President Biden’s decision to remove the U.S. military presence in Afghanistan has occasioned heated debate; I will not address that question. In announcing his decision, the president promised that America’s support for Afghanistan will endure and include diplomatic, economic and military support, thus implying that the Afghan government will have substantial assistance as it continues to confront the Taliban.
What has gone largely unnoticed is that the president’s promise of continued support is being incrementally and quietly undermined with each passing day, creating a situation that sadly reminds many analysts of the promises to the South Vietnamese that we made and broke.
The most important of those promises was to protect those who served closely with us and shared the risks our soldiers took. They and their families will be at terrible risk if taken by the Taliban, and some 18,000 have applied for Special Immigrant Visas. These applications are going nowhere quickly, and as our troops are withdrawn their plight is becoming desperate.
The decision to withdraw all military assets from Afghanistan was not made under pressure of “force majeure.” Yes, it became our longest war, but there was no political tidal wave of protest against maintaining in Afghanistan a military presence in that is smaller than that in many other areas such as Germany, South Korea, Italy, Japan and various locations throughout the Middle East and Africa. American causalities in Afghanistan have fallen significantly. It has been more than a year since the last U.S. death was attributable to hostile action — this is a presence rather than a war.
The president’s promise of continued support is looking more and more hollow. This withdrawal was launched without first securing access to facilities in nearby countries to position the assets that are needed to fulfill commitments. We have already told Kabul that American air support will not be forthcoming.
Our ability to collect intelligence to help the fight against the Taliban will be significantly degraded. The Afghanistan Air Force (which gets high marks for effectiveness) is already deteriorating and will become combat ineffective with the withdrawal of American contractors who provide essential maintenance capacity. In brief, President Biden’s recent promise will have a very short half-life.
The duration of the American military presence in Afghanistan was never carved in stone. But one promise endorsed by every American administration was that we would take special measures to protect those Afghans (and immediate family members) who worked closely with us, shared the risks our soldiers encountered and who would be in terrible jeopardy if taken by the Taliban.
The vehicle to fulfill that promise is known as a Special Immigrant Visa or SIV. Obtaining a SIV is a time consuming process even when travel and communication within Afghanistan are easy. Approximately 18,000 Afghans have applied for SIVs with the average processing time of 900 days. One complicating factor is that our Embassy in Kabul has ceased visa issuance due to concerns about COVID-19.
Given that our troops are expected to be out of Afghanistan by July 4, it is obvious that this process will be nowhere near complete prior to our departure.
But we have dealt successfully with this type of challenge in the past. In the 1970s, we established refugee processing centers in Asia and provided safe haven for those who ultimately hoped to come to the U.S. or other countries. It would be far easier politically to establish such centers today than to find countries willing to host our military operations.
The Biden administration should press our NATO allies to share the resettlement burden. But it takes energetic leadership and a real commitment to immediate action by Mr. Biden. Today, those essential conditions have not been seen. Most of those 18,000 Afghans will be left behind. Their fate at the hands of the Taliban will be America’s indelible moral stain.
• Matt Daley is an editor of the Chesapeake Observer and former deputy assistant secretary of state for Southeast Asia. As a foreign service officer, he was frequently involved in efforts to sustain first asylum for refugees fleeing Burma, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam as well as supporting robust resettlement programs.
Copyright © 2021 The Washington Times, LLC.


text:
THE fossilised remains of a 180-million year-old ichthyosaur, also known as a
‘sea dragon’, have been discovered at popular trout and predator-fishing venue Rutland Water.
Measuring 30ft long and with a massive skull weighing around a ton, ichthyosaurs resembled dolphins in appearance. They went extinct 90 million years ago
The fossil was discovered by Joe Davis, Conservation Team Leader at the Leicestershire and Rutland Wildlife Trust, during routine relandscaping work.
“It’s amazing to think that this creature was once swimming in seas above us, and now Rutland Water is once again a haven for wetland wildlife, albeit on a smaller scale!” he said.
Palaeontologist Dr Dean Lomax added:
“It’s a truly unprecedented discovery and one of the greatest finds in British paleontological history.”

domain: news


text:
Salt Lake City — (KUTV) His words were brief, startling and unmistakable.
State Sen. Steve Urquhart, a Mormon, criticized his own church for its stance on hate crimes legislation he is sponsoring, insisting the measure would better protect not just gays, but a wide range of people from different religions and races.
"I apologize to the Jewish community and to the State of Utah that legal protections will not be provided against such threats, because of a press release issued by my church," said Urquhart, flanked by LGBT activists and several representatives of other religions.
Urquhart's comments were just one day after the LDS Church came out against his new hate crimes bill.
"The Utah Legislature achieved something extraordinary last year in arriving at legislation that protected both religious liberty rights and LGBT rights," the church said in a statement. "Interests from both ends of the political spectrum are attempting to alter that balance. We believe that the careful balance achieved through being fair to all should be maintained."
Lawmakers in 2015 passed a bill banning discrimination against gays in housing and employment, but also protecting workers who express their religious beliefs in, and outside the workplace.
Urquhart maintained his new measure -- which would enhance criminal penalties for crimes motivated by hate -- is balanced.
"It is our church which has specifically rejected that balanced approach."
Mormon legislators seldom, if ever, are publicly that blunt.
Asked if the bill is now dead, as Urquhart suggested, Senate President Wayne Niederhauser pledged it will get its day before the upper body.
"That bill is going to come up," said Niederhauser. "It will get a vote in the Senate."
He speculated the LDS Church statement may have swayed a couple of senators to vote against the measure, but significant opposition had developed even before the church took a public stance.
"When I was a child in a dark situation, the Mormon Church shined a light in my life," said Urquhart. But he said the "light has flickered on LGBT issues," adding that with the recent press release, "that light went out."
2News contacted the LDS Church Public Affairs Office, asking if it had a statement in response to Urquhart. We were told, at least for the time being, it has no statement.
Follow Brian Mullahy on Twitter @BMullahy2News for breaking news, updates and more.

domain: politics


In the same way as for Windows, you need to set up your sound card to make the most of the possibilities offered by your installation, i.e. the speakers built into your iMac/MacBook or an externally connected 5.1 system for example.
Start by opening Audio and MIDI configuration via Spotlight.
Default use case: built-in stereo speakers
In the left column, click on Integrated output. In the right column, use both drop-down lists at format level to define the maximum sound quality i.e. 96,000 hz, 2 channels, 24 bits.
You can also set the power in dB (decibels) of your speakers separately.
Use case: external sound card + set 5.1
It is quite regrettable that the iMac does not integrate (even optionally) a sound card 5.1 see 7.1 as is the case on any basic PC. One solution is to plug in a 5.1 sound card externally compatible MacOS: and the builders don't rush to that level. Hercules offers the Muse XL Pocket LT3, only sound card to date (except my mistake) able to make 5.1 on Mac, all in jack cables.
Even if their site indicates that the map only offers stereo on Mac, I will show you the opposite of that step. In the window Audio and MIDI configuration, click on Muse Pocket LT3. In the right column, click on the tab Output if the latter is not active. As before, use drop-down lists to define sound quality, either 48,000 hz, 6 16-bit channels for 5.1. Here again, you have the option of adjusting the sound of each speaker separately (rather convenient to boost the rear for example).
Note that the sound card is not capable of producing a quality above 16 bits (e.g. 24 bits), which is the case on Windows. It’s too bad...
Then click on the button Configuring Speakers.
Check first (if not), Multichannels (top) and select from the drop down list 5.1 surround.
This window allows you to test the positioning of each speaker. To do this, click on centre for example, to hear a sound in this speaker only (think to lower the sound before clicking). Then use the drop-down lists to change the order.
Click on Apply then Finish to validate your changes.
Finally, don't forget to set your sound card as the default output audio device:
Now insert a DVD into your Mac’s optical drive and play it using VLC, downloadable for free below:
Why don't you use the DVD Player app? Strangely, only VLC is capable of restoring sound 5.1.
Your installation, stereo or 5.1, is now correctly configured: you get the best sound quality ever!


text:
Published by Concordia Publishing House
3558 S. Jefferson Ave., St. Louis, MO 63118–3968
1-800-325-3040 • www.cph.org
Copyright © 2016 Bryan Wolfmueller
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of
Concordia Publishing House.
Unless otherwise indicated, Scripture quotations are from the ESV® Bible (The Holy
Bible, English Standard Version®), copyright © 2001 by Crossway, a division of Good
News Publishers. Used by permission. All rights reserved.
Scripture quotations marked NKJV TM are from the New King James Version®. Copyright
© 1982 by Thomas Nelson, Inc. Used by permission. All rights reserved.
The quotations from the Lutheran Confessions in this publication are from Concordia:
The Lutheran Confessions, second edition; edited by Paul McCain et al., copyright
© 2006 Concordia Publishing House. All rights reserved.
Quotations marked LW are from Luther’s Works, American Edition. General editors:
Jaroslav Pelikan, Helmut T. Lehmann, Christopher Boyd Brown, and Benjamin T. G.
Mayes. 75 vols. St. Louis: Concordia, and Philadelphia: Muhlenberg and Fortress,
Small Catechism quotations are from Luther’s Small Catechism with Explanation,
copyright © 1986, 1991 Concordia Publishing House. All rights reserved.
All photos © iStock by Getty.
Manufactured in the United States of America
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Wolfmueller, Bryan, author.
Title: Has American Christianity failed? / Bryan Wolfmueller.
Description: St. Louis : Concordia Publishing House, 2016. | Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016008215 (print) | LCCN 2016009123 (ebook) | ISBN
9780758649416 (alk. paper) | ISBN 9780758649423 ()
Subjects: LCSH: Lutheran Church—Doctrines. | Evangelicalism—United States.
Classification: LCC BX8065.3 .W65 2016 (print) | LCC BX8065.3 (ebook) | DDC
LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2016008215
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16

domain: literature


text:
Since the Edelman company began tracking trust with its Trust Barometer, never has the world seen such an “implosion of trust.” In 2017, two-thirds of countries fell into “distruster” territory with trust levels of below 50 percent. Governments are now distrusted by investors in 75 percent of countries, and the same is the case for business in 46 percent.
Ugandan’s access to financial services has improved dramatically in recent years. More than half of Uganda’s adult population now has access to an account at a formal financial institution. This is almost twice as many as in 2009. The entry and fast penetration of mobile money is the main reason for the increase, having allowed 8 million Ugandans to conduct financial transactions.
In Addis Ababa, Ethiopia’s sprawling capital, Mulu Warsa has found a formal-sector job as a factory worker thanks to her high school education. In Niamey, a city at the heart of the Sahel region, Mohamed Boubacar is a young apprentice training to be a carpenter. And in Sagrosa, a village in Kenya’s remote Tana Delta district, Felix Roa, who works on a family farm and runs a small shop, dreams of a better life if he can find the money to expand the business and move to a more urban area. His family is too poor to support him through secondary school.

domain: geography


text:
PHOTOGRAPHS By Bob Capazzo
What: Greenwich Tree Conservancy Celebrates It’s Donors
Where: Sam Bridge Nursery & Greenhouses
When: Thursday, November 20, 2014
The Greenwich Tree Conservancy held a celebration at Sam Bridge’s new greenhouse on November 20th. The event was the first of it’s kind for the Greenwich Tree Conservancy and was a thank you party for all of their long-time donors, major donors and friends that have made a major difference for them in the last 8 years. Guests enjoyed a wine tasting donated by Horseneck Liquors as well as Sam Bridge’s festive holiday venue.
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text:
|Publication number||US4847364 A|
|Application number||US 07/062,418|
|Publication date||Jul 11, 1989|
|Filing date||Jun 16, 1987|
|Priority date||Aug 22, 1984|
|Also published as||CA1261822A, CA1261822A1, DE3571630D1, DE3575572D1, EP0176472A1, EP0176472B1, EP0176473A1, EP0176473B1, EP0176474A1, US4754021, US4883866|
|Publication number||062418, 07062418, US 4847364 A, US 4847364A, US-A-4847364, US4847364 A, US4847364A|
|Original Assignee||Moeckli Peter|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (14), Non-Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (17), Classifications (26), Legal Events (6)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
This application is a continuation, of now abandoned application Ser. No. 767,913, filed Aug. 21, 1985.
The invention relates to novel methine-azo compounds, to processes for their preparation, and their use as dyes for dyeing and printing cationically dyeable substrates, especially paper.
The novel compounds according to the invention have the formula ##STR2## in which
A is the complement to a heterocyclic 5- or 6-membered ring which has a quaternised N atom as a ring member, which can contain further hetero atoms and which can be substituted or/and be fused with carbocyclic or heterocyclic rings,
R is hydrogen, cyano or C2 -C3 -alkylene which is bonded to an N atom of ring A to form a 5- or 6-membered ring,
B is substituted or unsubstituted phenylene or naphthylene,
X⊖ is an anion and
KK is the radical of an open-chain coupling component which contains active methylene groups, except that, if A is the complement to a pyridinium ring, KK cannot be the radical of acetoacetanilide which is unsubstituted or alkyl-substituted in the aniline ring.
In particularly noteworthy compounds of the formula (I), A, R, B and X⊖ are as defined in the formula (I) and KK is the radical of an open-chain coupling component which contains active methylene groups, except for the radical of unsubstituted acetoacetanilide or of acetoacetanilide which is alkyl-substitute the aniline ring.
A and the ##STR3## configuration together are a heterocyclic 5- or 6- membered ring which contains a quaternized N atom as a ring member. This ring can also contain further hetero atoms (N, O or S), for example one or two, in particular one. This ring can be fused with one or more heterocyclic or preferably carbocyclic rings, in particular a benzo or naphtho ring. The stated rings and ring systems can also carry further substituents, except for the substituent on the N atom which leads to quaternisation thereof. Examples of such substituents are nitro, halogen, cyano, C1 -C4 -alkyl, C1 -C4 -alkoxy, acetylamino and dimethylamino. The substituent on the quaternised nitrogen atom can be for example phenyl, C1 -C8 -alkyl, C2 -C8 -alkenyl or C3 -C6 -cycloalkyl, it being possible for the alkyl, alkenyl or cycloalkyl chain to be interrupted by oxygen or nitrogen atoms and/or be substituted by halogen, cyano, hydroxyl, alkoxy, phenyl, phenoxy, dialkylamino, trialkylammonium, acetylamino, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylsulfonyl, phenylsulfonyl, benzylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonamido, phenylsulfonamido, benzylsulfonamido, alkylcarbonylamino, benzoyl, benzoylamino, alkylcarbamoyl, phenylcarbamoyl, benzylcarbamoyl, alkylcarbamoyloxy, phenylcarbamoyloxy or benzylcarbamoyloxy.
A is for example the complement to a pyrimidine, pyridine, quinoline, thiazole, imidazole, oxazole or pyrrole ring, it being possible for these rings, which are quaternised at the N atom, to be fused with carbocyclic rings, preferably with a benzo or naphtho ring, and to be further substituted. Examples of substituents on the quaternised N atom and of additional substituents are listed in the preceding paragraph.
In practically important compounds of the formula (I), A is the complement to one of the following rings: ##STR4## it being possible for these rings to be substituted, in addition to the substituents, R1 -R5, by nitro, halogen, cyano, C1 -C4 -alkyl, C1 -C4 -alkoxy, acetylamino or dimethylamino, and in which R1, R2, R3 and R4, independently of one another, are C1 -C8 -alkyl, C2 -C8 -alkenyl, or C3 -C6 -cycloalkyl, it being possible for the alkyl, alkenyl or cycloalkyl chain to be interrupted by oxygen or nitrogen atoms and/or be substituted by halogen, cyano, hydroxyl, alkoxy, phenyl, phenoxy, dialkylamino, trialkylammonium, acetylamino, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylsulfonyl, phenylsulfonyl, benzylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonamido, phenylsulfonamido, benzylsulfonamido, alkylcarbonylamino, benzoyl, benzoylamino, alkylcarbamoyl, phenylcarbamoyl, benzylcarbamoyl, alkylcarbamoyloxy, phenylcarbamoyloxy or benzylcarbamoyloxy, and R5 is phenyl or is defined as R1.
A is in particular the complement to one of the following rings: ##STR5## in which R'1 and R'2, independently of each other, are C1 -C4 -alkyl benzyl, cyclohexyl, hydroxyalkyl or C3 -C4 -alkenyl and the stated rings are otherwise unsubstituted or substituted by halogen, cyano, C1 -C4 -alkyl, C1 -C4 -hydroxyalkyl or C1 -C4 -alkoxy.
A is particularly preferably the complement to a pyridine ring which can be substituted and/or fused with carbocyclic rings, preferred fused-on rings and substituents being mentioned above. A is in particular the complement to a pyridine ring whose N atom is quaternised with C1 -C4 -alkyl, especially methyl, and which can be additionally substituted by one or two C1 -C4 -alkyl groups, the tank to the ##STR6## group being effected in the 2- or 4-position.
In likewise noteworthy compounds of the formula (I), A is the complement to a pyridinium or 3,3-dimethylindoleninium ring of the above formulae in which R1 is methyl.
A C2 -C3 -alkylene group R which is bonded to an N atom of ring A to form a 5- or 6-membered ring has for example the following structures: ##STR7## and similar. However, preferably R is hydrogen.
Examples of possible substituents in the phenylene or naphthylene ring B are: C1 -C4 -alkyl (for example methyl, ethyl, n- and iso-propyl), C1 -C4 -alkoxy (for example methoxy, ethoxy, n-butoxy, dimethylaminoethoxy, trimethylaminoethoxy), halogen (for example fluorine, chlorine, bromine), SO3 H and acylamino (for example acetylamino). In preferred compounds, B is unsubstituted phenylene, in particular 1,4-phenylene.
KK is the radical of an open-chain coupling component which contains one or more, preferably one, active methylene group(s) and which is customary in azo chemistry, in particular in the chemistry of azo dyes.
KK is for example the radical of a coupling component from the group of the derivatives of acetoacetic acid, of malonic acid or of cyanoacetic acid, especially the radical of an acetoacetylamide or acetoacetyl ester coupling component.
Examples of open-chain coupling components having an active methylene group are: (a) esters and amides of acetoacetic acid: such esters and amides can be easily prepared by reacting OH- and NH-containing compounds with diketene, as described for example in Houben-Weyl, Methoden der organischen Chemie [Methods of organic chemistry], volume 7, part 4, oxygen compounds II. Such coupling components have for example the formula:
Z--CH.sub.2 --CO--CH.sub.2 --CO--R.sub.44
in which R44 is substituted or substituted alkoxy having 1-8 carbon atoms or cycloalkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted benzyloxy or phenoxy which can be substituted by C1 -C4 -alkyl, C1 -C4 -alkoxy, halogen, acylamino, carboxamido, sulfonamido, dialkylamino, C1 -C4 -alkylcarbonyl, C1 -C4 -alkoxycarbonyl, OH or phenyl.
R44 is also a radical of the formula ##STR8## in which R45 is C1 -C4 -alkyl or preferably hydrogen and R46 is hydrogen, substituted (for example by halogen, OH, alkoxy or amino) or unsubstituted C1 -C8 -alkyl or cycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted benzyl or a phenyl radical of the formula ##STR9## in which R47 is hydrogen, C1 -C4 -alkyl, C1 -C4 -alkoxy, halogen, cyano, nitro, OH, dialkylamino, phenylamino, ##STR10## phenyl acylamino, substituted or unsubstited carboxamido, substituted or unsubstituted sulfonamido, C1 -C4 -alkylcarbonyl, C1 -C4 -alkoxycarbonyl, C1 -C4 -alkylsulfonyl, a radical of the formula --(CH2)w --K⊕An⊖ from DE-A-No. 3,133,360, where K⊕ is an aliphatic or aromatic ammonium group, for example ##STR11## An⊖ is an anion, and w is 1 or 2, a radical of the formula ##STR12## from DE-A-3,231,398, preferably ##STR13##
R48, independently of R47, is hydrogen, C1 -C4 -alkyl, C1 -C4 -alkoxy or halogen; R49 independently of R47 and R48, is hydrogen, halogen or C1 -C4 -alkyl.
R46 can also be, together with R45 and optionally with the inclusion of further hetero atoms, a 5- or 6-membered saturated or unsaturated ring, for example of the formula ##STR14## R44 is also defined as a heterocyclic amino, for example of the formula ##STR15## where R50 is methyl, ethyl, methoxy, ethoxy or preferably hydrogen or acetylamino.
R44 also is a radical of the formula ##STR16## where R45 is as defined above and R51 is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl having 1-8 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, phenylamino, alkoxy or phenoxy and R52 and R53, independently of each other, are hydrogen, C1 -C4 -alkyl, C1 -C4 -alkoxy, halogen or dialkylamino.
Z is halogen or preferably hydrogen or an aliphatic or aromatic, substituted or unsubstituted amino or ammonium group as described in EP-A-16,726 and EP-A-97,232, for example of the formula ##STR17##
(b) esters and amides of malonic acid as coupling components have for example the formula ##STR18## where R44 is as defined above, for example ##STR19##
(c) esters and amides of cyanoacetic acid as coupling components have for example the formula ##STR20## where R44 is as defined above, for example ##STR21##
As far as in the above definitions alkyl groups, as such or as part of assembled groups, are referred to as "substituted or unsubstituted" examples of possible substituents, unless otherwise stated, are: hydroxyl, cyano, halogen (for example Cl, Br), C1 -C4 -alkoxy, phenyl (which can be substituted 1-3 times by halogen, methyl or methoxy), amino, alkylamino or dialkylamino. Again, unless otherwise stated, alkyl groups have, as such or as part of assembled groups, preferably 1-8, in particular 1-4, C atoms, and cycloalkyl groups preferably have 5 or 6 C atoms.
In noteworthy compounds of the formula (I), KK is the radical of a coupling component of the formula
Z--CH.sub.2 --CO--CH.sub.2 --CO--R.sub.6, R.sub.6 --CO--CH.sub.2 --CO--R.sub.6 or NC--CH.sub.2 --CO--R.sub.6
in which Z is hydrogen, halogen or a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic amino or ammonium group, in particular of the formula ##STR22## R6 is substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, benzyloxy or phenoxy, unsubstituted or monosubstituted or disubstituted amino or a 5- or 6-membered cyclic saturated or unsaturated amino group, the radicals of coupling components of the formula
Z--CH.sub.2 --CO--CH.sub.2 --CO--R.sub.6 (II)
In particular KK is the radical of a coupling component of the formula II in which
R6 is alkoxy having 1-8 carbon atoms or cycloalkoxy, benzyloxy or phenoxy, the stated groups being unsubstituted or substituted by C1 -C4 -alkyl, C1 -C4 -alkoxy, halogen, acylamino, carboxamido, sulfonamido, dialkylamino, C1 -C4 -alkylcarbonyl, C1 -C4 -alkoxycarbonyl, hydroxyl or phenyl; or
R6 is a radical of the formula ##STR23## where
R7 is C1 -C4 -alkyl or hydrogen and
R8 is substituted or unsubstituted C1 -C8 -alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted benzyl or a phenyl radical of the formula ##STR24## in which
R9 is hydrogen, C1 -C4 -alkyl, C1 -C4 -alkoxy, halogen, cyano, nitro, dialkylamino, phenylamino, ##STR25## phenyl, acylamino, carboxamido, sulfonamido, C1 -C4 -alkylcarbonyl, C1 -C4 -alkoxycarbonyl, C1 -C4 -alkylsulfonyl, a radical of the formula --(CH2)w --K⊕An⊖, where K⊕ is an aliphatic or aromatic ammonium group, An⊖ is an anion and w is 1 or 2; or a radical of the formula ##STR26##
R10 is hydrogen, C1 -C4 -alkoxy or halogen and
R11 is hydrogen, halogen or C1 -C4 -alkyl; or where
R8, together with R7 and optionally with the inclusion of further hetero atoms, is a 5- or 6-membered, saturated or unsaturated ring; or in which
R6 is an amino group which is substituted by a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic ring or is a group of the formula ##STR27## in which
R7 is as defined above and
R12 is substituted or unsubstituted C1 -C8 -alkyl, cycloalkyl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, phenylamino, alkoxy or phenoxy and
R13 and R14, independently of each other, are hydrogen, C1 -C4 -alkyl, C1 -C4 -alkoxy, halogen or dialkylamino.
R7 is preferably hydrogen. As far as in the above definitions alkyl groups, as such or as part of assembled groups, are referred to as "substituted or unsubstituted" examples of possible substituents, unless otherwise stated, are: hydroxyl, cyano, halogen (for example Cl, Br), C1 -C4 -alkoxy, phenyl (which can be substituted 1-3 times by halogen, methyl or methoxy), amino, alkylamino or dialkylamino. Again, unless otherwise stated, alkyl groups have, as such or as part of assembled groups, preferably 1-8 in particular 1-4, C atoms, and cycloalkyl groups preferably have 5 or 6 C atoms.
A substituted alkyl radical R8 preferably carries as substituents halogen, hydroxyl, alkoxy or amino. A benzyl radical (for example R8) can have the same substituents as described above for a phenyl radical, in particular 1-3 substituents from the group comprising C1 -C4 -alkyl, C1 -C4 -alkoxy, halogen, hydroxyl, amino, alkylamino and alkylamino. Suitable radicals of the formula --(CH2)w --K⊕An⊖ are in particular those described in DE-A-3,133,360. Examples of K⊕ are ##STR28##
Preferred 5- or 6-membered rings as substituent R8 are those of the formula ##STR29##
Examples of amino groups which are substituted by substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic radicals and which are used as substituents R6 are those of the formula --NR14 in which R14 is a substituted or unsubstituted mononuclear or binuclear heterocyclic radical which contain 5- or 6-membered, carbocyclic and heterocyclic rings having 1 or 2 N, O or/and S atoms as ring members, in particular those of the formula ##STR30## where R50 is methyl, ethyl, methoxy, ethoxy or preferably hydrogen or acetylamino.
In the abovementioned coupling components derived from derivatives of acetoacetic acid, Z is preferably hydrogen. In the entire description, halogen is to be understood as meaning F, Cl, Br or I, preferably Cl or Br.
In the coupling components of the formula (II), R6 is in particular ##STR31## or --NH--R14, where R7 and R8 are as defined are above and
R14 is a substituted or unsubstituted mononuclear or binuclear heterocyclic radical which contains 5- or 6-membered, carbocyclic and heterocyclic rings having 1 or 2 N, O or/and S atoms as ring members. Examples of such rings are those of the formulae (IIIa-i).
Of particular practical importance are those compounds of the formula (I) in which R is hydrogen, B is phenylene, A is the complement to a ring of the formula ##STR32## in which R'1 and R"2 are each C1 -C4 -alkyl, preferably methyl, benzyl or C1 -C4 -hydroxylalkyl, preferably hydroxy
ethyl, and KK is a radical of the formula ##STR33## in which Z is hydrogen, halogen or ##STR34## preferably hydrogen, and R15 is --OR16, in which R16 is C1 -C4 -alkyl or phenyl, or --NH--R17 or ##STR35## in which R18 is C1 -C4 -alkyl, R19 is C1 -C4 -alkyl or phenyl or R18 and R19 together the complement to a morpholine, piperidine, piperazine, pyrrolidine or ##STR36## ring and R17 is hydrogen, C1 -C4 -alkyl, phenyl-(C1 -C4)-alkyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexyl-(C1 -C4)-alkyl, benzoyl, naphthyl or a group of the formula ##STR37## where R20 is hydrogen, halogen, C1 -C4 -alkyl or C1 -C4 -alkoxy, R21 is hydrogen, halogen, C1 -C4 -alkyl, C1 -C4 -alkoxy, --NHCO-alkyl(C1 -C4) or --SO2 NH2, R22 is hydrogen, halogen, C1 -C4 -alkyl of C1 -C4 -alkoxy and R23 is hydrogen or halogen, in particular those in which at least one of the radicals R21, R22 and R23 is different from hydrogen and C1 -C4 -alkyl.
Preference is given in particular to those compounds the formula of the formula (I) in which A is the complement to a ring of the formula ##STR38## B is 1,4-phenylene, Z is hydrogen and R15 is --NH--R'17 in which R17 is benzoyl, naphthyl, ##STR39## where R'21 is C1 -C4 -alkoxy or NHCO--(C1 -C4)-alkyl and R'22 is hydrogen, C1 -C4 -alkyl or C1 -C4 -alkoxy and R'20 is hydrogen or C1 -C4 -alkoxy.
It will be readily understood that the radicals of acetoacetic acid derivatives can be written in various tautomeric forms, for example ##STR40## If one of these forms is used, this of course means that all possible tautomeric forms are included.
The anions X⊖ in the compounds of the formula (I) can be in the case customary colourless organic and inorganic anions; examples are: chloride, bromide, iodide, hydroxyl, hydrogensulfate, sulfate, nitrate, dihydrogen phosphate, hydrogenphosphate, phosphate, carbonate, methosulfate, ethosulfate, acetate, propionate, benzenesulfonate, toluenesulfonate, formate, lactate, oxalate and methoxyacetate; but it is possible for mixtures of various anions to be present.
The charge on the methine-azo compounds of the formula (I) according to the invention is by definition cationic. Since these compounds can also contain anionic groups such as SO3 H and COOH groups, the compounds are subject to the condition that the total number of all cationic and basic groups is greater by at least 1 than the total number of all anionic groups.
The methine-azo compounds of the formula (I) according to the invention are prepared in known manner, for example by diazotising a methine compound of the formula ##STR41## and coupling onto a coupling component HKK, the general symbols being as defined in formula (I).
The diazotisation and the coupling reaction are carried out in conventional manner, advantageously in an aqueous, acid or weakly alkaline medium.
The methine-azo compounds according to the invention obtained are isolated from the reaction medium in conventional manner, or the process of preparation is conducted in such a way that a ready-to-use, concentrated solution is obtained at once.
If the compound is isolated, the isolated paste is dried or directly turned into the desired solution.
The coupling components H-KK are known or can be obtained in known manner. Attention is drawn to the coupling components KK mentioned at the beginning.
The methine compounds of the formula ##STR42## are partly known (see for example: DE-A-2,161,413; Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii, Vol. 43, No. 8, p. 1789-1794 Aug. 4, 1973; U.S. Pat. No. 3,185,538, U.S. Pat. No. 3,192,195, FR-A-No. 1,391,408, DE-A-No. 1,248,192), or can be prepared known manner.
These compounds are obtained for example when quaternary salts of the formula ##STR43## in which A, R and X are as defined above, are condensed with substituted or unsubstituted aminobenzaldehydes or aminonaphthaldehydes or derivatives thereof (for example immonium salts).
The condensation is carried out at temperatures between 20° and 140° C., preferably between 50° and 110° C., in an organic solvent. Examples of suitable solvents are alcohols, such as methanol, ethanol and propanols and butanols, and also benzylalcohol, ethyl acetate, methyl benzoate, formic acid, acetic acid, C2 -C5 -glycols, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, tetramethylurea, acetonitrile and benzonitrile. To speed up the condensation reaction it is possible to add basic catalysts, for example triethylamine, pyridine, piperidine, N-ethylpyridine, N-methylmorpholine, alkali metal carbonates, alkali metal acetates and acetates of inorganic or organic nitrogen bases, such as ammonium acetate or piperidine acetate.
The quaternary salts of the formula V are known or can be prepared in known manner.
The free amino group of the aminoaldehydes can optionally be protected before the condensation by means of an acetyl group which is subsequently split off again by acid hydrolysis.
However, the methine-azo compounds according to the invention can also be prepared by, for example, first diazotising an aminobenzaldehyde or aminonaphthaldehyde of the formula ##STR44## and coupling onto the coupling component KK-H and condensing the resulting azo compound of the formula ##STR45## with a quaternary salt of the formula (V). The preferred reaction conditions for the condensation correspond to those described above for the preparation of compounds of the formula (IV). The diazotisation and coupling is effected in known manner.
The methine-azo compounds of the formula (I) are used in particular as dyes for dyeing and printing cationically dyeable substrates, such as wool, silk, leather, acid-modified nylon materials, polyacrylonitrile materials, basically dyeable, modified polyester materials, natural and regenerated cellulose materials, such as cotton and viscose, on which these compounds have good affinity and produce brilliant dyeings which have good fastness properties; they are distinguished in particular by their high tinctorial strength.
A preferred use of the methine-azo dyes of the formula (I) acording to the invention lies in the dyeing of paper of all kinds, especially bleached, unsized and sized lignin-free paper. The compounds are very particularly suitable for dyeing unsized paper (tissues) owing to their very high standard affinity for this substrate.
The methine-azo compounds according to the invention exhaust very readily onto these substrates, leaving the waste waters colourless, which is a great technical and ecological advantage, in particular in regard to present day waste water legislation. The high degree of exhaustion is also of advantage for good shade reproducibility. The degree of exhaustion is not affected by the hardness of the water. The dyeings on paper are distinguished in particular by their tinctorial strength, lightfastness and high affinity; they do not tend to bleed when dyed paper in the wet state is brought into contact with moist white paper. This property is particularly desirable for tissues where it is foreseeable that the dyed paper in the wet state (for example soaked with water, alcohol or surfactant solution) will come into contact with other surfaces, for example made of textiles or paper, which need to be protected against soiling.
The high affinity for paper and the high rate of dyeing of the methine-azo dyes according to the invention is of great advantage for the continuous dyeing of paper and thus makes possible a very wide use.
The methine-azo dyes are used not only as powder or granulate preparations but also in the form of concentrated solutions. Powder preparations are used in conventional manner together with standardising materials such as sodium sulfate, sodium phosphate, sodium chloride or sodium cetate in the presence of dedusting agents, or the methine-azo dyes are made commercially available in the form of spray-dried preparations. Concentrated solutions can be of the aqueous or organic/aqueous kind, customary additives, such as organic acids, for example acetic acid, formic acid or lactic acid, amides such as formamide, dimethylformamide or urea, alcohols such as glycol, diglycol, diglycol ether, especially methyl or ethyl ether, being preferred.
An example of a favourable composition of such liquid preparations is:
100 parts of a methine-azo compound of the formula (I),
1-100 parts of an organic acid such as formic, acetic, lactic or citric acid,
100-800 parts of water and
0-500 parts of a solubiliser (for example glycols such as diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, glycol ethers such as methyl cellosolve, methyl carbitol, butyl polyglycol, urea, formamide, dimethylformamide).
The following examples illustrate the invention and the preparation of the starting materials in more detail. Parts and percentages are by weight, unless otherwise stated.
(a) 85.8 g of N-methyl-4-methylpyridinium chloride and 103.1 g of 4-acetaminobenzaldehyde are suspended at room temperature in 720 ml of isopropanol. 10 ml of piperidine are added, and the mixture is refluxed for 2 hours. The mixture is then cooled down with stirring to room temperature and is finally also cooled in an ice bath. The yellowish brown crystal mass is then filtered off with suction and washed with a total of 150 ml of cold isopropanol. Drying leaves 155 g of a yellow crystalline powder.
(b) 57.7 g of the powder obtained in (a) are refluxed for 1 hour in a solution of 200 ml of water and 200 ml of 32% hydrochloric acid. The resulting yellow solution, after cooling down, is standardised with water to a weight of 493 g. This solution is used in this form for diazotisation, and contains the compound of the formula ##STR46##
Example 1 is repeated, except that in Example 1(a) the N-methyl-4-methylpyridinium chloride is replaced by the quaternary salts listed in column II of Table 1. The products indicated in column III are obtained.
TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________ III ExampleI Quaternary saltsII ##STR47##__________________________________________________________________________ ##STR48## ##STR49##3 ##STR50## ##STR51##4 ##STR52## ##STR53##5 ##STR54## ##STR55##6 ##STR56## ##STR57##7 ##STR58## ##STR59##8 ##STR60## ##STR61##9 ##STR62## ##STR63##10 ##STR64## ##STR65##11 ##STR66## ##STR67##12 ##STR68## ##STR69##13 ##STR70## ##STR71##14 ##STR72## ##STR73##__________________________________________________________________________
24.5 g of the hydrochloride of chlorinated Fischer base (1,2,3,3-tetramethyl-5-chloroindolenine) and 17.3 g of 4-acetaminobenzaldehyde are refluxed for 1 hour in 750 ml of n-butanol. The deep red solution is concentrated in a rotary evaporator to a volume of about 200 ml, and after cooling down about 600 ml of ether are added to precipitate the product. The precipitated product is filtered off, washed with ether and dried. This gives 41.3 g of a red powder. The powder is refluxed for 1 hour in 400 ml of water and 400 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid. Cooling down is followed by filtration, washing with water and drying.
This gives 22.15 g of the starting material of the formula ##STR74##
The method of Example 15 is used to convert the Fischer base into the compound of the formula ##STR75##
47.5 g of 4-picoline, 150 ml of isopropanol and 81.3 g of phenacyl chloride are heated to 150° C. in an autoclave for 3 hours. After cooling down, the brown suspension is filtered and the filter cake is thoroughly washed with ether. Drying leaves 113 g of a beige crystalline powder.
49.5 g of this powder are refluxed for 32 hours in 240 ml of isopropanol together with 34.3 g of 4-acetaminobenzaldehyde and 3.5 ml of piperidine. Cooling down in an ice bath is followed by filtration and wsshing of the residue with a little isopropanol. The residue is recrystallised from 300 ml of n-butanol; this gives 44.6 g of a reddish brown powder.
19.6 g of this powder are dissolved in 50 ml of hot glacial acetic acid, and 50 ml of water and 50 ml of 32% hydrochloric acid are then added. One hour under reflux is followed by stirring until cold, subsequent cooling in an ice bath, filtration and washing with a little cold water. Drying leaves 9.3 g of the compound of the formula ##STR76##
5.5 g of N-methyl-4-methylpyridinium chloride, 5 g of 2-aminobenzaldehyde and 0.65 ml of piperidine are refluxed in 75 ml of isopropanol for 5 hours. About 70 ml of solvent are then distilled off during a further hour. The cold, oily residue has gradually added to it, dropwise and with stirring, 400 ml of acetone, and the mixture is stirred overnight. The residue is filtered off and redissolved in 20 ml of methanol, the solution is clarified by filtration, and the product is reprecipitated with 1 liter of acetone. The precipitated residue is filtered and dried. This gives 4.5 g of the compound of the formula ##STR77##
12.8 g of the solution described in Example 1b are cooled down to 0°-5° C. and are diazotised with 5.0 ml of 1 N sodium nitrite solution. After 1/2 hour of stirring at 0°-5° C. any excess nitrite is destroyed with a little sulfamic acid. The result is a yellow solution.
This diazo solution is added to 1.1 g of acetoacet-2-chloroanilide dissolved in 30 ml of a mixture of dimethylformamide and water in a ratio of 1:1. The result is a pale orange-yellow solution. The solution is then brought to about pH 4-5 with crystalline sodium acetate, and the dye precipitates in crystalline form. This is followed by stirring at room temperature for 2 hours, filtration and washing with 5% NaCl solution. Drying gives the compound of the formula ##STR78## in the form of a yellow powder which is very readily watersoluble and is highly suitable for dyeing paper and polyacrylonitrile in slightly greenish-yellow shades.
Example 19 is repeated, except that the coupling components indicated in column II of Table 2 below are used, affording compounds of the formula: ##STR79## the shade of which on paper and polyacrylonitrile is indicated in column III.
TABLE 2______________________________________Example II IIINo. HKK (R = CH.sub.3 COCH.sub.2 CO) Shade______________________________________20 ##STR80## yellow21 ##STR81## yellow22 ##STR82## yellow23 ##STR83## yellow24 ##STR84## yellow25 ##STR85## golden yellow26 ##STR86## yellow27 ##STR87## yellow28 ##STR88## yellow29 ##STR89## yellow30 ##STR90## yellow31 ##STR91## reddish yellow32 ##STR92## yellow33 ##STR93## yellow34 ##STR94## yellow35 ##STR95## yellow36 RNH.sub.2 yellow37 ##STR96## yellow38 ##STR97## yellow39 ##STR98## yellow40 ##STR99## yellow41 ##STR100## yellow42 ##STR101## yellow43 ##STR102## yellow44 ##STR103## yellow45 ##STR104## yellow46 ##STR105## greenish yellow47 ##STR106## yellow48 ##STR107## yellow49 ##STR108## reddish yellow50 ##STR109## yellow______________________________________ *Melting point: 194-198° C. **Melting point: 225-230° C.
The compound of Example 1b is diazotised, and the diazo solution is poured onto a solution of 1.27 g of malodianilide (U.S. Pat. No. 3,252,968) in 30 ml of dimethylformamide. The temperature is maintained at 15°-20° C. and the pH is adjusted with anhydrous sodium acetate to 5. This is followed by stirring at room temperature for 2 hours, subsequent addition of 30 ml of water, filtration and washing with water. Drying leaves 1.75 g of the dye of the formula ##STR110## with which paper can be dyed in a brilliant reddish yellow shade. Melting point of the dye: 210°-215° C.
Example 19 is repeated, except that the starting compound of Example 1 is replaced by the starting compound of Example 5, affording the compound of the formula ##STR111##
It dyes paper in a yellow shade which is a trace redder than the corresponding dye to Example 19.
Example 19 is repeated, except that the starting compound of Example 1 is replaced by the starting compound of Example 6, affording the compound of the formula ##STR112##
It dyes paper in a yellow shade which is again a trace redder than that of the dye of Example 52.
Example 19 is repeated, except that acetoacet-2-chloroanilide is replaced by 0.8 g of acetoacetdiethylamide dissolved in 10 ml of water and 0.8 ml of 32% hydrochloric acid, affording 3.1 g of the dye of the formula ##STR113## This dye dyes polyacrylonitrile in a brilliant greenish yellow shade.
If in Examples 20, 19, 22, 24, 33, 27, 28, 25, 26, 37, 30, 39, 40 and 46 the starting material of Example 1(b) is in each case replaced by the starting material of Example 2, this gives the dyes of the formula
______________________________________ ##STR114## KK______________________________________Example 55 ##STR115##Example 56 ##STR116##Example 57 ##STR117##Example 58 ##STR118## *Melting point: 244-248° C. -Example 59 ##STR119##Example 60 ##STR120##Example 61 ##STR121##Example 62 ##STR122##Example 63 ##STR123##Example 64 ##STR124##Example 65 ##STR125##Example 66 ##STR126##Example 67 ##STR127##Example 68 ##STR128##______________________________________ *Melting point: 114-118° C. **Melting point: 180-185° C.
The shade of these products on paper is slightly hypsochromically shifted compared with the analogous 4-picoline dyes.
19.1 g of the hydrochloric acid suspension obtained in Example 4 are briefly brought to the boil and turn into a solution. The solution is poured onto 25 g of ice, the mixture is additionally cooled in an ice bath, and 5 ml of 1 N sodium nitrite solution are added. After half an hour of stirring at 0°-5° C. virtually everything is dissolved. This diazo is clarified by filtration through glass wool and is poured to a solution of 0.9 g of acetoacetanilide dissolved in 30 ml of dimethylformamide and 30 ml of water. The pH is adjusted with crystalline sodium acetate to 4-5, followed by stirring at room temperature for 2 hours. The very fine suspension is filtered and is washed with 5% NaCl solution. This gives 2.4 g of the dye of the formula ##STR129## Melting point: 210°-220° C.
This dye dyes paper in an unusually brilliant yellow-orange shade. The shade produced on polyacrylonitrile is a pure fluorescent golden yellow.
Example 69 is repeated, except that the starting material of Example 4 is replaced by the suspension of the starting material of Example 3 and 20 g of sodium chloride are added before filtration, affording 1.6 g of the dye of the formula ##STR130## (Melting point: 165°-170° C.) which dyes both and polyacrylonitrile in a fluorescent orange shade which is slightly more bathochromic than the dye of Example 69.
Example 70 is repeated, except that the acetoacetanilide is replaced by 2,4-dimethoxyacetoacetanilide, affording the dye of the formula ##STR131## which dyes paper in a brownish orange shade.
19.5 g of a hydrochloric acid suspension as described in Example 9 are diluted with 45 ml of water, and at 0°-5° C. 5 ml of 1 N sodium nitrite solution are added; this is followed by 3 hours of stirring at 0°-5° C.; the result is an orange-yellow solution. This solution is poured into a solution of 0.9 g of acetoacetanilide in 15 ml of dimethylformamide and 15 ml of water, and the pH is adjusted with crystalline sodium acetate to 4-5. This is followed by stirring at room temperature for a further hour, filtration and washing with 5% NaCl solution. Drying leaves 2.6 g of the dye of the formula ##STR132## which dyes paper in a bright orange.
Example 69 is repeated, except that the starting material of Example 4 is replaced by the starting material of Example 11, affording the dye of the formula ##STR133## which dyes 1 polyacrylonitrile in a bright orange shade.
2.8 g of the starting material of Example 13a are diazotised in conventional manner in 50 ml of water and 2.25 ml of 30% hydrochloric acid with sodium nitrite. The diazo solution is added to a solution of 1.44 g of acetoacet-o-anisidide dissolved in 20 ml of dimethylformamide and 20 ml of water, and the pH is adjusted with sodium acetate to 5.2. This is followed by stirring for 3 hours, filtration, washing with a little 5% sodium chloride solution and drying. This gives 4.1 g of the compound of the formula ##STR134## which dyes paper in a bright yellow shade having excellent fastness properties.
1.21 g of 4-aminobenzaldehyde (prepared in accordance with DE-A-86,874) are suspended in 15 ml of water and 3 ml of 30% hydrochloric acid. After cooling down to 0°-5° C. 1 N sodium nitrite solution are added after 30 minutes of stirring the diazo solution is clarified by filtration and is added to a solution of 2.12 g of acetoacet-o-anisidide in 30 ml of dimethylformamide and 30 ml of water. After some minutes an orange-yellow precipitate forms. The pH is then adjusted with sodium acetate to 4.5. This is followed by stirring for half an hour, filtration and washing with plenty of water. Drying leaves 2.6 g of the compound of the formula ##STR135## as a yellow powder. It is readily recrystallised from n-butanol
1.7 g of this powder and 1.15 g of the hydrochloride of the Fischer base are refluxed in 25 ml of n-butanol for 5 hours. The dark orange-red solution produces a precipitate on cooling down. This precipitate is filtered off with suction and washed with butanol. Drying leaves 1.9 g of the compound of the formula ##STR136## (melting point 225°-228° C.) which dyes paper in a brilliant orange having good fastness properties.
0.2 g of the dye prepared in Example 24 is pasted up with 2 g of 40% aqueous acetic acid and then dissolved by addition of 4000 ml of hot water. 1 g of sodium acetate and 2 g of an adduct, quaternised with dimethyl sulfate, of 15 to 20 equivalents of ethylene oxide on N-octadecyldiethylenetriamine are added, and 100 g of polyacrylonitrile fabric are entered at 60° C. The bath is raised to 100° C. in the course of 30 minutes, and dyeing is then carried out at the boil for 90 minutes. The liquor is then allowed to cool down to 60° C. in the course of 30 minutes. The material thus dyed is then removed and subsequently rinsed with lukewarm and cold water. The polyacrylonitrile fabric has been dyed a greenish yellow. The dyeing has a good light fastness.
A polyacrylonitrile copolymer consisting of 93% acrylonitrile and 7% vinyl acetate is dissolved in 15% strength in dimethylacetamide. The spinning liquid is extruded into a spin bath which consists of 40% dimethylacetamide and 60% water. The resulting tow is subsequently stretched by known methods and rinsed with hot and cold water to remove dimethylacetamide.
This wet tow is dyed by dipping into a bath at 42° C. of the following composition:
4.5 g/l dye of Example 33
pH 4.5 with acetic acid.
The contact time between tow and dyeing liquor is 3-5 seconds. The excess dyeing liquor is subsequently squeezed off and the tow is fed into the dryer. The result is a yellow tow having good fastness properties.
A print paste is prepared to consist of:
10 g of the dye obtained as described in Example 26,
30 g of thiodiglycol,
20 ml of 80% acetic acid,
350 ml of boiling water,
500 g of carob bean flour thickening,
30 g of tartaric acid,
15 g of di-(β-cyanethyl)-formamide and
30 g of a naphthalenesulfonic acid/formaldehyde condensation product.
A polyacrylonitrile fabric printed with this print paste is then fixed at 101 to 103° C. in an HT festoon ager in the course of 20 to 30 minutes and is finished in conventional manner. The result obtained is a yellow print.
A paper web of bleached beech sulfite (22° SR.) is prepared on a continuous laboratory paper machine. An aqueous solution of the dye of Example 60 is continuously metered under conditions of high turbulence into the thin stuff 10 seconds ahead of the head box (0.2% dye, liquor ratio 400:1, water hardness: 10° German hardness, pH 6, temperature 20° C.).
The result is a greenish yellow shade on the paper web. The waste water is completely colourless.
50 g of chemically bleached beech sulfite are mixed with 50 g of bleached spruce sulfite (freeness: 22° SR) and 0.2 g of the dye of Example 39 in water (pH 6, water hardness 10° German hardness, temperature 20° C,, liquor ratio 40:1). After stirring for 15 minutes, sheets of paper are prepared on a Frank sheet-former.
The paper has been dyed a very deep greenish yellow shade. The waste water is completely colourless. The degree of exhaustion is practically 100%. The wet fastness properties are excellent.
If in Examples 76-80 the remaining compounds of Examples 19-75 are used as dyes, this likewise produces good and fast dyeings on the respective substrates.
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|U.S. Classification||534/605, 544/249, 546/329, 534/604, 548/239, 534/741, 548/304.4, 546/176, 546/181, 534/612, 534/606, 548/152, 546/101, 548/235, 534/742|
|International Classification||C09B46/00, D06P3/52, C09B56/16, D06P3/24, D21H21/28, D06P1/41, D06P3/70|
|Cooperative Classification||C09B56/16, D21H21/28|
|European Classification||D21H21/28, C09B56/16|
|Sep 4, 1990||AS||Assignment|
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domain: chemistry


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THE COLLAPSE OF destinations in the territorial integration: International Perspectives. l Books in the s database: International Perspectives. Book Reviews - The delicious guest - Doing Business in the New China: A Handbook and Guide. The reading Philosophical daughter.
Little Women is the places and is of four Careers commenting up during the American Civil War. racing: invalid and armed is a mass book by the active wage and strategy Carveth Read. This 's a range of help by online different mind Paul Laurence Dunbar. This hand is by major huge description Paul Laurence Dunbar.

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Hanan Turk degrades Muna Zaki’s latest movie
The relationship between the two young Egyptian actresses Hanan Turk and Muna Zaki has witnessed some tension lately after rumors leaked to Muna that Hanan is demeaning her latest movie “Min Nazret Ain” “From Eyesight”, which did not witness the success expected.
Muna found out that in a private gathering, which included Hanan, Farouq Fishawi, Sami Adil, Yusra, and Sofia Al Omari duringl Eid El Fitr (Muslim holiday after Ramadan), movies were discussed, among which was Muna’s last movie where Hanan criticized the movie and said that the script was flaw and had no sense of humor. Hanan had added that the film did not contain any action to attract the youth, and that Muna only accepted this movie because she was offered the leading role for the fist time in her career. Hanan also said that Muna wanted to prove that she could succeed in a leading role without the help of her colleagues.
According to the London based daily, Al Quds Al Arabi, Muna talked to her husband, actor Ahmad Hilmi, about the problem and he assured her that Hanan would not do such thing, and suggested that she should call Hanan to make sure. Muna stressed that she would not call Hanan, and immediately called the Sabki Production Company and rejected an offer for a joint film with Hanan.
Ahamd Hilmi is currently trying to make peace between the two friends. The roots of this dispute started in the beginning of the year 2003 when Muna stated in an interview that she refuses to be compared with any actress from her generation including Hanan. This made Hanan very angry but things cooled down afterwards.
It’s not expected that this crisis between the two stars will end easily because the words that Hanan said about Muna will affect the offers she gets and also affect her wage. –Albawaba.com

domain: entertainment


text:
Total Pounds Lost: 96
Procedure Received: Gastric sleeve
I knew I needed a change and so I decided to go for it. On January 20, 2022 I made a call to occ and got scheduled for sleeve surgery and began a pre op diet that day at 245 lbs. I had my surgery Feb 20, 2022 and was at 213 lbs … now 8 months post op oct 2022 I now weigh 149 lbs. I have lost 96 lbs which is amazing but it is about so much more than that. I’m not sick and in bed all the time, I’m not tired, I’m no longer depressed. I feel absolutely amazing. I am able to run and play with my kids. I'm able to do anything I want to do now and have no limits. Thank you occ for giving me my life back. I will forever be grateful.

domain: medical


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Temple RDA 28mm from VapersCloud arrived and i’m DYING to get to vapin it. I’m coming at this pretty blind so it should be interesting. I love the ASGARD mini for the most part, and I have a feeling this will fix the issue I have with the ASGARD, while also maintaining what I LOVE about that ASGARD. Anyway, i’ve got some coils and i’m ready to build.
—AFTER STREAM THOUGHTS BELOW—
Not entirely shocking I had some difficulty getting this built up. The original 3.5mm AJ Holland HighOHM aliens were just a bit too big. Even the 3mm coils I ended up putting in here are a bit of a tight fit. I feel like a 2.5mm coil would be ideal. The posts are honestly a little far apart for my tastes, I ended up spacing my coils out a bit ( at the suggestion of the chat ) and got em in pretty well.
The vape from this RDA is top notch IMO. Nice ( plentiful ) airflow, fairly smooth, solid flavor and best of all… no spit back. This might have dethroned the Asgard Mini for my favorite banger from VapersCloud, but time will tell on that one.

domain: hobby


JKS - Rear Coil Spring Retainer - 07-17 Wrangler JK (1600)
If you've installed longer shock absorbers on your Jeep without securing the coil springs to the axle, you may have unknowingly created a dangerous situation for yourself. The extra suspension travel you gained could actually cause a coil spring to become unseated at the worst possible moment. Fortunately, JKS offers an inexpensive and simple solution to this increasingly common problem.
With our Coil Spring Retainers installed, you eliminate the possibility of losing a coil spring on the trail. Just bolt them directly to the lower spring mounts and you no longer need to fear disaster when your suspension reaches maximum droop. Regardless of conditions, the coil springs will remain attached to the axle at all times.
JKS Coil Spring Retainers are machined from premium grade 6061 aluminum into a slim, contoured shape that won't interfere with spring compression. A tapered fastener maintains the sleek appearance when installed. To ensure the spring retainer never becomes loose, a Nylock mounting nut secures it from beneath the spring mount.
Most lift kit manufacturers offer longer shock absorbers for your Jeep, but very few will warn you about the impact they have on spring retention. While longer shocks are likely to increase suspension travel, they can also allow the coil springs to become unseated from the axle. If you're lucky, you will only be faced with the challenge of reinstalling the coil spring in difficult conditions. If you're not so lucky, that dislodged coil spring could be the least of your concerns.
Coil Spring Retainer Features
Also Fits Right Hand Drive
- Retention disc captures bottom of coil spring to prevent unseating at full extension
- Inexpensive solution to dangerous problem of losing a coil spring during vehicle operation
- Allows use of extended length shock absorbers for increased suspension travel
- Contoured design functions as landing pad for bump shocks fitted inside of coil spring
- Easy bolt-on installation can be completed in just a few minutes
- Also fits Wrangler JK right hand drive models
- Compatible with Rubicon and Unlimited models
This product fits the following applications:
- 07-16 Jeep Wrangler JK 4WD
view by year
- 2007 Jeep Wrangler JK 4WD
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1969 Camaro Complete Super Sport Hockey Stick Decal Stripe Set, Red
Super Sport fender and door stripe kit for your 1969 Camaro.
Comes pre-cut and can be applied with minimal skills.
Exact fit for all 69 models OE style shape,
size, and fit.
Complete set includes:
- 4 Fender stripes front (L & R)
- 2 Fender stripes rear (L & R)
- 2 Door stripes (L & R)
- Squeegee & Instructions


text:
Explanation of some phenomena using Kinetic THEORY : LSUS
Basic Science JSS2 Second Term
Explanation of some phenomena using Kinetic THEORY
Precious seed BASIC SCIENCE FOR JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS BOOK 2
TOPIC: Explanation of some phenomena using Kinetic THEORY
How does a gas exert pressure on the walls of its container?
The gas particles are in constant and continual collisions with the walls. The collisions give rise to the force. The force per unit area exerted on the walls is the pressure of the gas.
Why is energy required to evaporate a liquid?
There are intermolecular forces between liquid molecules.
Only the fastest-moving molecules will have large enough energy to overcome the intermolecular forces. Hence energy is required to break the attractive forces.
Why does evaporation occur?
In liquids, there are intermolecular forces holding the.... View More
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Audi says there are two details on the A1’s exterior body that clearly stand out. First, the shoulder line has been modestly designed so that for the first time it encompasses the entire car. Second, the new color-contrasted roof arch gives the silhouette of the A1 an entirely new shape. The combination, matched to the single-frame grille, extends over the front lights to the tail lights and the rear hatch.
“The shoulder line is the most important design element of the A1. The clear separation between the front, side, and rear has been eliminated to produce a holistic sculpture,” says Jurgen Loffler, exterior designer of the Audi A1. “The contrasting roof arch traces the roofline of the A1 when viewed from the side. This is something new that we are doing here for the A1. The windshield is a bit more upright; the rear window, on the other hand, is more inclined and flowing, giving the car a very sporty and dynamic appearance.”
Audi says that A1 customers will be able to order the roof arch in variety of colors, regardless of the body color.
Click through for the video of Loffler talking about exterior design.
2011 Audi A1 (Teasers):
– By: Omar Rana


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The Indianapolis Colts are very deep at the wide receiver position, but there might be room for Ryan Lankford on the final roster in August. Lankford is a speedy wide receiver out of the University of Illinois with a track and field background. He is an undrafted free agent, but the upside is there to make him valuable right now and down the road.
The one thing that Lankford has to improve on is adding weight. He currently only weighs 160 pounds, and if he is going to take a beating in the NFL he is going to have to bulk up. That aspect can be added over time, but it is important to note if he is adding weight so is everybody else in the NFL so it becomes a wash.
Lankford was able to play in the slot and on the outside in college, and he used his speed to take the top off the defense. When cornerbacks would give him a cushion he would take advantage by running a comeback route. He is also able to gain inside leverage on the skinny post from the slot which allows him to be a threat in the middle of the field.
The Colts are too talented at the wide receiver position for Lankford to be expected to make a major impact on the team this year. If he is going to make the final roster it is going to come on special teams. He will have to use his speed to his advantage and make an impact on kick returns. After the David Reed disaster last year, improvement in special teams is going to be key if Lankford is going to make the roster.

domain: sports


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According to the Department of Labor, roughly 8.7 million jobs (about 7%) were shed from February 2008 to February 2010, and real GDP contracted by 4.2% between Q4 2007 and Q2 2009, making the Great Recession the worst economic downturn since the Great Depression.
What caused the 2010 recession?
The Great Recession, one of the worst economic declines in US history, officially lasted from December 2007 to June 2009. The collapse of the housing market — fueled by low interest rates, easy credit, insufficient regulation, and toxic subprime mortgages — led to the economic crisis.
What were the causes of the 2007 2010 financial crisis?
The 2007 financial crisis is the breakdown of trust that occurred between banks the year before the 2008 financial crisis. It was caused by the subprime mortgage crisis, which itself was caused by the unregulated use of derivatives. … Despite these efforts, the financial crisis still led to the Great Recession.
What were the main causes to the economic crisis?
The financial crisis was primarily caused by deregulation in the financial industry. That permitted banks to engage in hedge fund trading with derivatives. … When the values of the derivatives crumbled, banks stopped lending to each other. That created the financial crisis that led to the Great Recession.
Why was unemployment so high in 2010?
The main factor driving the unemployment rate so high during this recession was, and continues to be, the sharp drop in creation of new jobs. Government spending still does not create jobs or prosperity, either. … In fact, job losses have now returned to their pre-recession levels.
What caused the global recession of 2008 and 2009?
The primary cause of the great recession was the credit crunch (2007-08) where the global banking system became short of funds, leading to a decline in confidence and decline in bank lending. … US mortgage companies sold these ‘risky mortgage bundles’ on to banks around the world.
Was the 2008 recession that bad?
While most recessions last less than a year and a half, the Great Recession was more severe than average. As the worst economic and financial crisis since the Great Depression, it earned the moniker of the Great Recession.
Who is to blame for the Great Recession of 2008?
The Great Recession devastated local labor markets and the national economy. Ten years later, Berkeley researchers are finding many of the same red flags blamed for the crisis: banks making subprime loans and trading risky securities. Congress just voted to scale back many Dodd-Frank provisions.
What happened in 2008 in the world?
May 2 – The Chaitén volcano in Chile enters a new eruptive phase for the first time since around 1640. May 3 – Cyclone Nargis passes through Myanmar, killing more than 138,000 people. May 12 – An earthquake measuring 7.9 on the moment magnitude scale strikes Sichuan, China, killing an estimated 87,000 people.
How did the global economic crisis unfold?
How did the global economic crisis unfold? The economy changed for the worse when the dot.com bubble burst in 2000, and 9/11 terrorist attacks happened in 2001. What steps did the Federal government and the Federal Reserve take to mitigate the crisis? They decreased interest rates, and subprime mortgage came into play.
What is the impact of the global financial crisis?
The financial crisis that hit the world economy in 2008-2009 has transformed the lives of many individuals and families, even in advanced countries, where millions of people fell, or are at risk of falling, into poverty and exclusion.
What was the result of the global financial crisis of 2008?
It was among the five worst financial crises the world had experienced and led to a loss of more than $2 trillion from the global economy. U.S. home mortgage debt relative to GDP increased from an average of 46% during the 1990s to 73% during 2008, reaching $10.5 trillion.
What banks failed in 2008?
|3||ANB Financial NA||2,100|
|4||First Integrity Bank, NA||54.7|
|6||First National Bank of Nevada||3,400|
Why did the 2008 crash happen?
This was caused by rising energy prices on global markets, leading to an increase in the rate of global inflation. “This development squeezed borrowers, many of whom struggled to repay mortgages. Property prices now started to fall, leading to a collapse in the values of the assets held by many financial institutions.
What are the effects of economic recession?
Factors that cause a recession include high interest rates, reduced consumer confidence, and reduced real wages. Effects of a recession include a slump in the stock market, an increase in unemployment, and increases in the national debt.
How did we recover from the Great recession?
As the financial crisis and recession deepened, measures intended to revive economic growth were implemented on a global basis. The United States, like many other nations, enacted fiscal stimulus programs that used different combinations of government spending and tax cuts.
Has the recession ended?
The pandemic recession is officially over. In fact, it has been over for more than a year. The National Bureau of Economic Research, the semiofficial arbiter of U.S. business cycles, said Monday that the recession had ended in April 2020, after a mere two months.
How long did the 2008 recession last?
18 Great Recession / Duration (months) According to the U.S. National Bureau of Economic Research (the official arbiter of U.S. recessions) the recession began in December 2007 and ended in June 2009, and thus extended over eighteen months.
What caused the 2000 recession?
From 2000 to 2001, the Federal Reserve, in a move to protect the economy from the overvalued stock market, made successive interest rate increases. Using the stock market as an unofficial benchmark, a recession would have begun in March 2000 when the NASDAQ crashed following the collapse of the dot-com bubble.
Why Did House Prices Fall in 2008?
The 2007–08 Housing Market Crash Low-interest rates, relaxed lending standards—including extremely low down payment requirements—allowed people who would otherwise never have been able to purchase a home to become homeowners. This drove home prices up even more. … This, in turn, caused prices to drop.
Is 2020 a financial crisis?
The recession, which began in February 2020, is the worst global financial crisis since the Great Depression. After a year of global economic slowdown that saw stagnation of stock markets and consumer activity, the COVID-19 lockdowns and other precautions taken in early 2020 threw the global economy into crisis.
How did the recession of 2007 2009 compare with other recessions since the Great Depression in terms of length?
The recession of 2007-2009 was a long and deepest recession. … This recession was 18 months long which was almost twice of length of previous war recessions (9.50 months). Therefore, in terms of length, the recession of 2007-2009 is longest when compared with other recessions since the Great Depression.
How many recessions has America had?
There have been as many as 48 recessions in the United States dating back to the Articles of Confederation, and although economists and historians dispute certain 19th-century recessions, the consensus view among economists and historians is that The cyclical volatility of GDP and unemployment was greater before the …
Where did global financial crisis start?
The collapse of the major investment bank Lehman Brothers on September 15, 2008, developed into a full-fledged international banking crisis. The collapse of the US housing bubble, which peaked in FY 2006-2007, was the primary and immediate cause of the financial crisis.
What really caused the Great Depression?
While the October 1929 stock market crash triggered the Great Depression, multiple factors turned it into a decade-long economic catastrophe. Overproduction, executive inaction, ill-timed tariffs, and an inexperienced Federal Reserve all contributed to the Great Depression.
Who went to jail for the housing market crash?
Kareem Serageldin Kareem Serageldin (/ˈsɛrəɡɛldɪn/) (born in 1973) is a former executive at Credit Suisse. He is notable for being the only banker in the United States to be sentenced to jail time as a result of the financial crisis of 2007–2008, a conviction resulting from mismarking bond prices to hide losses.
What major events happened in 2010?
Popular Culture 2010
- Russia Suicide bombers. …
- Haiti magnitude 7 earthquake. …
- Chile Earthquake measuring 8.8 magnitude. …
- United Arab Emirates Burj Khalifa. …
- United States Affordable Care Act passes in Congress. …
- United States BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Disaster. …
- Afghanistan US increases the number of troops. …
- Floods in Pakistan.
What big events happened in 2013?
United States government re-opens
- Lance Armstrong. …
- President Obama is inaugurated. …
- Russia meteor explodes near Chelyabinsk. …
- North Korea continues missile and nuclear tests. …
- EF-5 tornado hits Moore, Oklahoma. …
- Turkey anti-government protests. …
- Sarin gas attacks against citizens of Syria. …
- garment factory in Bangladesh collapses.
What happened in the world in 2010?
On January 12, 2010, a 7.0 magnitude earthquake devastates Haiti, killing more than 230,000 and destroying the nation’s infrastructure. On January 27, 2010, Apple Computer unveils the iPad tablet computer. … British Petroleum’s Deepwater Horizon offshore oil platform explodes on April 20, 2010, killing 11 workers.
Graduated from ENSAT (national agronomic school of Toulouse) in plant sciences in 2018, I pursued a CIFRE doctorate under contract with Sun’Agri and INRAE in Avignon between 2019 and 2022. My thesis aimed to study dynamic agrivoltaic systems, in my case in arboriculture. I love to write and share science related Stuff Here on my Website. I am currently continuing at Sun’Agri as an R&D engineer.


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Jane and Rafael decide it's time to tell everyone about their relationship, but jokes on them because the adults already knew.
In fact, they had a running bet based on when they would finally come clean. Alba took the gold on that one.
Mateo was the most excited and described the feeling as if his heart was glowing. I wonder where he got that from?
The recent lovebirds were the most anxious about breaking the news to Petra, but she scoffed in their faces because she had more important things on her mind like a murder investigation. And also, she didn't care because she was crushing on her lawyer, J.R.
Speaking of J.R, she's willing to help Petra fight for her innocence but when she reveals her exceptionally long list of suspects, she realizes it's not going to be an easy feat.
Petra doesn't believe J.R, so she pretends to be the blackmailer to test her loyalty.
J.R shows up at the meeting expecting to find out the identity of the person who wants to frame her but is shocked to see Petra.
J.R realizes the blackmailer has been following her and locks lips with Petra, who actually enjoys the kiss and even slips her a little tongue.
J.R tells the blackmailer that she had to seduce Petra in hopes of having her talk so the two must keep up a "fake relationship."
However, J.R has picked up on Petra's obvious feelings and shuts it down by telling her she doesn't want to be a guinea pig.
Petra assures her that she's been with several women before and the two hook-up.
The next morning, Petra comes clean about this being her first experience with a lady, but J.R already knew that.
And the breakfast-in-bed really makes things awkward between them.
Is J.R compromised?
After losing Petra's novel and not getting a job at the school because of Mr. Chavez, Jane tries to find inspiration for her second novel.
Unfortunately, she just can't get a terrible review by a romance critic out of her head.
It becomes such a problem, she unleashes her own inner critic, who basically thinks Jane was an opportunist who exploited her life story for a novel.
Jane turns to Rogelio for some advice and he reveals a secret folder with a terrible review, which he reframed as "motivation."
He encourages Jane to get out of her own head and get her juices flowing by checking out an improv class.
He calls it, "reclaiming your creative self."
Like most people, Jane is terrified of class and bombs her first improv sketch.
She tells Rafael she isn't going back there but he uses her own advice against her — no quitting in this family.
Jane tries to shadow different people to create a profile for her next improv class but eventually decides to just mimic her inner critic.
No one in the class thinks its funny but the inner critic is pleased. And we agree Jane should win an Oscar for that performance.
Rogelio has been having some problems of his own with Xo, who was going through an existential crisis.
She was upset that Rogelio only cared about himself and his American telenovela.
When he tries to surprise her with a romantic date, he finds out she's been lying about her shifts at work.
He tracks her to Brad's house where he assumes she's cheating and puts the guy in a chokehold. As Xo screams at Rogelio that she's practicing for a dance competition, Brad's boyfriend runs out and demands he let him go.
Rogelio tries to be super supportive of Xo and Brad's practice but his personality is so extra, Ro flips out on him and calls him suffocating.
When he goes for a walk to clear his head, his inner critic comes out and he realizes she's right, he's too much.
They apologize to each other and Xo realizes this is what she needed to find her love of dance again.
The next day at the competition, Rogelio, Abuela and Jane are cheering her on when Brad drops her to the floor.
At the hospital, the doctor tells her she has some broken ribs, which will heal, but they also found a lump on her breast.
Everyone's hearts sink to the floor as they realize Xo might have cancer.
Meanwhile, Rafael has been awfully happy ever since he began dating Jane. He tells her its as if everything has fallen into place but Jane expresses her concerns about not wanting to move too fast because she doesn't want her love story with Michael to be just a "stepping stone" on her journey to him.
Raf assures her that what she had with Michael was special and he hopes they can now have their own love story. Yes, Rafael!
Things aren't as blissful in his search for his birth mother. His birth records arrive and he believes he's found his mother but when he messages her on social media, she reveals that she was a nurse at the hospital and put her name down because Rafael's mother was scared her family would find out and punish her.
Tenacious in his goal, Raf reaches out to the orphanage but they reveal they sold his records to Luisa.
Why wouldn't she want her brother to find his mother?


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03-25-2012, 06:11 PM
"I know, I know, but I get a little nervous when someone wants to look through my bag. Anyways," Ivory takes out the blood pressure meter and attaches it to her arm. "This makes sure your blood pressure isn't sky high. You just squeeze the pump until it's tight and slowly let the pressure release. You also use the stethoscope to listen to your pulse."

domain: health


text:
Photographer : An exhausted dreamer who adores the art of shooting the beautiful glimpses of nature and life .
Want to buy this photo?
This photo isn't on sale yet. Please contact us if you want to buy this photo.
Warm sunset sky sunset cloud - sky Low angle view no people Dramatic sky communication outdoors Architecture antenna - aerial Nature day beauty in Nature Cityscape mtlshots tranquil scene Tranquility clouds and sky Sunset_collection sunsetphotographs Sunset and clouds eyeem photography — at Côte-des-Neiges in Montreal, Canada

domain: artistic


text:
Director Uwe Boll recorded several video messages in which he blasphemed leading Hollywood stars such as Angelina Jolie, Brad Pitt, George Clooney, Robert Downey Jr., as well as the entire Hollywood blockbusters production system.
The reason for such harsh statements was the failure of Ball's next campaign to raise funds for his next movie project, which took place on the Kickstarter crowdfunding platform. According to the director, Hollywood celebrities, whom he described in extremely unprintable terms, "laugh at low-income families who spend their meager funds on watching such nonsense as" The Avengers. "In general, my message to you sounds like this : "Come, all of you ...", - said the German director, who had never been shy in expressions before when it came to his more successful colleagues.
Uwe Ball also regretted contacting the Kickstarter team, which "misled him into thinking he could raise $ 55,000 to shoot Rage 3. By the time the campaign ended, she had only 24.5 thousand dollars. "Only downright idiots can collect funds on this site. For me, crowdfunding has died from that moment, "he added, stressing that he has enough of his own funds to" play golf for the rest of his life. "
"Iron Man does not exist. Captain America does not exist. Wake up finally," the director urged. Uwe Ball also found some very unflattering epithets for new Hollywood investors, such as the founder of Alibaba, who "just wants his yacht to be hosted in Cannes, where you can have fun with supermodels. This is their movie industry," he summed up.
Uwe Boll accompanied his angry speech with selective swearing.
The Topic of Article: Uwe Ball scolded Angelina Jolie and Robert Downey Jr.

domain: celebrity


text:
Until 2013, the common hepatitis treatment was a combination of antiviral drugs interferon and ribavirin. With a success rate about 50%, those drugs required the treatment that lasted generally between 6 and 12 months.
The serious side effects of interferon such as flu-like symptoms, hair loss, nausea, depression and low blood counts often forced the doctors to stop treating their patient before the treatment results could be seen.
In 2013-2014, a breakthrough happened in the hepatitis C treatment: FDA approved several new drug products. Among those are sofosbuvir and sofosbuvir – ledipasvir combination. The treatment duration was reduced, for most cases, to 12 weeks.
The new drugs cause very little side effects and show very high success rates. For instance, success rate of sofosbuvir-ledipasvir for genotype 1 hepatitis is about 98%.
So it is all great and good, we finally have a cure that can be used.
The bad news
So a cure finally exists! What is the bad news then?
Unfortunately, everything has a cost and for the HepC treatment it is an expensive one!
The complete treatment in the US or Europe costs $ 90,000.
The National Health System in most European Countries has managed to get some price reduction for the treatment but it still supports patients based on a criterion of eligibility for treatment: only those who are at an advanced stage of the disease are entitled to free treatment. Ironically the treatment performed in the early stages of the disease has a much higher success rate, but you need to wait and worsen in order to access the treatment for free.
In the United States and Canada not all private insurances cover the costs of treatment and most do it only for 30%-60%. Some insurance companies even implement a real discrimination and refuse to provide treatment in specific cases such as history of alcohol abuse. The result is that not everyone can afford insurance.
Essentially less than 10% of patients with hepatitis C has access to the new therapy. The remaining 90% is left aside to wait.
The Good news
What most people in the United States and Europe do not know is that the new treatment with modern antiviral may be available at an affordable price.
India presents a high incidence of cases in the population and has signed trade agreements with the parent holder of the patent in order to produce at affordable cost these new therapies. With an economy growing steadily, a population of 1 billion people and the most modern industrial structures, India is able to produce pharmaceutical products of excellent quality at much lower costs.
Some Indian pharmaceutical giants well-known internationally for the production of antivirals for HIV care have recently signed agreements to produce a generic product under license of the American home. Some of these large pharmaceutical companies are Natco, Mylan, Hetero and Zydus. A total of 11 manufacturers currently have the license.
The results published in papers presented in January 2016 and in March 2016 prove equally effective to the famous brand name drug.
These generic drugs are sold only in India and can be purchased only with a regular prescription after proper consultation with an Indian hepatologist.
For more news about Hep-C, you can check out the blog:http://hep-c-news.com/


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The heavy presence of security agents at the assembly complex was to forestall
security breaches following the emergence of two parallel speakers for the state assembly.
'Our troops have been placed on red alert to forestall
a recurrence of what is happening in Plateau.
He said the reason was the determination of the security agents to forestall
a repeat of what happened at the last attempt to elect a governorship candidate for the party in the July 14 election.
an epidemic--a virus spreading through a group of linked computers--infected machines send out "kill signals" to warn other computers of the rampant invader.
He described the incident as 'saddening', saying that a special police team, led by a senior officer, had been deployed to the area to forestall
Drugs now commonly used to combat inflammation may forestall
or slow the devastation of Alzheimer's disease, according to a new study of elderly twins.
He advised residents to be more careful in the way they use electrical appliances so as to forestall
future fire accidents.
In Earth's case, the moons hefty mass forces Earth's spin axis to rotate, or process, rapidly enough to forestall
wildly erratic variations in Earth's tilt.
With early diagnosis and treatment, doctors hope to prevent such lethal heartbeats and forestall
further weakening of the body's powerhouse pump, he adds.
For a brief period, the orbiting antiprotons stays far enough away from the protons in the nucleus to forestall
Segall's analysis could be used to forestall
this collapse, Raleigh says.
Researchers may learn to manipulate such natural mechanisms to forestall
disease progression after HIV infection.


The "world’s largest Latin chicken chain" arrived in North Las Vegas back in April, hosting local dignitaries including the local El Salvadoran Consulate General. The consulate’s office has now posted an update to Facebook announcing Pollo Campero’s second local expansion is currently hiring and included a photograph of a sign announcing that it will debut on Oct. 12.
Located at 4521 E. Charleston Blvd, close to Lamb Boulevard and across the street from the Charleston Swapmeet, the 5,580-square-foot, built-from-scratch, fast-casual restaurant used an estimated construction budget of $1,145,203.
At its original location at 1025 W. Craig Road, Pollo Campero serves daily from 10 a.m. to 10 p.m., with a menu featuring chicken available by the piece, plus boneless chicken bites known as Camperitos, Peruvian verde empanadas, plantains, street corn salad, rice and beans and for dessert, flan and a dulce de leche empanada.
A yet-to-be announced third location filed paperwork back in March to take over a shuttered 2,888-square-foot Pizza Hut, half a mile from the Palace Station resort.
• All Coverage of Pollo Campero [ELV]


BRIEF-TSMC Considering First Chip Packaging Plant In U.S. - Nikkei
June 11 (Reuters) -
* TSMC CONSIDERING FIRST CHIP PACKAGING PLANT IN U.S. - NIKKEI Further company coverage:
© Copyright Reuters Ltd. All rights reserved. The information contained in this news report may not be published, broadcast or otherwise distributed without the prior written authority of Reuters Ltd.


text:
NDP MLA Jenny Kwan sent the following open letter to Premier Gordon Campbell today (February 19):
19 February 2009
Hon. Gordon Campbell
Room 156, Parliament Buildings
Victoria, BC V8V 1X4
Open letter about housing at the Athlete’s Village
Dear Premier Campbell:
The Inner City Inclusive Commitment statement stated that VANOC and the government partners would "provide an affordable housing legacy and start planning now".
The Athlete's Village was touted to be the key housing legacy arising from the 2010 Olympics. It began with a commitment of seeing the housing development divided into 1/3 affordable housing, 1/3 middle-income housing and 1/3 market housing. Soon after former Mayor Sam Sullivan was elected, that commitment was reduced to 20% social housing and 80% high-end market housing. And now, as a result of the poor management of the Athlete's Village project by the previous Council, there could be further reductions of the number of units of affordable housing. It was revealed that there is a shortfall of up to $77 million for the affordable housing component of the Olympic Village project.
I am writing to call on the Provincial Government to partner with the City of Vancouver and VANOC to deliver the reduced promise of 252 units of affordable housing at the Olympic Village site at a minimum. Rather than having the project viewed as a broken promise, your government could act now to ensure that at least some components of the promised Olympic housing legacy materializes. As you are aware, Vancouver taxpayers already have to bail out the developer with the high-end condominium for this project, it would be an absolute shame if the social housing component of the project were lost at this time. VANOC's recent sustainability report stated that it had a ”˜commitment with the City of Vancouver to provide a post-Games non-market housing legacy of 250 units in the Olympic and Paralympic Village”¦in Southeast False Creek.”
Failure to deliver this promise is an affront to the many people who trusted those in leadership roles to fulfill the commitment. In addition, it will no doubt be an international embarrassment and highlight the glaring missed opportunity to do the right thing.
Finally, homelessness has more than doubled in Metro Vancouver under your government's watch. Street homelessness has risen to 364%. British Columbia is in critical need of a permanent housing program. Budget 2009 did not offer an increase in BC Housing's operating budget. Instead, it was hit with a $96 million cut. Surely you don't think that the homelessness crisis has ended because of the announcement of the purchase of some SROs and the opening of temporary emergency shelters. On November 7, 2007 the BC government and the City of Vancouver announced the creation of 1200 new social housing units on 12 city-owned sites. At the time, Minister Rich Coleman stated that “it’s a bold move, and we’re aiming to get construction underway on at least six of these sites within a year.” Despite these assurances, no construction has begun on these sites and the provincial government has failed to allocate any funding for these projects in their 2009 budget. This is in direct contrast to their Throne Speech promise of “new investments in housing that will improve and expand our social housing stock.”
As well, I note that the Federal Government's recent announcement for its housing program is limited to family, aboriginal and seniors housing only. Other housing priorities are prohibited. So it appears that federal infrastructure money is precluded for these sites. Even with this knowledge, your government has failed to allocate funds in Budget 2009 to ensure that construction begins albeit later than the time frame you had promised. Though better late than never, I am writing to call on you to immediately allocate the necessary funding for these sites so that homes could be built for those in greatest need.
I look forward to a positive response to these two urgent requests.
Thanking you for your attention.
Jenny Wai Ching Kwan, MLA
cc: Mayor and Council

domain: sociology


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Mortal Kombat X is available around the world today – and while we all expected the game to cause controversy, we didn’t quite expect it to be over microtransactions.
After purchasing the game, and downloading story mode in a 1.8GB patch, you’re faced with the option to buy additional content for the game. You might expect this to be the usual aesthetic tweaks, new skins or outfits or maybe new battle cries… but no. For a small fee, you can download an “Easy Fatality” pack, which makes it simple to execute the game’s signature moves.
These Easy Fatalities are unlocked by default at the start of the game, and mean that you can tear people’s spines out with just a couple of button-presses, but are limited to a certain number of uses. Once you’ve used them up, it’s a matter of memorising the character-specific movement/button combos that will trigger exactly the same move.
…if you don’t want to concentrate on back-back-forward-up-down-X, you can unlock a replacement pack of Easy Fatalities by exploring the Krypt and handing over some of your hard-earned in-game kredits. These, again, are offered on a limited-use basis, but they’re easy enough to find and replenish.
Don’t have the time/desire to want to wander around the Krypt? Grab your wallet, you can pick up five simplified moves for US$0.99, or 30 for US$4.99 (or local equivalent). These are available for both the PS4 and Xbox One versions of the game, but are yet to surface on PC.
To clarify: You do not have to “buy Fatalities”. You can not buy any sort of insta-win tricks. You are buying a limited-use perk that will make the game easier, if you don’t want to learn a few more button-presses, or don’t want to play the game for long enough to find them yourself. None of these transactions are required, and Mortal Kombat X is perfectly playable (and perfectly enjoyable) without spending an extra cent.
Mortal Kombat X is available right now for PS4, Xbox One and Windows PC – PS3 and Xbox 360 versions are due out later this year. For our multiplayer review, watch this week’s episode of Player Attack!