text:
Acidovorax citrulli (fruit blotch)
- Taxonomic Tree
- Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
- Distribution Table
- Risk of Introduction
- Hosts/Species Affected
- Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
- Growth Stages
- List of Symptoms/Signs
- Biology and Ecology
- Seedborne Aspects
- Plant Trade
- Detection and Inspection
- Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
- Prevention and Control
- Distribution Maps
Don't need the entire report?
Generate a print friendly version containing only the sections you need.Generate report
PicturesTop of page
IdentityTop of page
Preferred Scientific Name
- Acidovorax citrulli (Schaad et al.) Schaad et al.
Preferred Common Name
- fruit blotch
Other Scientific Names
- Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli (Schaad et al., 1978) Willems et al., 1992
- Pseudomonas avenae subsp. citrulli (Schaad et al., 1978) Hu et al., 1991
- Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes subsp. citrulli Schaad et al., 1978
International Common Names
- English: bacterial fruit blotch; seedling blight
Local Common Names
- UK: fruit rot
- PSDMAC (Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli)
Taxonomic TreeTop of page
- Domain: Bacteria
- Phylum: Proteobacteria
- Class: Betaproteobacteria
- Order: Burkholderiales
- Family: Comamonadaceae
- Genus: Acidovorax
- Species: Acidovorax citrulli
Notes on Taxonomy and NomenclatureTop of page
The bacterium was originally isolated from water-soaked lesions on cotyledons of watermelon seedlings from accessions in the USA plant introduction (PIs) collection (Webb and Goth, 1965). The bacterium was phenotypically similar to Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes but differed in that it was pathogenic to watermelon, cantaloupe, cucumber and squash (Schaad et al., 1978). Therefore, this new bacterium was named P. pseudoalcaligenes subsp. citrulli. Hu et al. (1991) found a close similarity between this bacterium and Pseudomonas avenae and thus was renamed P. avenae subsp. citrulli. The watermelon bacterium and other subspecies of P. avenae constitute a separate rRNA branch within the family Comamonadaceae. Comparing them phenotypically, Willems et al. (1992) found the members of this rRNA branch to be most closely related to the genus Acidovorax and the watermelon fruit blotch bacterium was renamed Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli. The current preferred name for this pathogen is Acidovorax citrulli.
DescriptionTop of page
A. citrulli is Gram-negative, obligately aerobic, and motile with a single polar flagellum (Willems et al., 1992). Cells are straight to slightly curved rods that are 0.2 to 0.8 by 1.0 to 5.0 um. On nutrient agar, colonies are round with slightly scalloped or spreading margins. Colonies are convex, smooth to slightly granular, and beige to faintly yellow with a translucent marginal zone. Colonies are non-fluorescent on King's medium B.
DistributionTop of page
A. citrulli has been distributed throughout the watermelon growing areas of the USA on contaminated seed, and probably in many other watermelon producing areas of the world (Latin and Hopkins, 1995). The geographical origin of the bacterium is not known. The bacterium was detected in the USA plant introduction collection several years before it appeared in commercial watermelon (Webb and Goth, 1965).
A. citrulli was detected in watermelons grown in Tipitapa in Nicaragua in 1997 from contaminated seed (Munoz and Monterroso, 2002). In 2004 CABI was informed by the Ministerio Agropecuario y Forestal, Nicaragua, that the disease was eradicated and the pathogen had not been detected in subsequent plant and soil tests of the area.
Distribution TableTop of page
The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.Last updated: 12 May 2022
|Continent/Country/Region||Distribution||Last Reported||Origin||First Reported||Invasive||Reference||Notes|
|-Shaanxi||Absent, Unconfirmed presence record(s)|
|Indonesia||Absent, Unconfirmed presence record(s)|
|Iran||Absent, Unconfirmed presence record(s)|
|Greece||Present, Transient under eradication|
|Hungary||Present, Few occurrences|
|Netherlands||Absent, Confirmed absent by survey|
|North Macedonia||Present, Few occurrences|
|Serbia||Absent, Formerly present|
|Trinidad and Tobago||Present|
|United States||Present, Localized|
|-Alabama||Present, Few occurrences|
|-Arkansas||Present, Few occurrences|
|-California||Present, Few occurrences|
|-Delaware||Absent, Formerly present|
|-Indiana||Present, Few occurrences|
|-Iowa||Absent, Formerly present|
|-Maryland||Absent, Formerly present|
|-Mississippi||Present, Few occurrences|
|-Missouri||Present, Few occurrences|
|-North Carolina||Present, Few occurrences|
|-Oklahoma||Present, Few occurrences|
|-Oregon||Present, Few occurrences|
|Australia||Present, Few occurrences|
|-Queensland||Present, Few occurrences|
|Northern Mariana Islands||Present|
|-Rio Grande do Norte||Present|
|-Rio Grande do Sul||Present|
Risk of IntroductionTop of page
There are no known quarantine restrictions on A. citrulli.
Hosts/Species AffectedTop of page
Symptoms can be produced in all cucurbits tested by inoculation, especially in the seedling stage (Schaad et al., 1978; Latin and Hopkins, 1995). Watermelon, cantaloupe and honeydew melons appear the most susceptible, with both foliar symptoms and blotch symptoms on the fruit (Isakeit et al., 1997). Symptoms develop on inoculated foliage of squash, cucumbers and other cucurbits, but fruit symptoms have not been observed on these hosts. Citron (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides), a common weed in parts of the southern USA, is also a host for A. citrulli. Symptoms are produced on the foliage and fruit, and seed transmission occurs in this cucurbit weed, giving it the potential to serve as an alternate host to perpetuate the bacterium.
In host range studies, symptoms were produced on tomato, eggplant and pepper foliage, but not on fruit.
Host Plants and Other Plants AffectedTop of page
|Citrullus lanatus (watermelon)||Cucurbitaceae||Main|
|Cucumis melo (melon)||Cucurbitaceae||Main|
|Cucumis sativus (cucumber)||Cucurbitaceae||Other|
|Cucurbita moschata (pumpkin)||Cucurbitaceae||Other|
|Cucurbita pepo (marrow)||Cucurbitaceae||Other|
|Piper betle (betel pepper)||Piperaceae||Other|
Growth StagesTop of page
SymptomsTop of page
Initial symptoms of A. citrulli in watermelon seedlings appear as water-soaked areas on the underside of cotyledons and leaves (Webb and Goth, 1965). In young seedlings, lesions can develop in the hypocotyl resulting in collapse and death of the emerging plant. As cotyledons expand, water-soaked lesions turn dark brown and often extend along the length of the midrib. Leaf lesions are light brown to reddish-brown and frequently spread along the midrib of the leaf (Latin and Hopkins, 1995). As the growing season progresses, leaf symptoms may become sparse and inconspicuous.
The characteristic symptom of bacterial fruit blotch in watermelon is a dark, olive-green blotch on the upper surface of infected fruit that begins as a small, water-soaked area a few millimetres in diameter and rapidly enlarges to a lesion several centimetres in diameter with irregular margins (Somodi et al., 1991). In a few days, the lesions may expand to cover the entire upper surface of the fruit , leaving only the groundspot symptomless. Initially, the lesions do not extend into the flesh of the watermelon. In advanced stages of lesion development, the initial infection site may become necrotic. Cracks in the rind surface may occur, resulting in fruit rot. Rotting watermelon fruit often ooze a sticky, clear, amber substance or an effervescent exudate (Latin and Hopkins, 1995).
Seedling and leaf symptoms on other cucurbits are similar to those on watermelon. Symptoms on muskmelon fruit consist of water-soaked pits on the fruit surface (Latin and Hopkins, 1995). In honeydew fruit, lesions begin as water soaked spots that, with age, become brown and cracked in the centre with a water-soaked margin. The lesions in honeydew are usually 3-10 mm in diameter.
List of Symptoms/SignsTop of page
|Fruit / lesions: black or brown|
|Leaves / necrotic areas|
|Whole plant / seedling blight|
Biology and EcologyTop of page
The disease cycle in most host crops apparently begins with contaminated seed (Latin and Hopkins, 1995). A. citrulli can survive for several years on seeds that have been dried and stored. Much of the watermelon production in the USA is still from direct-seeded plants, but transplants are rapidly gaining in popularity. A warm, humid environment (favourable for disease development) is maintained in transplant facilities used for raising watermelon seedlings. Bacteria from infested seed infect the developing seedling as the cotyledons emerge from the seed coat. Most transplant facilities employ overhead irrigation, which effectively splash-disperses bacteria to neighbouring seedlings. This secondary spread in the transplant house can result in high numbers of infected seedlings reaching the field. Some of these transplants may harbour the bacterium, but show no symptoms. Because a single transplant house may supply plants to several growers over a large geographical area, transplants can be the mechanism through which the bacterium is dispersed.
The fruit blotch bacterium may be introduced into a field from infested seed, infected transplants, contaminated volunteer crop cucurbits, or infected wild cucurbits. In the field, symptom development and spread of A. avenae subsp. citrulli on foliage and fruit is most rapid during periods when the weather is hot and humid, with thundershowers (Hopkins, 1993). These conditions are common during the summer. In addition to wind-driven rain, the bacterium can be spread by contact with farm workers, irrigation, and other cultivation equipment (D. Hopkins, University of Florida, USA, personal communication, 1997). The bacterium does not appear to spread as rapidly during cool, rainy weather. With favourable weather, a few primary infection sites in a field can result in infection of all plants by the time of harvest. Leaf lesions in the field do not result in defoliation, but are important reservoirs of bacteria for fruit infection. Under some environmental conditions, foliar symptoms may not be very conspicuous and the watermelon grower may not realize that there is a problem until fruit symptoms render the crop unmarketable.
A. citrulli is spread from leaf lesions to developing fruit by splash dispersal during rain or irrigation. Watermelon fruits are most vulnerable to bacterial infection 2 to 3 weeks after anthesis (Frankle et al., 1993). The bacterium invades the fruit through stomata on the fruit surface. Small, water-soaked lesions develop 3-7 days later. Mature watermelon fruit are covered with a wax layer that plugs stomata and prevents the entry of bacteria into the fruit. Once the wax layer forms, mature watermelons can be invaded by the bacterium only after wounding. Thus, the bacterium must invade the fruit seven days, or more, before maturity, but the symptoms continue to develop as long as the fruit is attached to the plant. Surface lesions cease to enlarge after harvest.
Wild cucurbits can become infected with A. citrulli by spread from cucurbit crops. Volunteer cucurbits that grow from previous crops that had fruit blotch can be naturally infected with the bacterium. These infected wild cucurbits and volunteer crop cucurbits may be important overseasoning hosts for the bacterium that helps to perpetuate the disease in an area (Latin and Hopkins, 1995). Production of cucurbit crop seed in areas with these alternate hosts of A. citrulli can result in the production of infested seed that begin the disease cycle again.
Seedborne AspectsTop of page
There are very few reports of the incidence of A. citrulli in commercial seed lots. However, the infection level generally has been low, because in heavily infected seed lots the bacterium would have been detected and seed would not have been sold. One commercial seed lot was reported, in a grow-out test, to have one infected seed in 9000 (Rane and Latin, 1992). Sowell and Schaad (1979) reported disease incidence on USA plant introductions of watermelons to be over 50% in some cases, however this was based on only 25 seeds. Seed samples collected from symptomatic fruit have had infection levels over 80% (Kucharek et al., 1993).
Walcott et al. (2003) investigated the role of watermelon blossom inoculation in seed infestation by A. citrulli. Approximately 98% (84/87) of fruit developed from blossoms inoculated with 1 x 107 or 1 x 109 c.f.u. of A. citrulli per blossom were asymptomatic. Using immunomagnetic separation and PCR, A. avenae subsp. citrulli was detected in 44% of the seed lots assayed, despite the lack of fruit symptoms. Furthermore, viable colonies were recovered from 31% of the seed lots. Of these lots, 27% also yielded seedlings expressing bacterial fruit blotch symptoms when planted under conditions of 30°C and 90% RH. A. citrulli was detected and recovered from the pulp of 33 and 19%, respectively, of symptomless fruit whose blossoms were inoculated with A. citrulli. The ability to penetrate watermelon flowers was not unique to A. citrulli, because blossoms inoculated with Pantoea ananatis also resulted in infested seed and pulp. The data indicate that watermelon blossoms are a potential site of ingress for fruit and seed infestation by A. citrulli. These data indicate that watermelon blossoms are a potential site of ingress for fruit and seed infestation by A. citrulli. Lessl et al. (2007) reported that A. citrulli can rapidly colonize watermelon stigmas reaching populations of 1 x 109 c.f.u/ blossom by 96 h post-inoculation. The authors also showed that low levels of A. citrulli (1 x 103 c.f.u /blossom) applied to stigmas can lead to seed infestation. Subsequently, using a constitutive green fluorescent protein mutant of A. citrulli, it was demonstrated that the bacterium can penetrate the stigma and style via the transmitting tract tissues and reach the ovary by 7 days after inoculation (Lessl, 2003). This mechanism of seed infestation provides a possible explanation for the production of contaminated seedlots from fields with no visible BFB symptoms. In addition, recently, it was reported that blossom or stigma inoculation resulted primarily in bacterial localization in the seed embryo, whereas pericarp inoculation resulted in bacterial deposition under the seed coat (Dutta et al., 2012). These aspects may have implications on bacterial survival in seed and efficiency of pathogen detection by seed health testing.
Effect on Seed Quality
There does not appear to be any effect of A. citrulli on seed quality. Seed appearance, germination and seedling vigour are unaffected.
The 1989 outbreak of bacterial fruit blotch of watermelon in the USA appeared to be initiated by contaminated seed. Disease symptoms appeared in Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina, Maryland, Delaware and Indiana, all within a few months. In Indiana, initial symptoms in diseased seedlings in commercial greenhouses were limited to distinct foci (Rane and Latin, 1992). Many of the fruit blotch infected greenhouses and fields were associated with a seed lot that was later shown to be infested with A. citrulli. Laboratory and greenhouse tests have demonstrated transmission of the bacterium from infested seeds to as high as 80% of the seedlings from these seeds (Kucharek et al., 1993; Hopkins et al., 1996). Other studies have corroborated transmission of the pathogens by seeds. A. citrulli was detected in 44% of the seed lots assayed using immunomagnetic separation and PCR. Viable colonies were recovered from 31% of the seed lots. Of these lots, 27% also yielded seedlings expressing bacterial fruit blotch symptoms when planted under conditions of 30°C and 90% RH (Walcott et al., 2003). Walcott et al. (2000) showed that A. citrulli can infest seeds within symptomless watermelon fruits, by inoculation through the stigma of female blossom. Seedlots generated by stigma-inoculation yielded seedlings expressing BFB symptoms when planted under conditions of 30°C and 90% RH (Walcott et al., 2003). In Australia, tests showed A. citrulli was readily seed transmissible from naturally infected rockmelon and honeydew fruit for at least 3 months after seed extraction (O'Brien and Martin, 1999).
In a recent study, it was reported that A. citrulli transmission as well as spatial and temporal spread in the greenhouse depends on the inoculum concentration in seed (Dutta et al., 2012). Researchers observed a sigmoidal relationship between A. citrulli seed inoculum concentration and frequency of bacterial fruit blotch (BFB) seedling transmission. One-hundred and 96.6% of seedlots containing one seed with 1 ×107 and 1 ×105 c.f.u of A. citrulli, respectively, transmitted the pathogen to seedlings; in contrast, BFB seedling transmission were lower for seedlots with one seed infested with 1 × 103 (46.6%) and 1 × 101 c.f.u of A. citrulli (16.7%). As disease transmission was observed for seedlots with just one seed containing as few as 10 c.f.u of A. citrulli, zero tolerance for seedborne A. citrulli is recommended for effective BFB management.
Furthermore, it was also observed that under greenhouse conditions without typical automated overhead irrigation, BFB developed faster from seedlots with one seed infested with ≥1 × 105 c.f.u than from seedlots with one seed infested with ≤1 × 103 c.f.u. It was also demonstrated an increase in spatial spread of BFB in the greenhouse with increase in A. citrulli seed inoculum concentration. Lots with one seed with high inoculum loads (1 ×107 or 1 × 105 A. citrulli c.f.u) led to higher frequency of disease spread compared to lots with lower levels of inoculum (1 × 103 or 1 × 101 c.f.u).
Infested seed is the primary way in which A. citrulli has been introduced into the transplant house or into watermelon fields (D. Hopkins, University of Florida, USA, personal communication, 1997). Alternative hosts can also serve as the source of inoculum into cucurbit fields. The conditions in a transplant house are highly conducive for BFB development (Walcott, 2008). Infested seeds are normally the primary source of inoculum, and secondary spread of bacteria is due to the splash-dispersal facilitated by overhead irrigation that generates bacterial aerosols. Bacteria landing on uninfected seedlings penetrate cotyledons and leaves via stomata and multiply rapidly in intercellular space. Numerous secondary infection cycles can take place due to splash dispersal.
Infected seeds and seedlings are the most important primary sources of inoculum in commercial fruit production field. However, there may be other endemic sources of inoculum like debris from infected fruit or foliage tissue, volunteer watermelon seedlings, or cucurbitaceous weeds (Black et al., 1994; Latin and Hopkins, 1995; Isakeit et al., 1998). In the field, BFB development is heavily dependent on rainfall and relative humidity. Secondary dispersal of A. citrulli is by wind-driven rain or over-head irrigation. When A. citrulli lands on healthy leaves, it migrates through open stomata into the sub-stomatal intercellular spaces where it multiplies and induces water-soaked lesions. Although, there is currently no evidence of systemic A. citrulli movement throughout the plant, there are reports where bacteria deposited on the surfaces of immature ovaries migrated through open stomata to initiate fruit infections (Frankle et al., 1993). This infection court is accessible for 2-3 weeks after anthesis, and as fruits mature, wax becomes deposited over the stomata preventing further bacterial entry. Despite this, A. citrulli can exist epiphytically on leaf and fruit surfaces and may invade tissues through wounds. Seeds from infected fruits may become buried in the soil where they may serve as an inoculum for subsequent crops. While fruit infection is initiated at anthesis, fruit symptoms do not develop until harvest maturity.
Alternative hosts can also serve as the source of inoculum in cucurbit fields.
Several studies have been conducted on the control of bacterial fruit blotch of watermelon with seed treatments. Sowell and Schaad (1979) reported that soaking seed known to be infested with A. citrulli in 1 mg/ml streptomycin for 16 h eliminated the infection of seedlings grown from these seed. However, this treatment has not been developed into an effective commercial treatment. Hot-water treatment of infested seed at 50°C for 20 and 30 minutes was shown to eliminate seed transmission to watermelon seedlings (Wall, 1989). In a later study, treatments of infested seed in 0.525% NaOCl for 20 minutes, in 1.8% HCl for 5 minutes, and in water at 50°C for 20 minutes, all significantly reduced the number of diseased seedlings that developed from infested seed, but none of the treatments prevented disease (Rane and Latin, 1992). Nomura and Shirakawa (2001) showed that hot-water treatment of infested seeds at 54-56°C for 10-30 minutes reduced disease incidence but did not eradicate the pathogen. They also showed that, among bactericide treatments, antibiotic preparations were more effective than copper compounds and other pesticides. Moreover, low concentration and lengthy soaking treatments were far superior to high concentration and short treatments. However, bactericide treatment under vacuum was not as good as the normal treatment. Although bactericide treatment reduced disease incidence, it did not eradicate the pathogen.
In a study of wet seed treatments applied at seed harvest, fermentation of seeds in watermelon juice and debris for 24 to 48 hours, or treatment in 1% HCl for 15 minutes, always reduced the seed transmission to less than 1% and, in most tests, eliminated it (Hopkins et al., 1996). Fermentation for 24-48 hours plus treatment with HCl was most effective in eliminating seed transmission. These treatments are effective on diploid watermelon seeds, but germination of triploid seed can be reduced by the treatments.
Fermentation of freshly harvested seed in watermelon fruit juice is a common practice routinely employed in commercial seed production. The process involves incubation of seeds in fruit juice for 24-48 h followed by rinsing and drying. Hopkins et al. (1996) demonstrated that fermentation of watermelon seed in fruit juice for 24h followed by rinsing and drying completely eliminated BFB seedling transmission without affecting seed germination. However, fermentation cannot be used for certain watermelon hybrids and other cucurbits as it can adversely affect seed germination (Walcott, 2008). Many seed treatments have been reported to reduce BFB seedling transmission. Treatments with 0.5-1% CaOCl, or NaOCl for 15-20 min reduced BFB seedling transmission but failed to eliminate the pathogen from the seeds (Hopkin, 1996; Hopkins et al., 2003). Hopkins also found that treatment of infested seeds with 1600 μg of peroxyacetic acid per litre of water for 30 min followed by drying at 40°C for 48 h completely eliminated BFB seedling transmission (Hopkins et al., 2003). Currently, wet seed treatment with peroxyacetic acid is a standard practice by cucurbit seed producers. There have been many other attempts to develop seed treatments for BFB. For example, Feng et al. (2009) evaluated cupric sulfate, acidified cupric sulfate, acidified cupric acetate (ACA), acidified zinc chloride, NaOCl, acidic electrolyzed water (AEW) and peroxyacetic acid. Seed treatments with NaOCl at 50oC for 20 min, peroxyacetic acid for 30 min and ACA at 50oC for 20 min eradicated the pathogen, seed germination was negatively affected. Among the seed treatments, only AEW eradicated A. citrulli from infested seeds without decreasing seed germination or seedling establishment
Seed Health Tests
The recommended test to detect A. citrulli is a seedling grow-out test conducted under conditions favourable for symptom development. The watermelon seed industry is currently testing their seed lots by grow-out test of 10,000 to 50,000 seedlings per seed lot. In this test, seeds are planted in a sterile potting mix in a greenhouse that is free from other sources of A. citrulli, usually a greenhouse dedicated to seed testing. Seedlings are watered by overhead irrigation to promote foci of symptomatic plants that are easily visible. Relative humidity in the greenhouse is maintained above 55% and temperature is maintained between 24 and 38°C (Hopkins, 1994; Latin et al., 1995). After 16-21 days, each seedling is carefully inspected for symptoms. Isolations are made from seedlings showing any symptoms of disease and A. citrulli is identified using biochemical, DNA and pathogenicity tests. This method takes 30-35 days to complete. There is zero tolerance for contaminated seed and any infested seed lot is rejected.
Elaborate precautions must be taken to ensure that cross-contamination of seedlings does not occur in test procedures. A detailed step-by-step seedling grow-out method that describes such precautions and is standardized by the USA National Seed Health System (NSHS) can be accessed at the website www.seedhealth.org.
PCR-Wash (Seminis Inc.)
A detailed step-by-step description of the Seminis Inc. PCR-Wash procedure, standardized by the USA National Seed Health System (NSHS) can be accessed at the website www.seedhealth.org.
Immunomagnetic separation and PCR (Walcott and Gitaitis, 2000)
An immunomagnetic separation and polymerase chain reaction (IMS-PCR)-based assay was developed for detecting A. citrulli in watermelon seed. IMS yielded a 10-fold increase in recovery of A. citrulli over direct spread-plating on King's Medium B; however, the presence of seed debris reduced IMS efficiency. Synthetic oligonucleotide primers were designed based on the 16S rRNA gene of a known A. citrulli strain and tested for specific DNA amplification by PCR. The primers amplified DNA from all A. citrulli strains tested but also yielded amplicons with several closely related bacteria. IMS-PCR resulted in a 100-fold increase in A. citrulli detection sensitivity over direct PCR and was unaffected by PCR inhibitors in watermelon seed. The threshold of A. citrulli detection for IMS-PCR was 10 c.f.u./ml in watermelon seed wash, and seed lots with 0.1% infestation were consistently detected. IMS-PCR represents an efficient and sensitive approach to detecting A. citrulli in watermelon seedlots.
To improve the efficiency of seed health testing, immunomagnetic separation combined with polymerase chain reaction (IMS-PCR) was evaluated (Walcott and Gitaitis, 2000; Walcott et al., 2006). This approach was necessary because watermelon seed extracts contain compounds that inhibit PCR, yielding false-negative results (Walcott and Gitaitis, 2000). With IMS-PCR, paramagnetic beads coated with anti- A. citrulli polyclonal antibodies specifically bind target cells. Immunomagnetic beads can then be rinsed to eliminate inhibitory compounds and non-target cells and the captured A.citrulli cells are lysed by boiling and the DNA is detected by conventional or real-time PCR. Using artificially infested watermelon seedlots (n = 10,000 seeds) with 0.01 and 0.1% infestation, detection frequencies of 25 and 87.5% respectively were reported for IMS-PCR as compared to 12.5 and 37.5% for the greenhouse seedling grow-out assay (Walcott et al., 2006). While the differences in detection frequency for IMS-PCR and seedling grow-out were not statistically significant, the data demonstrated the potential of IMS-PCR as an effective alternative for seed health testing. The threshold of A. citrulli detection for IMS-PCR was 10 c.f.u/ml in watermelon seed wash, and seed lots with 0.1% (n = 10,000 seeds) infestation were consistently detected. In a recent study, Dutta et al. (2012) observed a sigmoidal relationship between A. citrulli seed inoculum concentration and frequency of pathogen detection in infested seedlots using IMS combined with a real-time PCR assay. Whereas 100% of samples from seedlots (n = 10,000 seeds/lot) with one seed containing ≥1 × 105 c.f.u tested positive for A. citrulli , 75 and 16.67% of samples from lots with one seed containing 1 ×103 and 10 c.f.u, respectively tested positive for the pathogen.
Methods of seed detection of A. citrulli are being developed that are highly sensitive and require less time to conduct than the seedling grow-out test. A PCR method is highly sensitive and can be completed in 3 days (Minsavage et al., 1995). Other techniques for detection of the pathogen include ELISA (Wang and Cheng, 2001) and latex-flocculation (Kawano and Takahashi, 2001). However, these reports do not necessarily indicate detection of the pathogen in seeds.
Plant TradeTop of page
|Plant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transport||Pest stages||Borne internally||Borne externally||Visibility of pest or symptoms|
|Fruits (inc. pods)||Yes||Yes||Pest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye|
|Seedlings/Micropropagated plants||Yes||Pest or symptoms usually invisible|
|Stems (above ground)/Shoots/Trunks/Branches||Yes||Pest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye|
|True seeds (inc. grain)||Yes||Pest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye|
|Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport|
|Growing medium accompanying plants|
ImpactTop of page
DiagnosisTop of page
Symptomatic cotyledon, leaf, or rind tissue is triturated in sterile water. A loopful of the suspension is streaked onto nutrient agar, King's medium B agar and a Tween base agar, such as TC50 (Frankle, 1992). Colonies of A. citrulli are nonfluorescent on the King's medium B agar and, because of lipolytic activity, produce a white halo after 3-4 days growth on the Tween agar. The hypersensitive response is produced in tobacco and tomato (Somodi et al., 1991). Pathogenicity tests are conducted by misting a bacterial suspension (106 CFU/ml) in water on young watermelon seedlings (first-true-leaf stage) until runoff occurs (Hopkins et al., 1993). With A. citrulli, water-soaked spots will occur on the underside of the cotyledons and first true leaf 3-5 days after inoculation. Alternatively, young watermelon seedlings can be inoculated by dipping a sterile toothpick into the bacterial colony and puncturing the watermelon hypocotyl with the toothpick. Either a water-soaked lesion will develop at the puncture site or the entire seedling will collapse and decay.
A. citrulli colonies can also be identified using the Microbial Identification System (MIS) fatty acid profile system (Somodi et al., 1991; Hodge et al., 1995) or the Biolog GN Microplates with the MicroLog data base (Isakeit et al., 1997). PCR can be used to diagnose A. citrulli with DNA extracts from bacterial colonies or from diseased tissue using the appropriate primers (Minsavage et al., 1995).
Seedlings showing BFB symptoms can also be confirmed by taking small (~4 mm2) pieces of symptomatic tissue and cutting into fine pieces in a drop of sterile water or 0.1M phosphate buffer saline. Using a sterile inoculation loop, a loopful of tissue macerate can be streaked on to appropriate semi-selective media and incubated for 2-3 days at 28°C. For further confirmation, putative A. citrulli colonies can be tested by extracting genomic DNA from isolated colonies and amplifying with a TaqMan real-time PCR assay using A. citrulli-specific primers (Dutta et al., 2012).
Apart from these methods, A. citrulli can also be confirmed by commercially available Immunostrips (Agdia Inc.). This is a rapid tool for detecting pathogen from leaves, fruit, bacterial cultures, and seedlings exhibiting BFB symptoms. Although the threshold of detection is 4 x 105 cells/ml, it is easy to conduct and does not require any special equipment or expertise.
Detection and InspectionTop of page
Similarities to Other Species/ConditionsTop of page
The seedling and leaf symptoms caused by A. citrulli in cucurbits may be confused with angular leaf spot caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans. These two bacterial pathogens can be distinguished by the production of fluorescent pigments on King's medium B agar.
There is also another weakly pathogenic bacterium that produces symptoms in watermelon seedlings in the transplant house that could be confused with those produced by A. citrulli (Hodge et al., 1995). It produces restricted lesions on cotyledons in the transplant house, but does not produce symptoms in the field on watermelon leaves and fruit. It can be distinguished by fatty acid profile and malonate utilization. Based on fatty acid profiles, this weakly aggressive bacterium was most closely related to Acidovorax facilis.
Prevention and ControlTop of page
Due to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
Fruit of some cultivars are more susceptible to bacterial fruit blotch than others. The susceptibility of fruit appears to be related to rind colour. The most susceptible fruit are those with a light green rind, more tolerant are those with light and dark-green stripes and most tolerant are those with a solid dark-green rind (Hopkins et al., 1993). Triploid watermelons are less susceptible to A. citrulli than diploid watermelons (Rhodes et al., 1996). However, the level of tolerance currently available in commercial watermelon cultivars will not guarantee freedom from fruit blotch under conditions which favour disease development.
Exclusion of Pathogen
The ideal control is to prevent the introduction of A. citrulli into the field (Hopkins, 1997). Plant seeds that have been tested for the presence of the fruit blotch bacterium. A negative assay is not proof that the seedlot is free of the bacterium, but does indicate that disease was not detected in a representative sample of the seedlot. Use transplants from houses in which there were no seedling symptoms of the fruit blotch disease.
Cultural Control and Sanitary Methods
Cultural practices in the transplant house should include minimal manipulation of plants; decontamination of hands, plant containers, and tools after contact with plants; closing sides of the transplant house during storms or windy periods; and destroying discarded plant material. Spread of the bacterium in the greenhouse can be minimized by low humidity, low temperatures, and bottom watering (Hopkins, 1994; Latin et al., 1995). Irrigation with an overhead boom may result in splash dispersal of the bacteria throughout the greenhouse. Spread of the bacteria may be reduced by practices that minimize or eliminate long periods when leaves are wet. It would also be advisable to segregate different seed lots in the transplant house to reduce the chance of cross contamination. Decontaminate a transplant house that had infected seedlings and wait at least 2-3 weeks to plant cucurbits in it again. A 0.5% sodium hypochlorite solution, as well as commercial bactericides, may be used for decontamination.
The possibility of A. citrulli being introduced into the field from contaminated volunteer watermelons can be reduced by ploughing under debris, including watermelon culls, from an infected field (D. Hopkins, University of Florida, USA, personal communication, 1997). The current field should be planted as far as possible from the previous crop. Volunteer watermelon seedlings from previous crops should be destroyed immediately to eliminate potential sources of the fruit blotch bacterium. In northern growing areas, fruit blotch affected fields should be planted subsequently with crops that utilize herbicides that will kill volunteer watermelons. Eliminate wild cucurbits and volunteer cucurbits near transplant houses and production fields. Do not work in an infested field if the foliage is wet. Decontaminate irrigation or mechanical equipment before moving it from an infested field to a noninfested field.
Applications of copper-containing fungicides at the full recommended rates have reduced the incidence of fruit blotch symptoms when applications were initiated prior to fruit set (Hopkins, 1991; Hopkins, 1995). If fruit blotch symptoms are observed, applications of copper-containing fungicides should begin at first flower, or earlier, and continue weekly until all fruit are mature. As a preventive treatment, biweekly applications of the full rate of copper or weekly applications at half the recommended rate of copper-containing fungicides may be used.
ReferencesTop of page
Assis SMP; Mariano RLR; Silva-Hanlin DMW; Duarte V, 1999. Bacterial fruit blotch caused by Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli in melon in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Fitopatologia Brasileira, 24(2):191.
Burdman S; Kots N; Kritzman G; Kopelowitz J, 2005. Molecular, physiological, and host-range characterization of Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli isolates from watermelon and melon in Israel. Plant Disease, 89(12):1339-1347. HTTP://www.apsnet.org
Cai XueQing; Huang YueYing; Yang JianZhen; Chen Jun; Cai GuoLong; Hu FangPing, 2005. Pathogen identification of bacterial fruit blotch of watermelon in Fujian. Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (Natural Science Edition), 34(4):434-437.
Demir G, 1996. A new bacterial disease of watermelon in Tnrkiye: bacterial fruit blotch of watermelon (Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli (Schaad et al.) Willems et al.). Journal of Turkish Phytopathology, 25(1/2):43-49; 17 ref.
Deng WL; Huang TC; Tsai YC, 2010. First report of Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli as the causal agent of bacterial leaf blight of betelvine in Taiwan. Plant Disease, 94(8):1065. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis
Dutta B; Avci U; Hahn MG; Walcott RR, 2012. Location of Acidovorax citrulli in infested watermelon seeds is influenced by the pathway of bacterial invasion. Phytopathology, 102(5):461-468. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/phyto
Dutta B; Scherm H; Gitaitis RD; Walcott RR, 2012. Acidovorax citrulli seed inoculum load affects seedling transmission and spread of bacterial fruit blotch of watermelon under greenhouse conditions. Plant Disease, 96(5):705-711. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis
EPPO, 2014. PQR database. Paris, France: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. http://www.eppo.int/DATABASES/pqr/pqr.htm
Feng JianJun; Li JianQiang; Randhawa P; Bonde M; Schaad NW, 2009. Evaluation of seed treatments for the eradication of Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli from melon and watermelon seeds. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology, 31(2):180-185. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07060660909507591
Frankle WG, 1992. Bacterial fruit blotch of watermelon: the relationship of the causal bacterium to the fruit and the development of a diagnostic medium. M.Sc. Thesis. Gainesville, USA: University of Florida.
Harighi B, 2007. Bacterial leaf spot of Christ's thorn, a new disease caused by Acidovomx avenae subsp. citrulli in Iran. Journal of Plant Pathology, 89(2):283-285. http://www.agr.unipi.it/sipav/jpp/index.html
Hodge NC; Baird SM; Gitaitis RG; Hopkins DL; Stall RE, 1995. A bacterium related to Acidovorax facilis occurs on watermelon seedlings. Phytopathology, 85:1187.
Holeva, M. C., Karafla, C. D., Glynos, P. E., Alivizatos, A. S., 2010. Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli newly reported to cause bacterial fruit blotch of watermelon in Greece. Plant Pathology, 59(4), 797. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3059.2009.02246.x
Hopkins DL, 1991. Chemical control of bacterial fruit blotch of watermelon. Florida State Horticultural Society Proceedings, 104:270-272.
Hopkins DL, 1993. Field spread of bacterial fruit blotch of watermelon. Phytopathology, 83:466.
Hopkins DL, 1994. Spread of bacterial fruit blotch of watermelon in the greenhouse. Phytopathology, 84:775.
Hopkins DL, 1995. Copper-containing fungicides reduce the spread of bacterial fruit blotch of watermelon in the greenhouse. Phytopathology, 85:510.
Hopkins DL, 1997. Effect of seed contamination level on final incidence of bacterial fruit blotch of direct-seeded watermelon. Phytopathology, 87:S44.
Hopkins DL; Thompson CM; Hilgren J; Lovic B, 2003. Wet seed treatment with peroxyacetic acid for the control of bacterial fruit blotch and other seedborne diseases of watermelon. Plant Disease, 87(12):1495-1499.
Horuz, S., Cetınkaya-Yıldız, R., Mırık, M., Aysan, Y., 2014. Occurrence, isolation, and identification of Acidovorax citrulli from melon in Turkey. Plant Protection Science, 50(4), 179-183. http://www.agriculturejournals.cz/publicFiles/136824.pdf
Hu FP; Young JM; Triggs CM, 1991. Numerical analysis and determinative tests for nonfluorescent plant-pathogenic Pseudomonas spp. and genomic analysis and reclassification of species related to Pseudomonas avenae Manns 1909. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 41(4):516-525
Kawano T; Takahashi Y, 2001. Simplified detection of the pathogen of watermelon bacterial fruit blotch by using high density latex flocculation test. Annual Report of the Kanto-Tosan Plant Protection Society, No.48:37-39; 4 ref.
Kucharek T; Perez Y; Hodge C, 1993. Transmission of the watermelon blotch bacterium from infested seed to seedlings. Phytopathology, 83:467.
Kumagai LB; Woods PW; Walcott R; Moua X, 2014. First report of bacterial fruit blotch on melon caused by Acidovorax citrulli in California. Plant Disease, 98(10):1423-1424. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis
Latin R; Tikhonova I; Rane K, 1995. Factors affecting the survival and spread of Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli in watermelon transplant production facilities. Phytopathology, 85(11):1413-1417; 20 ref.
Lessl JT, 2003. The role of bacterial motility in watermelon blossom colonization and seed infestation by Acidovorax avenae subsp citrulli, the causal agent of bacterial fruit blotch. Athens, USA: The University of Georgia.
Lessl JT; Fessehaie A; Walcott RR, 2007. Colonization of female watermelon blossoms by Acidovorax avenae spp. citrulli and the relationship between blossom inoculum dosage and seed infestation. Journal of Phytopathology, 155(2):114-121.
Minsavage GV; Hoover RJ; Kucharek TA; Stall RE, 1995. Detection of the watermelon fruit blotch pathogen on seeds with the polymerase chain reaction. Phytopathology, 85:1162.
Mİrİk, M., Aysan, Y., Sahİn, F., 2006. Occurrence of bacterial fruit blotch of watermelon caused by Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli in the Eastern Mediterranean Region of Turkey. Plant Disease, 90(6), 829. doi: 10.1094/PD-90-0829C
Mora-Umaña F; Araya CM, 2002. Bacterial spot of fruits of melon and watermelon: integrated management of an emergency. (Mancha bacteriana del fruto de melón y sandía: Manejo integrado de una emergencia.) Manejo Integrado de Plagas y Agroecología, No.66:105-110.
Nomura T; Shirakawa T, 2001. Efficacy of hot water and bactericide treatments of watermelon seeds infested by Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli. Proceedings of the Kansai Plant Protection Society, No. 43:1-6; 15 ref.
Ogiso H; Fujinaga M; Shimizu T, 2001. Occurrence of watermelon bacterial fruit blotch in Nagano prefecture. Annual Report of the Kanto-Tosan Plant Protection Society, No.48:33-36; 11 ref.
Palkovics L; Petróczy M; Kertész B; Németh J; Bársony C; Mike Z; Hevesi M, 2008. First report of bacterial fruit blotch of watermelon caused by Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli in Hungary. Plant Disease, 92(5):834-835. HTTP://www.apsnet.org
Ren, Y. Z., Li, H., Li, G. Y., Wang, Q. Y., Li, J. Q., 2006. First report of Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli infecting edible seed watermelon (Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus) in China. Plant Disease, 90(8), 1112. doi: 10.1094/PD-90-1112A
Sales Júnior R; Oliveira IS; Mariano RLR; Silva GFda; Nunes GHS, 2005. Kasugamycin and copper oxichloride effect on bacterial blotch of melon. (Efeito de kasugamicina e oxicloreto de cobre no controle da mancha-aquosa do meloeiro.) Fitopatologia Brasileira, 30(3):295-298. http://www.scielo.br/pdf/fb/v30n3/a14v30n3.pdf
Tian YL; Zhao YQ; Hu BS; Liu FQ, 2013. First report of seedling blight of watermelon caused by Acidovorax citrulli transmitted from rootstock of pumpkin in China. Plant Disease, 97(3):420. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis
Vock NT, ed. , 1978. A handbook of plant diseases in colour. Vol. 1 Fruit and vegetables. A handbook of plant diseases in colour. Vol. 1 Fruit and vegetables. Queensland Department of Primary Industries. Brisbane, Qd. Australia, 420 pp. (unnumbered)
Walcott RR, 2008. Integrated pest management of bacterial fruit blotch of cucurbits. In: Integrated Management of Plant Pests and Diseases [ed. by Ciancio, A. \Mukerji, K. G.]. New York, USA: Springer, 191-209.
Walcott RR; Gitaitis RD, 2000. Detection of Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli in watermelon seed using immunomagnetic separation and the polymerase chain reaction. Plant Disease, 84(4):470-474; 30 ref.
Walcott RR; Langston DBJr; Sanders FHJr; Gitaitis RD; Flanders JT, 2000. Natural outbreak of a bacterial fruit rot of cantaloupe in Georgia caused by Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli. Plant Disease, 84(3):372-372; 2 ref.
Wall GC, 1989. Control of watermelon fruit blotch by seed heat treatment. Phytopathology, 79:1191.
Wall GC; Santos VM, 1988. A new bacterial disease of watermelon in the Mariana Islands. Phytopathology, 78:1605.
Wang HL; Cheng AH, 2001. Development of serological detection technique for bacterial fruit blotch Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli in cucurbit crops. Plant Pathology Bulletin, 10(3):129-138; 21 ref.
Wang WenBo; Liu Dong; Zhang YanJu, 2013. Initial report on occurrence of watermelon bacterial fruit blotch in Heilongjiang Province. China Vegetables, No.2:82-86. http://zgsc.periodicals.net.cn/default.html
Webb RE; Goth RW, 1965. A seedborne bacterium isolated from watermelon. Plant Disease Reporter, 49:818-821.
Willems A; Goor M; Thielemans S; Gillis M; Kersters K; Ley Jde, 1992. Transfer of several phytopathogenic Pseudomonas species to Acidovorax as Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae subsp. nov., comb. nov., Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli, Acidovorax avenae subsp. cattleyae, and Acidovorax konjaci. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 42(1):107-119
Zhu XiaoYuan; Wang WenCheng; Xu Ye; Liu YaTing; Zheng YuanXian; Jiang ChangJie; Wang JinLong, 2013. Identification of bacterial fruit blotch of melons found in Yunnan Province. Journal of Yunnan Agricultural University, 28(2):175-179.
Assis S M P, Mariano R L R, Silva-Hanlin D M W, Duarte V, 1999. Bacterial fruit blotch caused by Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli in melon in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. (Mancha-aquosa do melão causada por Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli, no estado do Rio Grande do Norte.). Fitopatologia Brasileira. 24 (2), 191.
Burdman S, Kots N, Kritzman G, Kopelowitz J, 2005. Molecular, physiological, and host-range characterization of Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli isolates from watermelon and melon in Israel. Plant Disease. 89 (12), 1339-1347. HTTP://www.apsnet.org DOI:10.1094/PD-89-1339
CABI, Undated. Compendium record. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Cai XueQing, Huang YueYing, Yang JianZhen, Chen Jun, Cai GuoLong, Hu FangPing, 2005. Pathogen identification of bacterial fruit blotch of watermelon in Fujian. Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (Natural Science Edition). 34 (4), 434-437.
Cunty A, Audusseau C, Paillard S, Olivier V, François C, Rivoal C, Poliakoff F, 2019. First report of Acidovorax citrulli, the causal agent of bacterial fruit blotch, on melon (Cucumis melo) in Guadeloupe (France). Plant Disease. 103 (5), 1017-1017. DOI:10.1094/PDIS-10-18-1825-PDN
Demir G, 1996. A new bacterial disease of watermelon in Türkiye: bacterial fruit blotch of watermelon (Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli (Schaad et al.) Willems et al.). Journal of Turkish Phytopathology. 25 (1/2), 43-49.
Deng W L, Huang T C, Tsai Y C, 2010. First report of Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli as the causal agent of bacterial leaf blight of betelvine in Taiwan. Plant Disease. 94 (8), 1065. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis DOI:10.1094/PDIS-94-8-1065A
Halfeld-Vieira B A, Nechet K de L, 2007. Fruit blotch of watermelon in Roraima. (Mancha-aquosa da melancia em Roraima.). Fitopatologia Brasileira. 32 (3), 268. http://www.scielo.br/pdf/fb/v32n3/16.pdf DOI:10.1590/S0100-41582007000300016
Harighi B, 2007. Bacterial leaf spot of Christ's thorn, a new disease caused by Acidovomx avenae subsp. citrulli in Iran. Journal of Plant Pathology. 89 (2), 283-285. http://www.agr.unipi.it/sipav/jpp/index.html
Holeva M C, Karafla C D, Glynos P E, Alivizatos A S, 2010. Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli newly reported to cause bacterial fruit blotch of watermelon in Greece. Plant Pathology. 59 (4), 797. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3059.2009.02246.x
Horuz S, Cetınkaya-Yıldız R, Mırık M, Aysan Y, 2014. Occurrence, isolation, and identification of Acidovorax citrulli from melon in Turkey. Plant Protection Science. 50 (4), 179-183. http://www.agriculturejournals.cz/publicFiles/136824.pdf
Kumagai L B, Woods P W, Walcott R, Moua X, 2014. First report of bacterial fruit blotch on melon caused by Acidovorax citrulli in California. Plant Disease. 98 (10), 1423-1424. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis DOI:10.1094/PDIS-03-14-0286-PDN
Malliarakis D, Mpalantinaki E, Pagoulatou M G, Lorenzou K, Goumas D E, 2020. First report of Acidovorax citrulli causing a leaf spot disease on tomato plants in Greece. Journal of Plant Pathology. 103 (1), 353-353. DOI:10.1007/s42161-020-00677-1
Mİrİk M, Aysan Y, Sahİn F, 2006. Occurrence of bacterial fruit blotch of watermelon caused by Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli in the Eastern Mediterranean Region of Turkey. Plant Disease. 90 (6), 829. DOI:10.1094/PD-90-0829C
Mitrev S, Arsov E, 2020. First report of bacterial fruit blotch on watermelon caused by Acidovorax citrulli in the republic of North Macedonia. Plant Disease. 104 (10), 2721-2721. DOI:10.1094/PDIS-01-20-0204-PDN
Mora-Umaña F, Araya C M, 2002. Bacterial spot of fruits of melon and watermelon: integrated management of an emergency. (Mancha bacteriana del fruto de melón y sandía: Manejo integrado de una emergencia.). Manejo Integrado de Plagas y Agroecología. 105-110.
Muñoz M, Monterroso D, 2002. Identification of Acidovorax avenae citrulli in watermelon seeds in Nicaragua. (Identificación de Acidovorax avenae citrulli en semillas de sandía en Nicaragua.). Manejo Integrado de Plagas y Agroecología. 101-104.
NPPO of the Netherlands, 2013. Pest status of harmful organisms in the Netherlands., Wageningen, Netherlands:
Palkovics L, Petróczy M, Kertész B, Németh J, Bársony C, Mike Z, Hevesi M, 2008. First report of bacterial fruit blotch of watermelon caused by Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli in Hungary. Plant Disease. 92 (5), 834-835. HTTP://www.apsnet.org DOI:10.1094/PDIS-92-5-0834C
Ren Y Z, Li H, Li G Y, Wang Q Y, Li J Q, 2006. First report of Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli infecting edible seed watermelon (Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus) in China. Plant Disease. 90 (8), 1112. DOI:10.1094/PD-90-1112A
Sales Júnior R, Oliveira I S, Mariano R L R, Silva G F da, Nunes G H S, 2005. Kasugamycin and copper oxichloride effect on bacterial blotch of melon. (Efeito de kasugamicina e oxicloreto de cobre no controle da mancha-aquosa do meloeiro.). Fitopatologia Brasileira. 30 (3), 295-298. http://www.scielo.br/pdf/fb/v30n3/a14v30n3.pdf DOI:10.1590/S0100-41582005000300014
Somodi G C, Jones J B, Hopkins D L, Stall R E, Kucharek T A, Hodge N C, Watterson J C, 1991. Occurrence of a bacterial watermelon fruit blotch in Florida. Plant Disease. 75 (10), 1053-1056. DOI:10.1094/PD-75-1053
Tian Y L, Zhao Y Q, Hu B S, Liu F Q, 2013. First report of seedling blight of watermelon caused by Acidovorax citrulli transmitted from rootstock of pumpkin in China. Plant Disease. 97 (3), 420. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis DOI:10.1094/PDIS-10-12-0931-PDN
Wall GC, Santos VM, 1988. A new bacterial disease of watermelon in the Mariana Islands. In: Phytopathology, 78 1605.
Wang WenBo, Liu Dong, Zhang YanJu, 2013. Initial report on occurrence of watermelon bacterial fruit blotch in Heilongjiang Province. China Vegetables. 82-86. http://zgsc.periodicals.net.cn/default.html
Yang Y Q, Lan B, Sun Q, Chen H F, Huang Y H, Chen J, Huang J H, Guo Y H, Li X M, 2019. First report of Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli causing bacterial fruit blotch of watermelon in Jiangxi, China. Plant Disease. 103 (9), 2468-2468. DOI:10.1094/PDIS-12-18-2300-PDN
Zhu XiaoYuan, Wang WenCheng, Xu Ye, Liu YaTing, Zheng YuanXian, Jiang ChangJie, Wang JinLong, 2013. Identification of bacterial fruit blotch of melons found in Yunnan Province. Journal of Yunnan Agricultural University. 28 (2), 175-179.
Distribution MapsTop of page
Select a dataset
CABI Summary Records
Unsupported Web Browser:
One or more of the features that are needed to show you the maps functionality are not available in the web browser that you are using.
Please consider upgrading your browser to the latest version or installing a new browser.
More information about modern web browsers can be found at http://browsehappy.com/

domain: agronomy


Justice Inyang Eden Ekwo of the Federal High Court in Abuja has ordered the Nigerian Immigration Service, NIS, to immediately release the international passport of former Rivers State Governor, Dr Peter Odili, which was unlawfully seized from him in July this year.
The judge held that the action of Immigration is not only unlawful but illegal, unconstitutional and utra vires.
Justice Ekwo, in a judgment of the suit filed by Odili to challenge the seizure of his passport, upheld the submission that the Immigration and its Comptroller General lacked the constitutional powers to do what they did.
The reason that Odili was on the watch list of the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) arrived to justify the passport seizure was rejected by the court on the ground that such use of power is not known to any law in the country.
Click https://bit.ly/3ihxAkl and download the waffitv app to get daily update of trending News and happenings around and watch thousands of free movies on all genres on the go


text:
Edited by jennieaboyd, Anonymous
Questions and Answers
I have persistent sore throat. When I reduce the number of cigarettes then I feel relieved, but now I am suffering cold for the past one week?
Now I am relieving from cold but sore throat still persists. I have tried: Had tablets by general physician for 3 days, its short of antibiotic only. I think it was caused by: Cigarette might be
VisiHow QnA. This section is not written yet. Want to join in? Click EDIT to write this answer.
Categories : Voice Lessons & Tips
Recent edits by: jennieaboyd

domain: medical


text:
Pressure Cooker Chinese Beef Rib and Tendon Stew. This Chinese Beef Brisket Stew with Beef Tendon & Daikon (Chinese: 柱侯蘿蔔牛筋腩) is yet another classic Cantonese favorite! It's not only a staple Uncooked: If you bought uncooked beef tendons, pressure cook the beef tendons with a cup of cold water in Instant Pot Pressure Cooker at High. Beef brisket, beef tendon, and daikon are pressured cooked in spices and seasonings.
Place beef tendon in a pressure cooker and add water to cover beef completely. Place on high heat until rated pressure has been reached. Welcome to my site about modern Chinese cooking – including street food, family recipes, and restaurant dishes. This Delicious Pressure Cooker Chinese Beef Rib and Tendon Stew using 22 simple ingredients and 18 easy steps. Here is how you achieve yummy food.
Ingredients of Pressure Cooker Chinese Beef Rib and Tendon Stew
- You need 2-3 lbs of beef short ribs.
- Prepare 1 lb of beef tendon.
- Prepare 1 Tbsp of oil.
- Prepare 3 of shallots, sliced.
- Prepare 4 cloves of garlic, minced.
- It’s 5 of spring onions.
- Prepare 4 inch of ginger, peeled & sliced.
- It’s 1 Tbsp of shaoxing wine.
- You need 2 cups of chicken stock.
- It’s 3 Tbsp of chu hou paste.
- Prepare 1 Tbsp of soy sauce.
- It’s 1 Tbsp of dark soy sauce.
- It’s 2 tsp of oyster sauce.
- You need 2 tsp of sugar.
- You need 3 of whole star anise.
- You need 5 inches of orange peel.
- It’s 1.5 lbs of daikon, peeled and cubed.
- You need 3 of parsnips, peeled and cubed.
- Prepare 5 oz of shitake, sliced.
- It’s 1 can of baby corn.
- You need 4 Tbsp of water.
- You need 4 Tbsp of corn starch.
I take a less labor-intensive approach. This is a great winter stew-type dish. A lot of different cuts of beef will work; my old choice was blade as its large amount of intramuscular fat gives it. This Pressure Cooker Beef Stew is a classic, old-fashioned recipe, based on a stovetop version my mom cooked for me growing up.
Pressure Cooker Chinese Beef Rib and Tendon Stew instructions
- Place the beef tendon in the pressure cooker and add 1 cup water. Pressure cook on high pressure for 1 hour and 15 min and natural pressure release..
- While the tendon is cooking, prepare the other ingredients..
- Lay the short ribs out on a baking sheet and season with salt and pepper..
- Separate the green from the white parts of the spring onion. Add the white parts to a small bowl and then prep the garlic, shallot and ginger into the bowl..
- Peel and cube the daikon and parsnips, and rough slice the shitake and add to a large bowl..
- In a small dish add the chu hou paste, soy sauces, oyster sauce, sugar, star anise and orange peel..
- When the tendon is done cooking, pour the cooking liquid out, and rinse the tendon under cool water. Cut the tendon into bite size pieces..
- Preheat the oven broiler to high. Broil the short ribs for 5 minutes until they are seared and browning..
- In the cleaned out pressure cooker heat the oil with the saute function. Add the onions, shallot, garlic and ginger. Cook until they begin to brown and stick to the bottom of the pan and then add the shaoxing wine..
- After the shaoxing has deglaze the bottom of the pan, add the stock and the chu hou mixture. Stir to distribute..
- Layer in the short ribs and cubed tendon. Add the daikon, parsnip and mushroom on top..
- Pressure cook on high pressure for 10 min.
- Quick release the pressure. Drian the baby corn and add it to a bowl..
- Remove the daikon and parsnips and place on top of the baby corn. Leave this aside to stay warm..
- Replace the lid on the pressure cooker and cook on high pressure for another 20 min.
- Let the pressure naturally release. Remove the lid and pick out the rib bones..
- Combine the starch and water into a slurry. Bring the stew to a simmer and add the slurry while stirring a little at a time until it thickens to your level of choosing..
- Add the reserved vegetables and mix. Dice the green stems of the onions for garnish..
Sweet soy ribs, inspired by the appetizer menu at my local hole-in-the-wall Chinese American restaurant. Pressure cooked in savory Japanese seasonings, this Japanese Beef Tendon Stew (Gyusuji Nikomi) is flavorful and super tender and melts in your mouth. Tendons are tough and fibrous but become tender after a long period of cooking. With the use of pressure cooker, the cooking process can be. Using a pressure cooker for the brisket.

domain: food


No matching results
Try a different filter or a new search keyword.
Search all Bandcamp artists, tracks, and albums
Archive of various multimedia recordings for future discovery, dedicated to the subcultural underground.
Contact Kashual Plastik
Streaming and Download help
Shipping and returns
Report this album or account
If you like Kashual Plastik, you may also like:
hybtwibt?by Space Afrika
supported by 7 fans who also own “Respect the unexpected -in the age of sci-fi”
Cascading tumultuously and heavenelly.. some beauts on this bogbogbogbog
Mutual Aid 2020by Bokeh Allstars
those drums in alekum salem! piediscs
SCREFYS004 SLEEPby MERULA
supported by 6 fans who also own “Respect the unexpected -in the age of sci-fi”
This left-of-center ambient collection from UK producer Xqui threads soothing, layered synth melodies through twisted arrangements. Bandcamp New & Notable Feb 3, 2021
Dreamy, graceful ambient from Shanghai-via-Dublin composer Steve McCourt, completely devoid of drums but still awash in rhythm.
Bandcamp New & Notable Jan 6, 2021
Inspired by Rio de Janeiro’s iconic Carnival Parades comes this epic synth symphony from Brazilian artist Fordmastiff. Bandcamp New & Notable Dec 3, 2022
Snoopyby CS + Kreme
this album has grown on me so much. Definitely one of the best from this year. Mag
Bandcamp Daily your guide to the world of Bandcamp
Kristen Oppenheim’s Objects Made of Sounds
Masterpieces of Minimalism
The Sonic Family Tree of Chicago’s je’raf
On Bandcamp Radio
Super selectorJamz Supernova talks about the art of curation and her Future Bounce label.


text:
Living Room. Friday , May 12th , 2017 - 05:06:33 AM
The chairs now cover a huge surface area in order to present a sufficient place to take a seat comfortably. Ottoman chairs are offered in many designs, sizes and colours. Four upholstered chairs are put in the middle of this space facing a fireplace. Various chairs have various limits and it’s critical to be sure whatever chair you opt for are going to be able to defy the demands. Rocking chairs don’t typically arrive with ottomans and you want to get them separately. The lovely collections of trendy chairs are attractive in addition to comfortable to sit down on. Finally, both gorgeous Comfort Tilt chairs offers partial and complete recline, together with a matching ottoman with the choice of a storage ottoman.
Just take the opportunity to browse through a few items that you’re able to have and only choose those which you feel will work best for your space. If you’re tight on space, this concept is likely to choke the room. If you’re renovating an industrial condo space, something such as this would unquestionably be an asset. If you’ve got a more compact space, you’re better off opting for the more customary single-sided selection. Really any open wall area in your kitchen can do the job for this decal.
When you purchase furniture from a buy now pay later catalog, you may use the buy and payment to elevate your credit score or help clean up your credit score. Rustic furniture appears comfortable and there are respective themes to select from these kinds of furniture. Leather furniture can be costly. It is popular because of how comfortable it is but you can also incorporate it into an overall modern design. You may think that leather furniture is simply for a bachelor pads. however, it may have a feminine or contemporary touch to it.
Any content, trademark’s, or other material that might be found on the Thelimeybrit website that is not Thelimeybrit’s property remains the copyright of its respective owner/s. In no way does Thelimeybrit claim ownership or responsibility for such items, and you should seek legal consent for any use of such materials from its owner.

domain: design


text:
9200 West Wisconsin Ave.
David L. Coran, MD
2424 South 90th Street Milwaukee, WI
If you've been to or used
. Patrick Birmingham Orthopaedic Surgeon, leave a review.
It's easy, only takes a couple of minutes and you'll help thousands make an informed decision.

domain: geography


text:
This year's Olympics "will not be immune to cyber attacks by those who would seek to disrupt the Games," Cabinet Office minister Francis Maude has warned. Speaking at a conference in Estonia, Maude...
Richard Cross is taking the engineering giant towards "digital by default," and that means taking lessons from start-ups
But Elon Musk hits back suggesting that Zuckerberg 'has limited understanding of AI'
Welcome to the future of work!
Spin-out from Sanderson in fourth sale since 2004

domain: news


text:
Buccaneers: Carmen Catches Up | Tampa Bay Buccaneers buccaneers.com
Carmen Catches Up
Bucs Players Celebrating Thanksgiving by Giving Back & Tom Brady's Contribution to His Holiday Table | Carmen Catches Up
Buccaneers players gave their thanks to the community through multiple Thanksgiving events, while Tom Brady shared the dish he's responsible for each year. Plus, some of the challenges the Colts present this weekend.
Tom Brady on Being a Mobile Quarterback & Devin White's Role on the Defense | Carmen Catches Up
Quarterback Tom Brady has dared venture outside the pocket a little more this year and even his offensive coordinator and center have noticed. Plus, Todd Bowles talks about how Devin White's role has changed due to defensive injuries.
Lavonte David's Possible Return Against Chicago & How Tom Brady Has Helped Leonard Fournette Improve | Carmen Catches Up
The Bucs could get their defensive captain back this Sunday, offensive meetings with Tom Brady and what the Bucs' defense can expect from Justin Fields and the Bears' offense.
The Challenges Philly Presents & What's Behind the Bucs' Improved Rushing Attack | Carmen Catches Up
Hear from multiple players and coaches about the challenges the Eagles present on both sides of the ball. Plus, right tackle Tristan Wirfs explains how weekly meetings with Tom Brady have bolstered their rushing attack.
The Challenge Jalen Hurts Presents & How Offensive Continuity Helps on a Short Week | Carmen Catches Up
Tom Brady's comfortability with the offense is not only helping with production but will also help with the limited prep time the Bucs have before taking on the Eagles in Philadelphia on Thursday Night Football.

domain: sports


text:
Interpersonal and Teamwork
Oral/written communication skills
National and state park ranger, researcher for federal agencies such as the Smithsonian Institute, National Archives and Records, Library of Congress, National Park Service, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Central Intelligence Agency, or the Foreign Service.
Historical Associations, charitable organizations, community organizations, Museums, archives, libraries: archivist, and curator.
Teacher (secondary, post-secondary)
Students will read critically both primary and secondary sources and use them properly in their work.
Students will communicate effectively and clearly.
Students will understand the concept of change over time.
Students will become familiar with the key historical facts, values, and ideas that have shaped the United States and the Western Civilization.
Students will identify historical sources in their proper historical context.
Students will identify different types of primary and secondary sources.
Students will summarize, analyze, and evaluate information from different types of sources.
Students will properly use evidence from primary and secondary sources to construct and support a thesis/historical argument.
Students will formulate clear well-organized and well-supported historical arguments.
Students will appraise the cause and effect of major events in the history of the United States and Western Civilization.
Students will evaluate similarities and differences of various historical periods across the regions studied.
Students will identify and analyze major social, economic, cultural, and intellectual ideas and facts appropriate to course content.
Students will analyze the relevance of past events for the present time.
Our experienced, knowledgeable faculty and staff are excited to share their expertise with you and prepare you to succeed in the diverse, dynamic field of History.

domain: library


text:
This iteration of the Shakespeare classic, presented by The Shakespeare Company and Hit and Myth, is like no version of Macbeth you’ve seen before. Goblin: Macbeth is a “spontaneous theatre experience” where actors-turned-goblins are unleashed on the audience — complete with improvisation and “fourth-wall breaking” performances. The show runs at Vertigo Theatre from Tuesdays to Sundays until October 16.
115 9 Ave. S.E., 403-221-3708, shakespearecompany.com
Throughout the long weekend, Banff will be hosting a full roster of events to celebrate the Banff Pride Festival. Highlights include LGBTQ2S+ speakers, comedy performances and even a mountaintop drag show. The festival runs until October 10, so stop in for a day or spend the whole weekend there to show your support. A full list of events can be found here.
This new restaurant in Inglewood is all about the Korean philosophy of gathering around a table to share good food and good conversation. The menu at Joodam includes Korean-inspired classics (all meant for sharing) like bibimbap and Korean fried chicken, as well as dishes like kimchi arancini, the Joodam AAA striploin steak and the corn brie cheese. Joodam is open every day of the week, so be sure to check it out for dinner.
1003 9 Ave. S.E., 403-452-0920, joodam.ca
If you’re looking for a rockin’ good time this long weekend, then the Calgary Rock N’ Gem Show may just be the perfect place to go. From October 6 to 9, the Winsport Olympic Park Arena will be filled with vendors showcasing gems, crystals, jewellery, fossils and more, with something for every budget. Whether you want to shop or just spend some time looking at cool rocks, this expo is worth checking out. Admission is $2 per person or $5 for a family.
88 Canada Olympic Road S.W., 403-247-5452, canadagemshows.com
Disney’s Frozen has practically become a part of the fabric of society, with children and adults alike singing the songs of this iconic movie. On October 7 and 8, the Calgary Philharmonic Orchestra will present three showings of this concert adaptation at the Jubilee Auditorium. The shows run on Friday at 7:30 p.m. and Saturday at 2:30 p.m. and 7:30 p.m. Tickets start at $24.
1415 14 Ave. N.W., 403-297-8000, calgaryphil.com
If you truly want to take in the best of Calgary’s fall scenery, a bike is one of the best ways to see it all. Author Lori Beattie recently released her book, Calgary’s Best Bike Rides: 50 Urban Cycle Tours and Pathway Pedals, in which she shares some of her favourite routes, including cycles around Nose Hill and Glenmore Reservoir.
Read more: 10 Great Fall Bike Rides in Calgary
Why not celebrate Halloween a little early? On Saturday, Sunday and holiday Monday, head to Calaway Park for the last Halloweekend of the year. Bring the kids, put on your costumes and enjoy the rides and treat stations throughout the park. At 4 p.m., make sure to catch the Halloweekends Parade, which takes place every day this weekend and features plenty of spooky characters and parade floats.
245033 Range Road 33, 403-240-3822, calawaypark.com
Nothing screams fall quite like pumpkins, and Cobb’s Adventure Park has your pumpkin needs covered. On Saturdays and Sundays throughout October, and on Thanksgiving Monday, you can walk through the park’s huge pumpkin patch (great for Instagram photos, by the way) and grab a pumpkin to take home and carve. You can also enjoy all the regular family-friendly attractions at Cobb’s, including the petting zoo, games, slides and more.
1500 84 St. N.E., 403-210-2676, cobbsadventurepark.com
As much as everyone loves Thanksgiving dinner, most of us don’t actually enjoy making it. This year on October 10, let Thomsons Kitchen & Bar do the work for you with its three-course Thanksgiving meal. The menu features all the Thanksgiving classics, including turkey, mashed potatoes, stuffing, Brussels sprouts and cranberry sauce. The sit-down, family-style service will make the experience feel just like home. The restaurant is also offering a Thanksgiving Sunday Brunch Buffet on October 9.
112 8 Ave. S.E., 403-537-4449, thomsonskitchenbar.ca
Recently opened behind Neighbour Coffee in Inglewood, this intimate neighbourhood spot offers an array of original cocktails, and snacks to match. Try the Good Kisser, a sharp and fruity cocktail that features Confluence butterfly pea gin, cynar, honey syrup, rhubarb bitters and bubbles. Or, for a lighter, berry-flavoured concoction, consider the Marigold, with vodka, black raspberry liqueur, crème de cassis, lemon juice, berry soda and rose bitters. The food menu includes items like marinated eggplant, pan-fried shishito peppers and mushroom toast. Business & Pleasure is open from Wednesday to Saturday.
Located in the alley, 1327b 9 Ave. S.E., itsbusinessandpleasure.com

domain: entertainment


text:
On 5-9th of February 2018 in Zakopane the XXV Jubilee Scientific Conference "Scientific, Technical and Organizational Progress in Agriculture" took
From 22nd to the 25th of October 2017 the 14th Polish Membrane Society School "From basic research to implementation" took place in Wilga near Wars
The “IChN” Division stuff participated in the 2nd International Conference on Sustainable Materials Science and Technology (SMST2) organized in Las
The “IChN” Division stuff participated in the 7th International Congress of Energy and Environment Engineering and Management (CIIEM7), which took
From 21st to 24th of May 2017, the 15th National Seminar for Ph.D. students "On the border of chemistry and biology" took place in Karpacz.
New Chemical Syntheses Institute Inorganic Chemistry Division "IChN" in Gliwice has been awarded Gold Medal on 2017 Bangkok International Intellect
During International Invention Show Inova Croatia 2016, which took place on 17-19th of November 2016 in Zagreb, the New Chemical Syntheses Institut
We kindly inform you that during the World Exhibition of Innovation, Research and New Technologies Brussels INNOVA 2016, which took place on 17-19
The XLI edition of the International Scientific-Technical Seminar "Chemistry for Agriculture" was attended by representatives of science and indust
On 17-18th of November 2016, the 7th European Forum for Marketing of Scientific and Research Organizations took place in Warsaw.


Applications like hydraulic fracturing can go through consumable parts in short order. You not only need a reliable supply of certified OEM parts. You need a reliable supplier.
We offer a full range of valves and seats, designed to fit and extend production life on any pump. We manufacture to exacting specifications and, as your partner, maintain the inventory to ensure you have the parts you need, when you need them.
Additionally, paste this code immediately after the opening tag:


Ebern Designs 3-PC King Pleated Pintuck Duvet Set
Infuse your bedroom with the prestigious aura of Pleat Duvet Set. Crafted from 100% cotton for optimal comfort, this duvet set exhibits pintuck & pleat for a refined, sophisticated look. The gorgeous Pleat & Pintuck design is an elegant and stylish way to enhance the look of any bedroom, complete with matching shams. The duvet covers from Simply Put go that extra edge to bring the best of decadent living to you. Attention to detail and neat finish along with Hidden buttons for easy closure.
- Duvet Cover
- 2 Shams
- Duvet cover has hidden buttons for easy closure
- Machine wash warm with like colors. Only non-chlorine bleach when needed. Tumble dry low. Warm iron when needed.
- The gorgeous pleat and pintuck design are elegant and stylish to enhance the look of any bedroom
- Thread Count: 200
- Material: 100% Cotton
- Material Composition: 100% Cotton
92'' L x 104'' W
Duvet Cover/Comforter Weight
20'' W x 36'' L
Overall Product Weight


text:
Flood Charm V
|Effect||Water Attack +5|
Flood Charm V is a Charm in Monster Hunter World (MHW). This equipment has its own equip slot, and is primarily used for skill points.
A charm that enhances the Water Attack skill.
How to get Flood Charm V:
This charm can be upgraded from Flood Charm IV.
|Flood Charm V||Quantity|
|Tempered Torrent Sac||3|
Join the page discussion Tired of anon posting? Register!

domain: game


Let’s do a little house keeping here before we get into the monster lurking under the hood of the Raptor R In 2010 we got the first Raptor – 6.2 NA V8 Then 2015 we got a new Raptor which was a certified banger…except for one thing 3.5L ecoboost v6 Which of course wasn’t ideal but it was fine….up until a couple months ago when RAM dropped the hellcat powered TRX
Now all the sudden a blown v6 doesn’t sound like it’s gunna cut it, but the silver lining is the Raptor is due for a refresh We just got the new gen F150 which means a new Raptor is coming or should I say new Raptors That’s right there’s going to be two variants of the next raptor and more importantly 2 engine variants There will be a revised 3.5TT ecoboost more than likely and maybe they’ll manage to squeeze 500 hp out of it with 550 lbft of torque Still doesn’t hold a candle to the TRX, but that’s fine because waiting in the halls in the Raptor R Thundering under the hood will de a slightly detuned Predator engine from Ford’s incredible GT500 – yanno the 760 hp super stang?
The TRX makes 702 so even with a slight detune it would still be comfortably more powerful than the RAM From there the issues is getting power down so it’ll shoot from the 5.2 predator through, a tremec DCT to all 4 wheels. There will need to be a lot of differential magic going on, but if Ford can apply the sorcery from their GT500 then it should be properly quick The TRX is the quickest production truck ever built, but records were made to be broken The TRX throws a lot of shots at the raptor like the little image on the air box and the size chart in the center bin But more REAL is the Bilstein E2 dampers in the rear.
No leaf springs in the back is a big development and the Raptor R will certainly use some sort of Fox damper and spring set in the rear Unsurprisingly the raptor r will also get 35inch BFG K02 AT tires and a host of off road tech All of this means the Raptor R is going to be badass, but in all honestly people are only really interested in 2 number – 8 cylinders and any hp number over 702


text:
Examine This Report on Bitcoin Gambling
Support is accessible by means of social websites, on the net chat and e mail. It’s also in all probability probably the most desirable casino out there regarding style and design.
Australian gambling regulator Northern Territory Racing Fee (NTRC) has issued an informal ban versus all cryptocurrency on line wagering, singling out bitcoin and ethereum. Just times in advance of, amongst its licensed on the net gambling websites declared it was providing bitcoin to its prospects.
In Russia, online gambling was outright illegal for quite a while, but in 2015 regulations ended up changed for making bitcoin gambling an exception to this rule.
Casinos with credibility need to be leading alternatives. Those who have a number of beneficial person ordeals documented on many general public forums and assessment web pages ought to rank greater on your checklist.
You could use a VPN to disguise your locale and I are convinced are going to be great, but all over again, I’m not completely positive.
"On 1 shopper Web page, introduced nearly a calendar year ago, there are actually single wagers achieving two hundred-four hundred BTC. The total quantity of bitcoins wagered on the entire internet sites running Along with the SoftSwiss System is equal to $10m per 30 days."
Click on to flag and open «Comment Reporting» type. It is possible to pick reporting group and send information to Internet site administrator. Admins might or might not decide on to get rid of the comment or block the author. And you should don't worry, your report is going to be anonymous.
When you enable Google Authenticator, you have got to offer it anytime you login or when click here you withdraw Bitcoins. This safeguards you from individuals that know your account backlink and your password, but not your Google Authenticator details.
Zeroedge is a new cryptocurrency-based mostly on the web On line casino with a big difference. The special platform utilises its very own cryptocurrency generally known as ZeroCoin, the only real method to Engage in the best casino game titles readily available at Zeroedge Casino.
For all those serious about investing – a monetary artwork that has been likened to gambling in certain respects through the years – there are many possibilities to invest in systems that have the chance to revolutionize on the web activity and casino Engage in. Whether you are playing for entertaining, wagering for authentic or investing for financial gain, the Wild West age of cryptocurrency adds an element of uncertainty and surprise to user gameplay.
With most regular online casinos, players generally resist ten% home edge in lots of On line casino games. The rationale for this is that Here is the only way that a standard on the internet casino can transform a income, by stacking the chances of their favour.
With these web pages, you won't be assigned a On line casino wallet address, as well as winnings are sent directly back for you.
You can change the identify that other players see after you rating massive hands or mail messages to the chat area.
"I'm probably not positive what they are. They're not assets definitely … I suppose They're securities technically … There isn't a intrinsic value for some thing like bitcoin so It can be not likely an asset you can analyze. It is really just primarily speculative or gambling."

domain: finance


Surprisingly, this time around the latest Lenovo Z5 info comes from a leak and not from the company's VP. All the information we have on the device so far was officially teased from the Lenovo's official, but now something extra has slipped through the cracks.
The renders show the promised nearly bezel-less display with a small chin on the bottom. This is in line with the previous teasers showing nothing but screen and thankfully no notch. They also reveal how Lenovo has tackled the front-facing camera and the accompanying sensors problem.
Just like the Xiaomi Mi Mix, the upcoming Lenovo Z5 will incorporate the front-facing camera, the ambient sensor, and probably the proximity sensor, on the chin. The earpiece is missing, obviously, so we suspect some kind of tech similar to the one driving the Mi Mix with the vibrating screen replacing the speaker.
question) why can't they have rounded ages for the screen, square ages for the body and put the camera in the corner?
well, on that picture it's very close to 95%, let's see the phone in flash first
a lot of people thought like you) but it was obvious that they will need to have space for camera/speaker/etc.


text:
WINALOT® SHAPES® are wholesome biscuits that help give your dog the bounce he needs to go out and enjoy family life. These satisfyingly crunchy biscuits are a complementary pet food baked with quality ingredients that your companion will love.
- With calcium and vitamin D for strong teeth and bones
- Enriched with vitamins to help support good health and energy levels, as well as iron to help support vitality
- With fibre to help support a healthy digestion, and antioxidants to help support natural defences
- With omega 3 and 6 to help support their healthy skin and a glossy coat

domain: pet


text:
Blackout [electronic resource (EPUB eBook)] / Connie Willis. In her first novel since , Nebula and Hugo award-winning author Connie Willis returns with a . Connie Willis is a member of the Science Fiction Hall of Fame and a Grand Master Blackout. Oxford Time Travel (Series). Book 1. Connie Willis Author ( ). hk5gjfhj5h - Get book Blackout by Connie Willis read and download online. Full supports all version of your device, includes PDF, ePub and site.
|Language:||English, Portuguese, Hindi|
|ePub File Size:||28.49 MB|
|PDF File Size:||18.59 MB|
|Distribution:||Free* [*Sign up for free]|
Connie Willis Hugo and Nebula Award winning Doomsday Book uses time travel for a In i Blackout i award winning author Connie Willis returned to the time. Oxford in is a chaotic place, with scores of time-traveling historians being sent into the past. Michael Davies is prepping to go to Pearl Harbor. About Connie Willis: Constance Elaine Trimmer Willis is an American science fiction writer. She is one of the most honored science fiction writers of the.
Originally Posted by Elfwreck. The year it was nominated, Worldcon was in San Francisco, and a free copy was given out at the door with every membership package.
Giving away free copies wouldn't make it win if it were crap. I liked it fine; I can't remember if I voted for it or didn't vote on the grounds that I'd never heard of most of the nominees.
Any kind of presentation at Worldcon has a chance of getting that nominee the Hugo--a reading from the book or of the short story, freebies, themed t-shirts, whatever. The Hugo's a popularity contest. It's not a bad one; it can't be outright bought, and lots of at-con promos don't guarantee a win.
But it's not a measure of literary quality; it's a measure of "what readers this year liked. It not only won the Hugo a fan award , the SF writers association gave it a Nebula award. Also the Locus magazine readers' poll for best novel. I've read a number of her short stories and novellas, but not yet any of her full length novels. Having been highly recommended by friends, when I came across the Uncharted Territory collection in a 2nd hand bookshop I picked it up.
Given that most of the novels have a similar premise to Fire Watch, I've been putting off reading them. But they are still in my TBR list. I've also read a few online freebies that were a bit variable. Originally Posted by FatDog. I loved "To say nothing of the dog". I went to Gutenburg to get a copy of "3 men and a boat" which is the classic novel that makes an appearance in TSND. All times are GMT The time now is Mark Forums Read. The Doomsday Book - Connie Willis.
User Name. Remember Me? Tip Got Facebook? Page 1 of 3. Thread Tools. Aug Device: Find More Posts by leebase. SeaBookGuy Can one read too much?
Aug Location: Seattle, USA Device: site PW 3, Sony and DixieGal Hi There! Feb Location: Ft Lauderdale Device: Visit DixieGal's homepage! Find More Posts by DixieGal.
Feb Device: Nook WiFi, iPad2. Find More Posts by boydcarts. Jan Device: Nexus 7, site Fire HD. Find More Posts by DiapDealer. Mar Location: Roundworld Device: Sep Device: Find More Posts by ardeegee. Nov Location: Find More Posts by Elfwreck. Sep Location: Melbourne, Australia Device: Find More Posts by caleb Oct Location: Originally Posted by Elfwreck The year it was nominated, Worldcon was in San Francisco, and a free copy was given out at the door with every membership package.
Find More Posts by tompe. Jun Location: Alpha Ralpha Boulevard Device: site Oasis 3G, iPhone 6.
Find More Posts by BenG. Visit jehane's homepage! Merrill Lynch was an icon. Its sudden decline, collapse, and sale to Bank of America was a shock.
How did it happen? Why did it happen? And what does this story of greed, hubris, and incompetence tell us about the culture of Wall Street that continues to this day even though it came close to destroying the American economy? Based on unparalleled sources at both Merrill Lynch and Bank of America, Greg Farrell's Crash of the Titans is a Shakespearean saga of three flawed masters of the universe. Stanley O'Neal, whose inspiring rise from the segregated South to the corner office of Merrill Lynchwhere he engineered a successful turnaroundwas undone by his belief that a smooth-talking salesman could handle one of the most difficult jobs on Wall Street.
The merger itself turns out to be a bizarre combination of cultures that blend like oil and water, where slick Wall Street bankers suddenly find themselves reporting to a cast of characters straight out of the Beverly Hillbillies.
BofA's inbred culture, which perceived New York banks its enemies, was based on loyalty and a good-ol'-boy network in which competence played second fiddle to blind obedience.
Crash of the Titans is a financial thriller that puts you in the theater as the historic events of the financial crisis unfold and people responsible for billion of dollars of other people's money gamble recklessly to enhance their power and their paychecks or to save their own skins. She's spat upon, ridiculed, and ultimately raped and impregnated by her own father. No wonder she yearns to be the very opposite of what she is--yearns, in other words, to be a white child, possessed of the blondest hair and the bluest eye.
This vein of self-hatred is exactly what keeps Morrison's novel from devolving into a cut-and-dried scenario of victimization.
Yet the destructive power of these ideas is essentially colorblind, which gives The Bluest Eye the sort of universal reach that Morrison's imitators can only dream of. And that, combined with the novel's modulated pathos and musical, fine-grained language, makes for not merely a sophisticated debut but a permanent one. The inventor of the world's first clock is punished for trying to measure God's greatest gift.
download for others
He is banished to a cave for centuries and forced to listen to the voices of all who come after him seeking more days, more years. Eventually, with his soul nearly broken, Father Time is granted his freedom, along with a magical hourglass and a mission: He returns to our world--now dominated by the hour-counting he so innocently began and commences a journey with two unlikely partners: To save himself, he must save them both.
And stop the world to do so. Growing up on the Isle of Wight, he was taught by his father to sail and climb at an early age. As a teenager he found identity and purpose through both mountaineering and martial arts, which led the young adventurer to the foothills of the mighty Himalaya and a grandmaster's karate training camp in Japan.
Then, in a horrific free-fall parachuting accident, Bear broke his back in three places. It was touch and go whether he would ever walk again. However, only eighteen months later Bear became one of the youngest ever climbers to scale Everest, aged only twenty-three.
Pilih Paket Web Hosting
But this was just the beginning of his many extraordinary adventures. She expects to find Tess and give her the usual lecture, the bossy big sister scolding her flighty baby sister for taking off without letting anyone know her plans. Bee is used to watching out for her wayward sibling and is fiercely protective of Tess and has always been a little stern about her antics.
But then Tess is found dead, apparently by her own hand.
Their family and the police accept the sad reality, but Bee feels sure that Tess has been murdered. By the end of the year he was also the victim of a rare kind of stroke to the brainstem.
Almost miraculously, he was soon able to express himself in the richest detail: In the same way, he was able eventually to compose this extraordinary book. By turns wistful, mischievous, angry, and witty, Bauby bears witness to his determination to live as fully in his mind as he had been able to do in his body. He explains the joy, and deep sadness, of seeing his children and of hearing his aged father's voice on the phone. In magical sequences, he imagines traveling to other places and times and of lying next to the woman he loves.
Fed only intravenously, he imagines preparing and tasting the full flavor of delectable dishes. Again and again he returns to an "inexhaustible reservoir of sensations," keeping in touch with himself and the life around him.. George R. Beyond the Northern borders, wildlings leave their villages to gather in the ice and stone wasteland of the Frostfangs. Robb Stark wears his new-forged crown in the Kingdom of the North, but his defences are ranged against attack from the South, the land of House Stark's enemies the Lannisters.
Pilih Paket Web Hosting
His sisters are trapped there, dead or likely yet to die, at the whim of the Lannister boy-king Joffrey or his depraved mother Cersei, regent of the Iron Throne. And Daenerys Stormborn will return to the land of her birth to avenge the murder of her father, the last Dragon King on the Iron Throne. On the morning of the trip, Lorenzo demands that his mother drop him off before they arrive at the train station, insisting that his status will be compromised if he shows up accompanied by his mother.
Reluctantly, she agrees, and as soon as she is safely out of the vicinity, he turns around and makes his way back to his neighborhood, to put his real plan in motion: But when his estranged half-sister, Olivia, shows up in the cellar unexpectedly, his idyll is shattered, and the two become locked in a battle of wills—forced to confront the very demons they are each struggling to escape.
Bolton, S. Disfigured by a childhood accident, she lives alone and shies away from human contact wherever possible. But when a man dies following a supposed snake bite, the victim's post mortem shows a higher concentration of venom than could ever be found in a single snake.
Assisted by her softly spoken neighbour and an eccentric reptile expert, Clara unravels sinister links to a barbaric ancient ritual, an abandoned house and a year-old tragedy that left the survivors fiercely secretive.
Then the village's inventive attacker strikes again, and Clara's own solitary existence is brutally invaded. Nick Hornby uses this intriguing canvas to explore why it is we so often let the early promise of relationships, ambition and indeed life evaporate. No time to find Mr. Right—but after discovering her yogi boyfriend in a compromising asana, Arilyn would rather dog-sit for her honeymooning friend Kate than risk her heart on another downward dog.
And when police officer Stone Petty—radiating masculinity and bad-boy attitude—is sent to her for mandatory lessons in cooling off when the job gets too hot, Arilyn vows to ignore his seductive glances and sexy grin. But it was only the beginning of the end.I loved "To say nothing of the dog".
But it's not a measure of literary quality; it's a measure of "what readers this year liked. Any kind of presentation at Worldcon has a chance of getting that nominee the Hugo--a reading from the book or of the short story, freebies, themed t-shirts, whatever.
And stop the world to do so. He soon found himself under the control of The Program, a shadowy government organization that uses brainwashed kids as counter-espionage operatives. Different tastes.
- OP GHAI PAEDIATRICS EPUB DOWNLOAD
- THE WALKING DEAD EBOOK EPUB
- LHIVER DU MONDE EPUB
- WINTERS TALE EPUB
- DEH VIENI ALLA FINESTRA EPUB
- RICK RIORDAN KANE CHRONICLES PDF
- WRT150N MANUAL PDF DOWNLOAD
- YOL HEREKETI NISANLARI PDF DOWNLOAD
- 642 732 CUWSS PDF
- ASFALTO SELVAGEM PDF
- TCP IP PROTOCOL SUITE BY BEHROUZ A FOROUZAN PDF
- PDF IMPORT LIBREOFFICE
- INDESIGN TUTORIAL PDF
- JAIN AND IYENGAR EBOOK
- STILL LIFE WITH WOODPECKER EBOOK

domain: literature


text:
Stablemates Dapples & Dots
This fun set includes 4 Stablemates Horses: Chestnut Blanket Appaloosa, Palomino Semi Leopard Appaloosa, Dapple Grey Arabian, Dapple Bay Warmblood.
- 1:32 scale
- Breyer Stablemates
- Approx size adult horse 6cm L x 8cm H
Because our horses and stables come in all shapes and sizes, we've put together this handy little scale guide to help you choose the perfect one. Still unsure about which one to choose? Don't be shy! Get in touch – we're always happy to help.

domain: hobby