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|Died||11 March 1722 (aged 51)|
London, Great Britain
|Other names||Janus Junius Toland, Seán Ó Tuathaláin, Eoghan na leabhar (John of the books)|
|Era||Age of Enlightenment|
|Liberty, theology, physics|
John Toland (30 November 1670 – 11 March 1722) was an Irish rationalist philosopher and freethinker, and occasional satirist, who wrote numerous books and pamphlets on political philosophy and philosophy of religion, which are early expressions of the philosophy of the Age of Enlightenment. Born in Ireland, he was educated at the universities of Glasgow, Edinburgh, Leiden and Oxford and was influenced by the philosophy of John Locke.
His first, and best known work, was Christianity not Mysterious (1696).
Very little is known of Toland's early life. He was born in Ardagh on the Inishowen Peninsula, a predominantly Catholic and Irish-speaking region in northwestern Ireland. His parents are unknown. He would later write that he had been baptised Janus Junius, a play on his name that recalled both the Roman two-faced god Janus and Junius Brutus, reputed founder of the Roman republic. According to his biographer Pierre des Maizeaux, he adopted the name John as a schoolboy with the encouragement of his school teacher.
Having formally converted from Catholicism to Protestantism at the age of 16, Toland got a scholarship to study theology at the University of Glasgow. In 1690, at age 19, the University of Edinburgh conferred a master's degree on him. He then got a scholarship to spend two years studying at University of Leiden in Holland, and subsequently nearly two years at Oxford in England (1694–95), where he acquired a reputation for great learning and "little religion." The Leiden scholarship had been provided by wealthy English Dissenters, who hoped Toland would go on to become a minister for Dissenters.
In Toland's first book Christianity not Mysterious (1696), begun at Oxford, he argued that the divine revelation of the Bible contains no true mysteries; rather, all the dogmas of the faith can be understood and demonstrated by properly trained reason from natural principles. His argument immediately attracted several rebuttals, and he was prosecuted by a grand jury in London. As he was a subject of the Kingdom of Ireland, members of the Parliament of Ireland proposed that he should be burnt at the stake, and in his absence three copies of the book were burnt by the public hangman in Dublin as the content was contrary to the core doctrines of the Church of Ireland. Toland bitterly compared the Protestant legislators to "Popish Inquisitors who performed that Execution on the Book, when they could not seize the Author, whom they had destined to the Flames".
After his departure from Oxford Toland resided in London for most of the rest of his life, but was also a somewhat frequent visitor to the European continent, particularly Germany and the Netherlands. He lived on the Continent from 1707 to 1710. Toland died in Putney on 10 March 1722. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1911) says of him that at his death in London at age 51 "he died... as he had lived, in great poverty, in the midst of his books, with his pen in his hand." Just before he died, he composed his own epitaph, part of which reads: "He was an assertor of liberty, a lover of all sorts of learning ... but no man's follower or dependent. Nor could frowns or fortune bend him to decline from the ways he had chosen." Although he himself had written biographies in his career, it concludes, tellingly: "If you would know more of him, search his writings."
Very shortly after his death a lengthy biography of Toland was written by Pierre des Maizeaux.
John Toland was the first person called a freethinker (by Bishop Berkeley) and went on to write over a hundred books in various domains but mostly dedicated to criticising ecclesiastical institutions. A great deal of his intellectual activity was dedicated to writing political tracts in support of the Whig cause. Many scholars know him for his role as either the biographer or editor of notable republicans from the mid-17th century such as James Harrington, Algernon Sidney and John Milton. His works Anglia Libera and State Anatomy are prosaic expressions of an English republicanism which reconciles itself with constitutional monarchy. During a brief visit to Hanover in 1701, he was received by the electress Sophia, as Anglia Libera contained a defence of the Hanoverian succession.
After Christianity Not Mysterious, Toland's views became gradually more radical. His opposition to hierarchy in the church also led to opposition to hierarchy in the state; bishops and kings, in other words, were as bad as each other, and monarchy had no God-given sanction as a form of government. In his 1704 Letters to Serena—in which he used the expression "pantheism"—he carefully analysed the manner by which truth is arrived at, and why people are prone to forms of "false consciousness."
In politics his most radical proposition was that liberty was a defining characteristic of what it means to be human. Political institutions should be designed to guarantee freedom, not simply to establish order. For Toland, reason and tolerance were the twin pillars of the good society. This was Whiggism at its most intellectually refined, the very antithesis of the Tory belief in sacred authority in both church and state. Toland's belief in the need for perfect equality among free-born citizens was extended to the Jewish community, tolerated, but still outsiders in early 18th century England. In his 1714 Reasons for Naturalising the Jews he was the first to advocate full citizenship and equal rights for Jewish people.
Toland's world was not all detached intellectual speculation, though. There was also an incendiary element to his political pamphleteering, and he was not beyond whipping up some of the baser anti-Catholic sentiments of the day in his attacks on the Jacobites.
He also produced some highly controversial polemics, including the Treatise of the Three Impostors, in which Christianity, Judaism and Islam are all condemned as the three great political frauds. The Treatise of the Three Imposters was rumoured to exist in manuscript form since the Middle Ages and excoriated throughout all of Europe. It is now thought that the work did not exist.
Toland claimed to have a personal copy of the manuscript which he passed to the circle of Jean Rousset in France. Rumours that it was then translated into French were taken seriously by some: however, not by Voltaire who issued a satirical reply.
His republican sympathies were also evidenced by his editing of the writings of some of the great radicals of the 1650s, including James Harrington, Algernon Sydney, Edmund Ludlow and John Milton. In his support for the Hanoverian monarchy he somewhat moderated his republican sentiments; though his ideal kingship was one that would work towards achieving civic virtue and social harmony, a 'just liberty' and the 'preservation and improvement of our reason.' But George I and the oligarchy behind Walpole were about as far from Toland's ideal as it is possible to get. In many ways he was thus a man born both too late and too early.
Toland influenced Baron d'Holbach's ideas about physical motion. In his Letters to Serena, Toland claimed that rest, or absence of motion, is not merely relative. Actually, for Toland, rest is a special case of motion. When there is a conflict of forces, the body that is apparently at rest is influenced by as much activity and passivity as it would be if it were moving.
The resemblance, both in title and in principles, of Christianity not Mysterious to Locke's 1695 Reasonableness of Christianity, led to a prompt disavowal on Locke's part of the supposed identity of opinions, and subsequently to the controversy between Edward Stillingfieet and Locke. Toland's next work of importance, the Life of Milton (1698) referred to "the numerous supposititious pieces under the name of Christ and His apostles and other great persons," provoked the charge that he had called in question the genuineness of the New Testament writings. Toland replied in his Amyntor, or a Defence of Milton's Life (1699), to which he added a remarkable list of what are now called New Testament apocrypha. In his remarks he really opened up the great question of the history of the Biblical canon.
Toland identified himself as a pantheist in his publication Socinianism Truly Stated, by a pantheist in 1705. At the time when he wrote Christianity not Mysterious he was careful to distinguish himself from both sceptical atheists and orthodox theologians. After having formulated a stricter version of Locke's epistemological rationalism, Toland then goes on to show that there are no facts or doctrines from the Bible which are not perfectly plain, intelligible and reasonable, being neither contrary to reason nor incomprehensible to it. All revelation is human revelation; that which is not rendered understandable is to be rejected as gibberish.
However, David Berman has argued for an atheistic reading of Toland, demonstrating contradictions between Christianity not Mysterious and Toland's Two Essays (London, 1695). Berman's reading of Toland and Charles Blount attempts to show that Toland deliberately obscured his real atheism so as to avoid prosecution whilst attempting to subliminally influence unknowing readers, specifically by creating contradictions in his work which can only be resolved by reducing Toland's God to a pantheistic one, and realising that such a non-providential God is, for Blount, Toland and Colins, "...no God, or as good as no God...In short, the God of theism is blictri for Toland; only the determined material God of pantheism exists, and he (or it) is really no God."
After his Christianity not Mysterious, Toland's "Letters to Serena" constitute his major contribution to philosophy. In the first three letters, he develops a historical account of the rise of superstition arguing that human reason cannot ever fully liberate itself from prejudices. In the last two letters, he founds a metaphysical materialism grounded in a critique of monist substantialism. Later on, we find Toland continuing his critique of church government in Nazarenus which was first more fully developed in his "Primitive Constitution of the Christian Church", a clandestine writing in circulation by 1705. The first book of "Nazarenus" calls attention to the right of the Ebionites to a place in the early church. The thrust of his argument was to push to the very limits the applicability of canonical scripture to establish institutionalised religion. Later works of special importance include Tetradymus wherein can be found Clidophorus, a historical study of the distinction between esoteric and exoteric philosophies.
His Pantheisticon, sive formula celebrandae sodalitatis socraticae (Pantheisticon, or the Form of Celebrating the Socratic Society), of which he printed a few copies for private circulation only, gave great offence as a sort of liturgic service made up of passages from pagan authors, in imitation of the Church of England liturgy. The title also was in those days alarming, and still more so the mystery which the author threw around the question how far such societies of pantheists actually existed. The term "pantheism" was used by Toland to describe the philosophy of Spinoza.
Toland was famous for distinguishing exoteric philosophy—what one says publicly about religion—from esoteric philosophy—what one confides to trusted friends. In 2007 Fouke's Philosophy and Theology in a Burlesque Mode: John Toland and the Way of Paradox presented an analysis of Toland's 'exoteric strategy' of speaking as others speak, but with a different meaning. He argues that Toland's philosophy and theology had little to do with positive expression of beliefs, and that his philosophical aim was not to develop an epistemology, a true metaphysical system, an ideal form of governance, or the basis of ethical obligation, but to find ways to participate in the discourses of others while undermining those discourses from within. Fouke traces Toland's practices to Shaftesbury's conception of a comic or 'derisory' mode of philosophising aimed at exposing pedantry, imposture, dogmatism, and folly.
Toland was a man not of his time; one who advocated principles of virtue in duty, principles that had little place in the England of Robert Walpole, governed by cynicism and self-interest. His intellectual reputation, moreover, was subsequently eclipsed by the likes of John Locke and David Hume, and still more by Montesquieu and the French radical thinkers. Edmund Burke in his Reflections on the Revolution in France wrote dismissively of Toland and his fellows: "Who, born within the last 40 years, has read one word of Collins, and Toland, and Tindal, and Chubb, and Morgan, and that whole race who called themselves Freethinkers?"
Still, in Christianity not Mysterious, the book for which he is best known, Toland laid down a challenge not just to the authority of the established church, but to all inherited and unquestioned authority. It was thus as radical politically and philosophically, as it was theologically.
Of his influence, humanities professor Robert Pattison wrote: "Two centuries earlier the establishment would have burned him as a heretic; two centuries later it would have made him a professor of comparative religion in a California university. In the rational Protestant climate of early 18th-century Britain, he was merely ignored to death."
However, Toland managed to find success after his death: Thomas Hollis, the great 18th century book collector and editor, commissioned the London bookseller Andrew Millar to publish works advocating republican government - a list of titles which included Toland's work in 1760.
This is not an exhaustive list:


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Buy best 5 mutual funds for sip 2022
Buy best 5 mutual funds for sip 2022
over 2,500 mutual fund schemes and 44 AMFI certified fund companies in India, it can be difficult to choose just 4-5 funds for your portfolio.
The availability of so many funds can make it difficult for investors to select the optimal plan for their needs. So to make that effort easier, we have compiled a list of the best five mutual funds in India where you can start a SIP.
In this blog, we will look new investors should consider investing in mutual funds to build wealth and achieve their long-term goals.
Why should you invest in Mutual Funds?
Investing in Mutual Funds is a simple, paperless process. Investors can keep an eye on the market and take decisions based on their needs.
Also, switching between mutual fund schemes and portfolio rebalancing helps in keeping the returns on track.
You can build a diversified mutual fund portfolio by investing Rs 500 per month in mutual fund schemes of your choice through SIP. You can also invest in a lump sum or as part of a Systematic Investment Plan (SIP).
Compared to lump-sum investment, however, a SIP can reduce the overall cost of investment while harnessing the power of compounding profits.
Then tax deduction is available for special financial instruments under Section 80C of the Income Tax Act, up to a maximum of Rs 1.5 lakh in each financial year, and tax-saving mutual funds are one of them.
Equity Linked Savings Scheme (ELSS) is a popular tax-saving option for Indians, owing to its high returns and the shortest lock-in period of three years among all the Section 80C options.
Your mutual fund investments are managed by a professional fund manager backed by a research team. The fund manager develops an investment strategy for your asset allocation.
The research team selects suitable securities based on the investment objectives of the fund.
Why should start SIP?
One of the most common reasons why people are attracted to SIP investments is to inculcate the habit of saving regularly at small and regular intervals.
Some of the advantages of SIP are as follows:
Makes a habit of investing regularly
SIP investments regularly monthly, quarterly, or every six months on a predetermined day. Investors benefit significantly from this disciplinary approach to regular investing because they are not required to actively track the market.
Investing through SIP is a simple process. An investor only has to ask his bank to enable auto-debit from his account. This eliminates the need for the investor to go out and pay his installment amount manually; Instead, technology does it for them.
Rupee cost averaging
Rupee cost averaging allows investors to beat market volatility and make their investments less volatile. When stock prices are at their lowest levels the investor allocates more units, and fewer units are at the highest levels, averaging savings.
The power of compounding implies making profits by investing your profits. To maximize the benefits of compounding in mutual funds, one should start investing early and stay invested for a long period.
owning more stock in smaller quantities
If investors decide to buy individual stocks directly to diversify their portfolios, they will need a large surplus. However, if you invest in mutual funds, you can buy these shares for as little as a few thousand rupees.
Now, let us have a look at the list of mutual funds that we have selected for you to start your SIP.
best 5 mutual funds for sip 2022
Axis Bluechip Fund
It is an equity-oriented fund. The fund’s primary objective is to achieve long-term capital growth by investing primarily in equity, and equity-related securities of large-cap companies including derivatives.
This fund is best suited for investors with a high-risk tolerance and wishing to earn high returns on investments over a long period.
SBI Focused Equity Fund
It is an open-ended equity fund that invests in equities and equity-related securities, to generate capital appreciation over a long period.
SBI Focused Equity Fund is a high-risk equity-oriented fund that offers a high return on investment.
Kotak Debt Hybrid Fund
It is an open-ended scheme that aims at increasing the returns on a portfolio of debt instruments while maintaining a moderate exposure to equity and equity-related instruments.
These funds are suitable for investors who cannot tolerate extreme volatility in the value of their investments and are satisfied with moderate returns that slightly exceed returns from fixed income options.
The debt portion of these funds generates a modest but consistent flow of income. It is recommended that you invest only if you have an investment horizon of three years or more.
Edelweiss Balanced Advantage Fund
Edelweiss Balanced Advantage fund one of the best SIP schemes is an open-ended fund, whose primary objective is to provide long-term capital growth primarily through investments in equity and debt instruments.
This fund is an excellent investment option for investors with a medium to high-risk tolerance and desire for profitable returns on investment.
UTI Nifty Index Fund
UTI Nifty Index Fund is an open-ended index fund scheme to replicate the performance of the Nifty 50 Index, which is subject to tracking error.
These funds help beat inflation over a long period and generate high returns, which are suitable for investment purposes with a tenure of 10-15 years or more (minimum five years).
We like to believe that the following schemes are good to invest in these funds to meet your long-term financial goals. One can invest in these schemes with a tenure of five to seven years. However, please do not assume that these plans are risk-free or will not fluctuate.
As Indians, you may not remember every ad you have seen, but we are sure you will remember the golden words that have been said over and over after every mutual fund ad – mutual funds ” best 5 mutual funds for sip” are subject to market risks, please read the offer document carefully before investing”

domain: economics


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Supertrash Jalima Jacket
Free Shipping $40+
Jacket by SuperTrash, Woven fabric, Notch lapels, Open front, Functional pockets, Stretch inserts, Regular fit - true to size, Machine wash, 95% Polyester, 5% Elastane, Our model wears a UK 8/EU 36/US 4. In the world of Dutch fashion entrepreneur Olcay Gulsen, high-fashion should be accessible. Cue her label SuperTrash, which nails a contemporary high-fashion aesthetic and love of luxe wools, leathers and stand-out prints across its line of maxi dresses, denim and knitwear. Please note: The waist and hip measurements run slightly smaller on this brand, please refer to the size guide.

domain: design


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Dens invaginatus (DI) is a rare developmental anomaly characterized by invagination of the enamel organ into the dental papilla before calcification has occurred. Maxillary lateral incisor is most commonly involved. The complex anatomy of this anomaly presents as a major challenge to the endodontist. The two-dimensional imaging such as intraoral periapical radiographs and bitewing fall short of defining the extent of the defect. The three-dimensional extent of this lesion can be visualized efficiently using a cone-beam computed tomography, which can help in a better understanding and treatment planning. Depending on the extent of the DI, the treatment modalities can be either surgical or nonsurgical. The present case highlights a maxillary central incisor with Type III DI which was managed using contemporary endodontic techniques.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes

domain: medical


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Tasty food, excellent ambience and good company is all we want when going out for dinner or lunch. After visiting the restaurant Villa Mamas a couple of times our editor decided it was time know a bit more about Roaya Saleh and her comforting menu.
The first time I went to Villa Mamas I felt like I was entering the owner’s home. The warmth was probably coming from the decorative items, hand-picked by Roaya Saleh in her trips around the globe. The villa, in the middle of Saar, has an organic garden with fresh herbs that go straight to the plates complementing the homely feeling. The second time was a rainy night, the house was full. My friend’s order was delayed due a problem in the kitchen. The trained waiter immediately offered him a salad while waiting for his choice to be cooked again. This extra care made me very curious about the mind behind this mama’s place.
Woman This Month: Can you tell me a little bit about your story and how the passion for cooking became a big role in your life? Owning a restaurant was always your dream?
Roaya Saleh: My passion for cooking started at a very young age. I used to help my older sister in the kitchen preparing meals for the family when my mother was travelling. The recipes and dishes we cooked were family recipes passed on through generations and I loved listening to the stories and history behind the dishes I was cooking. Owning a restaurant has always been a dream of mine, no matter what else I was doing, it was always in the back of my mind.
WTM: How did you decide that it was time to go to the next step and start your own business?
RS: I’ve always been creating businesses since I was 20 years old. I would see a need and niche and fill it. I’ve always had an entrepreneurial spirit. I was working with real estate, but with the market recession and saturation, I didn’t want to go back to the corporate world. So I decided to start my dream. My original plans were to do it in my retirement, but the time felt right. Although, at this point I wasn’t fully ready to venture into the restaurant business. I needed to gather some knowledge of restaurant set up – I’d never even been in an industrial kitchen! I had to improve on my cooking abilities and my recipes. So when I decided to start the restaurant, I didn’t just jump in. I studied and investigated. I spent two and a half years looking into my business plan. I tested the market by starting a catering website. I was fortunate to have built up a solid and loyal customer base through my home cooking and catering website. This allowed me to gauge the market for my food and perfect my cooking style and launch the restaurant I wanted.
WTM: Could you give some tips to our entrepreneur readers?
RS: Research, research, research! Get to know your product and customers and always believe in your dream.
WTM: How is the process of creating a menu? Where do you find inspiration and when do you know that you’ve got the perfect dish?
RS: It all starts with myself and what I love. The whole concept is born in my own kitchen and I only approve it when I’m 100 per cent in love. However I’m only certain of its perfection when I see my customers’ positive reactions. I find inspiration in everything! Nature, ingredients I find, books, travels, TV shows and talking with people.
WTM: How important it is for you to use fresh and local ingredients?
RS: This is of the utmost importance – the foundation of Villa Mamas. I only believe in using fresh and local ingredients and I will not compromise on this. I only use fresh and high quality ingredients in my restaurant. Sourcing locally whenever possible, using local farms and even growing some vegetables and herbs in Villa Mamas’ garden.
WTM: How often do you introduce a new item in your menu?
RS: Seasonally and with people’s needs and desires. People are becoming more conscious of healthy eating. I keep this in mind. My menu has always featured lovely vegetarian items but recently I have been playing with more vegan and gluten-free options.
WTM: Do you train your own staff? How important it is to be hands-on in your business?
RS: Training is very important. I believe in training on a daily basis. I set an example for all staff by being there daily, before my staff and leaving after them. I can be seen doing everything in the restaurant – cleaning tables, cooking, etc. I have a good team behind me who support me and have developed a passion for making Villa Mamas what it is today.
WTM: Are you planning to open new branches? If so, when is it going to happen?
RS: My focus currently is on GCC expansion through a franchising model and we are in the process of rolling it out and looking for suitable partners to work with. I won’t be happy until I have introduced Villa Mamas and Bahraini cuisine to cities like New York, London and Istanbul. Later this year I am also opening Mama Gourmet, a sister brand to
Villa Mamas. This retail outlet and delicatessen, attached to Villa Mamas, will sell products that I’ve internationally sourced and use in the restaurant.
WTM: You are a successful business woman, how do you manage your busy schedule with family time?
RS: It is tough to manage, but I always prioritise my family. Having an excellent team behind me at the restaurant gives me the peace of mind to leave the restaurant and take time for family and occasional travel.
WTM: What is the thing that you are most proud of? Any special achievement?
RS: I’m most proud of being the first to introduce modern Bahraini cuisine – I started this! I am proud I have taken Bahraini cuisine to the world through social media via the Food Channel. Another achievement is that Villa Mamas has been recognised by the Government as a face for Bahrain to the world.

domain: food


Watch VideoPlay Video
The US-based, Foreign Policy Journal, says former US President, Jimmy Carter plans to visit the DPRK to negotiate the release of a US citizen, detained for illegally entring the country.
According to the report, Carter decided to make the trip "within days". Ai-jalon Mahli Gomes was detained by the DPRK in January.
On April the 6th, he was sentenced to eight years' imprisonment and given a fine of about 700 thousand US dollars. Gomes' health has apparently been worsening.
In a similar humanitarian visit, last year, another former President, Bill Clinton successfully freed two jailed American journalists. However, the Obama administration is refusing to comment on any new visit.
P.J. Crowley, Spokesman, US State Department, said, "We are interested in getting Mr. Gomes returned to the United States. We are concerned about his health and welfare, we are doing everything in our power to see him return to the United States and at this stage, we are not going to comment on any particular details."


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Notre-Dame de Paris also was known as Notre-Dame Cathedral. It’s deified to the Virgin Mary. It is one of the most well-known Paris landmarks which symbolized the city.
The Notre-dame cathedral sits on a small island called the Ile de la Cite in the middle of river Seine, one of the most ancient sacred places in Paris whereby the French history started.
It is also one of the largest and one of the most famous Cathedrals of the world.
The total surface area is 5,500 m² (interior surface 4,800 m²) big enough to accommodate 9000 thousand people.
The construction was started in 1163 during the reign of King Louis VII and was finally completed in 1345. As of this year 2017, Notre-Dame de Paris was celebrating it’s 854 years.
Stepping inside the beautiful Gothic church of Notre Dame Cathedral doesn’t have fees to access but I suggest to go early if possible to be able to move around the church without bumping into someone every time you turn.
Once you get in, you will see the church’s magnificent sculptures, a stained glass window and don’t miss the Rose Window which particularly reflected of Gothic architecture and may be seen in all the major Gothic Cathedrals of Northern France and Christian churches all over the world.
The church has 10 bells with different sizes and names: Marie, Gabriel, Anne Geneviève, Denis, Marcel, Étienne, Benoît-Joseph, Maurice, Jean-Marie and the largest name to Emmanuel. Emmanuel bell is always rung first at least 5 seconds before the others.
The cathedral has a narrow climb of 387 steps of spiral staircases to access the bell tower. It’s a separate visit and there will be a charge of 8.50 euros for the adult.
The entrance to the stairs is located outside the church. I see people are queuing up early to access the bell tower from the outside of the church. Please take note, there is a limit number of people admitted daily so try to get in the queue early as possible.
The Cathedral is open daily from 8:00am to 6:45pm with a 7:15pm closing time on Saturdays & Sundays.
The number of statues which overlook the city from the balcony of the South Tower is absolutely breathtaking. There will be Gargoyle (a statue with wings and horns), Wyvern (a two-footed dragon) and a kind of goat demon looking over the balcony and you wouldn’t miss the spectacular view of the entire city of Paris.
You should probably hear about the story of the Hunchback of Notre Dame. There are cartoons and movies inspired by. However, It’s still the French Gothic Architecture that remains to be the most attractive to all the visitors across the globe, until today.
Beware of pickpockets. There will be a lot of people in this place and you would not know who are the pickpockets one.
Stay away from a group of child scammers too, they will be asking for ‘donations’ which some kind of petition and would not leave you alone.
Like in any other places with lots of people around, there are no guarantees so it’s best to be careful and keep an eye on your surroundings.
My final thoughts:
It’s very impressive, inside and outside. It’s absolutely worth a visit.

domain: artistic


This resource is no longer available
NetScaler and Amazon Web Services: Video Overview
As the industry moves from the “PC era” to the “cloud era,” it’s clear that cloud computing is not about technology, but rather making IT more efficient and effective. So what are cloud providers harnessing to become more efficient and simplify deployment?
This video shows how a cloud computing company joined the Amazon Web Services (AWS) marketplace to simplify deployment and pricing, and grow their customer count and revenue. Learn how to improve elasticity, expandability, and simplicity with an application delivery controller on AWS.


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Koch: fall nitrogen fertilizer application requires careful planning
Applying nitrogen fertilizer in the fall can be a smart practice - both financially and operationally - for corn and wheat growers who want to save money with fall fertilizer purchases and focus on planting next spring. But applying nitrogen at this time of year presents greater risk from potential nitrogen loss. Koch Agronomic Services, LLC (KAS) shares tips to help protect nitrogen and growers' investment in this vital crop input.
"Following the 4Rs of Nutrient Stewardship (Right Fertilizer Source, Right Rate, Right Time and Right Place) is especially important in the fall when crops are months away from development and their maximum nitrogen uptake, leaving it vulnerable to loss from fluctuating weather conditions," said Greg Schwab, PhD, director of agronomy at KAS.
Schwab offers some general guidelines for growers:
- For most regions, anhydrous ammonia is the preferred fertilizer for fall applications on acres that will be planted the following spring. That's because ammonia converts to nitrate in the soil more slowly than other forms of nitrogen.
With anhydrous, accepted best management practices call for application only after soil temperatures drop to 50 degrees and lower. Typically, this is in late October, although in 2016, soils began to cool later and applications occurred in early November, Schwab said.
- UAN is vulnerable to fall nitrogen loss because it contains nitrates that are susceptible to loss at the time of application, Schwab said.
- In limited northern regions (parts of Minnesota, North Dakota and Montana), growers can apply fall urea. Below that latitude, soils are too warm and the weather too variable for safe application.
Growers in northern areas should time urea application just before freezing because the rate of nitrate conversion on completely frozen ground is near zero. Schwab cautions against applying to already frozen ground or snow-covered soil where there's the possibility of snow melting. In all cases of fall urea application, however, there is a risk of volatilization that's best addressed with AGROTAIN nitrogen stabilizer or with use of SUPERU fertilizer, another KAS product that protects against all three forms of nitrogen loss, Schwab said.
"Enhanced efficiency fertilizers such as AGROTAIN stabilizer and SUPERU fertilizer can help turn a less efficient agronomic practice into a more efficient agronomic practice," he said.
AGROTAIN and SUPERU fertilizer represent a portfolio of proven enhanced efficiency fertilizer products available from KAS. AGROTAIN nitrogen stabilizer comes in a variety of formulations to meet specific blending and application needs: AGROTAIN ADVANCED 1.0; AGROTAIN ULTRA and AGROTAIN DRI-MAXX.
Regardless which type of fertilizer is applied, Schwab recommends a split application of 50 percent to 60 percent in the fall and the remainder in the spring to minimize the potential of loss, with spring applications determined by yield potential.
"Growers who want to apply fertilizer over the next few weeks should look for guidance from their land-grant universities or trusted retail advisor, who can offer advice appropriate for their regions," Schwab said.

domain: agronomy


Glass installation is nearly complete for Monroe Laflin Place, a four-story apartment building planned for 104 S Laflin Street in West Loop. Developed by Tom Meador, the development will yield 51 total units.
Photos show site prep at 133 S Ashland Avenue, a four-story residential building set to rise at the western border of West Loop. Filed under the owner 133 Ashland Land LLC, the planned development will provide 89 units with on-site parking for 120 vehicles with three accessible spaces.
Exterior work is nearing completion for a four-story residential building located at 104 S Laflin Street in West Loop. The developer, filed under Tom Meador as manager, has planned for 51 units alongside 51 on-site parking spaces. Replacing a former parking lot, the development represents one of several new projects around Skinner Park, including 1400 W Monroe Street and a similar neighboring development at 128 S Laflin Street.
Permits have been issued for a four-story residential building at 133 S Ashland Avenue in the West Loop. Located on a corner lot, the project will rise on the northeastern corner of the intersection at S Ashland Avenue and W Adams Street. The nearest public transportation is the CTA Route 9, accessed at the Ashland and Adams bus stop, located directly onsite. The Ashland CTA L station, serviced by the Green and Pink Lines, is a nine-minute walk away. 133 Ashland Land LLC is the owner of the project, with Tom Meador as the manager. The developer is reporting a total cost of $10,000,000.


14 Sep 2011
The Atlantic's cover feature is a takedown of the NCAA's corporate structure. The content is hardly groundbreaking, but this is a good consolidation of the silliness that abounds within the NCAA offices.
74 comments, Last at 01 Jan 2013, 7:16am by mano
The Ravens quarterback will need to greatly improve his performance from last year if he's going to live up his huge new contract.


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November 2008 Archives
|AoW1 Holiday Tournaments, Come Join the Fun
At the start of this festive time of year it is time once again for another tournament… what… you mean there are TWO tournaments?!? That’s right, we just started a 1v1 pbem single elimination tournament with 16 players on Arctic Wolf’s winning map Snowscapes and Mirages. The tournament started a couple weeks ago and already we have had the first games completed. Congratulations to Thorongil for posting the first win over a skilled opponent…. Well… it was a warm up game for Dafyth as he doesn’t play much AoW1 but we must thank him for dusting off his old CD to play with us. Enginerd is well on his way to beat Froster, can the rookie pull a rabbit out of his hat? CrazySlyHawk and Slipkyes are battling it out as is Zsaber and Ecthelion. Disenchanted and Mad87ger are well on their way. A couple games to watch are against some tough players with Dan playing Draco and Gandalf playing Eriksson. You can follow the 1v1 competition here.
Our second tourney is a Holiday Map Making Competition. There are two categories this year, one is the “Festive Winter Holiday” theme and the other is a “Historical” theme. There are several maps already registered but still lots of time to create one. Maps can be submitted up until the New Year. Also, be on the lookout as you, the forum members, will be helping to judge so get ready and enjoy your Christmas Holidays with us at AoW1 Heaven. Happy Holidays!
|And the Winner is….. (AoW1 Mapmaking 2008 Tournament)
Fine…. We’ve made you wait long enough for the results… We’ll tell you…. Just keep reading after the big announcement….
1v1 map – Snowscapes and Mirages by Arctic Wolf
Anything goes map – The Warren by Iguanaonastick
Special Judges Award – Skout77 for making 3 maps
Congratulations to the winning mapmakers, well done! Also, many thanks to our judges. Thank you Draco, Thank you Dan Petersson. They spent many hours pouring over and playtesting the maps. We really appreciate their efforts. And we cannot forget to thank everyone who participated. Please congratulate the winners and leave comments here.
As in previous tourneys I am amazed at the quality of maps. There were some pretty tough decisions out there. Each judge had their own likes and dislikes and it was a very close battle in the 1v1 Category. Skout and Arctic Wolf battled it out for the top spot but in the end Arctic Wolf produced the winning map in Snowscapes and Mirages with Skout’s Lineage following very closely behind. Both wonderful maps that we hope you play and enjoy. It was also nice to see newer mapmakers try and take on the more experienced ones. Well done Crazyslyhawk, maybe next time (and he put 2 maps together for this tourney, Wow!).
The anything goes category was truly unique. We had four high quality maps submitted. There were two good single player maps competing against a couple multi player maps with different mods. There was another struggle with the judges on this one…. Do the pink elephants get the nod over the classic Warlocks? Which one of the SP maps is better? Do my preferences lie with the mods or the SP? Tough choices but in the end a clear winner came to the front, congratulations to Iguanaonastick for the winning map made with the Warlocks mod called The Warren. This multiplayer map is a real gem.
Now that we have a winning map for the 1v1 tourney there will be 16 players that will battle it out. Follow along and watch this tourney unfold here.
And don’t forget to download and play the new maps, you won’t regret it. Then leave your comments for the mapmakers, they always appreciate to hear from you.
And if you missed out on this tourney check out the threads for more upcoming competitions…. We’re already talking about the next mapmaking competition here.

domain: hobby


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domain: pet


text:
A building material supplier. Products for Architectural Finishes: Building Facades, Railings, Balconies, Stairways, Storefront, Doors and windows, Office/bathroom divisions, etc and
In essence an allround media company. They do graphic design, web site development, hosting, internet marketing, trainings and consultancy
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We Inform, interact, are complete, up to date and help professionals, buyers and homeowners.
Aruba's Real Estate has one place where it all comes together: Online!


text:
Shine - Decoupage Gel, Varnish by Redesign with Prima
Decoupage Gel, Varnish - Shine, by Redesign with Prima
1 Jar, 230ml, 7.8 fl. oz.
A specially formulated medium that creates a silk like finish with a meticulous gloss. Perfect for using with our Décor Decoupage Papers and Redesign Rice Papers, this medium is great for gluing, varnishing and transferring techniques all in one. Use it on paper, cardboard, chipboard, wood, ceramics and more. Waterproof when dry.


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The American League’s Los Angeles Angels and the National League’s Chicago Cubs are on opposite ends of the spectrum in terms of how they finished the 2016 season.
However, the Angels and Cubs were each led by young players who ended up winning MVP honors last year, with both of them listed as the betting favorites to take home the award again this year at sportsbooks monitored by OddsShark.com.
Despite playing for a team coming off a losing campaign, Los Angeles' Mike Trout will be going for his third AL MVP in his seventh season. Trout is a +125 favorite (bet $100 to win $125) to repeat, and he will be looking for the players around him to perform a lot better and get the Angels back over the .500 mark in 2016.
It is almost unfathomable that Trout would win the award yet again if Los Angeles does not have a winning record.
Meanwhile, Chicago’s Kris Bryant will try for two NL MVPs in three years of his MLB career after helping his club win the World Series last October. Bryant could not have played much better in his first two seasons, following up his 2015 Rookie of the Year performance with an MVP and World Series title, all by the age of 25 years old.
The Las Vegas native is +225 chalk to beat fellow Sin City resident Bryce Harper of the Washington Nationals to a second MVP award. Harper is the +300 second choice to win it for the first time since 2015 even though he suffered through a disappointing 2016.
After posting career-best numbers by hitting .330 with 42 home runs and 99 RBI two years ago, Harper's batting average plummeted to .243 with 24 homers and 86 RBI last season. It is hard to believe that Harper is still younger than Trout and Bryant at 24.
Trout’s top competition in the AL looks to come from 2015 MVP winner Josh Donaldson (+650) of the Toronto Blue Jays and Manny Machado (+650) of the Baltimore Orioles. Donaldson is the oldest of the players mentioned here at 31, while Machado is also 24.
Another youngster who may challenge Bryant and Harper in the National League is 22-year-old shortstop Corey Seager of the Los Angeles Dodgers.
Seager is the +800 third choice to win MVP behind the former winners, and his candidacy will likely depend on whether or not he can follow a similar trajectory to Bryant after winning Rookie of the Year in 2016 and the Dodgers can also find a way to repeat as NL West champions.

domain: news


text: Which, I must say, perfectly complemented Pat McGrath's makeup vision: "I was totally feeling the sixties mod, monochromatic look. I wanted to create a supergraphic eye," she explained. And that she did! I loved the bold eye (try CoverGirl LiquiLine Blast to get the look--that's what Pat used). My backstage bonus? Pat gave me a sneak peek at CoverGirl's new NatureLu Mousse Mascara (out in July). "It gives the most lush, fluffy lashes," she promised. Um, sign me up!


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- Published on
- 18th December 2019
- Written by
- Berne Ferry
- Filed under
Weather update – a pluviophile is a person who loves rain.
The best thing to do when it is raining is to let it!
A quote from Longfellow, apparently. Well we haven’t had much choice this December that’s for sure.
It has been a busy and productive year at the School. I‘m glad to have got back into the blog again and will keep them coming in 2020 and linked to our School report.
Around the School
IAPS is here!!!
Three of our fantastic HSST scientists have now undertaken the new ‘Independent Assessment of Professional Skills’ (IAPS). As a community of healthcare scientists, we have delivered, via the School, the first three IAPS for HSST. As mentioned in my last blog, this high-stake assessment was modelled on royal college exit examinations and the extent of the importance of this, for our potential consultant scientists cannot be underestimated. It is a fantastic achievement. I am really delighted to report that the trainees, the assessors and colleagues from the School, have praised the whole process. So, while I acknowledged those people involved in the wider process in my last blog, can I reiterate thanks once again to Sandie Gay and Lisa Ayers from the School but even more so to the first assessors themselves including in no particular order: Andrew Reilly, Michael Drinnan, Carl Rowbottom, Malcolm Sperrin, Richard Scott, Charlotte Kemp, Peter Colley, Graham Chalmers, Paul Evans, Karen Venables, Kevin Burke and Craig Edwards.
The 22nd and 23rd October saw two fantastic induction days for new HSST scientists starting in 2019. This was the first time we held linked, but separate, MAHSE and School induction days. They were held in Manchester, as the HSST were all there for the first week of their MAHSE leadership and management course.
Another very successful OSFA resit examination period, was held at the Royal College of GPs from 18th to 22nd November. Results were published on December 12th and congratulations to all successful candidates. Thanks, yet again, to all HCS who gave up their valuable time and expertise to make these exams happen. Thanks to lead station writers and their colleagues for writing the questions, for your time and simply invaluable help on the OSFA days and it goes without saying, for being so supportive of our highly successful STP programme.
The PTP survey and review is now complete and the results are being analysed as I write this blog. Look out for the results of this much anticipated review, early in 2020.
Topol Fellowship at the School
In the summer, the School took on responsibility for the design and delivery of The Topol Programme for Digital Fellowships in Healthcare. The fellowship programme provides fellows with time and support to design and deliver digital health projects and initiatives in their organisations and a programme of workshops to stimulate and support fellows to lead digital health transformations for NHS staff and patients.
November saw the successful completion of the second of six workshops for cohort 1. The Topol digital fellows are already making their mark on the system being invited to give talks on their work in Trusts and around the health system.
I continue to say a huge thank you to Owen Driskell and Stuart Sutherland at the School, for superb organisation and we are hopeful that the second round of these fellowships will be announced in the New Year. Watch this space.
An occasional view which I may sometimes add to this blog is from
Around HEE and NHSE/I
The School continue to seek out and represent HCS at meetings in HEE and other health bodies, to share our experience and knowledge of HCS education and training and to learn from our counterparts in different professions. These interactions will give us a chance to discuss the School’s priorities in response to the LTP, and the soon to be published people plan, and consider some of the challenges and opportunities, that HCS face in their education and training. In this regard, the School are part of the discussions around credentialing, with the initial workshop being held on 18th November, and ‘the future doctor’ discussion, a workshop being held in October and the launch of the Royal College of Physician’s document on ‘How to embed research in NHS Trusts’ which was launched on 28th November. It is important that the School get involved in these initiatives, to contribute our unique and valuable insight and to help to shape the future of these areas going forward
Out and about
- October 7th was the date of a productive meeting at the RCPathology between the School, IBMS and the Royal College to discuss issues around Advanced Clinical Practice in pathology.
- October 30th was also at the RCPathology and it was great to be present, albeit briefly, at the meeting for the Association for Clinical Embryology.
- November 14th was a chance to attend the ACP conference at the Oval and it was good to be part of these discussions with AHP and nursing colleagues.
- November 22nd was an inspiring day with the SCST in Birmingham. Delighted to be asked to talk about the School’s plans to respond to the LTP and the HCS Strategy, due to be published in 2020. Great to be speaking on the same platform as the deputy CSO, Angela Douglas.
- November 29th saw the CSO, Dame Sue Hill open the new DNA measurement lab. I was delighted to be invited to attend this event and can report that the facilities are superb, and the staff committed and inspiring. The School actively works with the government scientist Professor Julian Braybrook and colleagues and are grateful for their invaluable input on clinical measurement into our new core curriculum for STP.
- December 12th saw the second meeting of the HCS partnership board (as well as the other big event on that day!). The School was represented by myself and Angela Daly, who is Director of Operations at the School.
From next year I will start to invite other colleagues to contribute to this blog, as I am conscious that I haven’t really mentioned our role as an End Point Assessment Organisation for Apprenticeships. I may start with that early in 2020, so watch out for that.
All that remains is to wish all of you reading this, a happy holiday and I look forward to working with you in 2020.


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I want to use a date picker in the rasa chatbot. I using this code in the domain.yml file.
utter_month: - custom: blocks: - accessory: initial_date: '2019-05-21' placeholder: text: Select a date type: plain_text type: datepicker text: text: Can you tell me the start date and end date? type: mrkdwn type: section
after training a model when I run the rasa x command to see the output on UI it’s coming like this:
please help me to solve this problem I’m facing this for too long. I’m new in rasa so please guide me to solve this problem.


As oil prices rise, so does the cost of asphalt. Concrete, historically more expensive, is now becoming a viable cost competitor. Because of its lighter shade, its also been shown to contribute less to climate change.
Concrete reflects more sun and cuts down on retained heat, reducing temperatures and the urban heat island effect. As the costs shift, it may become the pavement of choice.
"On the rhetorical battleground, one of the strongest anti-concrete arguments has always been: "So pricey!" But perhaps that is changing. In Minneapolis, when bids came in on a project that includes new bus lanes and wider sidewalks (on Marquette and Second Aves near the convention center, for those familiar with the local terrain) the concrete and asphalt options cost more or less the same, according to a local business paper.
The underlying trend here is that asphalt's price is closely tied to the price of oil. And when a barrel of crude when into three-digit land last year, asphalt was suddenly as expensive as concrete."
Keanu Reeves Set to Play Daniel Burnham in ‘The Devil in the White City’
Planning is going to get a new level of star power as a limited series adaptation of The Devil in the White City gets ready for television screens in 2024.
Opinion: Aging Population, Declining Fertility Requires Long-Term Investments
Faced with the dire consequences of a one-two punch of aging populations and declining birthrates, one writer has suggestions for how policy can help ensure a better future.
Marrying Urban Identity and Economic Prosperity
A new book posits that truly successful communities have a strong economic base and a firmly rooted sense of place.
San Antonio Office Tower To Become Residential
With the building more than half vacant, the new owners of the Tower Life Building plan to convert the historic tower into residences that could include affordable housing.
Freeway Removal Movement Slowly Gains Steam
Although the concept has recently received more national attention thanks in part to the federal Reconnecting Communities Act, cities have shown reluctance to support highway removal projects.
MTA Uses Density Bonuses to Improve Accessibility
Under a new zoning law, New York City developers can receive density bonuses for building elevators and other accessibility upgrades for the city’s subway system.
Sun City Center Community Association, Inc
City of Mesa
Town of Gilbert, Arizona
This six-course series explores essential urban design concepts using open source software and equips planners with the tools they need to participate fully in the urban design process.


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For the second time since Oct. 2017, rabies has taken the life of a Florida resident–both contracted via a bat bite.
It was announced today that 6-year-old Ryker Roque, who was undergoing the Milwaukee protocol in an attempt to save his life, has died from rabies.
According to the NBC News report, Ryker’s dad, Henry found a sick bat and placed it in a bucket, instructing the child not to touch it. Unfortunately, Ryker did and got scratched.
The family did not seek out post exposure prophylaxis and did not seek medical attention until symptoms began.
Doctors in Orlando tried the sometimes successful experimental treatment, Milwaukee protocol; however, Ryker died.
This comes just days after the Milwaukee protocol was credited with saving the life of a Brazilian teen who contracted rabies via a vampire bat bite (Read more about the Milwaukee protocol at the link).
This is the second human rabies fatality in Florida in recent months. In Oct. 2017, a resident from Highlands County, Florida died from rabies following a bat bite.
Human rabies cases in the United States are rare, with only 1 to 3 cases reported annually. Twenty-eight cases of human rabies have been diagnosed in the United States since 2006, of which 8 cases were infected outside the United States and its territories.
Worldwide, it is estimated that there are more than 69,000 deaths due to rabies annually.
- The World’s Deadliest Viruses
- Rabies: What You Need to Know
- Florida reports 60 animal rabies cases through September
- Rabies: Virginia reports case in traveler to India
- Global health organizations release statement on World Rabies Day
- Maryland resident contracted rabies through organ transplant: CDC


From academic institutes in North America to residential projects in the Middle East, the various disciplines of Bauhaus and its influence on architecture and design are noticeably present in projects all over the world. While most projects acquired the school's universal language, a few unique ones combined Bauhaus' theory and design principles with the site's cultural and climatic specificity.
Latest projects in Nigeria
Latest news in Nigeria
This article was originally published on Common Edge.
Skidmore, Owings & Merrill have broken ground on Alárò City, a new masterplan development that will connect to Lagos in southwest Nigeria. The mixed-use model community will feature an international trade gateway with a new seaport and airport. Designed for the Lagos State Government and Africa’s largest urban developer Rendeavour, the project is made to boost foreign direct investment to create an economic and cultural hub for West Africa.
Within a week of its successor being awarded the Silver Lion at the 2016 Venice Biennale, the original Makoko Floating School collapsed. Designed by Nigerian architect Kunlé Adeyemi of NLÉ Architects, the school was located in the Lagos Lagoon in Nigeria. Now, almost two years later, Lagos-based writer Allyn Gaestel has investigated the vulnerable coastal community and architect behind the project in a remarkable narrative nonfiction piece, "Things Fall Apart."
This article was originally published by Common Edge as "Tale of Two Cities: Unravelling the Brutal Backstory Behind Africa’s Emerging Megacities."
As reported by Nigerian news website NAIJ.com, the celebrated Makoko Floating School, designed by Nigerian architect Kunlé Adeyemi of NLÉ, has collapsed after heavy rain battered the city of Lagos. Photographs show the roof of the school still largely in tact, but sitting directly on top of the building's floating base of 256 plastic drums, as the lower levels and supporting structure appear to have failed completely.
Prisons are often seen as problematic for their local communities. After centuries of correctional facilities discouraging economic growth and occupying valuable real estate as a necessary component of towns and cities, many of these institutions have been relocated away from city centers and their abandoned vestiges are left as unpleasant reminders of their former use. In fact, the majority of prisons built in the United States since 1980 have been placed in non-metropolitan areas and once served as a substantial economic development strategy in depressed rural communities.  However, a new pressure is about to emerge on the US prison systems: beginning in 2010, America's prison population declined for the first time in decades, suggesting that in the near future repurposing these structures will become a particularly relevant endeavor for both community development and economic sustainability. These abandoned shells offer architects valuable opportunities to reimagine programmatic functions and transform an otherwise problematic location into an integral neighborhood space.
In the United States alone, more than 125 million plastic bottles are discarded each day, 80 percent of which end up in a landfill. This waste could potentially be diverted and used to construct nearly 10,000, 1200-square-foot homes (taking in consideration it takes an average of 14,000 plastic bottles to build a home that size). Many believe this process could be a viable option for affordable housing and even help solve homelessness.
International design firm NLÉ has recently shared its competition-winning design for the financial headquarters of the microfinance bank Credit Direct Limited. Located in Lagos, Nigeria, in the Ikeja district, the bank’s design abandons the forbidding presence of most financial institutions for one that is open and welcoming. This decision not only invites clientele inside, but creates opportunities for adaptation to the tropical weather of Lagos.
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Bar News - April 20, 2016
Court News: Governor Makes Four Judicial Nominations
NH Governor Maggie Hassan nominated Amy Messer, director of the Disabilities Rights Center – NH, to the NH Superior Court bench, earlier this month.
She also nominated Edward Tenney, Charles Greenhalgh and Henrietta Luneau to judgeships on the NH Circuit Court.
Messer, currently the executive director of the Disability Rights Center, also served as the center’s legal director, senior staff attorney and staff attorney. She led the center in its lawsuit against the state over inadequate community-based mental health care, reaching a a settlement agreement two years ago. Messer was co-recipient of the 2014 Frank Rowe Kenison award from the NH Bar Foundation.
Tenney is the presiding justice for the 6th Circuit in Hillsborough and an associate justice for the 2nd Circuit in Lebanon, on a full-time per diem basis. He has extensive experience in family law, including as a sole practitioner for nearly two decades, and as a guardian ad litem.
Greenhalgh, of Cooper Cargill Chant in North Conway, has extensive experience in family law, landlord and tenant law, bankruptcy law, employment law and civil litigation, and has been a stalwart volunteer in the NH Bar Pro Bono program.
A marital master for New Hampshire’s 10th Circuit Court Family Division in Kingston, Luneau was an attorney at two private practices and has significant experience as a guardian ad litem.
All four nominations are subject to Executive Council approval.

domain: law


text:
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July 28 (Bloomberg) -- Virgin America, the U.S. airline partly owned by U.K. billionaire Richard Branson, plans an initial public offering to finance growth. Leslie Picker has more on "Bottom Line." (Source: Bloomberg)
On Air Now
©2014 Bloomberg L.P. All Rights Reserved. Made in NYC

domain: finance


|Publication number||US4263587 A|
|Application number||US 06/028,388|
|Publication date||Apr 21, 1981|
|Filing date||Apr 9, 1979|
|Priority date||Apr 9, 1979|
|Publication number||028388, 06028388, US 4263587 A, US 4263587A, US-A-4263587, US4263587 A, US4263587A|
|Inventors||Robert S. John|
|Original Assignee||International Telephone And Telegraph Corporation|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (39), Classifications (11), Legal Events (1)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
Liquid level controls for containers such as boilers are known as shown by U.S. Pat. No. 3,834,357 issued Sept. 10, 1974 to L. Kaczmarek et al. Level control circuits in which the electrical path through an electrode or probe is at a low AC level such as 24 volts is shown by U.S. Pat. No. 4,019,067 issued Apr. 19, 1977 to R. Gladstone. Further, the use of a device delaying the time of operation of the output device low level control is known from U.S. Pat. No. 3,366,095 issued Jan. 30, 1968 to M. De Leonardis. In this patent, the time delay function is performed by a bimetallic strip switch element which operates an output device in the form of alarm or input shutoff of some kind.
It is further well-known in the electrical arts that time delay may be accomplished by the use of resistive-capacitive (R-C) networks. Such delays have been incorporated into systems such as air conditioning to prevent too rapid cycling of the system following thermostatically controlled shutoff.
The present invention has as its object to provide an improved control circuit for a probe type level control such as used in installations such as hot water boilers.
The invention is directed to an improved control arrangement for a low level liquid sensing circuit incorporating a time delay which is prevented from reaching its timed conclusion by the continuing pulsations of an alternating current source.
The invention has as its object to provide a liquid level control system for a liquid container in which the level probe is energized by low voltage alternating current and in which the time delay control circuitry is powered by the same low voltage AC in a direct current mode.
A further object of the invention is to provide a liquid level control system using low voltage AC monitoring circuit in which the monitoring circuit is electrically isolated from both the input AC source and from the AC output circuits.
In the present system, an electronic time delay has been added to the low water cutoff circuit of a probe type level control. By adding this function, the application of this type of controls has been expanded to include low pressure steam installations. In so doing, the control must be mounted close to the waterline in a steam boiler to protect the system in the event the boiler water is not replenished in a timely manner, or a failure occurs in the feed water system. During the firing period of the boiler, there is a great amount of tubulence of the water level causing bounce of the liquid level. Since the probe low water cutoff is installed close to the level, the control may be subjected to oscillating water contact between ground and the probe causing relay chatter and nuisance shutdowns. For this reason, a nominal 30 sec. retard system was developed to hold the operating relay in for this period, continuing to recheck the water level through the time cycle, and finally shutting the system down after the expiration of the period should the water level remain below the level of contact with the probe.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a circuit showing my invention; and
FIG. 2 is a schematic circuit drawing of the circuit shown in block form in FIG. 1.
In FIG. 1, I show a standard 120 Volt AC input with its leads directed both to transformer 10 and to a series path through the relay driver 12 and relay 20. The relay 20 has output contacts 21 (shown as lead and output arrow) which may operate any suitable control of liquid flow or of other controls for the boiler or liquid container 30.
The boiler 30 is shown having a liquid bearing container with its level 31 of liquid and an electrode or probe 34 mounted suitably in the container wall closely adjacent a low liquid level.
The electrode or probe is powered by an AC from the secondary of transformer 10. A convenient and adequate voltage is 12 volt AC output from the transformer. The probe energizing path may be traced from the transformer through the conductor 26 to the liquid in the container 30 and the probe 34 to the detection circuit 36 and back to the transformer. The low voltage AC line may be suitably grounded for safety purposes, as shown.
A delay circuit 40 and LED 42 are both powered by a 15 volt direct current supply generated from the low voltage line through the use of a rectifier and filter arrangement 44-46 (FIG. 2).
The detection circuit 36 (FIG. 1) provides stepped down low voltage AC for the probe circuit. With liquid at or above the probe level, the detection circuit 36 periodically resets the input to delay circuit 40 to keep the delay circuit from reaching its timed-out condition.
When the liquid level drops below the probe level, the low level AC circuit is opened and the delay circuit 40 begins timing out. If the liquid circuit open condition persists for the entire timing period of the delay circuit, the delay times out and operates the LED 42. The relay driver 12 in the 120 volt line is optically coupled to the LED 42 and responds to operation of the LED to energize the relay 20. The relay operates to actuate its contacts and thereby indicate the low liquid level condition in a suitable fashion. The indication may be an alarm, latched shutoff of heating input, initiation of further liquid input or any suitable known response.
In FIG. 2, I show the circuit of FIG. 1 in greater detail. There I show the primary of transformer 10 connected to a 120 volt AC source. The 120 volt AC source also is connected to the series circuit comprised of relay driver 12 and relay 20. Positioned across the relay driver is a resistor capacitor circuit 28 for driver protection.
The detection circuit is both powered and line-isolated by the 12 VAC secondary of transformer 10, which also furnishes 15 VDC for the delay circuit. The probe itself is energized through the detection circuit input as shown. This input circuit limits the open probe voltage to a safe, low 12 VAC (no DC component), and the short circuit probe current to about 0.6 milliampere, as compared to about 120 VAC and 30 milliamperes in a representative presently available circuit. In the arrangement shown here, the entire delay circuit rides at 12 VAC with respect to the boiler and chassis case, and must be appropriately insulated.
The delay circuit contains a timer which may be an IC integrated circuit timer with the timing capacitor 50 shunted by a reset transistor 52. The input to transistor 52 is derived from the AC current flowing through the resistors 60 and 62 (both of which may be 10K resistors) in series with the conductance probe. When the probe current is sufficiently high to cause approximately a 1 volt AC drop across resistor 60, the transistor input will be periodically saturated at the peaks of the AC signal, and the transistor will be turned on and off at a 60 Hz rate. The 1 VAC drop corresponds to 0.1 milliampere AC current, or a liquid resistance of about 100K ohm for the circuit shown, with 12 VAC supplied. If the resistance of resistor 62 were reduced to zero, the probe voltage supply could be reduced from the 12 volts shown, to approximately 1 volt AC. The maximum probe current and liquid resistance would then be controlled by the value of resistor 60. With such low voltage and current requirements, the entire system could be considered to be inherently safe for use in most hazardous environments. Higher liquid resistance of up to 1 megohm could be accomodated by choice of the input resistance values and transformer voltage although fouling of the probe would likely make this value too high in practice. Lower liquid resistances simply provide higher AC to the input of the transistor.
When the input transistor turns "on", the timing capacitor 50 is discharged to about 0.3 volts. Simultaneously, the timer input circuit is triggered by the negative-going transistor output voltage on lead 70. The result is that the timer IC is continually retriggered (at 60 Hz) to start a new 30 second timing cycle. However, the timing capacitor voltage is continually being reset to about zero volts (at the 60 Hz rate), preventing completion of the timing cycle. When the liquid conductance current goes to zero (low water condition), then the transistor no longer turns on and off, and the timer circuit is free to continue the 30 second timing cycle to completion. If the water level is restored, or the probe is wetted, at any time during this cycle, the transistor will again receive an input signal, will turn on to short out the timing capacitor, and reset the timer to restart the timing period. If the liquid surges or varies to wet the probe more rapidly than once during a 30 second timing period, the low level output will not be actuated.
The output of timer circuit 40 feeds an optocoupler IC relay driver which completely isolates the relay coil from the low voltage circuit. The optocoupler is an LED-phototriac device. The LED 42 of this device is driven to approximately 15 milliampere by the output from the timer IC at the conclusion of an uninterrupted timing period. Radiation from this LED is internally coupled to switch on the phototriac 12 which is electrically isolated from the LED. The phototriac is in series with the 120 VAC relay coil, and this circuit is connected directly across the AC supply line, rather than via a transformer as in generally known circuits. The total transformer power requirement is therefore only about 0.3 Watts total to supply the probe and time delay circuits. By minimizing the power in the transformer secondary, a low cost transformer may be used. A relay is shown as the output control device rather than a semiconductor due to the lower cost and greater tolerance for electrical abuse of the electromechanical relay for given current ratings. However, semiconductors could be used throughout.
In normal operation, the relay may remain operated whenever the sensed liquid covers the probe. When the liquid level falls below the probe level for a period of more than 30 seconds, the relay is turned off, and the normally-closed contacts are reclosed to actuate an alarm or other device. This action is fallsafe in that it also corresponds to the power-off or power-failure condition. A failure to send an alarm due to the system components themselves could only be caused if the phototriac failed in a short-circuit mode, or if the relay contacts welded together, remaining in the "relay coil actuated" condition. Alternatively, a normally off relay could be used, the relay being turned on by the relay driver circuit indicating the completion of a timing period of low liquid level.
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|US3588892 *||Dec 18, 1968||Jun 28, 1971||Cerberus Ag||Test of parallel alarm units|
|US3978464 *||Nov 4, 1974||Aug 31, 1976||Chrysler Corporation||Means for sensing change in the amount of fluent material in a reservoir|
|US4087706 *||Nov 24, 1975||May 2, 1978||Hynes Electric Heating Company||Electronic level switch control setup|
|US4149162 *||Jun 20, 1977||Apr 10, 1979||American District Telegraph Company||Battery discriminator circuit for smoke detectors|
|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US4360738 *||May 4, 1981||Nov 23, 1982||Honeywell Inc.||Single probe low water control|
|US4367462 *||Jan 5, 1981||Jan 4, 1983||Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company||Liquid level sensing circuitry|
|US4385290 *||Aug 25, 1981||May 24, 1983||Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Co.||Liquid level sensing circuitry|
|US4390793 *||Feb 23, 1981||Jun 28, 1983||International Telephone And Telegraph Corporation||Electronic liquid level control apparatus|
|US4488513 *||Aug 29, 1983||Dec 18, 1984||Texaco Development Corp.||Gas cooler for production of superheated steam|
|US4499766 *||Aug 25, 1982||Feb 19, 1985||Berwind Corporation||Capacitance-type material level indicator|
|US4499767 *||Aug 25, 1982||Feb 19, 1985||Berwind Corporation||Capacitance-type material level indicator|
|US4545505 *||Jul 14, 1982||Oct 8, 1985||Reed Industries, Inc.||Electronic control circuits for electrically conductive liquids/solids|
|US4555941 *||Sep 21, 1984||Dec 3, 1985||Berwind Corporation||Capacitance-type material level indicator|
|US4628302 *||Sep 14, 1984||Dec 9, 1986||Baker International Corporation||Liquid level detection system|
|US4641692 *||Jun 11, 1985||Feb 10, 1987||Alco Foodservice Equipment Company||Beverage dispenser with automatic cup-filling control|
|US4763077 *||Oct 20, 1986||Aug 9, 1988||Conax Florida Corporation||Sensor circuit responsive to different fluid conductivities|
|US4896142 *||Apr 16, 1987||Jan 23, 1990||Aycox Dale G||Moisture detection system for carpet cleaning apparatus|
|US4983964 *||Jun 29, 1988||Jan 8, 1991||Elektriciteit Voor Goederenbehandling Marine En Industrie, In Het Verkart "Egemin", Naamloze Vennootschap||System for data transmission|
|US5111691 *||Dec 20, 1990||May 12, 1992||Itt Corporation||Conductance/thermal limit control apparatus and method|
|US5132669 *||Sep 18, 1990||Jul 21, 1992||Jackson Ronald E||Level sensor with alarm|
|US5220514 *||May 12, 1992||Jun 15, 1993||Itt Corporation||Method & apparatus for liquid level conductance probe control unit with increased sensitivity|
|US5739504 *||Jul 28, 1995||Apr 14, 1998||C. Cowles & Company||Control system for boiler and associated burner|
|US6364545||Feb 8, 2001||Apr 2, 2002||Eastman Kodak Company||Photographic processor having an improved replenishment delivery system|
|US6390027||May 31, 2000||May 21, 2002||C. Cowles & Company||Cycle control system for boiler and associated burner|
|US6688329||Jul 6, 2001||Feb 10, 2004||C. Cowles & Company||Water feeder controller for boiler|
|US6904800 *||May 24, 2002||Jun 14, 2005||Potter Electric Signal Company||Low-water cut-off system|
|US6926028||Jan 20, 2004||Aug 9, 2005||C. Cowles & Company||Water feeder controller for boiler|
|US7093611||May 31, 2005||Aug 22, 2006||C. Cowles & Company||Water feeder controller for boiler|
|US7243540||Dec 5, 2003||Jul 17, 2007||Potter Electric Signal Company||Low-water cut-off system|
|US7317993||Mar 15, 2006||Jan 8, 2008||Potter Electric Signal Company||Fluid detector recognizing foam and surge conditions|
|US7836761||Nov 23, 2010||Robert Brian Tonner||Immersion thermowell for temperature and water level sensing|
|US8069723||Dec 6, 2011||Wells Richard D||Method of modifying a fluid level sensing assembly by replacing a mechanical float|
|US20040123659 *||Dec 5, 2003||Jul 1, 2004||Jeffrey Merwin||Low-water cut-off system|
|US20040149335 *||Jan 20, 2004||Aug 5, 2004||C. Cowles & Company||Water feeder controller for boiler|
|US20050217728 *||May 31, 2005||Oct 6, 2005||C. Cowles & Co.||Water feeder controller for boiler|
|US20070219731 *||Mar 15, 2006||Sep 20, 2007||Merwin Jeffrey C||Fluid detector recognizing foam and surge conditions|
|US20080202586 *||Feb 19, 2008||Aug 28, 2008||Togare Radhakrishna Shesha Iye||Automatic wireless liquid/water level controller|
|US20090145218 *||Dec 7, 2007||Jun 11, 2009||Bulldog Boiler Rentals, Ltd.||Fluid level sensing assembly and method for configuring same|
|US20090199634 *||Feb 7, 2008||Aug 13, 2009||Robert Brian Tonner||Immersion Thermowell for Temperature and Water Level Sensing|
|US20100139780 *||Feb 19, 2010||Jun 10, 2010||Bulldog Boiler Rentals Ltd.||Fluid sensing assembly and method for configuring same|
|US20130180473 *||Jan 16, 2012||Jul 18, 2013||R.W. Beckett Corporation||Tactile feedback techniques to limit temperature runaway in boiler systems|
|USRE34337||Feb 9, 1989||Aug 10, 1993||Imi Cornelius Inc.||Beverage dispenser with automatic cup-filling control and method for beverage dispensing|
|EP0297662A2 *||Jun 23, 1988||Jan 4, 1989||Elektriciteit voor Goederenbehandeling Marine en Industrie, in het verkort EGEMIN, naamloze vennootschap||System for data transmission|
|U.S. Classification||340/620, 122/504.2, 340/527, 73/304.00R, 122/504|
|International Classification||G08B21/18, G01F23/24|
|Cooperative Classification||G08B21/182, G01F23/241|
|European Classification||G08B21/18B, G01F23/24A|
|Apr 22, 1985||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: ITT CORPORATION
Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:INTERNATIONAL TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:004389/0606
Effective date: 19831122


5 Seconds of Summer Announce New Album 'Sounds Good Feels Good': 5 Seconds of Summer News
Set for October 23, the 14-track collection with be released by Hi or Hey Records/Capitol Records. This follows up their self-titled offering, which has sold more than three million copies worldwide.
Among the songs scheduled for the new album is their current single, "She's Kinda Hot," as well as live favorite "Permanent Vacation." As for the album's recording, it took place over three months in Los Angeles, with the group living together as they created the project. Read more here.
Radio.com is an official news provider for antiMusic.com.


text:
A bold gold border shimmers on the rim of the elegant Contempo Luxe serving bowl by Lenox®. Crafted in bright white china, the serving bowl is generously sized and sure to be the centerpiece of the dinner table. Microwave and dishwasher safe, this stylish dinnerware is perfect for special occasions and every day.
Measuring a capacity of 64 ounces
10 in L x 10 in W x 4 in D
Material & Care
Shipping your purchase is easy at belk.com. Depending on your shipping method and the destination of your package, you can expect it to arrive within 3-15 business days Details.
Bold brushed lines and dots make this bowl from COTON COLORS a perfect centerpiece for fresh fruits or serving dish for side dishes. A pattern lover’s dream, this bowl is part of the fun and contemporary Deco line that is ...
Completed with a gorgeous glazed finish, this serving
Completed with a gorgeous glazed finish, this serving bowl delivers Italian-inspired elegance that will serve your kitchen well no matter the season or on-trend style of the week. Antique detailing throughout elevates this incredibly intricate piece, presenting a stylish yet ...
Inspired by Italian design, this Capri gray 10-in.
Inspired by Italian design, this Capri gray 10-in. deep serving bowl is embossed and has antique detailing for a dynamic look. Decorate your dining room scene with this one-of-a-kind piece that exudes poise and appeal.
Serve anything from ice cream to fruit in the Lenox® Blue Bay all purpose bowls. Featuring assorted sweet and simple patterns with gold banding, these bowls are perfect for delicious after-dinner sweets, or for enjoying your morning oatmeal.
Lenox® Blue Bay dessert bowls are perfect for serving up sweet after-dinner treats. Use as a convenient bowl for a simple serving of ice cream, fruit or sides. Featuring four assorted patterns and thin gold banding around the rim.
Transform your everyday or entertaining dining into a
Transform your everyday or entertaining dining into a regal affair with the gorgeous Chelse Muse Serving Bowl by Lenox. An intricate and textural stylized repeating wreath motif around its rim is accentuated by a reactive glaze for a look that ...
A classic pattern makes a comeback in the Federal Gold Dinnerware Collection from LenoxÂ®. Bands of shimmering 24-karat gold replace traditional platinum in bone china that radiates grace and luxury. A timeless choice, this set is perfect for every occasion. ...


text:
Baby Gender Reveal Necklace Grandchild Born So is Grandma Gift
If you are pregnant and looking for a way to let your own mom know she is about to be a grandma (or a grandma "again") this is a sweet keepsake gift.
These necklaces are a bit country-chic, making a statement without being too flashy.
The 24- or 36-inch length means you can wear them with anything from jeans to dresses—and the exclusively designed illustrations make them a fun conversation starter!
The designs by Lisa are fresh and fun, but classic enough that they'll pair well with any outfit.
At Gutsy Goodness, we believe that jewelry should be not just a fashion piece, but also a true reflection of who you are. Our jewelry is designed to resonate with the wearer, reflecting their personality and values.


DJ Limited - The Beginning EP Part 2 download flac
Album · 2015 · 6 Songs. The Beginning Part 2 - EP DJ Limited.
Heavy beat from Limited Taken From the Beginning E. The Beginning EP. Лицензиар. RealPlayazLtd (от лица компании "Biological Beats"); S2K Music Ltd. (Publishing), BMG Rights Management" и другие авторские общества (1).
You Request - We Upload.
Tracklist 1. The Beginning (Original Mix)5:44 2. The Shuttle Skank (Original Mix)4:37 3. Two Left Feet (Original Mix)4:27 4. The Future (Original Mix)6:02 5. Get Out of There (Original Mix)4:47 6. Gorilla Tactic (Original Mix)4:23. DNNYD – Get The Party Goin’.
The Beginning Part 2 EP. DJ Limited, Fatman D. Release Date 2015-02-16. Label Biological Beats.
DJ Limited (3). Real Name: Billy Smith. DJ Limited (3). The Beginning EP Part 2 (6xFile, MP3, EP, 320). Bring The Drums Back (6xFile, MP3, EP, 320).
2 –DJ Limited Biological Warfare. 3 –DJ Limited Let Me Say. 5:58. 4 –DJ Limited Don't Wana Be. 4:58. 5 –Fatman D. London Slums (DJ Limited Remix – DJ Limited.
The Beginning is the debut studio album by South Korean pop group JYJ, formed by three of the five original members of TVXQ. It was released on October 14, 2010 through Vitamin Entertainment, a division of Warner Music Korea
Dj Limited & Fatman D - The Beginning Part 2. 4 (7). 1. 2. Месяц релиза - любой - January February March April May June July August September October November December.
The music will continue in seconds. Select to cast music to your TV or stereo Please download the Slacker Radio app to complete the upgrade process.
Tracklist Hide Credits
|2||–DJ Limited||Biological Warfare||5:36|
|3||–DJ Limited||Let Me Say||5:58|
|4||–DJ Limited||Don't Wana Be||4:58|
|5||–Fatman D||London Slums (DJ Limited Jump Up Remix)
Remix – DJ Limited
|6||–Fatman D||London Slums (DJ Limited Jungle Remix)
Remix – DJ Limited


text:
Tim Hortons announces new culinary lead
Despite many new choices when it came to Tim Hortons donuts this year, Canadians overwhelmingly preferred a classic staple of the menu--the Boston Cream.
However, those who feel the menu could use an overhaul are in luck--Tims recently announced it has brought in a new Culinary Lead: Chef Tallis Voakes.
Voakes will be tasked with innovating Canada's most iconic coffee chain's menu, and ensuring every item offered is both fresh and delicious.
“My mission of making the food at Tim Hortons even better for our guests across Canada is just so, so exciting,” he said in a news release.
Voakes has an impressive culinary recipe--he was trained at Le Cordon Bleu in Ottawa, and he's worked with world-renowned chefs such as Nobu Matsuhisa and Jason Atherton.
He's also worked as a food stylist for Hollywood and TV productions including "The Handmaid's Tale," which is filmed in the GTHA.
“There are many things that are already awesome and you don’t mess with a good thing. And then there are other things that we’re looking at amping up the flavour a little more here, or changing a different ingredient there," he said.
"It’s about making sure that all the elements of a sandwich, or a soup, or a donut, are all the very best and create a ‘wow’ eating experience. That’s what makes food more craveable," he added.
Voakes’ new position will be a homecoming of sorts for the Toronto native--he worked at Tims when he was a teenager--and he said one of his priorities will be optimizing kitchen procedures.
“At the end of the day in all restaurants--and it doesn’t matter if it’s Tim Hortons or a posh restaurant--it’s all about the art of execution and repetition. It’s an art form doing something again and again as best as you can do each and every time,” he said.
- Male pronounced dead at scene after drowning in Brampton
- PICK A SIDE: When should masks no longer be mandatory in Ontario?
- Popular breakfast and lunch restaurant opening new location in Mississauga
- 1 in 3 Canadians considering 'workarounds' as Mississauga, Brampton and Hamilton house prices keep rising
- Special weather statement: Heavy rainfall in Mississauga, Brampton and Hamilton


text:
Sustainable therapeutics via synthetic biology
There should be a chance when cancer cells expose their weakness
We won't miss it!
PRUNUS takes bold steps for the future healthcare. By nailing down the key biological differences between cancer and normal cells, PRUNUS is pioneering a new way of targeting cancer.
Cancer therapeutics should target only cancer cells, leaving healthy cells unaffected. We believe that our challenge would lead to new sustainable therapeutics able to improve treatment outcomes as well as quality of life.

domain: biology


text:
by Michael Lidtke | The Associated Press
California regulators on Thursday gave a robot taxi service the green light to begin charging passengers for driverless rides in San Francisco, a first in a state where dozens of companies ply themselves on increasingly congested roads. Trying to train vehicles to drive.
The California Public Utilities Commission unanimously approved Cruise, a company controlled by automaker General Motors, to launch its driverless ride-hailing service. Regulators issued the permit despite safety concerns that stemmed from Cruise’s inability to pick up and drop passengers in its autonomous taxis, requiring vehicles to double park in traffic lanes.
The ride-hailing service will initially consist of only 30 electric vehicles, limited to carrying passengers from 10 p.m. to 6 a.m. in less congested parts of San Francisco. gets messed up. It will also allow regulators to assess how the technology works before allowing expansion of the service.
Cruise and another robotic car pioneer, Waymo, are already charging passengers for rides in autonomous vehicles in parts of San Francisco as a back-up to take control if something goes wrong with the technology. There is a human driver.
But now Cruise has been approved to charge for rides in vehicles that will carry no one other than passengers – an ambition that a variety of technology companies and traditional automakers have been pursuing for more than a decade. are. Driverless vehicles have been welcomed to make taxi rides less expensive while reducing traffic accidents and deaths due to careless human drivers.
Cruise’s Chief Operating Officer Gil West hailed Thursday’s vote in a blog post as “a giant leap forward for our mission on Cruise to save lives, help save the planet, and save people time and money.” . He added that the company will gradually start rolling out its ride-hailing.
Waymo, which began as a secret project within Internet powerhouse Google in 2009, has been running a driverless ride-hailing service in the Phoenix area since October 2020, but the density and difficulty of more congested cities, such as San Francisco, has been reduced. It is more difficult to navigate. Challenges before robotic taxis
That’s one reason why Cruise’s newly approved driverless service in San Francisco is being regulated so tightly. In addition to being limited to locations and times where there is less traffic and fewer pedestrians on the roads, Cruise’s driverless service will not be allowed to operate even in heavy rain or fog.
While Cruise’s application for a driverless taxi service in San Francisco received widespread support from proponents, with hopes the technology would become viable in other cities, some transportation experts urged the Public Utilities Commission to proceed with caution.
“Many claims of[autonomous vehicles]have not been demonstrated, and some claims have little or no basis,” Ryan Russo, director of the Department of Transportation in Oakland, California, told the commission last month.
Just getting to this point has taken many companies longer than they did when they started working on autonomous technology.
Uber, the largest ride-hailing service, was hoping to have 75,000 self-driving cars on the road by 2019 and driverless taxi fleets in at least 13 cities by 2022, according to court documents in a high-profile case. was alleged in The company that stole trade secrets from Waymo. Uber sold its autonomous driving division to Aurora in 2020 and still relies almost exclusively on human drivers who have been more difficult to recruit since the pandemic.
And Tesla CEO Elon Musk promised that his electric car company will run a robotic taxi fleet by the end of 2020. That didn’t happen, although Musk is still promising that it will happen eventually.


text:
Bernhard Maier, ŠKODA AUTO CEO: “The results of the first half of the year demonstrate that we are on the right path with Strategy 2025. The current product range has been very well received by our customers. Our model campaign continues in the second half of the year with the launch of the new FABIA and KODIAQ RS. Converting our vehicles to the new WLTP cycle remains a challenge.”
ŠKODA AUTO’s sales revenue increased by 5.1% to 9.161 billion euros between January and June 2018 (first half of 2017: 8.720 billion euros). In the same period, operating profit fell by 4.5% to 821 million euros (first half of 2017: 860 million euros). Return on sales reached 9.0% compared to 9.9% in the first six months of 2017. Net cash flow totalled 980 million euros (first half of 2017: 1,152 million euros).
“ŠKODA AUTO continues to show stable profitability and yield security in the first half of the year. Important factors influencing this are our active mix management within the framework of the positive sales volume development and our consistent cost management,” says SKODA AUTO Board Member for Finance and IT Klaus-Dieter Schürmann, adding: “Stricter emission and CO2 regulations place growing demands on the entire automotive industry. The necessary expenditures for future technologies and new products, as well as negative exchange-rate effects and rising personnel costs due to the new wage agreement, which came into force in April, are increasingly reflected in the result.”
ŠKODA AUTO continues to pursue its ambitious Strategy 2025. By the end of 2020, the Czech automobile manufacturer will have introduced 19 new vehicle models and made considerable investments in pioneering technologies such as electromobility and digital services. Added to this is the brand’s expansion into emerging markets such as India, where ŠKODA now holds responsibility for the Volkswagen Group’s market and model campaign.
ŠKODA AUTO Group – Key figures for the first half of 2018/2017*
|Units||2018||2017||Change in %|
|Deliveries to customers||No. of cars||652,700||585,000||11.6|
|Deliveries to customers excluding China||No. of cars||487,200||451,000||8.0|
|Production**||No. of cars||486,200||464,900||4.6|
|Sales***||No. of cars||510,700||500,500||2.0|
|Sales revenue||Million EUR||9,161||8,720||5.1|
|Operating profit||Million EUR||821||860||-4.5|
|Return on Sales||Percent||9.0||9.9||–|
|Net cash flow||Million EUR||980||1,159||-15.4|
* Percentage deviations are calculated from non-rounded figures
** Comprises the production of the ŠKODA brand, excluding production in China, Slovakia, Russia and India, but including other Group brands such as SEAT, Audi and VW; vehicle production excluding part/complete kits *** Comprises sales of the ŠKODA brand to sales companies and includes other Group brands, such as SEAT, Audi and VW; vehicle sales excluding part/complete kits


text:
you might also consider making a lens from cells purchased at a place like the surplus shed
single cells have a very large image circle ... you wouldn't need to have a pinhole lens, and still
use paper negatives with exposures of a few seconds rather than minutes. you could cut light down
by making your own fstops &c ...
for the paper, i would make yourself a roll back.
2 large dowels, with the paper running between them.
when you make an exposure, you just roll it to the take up spool and make another one.
you could make a dark-slide as well, so you could remove the back from the camera ...
sounds like a fun project !