facilitation of both local and foreign investment in the country.
Zimbabwe went on a further step to promulgate the ZIDA Act, which repealed the Zimbabwe Investment Authority, the Zimbabwe Special Economic Zones Authority and the Joint Ventures Act. ZIDA chief facilitator Never Nyemudzo, while speaking recently to investors from South Africa said, the new act provides a clear, comprehensive and binding legal and regulatory framework for conducting investment activities, by both domestic and foreign investors in the country.
“ZIDA operates a One Stop Investment Services Centre (OSISC), which provides investment services ranging from investment analysis, company registration, tax registration and clearance, licensing, connecting to all necessary utilities, investment promotions, public relations and aftercare services. These services were previously provided by different entities scattered all over the place,” Nyemudzo said.
According to Zimbabwe Investment And Development Agency Act [Chapter 14:37], its “An act to provide for the promotion, entry, protection and facilitation of investment; to provide for the establishment of the Zimbabwe Investment and Development Agency; to provide for the One Stop Investment Services Centre; to repeal the Zimbabwe Investment Authority Act [Chapter 14:30], the Special Economic Zones Act [Chapter 14:34] and the Joint Ventures Act [Chapter 22:22]; and to provide for matters incidental to or connected to the foregoing.”
ZIDA is applauded for having significantly integrated and abridged the procedures thereby reducing the turnaround time for investing in the country. Zimbabwe allows at law the cultivation of cannabis on certain terms and ZIDA facilitates investments into medicinal cannabis cultivation, processing and value addition. The investments are regarded as special investments into Zimbabwe. Through ZIDA, Zimbabwe offers monetary and fiscal incentives to ensure that the sector is competitive regionally and globally.
Mining and Energy are other areas ZIDA is promoting for investors to mine vast minerals dotted around the country. This includes chrome, coal, nickel, gold and other precious stones. The issue of Energy is at the top lost of Zimbabwe to create conducive investment ground. However, the country is facing some erratic electricity supply for the past months with government saying it is giving preference to winter wheat farming. Agriculture remains the backbone of Zimbabwe economy.
According to World Bank, FDI flows to Zimbabwe are far below the country’s potential due to the recession the country experienced in 2019 following the passage of Cyclone Idai and drought caused by El Niño, and the economic and health crisis triggered by the Covid-19 pandemic. According to the UNCTAD’s 2021 World Investment Report, FDI inflows declined significantly to USD 194 million in 2020, compared to the pre-crisis period (USD 745 million in 2018).
Zimbabwe ranked 140th out of 190 countries listed in the World Bank’s last Doing Business Report, published in 2020, gaining fifteen places compared to the previous year’s report. In particular, progress has been made in obtaining building permits, obtaining loans and resolving insolvency.
Chonho said as the government seeks to attract FDI and is implementing ZIDA, which is the country’s investment promotion body set up to promote and facilitate both foreign direct investment.
“However, the unpredictability of the government’s economic policies and the unstable political and economic climate in recent years has undermined foreign investment,” Chonho said.

domain: law


text:
This article contains the following sections:
- What is the Materials Library
- Materials Library download / installation steps
- Using the Materials Library
- Why the default Materials Library settings don’t always work
- Default Materials Library settings are not quite cutting through the material
What is the Materials Library:
LightBurn’s Material Library provides a way to store and organize lots of presets for different operations on different materials, and have a way to quickly apply them.
When you first install LightBurn, you should also see the default Materials Library for the Emblaser, this contains a list of common materials to get you started, however you can also create custom entries.
Any Library setting can be applied to a cut layer by selecting the library entry and assign it to the layer. Settings are copied, so if you need to make edits to the setting this won’t impact the copy in your library – you can edit those independently.
Materials Library download / installation steps:
If you do not have the Materials Library, you can download the default Library here:
To load the downloaded Library into LightBurn, navigate to the Library tab, then click [Load] and navigate to the downloaded file.
Using the Materials Library:
This video by LightBurn shows how to use the Materials Library:
Further information on the using the Materials Library is outlined in this LINK.
Note: Default entries in the Materials Library for the Emblaser can not be edited, however you can duplicate entries to modify them, or create new entries.
Why the default Materials Library settings don’t always work:
It is important to remember that there are a number of variables related to the material, as well as your Emblaser, which may effect cutting performance. Because of this, the default Materials Library settings are intended as a starting point only.
Common material variations include:
- Moisture Content (often effected by material storage / local humidity)
- Glue type/quantity (for plywoods)
- Material type/quality (for plywoods)
- Grain direction / intensity (for all timer products)
- Batch / Manufacturer (for plywood and acrylic sheet)
Common machine variations:
- Calibration accuracy
- Lens cleanliness
- Support and Material height value accuracy (Silicon Mats: 10.0mm | MagClips: 25.0mm)
Default Materials Library settings are not quite cutting through the material:
If the default settings are not quite cutting through your material in all or some places, please try the following basic steps, depending on the current setting:
Power is below 100%:
Increase Power by 10% and retry.
Power is 100%, Speed is above 220mm/min:
Decrease Speed in 20mm/min increments, down to a minimum of 180-200mm/min.
Power is 100%, Speed is 180-200mm/min:
Increase the Passes by 1, up to a maximum of 6.
Once you have found settings which work well, you can save these for future use. See: Using the Materials Library above.


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Drug Abuse Prevention
Drug abuse is a prevalent problem in the United States. The 1999 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse cited that around 14.8 million people used an illegal drug in the thirty days before survey. So how can we prevent even more people from abusing drugs?
One good first step is to start young. By teaching children and young adults the problems associated with drug abuse can help prevent them from even trying drugs or alcohol. In figuring out how to approach the child or young adult keep in mind the following aspects of any good drug prevention program:
- Discuss the risk factors, especially if there are obvious risk factors already apparent (see the article on risk factors for more information). Help the child change or reduce his or her own risk factors and behavioral traits that could lead them toward future drug abuse.
- Discuss all forms of drug use including tobacco, alcohol, illegal drugs, and the improper use of legal drugs such as prescription medications and over-the-counter medicine.
- Look at your own community and see if there are problem areas for drug abuse and specifically target that when discussing drug abuse.
- Discuss drug abuse in language that the child or young adult understands. Know that as they grow, they will need updates and further information on how to continue to stay away from drugs.
- Invite experts to expound on the problems associated with drug abuse. Let them answer any questions the child or young adult may have.
Depending on your setting, tailor your program as necessary. For example, if you are in a parent-child setting, use your relationship and bonding to enhance the family policies on drug abuse. Monitor your child’s drug information and their outside activities, praising positive behavior. Another setting might be within a school. Discuss how drug abuse affects school situations including dropout rates and relationships with friends.
These programs should teach the skills necessary to reject drugs and alcohol in a myriad of situations. They do not even need to be stopped when the child or young adult grows as drug abuse is a problem with people of all ages. Any drug prevention program should also include:
- parental monitoring,
- school support,
- community involvement,
- the knowledge that even one drug use can lead to drug addiction and further negative consequences,
- and above all, it should promote the fact that drug abuse is completely wrong.
Finally, in discussing drug abuse prevention, make sure to set goals and then check in to make sure the goals are being met. Continue to discuss prevention for drug abuse throughout their life as all ages can be effected by drug abuse.
Drug Abuse Prevention Sources:
- Addiction Intervention Resources, “Adolescent Intervention,” [online].
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, “Prevention Drug Use Among Children and Adolescents,” [pdf online].
- National Mental Health Association, “Alcohol and Drug Abuse, Addiction and Co-Occurring Disorders,” [online].
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, “Understanding Drug Abuse and Addiction,” [online].
- krsd.org (graphic)

domain: sociology


Finding Self Storage in Wimberley, TX: Everything You Need To Know
Before beginning your self storage search in Wimberley, there are a few things you should know. Wimberley storage unit prices and availability are closely related to things like real estate prices, the type of housing available in the area, the city's wealth, and whether or not many people are moving to the area. The US Census keeps accurate data relating to all of these factors, so we've used their data on Wimberley to help inform your Wimberley self storage search.Self Storage and Moving in Wimberley, TX
One of the primary uses of self storage is as a safe place to keep your things between moving homes. If many people are moving to or from Wimberley, prices could be higher and availability lower. Population changes over time are one way of gauging the amount of moving activity in Wimberley. From 2010 to 2014, the Wimberley metro area population fell from 2,633 to 2,615, a loss of -0.68% according to the US Census.The Relationship Between Real Estate and Self Storage in Wimberley, TX
Housing occupancy and vacancy rates in Wimberley can help us get a better idea of how much demand there is for living and storage space in Wimberley and thus the kind of storage prices and availability we should expect to find. If housing occupancy rates in Wimberley are high, it's probably safe to assume that storage facility occupancy rates in Wimberley are also high, which would push unit prices up. According to US Census estimates, 77.3% of housing units in Wimberley are occupied, while the vacancy rate is at 22.7%. The average occupancy rate in US cities is approximately 89%, which is lower than the rate in Wimberley, suggesting that storage unit inventory might also be tighter in Wimberley. With fewer units available, storage facilities in Wimberley may charge higher prices.


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Getting ready to get herself back into her music, Ashley Tisdale was spotted running errands and heading into a Los Angeles, CA studio on Tuesday afternoon (May 15). The 26-year-old starlet looked casual for her studio session in a green zip-up sweatshirt, grey and black leggings and black Uggs while walking in with lunch in hand. Also be sure to check out more pictures under the cut!
Miss Tisdale followed up her business afternoon with one of her many workouts and it seems she worked up quite a sweat tweeting, “@iamfrench @benbruker awesome class!!! My arms are killing me already.”

domain: celebrity


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The future's in your paws. Shape it well. Roleplay in a cat Clan of warriors. Based off the Warriors series by Erin Hunter. Takes place during the time before the cats in the books existed.
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MANILA (UPDATE) - Sen.Manny Pacquiao was installed as the national party president of the ruling PDP-Laban Wednesday night.
House Speaker Lord Allan Velasco, meanwhile, was named the party's executive vice president.
PDP-Laban is the political party of President Rodrigo Duterte.
The oath-taking took place during the party's fellowship night in Quezon City.
“Fair but firm, this is the kind of leadership that you can expect from Manny Pacquiao PDP-Laban Party President,” Pacquiao said.
“To be given this rare opportunity to lead the PDP-Laban is an immense honor and responsibility. By God’s grace, I will not waste this platform that you have entrusted me.”
Sen. Koko Pimentel, the outgoing national party president, said Pacquiao will bring in new and modern ideas the political party needs ahead of the 2022 national elections. He added he is confident PDP-Laban will remain the dominant party even after 2022.
Velasco also accepted the appointment as the party's acting executive vice president.
The Marinduque lone district representative was offered to become the party's secretary general to replace Davao del Norte 1st District Rep. Pantaleon Alvarez, but he refused.
“I told Sen. Koko that there are a lot of work in the House of the Representatives that I really need to focus on,” Velasco said in his acceptance speech.
The post left by Alvarez remained vacant, and the party said it respected Alvarez's decision to leave PDP-Laban.
“Wala pa. We are going to discuss that kung sino ang nararapat at nababagay sa pusisyon na iyan. Demokrasya naman tayo. Anyone can go out from the party, leave the party. Kung ano ang desisyon nila, so we respect that,” Pacquiao said.
(Who will come in to take that position is up for discussion. We are a democracy. Anyone can leave the party if he wishes. We respect that.)
Pacquiao, meanwhile, refused to comment on the the Duterte-Duterte tandem proposed by Chief Presidential Legal Counsel Salvador Panelo.
Panelo previously suggested that Davao City Mayor Sara Duterte run as president, while her father will be her running mate.
“In terms of politics, ayoko pag-usapan ang pulitika. Ang dapat natin pag-usapan at kung ano ang maitutulong natin sa ating mga kababayan na nagugutom, naghihirap walang mga tahanan,” said Pacquiao.
“Wala pa naman eleksyon, malayo pa iyon at hindi pa dapat pag-usapan iyan.”
(Let’s not talk politics. We should focus on helping our hungry countrymen, the poor and have no shelter. The elections are still far away, let's not talk about it.)--Report from Joyce Balancio, ABS-CBN News


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Ondo State Governor, Arakunrin Oluwarotimi Akeredolu, SAN, on Tuesday explained that the Ayede-Ogbese road was repaired by his administration to alleviate the suffering of the people.
Governor Akeredolu spoke while inspecting the rehabilitation work being done on the road at Ayede-Ogbese in Akure North Local Government Area.
He was accompanied to the site by the state Commissioner for Lands and Infrastructure, Engr. Raimi Aminu.
The Governor disclosed that hundreds of millions has been expended by the state government to fix some federal government roads.
He explained that the state had earlier carried out several intervention works on many Federal roads in the state despite the dwindling resources, without getting refunds from the Federal Government.
The Governor, who described the road as the link to the Northern part of the country from the South, urged the Federal Government to allocate more funds to the state to be able to carry out more developmental projects for the benefit of the people
According to the Governor, the Ayede-Ogbese road which was constructed over 20 years ago required major maintenance including resurfacing.
He warned residents of Ogbese and traders to desist from dumping refuse in the gutters in order not to block the drainage system.
The Governor also listed some of the Federal Government roads rehabilitated by the state without getting refunds to include the road affected by a blast at Ilu-Abo in 2020, Ifon and Ipele junctions, among others.
“We can say it that the Federal Government has bitten off more than it can chew. Often times, most of the federal roads get spoilt. Even the Federal Road Maintenance Agency set up by government is not able to rise up to the occasion on time.
“But whether we like it or not, these roads are being used by our people, and we have no option than to look for money, in spite of lack of finances, to carry out this sort of intervention.
“A numbers of time we have this type of intervention we don’t get refunds. We have done this in few places like when we had the big blast last time at Ilu-Abo, along this road, which cost us hundreds of millions. We did it but till tomorrow, Federal Government has not refunded us.
“We are not too sure whether they will pay for this one we are doing again. We just have to do it for the sake of our people. Those who use this road are not just only our people, this is the link to the North from the South. It is very unfortunate, and I believe the Federal Government should come into this,” the Governor stressed.
Until the state government intervention, motorists, passengers and other road users were groaning over the deplorable state of the Ayede-Ogbese road as it had become a death trap, causing heavy traffic jam.


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Crime isn't the only public-safety issue on the voters' minds this year as the candidates for mayor and City Council make their pitches.
We're hearing plenty of questions raised about the safety of our streets and highways, and calls for taking tougher action to slow down Fayetteville motorists and persuade them to heed red lights too.
As an Observer story pointed out on Thursday, the city is trying a variety of techniques to slow traffic on our streets, many of them involving design and engineering.
There are speed humps, for example, like the ones in front of City Hall on Hay Street. There are others - at least 15 more on other neighborhood streets where the city has documented drivers' tendency to exceed the speed limit (which on most streets is 25 mph).
There are small traffic circles. They're a little trickier to install, from an engineering standpoint, and more expensive too (about $7,000). The city has installed one so far, but two more are in the works.
And then there are bicycle and pedestrian lanes, delineated by simple striping on the pavement, which also tend to slow traffic, or at least focus more drivers on the likelihood that they will see walkers or cyclists.
And in one case, on Fargo Drive in Bordeaux, the city has tried creating a "chicane," which forces drivers to navigate a zigzag.
All of this is helpful, but it won't end the complaints because we still have too many speeders on city streets. There are two things that will help with that: more intensive police enforcement of the speed limits and bringing back the city's red-light cameras.
Enforcement is a staffing issue. In the midst of almost overwhelming problems with violent and property crime, it's hard for the police to also put more cruisers on traffic duty. That's a hiring issue for the chief and the City Council to resolve.
The red-light cameras were a fixture at eight Fayetteville intersections from 2000 to 2006. The cameras automatically took photos of vehicles running red lights and violators got $50 tickets in the mail. The city removed the cameras after a court ruling that fines generated by the cameras must be given to local school systems.
The cameras worked, reducing accident rates and making dangerous intersections safer. Even if the city can't keep the fines, they are a good investment. Bring them back.
And then let's step up enforcement too. We need safer roads and the route is clear.


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Turkish President Tayyip Erdogan greets members of parliament from his ruling AK Party during a meeting at the parliament in Ankara, Turkey July 25, 2017. Yasin Bulbul/Presidential Palace/Handout via REUTERS ATTENTION EDITORS - THIS IMAGE HAS BEEN SUPPLIED BY A THIRD PARTY. NO RESALES. NO ARCHIVES(reuters_tickers)
ANKARA (Reuters) - Turkey has made progress in plans to procure an S-400 missile defence system from Russia and signatures have been signed, President Tayyip Erdogan said on Tuesday.
"Steps have been taken and signatures signed with Russia concerning the S-400s. God willing we will see the S-400s in our country," Erdogan told lawmakers from his ruling AK Party at a party meeting in parliament.
NATO member Turkey said in April it had reached a "final stage" in talks to procure the air missile defence system. Turkey will not be able to integrate the Russian S-400 into the NATO system.
(Reporting by Tuvan Gumrukcu; Writing by David Dolan; Editing by Daren Butler)

domain: politics


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Transcript from the "Draggable" Lesson
>> Sarah Drasner: There's this thing called Draggable, that you can use with GreenSock. So Draggable is really easy to work with. It's a plugin that we mentioned before in those code pen safe plugins. So it's a device enabled for touch screen. You can impose bounce. So you can either have the bounds be like this div of a container, or you can say, top left width and height, and kind of impose bounds that way.
[00:00:27] You can have momentum, if you have the ThrowPropsPlugin as well. You can do hit test to see if elements hit each other. If you ever want to make a game or something, you can use it that way. It honors transform origin, which is really cool, a lot of other Draggable things don't.
[00:00:41] It still works on transformed elements, you can lock an axis, it's GPU accelerated and request animation frame driven. And really, all you need to make it work Is this Draggable.create. So if I have a Mr. Potato Head, I can kind of move, okay, I'm gonna make myself here, I don't have a mustache.
[00:01:00] I'm gonna put this eyes on there, and I'm like, generally, kind of smiley, and then now I have brown hair, but before I had blond hair. So I'll just put both. And a hat, I'll put that up there, okay? So I could also decide I needed contacts, and put blue eyes in there.
[00:01:22] So you could kinda play around with it, it's not actually that much code to make this work. I'm just like, grab everything in there. They each have to be separate, right, because I want them to move separately. So I'm like, go get all of them, and Draggable.create them, and then make them fun to play with for people who are immature, like me.
[00:01:46] [LAUGH] And there's a bunch of nerds on CodePen that do these creative coding weekends and challenges, and there was a pastel dots weekend. So I made these little guys, and really, I could've made them hit testable and things like that, but I kind of liked when they, you know, landed on each other, and went over each other.
[00:02:09] And again, code is super simple. I'm staggering back and forth. I'm just basically saying, repeat negative one. This part I didn't mention before. Yo-yo true will make it go back and forth, if it's repeated. So I'm just saying, do this and then do this, and then do this and then do this.
[00:02:29] And then Draggable.create all of them and then we're done, and we have this pastel dots. So there's also call back, so you don't just have to work, like if you wanna, you don't have to just play with hit test, you could work with all sorts of stuff. You could work with onPress, onDragStart, onDragEnd, on Release.
[00:03:06] [LAUGH] So this is, that's kind of nice that you know what this is. So it also dispatches events, so you can do at event listener, and that kind of stuff.
>> Sarah Drasner: It's loading, loading. This is one of GreenSock's pens, but I really like it. It shows how you can have droppable logic.
[00:03:27] So with hit test, you can kind of see, but one thing about this is, watch, it's not actually happening until 50% or more across. Which is really great, because when you're working with elements inside of the dom, the dom will always see everything inside of it as a box, and we're going to dive into that in more detail a little bit later on.
[00:03:52] But if you have a star or something that's pointy, it will look like it's not hitting each other until a little while, even though it is. So sometimes you have to compensate for what you see with your eye, is different from what the dorm actually thinks is going on.
[00:04:09] And there is also this new thing that is called Snap Point, so you can throw these around and they'll like kind of come back. That's pretty cool. Other possibilities for game development, if you want. And, of course, we have a Draggable to create a timeline interaction. So I basically created a Draggable thing with this gear, and I set it to 360, not 100.
[00:04:40] And then I plotted that to the progress of the timeline. And so then, you can steer a ship, and all sorts of stuff with it. And then Play is really what you would think, it just restarts the timeline. That's just kind of a fairly normal interaction. So here we're setting all of those to visibility: visible.
[00:05:00] We make the entire animation first, and then once we have access to that master, I say Draggable.create, bounds from 0 to 360, and onDrag master.progress this.rotation over 360, cool. We can also do interpolation with style bindings. There's this Pen. This is done with Vue and SVG. So basically I'm changing the coordinates, and I'm tracking the coordinates, and using those inline in this inline style to change the perspective origin.
[00:05:35] If you don't know what perspective origin is, it's a really cool thing to check out. So I have in the instance, I start with zero. You know, x at zero, y at zero, and then I change it bound to eclient x, and then I change that, based on the perspective origin.
[00:05:52] So we can also do things like this cute little Wall-E. I think he makes noises. [SOUND] Chrome made this major change recently, where you can't play audio unless the user interacts with the site. So a bunch of my pens broke this morning. [LAUGH] So if you're just automatically playing audio, it won't let you.
[00:06:13] You have to trigger the audio. So I think there's another sound that's not happening right now, but the one that I trigger, [SOUND] [LAUGH] Happen. So basically Wall-E has this repeated thing, where he kind of looks around, and he kind of blinks and stuff, because regular things in regular life don't just sit there, still.
[00:06:33] And then, basically, for this animation. [SOUND] For this animation, I have his arms reaching out, so I basically made the animation, with his arms reaching out. And then I pause it, and then I scrub that animation, as you scrub from here to here in the client. And then when I get past that certain point, [SOUND], I flip him with the scale negative one on the x-axis.
[00:07:02] And so he looks over here instead, and he stops moving his arms.
>> Sarah Drasner: So basically, this is mouse move coordinates. There's a lot more stuff going on than that, but this is kind of where the magic happens, where I have this progress, and I have the coordinates, but I keep it paused.
[00:07:19] Cuz I don't want the animation to play from that point, I want it to stay paused, and for us to scrub the progress. If you don't have it paused, and this is something I ran into, it will keep trying to play, and then it gets this stuttery thing.
[00:07:33] I'm like, what is going on? So you need to chain that pause with the progress.

domain: artistic


text: I love hearing feedback, questions, or comments about my pictures, blogs, and time lapses. Everything I’ve done is original and has a unique story attached to it. If you would like to enjoy my work in your home, or would just like to talk about a certain photo, please don’t hesitate to contact me at anytime. I can be reached by phone at 480-307-3555 or by email at email@example.com. I can’t wait to hear from you!


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About this product
- DescriptionThe world will end with the sounding of Tarinel's Song - or so the prophecy claims. Yet when the prophecy is fulfilled and the world continues on, it becomes clear that there is more to the prophecy than is commonly kwn. The fate of the world rests upon the shoulders of mismatched individuals drawn towards what seems to be the center of the crisis - a city at the heart of an empire, sealed off by magic beyond even the power of the Gods to control. But even if they are able to overthrow an unkwn power within the city walls, will these unlikely champions be able to put an end to the chaos this harbringer portends? Tarinel's Song is set in the world of Na'Ril, the epic setting for The Godslayer Cycle. This first in a three book series explores how deities have evolved in ather part of the world, and sets the foundation for events that will effect the world as a whole.
- Author BiographyRon Glick (born January 20, 1969) is a community activist, and is presently active in several charitable enterprises. He was born in Plainville, KS. After living in various states, he currently lives in Kalispell, MT. He is unmarried, with ambitions to someday change that. His poetry has been published in several publications through the years, and he is the author of The Godslayer Cycle and Chaos Rising series. He is also presently working on a hybrid of two classics, The Wizard In Wonderland. He loves contact and welcomes input on his work through email at email@example.com.
- Author(s)Ron Glick
- Date of Publication13/08/2012
- FormatPaperback / softback
- SubjectScience Fiction & Fantasy
- Country of PublicationUnited States
- Content Noteblack & white illustrations
- Weight581 g
- Width152 mm
- Height229 mm
- Spine23 mm
- Illustrator(s)Eda Christianson
- Format DetailsTrade paperback (US),Unsewn / adhesive bound
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