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On Thursday evening, the big ELLE gala took place at Sommerro in Oslo. On the red carpet, Good Evening Norway met influencer and former Bloggerne profile Anniken Jørgensen (26) together with her fiance, Theo.
It was in May that the former “Bloggers” profile revealed that she and her boyfriend had become engaged.
Now she tells God Kveld Norge that they will soon start planning their wedding, and want to go out into nature.
– Something very simple, something classic. Very me. It will probably be a forest wedding, I want to go out into the forest, says Jørgensen to Good Evening Norway.
Looking for a wedding planner
In an Instagram post from September, Jørgensen writes that she and her fiancé have been together for a year and a half. Although it didn’t take long for the couple to get engaged, they say they want to take plenty of time to plan the big day.
– Very little has happened since we decided to get married, but we will still get married, laughs Theo.
– Maybe in two years, adds Jørgensen.
Despite the fact that the influencer is looking forward to getting married, she admits that the time leading up to the big day can be quite hectic.
– I don’t understand how you can have time to get married. I think we need to find a wedding planner, because I can’t do all this planning myself, she says about the hectic time ahead.
First Christmas together
Jørgensen only confirmed in September last year that she had found a boyfriend, and two months later the Bloggerne profile revealed that they had become cohabitants.
To Good evening Norway, Jørgensen says that this Christmas will be her first together with her fiancé.
– We are going home to my parents on Christmas Eve, and to Theo’s family on Little Christmas Eve, says Jørgensen.
Furthermore, the influencer explains that this year’s Christmas will be very different from her usual celebration.
– I usually celebrate Christmas with mum and dad, so there are very few of us. Theo tends to have a bit more family present, but it will be very cosy, says Jørgensen.


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Wow classic auction houses, The best crafting choices are Clas
Wow classic auction houses, The best crafting choices are Classic Wrath Auction House Changes Not without it's own bit of news, there has been some interesting responses from Blizzard about the Auction House in Classic . Addons can be a very personal thing. Ironforge: The Commons. Scans vendors automatically when you visit an vendor. ago. The Brassbolt Mechawrench is standing on the floor to the right-hand side of the shop. Expansion: WoW Classic. Always up to date with the latest patch (1. Pretty much. Get up-to-date data and prices from all the WoW WotLK Classic realms and auction houses! Change (%): -3. Here’s what you can do: Browse and view current auctions. Comment by Thottbot i think it's worth it, sometimes you find goblins selling rare stuff in strange places, so if Posted August 9, 2022. I would prefer the retail AH but I think this is a good step. Rix Xizzix will vendor green quality quest rewards, that for whatever reason aren't typically available for Item Restoration. Items like Skull of Impending Doom, Nifty Stopwatch, Luffa, Carrot on a HrdWireGamin. However in neutral ones, you lose a whooping 15% of your profits! 1-D: The Hard Facts Here's a quick list of auction house facts. In Classic, the factions have separate Auction Houses and a separate Neutral Auction House. Beginning with the obvious one, death is permanent. $2. queue to cancel and queue to repost (after they’re in the inventory) queue to post a given number of every item the player has defined to maintain. Thanks for It took me a bit of looking around to find a good Auction House addon for World of Warcraft Classic. Unlike Skinning, Alchemy will continue to be profitable throughout all of WoW Classic, and will eventually become S-Tier as more people reach level 60 and start to raid, most likely around phase 2 or 3. Enchant them to an Enchanting Vellum. Hopefully this fixes the problems with the classic auction house. 15 Build 52124, which included some Season of Discovery items and spells. 52, 27. Can not find how. Auction House Issues on Some Burning Crusade Classic Realms. Set your hearth stone and use the portal. Bandit can't automatically switch servers if that's what you mean. Due to the way this app was built, there were times in which individuals would abuse the architecture of the app, often causing a disruption to the player economy and even, in some cases, causing in-game latency. Thunder Bluff – below the flight Description. We’re working to address these issues. 1 2. When you successfully sell the item, the deposit will be returned, but the auction house will take a percentage of the winning bid as its fee. This video shows where is Shattrath City Auction House Location WoW TBC. Also shows how many you have in bank. 10x Fiery Core (Buy from the Auction House or loot in Molten Core from trash mobs) 30x Elemental Flux; Comment by gumby760 I just farmed some of these up today. This includes lag that some players are experiencing as well as the behavior of posting excessive single items to overwhelm the Auction House. . We expect Auction Houses to become available again when the game Our Black Market Auction House Guide is your ultimate companion for unraveling the secrets of one of World of Warcraft's most elusive and captivating features. If you configured it to do so, each time you open the auction house (if available and unless you hold shift or cancel Only usable in Ashenvale, the Trainee's Sentinel Nightsaber and Trainee's Outrider Wolf are meant to help players get around the zone a little faster while engaging in PvP, despite Get up-to-date data and prices from all the WoW WotLK Classic realms and auction houses! An estimated cost of the items on the auction house and an optional estimated profit is shown in the main area (below the reagents for retail and above them for classic). It's practically unusable after 5pm. Our pages also load with a delay. Today we have received our first official clarification on the rules of the official Classic Era Hardcore servers that are releasing soon™. By default, AuctionLite shows the value for I’m traveling for 1 month, how do I see prices on skullrock? Thanks. Hopefully the looter sorts this out. While some people really want this one, it isn’t super in-demand right now. Quests Linked auction houses didn’t come around until 1. All of that can then be bound to the mouse wheel. Auctionator - A simple Auction House addon to supply your every-day needs. So using the above example and assuming faction AH, you would get in your mailbox : 1s50c + 9s95c = 11s45c if you posted it for 2 hours. In City auction houses, you only lose 5% of your total sale. It allows you do trade with the other faction, so if an item is unavailable to your faction or isn’t on the AH at the time you have the choice to atleast try to setup communication on the They answered questions about Season of Discovery, Hardcore's upcoming Self Found Mode, Cataclysm Classic and the end of Wrath of the Lich King Classic. Get up-to-date data and prices from all the WoW WotLK Classic realms and auction Deposits are based on the Merchant Sell Value for the item. Add and remove items from your Favorites list. On Hardcore realms you will be able to release your spirit and play as a ghost, but you will not be able to revive We’re aware of issues with the Auction House on some realms. No, but there's also no mention of AH restrictions, and they've said in interviews they don't want to bring that restriction across from addon HC. Does that include stuff like the auction house and global chat channels? Yes. Stormshield: The auction houses will be separated by faction? Auction Houses (or as known in game, AH) can be usually found in central cities for each faction. Auction House. Auction Houses are run by goblins and merchant cartels, so naturally, these greedy auctioneers will take their cut! We recently made some queue to buy out any lower priced auctions, or auctions below a preset minimum. Search any server and graph historical price data. Founded in 2005 in Beijing, China. Make gold! Welcome to this guide on the auction house system in Classic World of Warcraft. Items like Skull of Impending Doom, Nifty Stopwatch, Luffa, Carrot on a The Dalaran Engineering Auction House, the Brassbolt Mechawrench Steam-Powered Auctioneer, is located in the Like Clockwork Engineering Shop found at the coordinates 38. 49. And Added in Classic World of Warcraft. Get up-to-date data and prices from all the WoW WotLK Classic realms and auction houses! Fully up to date for wow classic but not yet for ShadowLands . It's under the armor tab, miscellaneous, held in off hand. 47%. otherwise people xfer gold to their characters on different factions (sell cheap item for 1k g for example) No. Items like Skull of Impending Doom, Nifty Stopwatch, Luffa, Carrot on a Even as a “new kid on the block”, Heritage Auctions has proved its worth as one of the top auction houses in the world. Comment by dawilson06 on 2021-05-13T22:05:11-05:00. I haven't seen any new comments on here so lemme give you the deets. In this guide, I will teach you the basics of Recent Auctions Get up-to-date auction house listings by realm and faction on World of Warcraft: Classic. They are bought from the vendor. Outshining China Guardian to become the most influential auction house in mainland China, the Beijing Poly International Auction In the latest update to WoW Classic, Patch 1. 15. Google shows results from like 2005! 13. 2. You can configure your lists in such a way that a negative deal is not possible. Premium. Norsemann. • 6 yr. Auction House DataBase, records DB history and allows offline queries, for classic and more. Most Alliance: Stormwind: Trade District & Dwarven District. Two auctioneers can be found in the The auction houses will be separated by faction? In order to prepare our game service to be ready for both the upgrade to The Burning Crusade Classic and the availability of Classic Era realms on May 18, we will close the Auction Houses on all WoW Classic realms at 10:00 a. First, you mentioned inefficient addons, and you’re definitely right that addons doing full scans are part of the problem. Players who aren’t engineers will still be unable to see the Brassbolt I show you where to find the auction house in Stormwind Neutral auction houses are located in Booty Bay and Gadgetzan (and possibly one other that eludes me, Winterspring maybe). I only played Alliance, and I remember that Darnassus and SW effectively didn’t have an AH - it was there - but nobody used it and everyone went to IF to auction items Auction House DataBase. The Auction House is closed on NA Wrath Classic Realms, likely because Blizzard is making improvements to it as a result of the heavy traffic and strain on servers. Post by 78077 This post was from a user who has deleted their account. Basically they're taking the servers that have a high chance of dying and merging them into one so that classic era players aren't subjected to a dying realm. You can find some highlights from the interview below, as well as a link to the interview to watch it yourself. A Month. /as scan - You can also use this command to scan. Each major city had their own AH separate from each other, with different Players will no longer be allowed to purchase a WoW Token from the Auction House or the in-game Shop for gold if they have not spent real money to Get up-to-date data and prices from all the WoW WotLK Classic realms and auction houses! The Remote Auction House was once a part of the WoW Armory app released in 2011 and retired in 2018. Sort by: Open comment sort options. We previously covered Datamined Spells, Ashenvale Mounts, World Buffs, Future Rune Engraving Slots, and now we also have datamined some Warsong Gulch specific Helmets! Blizzard did reveal in our Blizzcon interview that there I'm not much of a hardcore type gamer what so ever but the nostalgia of classic wow has brought me back from the depths, especially the hardcore element. Edit: if it wasnt clear, enchant the enchanting vellum and you'll get an enchant (they're stackable) r/wow. r/wow. If you stick to flipping raw materials, as long as you sell higher than you bought it for you should make a profit even if it takes a while to sell. Features: - Tooltip: In every tool tip it shows information of the lowest item price - Tooltip: Shift click to add all items in inventory. WoW Classic + SoM Auction House trends and item price search. Blizzard has provided a breakdown of the number of exploitive accounts that received actions for October 2023, totaling over 203,000 accounts! This is the most account actions since Blizzard began doing monthly reports back in June of 2023! Auction House. TradeSkillMaster 4 - The ultimate Auction House addon, powerful and complete, it provides every tool you might need when dealing with the Auction House, but has a learning curve attached to it. We have a unique chance to record that history and that's what this addon attempts to We've compiled an initial list of the best and essential addons for TBC Classic, including UI, Questing, Auction House, Raids, and Bags. Auction House cut? Post Reply. Buy auctions. 250g isn't nearly enough even for snipping. The WoW Token was created to give players with lots of extra gold the option to use it to help cover their subscription cost, and give those who want to purchase gold a way to do I show you where you can find the auction houes and auctioneers of darnassus I show you where the auction house of Ironforge is located Darnassus is a huge city, and is a great place to buy, sell, and begin quests, for higher levels. 1. Return to board index. Quick Facts Getting to trainers and back to the bank/auction house is no problem. - The Auction House timer for expiring auctions works off server time. Opening up a completely different experience that no other game can or will match. com will list the best Addons for Auction House, Leveling, Questing, Raiding and PVP. PDT (1:00 p. Buy Tab: Search, Summary for multiple items, Search history, Shopping lists, buy stacks quickly with buy button, sort by item $2 A Month Enjoy an ad-free experience, unlock premium features, & support the site! Show 10 Comments We have several guides for making gold in Classic WoW, including lucrative zones for professions, Get up-to-date data and prices from all the WoW WotLK Classic realms and auction houses! Get up-to-date data and prices from all the WoW WotLK Classic realms and auction houses! Learn how to master the auction house, corner the market or discover a new one the choice is yours! Brought to you by X-Elerated Guides. 0, Blizzard has added a new NPC to Booty Bay named "Rix Xizzix" who is a Lost and Found Vendor. WOW! It has everything that you need so far except that I have not found an auction house yet. Darnassus: The Temple of Gardens. Burning Crusade Classic Location. Each major city had their own AH separate from each other, with different listings. If something like a beast deck is posted at Classic Theme Thottbot Theme. This was largely due When an auction is sold, those greedy goblins running the show take a cut. After all, there In order to prepare our game service to be ready for both the upgrade to The Burning Crusade Classic and the availability of Classic Era realms on May 18, we will close the Auction Houses on all WoW Classic realms at 10:00 a. Enjoy an ad-free experience, unlock premium features, & support the site! Show 22 Comments. Wow Price Hub provides Dragonflight and WOTLK Classic latest item prices, data and statistics! Providing all WOW auction prices in one place! Real time Browse auction house prices and statistics for World of Warcraft Classic, and other servers! Data is refreshed every 20 minutes! See live WoW Classic AH Prices here! There are a total of nine WoW Classic Auction Houses. When you get to Shattrah city make sure you accept the quest at the gate before going to the Terrace of Posting it for 2 hours will cost a deposit of 1s50c, 8 hours 3s and 24 hours 6s. If you're talking about using the neutral auction house to transfer items / gold between factions, keep in mind that you cannot purchase your own toons' auctions, so you'll need to use someone else or a different account to make Use the "Auction House Scan" button in the auction browse tab. All faction auction houses are connected. Beijing Poly International Auction Company. On live servers, both factions have a combined Auction House, so exclusive faction pets are easily obtained. Before you start playing, mmogah. amdrag88. Some people don't use them at all, which certainly makes life easier after new content patches. The best way to make money as an Alchemist is to craft potions, elixirs, and flasks to sell on the Auction House. EDT) on Friday, May 14. Check out WoW AH prices here Linked auction houses didn’t come around until 1. We expect Auction Houses to become available again when the game only use I've had is STV pages since the auctioneer is right in BB. Quick Facts; Screenshots; Videos; Comments. 3. Simple Auction addon, makes it easier to search, buy, and post auctions. •. Search for auctions. Addons are an important part of wow classic’s gameplay, demonstrating the dedication and passion of the community to the game. Comment by 183105 My home city!. Deviate Delight is doomed. Cross faction AH are connected. WoW Classic. Anyway, you can find some of the greatest and most helpful players and trainers in Darnassus. Correct! They did not mention anything about the AH in the list of things they are changing for hardcore. Stock up on items you need or sell off items you don’t on the go. Exodar: Seat of the Naaru. The WoW Companion App has been updated to include the ability to sell your wares on the go. 9, over a year after WoW was released. If the item sells, you will get ENTIRE deposit back minus the AH cut (5% for faction, 30% for neutral). • 4 yr. Comment by As far as Shattrath City is concerned, I can sum it up in 1 word. That is until a few things I've read mentioning AH and trading will be enabled which to me, takes away a Classic goblin here (earned over 60k gold in classic, and $400 bnet balance), you got some things you have to do first before jumping in. Outland Location. Unless you are an engineer which has access I believe. This comprehensive guide takes you on a journey into the shadowy world of the Black Market Auction House (BMAH), where rare treasures and coveted items await daring I show you where the auction house is located in orgrimmar Blizzard updated the WoW Classic PTR to Patch 1. I did roughly 3 circuits of Un'goro hitting all the nodes. Bind on Use faction exclusive pets can be traded through the Neutral Auction House, which is not a restriction on live servers. If you are like, 15 or lower, there is not much you can buy, and don't waste your time at the auction house selling some robe you found off a boar. Valdrakken, the new main city of Dragonflight, comes with an Auction House! Find out where it's located! We highlighted the Auction House location on the map of Valdrakken. God bless Thunder Bluff haha ;D. I am sure it has 1 but hey the Exp pack is so new we are all still exploring. So if you put it up in Org, it shows up in UC, TB, and SC. I got 8 Arcane crystals in that 3 circuits and 2 definitely came from The neutral auction house was designed and implemented for the trading of the STV pages between horde and alliance because the drop rate is sucky sucky. Classic Theme Thottbot Theme. The next screenshots offer a look at the Auction House interior with 2 NPC auctioneers and some guards. tainurn. m. Comment by 48873 Hmm, a bunch of these quests that are listed as horde I'm successfully doing as alliance. Some people just load a few they consider essential, or only those A Classic faction. So go back and post it for 3-10 times the vendor amount. You can normally get several times the amount the vendor will give you in the Auction House. There are no auction houses in Northrend. Comment by 130746 Since the invasion 3 weeks before Wrath of the Lich In the latest update to WoW Classic, Patch 1. They're like marketplaces - they allow for items to be sold to other players in (41 minutes ago) 10s 0c - Average Buyout price for Shadowgem on Classic Hardcore - Defias Pillager - Horde auction house. Poncho_TheGreat. The disenchant value is based on the current value of the disenchanted dust/essences/shards at the auction house. A solution is already being worked on. If you are starting out then make it a personal goal to spend at In the latest update to WoW Classic, Patch 1. AuctionLite adds a few lines to the bottom of each item tooltip in the game to show the vendor sell price, the expected disenchant value, and the estimated auction house value. 0). Burning Crusade Classic. Info: The Thread is currently not shown correctly. Horde Auction Houses Ogrimmar – close to the Durotar entrance to Ogrimmar, right of the Valley of Honor. (11) Practice, Practice, Practice. This Open Source addon (AHDB for short) is mostly to capture the evolution of the WoW classic economy from empty to mature. How to Install Addons in WoW Classic October 2023 Actions Against Exploitative Accounts - WoW Classic. Even if a When a player buys a WoW Token from the Auction House for gold, the Token becomes Soulbound, and the player can then redeem it for 30 days of game time. So using your 10k sale example, with the 9g deposit, if it sold you'd get the following in the One is to go to a vendor and see how much they will give you for the item (don't sell it to them, just hover your mouse over the item to see what it is worth). Post by Wintersbite Your faction's AH will take a 5% cut on any sales made, neutral AHs will take a 15% cut. Some of these addons are simple, and they are able to open all of your Mail It seems Blizzard wants to throttle constant AH scanning that is bogging the classic AH down to a crawl. WoW Bandit is designed in such a way that no remote access is required.

domain: hobby


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It’s sad how modern office architecture has converged on buildings with a shiny glass skin and open-plan offices. Have you ever worked in an open-plan office? It’s distracting, depressing and it kills creativity. I had the displeasure for a few years and I hate them with a passion.
As subjects of photography I can live with them though 😃

domain: artistic


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From Beijing’s mouth-watering Peking duck to Shanghai’s French influences, the dynasty of Chinese food has proved both powerful and far reaching across the globe.
It is difficult not to feel the force of China’s immense history when stepping onto Tiananmen Square, or when atop the Great Wall; it is a history that infuses itself into everything, including the country’s cuisine. Nowhere is this truer than the quietly majestic Forbidden City: the historic site where thousands of Chinese cooks once boasted their culinary dishes to the imperial family. In their efforts to impress, the cooks often turned to exotic ingredients such as shark’s fin and bear’s paw, and these pioneering culinary ingredients and abilities were carried down through history to help shape Beijing cuisine today.
Home to the incredible Terracotta Warriors, Xian’s fascinating history has helped to shape the city into a distinctive, Muslim-influenced food destination. Take a night-time stroll down Da Maishijie (Humin Flavour) Snack Street, bustling day and night, and taste scrumptious mutton soup with cake. Dumplings are also commonly found in Xian: try them for yourself, and learn about the humble dumpling’s link to luck in the Hui culture.
Shanghai may have had a tremulous past of submission and strict Communist rule, but today the city stands as one of the globe’s most modern, exciting cities, with a cuisine to match. The former ‘Paris of the East’ makes her mark on China’s vast culinary tapestry with unique alcohol-infused dishes. Crab, chicken and fish are “drunken with spirits” and quickly cooked, or even served raw with salted meats.
With mouth-watering dishes that move far-and-beyond what the Western world offer as ‘Chinese food’, China offers gastronomic possibilities as vast as the land itself.

domain: food


Egypt’s army chief General Abdel-Fattah el-Sisi has vowed on Sunday to continue fulfilling “the people’s mandate to confront terrorism,” in a speech marking the 40th anniversary of the country’s military victory in the 1973 Arab-Israeli war.
“We are responsible before God to continue fulfilling the mandate, we will protect Egypt and the Egyptians, this is a promise,” Sisi was quoted as saying at Cairo’s Air Defence Stadium where he spoke late Sunday.
“We are keen to be the guardians of this order and mandate,” he added.
At least 53 people were killed and more than 246 wounded on Sunday as Egyptian security forces clashed with supporters of ousted former President Mohammad Mursi, security and television sources said.
Mursi supporters were protesting in several cities to show their displeasure of the military’s overthrow of the former president, while thousands took part in the military celebrations.
Taking part in the festivities, al-Sisi and interim President Adly Mansour attended a fireworks extravaganza late on Sunday at the military-owned stadium in eastern Cairo.
In July, the military ousted and jailed Mohammad Mursi, the Muslim Brotherhood affiliated president, following nationwide protests asking for his resignation.
The authorities have since launched a crackdown on his supporters arresting over 200 Muslim Brotherhood members including top figures.
The interior ministry had warned on Saturday against “attempts that may disturb the October 6 celebrations in Egypt,” state news agency MENA quoted it as saying.
“The ministry asserts its determination to firmly confront all violence and infringements of law by the Muslim Brotherhood supporters through their marches.”
In his speech, Sisi spoke about the Egyptian people’s relationship with the army reiterating the popular statement “the Egyptian people and the army are one hand”.
“The military is as strong as the pyramids because of the people,” he added.
Egypt clashes leave at least 50 dead and 246 injuredAt least 50 people were killed and more than 246 wounded on Sunday as Egyptian security forces clashed with supporters of ousted former President ... Middle East
Egypt’s interim president to visit Saudi Arabia and JordanEgyptian Interim President Adly Mansour will be traveling to Saudi Arabia on Monday and Jordan on Tuesday, a presidential spokesman said. Mansour will ... Middle East
Egypt braces for rival protests on 1973 October War anniversaryEgypt on Sunday braced for rival demonstrations called by supporters and opponents of ousted Islamist President Mohammad Mursi, marking the 1973 ... Middle East


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GREENEVILLE — The Tusculum football team will open the 2019 campaign this Thursday night when the Pioneers make the 574-mile trip to Cleveland, Mississippi to face Delta State University.
Kickoff time is slated for 7 p.m. at Parker Field-McCool Stadium.
Tusculum returns 45 lettermen and 15 starters from last season’s 5-5 squad that finished tied for third place in the South Atlantic Conference.
TU head coach Jerry Odom enters his fourth campaign in Greeneville where his teams have posted improvement in each of his previous Tusculum seasons and is looking for 2019 to be a breakout year for the program.
The Tusculum defense has emerged as one of the best in the conference during the Coach Odom era as the Pioneers have been listed amongst the league leaders in scoring defense, total defense and turnovers caused over the past three seasons. The Pioneers allowed just 21.9 points per game last year which was the third-best in the SAC and the fewest by a TU defense in a dozen seasons. The Pioneers were also third in the conference in total defense allowing 312.9 yards per contest (31st in NCAA II).
Tusculum returns eight starters on defense as well as seven of its top-10 tacklers. TU also brings back 69 percent of its defensive production from 2018.
Junior linebacker Ivan Hogans led the Pioneers with 92 tackles and finished third in the league posting 9.2 stops per contest. Hogans tallied eight tackles for loss with two sacks, two interceptions, three pass break-ups and a forced fumble. He enters this year having posted at least two tackles in each of his previous 20 career games in a TU uniform and led the team with five games of 10 or more tackles in 2018.
Two-time All-South Atlantic Conference cornerback Dee Alford is back for his final collegiate campaign. The Griffin, Georgia native has been a menace in the TU secondary where he has posted 20 career passes defended. In 2018, Alford led the Pioneers with 13 passes defended (43rd in NCAA II) including 11 pass break-ups (4th in SAC) and two interceptions (T14th in SAC). The 6-0, 170-pounder finished fourth on the roster with 49 tackles including a team-leading 31 solo hits.
Senior free safety Malik Goodman earned All-SAC first team honors as well as a spot on the Football Gazette All-Region third team last year. His 146 career tackles are the most by an active TU player to go along with his two career interceptions, two forced fumbles, two fumble recoveries and 15 career passes defended. His 48 tackles were the fifth-most on the TU team last season including five for loss.
On the offensive side of the football, the Pioneers return seven starters from 2018 including All-SAC running back Jordon Shippy and All-Region offensive tackle Keveon Broadwater.
Shippy, a senior from Gaffney, South Carolina, led TU with 694 rushing yards last season on 116 carries with five touchdowns. He averaged 6.0 yard per rush and 77.1 yards per game which were both third in the conference. He ran for a school single-game record 258 yards in last year’s SAC-opener with Limestone as he also scored three touchdowns. He garnered SAC Offensive Player of the Week honors for his efforts, while also finishing the season with four receptions for 34 yards.
Shippy enters his senior season with 1,186 rushing yards to his credit, which are ranked 11th in the Tusculum record book.
Broadwater, who has been a prep and collegiate teammate of Shippy at both Gaffney High School and Tusculum, will be the anchor of the Pioneer offensive front. The 6-4, 315-pound senior from Gaffney has started in all 31 games of his TU career as he was a consensus All-Region selection last year while also garnering All-SAC first team accolades.
Tusculum’s top receiver from a year ago is back in sophomore Ajay Belanger. The 6-3, 190-pound product of Green Cove Springs, Florida, led the Pioneers with 33 receptions and 386 receiving yards as a true freshman. He averaged 11.7 yards per reception and also posted three touchdowns as was tabbed to the 2019 Preseason All-SAC second team.
The Pioneers have a stable of talented quarterbacks as redshirt freshman Joaquin Collazo has been tabbed to get the opening week start at Delta State. Collazo, a 6-3, 185-pound southpaw from Melbourne, Florida, was a two-time All-State standout at Central Catholic High School where he passed for over 4,000 yards and tossed 63 touchdowns.
Sophomore tailback Maurice Gomillion ran for 281 yards on 56 attempts last year with a touchdown. He also posted a TD catch on the year for the Jacksonville, Florida native. Redshirt freshman Thurlow Wilkins is expected to see time in the offensive backfield for the Pioneers. He rushed for 1,425 yards in 2017 at Avon Park High School in Florida where he was an All-State, All-County and All-Conference selection.
Jacob Moss, a sophomore from Orange City, Fla., led the squad as a true freshman with his five touchdown receptions. His 23 catches for 286 receiving yards were both the second-most on the TU roster in 2018 as he posted at least one reception in all 10 contests.
Preseason All-SAC second team choice Carter Mangel has taken over the starting job at tight end as he finished 2018 with four receptions for 72 yards. Mississippi Valley State University transfer Tyron Hundley will also see action at tight end. He played two season at MVSU where he totaled six catches for 63 yards and a touchdown.

domain: news


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What is Burnout?
Burnout also known as “over achiever” syndrome does not happen overnight and creeps up on people who are generally highly successful, driven and passionate about what they do. Their “I can do everything” attitude often means they ignore the warning signs and when their tipping point is reached it can lead to:
- physical and emotional exhaustion
- cynicism and detachment
- feelings of ineffectiveness and lack of accomplishment
Sometimes the tipping point might be triggered by some other major life event happening such as bereavement, divorce or a major set back at work but there are often earlier warning signs.
So what are the signs and behaviour changes to look out for?
- Tired, exhausted all the time, but keep pushing through
- Leaving earlier in the morning and coming home later than normal
- Skipping meals or eating more convenience or processed food
- Uncharacteristic snapping at colleagues or staff
- Waking up at night more frequently thinking about work
- Not doing as much exercise as before, or stopped altogether
- Spending less quality time with the family
- Always checking their emails and sending emails really late at night
- Getting frustrated with small things that would not normally bother them
- Forgetting where they put things
- Drinking more alcohol in the week
If you recognise any of these in yourself or someone you know there are things you can do to reduce the stress in the body building up to burnout. See my blog on “Easy Steps to Avoid Burnout” https://wellnessforsuccess.com/easy-steps-to-avoid-burnout
Evelyn Kaluza | Wellbeing Coach

domain: health


I'm done with the tank related frame modifications and both tanks are dry fit. I moved the black tank as far forward as I could and still allow for connection to the toilet flange (keep your fingers crossed.) I located the gray tank just forward of the front axle. In both cases I removed cross members and replaced them with 14 ga bent plates and 1x1x1/8 angles bolted to the cross members to support the tanks. Both tanks are molded with a 1 1/2" wide flange located 3" below the top of the tanks that runs parallel to the cross member. This is meant to carry the weight of the tanks.
I used 1 1/2 ABS pipe to connect the gray tank to the Valterra double elbow/valve assembly. The bottom of the tank outlet falls 1/2" below the bottom of the cross members so I used C3 channels to create a jog in the bottom flange of the cross members between the tank and the valve. The tub drain will tie into the 1 1/2" line where the vertical pipe is currently located.
The black tank is connected via a straight piece of 3" ABS that runs from the outlet to the 3" side of the elbow/valve. I located the valve assembly in the bay just forward of the bath wall so that the enclosure would frame to the flat belly pan rather than the rear banana wrap.
I'm going to semi-permanently attach a Jabsco Macerator to the outlet side of the valve assembly using a home fashioned connector made from a rotating 4-hook bayonet connector and a rubber waste line adapter. In an emergency I will be able to unbolt the macerator and hook a standard 3" stinky slinky to the valve.
Next task is to take it all apart and strip the paint off of the frame so it can be painted... but since I'm in Wisconsin an it's November I'll need to provide for some "cold weather construction" ... next post "our Airstream gets a pink skirt"
So the weather outside is frightful right now, but as you can see, I've got a beautiful view, regardless! (Yes, that's my actual view) Our school distri...
1 year ago


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Definition of ‘procrastinate’:
: to put off intentionally and habitually
: to put off intentionally the thing of something that should have been done
– Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
We’re all guilty of it; we’ve all felt the dreaded presence of some unfinished task seemingly chipping away at our very consciousness. It’s uncomfortably persistent – this is procrastination.
So why do we subject ourselves to such emotions?
Well, there are a couple of big reasons. For 99 percent of the population, work sucks. Work is the antonym of fun or freedom. Work is often viewed (neither rightly or wrongly) as a means to an end – nothing less and nothing more. We have bills and responsibilities, both of which require money. Money requires work – it’s a catch-22.
The good news is that we needn’t feel this way. We need not feel the chronic, internal pain that procrastination manifests. How is this possible? By understanding the rationale behind why we procrastinate and doing something about it.
The above paragraph brings us to the topic of this article. We’ll discuss four main reasons why we procrastinate and (most importantly) what we can do about it.
Here Are Four Big Reasons Why We Put Things Off:
1. We’Re Unorganized
Not having any semblance of structure to our routine breeds procrastination. Even in today’s “organized” workplace, it’s easier than ever to choose delay over decision making. Needless to say, technology (read: social media, smartphones, and the internet) dangles the carrot of self-gratification closer to our collective faces.
The point? We’ll sometimes override the rational mind, which subtly whispers, “get this done” for a quick shot of endorphins (via IM, YouTube, web-surfing, etc.)
This, of course, is not an organized way of living. It is also counterproductive to the utmost.
Solution: (This from a self-proclaimed impulsive who learned the hard way. Schedule things. Keep a clock or watch on your desk – and resolve to go one day at a time diligently keeping on track. This is a habit, and one that you’ll learn quicker than you think!)
2. Boring Tasks
Any work that’s perceived as boring, uninteresting, or unpleasant is ripe for deferment. We’ll even attempt to rationalize why something should be put off (“I’ll have plenty of time tomorrow morning/afternoon/evening, right?”) Meanwhile, our logic is face-to-face with the sexiness of base desires.
Think of the handsome and beautiful bachelor or bachelorette who realistically knows and feels when someone is not right for him or her. Yet, this “someone” creates an inexplicable sense of exhilaration and novelty they’ve never experienced. So, they “rationalize” and “compromise” with themselves. Maybe they’re sick of dating. Maybe they’re getting older, etc.
A redundant task, whether it’s work or dating, is so easy to put off – and many of us do just that.
Solution: Gentle discipline – that’s all. Listen, we all have jobs, duties, and responsibilities that we don’t like doing. But you can make a choice to move forward in any case. Gentle discipline is nothing more than concentrating your mind on the task at hand – and (most important) gently redirecting your mind’s focus when it strays off course. Over time, your self-discipline will become stronger – and you’ll reap incredible rewards!
Procrastination (i.e., avoidance) is a method of coping with anxiety and stress. Perhaps we feel an impending sense of failure or fear, which is the case more often than not.
Stress sucks and is potentially harmful to both mind and body. It’s only natural, then, that we seek reprieve from anxiety, stress, and worry. We all attempt to liberate ourselves of stress – in its myriad forms – to some degree or another.
Once again, our basic instincts will try to control decision making. We’ll look for immediate rewards and all the “benefits” that such rewards bring. Of course, “Option B” is often worse than if we faced the source of anxiety in the first place.
Solution: Understand that anxiety is nothing but a theatricality of the mind. Second, it is important to find an outlet to reduce anxiety that’s in the best interest of both you and your aspirations. Self-gratification is too often a recipe for both regret and lower self-esteem.
4. Lack Of Ability Or Confidence
Another universal propensity of human beings is self-doubt. For people with low levels of self-confidence, this is a potentially debilitating experience. So, rather than get to the root of the problem, some of us will avoid it altogether.
Once again, this is another certain facet of life. Some experiences, though they may be painful, often reap more (sometimes intangible/unnoticeable) rewards than not having gone through them in the first place.
Solution: Set small goals and do the best you can to achieve them. Acknowledge that you’re lacking confidence and move forward despite it. One of two outcomes is a certainty: (a) you’ll “succeed” and gain more confidence, or (b) you’ll “fail,” but become a stronger person as a result. Notice that option (b) is still a success!
A great quote to remember:
From legendary writer Hunter S. Thompson:
“A man who procrastinates in his choosing will inevitably have his choice made for him by circumstance.”
Choose YOUR circumstance – as this is where real freedom lives.

domain: psychology


text:
Bass Pro Shops: The Strike
Bass Pro Shops: The Strike is a fishing game developed by Piranha Games and published by XS Games for the Wii Windows and Xbox 360 in …
Finesse fishing tips from BASS Elite Series Pro, Dave Wolak
BASS Elite Series angler and Pinnacle pro staffer, Dave Wolak, tells how he got into professional bass fishing, talks about the new Pinnacle Vision Slyder, a…
Pro Bass Fishing Tips & Techniques
The Pro–Bass Fishing Training Manual is the Angler’s Guide To Bass Fishing Tips & Techniques Known Only to a Select Group of Highly Skilled Bass Fisherman.
EXPERT TOPIC – Tilapia
from IntAquafeed, 2 years ago in Technology
Welcome to Expert Topic, a new feature for International Aquafeed. Each issue will take an in-depth look at a particular species and how it’s feed is managed.

domain: sports


text:
The two-day sales event held annually by Amazon will again offer massive discounts across a vast array of products and in doing so recruit more shoppers into the Prime membership franchise.
There is no doubt that there are some great deals to be had. In 2020, Prime members saved more than $1.4 billion on a vast array of products. Last years Prime Day was a record-breaking event for SME’s too, with worldwide sales surpassing $3.5 billion—an astonishing increase of nearly 60 per cent YOY.
This year’s event has been timed earlier than usual in a bid to boost traditionally slow Q2 sales. This could be especially useful for Amazon, as the retail landscape starts to level out again and shoppers return to stores – thus removing like for like comparisons to last year.
But as e-commerce shopping festivals continue to gain traction in the region and inspire a change in tactics from all retailers, what can we expect to see from this year’s Prime Day?
- Amazon will not have it all to itself. As we’re seeing in other markets, retailers are quick to engage in a battle for consumer attention. Amazon will want to attract new members to its Prime offering, whilst appeasing existing members. Noon.com are competing strongly with their own ‘Big Yellow Sale’ over the same period (a sale that will last for 3 days). Furthermore, it will be interesting to see the nature of ‘deals’ on offer as Noon performed better than was expected in the ‘discount’ war of the last Black Friday.
- The breadth of offers on products will be far-reaching. We’ll see a diversification from the traditional deals on Electronics, to more deals on a much wider range of inventory. Last year we saw strong traction in top-selling categories including bedding, nutrition and wellness, arts and crafts, and health. This year expect to see deals across apparel, home and lifestyle and even more FMCG.
- Convenience will inevitably be a big factor in all Prime Deals. Prime delivery, same-day shipping and free international shipping will be offered to meet shoppers’ new post covid expectations around time, convenience and monetary savings.
- Amazon advertising will play a massive role in what we actually see on the site. With a new and heavy focus on sponsors – brands, products and display will see the highest bidder have their portfolio front and centre, meaning that what we’ll be shown is not necessarily be what we’ve been searching for.
All in all, whilst Prime Day will offer great opportunities for shoppers, the momentum around marketplace shopping festivals will continue to pose real strategic challenges for brand owners here in the region. After all, the aggressive need to chase eyeballs and sales by ‘fishing where the fish are’ can come at a cost to short term margins and long term brand equity.


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1 Performance Comparison of Two On-demand Routing Protocols for Ad Hoc Networks Λ Samir R. Das Dept. of ECECS University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, OH 4522 Elizabeth M. Royer Dept. of ECE University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, CA 936 Charles E. Perkins Communications Systems Laboratory Nokia Research Center 33 Fairchild Drive Mountain View, CA 9433 Mahesh K. Marina Dept. of ECECS University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, OH 4522 Abstract Ad hoc networks are characterized by multi-hop wireless connectivity, frequently changing network topology and the need for efficient dynamic routing protocols. We compare the performance of two prominent on-demand routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV). A detailed simulation model with MAC and physical layer models is used to study inter-layer interactions and their performance implications. We demonstrate that even though DSR and AODV share a similar on-demand behavior, the differences in the protocol mechanics can lead to significant performance differentials. The performance differentials are analyzed using varying network load, mobility and network size. Based on the observations, we make recommendations about how the performance of either protocol can be improved. Λ An earlier version of this paper appeared in IEEE INFOCOM 2 conference.
2 Introduction In an ad hoc network, mobile nodes communicate with each other using multi-hop wireless links. There is no stationary infrastructure; for instance, there are no base stations. Each node in the network also acts as a router, forwarding data packets for other nodes. A central challenge in the design of ad hoc networks is the development of dynamic routing protocols that can efficiently find routes between two communicating nodes. The routing protocol must be able to keep up with the high degree of node mobility that often changes the network topology drastically and unpredictably. Such networks have been studied in the past in relation to defense research, often under the name of packet radio networks (see, for example, ). Recently there has been a renewed interest in this field due to the common availability of low-cost laptops and palmtops with radio interfaces. Interest is also partly fueled by growing enthusiasm in running common network protocols in dynamic wireless environments without the requirement of specific infrastructures. A mobile ad hoc networking (MANET) working group  has also been formed within the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to develop a routing framework for IP-based protocols in ad hoc networks. Our goal is to carry out a systematic performance study of two dynamic routing protocols for ad hoc networks the Dynamic Source Routing protocol (DSR) [2, ] and the Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector protocol (AODV) [5, 6]. DSR and AODV share an interesting common characteristic they both initiate routing activities on an on demand basis. This reactive nature of these protocols is a significant departure from more traditional proactive protocols, that find routes between all source-destination pairs regardless of the use or need of such routes. The key motivation behind the design of on-demand protocols is the reduction of the routing load. High routing load usually has a significant performance impact in low bandwidth wireless links. While DSR and AODV share the on-demand behavior  in that they initiate routing activities only in the presence of data packets in need of a route, many of their routing mechanics are very different. In particular, DSR uses source routing, whereas AODV uses a table-driven routing framework and destination sequence numbers. DSR does not rely on any timer-based activities, while AODV does to a certain extent. One of our goals in this study is to extract the relative merits of these mechanisms. The motivation is that a better understanding of the relative merits will serve as a cornerstone for development of more effective routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In the following section, we briefly review the DSR and AODV protocols. In Section III, we present a detailed critique of the two protocols, focusing on the differences in their dynamic behaviors that can lead to performance differences. This lays the foundation for much of the context of the performance study. Section IV describes the simulation environment. Section V presents the simulation results, followed by their interpretations in Section VI. Related work is presented in Section VII. We draw our conclusions in Section VIII, where we also make recommendations for the improved design of either protocol. 2 Description of Protocols 2. DSR The key distinguishing feature of DSR [2, ] is the use of source routing. That is, the sender knows the complete hop-by-hop route to the destination. These routes are stored in a route cache. The data packets carry the source route in the packet header. When a node in the ad hoc network attempts to send a data packet to a destination for which it does not already know the route, it uses a route discovery process to dynamically determine such a route. Route discovery works by flooding the network with route request (RREQ) packets. Each node receiving a RREQ
3 rebroadcasts it, unless it is the destination or it has a route to the destination in its route cache. Such a node replies to the RREQ with a route reply (RREP) packet that is routed back to the original source. RREQ and RREP packets are also source routed. The RREQ builds up the path traversed across the network. The RREP routes itself back to the source by traversing this path backwards. The route carried back by the RREP packet is cached at the source for future use. If any link on a source route is broken, the source node is notified using a route error (RERR) packet. The source removes any route using this link from its cache. A new route discovery process must be initiated by the source, if this route is still needed. DSR makes very aggressive use of source routing and route caching. No special mechanism to detect routing loops is needed. Also, any forwarding node caches the source route in a packet it forwards for possible future use. Several additional optimizations have been proposed and have been evaluated to be very effective by the authors of the protocol , as described in the following. (i) Salvaging: An intermediate node can use an alternate route from its own cache, when a data packet meets a failed link on its source route. (ii) Gratuitous route repair: A source node receiving a RERR packet piggybacks the RERR in the following RREQ. This helps clean up the caches of other nodes in the network that may have the failed link in one of the cached source routes. (iii) Promiscuous listening: When a node overhears a packet not addressed to itself, it checks whether the packet could be routed via itself to gain a shorter route. If so, the node sends a gratuitous RREP to the source of the route with this new, better route. Aside from this, promiscuous listening helps a node to learn different routes without directly participating in the routing process. 2.2 AODV AODV [5, 6] shares DSR s on-demand characteristics in that it also discovers routes on an as needed basis via a similar route discovery process. However, AODV adopts a very different mechanism to maintain routing information. It uses traditional routing tables, one entry per destination. This is in contrast to DSR, which can maintain multiple route cache entries for each destination. Without source routing, AODV relies on routing table entries to propagate a RREP back to the source and, subsequently, to route data packets to the destination. AODV uses sequence numbers maintained at each destination to determine freshness of routing information and to prevent routing loops . These sequence numbers are carried by all routing packets. An important feature of AODV is the maintenance of timer-based states in each node, regarding utilization of individual routing table entries. A routing table entry is expired if not used recently. A set of predecessor nodes is maintained for each routing table entry, indicating the set of neighboring nodes that use that entry to route data packets. These nodes are notified with RERR packets when the next hop link breaks. Each predecessor node, in turn, forwards the RERR to its own set of predecessors, thus effectively erasing all routes using the broken link. In contrast to DSR, RERR packets in AODV are intended to inform all sources using a link when a failure occurs. Route error propagation in AODV can be visualized conceptually as a tree whose root is the node at the point of failure and all sources using the failed link as the leaves. The recent specification of AODV  includes an optimization technique to control the RREQ flood in the route discovery process. It uses an expanding ring search initially to discover routes to an unknown destination. In the expanding ring search, increasingly larger neighborhoods are searched to find the destination. The search is controlled by the Time-To-Live (TTL) field in the IP header of the RREQ packets. If the route to a previously known destination is needed, the prior hop-wise distance is used to optimize A variation of this mechanism is needed for ad hoc networks with uni-directional links. However, here we limit our discussions to only bidirectional links.
4 the search. This enables computing the TTL value used in the RREQ packets dynamically, by taking into consideration the temporal locality of routes. 3 Critique of DSR and AODV The two on-demand protocols share certain salient characteristics. In particular, they both discover routes only when data packets lack a route to a destination. Route discovery in either protocol is based on query and reply cycles and route information is stored in all intermediate nodes along the route in the form of route table entries (AODV) or in route caches (DSR). However, there are several important differences in the dynamics of these two protocols, which may give rise to significant performance differentials. First, by virtue of source routing, DSR has access to a significantly greater amount of routing information than AODV. For example, in DSR, using a single request-reply cycle, the source can learn routes to each intermediate node on the route in addition to the intended destination. Each intermediate node can also learn routes to every other node on the route. Promiscuous listening of data packet transmissions can also give DSR access to a significant amount of routing information. In particular, it can learn routes to every node on the source route of that data packet. In the absence of source routing and promiscuous listening, AODV can gather only a very limited amount of routing information. In particular, route learning is limited only to the source of any routing packets being forwarded. This usually causes AODV to rely on a route discovery flood more often, which may carry a significant network overhead. Second, to make use of route caching aggressively, DSR replies to all requests reaching a destination from a single request cycle. Thus the source learns many alternate routes to the destination, which will be useful in the case that the primary (shortest) route fails. Having access to many alternate routes saves route discovery floods, which is often a performance bottleneck. However, there may be a possibility of a route reply flood. In AODV, on the other hand, the destination replies only once to the request arriving first and ignores the rest. The routing table maintains at most one entry per destination. Third, the current specification of DSR does not contain any explicit mechanism to expire stale routes in the cache, or prefer fresher routes when faced with multiple choices. As noted in , stale routes, if used, may start polluting other caches. Some stale entries are indeed deleted by route error packets. But because of promiscuous listening and node mobility, it is possible that more caches are polluted by stale entries than are removed by error packets. In contrast, AODV has a much more conservative approach than DSR. When faced with two choices for routes, the fresher route (based on destination sequence numbers) is always chosen. Also, if a routing table entry is not used recently, that entry is expired. The latter technique is not problem-free, however. It is possible to expire valid routes this way, if unused beyond an expiry time. Determination of a suitable expiry time is difficult, because sending rates for sources, as well as node mobility, may differ widely and can change dynamically. In a recent paper , the effects of various design choices in caching strategies for on-demand routing protocols are analyzed. Fourth, the route deletion activity using RERR is also conservative in AODV. By way of a predecessor list, the error packets reach all nodes using a failed link on its route to any destination. In DSR, however, a route error simply backtracks the data packet that meets a failed link. Nodes that are not on the upstream route of this data packet but using the failed link are not notified promptly. The goal of our simulations that follow is to determine the relative merits of the aggressive use of source routing and caching in DSR, and the more conservative routing table and sequence number driven approach in AODV.
5 4 Simulation Model We use a detailed simulation model based on ns-2  in our evaluation. In a recent paper , the Monarch research group in CMU developed support for simulating multi-hop wireless networks complete with physical, data link and Medium Access Control (MAC) layer models on ns-2. The Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) of IEEE 82.  for wireless LANs is used as the MAC layer protocol. The 82. DCF uses Request-To-Send (RTS) and Clear-To-Send (CTS) control packets  for unicast data transmission to a neighboring node. The RTS/CTS exchange precedes the data packet transmission and implements a form of virtual carrier sensing and channel reservation to reduce the impact of the well-known hidden terminal problem . Data packet transmission is followed by an ACK. Broadcast data packets and the RTS control packets are sent using physical carrier sensing. An unslotted CSMA technique with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) is used to transmit these packets . The radio model uses characteristics similar to a commercial radio interface, Lucent s WaveLAN [6, 8]. WaveLAN is modeled as a shared-media radio with a nominal bit-rate of 2 Mb/sec and a nominal radio range of 25 meters. A detailed description of the simulation environment and the models is available in [3, 7]. The implementations of AODV and DSR in our simulation environment closely match their specifications,  and  respectively. The routing protocol model detects all data packets transmitted or forwarded, and responds by invoking routing activities as appropriate. The RREQ packets are treated as broadcast packets in the MAC. RREP and data packets are all unicast packets with a specified neighbor as the MAC destination. RERR packets are treated differently in the two protocols. They are broadcast in AODV and use unicast transmissions in DSR. Both protocols detect link breaks using feedback from the MAC layer. A signal is sent to the routing layer when the MAC layer fails to deliver a unicast packet to the next hop. This is indicated, for example, by the failure to receive a CTS after a specified number of RTS retransmissions, or the absence of an ACK following data transmission. No additional network layer mechanism such as hello messages  is used. Both protocols maintain a send buffer of 64 packets. It contains all data packets waiting for a route, e.g., packets for which route discovery has started, but no reply has arrived yet. To prevent buffering of packets indefinitely, packets are dropped if they wait in the send buffer for more than 3 seconds. All packets (both data and routing) sent by the routing layer are queued at the interface queue until the MAC layer can transmit them. The interface queue has a maximum size of 5 packets and is maintained as a priority queue with two priorities each served in FIFO order. Routing packets get higher priority than data packets. 4. Traffic and mobility models We use traffic and mobility models similar to those previously reported using the same simulator [3, ]. Traffic sources are CBR (continuous bit-rate). The source-destination pairs are spread randomly over the network. Only 52 byte data packets are used. The number of source-destination pairs and the packet sending rate in each pair is varied to change the offered load in the network. The mobility model uses the random waypoint model  in a rectangular field. Two field configurations are used (i) 5m 3m field with 5 nodes and (ii) 22m 6m field with nodes. 2 Here, each node starts its journey from a random location to a random destination with a randomly chosen speed (uniformly distributed between 2 m/sec). 3 Once the destination is reached, another random destination is targeted after a pause. We vary the pause time, which affects the relative speeds of the mobiles. Simulations 2 The slow simulation speed and large memory requirement of the ns-2 models prevented us from using larger networks at this point. Note that all prior reported simulation results with these ns-2 models use only 5 nodes. We are currently working on optimizing the models to improve scalability. 3 Note that this is a fairly high speed for an ad hoc network, comparable to traffic speeds inside a city.
6 are run for 9 simulated seconds for 5 nodes, and 5 simulated seconds for nodes. Each data point represents an average of at least five runs with identical traffic models, but different randomly generated mobility scenarios. Identical mobility and traffic scenarios are used across protocols. 5 Performance Results 5. Performance metrics Four important performance metrics are evaluated: (i) Packet delivery fraction ratio of the data packets delivered to the destinations to those generated by the CBR sources; or a related metric received throughput Kbits/sec received at the destinations; (ii) Average end-to-end delay of data packets this includes all possible delays caused by buffering during route discovery latency, queuing at the interface queue, retransmission delays at the MAC, propagation and transfer times; (iii) Normalized routing load the number of routing packets transmitted per data packet delivered at the destination. Each hop-wise transmission of a routing packet is counted as one transmission; (iv) Normalized MAC load the number of routing, ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) and control (e.g., RTS, CTS, ACK) packets transmitted by the MAC layer for each delivered data packet. Essentially, it considers both routing overhead and the MAC control overhead. Like normalized routing load, this metric also accounts for transmissions at every hop. The first two metrics are the most important metrics for best-effort traffic. The routing load metric evaluates the efficiency of the routing protocol. Finally, the MAC load is a measure of effective utilization of the wireless medium by data traffic. Note, however, that these metrics are not completely independent. For example, lower packet delivery fraction means that the delay metric is evaluated with fewer number of samples. In the conventional wisdom, the longer the path lengths, the higher the probability of a packet drop. Thus, with a lower delivery fraction, samples are usually biased in favor of smaller path lengths and thus have less delay. Also, low routing and MAC load impact both delivery fraction and delay, as then network congestion and multiple-access interference are reduced. Finally, MAC load also includes routing load. 5.2 Varying mobility and number of sources The first set of experiments uses differing number of sources with a moderate packet rate and varying pause times. For the 5 node experiments we used, 2, 3 and 4 traffic sources and a packet rate of 4 packets/sec, except for 4 sources which use 3 packets/sec. We used a slower rate with 4 sources, as the network congestion was too high otherwise for a meaningful comparison. The higher rates will be considered in the next subsection. The packet delivery fractions for DSR and AODV are very similar with and 2 sources (see Fig. (a) and (b)). With 3 and 4 sources, AODV outperforms DSR by about 5% (Fig. (c) and (d)) at lower pause times (higher mobility). For higher pause times (low mobility), however, DSR has better delivery fraction than AODV. The relative performance of both the protocols with respect to delays is similar to that with delivery fractions. DSR and AODV have almost identical delays with and 2 sources (see Fig. 2 (a) and (b)). With 3 and 4 sources, AODV has about 25% lower delay than DSR (Fig. 2 (c) and (d)) for lower pause times. But, for higher pause times, DSR has better (3 4% lower) delay than AODV. Detailed interpretations of the results presented in this section are provided in section 6. In all cases, DSR demonstrates significantly lower routing load than AODV (Fig. 3), usually by a factor of 2 3, with the factor increasing with growing number of sources. Also, note that relative to AODV, DSR s normalized routing load is fairly stable with increasing number of sources, even though its delivery and delay performance gets increasingly worse. A relatively stable normalized routing load is a desirable property for scalability of the protocols, as this indicates the actual routing load increases linearly with the number of sources. In contrast to routing load comparison, AODV has similar or slightly lower MAC load
7 Packet delivery fraction (%) AODV, sources DSR, sources Packet delivery fraction (%) AODV, 2 sources DSR, 2 sources (a) sources (b) 2 sources Packet delivery fraction (%) AODV, 3 sources DSR, 3 sources Packet delivery fraction (%) AODV, 4 sources DSR, 4 sources (c) 3 sources (d) 4 sources Figure : Packet delivery fractions for the 5 node model with various numbers of sources.
8 .8.6 AODV, sources DSR, sources.8.6 AODV, 2 sources DSR, 2 sources.4.4 Avg. delay (sec) Avg. delay (sec) (a) sources (b) 2 sources.8.6 AODV, 3 sources DSR, 3 sources.8.6 AODV, 4 sources DSR, 4 sources.4.4 Avg. delay (sec) Avg. delay (sec) (c) 3 sources (d) 4 sources Figure 2: Average data packet delays for the 5 node model with various numbers of sources.
9 Normalized routing load AODV, sources DSR, sources Normalized routing load AODV, 2 sources DSR, 2 sources (a) sources - routing load (b) 2 sources - routing load Normalized routing load AODV, 3 sources DSR, 3 sources Normalized routing load AODV, 4 sources DSR, 4 sources (c) 3 sources - routing load (d) 4 sources - routing load Figure 3: Normalized routing loads for the 5 node model with various numbers of sources.
10 2 8 AODV, sources DSR, sources 2 8 AODV, 2 sources DSR, 2 sources Normalized MAC load Normalized MAC load (a) sources - MAC load (b) 2 sources - MAC load 2 8 AODV, 3 sources DSR, 3 sources 2 8 AODV, 4 sources DSR, 4 sources Normalized MAC load Normalized MAC load (c) 3 sources - MAC load (d) 4 sources - MAC load Figure 4: Normalized MAC loads for the 5 node model with various numbers of sources.
11 than DSR (Fig. 4) for lower pause times. As the pause time is increased, the MAC load comparison goes against AODV. With increase in pause time, MAC load remains almost steady for AODV while it decreases significantly for DSR. This trend is seen regardless of the number of sources even though the margin of difference gets bigger for more sources. One interesting observation is that the delays for both protocols increase with 4 sources with very low mobility (see Fig. 2(d)). This is due to a high level of network congestion and multiple access interferences at certain regions of the ad hoc network. Neither protocol has any mechanism for load balancing, i.e., for choosing routes in such a way that the data traffic can be more evenly distributed in the network. This phenomenon is less visible with higher mobility where traffic automatically gets more evenly distributed due to source movements. A similar phenomenon was also observed in . For the node experiments, we have used, 2 and 4 sources. The packet rate is fixed at 4 packets/sec for and 2 sources, and 2 packets/sec for 4 sources. In Figs. 5 (a), (c) and (e), note that DSR has similar packet delivery performance as AODV for sources, however its performance gets much worse than AODV with larger number of sources. In particular, AODV has 22 4% higher packet delivery fraction than DSR for higher mobility scenarios. For sources, DSR and AODV have similar delays (Fig. 5(b)). However, DSR s delay performance again worsens with larger number of sources (Fig. 5(d) and (f)). The delays for DSR are larger than AODV by a factor of about 2 6 for high mobility, with the factor increasing with the number of sources. Unlike in the 5 node networks, the relative performance (both delivery fraction and delay) of AODV and DSR is consistent across almost all pause times. The difference in routing load for nodes (Fig. 6 (a), (c) and (e)) is not as pronounced as 5 nodes. In high mobility scenarios, the routing load of AODV is about twice as much as DSR with and 2 sources and about 5% higher than DSR for 4 sources. For both protocols, routing load drops with increase in pause time (decrease in mobility). Note that the routing load performance of DSR is no longer as stable as with 5 nodes. For nodes, comparing MAC load for the two protocols presents a different picture from 5 nodes (see Fig. 6 (b), (d) and (f)). DSR has significantly higher MAC load than AODV for all cases (different number of sources), except at very high pause times. In summary, when the number of sources is low, the performance (delivery fraction and delay) of DSR and AODV is similar regardless of mobility. With large number of sources, DSR delivers better performance under low mobility conditions. However, AODV starts outperforming DSR for high mobility scenarios. The point where AODV begins performing better than DSR seems to depend on the size of the network. As the data for 2 sources demonstrate, AODV starts outperforming DSR at a lower load with a larger number of nodes. This hypothesis is further reinforced in the following subsection with a load test. DSR always demonstrates a lower routing load than AODV. We found that major contribution to AODV s routing overhead is from route requests while route replies constitute a large fraction of DSR s routing overhead. Furthermore, AODV has more route requests than DSR and the converse is true for route replies. Note also that we have represented routing load in terms of packets and not in terms of bytes, as the cost to gain access to the radio medium dominates with the 82. MAC relative to per-byte transmission cost. The relative routing load differences will be much smaller if the comparison is made in terms of bytes, the reason being (i) DSR typically uses larger routing packets because of source routing, and (ii) DSR data packets carry routing information in the form of source routes and these could be counted as a part of routing load. A byte-wise routing load metric will be presented in the next subsection. Comparison of MAC load goes against DSR except under low mobility conditions. Notice that MAC load computation takes into account both the routing and control packets at the MAC layer. When only control packets were considered, we have seen that AODV always has lower load than DSR.
12 Packet delivery fraction (%) AODV, sources DSR, sources Avg. delay (sec) AODV, sources DSR, sources (a) sources - fraction (b) sources - delay Packet delivery fraction (%) AODV, 2 sources DSR, 2 sources Avg. delay (sec) AODV, 2 sources DSR, 2 sources (c) 2 sources - fraction (d) 2 sources - delay Packet delivery fraction (%) AODV, 4 sources DSR, 4 sources Avg. delay (sec) AODV, 4 sources DSR, 4 sources (e) 4 sources - fraction (f) 4 sources - delay Figure 5: Packet delivery fractions and average data packet delays for the node model with various numbers of sources.
13 9 8 AODV, sources DSR, sources 55 5 AODV, sources DSR, sources Normalized routing load Normalized MAC load (a) sources - routing load (b) sources - MAC load 9 8 AODV, 2 sources DSR, 2 sources 55 5 AODV, 2 sources DSR, 2 sources Normalized routing load Normalized MAC load (c) 2 sources - routing load (d) 2 sources - MAC load 9 8 AODV, 4 sources DSR, 4 sources 55 5 AODV, 4 sources DSR, 4 sources Normalized routing load Normalized MAC load (e) 4 sources - routing load (f) 4 sources - MAC load Figure 6: Normalized routing and MAC loads for the node model with various numbers of sources.
14 AODV throughput DSR throughput AODV route load DSR route load AODV throughput DSR throughput AODV route load DSR route load Kbits/sec 25 2 Kbits/sec Offered load (Kbits/sec) Offered load (Kbits/sec) (a) sources - throughput, routing load (b) 4 sources - throughput, routing load 2 AODV DSR 2 AODV DSR Avg. delay (sec).5 Avg. delay (sec) Offered load (Kbits/sec) Offered load (Kbits/sec) (c) sources - delay (d) 4 sources - delay Figure 7: Performance with increasing offered load for nodes with and 4 sources. 5.3 Varying offered load The next set of experiments (Fig. 7 and Fig. 8) demonstrate the effect of loading the network. We choose the highest mobility (i.e., zero pause time) to make the situation fairly challenging for the routing protocols. We use the node model and keep the number of sources fixed (we use or 4 sources). The packet rate is slowly increased until the throughput saturates. The throughput here represents the combined received throughput at the destinations of the data sources. The offered load in the performance plots indicate the combined sending rate of all data sources. Note that without any retransmission, the ratio of throughput and offered load is simply the packet delivery fraction. Here, we choose the units to be Kbits/sec (instead of packets/sec) to measure the simulated network capacity being used. In order to see how routing load compares with received throughput, we also show the routing load in Kbits/sec in the throughput plots. 4 In addition to throughput and average delay, we present normalized routing load and normalized MAC load for the two protocols to reason further about their performance differences with varying network load. With sources, DSR s throughput starts saturating only at an offered load of around 4 Kbits/sec 4 Here, DSR s routing load does not include the bits in the data packets used for source routes.
15 35 3 AODV DSR 35 3 AODV DSR Normalized routing load Normalized routing load Offered load (Kbits/sec) (a) sources - routing load Offered load (Kbits/sec) (b) 4 sources - routing load Normalized MAC load AODV DSR Normalized MAC load AODV DSR Offered load (Kbits/sec) (c) sources - MAC load Offered load (Kbits/sec) (d) 4 sources - MAC load Figure 8: Normalized routing and MAC loads with increasing offered load for nodes with and 4 sources.
16 (Fig. 7 (a)). This is due to a poor packet delivery fraction. AODV s throughput, however, increases further along, before finally starting to saturate around 7 Kbits/sec. AODV always has lower average delay than DSR (Fig. 7 (c)), until the point where DSR begins to saturate (around 4Kbits/sec). The comparison of delays beyond that point does not provide any useful insight as DSR loses more than half the packets. As expected, AODV generates higher routing load in Kbits/sec (Fig. 7 (a)) than DSR. The routing load comparison in packets after normalization (Fig. 8 (a)) also show similar behavior. However, The MAC load comparison shows a complete reversal of trends. AODV has, in fact, lower MAC load than DSR (Fig. 8 (c)). The qualitative scenario is similar with 4 sources (Fig. 7 (b) and (d)), but the quantitative picture is very different. Both AODV and DSR now saturate much earlier, AODV around 3 Kbits/sec and DSR around 2 Kbits/sec. DSR again performs poorly relative to AODV, saturating at a much lower offered load. As with sources, AODV has a better delay characteristic than DSR. One interesting difference for 4 sources is that now the routing load is much higher for both protocols. This is, however, expected, as four times as many sources will produce about four times as much routing load in an on-demand protocol, if the sources and destinations are widely distributed in the network. As before, AODV has a higher normalized routing load and lower normalized MAC load than DSR (Fig. 8 (b) and (d)). 6 Observations The simulation results bring out several important characteristic differences in the two on-demand protocols. We categorize and discuss them in this section. 6. Routing load and MAC overhead DSR almost always has a lower routing load than AODV. The difference is often significant (by a factor of up to 3), if the routing load is presented in terms of packet counts. Presenting routing loads in terms of bytes is, however, less impressive (at most about a factor of 2). By the virtue of aggressive caching, DSR is more likely to find a route in the cache and hence, resorts to route discovery less frequently than AODV. But DSR generates more replies and errors (gratuitous or otherwise). Thus, even with a carefully optimized route discovery process, we found that AODV s routing load was dominated by RREQ packets (often as much as 9% of all routing packets). DSR s routing load, on the other hand, was dominated by RREP packets, primarily due to multiple replies from the destination or potentially many cache replies. Roughly half of all routing packets in DSR were RREPs in many scenarios. In terms of absolute numbers, DSR always generated more RREP and RERR packets (usually by a factor of 2 4) than AODV, but significantly fewer RREQ packets (up to an order of magnitude for high mobilities). Thus, all the routing load savings for DSR came from a large saving on RREQs. But, this did not typically translate to a real decrease in the network load. The higher MAC load for DSR in more challenging situations (high mobility and/or high traffic load) is evidence of this fact. Our simulation results show that MAC load is a good measure for predicting application performance. Recall that RREPs are unicast in AODV and DSR and use the RTS/CTS/Data/ACK exchanges in the 82. MAC. RREQs, on the other hand, do not use any additional MAC control packets and thus have much less overhead. RERRs are handled differently in both the protocols. RERRs are unicast in DSR and, therefore, contribute to additional MAC overhead like RREPs. In AODV, RERRs are broadcast like RREQs and hence are less expensive. Consequently, when the MAC overhead was factored in, DSR was found to generate higher overall network load than AODV in all interesting scenarios (high mobility or high traffic), despite having far less routing overhead.
17 To further establish this point, we consider an example scenario and show detailed statistics at the application layer (Fig. 9(a)), the routing layer (Fig. 9(b)) and the MAC layer (Fig. 9(c)). This scenario corresponds to a network of nodes with zero pause time (constant mobility). Traffic in this example involves 4 CBR sources each generating packets at the rate of 2 per second, each of size 52 bytes. For this example, the application-oriented metrics (Fig. 9(a)) point out that AODV outperforms DSR by large margins. In particular, DSR has nearly 35% lower delivery fraction than AODV and has 5 times higher delay. Routing overhead (Fig. 9(b)) conforms to the general trend, i.e., RREQs dominate AODV s routing load while RREPs do so for DSR. Overall, routing overhead is substantially higher (about 75% more) in AODV than in DSR. Interestingly, the number of RREQs in AODV itself far exceeds the total number of routing packets in DSR. The statistics at the MAC layer (Fig. 9(c)), however, present a different picture. DSR has a larger number of MAC packets than AODV in this example. The number of RTS packets for DSR is also very high about 3 times the number of CTS packets. This is a result of the large number of RTS retransmissions due to collisions or link failures. The ratio of RTS to CTS packets is better (about 2) with AODV. The number of ACKs closely matches the sum of the data and unicast routing packets. Note that unicast routing packets for DSR comprise of both RREPs and RERRs as opposed to only RREPs for AODV. As expected, the relative number of routing packets at the MAC layer resembles the routing layer statistics. Most importantly, AODV transmits 4% more data packets than DSR at the MAC layer. The above observations are not just true for this specific scenario but are typically applicable for all stressful situations where AODV outperforms DSR. Hence, even if routing protocols are of the same nature (e.g., AODV and DSR are both on-demand) and appear very attractive in isolation, their actual performance is highly dependent on their interaction with lower layers. This indicates that careful attention must be paid to the inter-layer interactions when designing protocols for wireless ad hoc networks. 6.2 Effect of Mobility Our simulation results show that mobility affects the performance of AODV and DSR differently. In the presence of high mobility, link failures can happen very frequently. Link failures trigger new route discoveries in AODV as it has at most one route per destination in its routing table. Thus, the frequency of route discoveries in AODV is directly proportional to the number of route breaks. The reaction of DSR to link failures in comparison is mild and causes route discovery less often. The reason is the abundance of cached routes at each node. Thus, the route discovery is delayed in DSR until all cached routes fail. But with high mobility, the chances of the caches being stale is quite high in DSR. Eventually when a route discovery is initiated, the large number of replies received in response are associated with high MAC overhead and cause increased interference to data traffic. Hence, the cache staleness and high MAC overhead together result in significant degradation in performance for DSR in high mobility scenarios. Our simulation results show that this effect is more severe with large number of sources and for larger networks. With low mobility, the possibility of link failures is low. However, nodes usually get clustered with low mobility, an artifact of our node movement (random waypoint) model. This leads to network congestion in certain regions in the presence of high traffic. Congestion in turn causes link layer feedback to report link failures even when the nodes are relatively static and the physical link exists between nodes. Such spurious link failures lead to new route discoveries in AODV. DSR, in contrast, is largely unaffected by this problem at low mobility. DSR caches are nearly up-to-date in low mobility cases. Thus, even when a spurious link failure is reported, DSR benefits from caching considerably by salvaging at intermediate nodes and using alternate routes at the sources. Also, AODV timer-based route expiry mechanism could result in unnecessary route invalidations since the spacing between data packets using a route is critical to refreshing timers associated with that route at different nodes. The above effects of mobility are visible in particular for
18 Performance Metrics DSR AODV Packet delivery fraction (%) Average delay (sec) (a) Application Routing packets DSR AODV Route requests 37, ,94 Route replies 82,7 7,753 Route errors 26,59 9,88 Total 47,75 255,655 (b) Routing 4 2 x 3 ROUTE(BROADCAST) ROUTE(UNICAST) Total MAC Transmissi DATA ACK CTS RTS 2 DSR AODV (c) MAC Figure 9: Application, routing and MAC layer statistics for an example scenario for a network of nodes with zero pause time (constant mobility) and 4 CBR sources.
19 high traffic scenarios. Also, in reality, a combination of nodes with different mobility (different speeds and different pause times) can form an ad hoc network. In that case, it is hard to predict the relative performance of AODV and DSR. 6.3 Packet delivery and choice of routes DSR fared comparatively poorly for our application-oriented metrics (delivery fraction and delay) in more stressful situations (i.e., larger number of nodes, sources and/or higher mobility). However, DSR performed better in less stressful situations. The reason for both of these phenomena is the aggressive use of route caching in DSR. In our observation, such caching provides a significant benefit up to a certain extent. With higher loads the extent of caching is deemed too large to benefit performance. Often, stale routes are chosen as the route length (and not any freshness criterion) is the only metric used to pick routes from the cache when faced with multiple choices. Picking stale routes causes two problems (i) consumption of additional network bandwidth and interface queue slots even though the packet is eventually dropped or delayed, and (ii) possible pollution of caches in other nodes. Additional analysis of the performance data illustrates this point. Degradation of TCP performance due to stale routes in DSR was reported by Holland et al . The performance impact of various caching mechanisms for on-demand protocols was evaluated recently in , using DSR as a case study. We have also independently observed that cache expiry using suitable timeouts and wider propagation of route errors can improve the performance of DSR significantly. When compared to AODV, a much smaller number of packets was dropped in DSR for lack of route (e.g., indicating a high cache hit ratio); however, significantly more packets were dropped due to the interface queue being full. An efficient mechanism to age packets and drop aged packets from the network will improve delays in both protocols, particularly DSR. This could be achieved by decrementing the TTL field of a data packet at suitable intervals, when the packet waits in an interface queue. 6.4 Delay and choice of routes We found that the correlation between the end-to-end delay and number of hops is usually small (with the correlation coefficient often less than.), except at very low load. Further analysis of the simulation traces reveals that various buffering and queuing delays and time to gain access to the radio medium in a single congested node are often very large compared to the same delays in other nodes in a multi-hop route. Note that any route discovery latency is also included in the end-to-end delay. Even though more latency often indicates worse congestion, both protocols solely use hop-wise path length as the metric to choose between alternate routes. AODV has a somewhat better technique in this regard, as the destination replies only to the first arriving RREQ. This automatically favors the least congested route instead of the shortest route. In DSR, the destination replies to all RREQs, making it difficult to determine the least congested route. We found that DSR always had a shorter average path length compared to AODV (often 5 3% shorter), even though AODV often has less delay. In both protocols, careful use of congestion related metrics, such as interface queue lengths, could provide better performance. 6.5 Effect of loading the network In addition to the characteristic differences, our load tests in Fig. 7 show that network capacity is poorly utilized by the combination of the 82. MAC and on-demand routing. We found, via a separate measurement, the time average of the instantaneous network capacity is roughly 7 times the nominal channel bandwidth (2 Mbits/sec) for the highly mobile (zero pause) scenario with nodes. This measurement provides an upper bound on the capacity, assuming that each node is transmitting and is able to get a =(n +) fraction of the nominal channel bandwidth, where n is the number of neighbors of the node in the ad hoc
20 network. This means that the delivered throughput to the application was at most about 2 3% of the network capacity. This figure may seem low, but is justified given that (i) bandwidth consumed by the delivered data packets is in fact equal to delivered throughput times the average number of hops traversed (between 3 4 in these simulations), (ii) additional bandwidth is consumed by the data packets that are dropped, depending on the number of hops they travel before being dropped, (iii) routing load consumes a significant portion of the bandwidth in addition to MAC control packets (e.g., RTS, CTS etc.), and (iv) RTS/CTS/Data/ACK exchanges for reliable delivery of unicast packets often slow down packet transmissions. In particular, we found that in stressful situations (high mobility and/or load) the number of RTSs sent is often twice as much as the number of CTSs received. This is due to frequent RTS retransmissions for errors due to collisions or link loss. Note that RTS packets themselves are exposed to the hidden terminal problem. As discussed before, with more unicast routing packets, DSR suffers from this phenomenon more than AODV. 7 Related Work Two recent efforts are the most related to our work, as they use the same ns-2-based simulation environment. Broch, Maltz, Johnson, Hu and Jetcheva, the original authors of the simulation model, evaluated four ad hoc routing protocols including AODV and DSR . They used only 5 node models with similar mobility and traffic scenarios that we used. Traffic loads are kept low (4 packets/sec, 3 sources, 64 byte packets). Packet delivery fraction, number of routing packets and distribution of path lengths were used as performance metrics. An earlier version of AODV was used without the query control optimizations. DSR demonstrated vastly superior routing load performance, and somewhat superior packet delivery and route length performance. This is along the line of our observations for the loads that were considered. Routing load performance and packet delivery ratio has improved, however, in the current AODV model for comparable loads, though DSR remains a superior protocol for low loads with small number of nodes. A more recent work, Johansson, Larssson, Hedman and Mielczarek  extended the above work by using new mobility models. To characterize these models, a new mobility metric is introduced that measures mobility in terms of relative speeds of the nodes rather than absolute speeds and pause times. Again, only 5 nodes were used. A limited amount of load test was performed, but the number of sources were always small (5). Throughput, delay and routing load (both in number of packets and bytes) were measured. The AODV model used hello messages for neighborhood detection in addition to the link layer feedback. The DSR model did not use promiscuous listening thus losing some of its advantages. In spite of the differences in the model implementations, the overall observation was similar to ours. In low loads DSR was more effective, while AODV was more effective at higher loads. The packet-wise routing load of DSR was almost always significantly lower than AODV, however, though the byte-wise routing load was often comparable. The authors attributed the comparative poor performance of DSR to the source-routing overheads in data packets. They used small data packets (64 bytes) thus making things somewhat unfavorable for DSR. With 52 byte packets, we didn t find source routing overhead to be a very significant performance issue for the node populations we studied. Other papers have compared the performance of these two on-demand protocols, including . The performance of the two protocols was found to be similar. However, the simulation environment was rather limited, with no link or physical layer models. The routing protocol models also did not include many useful optimizations. Comparisons aside, several recent papers have dealt with DSR s caching performance, an important performance determinant in our experience as presented in this paper. In , authors concluded that even though many cache replies carried stale routes, route maintenance in DSR is able to adapt and deliver good performance. However, Holland et al  have shown that the stale caches in DSR have a harmful effect
21 on the TCP performance and observed that performance could be improved by switching off replies from caches. More recently, the effects of cache structure, cache capacity, cache timeouts and mobility patterns on the performance of DSR were studied . It was observed that, in general, expiration of cached routes improved performance. 8 Conclusions We have compared the performance of DSR and AODV, two prominent on-demand routing protocols for ad hoc networks. DSR and AODV both use on-demand route discovery, but with different routing mechanics. In particular, DSR uses source routing and route caches and does not depend on any periodic or timer-based activities. DSR exploits caching aggressively and maintains multiple routes per destination. AODV, on the other hand, uses routing tables, one route per destination, and destination sequence numbers, a mechanism to prevent loops and to determine freshness of routes. We used a detailed simulation model to demonstrate the performance characteristics of the two protocols. The general observation from the simulation is that for application oriented metrics such as delay and throughput, DSR outperforms AODV in less stressful situations, i.e., smaller number of nodes and lower load and/or mobility. AODV, however, outperforms DSR in more stressful situations, with widening performance gaps with increasing stress (e.g., more load, higher mobility). DSR, however, consistently generates less routing load than AODV. The poor delay and throughput performances of DSR are mainly attributed to aggressive use of caching, and lack of any mechanism to expire stale routes or to determine the freshness of routes when multiple choices are available. Aggressive caching, however, seems to help DSR at low loads and also keeps its routing load down. We believe that mechanisms to expire routes and/or determine freshness of routes in the route cache will benefit DSR s performance significantly. Concurrently with our work, the performance effects of various route caching strategies have been recently explored in . On the other hand, AODV s routing loads can be reduced considerably by source routing the request and reply packets in the route discovery process. Since AODV keeps track of actively used routes, multiple actively used destinations also can be searched using a single route discovery flood to control routing load. In general, it was observed that both protocols could benefit (i) from using congestion-related metrics (such as queue lengths) to evaluate routes instead of emphasizing the hop-wise shortest routes, and (ii) by removing aged packets from the network. The aged packets are typically not important for the upper layer protocol, because they will probably be retransmitted. These stale packets do contribute unnecessarily to the load in the routing layer. We also observed that the interplay between the routing and MAC layers could affect performance significantly. For example, even though DSR generated much fewer routing packets overall, it generated more unicast routing packets which were expensive in the 82. MAC layer we used. Thus DSR s apparent savings on routing load did not translate to an expected reduction on the real load on the network. This observation also emphasizes the critical need for studying interactions between protocol layers when designing wireless network protocols. References  V. Bharghavan, A. Demers, S. Shenker, and L. Zhang. MACAW: A media access protocol for wireless LAN s. In Proceedings of ACM SIGCOMM 94, pages , August 994.  J. Broch, D. Johnson, and D. Maltz. The dynamic source routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks. Oct 999. IETF Internet Draft (work in progress).

domain: design


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Eugene Fischer is writer living in Austin, Texas. His work has been published in Asimov’s Science Fiction and Strange Horizons, and been optioned for television. He’s won the James Tiptree, Jr. Literary Award, been second place winner of the Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award, and been a finalist for the Nebula Award. He studied physics at Trinity University, got an MFA from the Iowa Writers’ Workshop, and is a graduate of the Clarion Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers’ Workshop. He was a Teaching/Writing Fellow and later an adjunct professor at the University of Iowa, where he created an undergraduate course on Writing and Reading Science Fiction, the school’s first creative science fiction class. He has also worked with the nonprofit Austin Bat Cave to create a science fiction writing summer camp for children. Folks he knows call him E. J.
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