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Tens of thousands of women shared social media pictures of themselves under #nomakeupselfies before Cancer Research UK piggybacked to raise funds.
Can he reinvent it? Who knows, but he says it will be fun trying.
Yahoo's $1.1-billion deal to buy Tumblr is a bold acquisition that means business, says the search engine's chief executive Marissa Meyer.
Got a new tablet computer or smartphone for Christmas? Don't be put off by the staggering amount of apps available.
A staggered exit from the lockdown accompanied by stepped-up testing to cover every district is necessary for India right now
Africa should abandon the neoliberal path to be able to deal with Covid-19 and other health system challenges likely to emerge in future
The best-case scenario is that South Africa's tourism sector’s recovery will only begin in earnest towards the end of this year
The Gauteng City-Region Observatory is seeking to appoint a high-calibre researcher and manager to be the executive director and to lead it
Itec Evolve installed the screening device within a few days to help the driver behaviour company become compliant with health and safety regulations


For the enthusiast of the sport that is celebrity spotting, rental listings site Rentenna just unveiled the latest version of its annual map that focuses on the Manhattan and Brooklyn abodes of A-list celebs (h/t Observer). Updates from 2013's map include SJP's expansion into the West Village from Brooklyn Heights, Leonardo DiCaprio's buy into these health-centric condos at 66 East 11th Street, and Lady Gaga's upgrade to Central Park South from her Lower East Side days. One addendum: the map still shows Annie Leibovitz in the West Village, even after the recent $28.5 million sale of her famed compound.
Click for bigwarning, the map will will pop up.
· NYC Celebrity Star Map 2014 [Rentenna]
· Where Do Rich and Famous New Yorkers Live? [NYO]
· Mapping New York City's Best Celebrity Real Estate of 2013 [Curbed]
· Celebrity Real Estate Coverage [Curbed]


text: Rodney Diverlus is a Haiti-born, Florida-trained, and Toronto/Calgary-based dancer, choreographer, actor, director, & producer. Rodney has performed throughout Canada, the US, and the Caribbean in dance, theatre, and musical theatre. Currently, Rodney is a company member for Calgary’s Decidedly Jazz Danceworks, Canada’s only professional jazz dance company, performing and touring full-length productions and mixed repertoire. There he has developed a movement aesthetic rooted in jazz techniques and contemporary approaches to movement. Professionally, he has worked with Kimberley Cooper, Hannah Kiel, Kevin Ormsby, Gadfly, Deanne Walsh, Sarisa D. Toledo, Marie-Josée Chartier, Mindy Cooper, Patricia Wilcox, Other performance credits include: 2015 Pan American Games Closing Ceremonies, Nightmare Dream(IFT/Obsidian Theatre); a piece of twisted steel(KasheDance/Wind in the Leaves Collective); Lifetime Achievement Awards(Dance Ontario); Miracle Gala(David Foster Foundation); Ryerson Dances; Maelstrom Excerpts(MOonhORsE Dance Theatre); Hairspray (Hammertime Entertainment); Cirque (Legend Productions); & The Canadian Premiere of High School Musical 2 (Silvermist Productions). As a choreographer, Rodney’s work has been featured in various festivals and showcases, including the Footsteps Across Canada Showcase, Annual Alberta Dance Festival, New Voices Festival, 60x60 Festival, Cadence Ballet Company, Fashion Arts Toronto, The Miss Pakistan World Pageant, Fresh Blood Festival, Toronto & Hamilton Fringe Festivals, Culture Jam Show, and various residencies. He has also choreographed and independently produced two full-length dance works. Selected TV/Film credits include: Jericho-Baghdad (Greyzone Ltd); Combat Hospital (ABC series); Dual Suspects (Cineflix Productions); MTV Music Award Promo (Spy Films). Rodney holds a BFA in Performance Dance from Ryerson.

domain: entertainment


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Since I’ve already left this hanging far longer than I should have (I’m a horrible blogger, I know), I won’t prolong it any more. Here is the finished product and the pattern I used to make it (I purposely cut my head off in the pictures – I was going to take a picture of the dress just on the hanger but it looked dreadful that way, so I had to model it -only my hair and face are not fit for modeling at the moment 😛 ) :
I liked the many lines created by the two-piece sleeves, princess seams, and v-shaped seam in the front and back, as well as the added detail at the bottom of the sleeve. I finished it in time just by the skin of my teeth – something I do not want to do again, because it robs me of the proper focus for the holiday – the glorious resurrection of Christ. If I do an Easter dress again, it has to be finished a couple of weeks ahead of time – that’s the new rule! I’ll leave you with a couple of pictures of the Easter dress I made for my niece (my mom made the interchangeable yo-yos and did the hand sewing on it). This brought back fond memories of dresses from my childhood, since the pattern I used was one of my absolute favorites. I actually had a dress quite similar to this one – only the blue part was gingham. The skirt floats out in front of you if you go down stairs quickly enough. 😉
Man-made dresses, as pretty as we might think them, are nothing compared with the robe of righteousness that can be ours if we trust in Christ’s death and resurrection for our salvation.
“On the first day of the week, very early in the morning, they came to the tomb, bringing the spices they had prepared. They found the stone rolled away from the tomb. They went in but did not find the body of the Lord Jesus. While they were perplexed about this, suddenly two men stood by them in dazzling clothes. So the women were terrified and bowed down to the ground.
“Why are you looking for the living among the dead?” asked the men. “He is not here, but He has been resurrected! Remember how He spoke to you when He was still in Galilee, saying, ‘The Son of Man must be betrayed into the hands of sinful men, be crucified, and rise on the third day’?” And they remembered His words.” Luke 24: 1-8 (emphasis mine)

domain: artistic


text: Potential negative impacts on protected wildlife caused by the badger cull are in breach of the Bern Convention, claim wildlife protection groups.The Badger Trust, Humane Society International UK and Care for the Wild have launched a challenge against the decision to cull badgers in England, on the basis that officials have failed to conduct sufficient risk assessments on the possible impacts of badger culling on the wider ecosystem.In a complaint sent to the Secretariat of the Bern Convention (Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats), to which the UK has been a signatory since 1982, the charities claim that the badger cull breaches Bern because it could have a negative impact on a range of other protected species.“Thus far the government has shown a blatant disregard for the supposedly protected status of badgers under UK law, or the near unanimous opposition to a badger cull by some of our most eminent scientists," said Mark Jones, vetarinarian and executive director for Humane Society International UK."So now we are taking our challenge to the Bern Convention, with yet more evidence to illustrate how badger culling is not only ineffective, inhumane and unnecessary, but also potentially very bad news for the wider ecosystem. The cull zones and surrounding areas are home to many protected endangered species of birds and mammals, and habitats such as heathlands, grasslands, meadows and forests. Removing or displacing large numbers of badgers from nature’s delicate balance could be catastrophic for some of these species and habitats, so we’re asking Bern to intervene and protect all of our wildlife from this disastrous cull.” Dominic Dyer, CEO of The Badger Trust and Policy Advisor to Care for the Wild, said: “We hope that this is the beginning of the end of badger culling in the UK. The UK government has cut corners and turned a blind eye to the damage this policy will do both to the badgers themselves, and the rare birds and other animals which will be affected when badgers are culled.“The badger cull has been a shambles from the start, but it’s so unnecessary. Improved farming controls and tightening up on cattle movements have already led to big reductions in the disease – including a 50 percent reduction last year in Somerset. If the government and the farmers focussed on what’s working, and on improving the accuracy of the bTB test, which misses large number of infected cows, they’d see they don’t need to be worrying about badgers.”Recent information released by Natural England under Freedom of Information requests shows that its own assessments conducted as the badger cull licensing authority were limited to just one site in Somerset. This is in stark contrast to events in Wales where detailed appraisal was undertaken by the Welsh Assembly Government in 2009 recommending the need for further study and monitoring. Badger culling as a policy has been abandoned in Wales, but the rate of bTB in cattle has fallen drastically following the introduction of improved cattle testing, movement restrictions and farm biosecurity measures.But NFU President Meurig Raymond said farmers fear further cattle regulations as they were 'pointless without also tackling this disease in badgers.'"What is clear is that we need to look at other ways of controls badgers if we are to reduce TB in cattle. I will be visiting Ireland to look at how they have achieved success in reducing badger numbers and TB. The NFU is also committed to doing its own analysis of all of the evidence to help find a way forward for the current policy."The pilot culls in Somerset and Gloucestershire were carried out by well-trained, experienced contractors and required huge levels of commitment in the face of unacceptable intimidation and harassment by protestors."We remain confident that these pilots will help to deliver a reduction of TB in cattle as planned. And it is vital that they are allowed to be successfully completed so they can deliver the expected reductions in TB in cattle."

domain: law


State-of-the-art Spray Drying for Milk Powders
GEA designs spray drying plants that comply with the strictest dairy processing regulations and meet the highest standards of safety and plant performance. We offer a broad range of spray dryer designs, and work with our customers to configure each plant to match the requirements for optimal operation as well as very specific product composition and properties.
Optimal powder properties
Milk powders are commonly made as agglomerates during the drying process, to give them specific physical properties such as bulk density and wettability. Often combined with lecithination, this process produces a powder structure that allows easy reconstitution in water by the consumer. GEA spray drying technology can be configured to modify or to optimize each desired product property.
GEA’s MSD™ spray dryer is recognized for producing the highest quality agglomerated and non-agglomerated products, and represents a benchmarking technology for evaluation of powder quality in the dairy industry.
A GEA spray dryer can remain in continuous operation for up to four weeks, which contrasts with evaporation and dryer feed systems that require daily cleaning. The addition of supplementary evaporation and feed systems to the plant means that the spray dryer can operate at full capacity on evaporator and feed system number 2 while the first set is cleaned. This gives extra 3-4 hours of uptime every day and improving overall plant output by 15-20 %. In addition fewer start/stop sequences of the dryer decreases the risk of deposits calling for cleaning with loss of production time as result.
GEA has applied computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations and other state-of-the-art design processes to develop the perfect spray drying chamber. Optimized drying conditions lower the risk of powder being deposited on the chamber walls, and so reduce the need for cleaning, as well as reducing the amount of air and energy needed for the process. Features such as optimized heat recovery also contribute to improved energy efficiency. One example is use of evaporator cooling water to preheat the main drying air for the spray dryer.
Our innovative spray drying technologies include the SANICIP™ bag filters. These liquid cleanable filters enable a greater recovery of powder from the spray dryer exhaust air, and so can help to maximize product recovery as well as minimize emissions and ensure efficient cleaning. Overall plant efficiency is improved and operational costs are reduced.
GEA can also configure sophisticated process analytical technology (PAT) and control systems into our spray drying plants to help ensure that product quality requirements are consistently met, and to help improve efficiency and reduce energy and resource consumption.


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A study published this week in the journal Neurology connects poor sleep with dementia. Researchers studied 321 people from the Framingham Heart Study (FHS) who participated in the Sleep Heart Health Study between 1995 and 1998, and who were over 60 years old at the time. They followed these participants for 19 years, and 32 of them developed dementia during this time. Of those, 24 people were diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease.
“After adjustments for age and sex, lower REM sleep percentage and longer REM sleep latency were both associated with a higher risk of incident dementia,” the researchers wrote. “Each percentage reduction in REM sleep was associated with approximately a 9 percent increase in the risk of incident dementia.”
Translation: Disordered sleep may be related to dementia in some way, possibly as a predictor of Alzheimer’s disease.
“Our findings point to REM sleep as a predictor of dementia,” Matthew Pase Ph.D. from the Boston University School of Medicine, who helped lead the study, told NBC News. “The next step will be to determine why lower REM sleep predicts a greater risk of dementia.”
The Alzheimer’s Association says an estimated 5.5 million Americans have Alzheimer’s disease, which is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that cannot be cured. Early symptoms include short-term memory loss, disorientation, mood swings, and issues with language.
Scientists still aren’t sure what causes the disease, though research suggests there may be a genetic component.
The Alzheimer’s Association website explains that “many people with Alzheimer’s experience changes in their sleep patterns,” including difficulty sleeping and increased propensity for daytime napping. “Many older adults without dementia also notice changes in their sleep, but these disturbances occur more frequently and tend to be more severe in Alzheimer’s,” they note. The association advises that patients try non-drug coping remedies first, and only use sleep medication as a last resort.
Features image: Mopic/Shutterstock
Joe Auer is the editor of Mattress Clarity. He mainly focuses on mattress reviews and oversees the content across the site.
He likes things simple and take a straightforward, objective approach to his reviews. Joe has personally tested nearly 250 mattresses and always recommends people do their research before buying a new bed. He has been testing mattresses for over 5 years now, so he knows a thing or two when it comes to mattress selection. He has been cited as an authority in the industry by a number of large publications.
Joe has an undergraduate degree from Wake Forest University and an MBA from Columbia University.

domain: medical


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The unrated, longer version (released in the United Kingdom as the “Rude & Crude Unseen Version”) of the film features some scenes not shown in the theatrical version. In an alternate ending, Willy Wonka, instead of Borat, comes in and says: “I told you it was going to be an epic adventure. ” Willy Wonka then goes in the wardrobe and puts out a “do not disturb” sign that refers to the girl in the wardrobe. The Oompa-Loompas come in and start singing the Willy Wonka theme song. The four are then crushed by the wheel. Also, during the scene where Lucy is crushed under the junk that falls out of the “Narnia” closet, the girl who runs out is nude, as opposed to wearing a bikini. In the Snakes on a Plane scene, when the Samuel L. Jackson lookalike yells, he replaces “goddamn” with “motherfuckin'”. In the sex scene with Mystique, Peter follows big hooters with the words silver dollar nipples
The best part is these free colouring pages are just a click away. If you have an Internet connection you can easily download and print them for free. You can easily supply your child with an endless supply of coloring book pages that they will soon thank you for. No matter what the theme or the picture, all a child - or the young at heart - needs is the page and something to color with. Pencils, crayons, markers, watercolor paints, chalk. There are coloring books made specially to be used with water-colors, that come with their own little set of paints and brush, and have thicker pages. Now, everyone is always concerned about time, namely, having too little time. Too many things take up too much time. Errands take time, laundry takes time, meals take time. Add a child or two into the mix and time is of even greater importance. As Benjamin Franklin said, "Lost time is never found again." However, I would have to disagree with Mr. Franklin because of one crucial reason; Benjamin Franklin did not have the Internet. Since I don't believe this quote to be true, the question must be asked; how do I propose we win back our lost time? As far as I'm concerned, it is in this realm of free colouring pages that save the day.
It is almost a universal truth that Disney characters are loved by children of all age. In fact these characters really inspire and entertain every kid. Cartoon characters create a whole new world in the minds of children. So when the next time your child is getting bored, you don't need to get worried because it's the best thing you provide your child with- Disney pictures to print and color. It not only brightens their day but also makes them emotionally satisfied. Characters like Mickey Mouse, the princess collection, Winnie the Pooh, Finding Nemo, Little Mermaid, Lion King and many more inspire kids of all ages. Children who spend time coloring and painting in their growing up years are studied to have an improved concentration, and also creative in their work. They are trained to think and be creative in their thinking, and have ability to perceive and grasp better. These days you can collect interesting coloring pages from the internet. Yes, on this page you can find not only printable coloring pages of Winx club fairies. After printables you can see Winx club online coloring pages. It can be very entertainig for you. On this online coloring pages you can change color of every element. Here is much easier to match colors then on paper. By the way, do you know about wharm and cold colors? For example Red and yellow - is warm colors. And blue is cold color. Green color is more cold then green but more warm than blue. When coloring you should keep in mind which the main color of your picture. I hope you will enjoy coloring this winx club coloring for girls. One teaching product that has benefited is coloring products. If you have a computer, printer and the required software you can create your own printable coloring products in a matter of minutes. There's no need to go to the shop to buy expensive coloring books. You just simply buy the digital coloring pages and start printing coloring pages immediately.
There are hundreds of different themes you can find in the coloring pages starting from funny cartoon's characters to very informative pictures like alphabet, figures and so on. And thanks to coloring books by the preschool age many children already know the alphabet and how to count. By painting any of the letters in coloring pages they can learn how to write letters and be able to recognize them making the process of learning to read much easier. Thus, coloring pages are a very educational tool for young minds. To test the wits of the toddlers you can give them coloring puzzles. Let them first try to complete the puzzles and then color them once done. Since toddlers hold a perspective of what color an image should have, let them do the color they like. However, as they advance, try to push them to make the coloring resemble the actual looks of the thing represented by the images in the coloring books. Online coloring pages are a fun way to entertain your young ones while waiting for the rain to stop or just to offer a quiet moment for them to be entertained. There are many online coloring pages available online that you can print off or trace so that you will never be at a loss for images to color. If your kids like to color pictures of animals you will find any kind of animal available online these days to offer you the perfect coloring sheet. Look for coloring pages that fit your child's likes and desires. Sponge Bob is, surely, one of the most controversial and still loved animated character. After being given a whole animated television series, it gained many goals in popularity both with children and adults due to its behaviour, that soon gave people new horizons to think about, the ones about their own sexuality. These coloring pages are not so well recommended to kids under a certain age, but it appeals to all teenagers. This because they contain a certain language and meaning, that are not suitable for every ages.


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It’s called Silver/Lead and it arrives March 31: that would be the mighty Wire’s followup to 2016’s acclaimed Nocturnal Koreans. Below listen to the melodically buzzsawing “Short Elevated Period” from the album. And incidentally, March 31 was not a date the band chose randomly; it will be the 40th anniversary of their first UK gig.
April 21 will bring an eagerly-anticipated new Ray Davies project, Americana, featuring the Kinks mainman backed up by Americana godfathers the Jayhawks, fittingly enough. It’s the long-awaited followup to 2008’s Working Man’s Cafe. Listen to first single “Poetry” at NPR, below.
Not long ago the news arrived that Peter Holsapple from the dB’s (and Stamey/Holsapple, and Continental Drifters, and R.E.M., and Hootie & the Blowfish, and – what the hell – Rittenhouse Square) was dropping a new 45 on Feb. 3. “Don’t Mention the War” b/w “Cinderella Style” will arrive on his ownHawthorne Curve Records, and you can previews both tracks at YouTube and SoundCloud, respectively. Check ’em out, below – the A-side in particular is additionally illuminated with this accompanying video.
On what would have been David Bowie’s 70th birthday, his estate and label surprise-released the 4-song “No Plan” EP, which features the hit “Lazarus” plus the final three songs the artist recorded. Below is the Spotify link, as well as the video for “No Plan.” Meanwhile, check out our one-year-anniversary-of-Bowie’s-death tribute, “Through the (Stained) Looking Glass,” about his Berlin period.
As Tommy Stinson has put his post-‘mats combo Bash & Pop back together and is prepping the Jan. 20 release of new album Anything Could Happen on the Fat Possum label, he’s unveiled a new track from the record. Titled “Never Wanted to Know,” you can check it out now:
The band: guitarist Steve “The Sleeve” Selvidge (The Hold Steady), drummer Joe “The Kid” Sirois (Mighty Mighty BossTones), bassist Justin “Carl” Perkins (Screeching Weasel). Watch for a small Feb-March tour (dates at Stinson’s website). And you can still pre-order the album directly via a Pledge Music campaign, where numerous incentives will sorely tempt you. A percentage of the proceeds from the campaign will benefit Timkatec trade schools in Port-au-Prince, Haiti.
Live version of a key track from the artist’s remarkable new solo album, The Starless Room.
By Fred Mills
Sharp-eyed readers know the name James Johnston: He’s the frontman for Britain’s eternally brilliant Gallon Drunk [official website is HERE] as well as an in-demand sideman for the likes of—you may have heard of some of these—Nick Cave & the Bad Seeds, PJ Harvey (whose Hope Six Demolition Project, which features Johnston, was recently nominated for a Grammy), and Marianne Faithfull.
He’s now got a solo album, The Starless Room, and he recently sat down with BLURT’s resident Gallon Drunk expert, Jonathan Levitt, to discuss the new record. “I needed to do something different, I wanted to try something fresh, something I wasn’t familiar with,” explained Johnston. “Something that reflected more what I like to listen to myself. It just developed from there, encouraged and helped along by Johann Scheerer, the producer.”
Stay tuned for the entire interview next week, and meanwhile, Johnston graciously provided us with an exclusive track to get the readers’ appetites whetted. It’s from a live studio event recorded earlier this year by Linda Gerdes at the Clouds Hill festival. Check out “Heart and Soul” – you can stream it or download for your personal playlist.
Incidentally, Johnston has also created a series of videos in which he discusses the writing of each track on the album. Go HERE to view the clip for “Heart and Soul” and HERE for the “Track by Track” section of his YouTube channel. Meanwhile, you can read Levitt’s previous interview with Johnston, in which he discusses Gallon Drunk’s classic album From the Heart of Town, as part of our “The Story Behind The Album” series.
Tune comes from the songstress’ new album, due in early 2017.
By Blurt Staff
Singer-songwriter Laura Saggers may have originally envisioned a career path as a writer, but while studying for an English degree felt the tug of the performer’s muse. She already had the musical background, having been classically trained on piano in the UK, and following a series of internships within the British music industry as well as a timely endorsement deal with Roland for their keytar, decided to relocate to the U.S. and chase the proverbial dream. The result is, indeed, Chasing Dreams due out early next year, and we are honored to be able to give the readers an exclusive advance peek. Check out “When the Sun Met the Moon”:
Sagger discussed the song, calling it “a story about how the sun falls in love with the moon and they get separated, and for the rest of his life the sun continues to love the moon even though he can no longer see her. I work with a ton of kids on a daily basis and was inspired to write this song as a message to anyone who has had to lose someone special. The ‘darkness’ can be either death, or divorce, separation, or a situation that is out of our control but hard to explain to children without a story behind it.
“The message is simple: people come and go, that is life, but the love between two people, regardless of circumstances will never be forgotten. My mum passed away when I was 13, and to this day I believe her love for me still exists because she lives in my memories and that gives me peace and strength every day.”
The album, of course, didn’t happen overnight, as Saggers had to pay her dues in Los Angeles, working as a sideman (notably with singer Jimmy Hopper) and constantly practicing her piano and keytar skills and honing her songwriting chops. As the saying goes, persistence and passion paid off, culminating in Chasing Dreams.
Out today is Peace Trail by Neil Young, who’s having a prolific year, from speaking out against Trump and the Dakota Pipeline (the song “Indian Givers,” on the new record, continues his long and vocal support of Native American issues), to touring with Promise of the Real and releasing the live album EARTH. You can stream Peace Trail – which, the BLURT staff hastens to note, is one of the strongest studio efforts he’s made in ages – at Apple Music or on Spotify, below.
Also view some video footage from this year’s visit to China.
By Blurt Staff
With fourth LP Occult Architecture Vol. 1 (Sacred Bones) due soon from the Moon Duo, the group has shared a second track from the album, “Creepin'” comes on the heels of “Cold Fear.” You can hear both of them below.
Denton band preps its second LP—a deluxe colored vinyl one, at that—for a mid-January release on Tofu Carnage.
By Blurt Staff
Denton, Texas, has a long-standing legacy of birthing unique bands with mind-bending sounds, and The Angelus is no exception. With their sophomore platter There Will Be No Peace arriving January 13—that would be a lucky Friday the 13th, natch—via the estimable Tofu Carnage label, the world outside the Denton/Dallas/Fort Worth area should be on full alert for what the label calls “carefully interwoven compositions of dark, hymnal slowcore…. Embroidered by emotional intensity and hopeful fortitude, the North Texas trio takes the listener on a soaring journey that is visceral and melancholic in its uncompromising beauty.”
And BLURT is honored to unveil the track “An Interceding” for our readership:
The band’s Emil Rapstine explains that what was “initially a languid drum and bass groove set over an oscillating drone, the song morphed organically into a pleading incantation as we explored to create a lush passageway that would bridge the larger section of later songs on the album to the preceding overture. ‘An Interceding’ is the resting point after the opening triptych of songs come storming out at the offset of the record. It serves as an interlude, a moment of meditation that transitions into the rest of the album. It is the moment when you’ve survived the storm but now you have to reassess, take inventory and cut your losses before moving forward into the unknown.”
“Cutting losses” won’t be an issue for The Angelus, however, we suspect. There Will Be No Peace is a remarkable album, sonically fluid and lyrically awash in emotional certitude and resilience. As 6 Days from Tomorrow noted, “There is a deep-seated spirituality at work throughout and each song is presented to the listener as a sermon, and not one of the nice New Testament ones either.”


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This month we are focusing on The Feet of a Leader. In this video, Angela shares a lesson learned story about her recent international travels where the Mind and Feet of a Leader were essential to deal with a difficult situation.
This month we are focusing on The Feet of a Leader. You know that there is a great leader within you, and you have the tools to provide guidance to those around you. But do others perceive you as a leader? Are you really exuding the qualities that you embody, and showing up as your best self? (more…)
Today we’re going to talk about Facilitator Courage. Specifically we’re going to talk about the courage it sometimes takes to address disruptive participant behaviors. (more…)
So what is a courageous conversation? It is saying what is needed to be said in a way that others will hear it, with respect and concern with the other person. It means minimizing the threat that you represent while still staying true to the virtue of your message. (more…)
If you are a trainer or facilitator, chances are you play a role in facilitating leadership development either in your internal organization or with your customers. In this video, Michelle Cummings, co-founder of Personify Leadership will discuss how intention plays a key part in facilitating a successful program.
Are you experiencing any stress this month? How does stress relate to your ability to be an Emotionally Resilient leader? (more…)
In this video, we share a few insights on Emotional Resiliency and research that helps deal with the challenges of an ever-changing and busy world.
In this video, we share insights on how to be a leader who truly listens to others. If you struggle with listening attentively, as most people do, take a minute to listen to a new perspective on this common challenge.
In this video, we share insights into the importance of having courage to acknowledge facts and surface emotions.

domain: psychology


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Crescendo swells coffers by $28 million for rheumatoid arthritis test
The South San Francisco company, which markets the Vectra DA test, said existing investors Mohr Davidow Ventures, Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, Aeris Capital AG and others participated in the round.
Skyline and Safeguard (NYSE: SFE) each invested $10 million, according to the Philadelphia Business Journal.
Vectra uses a simple blood draw to look for the presence of 12 protein biomarkers to confirm a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis, an inflammatory disease that leaves patients with aching joints, bumps under the skin and feeling fatigued.
Crescendo launched the test commercially in November 2010. It raised $56 million in September 2011, including $25 million that was structured as long-term debt from Myriad Genetics Inc. (NASDAQ: MYGN).
Through last year, Crescendo had processed more than 30,000 Vectra test samples at its Peninsula lab, Crescendo said in a press release Thursday.
"To facilitate this growth, we invested in laboratory infrastructure, automation and expanded web portal capabilities to better serve our clients," Crescendo President and CEO Bill Hagstrom said in the release.
Plus, Hagstrom told the San Francisco Business Times last year that the company continues to try to gather additional data to support Vectra's use and convince insurers to pay for the test. Insurers covered less than $1,000 for the test on a case-by-case basis.
Crescendo expanded its medical team with rheumatology, immunology and industry expertise to support additional studies, Hagstrom said in the release.
Ron Leuty covers biotech, higher education and China for the San Francisco Business Times.
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In partnership with Salford City Council, Seddons, Salford Clinical Commissioning Group and Bolton NHS Trust, Urban Vision’s technical teams designed and project managed the refurbishment of Ingleside Birthing Unit Community Centre.
As part of Salford’s strategy and central government agendas to encourage cycling and walking as alternative options for commuters, Urban Vision designed and delivered various cycle looplines around Salford to encourage traffic-free activity throughout the city.
Our multidisciplinary team consisting of landscape architects, road safety advisors, quantity surveyors, project managers and highway engineers designed and delivered a high quality public space on Carpino Place in Salford, which includes a safe cycle lane that links to other cycle routes across the city
Working on behalf of Salford City Council, Urban Vision were tasked with overseeing and providing design work for the Port Salford Greenway scheme, a project to deliver a network of high quality cycling and walking routes in the city.
Our road safety audit team completed yard risk assessments across the country for the Royal Mail Group.
To improve accessibility to the bus route from Bolton to Salford and alleviate problems with queuing traffic at junctions along the route, our road safety team completed safety audits on detailed designs created by Urban Vision engineers on the Salford Bolton Bus Network.


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Review by Frank Plowright
Life is Strange has acquired the mystifying new subtitle of Partners in Crime since we last caught up with the cast in Strings, but this is a direct continuation. That it needs a four page illustrated synopsis shows just how complicated Max Caulfield’s story has become since the creative team of Emma Vieceli and Claudia Leonardi began moving Max away from the circumstances of the Life is Strange game. In one sense, this is not the place to start, but the recap does its job well. Briefly, Max has discovered that it is possible to make her way back to her own world, but she didn’t manage it, although Tristan, who accompanied her attempt, is there. It means there’s hope.
The complexities continue because we’re now following one bunch of characters on tour as a rock band and another set touring a play, along with their dopelgangers on another world. Max is stuck in one world, while Tristan now associates with the Chloe of her former world, recognisable via slightly more vivid hair colour. Attention is required as we’re seeing essentially the same people in the same places, but on different worlds, so not exactly the same people.
Vieceli supplies some nice storytelling moments, such as Max first rewinding time here, or the second chapter toilet conversation, but this isn’t the same triumph earlier volumes have been despite the usual classy art job from Leonardi. It’s because instead of the focus being on a central triangle with other cast members bouncing off them, Tracks features around ten characters along with their alternate world counterparts, and that’s spreading the attention far too thin. Moments of consequence are almost lost, and for three chapters we’re getting a lot of very nicely drawn holiday snapshots. Vieceli has meandered a slow path to a pivotal event before, but here there’s not enough charm to go round.
There is a payoff, and it’s good, just a long time in coming, and it throws everything into confusion once again as well as dropping a big surprise about someone we’ve seen not quite behaving oddly, but certainly perhaps aware. The final chapter is very satisfying, there’s just too much ordinary material beforehand.
As the series looks to have now expanded to encompass another trilogy, these Life is Strange graphic novels have been a success. It’s nice to see quality recognised, especially as this hasn’t been an intense drama, but one at times of quiet desperation. Both creators are very talented, and this is only a slight dip. Coming Home follows.


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Through a Different Lens: Stanley Kubrick Photographs
Stanley Kubrick for Look magazine, Rosemary Williams, Show Girl [Kubrick photographing Rosemary Williams], 1949 ©SK Film Archives/Museum of the City of New York
I have been a fan of Stanley Kubrick for nearly as long as I have been a fan of movies. Dr Strangelove, 2001: A Space Odyssey, and The Shining top the list for me in that I can watch them over and over and find some new delight in his dispassionate storytelling, dramatic soundtracks, and the aggressive symmetry of his composition.
Vasily Kandinsky: My Favorite Synesthete
Vasily Kandinsky. “The Seasons” Panels No. 1-4. 1914. Museum of Modern Art, New York.
Vasily Kandinsky (1866-1944) was a Russian-born painter known for his use of vibrant color and abstract techniques. In general, abstract art has never really spoken me, that is until I first saw Kandinsky years ago at the Hermitage Museum in St Petersburg. His colors seemed to dance across the canvas in weird and wonderful ways that were at once sensual and chaotic. In that moment, I got it, or rather, I got something. Stripped of any recognizable form, all that’s left is how the work makes you feel…significant considering that Kandinsky probably had synesthesia.
The Beauty of Nureyev at the de Young Museum
Rudolf Nureyev rehearses for “Marguerite and Armand” at Covent Garden in Britain in 1963. Photo: Michael Peto, The University Of Dundee The Pet / SF
When I was a kid growing up in the 70s, there were few things more magical than when my parents woke me up late at night for something they didn’t want me to miss: a lunar eclipse, a fire truck screaming down the street, or Rudolf Nureyev dancing on PBS. Through the gauzy veil of memory, I can still picture this man leaping impossibly high and landing with such elegance and joy that I could hardly get back to sleep. And so it is fitting that I recently accompanied my parents to the de Young Museum exhibit, Rudolf Nureyev: A Life in Dance, in San Francisco.
Impossible Conversations, Undeniable Influence: Schiaparelli & Prada at the MET
Exhibition catalogue, 2012, Metropolitan Museum of Art
I recently attended the Metropolitan Museum of Art’s Spring 2012 Costume Institute exhibition, Schiaparelli and Prada: Impossible Conversations, a beautiful collection that examines the work and influences of two iconic designers. “Invincible female self-possession is a central theme of the joint retrospective,” so of course, I loved it. Read More
Diego Rivera Murals at MoMA
Diego Rivera. Agrarian Leader Zapata. 1931. The Museum of Modern Art. Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Fund, New York City
This weekend I finally went to the Museum of Modern Art to check out the murals of Diego Rivera.
The exhibition includes “portable murals” that Rivera painted in 1931 for his first show at MoMA, early drawings that mark the evolution of these works, as well as the large scale sketches that guided his transfer of the images to the frescos. Inspired by his experience in New York City, Rivera went on to paint three more portable murals highlighting the city’s economic disparity during the Great Depression (see his mural Frozen Assets below). Read More

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|Company name||Forescout Technologies, Inc.|
|Status||Class Action Complaint Filed|
NEW YORK, February 19, 2020 – Bragar Eagel & Squire, P.C., a nationally recognized shareholder law firm, announces that a class action lawsuit has been filed in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California on behalf of investors that purchased Forescout Technologies, Inc. (NASDAQ: FSCT) Bragar Eagel & Squire, P.C., a nationally recognized shareholder law firm, announces that a class action lawsuit has been filed in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California on behalf of investors that purchased Forescout Technologies, Inc.
On October 10, 2019, during pre-market hours, Forescout issued a press release announcing preliminary third quarter 2019 (“3Q19”) financial results. That press release lowered 3Q19 revenue guidance to $90.6 million to $91.6 million, compared to prior revenue guidance of $98.8 million to $101.8 million, and market consensus of $100.52 million. In explaining these results, defendants cited “extended approval cycles which pushed several deals out of the third quarter,” which “was most pronounced in EMEA.”
On this news, Forescout’s stock price fell $14.63 per share, or 37.32%, to close at $24.57 per share on October 10, 2019.
The complaint, filed on January 2, 2020, alleges that throughout the Class Period defendants made materially false and misleading statements regarding the Company’s business, operational and compliance policies. Specifically, defendants made false and/or misleading statements and/or failed to disclose that: (i) Forescout was experiencing significant volatility with respect to large deals and issues related to the timing and execution of deals in the Company’s pipeline, especially in Europe, the Middle East, and Africa (“EMEA”); (ii) the foregoing was reasonably likely to have a material negative impact on the Company’s financial results; and (iii) as a result, the Company’s public statements were materially false and misleading at all relevant times.
If you purchased Forescout shares during the Class Period, are a long-term stockholder, have information, would like to learn more about these claims, or have any questions concerning this announcement or your rights or interests with respect to these matters, please contact Melissa Fortunato or Marion Passmore by email at email@example.com, telephone at (646) 860-9156, or by filling out the contact form below. There is no cost or obligation to you.

domain: news


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For centuries, North Americans have utilized hemp in their homes, diets, and health regimens. For decades, we’ve also turned to imported products to meet much of our growing need. And now, after years of major change for US
- Cannabis Hemp & CBD
- Organic Growing & Farming
- Product Testing
- Soil Amendments
- Soil Health
- Toxic Agriculture
- Worm Castings
- Worm Tea
San Francisco(CNN Business) Fueled in part by CBD product sales and Canada’s recent legalization of marijuana, the world’s cannabis market could notch $15 billion this year. Industry insiders are forecasting that global cannabis sales could total
The FDA could take years to settle its official position on CBD including any formal regulations limiting production and sale, according to Ecofibre’s chief science officer Alex Capano, leaving consumers with few assurances about product quality
Let’s say you’re a farmer in the Midwest, growing conventional corn and soybeans. Times are tough right now. Prices are in the toilet. If only you were selling organic soybeans and corn. They’re worth almost twice
When Joel Mathiowetz started planting corn this spring on his farm near Morton, Minn., he added the usual starter fertilizer to boost plant growth. But then he added something new: bacteria, right there in the soil
Oh yes they did. There’s now a so-called “study” that’s been done which supposedly determined that organic farming creates a much bigger carbon footprint that torques up “global warming” more than ever. Yes, old faithful US
Organic farmers discuss challenges of transitioning to organic farming. From left to right: John Mesko, executive director at Midwest Organic and Sustainable Education Service, Dave Bishop, owner of PrairiErth Farm, Tim Raile, owner of Raile Farms,
LANCASTER, Pa. — “We are constantly looking for new organic (soybean) growers,” said Boyd Station’s Spencer Miller. “We would like to buy more organic grain from Pennsylvania.” He and several other panelists shared tips and challenges
Regenerative agriculture takes proactive measures to replenish the earth, rather than gamble with the potential long-term consequences of standard farming practices. “Natural” and “organic” have experienced decades of growing pains as industry-shaping nomenclature. While the intricacies
When yogurt maker Dannon announced in 2016 that it would transition its products to non-GMO verified, they had to rely on farmers to provide non-GMO feed for the dairy cows that produce milk for its yogurt.
With the growing demand for organic foods in the U.S., there has been a backlash from agribusiness groups, companies, and individuals who see organic as a threat to their interests. These critics accuse the organic industry
Tony Silvernail grew hemp for the first time in June 2018. He was ready to give it up by the fall — his small farm of only 20 acres made it difficult for him to get
Nearly 173 million acres (69.8 million hectares) of farmland are organic worldwide! The year 2017 was another record year for global organic agriculture. According to the latest Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL) survey on organic agriculture
Click on the PDF below to learn more about YieldBuilder and potential garden, potted plant and container gardening applications. Sterling Agg YieldBuilder Worm Casting Study PDF
The moment when Jerry Doan “finally got soil health” was when an Australian researcher visited his ranch, Black Leg Ranch in Burleigh County. It was the middle of summer, a hot 95-degree day in North Dakota.
Dirt is a complex, largely unexplored world _ and thanks to the efforts of a Minnesota scientist, is becoming one of the newest frontiers of farming and science. ST. PAUL, Minn. (AP) — There is life
Happy Spring! Today is the first official day of spring. Many of you jumped on our pre-spring sale. With only a few totes left, today is your last chance to get 275 gallons at 30% off!
In a 2018 documentary “The Most Unknown” leading microbiologist and Penn State Geoscientist, Jennifer Macalady expressed just how much we don’t know about the tiny universe of microbes and other micro life forms all around us.
Our friends at Midxotic Farms were kind enough to test our YieldBuilder product vs the standard nutrients they use. Standard nutrients on the left and YieldBuilder organic worm tea on the right. Midxotic Farms is growing
Pequot Lakes, MN, March 18, 2019 – Denali BioSolutions Inc. is proud to announce the release of YieldBuilder™. The innovative product of Denali BioSolutions Inc. leads the edge of the sustainable farming and organic growth. Offering
Most organic farmers, growers & gardeners have heard of worm tea and some of its close relatives like leachate and compost tea. Believe it or not worm teas are not a new thing, methods for brewing
2019 is a big year for microbial pesticides and fertilizers. Many farmers and home gardeners are looking to use these products in hopes of improving their success. But with so many products hitting the market, how
Pennsylvania has been a hub for organic farming since Organic Valley moved their headquarters there. Ranking second in production behind California, they are putting out the call for more organic farmers. It takes 3 years for
Soil health is becoming a common phrase in Indiana. When you see someone no-tilling and using cover crops, you think about soil health. Just how important is soil health, and how can it impact your farm?
With spring gardens right around the corner, we are eagerly stocking up on potting and planting supplies. As we are preparing our bed plans for edibles and herbs, we raise the question, “is this fertilizer safe
Cannabis is the Latin genus name for plants that include hemp and marijuana. This is very similar to Canis, the Latin genus name for dogs. Just as there are tremendous differences between Chihuahaus and Great Danes, so are
By adopting three practices—no-till farming, cover crops, and diverse crop rotations—farmers worldwide can help preserve the world’s soils, feed a growing global population, mitigate climate change, and protect the environment. This was the key message of
Fertilizer and plant nutrition play a major role in crop yield, and profits. With the cannabis industry on the rise, there are many new farmers and growers learning the ins and outs of this new cash
The number of certified organic farms in the United States increased 11 percent in 2016 to 14,217 from the previous year, according to the latest available data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s National Agriculture Statistics
North Dakota farmer and rancher Gabe Brown thinks every day about a statement Canadian rancher Don Campbell made at a conference 20 years ago in Bismarck. “I’ll never forget. Don said, “‘If you want to make
Farmers and scientists are starting to get a much stronger grasp on soil health and how naturally occurring biological life & microorganisms in the soil benefits our plants in a number of ways. This microbiology also
The numerous organisms living in our soils play a significant role in a healthy soil system and to grow healthy plants. These microorganisms work to break down organic matter and provide more nutrients for plants. This

domain: agronomy


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HOLLYWOOD — For a while, it appeared John Georgiadis` hopes of installing a 71-foot-high ham radio antenna at his Hollywood Hills home would be dashed.
Georgiadis` request to install the antenna, given to city commissioners recently, was opposed by city administrators, two neighbors and, initially, by Commissioner John Williams.
But the opposition subsided after commissioners learned eight other neighbors had no objections, that the antenna retracts to 22 feet when not in use and that others in the neighborhood had similar antennas.
On a 5-0 vote, commissioners approved allowing Georgiadis to install the antenna. Commission approval is required for all antennas higher than 37 1/2 feet, although ``hundreds`` of operators ignore the law, said Hollywood ham radio operator Peter Rimmel.
City Manager James Chandler said he would investigate how many people ignore the city law and recommend later this year whether punitive action should be taken against those that do.


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Peter Costantini ~ Seattle ~ July 18, 2017
The Seattle minimum wage is rising slowly towards a living wage. But even after every worker reaches $15.00, it will still have a long way to go. The national minimum kept pace with productivity in the two decades after World War II, and hit its peak of real buying power in 1968. However, its inflation-adjusted value has since fallen far behind. If the wage had kept up with productivity as well as inflation, it would have reached $21.72 in 2012 by one estimate, roughly three times its current value of $7.25 an hour.
The declining real minimum wage is the bleeding edge of the much-discussed erosion of incomes for the working and middle classes relative to the very wealthy. As French economist Thomas Piketty put it, “Since 1980 … income inequality has exploded in the United States” to a level “probably higher than in any other society at any time in the past”.
Internationally, the U.S. is a laggard on minimum wages. Ours was lower relatively, at 38.3 percent of the median wage in 2012, than in any other major industrialized country. France’s had the highest ratio at 60.1 percent, while the United Kingdom’s was 46.7 percent.
The $15 minimum wage, then, represents only gradual movement part way back towards an inadequate standard of nearly 50 years ago, not a bold foray into the terra incognita of living wages. Nevertheless, it is at the heart of a significant new upsurge of low-wage workers asserting their rights and interests.
Starting with fast-food workers’ walkouts in 2012, the movement for $15 and other lesser increases at the local and state level have been a powerful grassroots response by low-income workers, their communities, and supportive labor organizations to the crippling long-term decline in living standards. The movement addresses only the bottom of the wage scale, but that’s where workers are having the hardest time.
These efforts have a value in themselves, beyond the income gains they have won: they bring marginalized low-income families into the political and social arena as protagonists and incubate their human capabilities. And as those who participate move up the economic ladder, they carry along the newfound potential to strengthen the labor and community organizations, formal and informal, that are working to improve wages and working conditions up through the middle rungs.
In the recent wave of minimum wage increases, SeaTac, WA, was the first mover, raising the wage for transportation and hospitality workers to $15.00 in one step as of 2014. Since then, several other localities have joined Seattle in gradually stepping up their wages to $15.00 over several years. San Francisco, San Jose, Los Angeles, Washington, DC, and Flagstaff, AZ, approved $15.00 laws in the wake of Seattle. On June 30, the Minneapolis City Council became the latest to pass an ordinance to this effect. Chicago/Cook County and Miami Beach, FL, have upped their future minimums to $13.00 or more.
In 2016, the states of California and New York approved statewide minimum wages rising gradually to $15.00. Washington state voters decisively approved an increase to $13.50 by 2020. And Colorado, Arizona and Maine recently raised their standard to $12.00. Even some conservative, low-cost-of-living states, including Arkansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, and West Virginia, have raised their state minimum above the federal level. All told, more than 40 cities and counties and 20 states have adopted minimum wage increases since 2012.[i]
Since the Federal minimum wage was first established by the Fair Labor Standards Act in 1938, it has been raised many times by Congress. The largest increase was 87.5 percent in 1950. Among states, New York led with a 66.7 percent total increase, followed by Maine at 60.0 percent and Oregon at 59.5 percent. Washington state ranked in the middle with a 42.6 percent total increase over 4 years.
Among the many localities that have enacted large raises over the past two decades, Santa Fe, NM, made the biggest yearly jump at a local level, raising its minimum 65.0 percent in 2004. SeaTac was not far behind with a 63.2 percent yearly increase.
Flagstaff, AZ, has the biggest total raise over several years, 86.3 percent. Los Angeles and Miami Beach follow at 66.7 and 65.3 percent respectively. A few other cities and counties have adopted increases just shy of 60 percent. [ii] A study completed before some of these larger recent raises found that the average of local increases over the past period was 41.4 percent total over the duration, and 16.7 percent yearly.
Seattle was towards the front of the pack with a 60.9 percent total over the seven years until 2021, but by no means an outlier. The precise yearly average here is a bit hard to calculate because of lack of data on relative numbers of large and small firms. But over those seven years, the average increase in compensation, which includes tips and health care, has been estimated at 8.4 percent yearly, roughly half the national average (remember that the increases compound). Even the highest single year, at 16.2 percent, was just below the national average.
While the number 15 carries great symbolic weight as a rallying cry, the specific dollar amount is not economically significant in itself. Except for SeaTac and Santa Fe, NM, in 2004, all of these localities and states have been phasing in the increases over varying numbers of years. What matters is not the absolute value, but the percentage increase each year, the relation to the local median wage, and the numbers of workers affected.
For Seattle’s ordinance, as well as most of this new generation of local minimum wages, the relative yearly increases involved are nearly all moderate, falling within the middle of the range of previous increases over the past two decades. The value relative to the local median is also within the range of previous increases where studies found little or no effect on employment.[iii] The numbers of workers affected will grow each year, but the percentage increases will usually fall off, leaving only tiny impacts on the great majority of businesses.
Seattle certainly deserves credit as a leader in the movement for 15, but it did not go far out on a limb beyond the rest of the country. The magnitude and pace of wage increases here, softened by employer credits for tips and health insurance, don’t qualify as a noble, risky experiment. Rather, they have been a prudent extension of widespread and much-studied efforts to counter the decline of low wages by raising the wage floor.
Income and employment
Let’s zoom in from an international and national overview to a ground-level closeup, and look at what matters most from the point of view of low-wage workers. The ultimate measure affecting them is total income - average hourly wage times total hours worked - over a longer period of time, say a year. This figure would incorporate seasonal and some business fluctuations. As minimum wages grow, they may eventually reach a point where total hours are reduced significantly for some workers. But as long as the wage increase is big enough that total income still grows or remains stable, this is a gain for those workers. Earning a greater or equal income for fewer hours means more hours for whatever else you need to do: taking a second part-time job, helping the kids with homework or caring for elderly parents – in short, living the rest of your life.
Keep in mind, too, that any “lost jobs” in most areas of low-wage work are not how most of us may tend to imagine them. In manufacturing or mining, when a factory or mine closes down or moves jobs to another state or overseas, those jobs are not likely to come back any time soon. Whole towns and neighborhoods are often decimated economically.
In most low-wage service work, though, especially in a boom town like Seattle, employment is notoriously volatile, and most workers work well less than 40 hours a week. Jobs are constantly appearing and disappearing as businesses open and close, gain and lose market share, and respond to growing and shrinking demand. Workers are hired, laid off, fired and hired again, in a giant economic game of musical chairs with a plentiful supply of chairs. Hours frequently fluctuate up and down, according to the needs of employers and sometimes employees.
The problem is rarely extended unemployment: few workers can collect much unemployment insurance or can otherwise afford to stay out of the job market for long, and there are usually plenty of job openings. In this environment, then, a “lost job” is rarely a life-changing setback: what it really means is more or fewer hours between jobs, and more or fewer weekly hours in the next job. For their part, employers are more likely to make adjustments by raising or lowering hours than eliminating a job completely, as separations and hirings can represent considerable business costs.
The economic realities of low-wage work, then are often far from what some of the headlines imply. And minimum wage increases may actually help to reduce the volatility and stabilize jobs by reducing turnover.
State of the art of research
Given the generalized understanding of the economics of minimum wages, the whole movement towards 15 has hardly been a leap into the unknown. The effects of many of these minimum wage increases have been widely studied for decades, as much as any area of labor economics.
Over the past 20 years, the mainstream of minimum-wage research has shifted away from over-simplified neo-classical theoretical models, which hard-wired raising minimum wages to reducing employment without paying too much attention to actual evidence. They have moved towards more rigorous and empirical methodologies using more advanced econometric techniques. During this period, labor economists began to use regression analysis to decode large datasets derived from actual minimum wage increases, teasing out causality from amidst numerous related factors that affect wages and employment. Research teams developed and refined designs of meaningful control areas with similar characteristics against which to measure the locality in question.
What was then dubbed the “New Minimum Wage Research” took flight with a 1994 study by David Card of the University of California, Berkeley, and Alan Krueger of Princeton University. They used an ingenious pairing of contiguous counties of New Jersey, which had raised its minimum wage, and Pennsylvania, which had not, to evaluate the effects of the raise in New Jersey.
These days, though, the New Minimum Wage Research is no longer new nor experimental: it has become the effective standard for studying minimum wages and a dominant current of labor economics. It is a widely-verified and accepted set of methodology and algorithms for evaluating the effects of minimum wage increases. An extensive literature by many researchers around the country and world has applied and expanded the methods pioneered by Card and Krueger to investigate and quantify many years of local, state and national experience.
The new model, and the data it has analyzed, have proven persuasive beyond academia, and sometimes even on the right. In the U.S., the business-friendly news service Bloomberg has editorialized in favor of raising the U.S. minimum. Many in the numerous localities and states that have raised their wages have been swayed by the evidence.
Internationally as well, The Economist, the influential and conservative British journal, said in 2014 that it had moved from opposition to raising the minimum wage to accepting that fifteen years of experience in the UK, and the most recent international evidence, had demonstrated that moderate increases do not produce negative effects on employment. The French managing director of the International Monetary Fund, Christine Lagarde, urged the United States to raise its national minimum wage to stimulate stagnant low incomes and advance “inclusive” growth. She previously served as Finance and Economy Minister for the center-right French government of Nicolas Sarkozy, and chaired the Group of 20. George Osborne, the Chancellor of the Exchequer for the Conservative Party in the UK, proposed substantial increases in the minimum wage over five years. And in Germany, Chancellor Angela Merkel of the center-right Christian Democratic Union signed her country’s first minimum wage legislation in 2014.
Back in Seattle, two studies published in the past few weeks on the effects of minimum wage increases here provide conflicting conclusions about their effects.
The Berkeley study
The first of the two studies, prepared at the request of the Seattle Mayor’s Office, was published by University of California, Berkeley’s Center on Wage and Employment Dynamics (CWED). (See link in References below.) This institution has long been one of the national leaders in studying minimum wages and related labor economics issues. It is also currently working on other studies of minimum wage increases in Chicago, Oakland, San Francisco, San Jose and New York City.
The lead author for this report is economist Michael Reich, co-director of the CWED, who also led a team that produced a study of minimum wage legislation and economics for the City of Seattle before the passage of the minimum wage ordinance. Reich has been practicing labor economics for over three decades, with frequent emphasis on low-wage labor. He has published many papers and several books on minimum wages and related topics, including some of the most influential studies, and is widely recognized as one of the leaders in the field.
Sylvia Allegretto, a co-author of the study, is co-director with Reich of the CWED. She too has published considerable research on the minimum wage over several years. She was the lead author on two major papers on the construction of synthetic control areas for minimum-wage studies, which is one of the key issues with the University of Washington report. The rest of the CWED staff not listed as authors on this report also represent years of experience with minimum-wage and related research.
The Berkeley study investigates the effects of the Seattle minimum wage increases in 2015 and 2016 on workers’ weekly incomes and employment, using standard techniques they have applied in several previous studies and are applying in several current studies of other cities. Their report focuses on the food-service industry, which is a common focus of minimum-wage research. This is because the relationship between food services and the larger economy is very well known: food services generally have the highest proportion of low-wage workers affected by minimum wages, and the highest ratio of payroll to total expenses, of any sector in the economy. Therefore, any income and employment effects of increases are very likely to be larger than in any other sector.
Several studies have found that most food-service businesses tend to respond to minimum-wage increases mainly with small price increases, rather than with cuts in hours or jobs. This response would be expected particularly in a city like Seattle, with growing disposable incomes.
To control for which effects are caused by the minimum wage and which by other economic and social factors, the Berkeley study uses what the authors call “synthetic control estimation” to construct a “Synthetic Seattle” that did not raise the minimum wage (except for indexing to inflation), but that otherwise had very similar pay and employment trends to Seattle for several years. Because Seattle’s economic growth is much stronger than most of the rest of the state, the study team used algorithms to select counties from around the country that were good matches for Seattle. The complicated methodology for selecting control areas is one of the most critical areas of minimum-wage research, and Allegretto and Reich have both published major contributions to this.
The Berkeley study concluded that the 2015 and 2016 increases in minimum wages, up to a maximum of $13 for some workers, had no detectable effect on employment in food services – in other words, they didn’t “kill jobs”.
The study found that a 10 percent increase in the minimum wage raised wages for low-wage workers in food service overall by one percent. Keep in mind that higher-paid workers in the industry did not get any raise, and most workers affected by the change did not get the full increase. For example, if the wage is raised from $10.00 to $11.00, only workers earning $10.00 will get the full 10 percent or $1.00 raise; those earning $10.10 will get a $0.90 raise, and those at $10.20 will get $0.80, while those at $10.90 will get only $0.10, and those already at $11.00 will get no mandated raise - although most studies have found that actual wages at and just above the new legal minimum tend to be bumped up slightly by a “ripple effect”.
In limited-service restaurants, mostly fast-food places that don’t have tipping, the pay was raised 2.3 percent for each 10 percent raise in the minimum wage. In full-service restaurants that depend on tipping, the tip credit in the Seattle ordinance allowed overall wages to remain static in this period, apparently because tips made up the difference for total increases in compensation.
The findings of the Berkeley study were consistent with the majority of studies of comparable minimum wage raises in other cities, and with those focusing on the food-service industry.
The University of Washington study
The University of Washington study was the second report in a series of studies also funded partly by the City of Seattle. (See link in References below.)
The UW team is led by economist Jacob Vigdor of the UW’s Evans School of Public Policy and Governance. Economists Mark Long and Robert Plotnick, also of the Evans School, are also team members. Apparently, none of them had previously published on minimum wages.
Since the study was first announced, and after the UW team’s first report last year, its methodology, data and assumptions have been questioned by several other researchers.
The most improbable finding of the UW report is what it calculates to be a major drop of roughly 9 percent in hours worked at wages below $19.00/hour, caused - in their estimation - by the January 1, 2016 minimum wage increase. This loss of hours is at least three times as great as anything previously found after comparable wage increases by other researchers most pessimistic about minimum wages. It is also inconsistent with other findings of the UW study, and of the Berkeley study, that the increases had no effect on hours or employment in the food-service industry.
If there had been a loss of hours of that magnitude for low-wage jobs, we would expect to hear an outpouring of complaints and soul-searching, and to see demonstrations against the minimum wage outside workplaces and City Hall. Nothing of the kind has occurred.
This report reveals several major methodological faults that cast serious doubt on the study’s findings. Some of the more severe problems have to do with the sample of the study, and some others with the control area it used.
If a statistical study cannot use data on the entire population being studied, it needs to find a way to accurately generalize to the whole from whatever part of the population on which it can get data. For some purposes, researchers may try to construct a random sample of the population, but this would be difficult in studying minimum wages in Seattle.
The UW study chose to use a large, non-random chunk of the Seattle workforce. But the study does not make a convincing case that this sample is representative of the whole workforce. On the contrary, available evidence suggests that it is quite different.
The problem goes back to the way the State of Washington collects information on employment for employers with more than one location. Significant parts of this data do not distinguish between which employees work in Seattle and which outside the city. As a result, the study team decided to use employment data only from businesses with only one location or from multi-site businesses that report data separately from each location. The UW study’s data “… therefore exclude multi-site single-account businesses from the analysis, referring henceforth to the remaining firms as ‘single-site’ businesses.” The study reports that 62 percent of the statewide workforce works for single-location businesses, by this definition, and 38 percent for multi-location ones that are excluded from the study.[iv] But in the biggest and probably strongest economy in the state, Seattle, it would not be surprising if a yet larger percentage of employees worked for multi-site employers, because multi-site businesses might plausibly have more than one site in the biggest city than elsewhere.
Yet even if the Seattle figure were the same as statewide, using an inadequate, skewed sample of only one major category of employees, and excluding another major group with more than one-third of the workforce, means that the study can no longer claim to be using a representative sample. Its results therefore lose their claim to statistical validity.
We don’t know much about how employees of multiple-site businesses compare to those of the single-location sample. The study fails to make the case that they are equally or more likely to reduce hours because of the raise in the minimum wage. On the contrary, the mainly larger multiple-location employers would seem likely to have greater resources, flexibility and business experience, and thus would plausibly be able to absorb minimum wage increases more easily than most single-location employers without reducing hours or employment. Multiple-location, larger firms could be expected to have more employees well above minimum wage, such as accounting or human-resources departments. This means that low-wage employees would represent a smaller part of the payroll. These firms would also be expected to have larger expenses for things like plant, equipment and inventory, so that payroll will be a smaller part of total business expenses. Many of them would likely have over 500 employees, and so would pay the higher level of minimum wage for the first several years, although many others could be under 500 employees and pay the lower schedule.
However, we don’t know the answers to any of these questions. Unless the study can credibly provide all of this information, the team can’t claim their sample is valid. there is no way to make statistical inferences about the entire economy without data on the large and distinct category of multi-site employers. Single-location firms are not a valid sample, and you can’t generalize from it to the whole workforce.
In defense of the single-location sample, the study refers to a survey the UW team conducted of “over 500 business owners” before the increase on whether they intended to reduce hours of their minimum-wage employees, and after the increase on whether they did reduce their hours. The results of this survey are meaningless for two main reasons: first, because the survey could not have been a valid random sample of all Seattle employers - how could you know that voluntary responses generated a representative sample? - and second, because there is no way to know whether the employers’ answers reflect what they actually did.
The results reported found that slightly more than half of big employers and slightly less than half of medium and small employers claimed to have reduced full-time employment. But these results say nothing about whether this was actually true, or, if so, whether it was done in response to the minimum wage increase or because of other factors. Furthermore, there is no indication of whether those who did not report reducing employment raised employment, or by how much. It is entirely possible, according to the explanation in the report, that the total growth in employment among that half of employers who didn’t claim to reduce employment was greater than the reduction reported by the other half that did, so that overall employment growth could have been positive.
The survey may say something about the attitudes of employers towards the minimum wage increases, but even that is questionable. It most definitely does not provide any support for the representativeness of the study’s sample. The survey’s methodology is so dubious and the results so ambiguous, that citing this survey in support of the report’s sample methodology further drags down the credibility of the whole report.
In contrast, the problems with one-site businesses do not affect studying the food-service industry, as the Berkeley study did. This industry is not proposed as a representative sample of the whole workforce. Rather, it is a sector of the economy that has been confirmed in many studies to have a predictable relationship to the whole workforce. There is no evidence that Seattle is an exception. Food-service firms tend to be among the most sensitive to rises in the minimum wage, because they generally use the largest proportion of low-wage workers, and have the highest ratio of payroll to total operating expenses. (Lodging has comparable shares of low-income workers, but has not been studied as much and may involve a smaller total workforce). If there is little or no loss of hours or employment in food service after a minimum-wage increase, then it is very unlikely that there have been significant losses of these across the whole economy.
A related problem with the UW study’s failure to include multi-establishment firms is that it may be counting as employment losses those employees who leave jobs in single-establishment firms to take jobs in multi-establishment firms. It would not be surprising if many workers were attracted to move to bigger multi-establishment businesses, as these are more likely to have more than 500 employees and thus to have to pay a higher minimum wage and compensation during most of the minimum wage’s seven-year transition.
Other types of employment and earnings not captured by the UW study include “contract or ‘gig’ jobs, work paid ‘off the books,’ self-employment, or work done outside the City of Seattle.” Contract or “gig” jobs, in particular, may be employment types that absorbed significant numbers of workers who left formal employment in the city, and future studies should seek ways to account for all of these possibilities.[v]
These basic problems with the sample could be enough in themselves to disqualify the UW study’s results. But the study’s methodology presents some other serious problems.
A key part of the methodology of any study of minimum wages is the synthetic control used to construct a strictly defined collection of comparable areas outside the locality being studied. This control area must mirror the subject locality very closely in many other respects, going back for a long period, but must not have experienced the relevant minimum-wage increases.
A control area of some kind is critical to testing what changes are caused by minimum wage increases, and what changes are the result of other factors. For example, after a minimum wage increase, low-wage incomes and employment may change in either direction, but this may be due to a Boeing bust or Amazon boom or national recession or earthquake, rather than the minimum-wage raise. As statisticians say, “Correlation does not imply causation.” The sun does not rise because the rooster crowed.
The way minimum wage studies determine causality is to compare changes in many variables in Seattle to changes in the same variables over the same period in Synthetic Seattle, the control area. They then subject the results to statistical techniques such as regression analysis to infer causality: which changes are cause by the minimum wage and which by other factors.
The Berkeley study used a synthetic control selected by their algorithms from localities around the United States. This broad reach provides a greater range of possibilities, which makes the control area a better reflection of Seattle.
The UW study, however, constructs its synthetic control from areas around Washington state only. Michael Reich of Berkeley has criticized the UW methodology. Their control areas, he says, “do not at all resemble Seattle”, and Washington state does not have enough areas that do to construct a valid synthetic control. Seattle has experienced booming job growth, low unemployment, and strong wage gains, all much more extreme than the rest of Washington state and most of the nation.[vi]
Like the sample, the poorly constructed control area may be enough in itself to invalidate the results of the UW study.
How to and how not to construct control areas has been a key issue in economic debates on the minimum wage. Berkeley co-authors Allegretto and Reich have effectively written the book on how and how not to construct valid control areas.[vii]
Low-wage losses and high-wage gains
The UW study’s use of $19.00 an hour as the upper bound for low wages, when the minimum wage had so far risen to $13.00 or less, also appears to create implausible results. This categorization is not part of the standard methodology, and contradicts previous findings that ripple or spillover effects push wages up for only a small band above the minimum.
One study of ripple effects found that an 8 percent increase in the federal minimum raised wages of workers just above the new minimum by 2 percent, and those up to 10 percent above it by 1 percent. Another study found much smaller effects. For the biggest Seattle raise in compensation, 16.2 percent up to $11.00 in 2015, proportional effects would mean that those just above the new minimum might expect a 4 percent or $0.44 increase, and those at $12.10 might get a 2 percent or $0.24 increase. Above that, for wages from around $13.00 up to $19.00, no impact from the minimum raise would be expected.
The UW study found that after the minimum wage increases of 2015 and 2016, big job losses below $19 and big job gains above that level occurred, but that the overall workforce neither gained nor lost jobs. It attributed these losses and gains to the effects of the minimum wage raises.
This is improbable, though, given what we’ve just discussed about the effects of minimum wages. More likely, this shows that the study did not properly control for the booming Seattle economy, and that the growth in jobs paying over $19 and losses below that level were due to strong economic growth resulting in sharply rising wages, neither caused by the minimum wage.
As veteran minimum-wage scholars Ben Zipperer and John Schmitt wrote, “Finding a sizable increase in hours where both we and the authors agree there should be ‘negligible estimates’ casts doubts on the reliability of the study’s core methods and the resulting estimates. … Finding large employment gains well above $19.00 per hour poses a serious problem for the credibility of this study.” They conclude that the most likely case is that “much of the higher-wage employment effect estimated by the authors is spurious”, and that “the authors are incorrectly attributing to the minimum wage a reduction in low-wage employment, when in fact there was a large shift in Seattle’s labor market toward higher-wage jobs that was happening regardless of the minimum wage increase.”[viii]
These apparent errors in assigning causality for changes in hours and jobs is yet another issue serious enough to call the study’s conclusions into question.
Other problems have been raised by several commentators regarding the data, methodology and conclusions of the UW study. But there is another conceptual mix-up that I don’t believe has received attention.
Mark Long and Robert Plotnick of the UW study team published an opinion piece in the Seattle Times interpreting their study.[ix] When discussing their expectation of some loss of low-wage employment due to a local minimum wage, they observe: “It is easier to relocate low-wage employment outside city boundaries than it is to relocate employment outside a state or country.”
This is undeniable. However, if employers did relocate their business sites or shifted jobs or hours to the suburbs outside the city of Seattle, those jobs or hours would not be lost from the point of view of the employees. Given the significant costs of laying off, hiring and training workers, the probability is strong that most moves would include most of the existing workers. And even if they did not, what matters more to workers is the overall demand for their labor in the metropolitan area, which would not change. Many workers live outside Seattle and work in the city, and many others live in the city and work outside of it. And as we have mentioned, high turnover is endemic in low-wage service employment.
The odds of many businesses moving out of the Seattle area to escape minimum-wage increases are negligible. Runaway shops are unlikely because few manufacturing firms have many low-wage workers. Many of the establishments in sectors with the most low-wage workers, such as food service, lodging, some kinds of retail, and care of the young and elderly, are not very portable. The demand for their services or products is often tied closely to their location, which is sometimes part of their branding. For multi-location businesses, it makes no sense to shift jobs from one store to another one if the customer base and demand have not shifted. For single-location outfits, say a pizza parlor, the owner might be able to move the shop from northern Lake City to Shoreline, or from southern West Seattle to White Center, but the costs and risks of even a short move can be considerable, relative to the small increases in total costs due to the minimum wage.
The bottom line is that moving jobs or hours across a boundary does not usually mean a loss of them for the workers. The move may show up as a loss of employment in a study limited to Seattle, and the city may lose a little of its tax base, but for the workers involved, it means mainly a longer or shorter commute. This small failure to recognize the real-life consequences of minimum wages is symptomatic of the faulty conceptual framework of the UW study.
If a research team with no previous experience in studying minimum wages walks into a well-established academic field with what they claim to be a fresh approach that rejects much of the existing research, they had better lead with a convincing theoretical and practical critique of the state of the art, and replace it with persuasive and water-tight alternative methodologies and results. The UW study has not succeeded in doing either.
Both studies have become the object of considerable interest and commentary by those who practice labor economics. And both have generated a small media storm nationally. The usual ink-stained Chicken Littles are loudly warning of the job-killing perils of minimum wages. The national right-wing echo chamber is amplifying the results of the UW study, and downplaying the Berkeley study. In this environment, it is critical that serious journalists do their homework.
To those who see this as merely a “he said, she said” scuffle between liberals and conservatives, I suggest you read not just the studies and the critiques, but also some of the foundational minimum-wage literature. Economics is a discipline inescapably shaped by political and social perspectives, yet rooted in an evolving quantitative and qualitative infrastructure largely accepted by most practitioners. Some of the Berkeley authors may have political views to the left of center. Some of the UW team may have views to the right of center – Jacob Vigdor, the lead, is a fellow at the conservative Manhattan Institute. That does not mean that partisanship is a significant factor in either case.
However, there is no comparison between the two teams’ experience, mastery of the econometrics and literature, or weight in the profession. The critiques of the UW study by several veteran economists, as well, are based on established methodology and many years of validated research, not politics.
To those who see “partisan cherry-picking” in the City’s reaction to the two studies, I suggest that making value judgements is precisely the job of policy makers, journalists and citizens. Unless you view all research as an undifferentiated field of neutral information created by men in white lab coats, you had better look hard at each study and make informed decisions on their merits. The City’s response to both studies reflected a reasonable understanding of the state of the art of minimum-wage economics and the state of the economy of Seattle.
The dubious results of the UW study do not contribute to the body of work of other researchers who are using rigorous methods and better data to understand the effects of Seattle’s minimum wage ordinance. And this is not the first time the UW team has been criticized for methodology that doesn’t work: its first report last year was widely challenged, including by Jared Bernstein, Vice President Joe Biden’s chief economist. This year, Zipperer and Schmitt, along with others, have published critiques of the UW study. (See References below.)
The City of Seattle has reportedly cut its funding of the UW study because of dissatisfaction with its methodology.[x] Anyone who continues to fund it should take a hard look at their approach and encourage them to bring it into line with current economic practice. At a minimum, funders should require that the next report of the UW team be reviewed by a panel of labor economists with expertise and track records in minimum wage research before it is released. There are probably 30 or 40 researchers around the country who could credibly undertake this task, with clusters at the University of Massachusetts, the University of North Carolina, the Economic Policy Institute, the Center for Economic and Policy Research, and several other institutions.
Of course, more livable minimum wages are only one among a range of necessary policies to remedy economic injustices. Jon Talton of the Seattle Times rightly points out that raising the minimum wage “is no substitute for progressive taxation, strong unions, public investments to create jobs, abundant quality education and job training.”[xi]
For at least the next four years, though, the odds of progress towards any of these at a national level are looking bleak. As the accumulated weight of 20 years of evidence has established, across the globe and across political lines, substantial gradual raises in minimum wages at all levels should continue to play an important role in reducing income inequality from the bottom up.
I have footnoted only more recent references not cited in my paper, “Maximizing Minimum Wages”. For further details, please consult that paper: https://www.dropbox.com/s/59ntnbnobjpzee6/Costantini%20-%20Maximizing%20minimum%20wages%20-%20paper%20%26%20apps.zip
My analysis of the 2016 UW report, "The University of Washington minimum wage study and its critics", is posted at: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/57edc93ee4b0972364deafdd
The Berkeley and University of Washington studies
Michael Reich, Sylvia Allegretto, & Anna Godoey. “Seattle’s Minimum Wage Experience 2015-16”. Berkeley, CA: Center on Wage and Employment Dynamics, June 2017. http://irle.berkeley.edu/seattles-minimum-wage-experience-2015-16
Seattle Minimum Wage Team (Jardim et al). “Minimum Wage Increases, Wages, and Low-Wage Employment - Evidence”. Seattle: Evans School of Public Policy and Governance, University of Washington, June 2017. https://evans.uw.edu/policy-impact/minimum-wage-study
Articles on the studies
Dean Baker. “Minimum Wage Wars: The Media Celebrate Job Loss”. Washington, DC: Beat the Press (blog) July 1, 2017. http://cepr.net/blogs/beat-the-press/minimum-wage-wars-the-media-celebrate-job-loss
Jared Bernstein. “So far, the Seattle minimum-wage increase is doing what it’s supposed to do”. Washington Post, August 10, 2016. https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2016/08/10/so-far-the-seattle-minimum-wage-increase-is-doing-what-its-supposed-to-do
Michael Hiltzik. “Why do conservatives keep saying Seattle's minimum wage hike has failed -- without data”. Los Angeles Times, February 23, 2016. http://www.latimes.com/business/hiltzik/la-fi-mh-seattle-s-minimum-wage-kills-jobs-but-data-20160222-column.html
Mark C. Long & Robert D. Plotnick. “Lessons from Seattle’s courageous minimum-wage experiment”. Seattle Times, June 28, 2017. http://www.seattletimes.com/opinion/lessons-from-a-wage-experiment
Daniel Person. “As Relationship Soured, City Council Stopped Funding UW Minimum Wage Research Team Last Fall”. Seattle Weekly, June 30, 2017. http://www.seattleweekly.com/news/as-relationship-soured-city-council-stopped-funding-uw-minimum-wage-research-team-last-fall
Michael Reich. “Letter to Robert Feldstein, Director, Office of Policy & Innovation, Office of Mayor Edward B. Murray”. Berkeley, CA: Center on Wage and Employment Dynamics, University of California, Berkeley, June 26, 2017. http://irle.berkeley.edu/files/2017/Reich-letter-to-Robert-Feldstein.pdf
Seattle Times Editorial. “Seattle should open its eyes to minimum-wage research”. Seattle Times, June 26, 2017. http://www.seattletimes.com/opinion/editorials/seattle-should-open-its-eyes-to-minimum-wage-research
Rebecca Smith. “UW minimum-wage study doesn’t reflect reality of work in Seattle”. Seattle Times, July 5, 2017. http://www.seattletimes.com/opinion/uw-minimum-wage-study-doesnt-reflect-reality-of-work-in-seattle
Jon Talton. “Seattle’s minimum wage: The plot thickens”. Seattle Times, June 27, 2017. http://www.seattletimes.com/business/economy/seattles-minimum-wage-the-plot-thickens
Janet Tu. “Latest study Seattle’s wage law lifted restaurant pay without shrinking jobs”. June 20, 2017. http://www.seattletimes.com/business/retail/latest-study-seattles-wage-law-lifted-restaurant-pay-without-shrinking-jobs
Janet Tu. “UW study finds Seattle’s minimum wage is costing jobs”. June 26, 2017. http://www.seattletimes.com/business/uw-study-finds-seattles-minimum-wage-is-costing-jobs
Danny Westneat. “Real liberals wouldn’t be so defensive about UW minimum-wage research”. Seattle Times, June 28, 2017 http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/politics/real-liberals-wouldnt-be-so-defensive-about-uw-minimum-wage-research
Ben Zipperer & John Schmitt. “The “high road” Seattle labor market and the effects of the minimum wage increase”. Washington, DC: Economic Policy Institute, June 26, 2017. http://www.epi.org/publication/the-high-road-seattle-labor-market-and-the-effects-of-the-minimum-wage-increase-data-limitations-and-methodological-problems-bias-new-analysis-of-seattles-minimum-wage-incr
Sylvia Allegretto, Arindrajit Dube, Michael Reich & Ben Zipperer. “Credible Research Designs for Minimum Wage Studies: A Reply to Neumark, Salas and Wascher.” Berkeley, CA: BILR Review 70, 3: 559–92, May 2017. http://irle.berkeley.edu/credible-research-designs-for-minimum-wage-studies-a-response-to-neumark-salas-and-wascher
National Employment Law Project. “Fight for $15: Four Years, $62 Billion”. New York: National Employment Law Project, December 2016. http://www.nelp.org/content/uploads/Fight-for-15-Four-Years-62-Billion-in-Raises.pdf
National Employment Law Project & Economic Policy Institute. “Why America Needs a $15 Minimum Wage”. New York: National Employment Law Project, April 26, 2017 http://www.nelp.org/content/uploads/NELP-EPI-Fact-Sheet-Why-America-Needs-15-Minimum-Wage.pdf
[i] NELP 12/2016
[ii] NELP 12/2016
[iii] Zipperer & Schmitt 6/26/2017
[iv] Jardim et al 6/2017, p. 14
[v] Jardim et al 6/2017
[vi] Reich 6/26/2017
[vii] Allegretto et al 5/2017
[viii] Zipperer & Schmitt 6/26/2017
[ix] Long & Plotnick 6/28/2017
[x] Person 6/30/2017
[xi] Talton 6/27/2017

domain: economics


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