Columbia Industrial Products (CIP Composites) offers light weight, self lubricting composite bearings, wear pads and thrust washer to the Oil & Gas Industry. Optimize friction, wear and bearing applications with this thermo setting laminate composite. Will not corrode or swell in water, not affected by UV, and is easily machined to specifications.
29538 Airport Road Unit A, Eugene, United States of America
( Click here to view this email)


text:
Anti-smoking TV spots may help people quit
NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - The ill effects of cigarette advertising are well known. Now, researchers in the UK report that anti-smoking television spots might be effective in helping people quit.
The study by the UK's Health Development Agency (HDA), formerly called the Health Education Authority, ran a television advertising campaign in three areas with high smoking rates.
The commercials featured the actor and comedian John Cleese of Monty Python fame, talking about the risks of smoking and provided tips on quitting. Most ads used morbid humor to highlight the dangers of smoking and ``show the ridiculousness of the smoking habit,'' explain Dominic McVey, of the HDA in London, and colleague Dr. John Stapleton, of the Institute of Psychiatry in London.
The researchers interviewed more than 2,000 smokers and non-smokers before the ads ran and again 6 and 18 months later. After 18 months, nearly 10% of smokers had quit and only 4.3% of former smokers had relapsed, according to the report published in Tobacco Control.
Smokers and former-smokers were about 50% more likely not to smoke if they viewed the ads compared with people who lived in regions that did not air the commercials.
The researchers estimate that anti-smoking television commercials could lower the rate of smoking by about 1%, enough to have ``a major impact on reducing smoking-related diseases.''
The results support the UK government's recent decision to fund anti-smoking television campaigns, the authors note. ``In the UK, smoking is responsible for (about) one million cancer and heart disease deaths every 10 years,'' the report indicates.
``Although the dangers of smoking have been known for many years, governments have been slow to react and counter the problem with the type of resources and legislation frequently brought to bear on other, far less devastating, public health problems,'' McVey and Stapleton write.
``The old maxim that prevention is better than cure seems not to have been heeded in relation to diseases caused by smoking,'' the authors add.

domain: news


text:
These are a special set of honors, designed to recognize industry professionals in the early stages of their careers, including vocalists, instrumentalists, and events, plus specific awards for mentors who share their time with young artists, and for younger people who are making a mark in the business side of the industry.
The 11:00 a.m. event also featured performances from Loose Strings and Dori Freeman, and remarks from IBMA Executive Director Paul Schiminger, outgoing IBMA Board Chair Ben Surratt, Chris Canfield with Virginia Tourism, and Denise Jarvinen from Boston Bluegrass Union. A closing set highlighted 11 year old flatpicker Presley Barker with legendary guitarist Wayne Henderson, and banjo master Sammy Shelor and others.
And the 2016 Momentum Award winners are:
Industry Involvement and Achievement
- Brad Kolodner
- Charm City Folk & Bluegrass Festival, Baltimore, MD
- Stephen Mougin
Instrumentalist (3 winners)
- Billy Strings (William Apostol)
- Molly Tuttle
- Jake Workman
- Melody Walker
- The Lil’ Smokies
We’ll have some photos from the awards ceremony up shortly.

domain: artistic


text:
OSU women fall to WVU
BY AP Wire Service
Wednesday, January 30, 2013
1/30/13 at 5:31 AM
STILLWATER (AP) - Christal Caldwell scored 21 points, including five 3-pointers, and Averee Fields added 19 to help West Virginia knock off No. 19 Oklahoma State 67-61 on Tuesday night.
Tiffany Bias and Toni Young had 15 points apiece for the Cowgirls (15-4, 4-4), but Bias committed 11 turnovers. Young extended her streak of double-figures scoring to 27 games, dating to last season.
West Virginia led most of the game and went ahead 48-35 on Caldwell's 3-pointer 5 minutes into the second half, but OSU pulled within 58-57 on Young's free throws with 4:19 to play.
The Mountaineers (12-8, 4-5 Big 12) snapped a three-game losing streak.

domain: sports


text:
Summer Workshop Program 2023
$900-Sustaining Rate, $700-Regular Rate, $500-Student/Teacher Rate
Upon checkout you will be asked to select the option that fits your situation.
For more information on our new tuition rates, please click here.
There is nothing that doesn’t belong in a poem, what may seem “off” only has to find the right place inside the poem. This will be a week for writing new poems and re-charging poems you’ve been struggling to finish. In the workshop, with generous focused discussion, we’ll work to energize poems you may have been floundering with and to write new ones daily, suggested by exercises that can use anything and everything. Bring your tools!
Gail Mazur is the author of eight collections of poems, the most recent LAND’S END: New and Selected Poems (University of Chicago Press, 2020). She has taught widely, including in the graduate programs of Boston University, University of Houston, and Emerson College. She is founding director of the Blacksmith House Poetry Series in Cambridge, where she lives when not in Provincetown.


text:
Monster reports its Reign brand boosted total dollar sales for the last quarter and plans to launch Reign Inferno this year, which is described as a "thermogenic" energy drink line in three flavors. Monster will also introduce an extension of its Hydro fitness water line with Hydro Super Sport featuring branch chain amino acids, as well as Java Monster 300, a new energy coffee brand containing 300 milligrams of caffeine.
Monster's 2020 lineup includes fitness water, Reign line, coffee
Sign up for Consumer Brands Association SmartBrief
News for the food, beverage and CPG industry
Get the intelligence you need: news and information that is changing your industry today, hand-curated by our professional editors from thousands of sources and delivered straight to your inbox.


text:
(PRN) Brigham Exploration Announces Discoveries
AUSTIN, Texas, March 21 /PRNewswire-FirstCall/ -- Brigham Exploration Company (Nasdaq: BEXP) announces successful Vicksburg, Frio and Granite Wash completions, an apparent Frio exploration discovery, and the planned commencement of its first Bakken horizontal well in North Dakota.
SIGNIFICANT WELLS RECENTLY COMPLETED, COMPLETING, DRILLING OR PREPARING TO
Well Objective Category WI% NRI Status / Comments
#11 Vicksburg Dev 100% 80% Completed from lower intervals @ 3.9 MMcfed, will add other potential pay zones Hobart 60-4 Gr. Wash Dev 98% 80% Completed @ initial rate of 4.1 MMcfed Grisham #1 Lwr Frio Dev 50% 40% Completed upper pay zone @ initial rate of 3.4 MMcfed, will commingle deeper pays State Tract 266 #1 Frio Dev 75% 56% Completed @ 0.3 MMcfed from 10' apparent Middle Frio pay, potential 32' shallower pay behind pipe Sartwelle #4 Frio Exp/Dev 75% 53% Currently completing after encountering 22' of apparent net pay in the Middle Frio Pitre-Todd Ent. #1 Hackberry Exp 25% 19% S. Louisiana test @ total depth of 10,000', logging after encountering no drilling shows Mills Ranch #1-99S Hunton Dev 93% 63% Currently drilling @ 17,740', targeting Hunton @ 21,200', results expected in June Mills Ranch 96 #1 Hunton Dev 69% 57% Currently drilling @ 3,500', targeting Hunton @ 24,500', results expected in September Dawson #3 Vicksburg Dev 100% 75% Setting intermediate @ 10,400', est. total depth of 12,000', results expected in April Hobart 59-2 Gr. Wash Dev 99% 81% Currently drilling @ 10,500', targeting total depth of 12,800', results expected in April Wyse #2 Lwr Frio Dev 50% 39% Currently drilling @ 4,800', est. total depth of 14,200', results expected in May Cotten Land #1 Oligocene Dev/Exp 43% 30% Expect to spud S. Louisiana well offsetting 10 MMcfed well this week Williams North #1 Bakken Exp 100% 78% First horizontal well expected to commence in April Trull B #3 Lwr Frio Exp 75% 55% High reserve potential well expected to commence in April Derek #3 Douglas Dev 91%+ 73%+ 1st of numerous potential wells offsetting a recent well that produced @ 0.7 MMcfed C. Broad- casting #1 Yegua, etc. Exp 33% 25% Planned May spud of S. Louisiana potential multi pay bright spot test of Leuthen Prospect Kinder Canal Co. #1 Yegua, etc. Exp 24% 18% Planned June spud of S. Louisiana bright spot test of Plassey Prospect
Gulf Coast Vicksburg TrendHome Run Field - Brigham completed the Palmer #11 from the lowest 28 feet of apparent pay in the Vicksburg at an initial rate of approximately 2.9 MMcf of natural gas and 174 barrels of condensate (3.9 MMcfe) per day. An additional 70 feet of shallower apparent Vicksburg pay remains behind pipe, which Brigham expects to perforate, stimulate and commingle with the currently producing intervals within the next several months. Brigham retained a 100% working interest in the Palmer #11.
Gulf Coast Frio TrendBayou Bengal Project Wells - Brigham is currently completing the Sartwelle #4, which encountered approximately 22 feet of apparent net pay in the Middle Frio at depths between 9,220 - 10,065 feet. Provided the completion is successful, at least one additional well would likely be drilled in this 320 acre fault block. In addition, a successful completion of the Sartwelle #4 would significantly reduce the risk of several adjacent fault blocks, covering approximately 800 acres.
Bouldin Lake Field - Brigham perforated and stimulated upper apparent pay intervals in the Lower Frio Anomalina of the Grisham #1, which recently commenced production to sales at an initial rate of approximately 2.6 MMcfg and 139 barrels of oil (3.4 MMcfe) per day with strong flowing tubing pressures. Late in 2005 the Grisham #1 was completed in deeper Anomalina pay intervals, which were producing approximately 2.0 MMcfe per day prior to commencing operations to add perforations in shallower Anomalina pay intervals. The operation was commenced early in the first quarter, but due to an apparent obstruction, which has now been cleared, the well was off line for the majority of the first quarter. Brigham expects to commingle the currently producing intervals with the deeper intervals within the next several weeks. Brigham operated the drilling and completion of the Grisham #1 with a 50% working interest. Penn Virginia (NYSE: PVA) also retains a 50% working interest, and will take over operations for the production of the well in April.
Brigham has commenced its third Bouldin Lake Field well, the Wyse #2. The Wyse #2 is expected to encounter the productive intervals found in the Wyse #1 discovery well approximately 250 feet structurally higher. Brigham operates the Wyse #2 with a 50% working interest, with Penn Virginia also participating with a 50% working interest. Results for the Wyse #2 are expected in May.
WILLISTON BASIN BAKKEN PLAY UPDATEBrigham previously announced the acquisition of approximately 46,000 net acres in the Bakken play located in 126 sections in northwestern North Dakota. Brigham acquired a 100% working interest in the Bakken formation within the acreage. The company expects its North Dakota and Montana acreage position in the play to grow to approximately 75,000 acres by mid-year.
Brigham expects to commence its first horizontal Bakken test in April. Brigham plans to drill the Field 18-19 to a true vertical depth of approximately 10,600 feet with a projected lateral extension of 9,000 feet. Results for the Field 18-19 are expected in May. Brigham expects to drill at least three horizontal Bakken wells during 2006.
2006 OPERATIONAL STATISTICSThus far in 2006 Brigham has spud 10 wells, retaining an average working interest of approximately 75%. Two of these wells have been completed, two have been plugged and six are currently drilling.
About Brigham ExplorationBrigham Exploration Company is a leading independent exploration and production company that applies 3-D seismic imaging and other advanced technologies to systematically explore and develop onshore domestic natural gas and oil provinces. For more information about Brigham Exploration, please visit our website at http://www.bexp3d.com or contact Investor Relations at 512-427-3444.
Forward Looking Statement DisclosureExcept for the historical information contained herein, the matters discussed in this news release are forward looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 that are based upon current expectations. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward looking statements include risks inherent in exploratory drilling activities, the timing and extent of changes in commodity prices, unforeseen engineering and mechanical or technological difficulties in drilling wells, availability of drilling rigs, land issues, federal and state regulatory developments and other risks more fully described in the company's filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. All forward looking statements contained in this release, including any forecasts and estimates, are based on management's outlook only as of the date of this release, and we undertake no obligation to update or revise these forward looking statements, whether as a result of subsequent developments or otherwise.
Contact: John Turner, Director of Finance & Business Development (512) 427-3300

domain: finance


Dedicated Customer Teams & An Agile Services
Choose Your Ideal Solution,Build brand quality, improve product diversity and enhance service reputationchat online
7*24 all day longvisit now
zhengzhou , chinacontact us
Ujjain sand mixer processing granite. Get Price List Send Message. ... One of the main chasse has 2 mplanet mixer and it is suitable for Wet Dry and SemiWet concrete production frequently used in UK Unlike Dry concrete cement sand water and additives are mixed in the mixer while other aggregates are directly unloaded into the truck mixer .[email protected]
ujjain e crusher processing concrete sand - manufacturer of ... Get Price. ujjain air sweep coal mill processing limestone - mining. air sweep coal mill limestone ... circular vibrating screen calcite ... wyomingairsweptcoal mill . ... the high-efficiency produced by our company is suitable for dehydrating.
Sand Making Machine Ujjain sand mixer processing. Sand Making Machine Thane sand washer processing . Sand Washer Machine Mineral Processing Equipment Sand washer machines are a specific type of wheel and bucket washer machine and can be widely used in construction sites gravel sites glass plants power stations concrete sites etc Applicable ...
Ujjain beneficiation production line processing limestone. Ujjain beneficiation production line processing limestone: A class of machinery and equipment that can be used to meet theproductionrequirements of coarse grinding, fine grinding and super fine grinding in the field of industrial grinding.The finished product can be controlled freely from 0 to 3000 mesh.
ujjain bar mill processing quartz stone rod mill quartz stone - manufacturer of .. ... crusher mobile crusher making machine mobile crushing plant hammer crushing which can crush with more than 200 kinds of industrial as pebble basalt iron ore limestone quartz ... barrel ,west bengal twostage crusher ...
ujjain sand mixer processing cobblestone; Request a quote. If you are interested in our products, please leave your information, and we will have professional online marketing service for you. We will give you the feedback immediately accordding to your your needs. M Sand Making Machine Price.
Our pin mixers are frequently used to pre-condition limestone for pelletization on a disc pelletizer. When utilized in this way, pin mixers can yield increased production; the majority of the required moisture can be added during the pre-conditioning step, avoiding the sometimes lengthy process of adding it gradually on the disc pelletizer.
Sand and Limestone Dust Mortar Mixes • )6 Sand A~phalt Mix o.o; 2.100; 1.4-Btw • 32 24. F.esults of Stability and Void Tests on 14. Results of Stability and Void Tests, Sand and Limestone Dust Mortar Mixes • 37 Sand Asphalt Mix 0.0; 2,100; 2.5-lOW , 32 25. Results of Stability and Void Tests on 15.
Click the image below to view our infographic on limestone soil amendments. Though many limestone producers still rely on the disc pelletizing system for processing limestone, the advantages that the addition of a pin mixer can add to the process have proven to be highly beneficial. FEECO has been custom engineering pin mixers for over 60 years.
ujjain sand mixer processing granite. SandMaking PlantSand Production LineArtificialSand. You can discuss these information with one of our specialists and they will help you select the most economical and productivesand processingplant solution for your project To get a free quote ofsandmaking plant you can fill out the contact form or send us an email to let us know what you need We will get ...
Pune sand mixer processing limestone. we are here for your questions anytime 24/7, welcome your consultation. get price. sand making machine - a special equipment for the production of construction sand and stone. as a manufacturer of sand-making equipment for 40 years, we can provide you with a variety of models to choose from.
ujjain two stage crusher processing granite. Ujjain impact crusher machine processing granite Get Price Crusher Plant Mineral Aggregate Processing JXSC Mi Less than 320MPa vibrating feeder jaw crusher primary crusher stone crusher secondary crusher such as impact crusher hammer crusher sand making machine vibrating screen finished sand Crusher plant features 1 Automatic operation There is ...
Ujjain sand mixer processing limestone. Get Price List ... crusher mixers sand and lime Crushed Limestone Uses Benefits Braen Stone Crushed Limestone Uses Youd be amazed at the number of ways that crushed limestone can be used for either functional or decorative purposes including Making Concrete Concrete is a bination of cement water sand and ...
Ujjain sand mixer processing dolomite; Ujjain sand mixer processing dolomite. Get Price List ... mainly of industrial of the mineral dolomite camgco32 dolomite deposits are usually the landuse planassociated with limestone dolomite has a number of uses the most important of which by v.
Ujjain sand mixer processing river pebble; Ujjain sand mixer processing river pebble. Get Price List Send Message. Here you can submit any questions and we will get back to you as soon as possible. We will not disclose the information you submit to anyone, please rest assured. ... Limestone sand processing equipment for limestone .
Ujjain sand washer processing bluestone; Ujjain sand washer processing bluestone ... Basalt sand processing equipment ... Bluestone Output 300 T Material Name Limestone Bluestone Finished Product Specifications 10202030010 mm Core Equipment jaw crusher impact crusher sand making machine sand washing machine Bluestone is the most widely ...
Copyright © 2021.Henan Mining Machinery Co., ltd. All rights reserved. Sitemap


There was plenty of glitz and glamour at the red carpet launch of The Bodyguard musical - as stars flocked to see Alexandra Burke take on the starring role made famous by Whitney Houston.
And while Alexandra was naturally Queen of the Night, a host of Coronation Street stars joined revellers in grooving along to some of the biggest songs in musical history.
Corrie heartthrob Dean Fagan revealed he's a massive Whitney fan - all thanks to his mum.
He laughed: "I Will Always Love You is one of my all time favourite songs. My mum tells me that when I was little whenever it came on I would always be singing along.
"I'm a bit of a musicals fan at the moment, and I'm doing my best to get round as many as I can."
Meanwhile his soap co-star Brooke Vincent was suitably wowed by Ms Burke.
Brooke, at the show with her mum and nana who are also huge Whitney fans, said: "I think Alexandra is amazing in the role, it's a great show.
"My nana brought me up on Whitney songs."
Also among stars on the red carpet were Corrie's Kate Ford and her on-screen boyfriend Tristan Gemmill, the show's Tisha Merry in a fabulously festive green minidress, and Hollyoaks stars Jennifer Brooke and Ross Adams.
Real Housewives of Cheshire star Magali Gorre headed along with her football coach hubby Dean Gorre.
Magali is pals with Alexandra and couldn't wait to cheer her on in the show.
She said: "I'm a huge Alexandra fan, ever since seeing her sing with Beyonce in The X Factor final, I thought what a star - she matched Beyonce note for note, she's incredible.
"I'm hoping to meet up with Alexandra after the show."
Meanwhile Magali says we may not have to wait too long for another series of the Real Housewives - now that's music to The Diary's ears!


Gov. Jim Edgar unveiled a ``major transportation initiative`` on Tuesday that calls for development of a new regional airport near Peotone, a 35-mile- long high-speed rail line connecting downtown and the new field and construction of a new runway at O`Hare International Airport.
Edgar insisted the plan has something for everyone-creation of as many as 170,000 airport-related jobs for city and suburban residents; flight-delay relief at O`Hare for Mayor Richard Daley and the airlines that use that airport; and noise relief for suburban residents around O`Hare.
The Peotone airport would be built in phases. The first, costing $1.9 billion in 1990 dollars, would have two runways, a 2.5 million-square-foot passenger terminal and 50 gates. It would open by 2001 ``at the latest,``
Subsequent phases on the 15,000-acre site would be constructed as demand dictated, with additions to the terminal and construction of up to four more runways.
But Edgar said his plan will go forward only if the project proves financially feasible and only if consensus can be reached on construction of the new runway at O`Hare.
The new runway would be built at O`Hare only if there are ironclad guarantees that it would be used to reduce delays and not to increase the number of flights, Edgar said. And the city must take additional noise relief measures around the airport, he said.
The state will apply for federal funding to conduct a two-year master plan study for the Peotone field. Only after that has been completed-and after airlines have agreed to use the facility-will officials know whether the field can be built, Edgar said.
Under a proposed financing plan, user airlines would retire bonds covering $1.4 billion, or 78 percent, of the project`s cost. Concessionaires and others doing business at the airport would cover another $229 million, leaving the federal government to fund the remaining $184 million.
Private investors could be brought into the project, reducing the amount of federal money necessary, Edgar said.
Infrastructure that would have to be built to help support the airport, including a south suburban expressway, would cost about $1.3 billion, officials said. That money would have to be found by the state over about 20 years, they said.
Some of the roads could be built as tollways, they added.


text:
I am planning to try my hand at making a Witbier, having drunk it before in the UK, it seems the perfect beer to drink here in the Caribbean (Cayman Islands).
Looking at a bottle of Hoegaarden I bought on island, I noticed the fine yeast sediment at the bottom, and wondered if one couldn't get it going again.
Reading a few articles on the internet, left me more than a little confused. The yeast used to generate the bottle fermentation: is that the same yeast that they use in the brewing or is that another strain simply used to carbonate the beer. One article suggested that the beer is pasteurised and the yeast is dead.
Has anybody tried making beer using this residual yeast (I am sure at least a few have tried!)? Was it successful? and any "tricks" required to coax it back to life?
Thanks in advance!

domain: chemistry


368-866 Mitutoyo Holtest II Internal Micrometer .8" - 1"
Mitutoyo Holtest Type II Internal Micrometer
The Mitutoyo Holtest is a versatile, self-centering three-point internal micrometer for the accurate and efficient direct-measurement of internal diameters. Three anvils, evenly spaced at 120° apart, contact the internal wall surfaces and find true alignment with the axis of the bore for accurate ID measurement.
- 0.80" - 1.00" Measuring Range
- 0.0002" Graduations
- Hardened Steel Measuring Contact Points provide excellent durability allow the instrument to measure close to the bottom of a blind hole.
- Measurement can be taken closer to the bottom of the blind bore.
- Can measure deep holes using an Extension rod (optional).
- With Ratchet Stop for constant force.
- Setting Rings for zero point adjustment are optional.
- Supplied in fitted plastic case.


text:
Local 30-6A playoff openers postponed
Alexander, Nixon, United and United South will all have to wait a few more days before beginning their respective playoff journeys as San Antonio Northside ISD announced Wednesday that all its athletic events have been postponed until Monday due to weather.
With the announcement, all four of the local District 30-6A programs will have to wait to face their 29-6A counterparts, which comprises all Northside ISD schools. All four matchups were scheduled for Friday as Nixon was set to play in San Antonio while Alexander, United and United South were scheduled to travel to Corpus Christi.
Alexander and United finished tied for first in 30-6A with a 9-3 district record, respectively. With the tie, the Bulldogs will face San Antonio Harlan while the Longhorns will play San Antonio Brennan in the first round. Harlan (13-6, 9-3) finished third in 29-6A while Brennan (10-10, 8-4) followed in fourth.
As for Nixon and United South, they finished tied for third in 30-6A with an 8-4 district record. The Mustangs are set to face San Antonio O’Connor while the Panthers are scheduled to go up against San Antonio Warren to begin the playoffs. O’Connor (18-3, 10-1) won 29-6A while Warren (16-6, 10-2) was the runner-up.
The original basketball calendar was scheduled to culminate in the state championship games being held March 12 and 13 at the Alamodome in San Antonio:
Feb. 16 - District Certification
Feb. 18-20 - Bi-District
Feb. 22-22 - Area Round
Feb. 25-27 Regional Quarterfinals
March 1-2 - Regional Semifinals
March 4-6 - Regional Finals
March 8-9 - State Semifinals
March 12-13 - State Championship games
With the postponement of games around the state, the basketball calendar could possibly be extended a week or two. However, the UIL as of 3:30 p.m. Wednesday has yet to put out a release on how the current wintry conditions felt throughout the state might affect the playoff schedule.


text:
Qantas is currently running a promotion in which it’s promoting its “Qantas Red” email newsletter by offering a discount off a Qantas international Economy/Premium Economy fare (departing the US) or a one-time pass to a Qantas Business Class lounge in Australia.
Qantas and American Airlines recently had their price-fixing enterprise/joint venture partnership rubber-stamped by the US Department of Transport and now it’s time for the airlines to start keeping some of the promises they made when they begged the DoT to let them collude at the expense of the flying public.
I was fortunate to be in Sydney shortly after Qantas had taken delivery of its first Boeing 787-9 Dreamliner and, as Qantas was using its Sydney - Melbourne route to get its crews acquainted with the new aircraft, I burned some Avios and took a ride in the Dreamliner’s Business Class cabin.
Qantas has said that it plans to grow its North America network by starting up two new routes between Australia and the US. Once the DoT gives the formal go-ahead for the American Airlines/Qantas JV (a rubber stamping exercise now that tentative agreement has been given), Qantas will launch non-stop service from Brisbane to Chicago and San Francisco.
Qantas ordered the Boeing 787-9 Dreamliner to replace is ageing (and fuel guzzling) Boeing 747s and, since the airline has its first Dreamliner delivered, we've seen a number of 747 routes taken over by the newer aircraft.
Qantas has launched a sale for departures out of the US and, while all cabins are technically on sale, it's the Economy Class fares that are worth a closer look.
Qantas has brought back a promotion I last remember seeing back in 2017 and it's offering travelers a 30% discount on the number of points required for Economy Class 'Classic Fight Rewards'.
Research from the University of Sydney helped influence a number of decisions Qantas took with regards its longest flight (from what food to serve onboard to the facilities offered especially for its ultra long-haul flyers in its new Perth Transit lounge) and now the airline is considering more innovative ideas ahead of its plan to launch even longer flights from the Australian East Coast.
Qantas has announced two changes to its Hong Kong routes that offer positives and negatives to its premium cabin flyers. One of the changes will undoubtedly go down very well while the other, I suspect, will be both loved and hated depending on the nature of the traveler it affects.
Qantas has confirmed that it will be pulling its ageing Boeing 747 aircraft from its Sydney - Los Angeles route in time for the busy period at the end of the year. In a press release put out earlier today the Australian carrier said that its last Boeing 747 service to Los Angeles will take place on 27 November 2018 as the aircraft flys one last time between Sydney and LAX.

domain: travel


Extradition Laws for Indian Nationals in the United Arab Emirates, are governed by the UAE’s federal law.
The UAE is a signatory of the Riyadh Arab Convention on Judicial Cooperation. It has bilateral treaties for judicial cooperation with several countries, including India. Including countries like Oman,Libya, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Iraq, Algeria, Jordan, Kuwait, Tunisia, and Morocco, Lebanon.
Additionally, the UAE has bilateral treaties for judicial cooperation with various nations such as the United Kingdom, France, India, Pakistan, Iran, Australia, China, Egypt, and Kazakhstan. India signs extradition with 43 countries.
The United Arab Emirates (UAE) and India have established extradition treaties with multiple countries to facilitate cooperation in criminal matters. Like, India has signed with 43 foreign countries. These treaties cover nations such as the UAE, Antigua and Barbuda, Croatia, Fiji, Italy, and few more.
Mutual Judicial Cooperation
In the UAE, federal law is also known as ‘Mutual Judicial Cooperation in Criminal Matters. It comprises the extradition law.In 2012, the UAE ratified an extradition treaty with India.
- According to the extradition treaty between the UAE and India, both countries have agreed to extradite fugitives. This is applied to those who have committed offenses in the requesting country where the offense took place.
- This bilateral treaty strengthens the commitment of both jurisdictions. It is a refusal to shelter the criminals and to fully cooperate in terms of extradition requests.
The process varies depending on whether there is an extradition treaty between India and the country making the request. If the UAE authorities request the extradition of an individual from India, the following steps are generally followed:
- The extradition process between India and the UAE, or any country with an extradition treaty with India, involves several steps. When request is made by the UAE to India, the process typically follows many steps.
- Endorsement of Warrant is important. The central government of India endorses the warrant, allowing for the arrest of the fugitive.
- The arrested fugitive is presented before a magistrate court in India. The magistrate confirms the arrest and notifies the central government.
- This agreement allows for the transportation of sentenced prisoners to their home country for imprisonment. There are certain exceptions for heinous crimes. Such crimes may include murder, drug abuse, and financial fraud.
- Notably, in 2020, India implemented changes in the extent of judicial cooperation with the UAE. This allowed the country for the direct execution final judgments issued by UAE civil courts in civil or financial matters.
- These treaties provide a legal framework and procedures for extradition. The specific steps and measures may differ when dealing with countries without an extradition treaty.
- In 2020, there were changes in the extent of judicial cooperation between India and the UAE. This leads to India accepting the direct execution of final judgments. It is issued by UAE civil courts in civil or financial matters.
- These extradition laws and procedures aim to facilitate cooperation between India and the UAE in combating crime. Moreover, it also ensures that fugitives are brought to justice.
- These extradition laws and procedures aim to foster cooperation between India and the UAE in combating crime.


text:
Beautiful mood light: polished concrete cube with painstakingly formed & polished resin infilled top lit from within by ambient LED lighting. Great attention to detail. Access to removable LED light from underneath.
W:20, D:20, H:20cm.
Product also available as a commissioned item, please contact us for details.
By One Artisan.
Contact Up This Way for postal arrangements upon purchase or collect from store.


text:
2,397 FINAN members around the world
Stay informed about FINAN Family online & offline events!
See our recent family gatherings
FINAN Family HistoryOriginally recorded as O' Fionnain, and now O' Finan, Finan, Fynan, and Fanning, this is an ancient Gaelic surname. Although Irish it derives from the word "fionn" meaning fair, and whilst widely held to be associated with St Finan, of which more below, it probably indicates a surname of Viking ethnic origins. It is not widely known that much of eastern Ireland was held by the Vikings from about the year 850 a.d. until circa 1000. During this time their capital was Dublin, in fact that name is Norse not Gaelic.
Who have we missed?
Tell us about any famous FINAN (or surname variant) you think we should add here. We will get our genealogists to check them out and add them to the list. Thanks!
Join the conversation with the FINAN tribe
- Find your FINAN ancestor
- Tell us about your FINAN Family
- Tell us about your FINAN ancestors
- Ask a question about the FINAN history
- Leave a message for FINAN family members
Invite more FINAN family members!
Write an email address and click 'Invite' to share this page with more members of the FINAN tribe.
Family Coat of Arms Generator
Why not see what your family crest could look like based on your own family characteristics?Create Crest
Show off the FINAN Family Crest…
Wear your crest with pride...plenty of products to choose from

domain: history


text:
This section is from the book "The Home Cyclopedia Of History", by Charles Morris. Also available from Amazon: Home Cyclopedia of Necessary Knowledge.
With a population of 2,433,806 and 25,-041 square miles of territory, the little Kingdom of Greece, only about two-thirds the size of the State of Maine, sits unique among the monarchies of Europe. Surrounded by islands, and penetrated by the sea, it was a natural starting-point for the introduction of the civilization of the Egyptians and the Phoenicians into Europe - modified and improved.
The ancient Greeks were a beauty-loving, song-making, cultured nation, and it is to them that modern civilization owes more than to any other ancient people. The islands of Greece have been famous in song and story longer than any other land. In the days of Homer Crete had at least one hundred cities. Athens, the modern capital of Greece, was for centuries the centre of the world's civilization. Its population at present is 115,000.
Greece is bounded on the north by Turkey in Europe ; on the east by the AEgean Sea; on the south by the Mediterranean Sea; and on the west by Turkey and the Ionian Sea. Religion - Greek Orthodox Church with the exception of 46,000. Government - Limited monarchy. Executive, the King. Legislative, the Boule (Chamber of Deputies), consisting of 150 representatives. Education - There are 2,600 schools attended by 140,000 pupils, and one university with 2,400 students.
King George, son of King Christian of Denmark, is the present sovereign of Greece. He was born in 1845, and ascended the throne in 1863, at 17 years of age.

domain: geography


text:
Another chipotle product that I adore is "Buffalo Chipotle Sauce," a very
smoky and hot condiment in a thin glass jar that's found, at least where I
live, in the ethnic hispanic section of supermarkets. It's just delicious!
I like it atop refried beans on a baked tortilla.

domain: food


When you step off a sidewalk at Seventh and Hamilton, trusting that traffic will stop at the light and not run you down, you can thank the rule of law. When you buy a car and you trust that it will work or be fixed, you can thank the rule of law. When you have elected officials who set fair and equitable government policies, you can also thank the rule of law.
The rule of law is the framework for our community and country. It enables us to work together. It provides police and firefighters to keep people safe; public health to protect communities; education for our children; and makes provisions for businesses to sell goods, create jobs, and deliver economic benefits.


text:
NEWPORT NEWS, Va. (WAVY) — Newport News Police are investigating a fatal shooting that left a man dead early Wednesday morning.
Emergency communications was notified around 2:13 a.m. for a shooting in the 200 block of Menchville Court.
When they arrived, officers located a man inside a residence suffering from a gunshot wound. THe victim, later identified as 39-year-old Salahud-Din Ibn Shabazz, was pronounced dead at the scene.
There are no other details at this time. Stay tuned to WAVY.com for updates.


text:
BOB HIRSHON (host):
Jazz singers of the sea. I’m Bob Hirshon and this is Science Update.
(Bowhead whale song)
Bowhead whales sing a large variety of songs that are constantly changing, which sets them apart from other cetaceans. This according to a report in Biology Letters. University of Washington oceanographer Kate Stafford and her team began recording the endangered whales in the icy wat ers off the coast of Greenland in 2007.
KATE STAFFORD (University of Washington):
We never recorded the same song in more than one year. So they’re constantly innovating.
In contrast, she says all of the humpback whales in a population pretty much sound the same. And the bowhead’s closest relatives, right whales, don’t even sing at all. Stafford says there is still much to learn about the brain structures and ecological factors that might account for these differences. I’m Bob Hirshon, for AAAS, the science society.
(bowhead whale songs)
Story by Susanne Bard

domain: biology


WE are an ISO 9001 certified association. Main products: (0000). We utilizate "Synchronizing with logical and Technological Development and partner with cutting edge innovation" as the reason for the undertaking, giving full play to the specialized points of interest of the organization's innovation, and continually enhancing the nature of administration, presenting ,advancing propelled innovation, and we are focused on the improvement of high, refined, top items. To achieve the advancement of large business and social administration goals, we use "High productivity, prevalent execution" for our business objective.
Our Factory is the largest industry carbon filter odor removal filter for sale factory in China. Our factory has been ISO9001 certified. Our Most advantageous are natural clean room ventilation system ffu hepa fan unit manufacturer .
We offer all kinds of custom 5 micron filter cloth company move in market. For great sales, we have high temperature heat resistant hepa air filter factory variety and specification to suit our customers' satisfaction. We also attach hot melt pocket filter 592 592 292 factory examples to suit our customers' needs.
We provide first-class services and products. We offer a variety of products, including OEM air filter media roll g4 manufacturer ; they are affordable but high quality. aluminum alloy frame composite mesh prefilter g4 factory attracts customers all over the globe. We follow the principle "customer is god", so we will do our best to achieve the satisfaction of customer.
We have established dealer networks in more than 50 countries and a strong R&D team. This allows us to offer top-quality products at competitive prices to our customers.
China's h14 cleanroom 0.3 micron hepa air filter supplier merchandise supplier, we provide the best quality items and better service to our customers. Getting the specialist manufacturer within this market, we have gained wealthy knowledge in making and managing. Our v bank filter f7 f8 f9 abs plastic frame rigid bag filter for ac system 592x592x292 mm products won certifications of your local and international principal authorities. Please contact us for further information.
China-based company. We are a well-known name. We engage in manufacturing, supplying wholesale, trading, and importing a wide variety standard quality best price hvac ahu pleated air filter f7 wholesale items. We rigorously inspect each product in accordance to all industry standards.
With sincerity and hard work of our professionals, we have carved a niche for ourselves in this domain by providing a premium quality gamut of industry carbon filter odor removal filter for sale ;and we manufacture these products as per the latest market trends and deliver these at users
|Customized filtre air for sale||custom pocket air filter media factory|
|wholesale primary folded window air filter for sale||top sale vacuum cleaner mini filter supplier|
|universal ceiling hepa filter module wholesale||clean room ventilation system ffu hepa fan unit manufacturer|
|hepa ffu fan filter unit for cleanroom wholesale||China hepa filter 13 for sale|
|cheap price air filter clean room for sale||board type pleated washable merv8 g4 air primary synthetic filter media panel filter|
|OEM 60mm filter roll supplier||cheap price filter media rolls manufacturer|
|cheap price bag filter cloth company||operating room hepa filter h11 h12 h13 h14 u15 u16 factory|
|merv 8 high performance pleated air filters wholesale||custom medium efficiency air filter wholesale|
|wholesale price nano hepa air purifier company||h13 hepa filters h14 standard hepa filter factory|
|custom filter tea bag fabric manufacturer||cheap price hepa filter for air purifier|
|Sofia (province)||Stara Zagora||Targovishte||Varna|
1micron water filtration pp melt plown water filter element, China ahu pocket air filter supplier, competitive price fiberglass hepa filter paper, ulpa h12 h14 u15 cleanrooms air filter glass fiber cassette filter, industrial metal frame air filter air filter medical low price, air ventilation minipleat h14 hepa filter wholesale, Customized hvac air filter company, white color secondary stage pocket filter factory, clapboard pleated crazy selling merv8 hvac pleated pre air filter, Customized hepa filters with separator wholesale,
Enter a keywords to searchSearch


text: Seattle Mayor Mike McGinn will join Salesforce.com on Tuesday morning as the cloud-computing company celebrates the opening of its new offices in Seattle. Woodson Martin, a Salesforce senior vice president, said the event will include employees helping Operation Sack Lunch — a Seattle-based community service that provides food to poor and homeless people. Salesforce moved its employees over the weekend from the old office at Fifth Avenue and Columbia Street downtown to Eighth Avenue and Olive Way, closer to the emerging South Lake Union neighborhood. While San Francisco-based Salesforce declined to give employment numbers for its Seattle operations, the company is expanding its presence in Microsoft‘s back yard and is “definitely hiring,” Martin said. “We’re excited to have the space. The talent pool’s amazing.” More information on Salesforce in Seattle is here.


text: Hello! I'm a professional chemistry teacher from Russia. I've been giving private lessons for 10 years, and almost as much time I've spend teaching my students online, too. My full-time job, though, is at a chemical research lab, so I have some practical experience of how chemistry works, too (as opposed to how it's taught). And last but not the least, I would like to highlight that there are differences between what they teach you during chemistry classes here, in Russia, and the West, and I find that both systems have their advantages and disadvantages, and for a learning mind it is important to get as many points of view on a single subject as he can. Thus, I do sincerely believe I can provide an interesting point of view on subject as universal as chemistry. So, feel free to contact me!


text:
When is Google's stock split? Alphabet, the parent company of Google, will make the 1:20 split on July 15…
Amazon's sales surge 44%!
Amazon surprised observers with unexpectedly strong sales performance and resulting profits: the company made 44% more sales in Q1'2021 than in the previous year's same quarter. Earnings were almost 50% greater than expected, with the actual number of $15.79 per share against the forecast of $9.54. The revenue was $108.52 billion vs. $104.47 billion expected. Also, it confirmed that this year's Prime Day will take place in June.
What does it mean
Fundamentally, it means that the company's mid-term and long-term outlook is positive for this year. Everything is going according to the plan so the upside is a likely scenario for the stock price.
Technically, the positive report helped the stock to challenge the previosly set all-time high of $3,500 so as the market opens today, bulls will likely continue the push and lift the stock further upwards.
The bullish movement in the stock market is gaining speed, and Bitcoin ETFs are closer than they might seem. What do we need to know for the next trading week?
On Wednesday, September 22, Microsoft will be holding a product launch. The event starts at 18:00 GTM + 3.
Main news that will drive the market in the upcoming week include CB Consumer Confidence Index, Canadian GDP, and US Core PCE Price Index
The Federal Reserve (Fed) will announce its Interest Rate Decision and make a statement about the future monetary policy on Wednesday, September 21, GMT+3. After the higher-than-expected inflation numbers published on September 13, there’s almost no doubt the Federal Reserve will come up with another 75-basis-point rate hike. However, surprised by the CPI numbers, several Fed members announced the possibility of a 100-basis-point rate hike on Wednesday.
Every week we expect many interesting events that can shake the market.


text:
Following what has been a quite incredible campaign, Leicester City can return to the peak of the Premier League on Monday night if they defeat reigning champions Chelsea - who’d have thought you would be able to say those words four months into the season?
Jamie Vardy leads the race for the Golden Boot and Riyad Mahrez is lighting up England's top flight with his dazzling performances - but Leicester aren’t a two-man team.
Midfielder N’Golo Kante has been the Foxes' unsung hero this season and the man behind his side's magnificent form.
SIGN UP NOW
Want to become a GMS writer? Sign up now and submit a 250 word test article: https://gms.to/haveyoursay4
At the end of last campaign, when it was announced Esteban Cambiasso would not be renewing his contract at Leicester, many feared for their chances of staying in the Premier League.
They originally brought in Swiss international Gokhan Inler to replace Cambiasso - a player with experience of playing at the highest level.
It hasn’t quite worked out how he would have hoped, though, with the 31-year-old making just two league appearances under Claudio Ranieri.
Instead, the Italian manager has turned to the unknown Frenchman Kante, whose top-flight experience included only one season in Ligue 1 prior to his £5.6 million move.
It has since proved an inspired move, though even Ranieri will be shocked by the impact Kante has made.
Playing in a team with so many attacking players, the 24-year-old is the crucial shield to a defence that likely feared the worst upon the departure of Cambiasso. His energy and discipline have been vital to Leicester's form this season.
The biggest problem Leicester now face is keeping hold of their top players, Kante being one of those. He would be the perfect signing for a side like Arsenal who, with long-term injuries to Francis Coquelin and Santi Cazorla, will certainly be looking to buy a top, central midfielder.
If Leicester can keep hold of Mahrez, Vardy and Kante this January, there is no reason their Champions League dream can’t become reality.


Nanobots take a colon ride
New evidence for the existence of Planet X
Review of an illustrated novel with three authors
In this week’s viewing: A whole cavalcade of new fall premiere! (Plus the answer to what Re:ZERO’s plans are.)
Anyone who has ever gotten a terrible report card to bring home knows that data can destroy us
Announcing the impending release of Ulthar issue 14 and Blaster magazine announces the Arrakis Space Opera contest
anomalous and unexplained chemistry could indicate life in Venus’ atmosphere
You still need a mask
A perfect example of a scientifically based click bait headline.
Building for Mars
Venus. Following the recent report of life-chemicals found in its atmosphere, is it any wonder that we’re all thinking swampy things again?
It’s one thing to give credit to one god for everything, but quite another to assign a variety of divine figures for the relationships between natural phenomena.
New evidence supports a once dismissed theory.
the spirit of exploration and curiosity is in our DNA
CHON – Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen – the building blocks of life. If you’re thinking Pohl’s Gateway, you’d be right.
Of course they were going to study what happens in the brain during an orgasm now that they have technology to do it.
Why do those spacesuits look so fuzzy? Oh, that’s just the radiosynthesizing fungus….
On July 30, NASA is set to launch the Perseverance rover toward Mars on a mission to search for biosignatures of ancient life within the planet’s Jerezo Crater. The soil samples collected by the rover would then be launched from the Martian surface into orbit, where a European-made “cargo ship” will intercept the container. The […]
Perseverence, with Ingenuity aboard, launches today at 7:50 am est
Let’s say a contingent of people boards a so-called “generation ship,” a fully-stocked world-onto-itself spacecraft…
What they haven’t found yet is the proto-SF novel that can was reading….
Learn more about the three missions heading to Mars
Moon crater data sheds light on a 800 million year old catastrophe
Want to know where the future is going? Don’t read SF – study the porn industry. (Don’t worry, this article is family-friendly.)
If you can’t wait 6,800 years, you better get out there and look now
An interview with Japanese author Taiyo Fujii, focusing on the Covid-19 Pandemic
Our second review of Sawyer’s latest; well worth two reviews, well worth the read.
Fox’s self-domestication may echo that of cats and dogs
Now this is what we call an amusement park ride


text:
I’ve eaten here many times and have never gotten sick. They say they prepare the flour tortillas separately from the corn tortillas and pupusas.
Great pupusas and beef soup. my son has Celiac and enjoyed the food.
fantastic! i hadnt experienced Salvadoran fare before and this is different and delicious. i especially liked the baby corn tamales the filling was more like a soft cake 👍
Delicious poupusa at good price. The waitress was well aware of gf ingredients every time.
Most items on the menu are naturally gluten free, including pupusas (delicious stuffed corn pancakes), plantains, etc. Delicious!


text:
When playing online, it's crucial to choose the most reliable bitcoin casino. These casinos offer the best games in a virtual environment. By understanding the best options, you'll be certain to have an experience that will provide the most enjoyment while keeping your bank account in good standing. The best casinos will be completely in compliance with all of the local, state, and federal regulations.
The 7bit casino is the ideal option if you are looking for an online casino that is safe and fair. It will provide everything that you would expect from casinos in their the most basic version. You'll be able bet anything from your standard points up to fifty thousands dollars for each game. Your funds will be secure and kept private with the most secure banking online.
This online casino is among the few that accepts deposits from all over the world. They accept payments made by Credit Cards, PayPal, Moneybookers, and all major credit cards. They also accept wire transfers from all major banks across the globe. They are one of few casinos online that accept electronic currency payments in general.
This is one of the top casinos there that is fully accessible all day seven days a week. If you're interested, you can spend as much time here as you'd like. It's one of the most appealing options for anyone who wants to take the adventure of gambling without the bovegas bonus codes dangers that come with it. Although you'll still need have money available to bet with These casinos will permit players to play as much as you like for as long as you want. This gives you the opportunity to see if you like the online casinos before investing any money into them.
Cloudbet's service is one of its greatest features. Cloudbet is licensed and insured, so you don't have to worry about any aspect. The rules of gaming are easy to follow and simple to use. The software is not required to be downloaded, there are no fees and the games don't expire once you sign-up. In addition, the gaming bonuses as well as free spins as well as the special prizes they offer are all regulated and are subject to supervision by the Playtech gambling board. Their service is fully licensed, insured, and regulated.
The two websites we will discuss are the Doge Bitcoincard and the LTCourage. The Doge Bitcoincard allows you to play BTC at virtual poker tables without any risk or fees. You can also test your luck at their free games. LTCourage On contrary, allows users to use real money in order to play and win real money.
The two websites also provide roulette, video poker, bingo slot machines that instant win as well as a variety of casino games. Both sites have several video poker games which allow you to practice until you are confident enough to play the real game. You can also play different versions of roulette and bingo. Both websites do not require deposits. These rich reels review websites are great for those who want to learn more online about gambling and have a great time playing the game.
The last website we will examine is EURO Antillephone. This is the only European online casino that accepts bitcoin payments. You can play a variety of different slots on this site including euro soccer and slot machines across many different countries. You can also sign up for newsletters regarding specials and promotions on this website.

domain: entertainment


text:
Sun, 29 Mar 2020 09:41 AM IST
New Delhi | Jagran News Desk: The states governments in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar have ordered a 14-day mandatory quarantine for the lakhs of migrant workers who have returned to their states in the past three days after the central government imposed a 21-day lockdown in the country to curb the spreading of the novel coronavirus.
UP Principal Secretary Medical and Health Amit Mohan Prasad said that the chief minister himself is monitoring the situation and has asked all the district magistrates to ensure that the workers returning to the state are quarantined at home compulsorily.
Prasad further informed that village pradhans in 60,000 village panchayats have been sensitised by the chief minister’s office and they are also informed about the persons to be quarantined.
“All of these migrant labourers have to stay in a government camp for 14 days. They would not be allowed to return to their homes,” said UP Deputy Chief Minister Keshav Prasad Maurya, as quoted by NDTV.
Similarly, Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar has also issued a similar order, asking authorities to set-up relief camps for the migrant workers. In his order, the Bihar Chief Minister said that the migrants will be allowed to go home after the 14-day mandatory quarantine period.
On Saturday, Kumar has also held a high-level review meeting to discuss COVID-19, bird flu, swine flu and Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES).
"Chief Minister Kumar took stock of the situation arising due to these diseases and also gave the guidelines for the same. He also asked officials to be concerned about the unnatural death of the birds and advised them to take all the required steps to check the spread of bird flu," a press statement from the Chief Minister's Office (CMO) reads.
"Issuing the guidelines regarding AES, Chief Minister Kumar asked the officials to take necessary steps from now and make people aware through campaigns. He also asked officials to ensure cleanliness and safety precautions in areas that are prone to be affected by AES," the statement added.
Thousands of migrant labourers were left without jobs after the government imposed a 21-day lockdown in the nation. Following this, thousands of migrant labourers from Delhi, Haryana and other parts of the country have started returning to their native villages.


text: Step into an enchanted garden through this gfrc tree bark textured gate. This whimsical design is ideal for any outdoor nature spots. This gate will make the perfect entry way into any botanical garden or arboretum. It measures 36” x 72” it is made to simulate real bark patterns. Adding this natural appeal to garden areas will add character to your outdoor space. Contact The4Kids today to discuss your ideas. Initial consultations are free, so don’t wait!


text:
Teal Chevron Burlap Wreath 22 inch front door or accent - outdoor / indoor - Turquoise from Simply Blessed Gifts
The best thing about a burlap wreath is that it can adorn your home throughout the year – it never goes out of style! If you don’t have money to remodel your entryway, don’t fret.
How to Make a Swatch Burlap Wreath Tutorial (Video). See how to make a DIY burlap wreath from creative swatches of fabric and ribbon.
Easy Burlap Wreath Tutorial by marina
Items similar to Burlap wreath Chevron Burlap Everyday burlap wreath, monogram wreath, Burlap initial wreath, Initial wreath, Burlap home on Etsy
This burlap wreath tutorial is an easy craft you can do in a few hours. With two accent ribbons, the denim and dots wreath looks great in a home or cottage. The blue denim ribbon gives the burlap w…
Burlap Wreath Tutorial for Beginners. Learn how to use burlap ribbon and your favorite decorative items to learn how to make a burlap wreath for your home.
This is an Ivory Burlap Sunflower Wreath made from natural jute burlap and poly burlap leaves with a natural jute burlap rosette
Beautiful and full Tan burlap wreath accented with a cream hydrangea, Spring burlap wreath, Mother's Day wreath, Fall burlap wreath, summer


text:
President Donald Trump fired another shot in his ongoing war of words with Ann Coulter over the US-Mexico border, calling the conservative pundit a ‘wacky nut job’.
Trump took to Twitter to insist that he is ‘winning on the border’ on Saturday evening following a day of golf at Mar-a-Lago.
‘Wacky Nut Job @AnnCoulter, who still hasn’t figured out that, despite all odds and an entire Democrat Party of Far Left Radicals against me (not to mention certain Republicans who are sadly unwilling to fight), I am winning on the Border,’ he wrote in a pair of tweets.
‘Major sections of Wall are being built and renovated, with MUCH MORE to follow shortly. Tens of thousands of illegals are being apprehended (captured) at the Border and NOT allowed into our Country.
‘With another President, millions would be pouring in. I am stopping an invasion as the Wall gets built. #MAGA.’
Donald Trump fired another shot in his ongoing war of words with Ann Coulter over the US-Mexico border by calling the conservative pundit a ‘wacky nut job’ on Twitter Saturday. Coulter has criticized the president several times for not following through on his campaign promise
Trump posted a pair of tweets criticizing Coulter and touting border wall progress on Saturday
Coulter, who wrote a book praising Trump’s 2016 campaign, has been at odds with the president in recent months, frequently criticizing him for not following through on his campaign promise of building a border wall.
Trump has appeared largely unfazed by her attacks, remarking in a Fox News interview last month: ‘Ann Coulter, I don’t know her. I hardly know her. I haven’t spoken to her in way over a year.
‘But the press loves saying Ann Coulter. Probably if I did speak to her she would be very nice. I just don’t have the time to speak to her.
‘But she’s off the reservation but anybody that knows her understands that. I haven’t spoken to her, I don’t follow her, I don’t talk to her,’ he concluded.
Coulter responded on Twitter: ‘He seems to think “the reservation” is HIM, not his campaign promises.’
Trump has claimed on multiple occasions over the past few months that the wall is under construction – though no new barriers have been built under his presidency (file photo)
Trump has claimed on multiple occasions over the past few months that the wall is under construction.
However, as of early January, US Customs and Border Protection had replaced several dozen miles of existing barrier along the border, but no new barrier had been built.
In February, Congress passed a measure to spend $1.375billion for an estimated 55 miles of border fencing – well short of the $5.6billion Trump had demanded.
Trump responded by declaring a national emergency, and the White House said it would use its emergency powers to allocate an additional $6.6billion for wall construction.
As of right now, there are physical barriers covering 654 miles of the border, which stretches for 1,954 miles in total, according to CBP.
Vehicle fencing, which can stop a car but is easy for a person to step over, covers about 280 miles.
Pedestrian fencing, which is designed to stop people crossing on foot, covers about 374 miles.
Earlier on Saturday Trump slammed California’s ‘grandstanding’ governor, Gavin Newsom, over the state’s policies on immigration and its struggling high speed rail plan
He appeared to be reacting to a CNN report in which Newsom (right) gave reporters a tour of a taxpayer-funded shelter for asylum seekers in San Diego
Trump and Newsom have clashed before over the issue of federal funding for California’s planned high speed rail link. The two men are seen alongside former California Governor Jerry Brown as they survey the damage from wildfires in Paradise, California last November
The president also launched an attack Saturday on California’s ‘grandstanding’ governor, Democrat Gavin Newsom, over the state’s immigration policies and its struggling high speed rail project.
‘I hope the grandstanding Governor of California is able to spend his very highly taxed citizens money on asylum holds more efficiently than money has been spent on the so-called Fast Train, which is $Billions over budget & in total disarray,’ Trump tweeted.
‘Time to reduce taxes in California!’
Trump was likely reacting to a CNN report in which Newsom is seen giving reporters a tour of a taxpayer-funded shelter for asylum seekers in San Diego.
‘The federal government should be doing this,’ Newsom told CNN.
‘[Immigration] is the federal government’s responsibility. These are people who came legally…[they were] processed legally, [they are] seeking asylum legally.’

domain: politics


A bipartisan bill to ban controversial driftnet fishing off California’s coast was introduced last month to lessen the amount of bycatch when targeting swordfish.
The practice of allowing the U.S. west coast fishery to still use large mesh drift gillnets is insane. The fact that this method of fishing is still allowed shows how much influence the commercial fishing industry has with the federal fishery management council. Large mesh drift gillnets have been recognized as destructive for decades. The gear is not compatible with conservation, responsible fishery management or responsible use of public marine resources.
This gear is already banned in the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico, as well as off many parts of the west coast. Additionally, the United States is a signatory to international agreements that ban large drift nets in international waters. So why are they still used?
The Billfish Foundation will closely monitor this, be sure to stay updated and sign up for our newsletter.


text:
Skip to Main Content
The effect of urban trees on the rental price of single-family homes in Portland, OregonAuthor(s): Geoffrey H. Donovan; David T. Butry
Source: Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 10: 163-168
Publication Series: Scientific Journal (JRNL)
Station: Pacific Northwest Research Station
PDF: Download Publication (1.42 MB)
DescriptionFew studies have estimated the effect of environmental amenities on the rental price of houses. We address this gap in the literature by quantifying the effect of urban trees on the rental price of single-family homes in Portland, Oregon, USA. We found that an additional tree on a house's lot increased monthly rent by $5.62, and a tree in the public right of way increased rent by $21.00. These results are consistent with a previous hedonic analysis of the effects of trees on the sales price of homes in Portland, which suggests that homeowners and renters place similar values on urban trees.
- Visit PNW's Publication Request Page to request a hard copy of this publication.
- We recommend that you also print this page and attach it to the printout of the article, to retain the full citation information.
- This article was written and prepared by U.S. Government employees on official time, and is therefore in the public domain.
CitationDonovan, Geoffrey H.; Butry, David T. 2011. The effect of urban trees on the rental price of single-family homes in Portland, Oregon. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 10: 163-168.
Keywordshedonic, non-market valuation, ecosystem services, urban forestry
- Calculating the green in green: What's an urban tree worth?
- The politics of urban trees: Tree planting is associated with gentrification in Portland, Oregon
- Growing quality of life: urban trees, birth weight, and crime
XML: View XML


The aim of this work was to find a relation between thermal and thermomagnetic effects associated with structural phase transitions of amorphous Fe-based alloys. We have investigated Fe85-xCrxB15 amorphous alloys (0 ≤ x ≤ 11.5) by means of differential scanning calorimetry and thermomagnetometry. The measurements were carried out in the range from room temperature up to the Curie point of iron. The phases formed upon heating at high temperatures were identified by X-ray diffraction. A diagram containing the phase transformations obtained from the experimental data is presented and discussed.
- Amorphous-nanocrystalline transformation
- Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)
- Temperature modulation
- Thermomagnetometry (TMAG)
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
- Condensed Matter Physics


text:
Katana Summit, a wind tower manufacturer with facilities in Nebraska and Washington, on Sept. 11 said it is seeking a buyer for its operations. If no buyer can be found, the company’s manufacturing facilities both in Columbus, Neb., and Ephrata, Wash., will likely be closed, the company said in a press release.
Employees at both manufacturing plants were notified of the decision and will continue working to complete existing contracts.
“It’s unfortunate that the gridlock in Washington D.C. has prevented the extension of the Production Tax Credit. Despite support from both parties, it seems that the PTC extension has become a political football in an election year and jobs are being lost because of it. I hope we can find a buyer to keep these plants operating but unless government policy for renewable energy becomes more stable I’m afraid we’ll see more closures and job losses in the industry into 2013,” said Kevin Strudthoff, president and CEO of Katana Summit.
Katana Summit currently employs 214 people in Nebraska and 79 in Washington.
Read more financial news


text:
|Home | About | Journals | Submit | Contact Us | Français|
Contributed to the development of the mathematical model: JM RA UA. Interpretation of findings: JM RA UA. Preparation of the manuscript: JM RA UA. Collated estimates of model variables: UA. Constructed and analyzed the model HIV-1 epidemics: UA. Wrote the manuscript: UA. Saw and approved the final version of the manuscript: JM RA UA.
The potential impact of pre-exposure chemoprophylaxis (PrEP) on heterosexual transmission of HIV-1 infection in resource-limited settings is uncertain.
A deterministic mathematical model was used to simulate the effects of antiretroviral PrEP on an HIV-1 epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa under different scenarios (optimistic, neutral and pessimistic) both with and without sexual disinhibition. Sensitivity analyses were used to evaluate the effect of uncertainty in input parameters on model output and included calculation of partial rank correlations and standardized rank regressions. In the scenario without sexual disinhibition after PrEP initiation, key parameters influencing infections prevented were effectiveness of PrEP (partial rank correlation coefficient (PRCC)=0.94), PrEP discontinuation rate (PRCC=−0.94), level of coverage (PRCC=0.92), and time to achieve target coverage (PRCC=−0.82). In the scenario with sexual disinhibition, PrEP effectiveness and the extent of sexual disinhibition had the greatest impact on prevention. An optimistic scenario of PrEP with 90% effectiveness and 75% coverage of the general population predicted a 74% decline in cumulative HIV-1 infections after 10 years, and a 28.8% decline with PrEP targeted to the highest risk groups (16% of the population). Even with a 100% increase in at-risk behavior from sexual disinhibition, a beneficial effect (23.4%–62.7% decrease in infections) was seen with 90% effective PrEP across a broad range of coverage (25%–75%). Similar disinhibition led to a rise in infections with lower effectiveness of PrEP (≤50%).
Mathematical modeling supports the potential public health benefit of PrEP. Approximately 2.7 to 3.2 million new HIV-1 infections could be averted in southern sub-Saharan Africa over 10 years by targeting PrEP (having 90% effectiveness) to those at highest behavioral risk and by preventing sexual disinhibition. This benefit could be lost, however, by sexual disinhibition and by high PrEP discontinuation, especially with lower PrEP effectiveness (≤50%).
While the search is ongoing for a safe and effective HIV-1 vaccine, encouraging data from animal studies – have ignited interest in pre-exposure chemoprophylaxis (PrEP) with antiretrovirals as a strategy to prevent HIV-1 infection . The potential impact of targeted or widespread PrEP on HIV-1 epidemics is uncertain and major determinants of its utility have not been defined. Several clinical trials to address the efficacy of PrEP are underway, but these will take considerable time to complete and will not specifically address the potential public health benefit , . We therefore developed a mathematical model of a heterosexual HIV-1 epidemic and analyzed the potential for HIV-1 prevention from PrEP under different scenarios of effectiveness, duration of use, population coverage, emergence and spread of drug resistance and increased sexual risk behavior.
We refined our previously described deterministic mathematical model of HIV-1 disease progression and heterosexual transmission by incorporating demographic and sexual behavioral details, and by the introduction of PrEP . Briefly, the model population was stratified according to gender, age, sexual activity level, disease state, PrEP status, and HIV-1 drug resistance. Model input parameters were chosen to simulate a mature epidemic in southern sub-Saharan Africa. Parameter assignments were made from recent literature on HIV-1 disease progression , , infectivity , and sexual behavior –. The model consists of coupled nonlinear differential equations describing the population and epidemiological stratifications outlined in Figure 1. Model parameters are shown in Tables 1 and and2,2, and model equations and details are provided in the Appendix S1.
The model's dynamical behavior was investigated using numerical methods. The key model outputs were: HIV-1 prevalence; HIV-1 incidence; cumulative new HIV-1 infections; and cumulative deaths from AIDS. PrEP was introduced (as once daily oral antiretroviral dosing) at endemic equilibrium when HIV-1 prevalence in sexually active adults (15–49 year-olds) was approximately 20%. The implementation of PrEP was simulated both in the absence and presence of sexual disinhibition of the individuals on PrEP, where disinhibition is defined as increased rate of sex partner change. We summed over 20 years of PrEP implementation the number of new infections and the total number of persons on PrEP, to make comparisons between the epidemics with and without PrEP at each simulation time-step. The key output variables employed in these comparisons were: the % change in the cumulative new HIV-1 infections; the ratio of HIV-1 infections prevented to person-years of PrEP; the ratio of HIV-1 infections prevented to persons enrolled in PrEP; and the ratio of the cost of PrEP to the number of infections prevented.
Our model represents the transmission of HIV-1 as a Poisson process –. The probability of transmission per heterosexual partnership, β, between an individual (on PrEP) of gender g, activity level k, and age i, with an (infected) individual of opposite gender g′, activity level l and age j is given by:
where Ψ is the number of sex acts within the partnership; γ is the probability of HIV-1 transmission per sex-act (infectivity) based on the disease stage, Ω, and drug resistance status, Θ, of the infected partner; and ξθ is the effectiveness of PrEP. Effectiveness is defined as the probability of preventing HIV-1 transmission per sex-act through PrEP and is given by the product of the average efficacy of PrEP, ξ (the degree of protection provided, from HIV-1 transmission per sex-act) and the average level of adherence to PrEP, θ (assuming once daily dosing and that doses are missed at random). In a partnership, where the infected partner harbors major drug-resistant variants (discussed below), the probability of transmission of resistant virus is υβ, while that of wild-type virus is (1−υ)β, and the effectiveness of PrEP against resistant virus is ιξθ. The parameters ξ, θ, υ and ι assume values between 0 and 1 (Table 2).
We sub-classified the HIV-1 infected individuals based on their PrEP status (naïve, on or off), type of drug resistance (primary or secondary), and simplified population dynamics of drug-resistant HIV-1 (persistence or reversion), to represent the individuals' drug resistance status (Figure 1 and Table 2). Our model assumptions for HIV-1 drug resistance are as follows. In an infected individual, the HIV-1 population is comprised of a set of related variants, termed as viral quasispecies . Before the introduction of PrEP, all HIV-1 infected individuals harbor a dominant population of wild-type (drug-sensitive) virus . Drug-resistant mutants are selected by drug pressure in a fraction (termed selection, π, having a value between 50% to 100%) of those individuals who become infected by wild-type virus while on PrEP (e.g. emergence of mutants with: K65R with tenofovir –; M184V with emtricitabine ; and M184V+K65R with tenofovir+emtricitabine , ). This type of resistance is termed secondary resistance . A proportion of susceptible individuals, both on and not on PrEP, become infected by drug-resistant mutants through transmission from their sexual partner. This type of resistance is termed primary resistance . Upon removal of selection pressure, either by discontinuation of PrEP  or transmission to a drug naïve individual , the drug-resistant mutants decline after a period of persistence, due to outgrowth by wild-type virus (reversion) –. Prior to reversion, the drug-resistant mutants are the dominant (major) viral variants , , whereas following reversion these become minor variants , . Compared to individuals with wild-type virus, individuals with drug-resistant variants can have: i) decreased probability of transmission per sex act (infectivity, γΩΘ, having a relative value of 50% to 100%) due to lower level viremia from PrEP use ,  or from diminished viral replicative fitness –; and ii) decreased viral transmission fitness (probability per partnership that a resistant rather than wild-type virus will be transmitted, υ, with a value between 20% to 100%) –; but the same rate of disease progression due to temporary predominance of drug-resistant mutants. Individuals with minor drug-resistant variants behave as individuals with wild-type virus in terms of infectivity and disease progression and likewise do not transmit drug resistant mutants. The re-emergence of major variants due to subsequent drug challenge (e.g. antiretroviral therapy) ,  was not modeled.
We performed sensitivity analyses  to determine the relative influence of PrEP-related model input parameters (Table 2) on the predicted decrease in new infections. For multivariate time-dependent sensitivity analyses, we rank transformed input and output data obtained using Latin hypercube sampling ,  and 1000 simulation runs for epidemic scenarios with and without sexual disinhibition, and from this derived partial rank correlation coefficients (PRCCs) and standardized rank regression coefficients (SRRCs) , .
The impact of PrEP was determined by simulating three different scenarios: namely, optimistic, neutral and pessimistic (Table 2). For each of these scenarios, we simulated: i) the implementation of PrEP in the sexually active population in general (non-targeted strategy); ii) PrEP targeted to the two highest sexual activity levels (targeted-by-activity strategy); and iii) PrEP initiation targeted to the group 15–20 years of age (targeted-by-age strategy). We performed univariate sensitivity analysis for each scenario, in which we measured the change in infections arising from variation of each PrEP-related input parameter over its specified range (Table 2). We also analyzed the interplay between key PrEP-related input parameters and the number of infections prevented. Finally, we estimated the potential reduction in the number of new adult infections in all of southern sub-Saharan Africa, by extrapolating our results to current epidemiological data from that region .
Software: Model construction, simulations and sensitivity runs were implemented concurrently in Berkeley Madonna (version 8.3.8; Robert I. Macey and George F. Oster) and Vensim DSS (version 5.5d; Ventana Systems, Inc.). Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel (version 11.8; Microsoft Corporation) and Stata SE (version 9.2; StataCorp LP).
Our mathematical model stratifies the population based on gender, age, sexual activity level, disease state, PrEP status, and HIV-1 drug resistance (Figure 1), and its dynamical behavior is analyzed numerically. We introduced PrEP at endemic equilibrium and simulated optimistic, neutral and pessimistic scenarios (Table 2). For each scenario we simulated three strategies of PrEP implementation: i) in the sexually active population in general (non-targeted strategy); ii) in the two highest sexual activity levels (targeted-by-activity strategy); and iii) in the group15–20 years of age (targeted-by-age strategy). Each strategy was simulated both with and without sexual disinhibition of the individuals on PrEP. To determine the epidemiological impact of PrEP, we compared the epidemics with and without PrEP up to 20 years and determined the % change in the cumulative new HIV-1 infections; the ratio of HIV-1 infections averted to person-years of PrEP; the ratio of HIV-1 infections averted to persons enrolled in PrEP; and the ratio of the cost of person-years of PrEP to the number of infections averted.
In the simulated epidemic, adult HIV-1 prevalence was 20% at endemic equilibrium with the ratio of female to male prevalence of 1.66 . Simulated trends in female prevalence are shown in Figure 2. They mimic observed patterns among urban antenatal clinic attendees in Zambia .
The results for both univariate and multivariate sensitivity analyses of the predicted impact of PrEP were similar, thus only multivariate results are presented. Table 3 shows sensitivity analyses of the predicted decline in cumulative new HIV-1 infections for 20 years after PrEP implementation. In general, coefficient (PRCC and SRCC) values near 1 indicate a strong positive influence of the input variable on prevention of infections, whereas values near -1 indicate a strong negative influence. Values near 0 indicate little, if any, influence . In the scenario without sexual disinhibition occurring, the rate of PrEP discontinuation (inverse of the average duration of PrEP use) was the strongest determinant overall of reduction in infections and its effect persisted over time (PRCC ranged from −0.94 at year 5 to −0.97 at year 20). The next most important determinants were the effectiveness of PrEP (composite of efficacy and adherence) and the fraction of individuals covered (coverage) by PrEP (PRCCs of 0.92 and 0.88 at year 10, respectively), with both parameters having a positive influence. The time to achieve target coverage had a strong negative influence on infections prevented at year 5 (PRCC of −0.82), which declined over long durations of time. A weak negative influence (PRCC of −0.13) was seen for secondary drug resistance (resistance developing on PrEP), though this persisted over time.
In the scenario in which sexual disinhibition occurred among individuals on PrEP, the effectiveness of PrEP emerged as the strongest positive determinant of infections prevented with a PRCC ranging from 0.87 to 0.91. The increase in at-risk behavior was the strongest negative determinant of infections prevented having a PRCC of −0.75 at year 10. Though PrEP discontinuation rate and coverage remained significant with disinhibition scenario, their effect was attenuated on average by about 33% and 50%, respectively, compared to the scenario without disinhibition.
SRRC values confirmed the above findings. In the absence of sexual disinhibition, the influence on infections prevented was strongest for the rate of PrEP discontinuation (SRRC range: −0.56 to −0.81) followed by effectiveness (SRRC range: 0.44 to 0.56) and coverage (SRRC range: 0.34 to 0.49). With sexual disinhibition (SRCC of −0.42), the effectiveness of PrEP became the predominant influence on the infections prevented (SRRC range: 0.71 to 0.76).
Table 4 compares the outcomes in the optimistic, neutral and pessimistic scenarios 10 years after the introduction of PrEP. These scenarios respectively assume optimistic, neutral and pessimistic sets of PrEP-related input parameters in Table 2. The potential impact of PrEP was impressive for the optimistic scenario, but was negligible for the pessimistic scenario, illustrating the importance of key chemoprophylaxis parameters on outcome. For each scenario, the greatest decline in infections was achieved with the non-targeted strategy, whereas the lowest cost of PrEP per infection averted was obtained with the targeted-by-activity strategy. Specifically, a 74% reduction in infections occurred for the optimistic scenario, 24.9% for the neutral scenario and 3.3% for the pessimistic scenario with the non-targeted strategy. These figures declined to 28.8%, 6.8% and 0.8%, respectively, with the targeted-by-activity strategy. However, the cost of person-years of PrEP per infection averted over the 10 year intervention time span fell substantially with the targeted strategy; from $6,812 to $638 for the optimistic scenario, from $9,629 to $ 1,160 for the neutral scenario, and from $20,164 to $2,949 for the pessimistic scenario. The targeted-by age strategy yielded intermediate declines in infections (45.5%, 14.5% and 2.0%), although the cost of person-years of PrEP per infection averted remained high ($5,723, $8,968 and $20,202). Overall, the numbers of infections averted per person-year of PrEP and per person enrolled in PrEP were highest for the optimistic targeted-by-activity strategy (0.33 and 1.74). Similar results were seen after 20 years of PrEP (data not shown).
Sexual disinhibition of individuals on PrEP progressively eroded the declines in infections for all scenarios (Table 4), although this effect was modest for the optimistic scenario. Specifically, at year 10 in the optimistic scenario with a 100% increase in at-risk behavior, the decline in infections was 62.7% for the non-targeted strategy and 17.7% for the targeted-by activity strategy (reduced from 74% and 28.8%, respectively, without disinhibition). The infections increased by 1.9% for the neutral scenario with targeted-by activity strategy, and increased by 7%, 2.5% and 4.4% for the three pessimistic scenario strategies (non-targeted, targeted by sexual activity and targeted by age group). Such increases were also seen with the optimistic scenario when lower levels of effectiveness were assumed. For example, at 50% effectiveness, infections increased by 8% for the non-targeted strategy as the result of a 100% increase in at-risk behavior (Figure 3). With sexual disinhibition, the decline in infections was also influenced negatively by the infectivity of individuals with secondary resistance and the probability of transmission of resistant virus from individuals with secondary resistance; however, these effects were weak with PRCCs of −0.16 and −0.08, respectively, at year 10 (Table 3). Other input parameters related to drug-resistance (Table 2) were not significantly associated with outcome.
Table 5 quantifies the predicted impact of PrEP for selected countries in southern Sub-Saharan Africa, as well as for the overall region, where the median country-prevalence of HIV-1 is about 20% . In South Africa, up to 1.5 million new HIV-1 infections could be averted over 10 years by PrEP coverage of 75% of high sexual activity groups . The corresponding estimate of the infections averted for Zambia is 0.36 million, for Botswana 0.13 million and for Lesotho 0.09 million. For southern sub-Saharan Africa as a whole up to 3.2 million new HIV-1 infections could be averted over 10 years at a cost of roughly $2.0 billion for PrEP. All these estimates assume high levels of efficacy and adherence to PrEP.
Data from animal studies show that systemic antiretrovirals can prevent infection of macaques by simian immunodeficiency virus , –. The safety and efficacy of once daily oral antiretroviral PrEP in humans are under clinical trials in the Unites Sates, Latin America, Africa and Asia , . However, these studies are not designed to address the population-level impact of PrEP on rates of HIV-1 transmission over many years. Using a carefully stratified and well-parameterized deterministic model of HIV-1 transmission, our analyses suggest that PrEP could have a profound impact on the HIV-1 epidemic, if effectiveness is high (high levels of efficacy and adherence) and usage persists over a decade or more; that is over much of the typical duration of sexual activity of an individual. Though the maximum effect of PrEP was observed at the highest level of coverage (75% of susceptible sexually active individuals) with good continuous adherence, such coverage and adherence are not realistic. Furthermore, the cost of untargeted PrEP per infection prevented is relatively high at $6,812. PrEP targeted to persons with greatest sexual activity produced significant declines in infections and had the lowest cost of person-years of PrEP per infection averted at $638. This result is noteworthy for two reasons: the highest activity groups comprised only 13.3% and 2.8% of the male and female model populations; and PrEP was introduced at endemic equilibrium when these high activity groups become saturated and play a lesser role in the spread of HIV-1 compared to earlier stage epidemics . Models of HIV-1 vaccine implementation have also suggested that targeting by sexual activity could have a significant epidemiological impact . In contrast to these vaccine models, we found that targeting by age group had less of an impact than a non-targeted approach and very similar estimates of cost of person-years of PrEP per infection averted. This is because, unlike the assumption of a one time (± booster) vaccination, PrEP requires continual use in the presence of ongoing risk of sexual transmission.
Sensitivity analyses showed that the effectiveness of PrEP was the most important determinant of the magnitude of decline in infections. This is especially the case in the scenario with sexual disinhibition of the individuals on PrEP. The high effectiveness assumed in the optimistic scenario was also the foremost reason why this scenario yielded the best outcomes overall, including cost of person-years of PrEP per infection averted. When effectiveness was lower, infections increased for all scenarios with increased risk taking behaviors of those on PrEP. The decline in infections was also very sensitive to the PrEP discontinuation rate (inverse of the average duration of PrEP use) and the level of coverage. We modeled the PrEP discontinuation rate as distinct from adherence, which was represented within our composite parameter of effectiveness. Our data suggest that continual access to PrEP would be of great importance and permanent discontinuation would undermine the epidemiological gains if PrEP use was short-lived in relation to individuals' typical duration of sexual activity.
Our representation of the evolution and transmission of drug resistance is crude. Further model development is required in this area and will be the subject of additional study. Nevertheless, the parameters directly related to drug resistance did not emerge as key determinants of the outcome of PrEP. These results may be explained by a greater contribution of other parameters impacting HIV-1 transmission, such as PrEP effectiveness.
The feasibility of PrEP as an HIV-1 prevention strategy would not only depend on its safety and efficacy, but also on its incremental cost-effectiveness compared to other intervention strategies in resource-poor settings. Our simple comparison between implementation of PrEP to a “do nothing” strategy revealed that the cost of person-years of PrEP per infection averted for the optimistic scenario with targeted-by-activity strategy of $638–$2147, compared favorably with the projected cost of $3900 per infection averted over the period 2005–2015 with the UNAIDS comprehensive prevention package . This same study projected a savings of $4700 in forgone treatment and care costs. Using mathematical models, other investigators have reported that PrEP is a cost-effective strategy among high-risk men who have sex with men in New York City , and among populations in low-income settings .
Sub-Saharan Africa has about 63% of the HIV-infected population of the world totaling 22.4 million adults , . Though epidemics of various characteristics are affecting this region , the vast majority of the population are not yet infected with HIV-1 and thus effective prevention strategies are urgently needed. Our analyses indicate that approximately 2.7 to 3.2 million new HIV-1 infections could be averted in southern sub-Saharan Africa over the next 10 years by targeting PrEP to population groups with the highest sexual activity concomitant with preventing increased risk behaviors in those on PrEP. It is not always easy, however, to identify those with high sexual activity patterns, except if they are involved in commercial sexual activities , .
The estimate of the number of infections averted for South Africa alone is 1.5 million infections. This high individual and public health benefit will require sustained access to PrEP. In addition, the integration of PrEP programs with voluntary counseling and testing services and other prevention programs (e.g. promotion of condom use, circumcision, and identification and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) will be key in controlling spread of HIV-1) .
There are some important limitations of our current model structure and the assumptions embedded within it. The precise quantitative detail of our predictions will be affected by variations in the structure and sexual activity patterns of different populations, for which data are very limited, especially on sexual mixing patterns. However, we employed a well-established template of sexual behavior –, with robust epidemiological and demographic parameterization, broadly applicable to southern sub-Saharan Africa. The actual impact of PrEP will depend on the PrEP agent or agents used as well as the physiological, behavioral and viral characteristics of the HIV-1 infected target population. Primate studies of PrEP suggest superiority of tenofovir plus emtricitabine over tenofovir alone , . Natural polymorphisms in HIV-1 subtypes have been postulated to play an important role in drug resistance pathways , including the propensity of HIV-1 subtype C virus that is predominant in Sub-Saharan Africa , for more frequent and rapid development of the K65R tenofovir-resistance mutation, noted by some investigators ,  though not by others . Although there is substantial uncertainty regarding PrEP-related parameters, we employed wide ranges (within plausible bounds) for our input parameters and performed extensive sensitivity analyses. There are significant differences between the demographic and HIV/AIDS epidemiological trends estimates predicted by different agencies, largely as a result of the methods employed in analysis and prediction , , , . In addition, except for South Africa , estimates of HIV-1 incidence have not been measured directly at the population level in most African countries, and reliable country-specific estimates are rarely available excepting from a few well-defined study sites with long term surveillance . We elected to employ the demographic and HIV/AIDS epidemiological estimates from UNAIDS where applicable , , . Our optimistic analyses assume a high level of effectiveness for PrEP, which may not be the case because of more limited drug activity and/or medication adherence. However, data on both efficacy of the potential PrEP agents , and adherence in Africa  justify some degree of optimism. In a macaque study  in which animals received weekly rectal simian human immunodeficiency virus challenges, 83% (5/6) of the controls became infected after 14 challenges, whereas 100% (6/6) of the macaques that received subcutaneously a combination of 22 mg tenofovir and 20 mg emtricitabine per kg once daily remained uninfected . A meta-analysis  of 31 North American studies (17,573 patients total) indicated a pooled estimate of 55% of the populations achieving adequate levels of adherence, whereas analysis of 27 African studies (12,116 patients total) indicated a pooled estimate of 77%. About 71% of the former and 66% of the latter studies used patient self-report to assess adherence and similar thresholds for adherence monitoring (>80% to 100%). The authors concluded that although adherence remained a concern in North America, favorable levels of adherence could be achieved in sub-Saharan Africa.
We excluded from our analyses the impact of antiretroviral therapy for infected persons , various other influences on transmission (e.g. STDs , , circumcision  and condom use ), as well as a formal cost-effectiveness analysis . These and other refinements will be addressed in future work. Nevertheless, the key conclusion of this study is that PrEP can be a cost effective intervention given high efficacy, good adherence and long-term use, especially if sexual disinhibition is prevented.
(0.16 MB DOC)
ULA thanks Robert Eberlein, Ronald Iman, Jonathan Dushoff, Thomas Buettner, Elias Halvas and Thomas Rehle for discussions and the Ministry of Health Zambia for data .
Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Funding: This research was supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R21AI064092). Ume L. Abbas acknowledges grant support from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R21AI064092). Roy M. Anderson acknowledges grant support from the Wellcome Trust. John W. Mellors acknowledges support from the Bristol Myers Squibb Research Foundation and grants from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U01AI38858), the National Cancer Institute (SAIC contract 20XS190A) and the Microbicide Trials Network (U01AI068633).