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“It could be worse” is the old Minnesota explanation of weather conditions. It might apply to our housing markets as well.
Minnesota 2020 and Minnesota Housing Partnership have been collaborating on a series of articles looking at the “Uneven Recovery” for our state and local housing markets in the five years since the housing bubble burst. Now come data showing more severe problems in other parts of the country, and why the entire U.S. economy may hang on the housing market going forward.
Katie Doyle of Bankrate.com has assembled data showing “Foreclosures: 10 Worst States Right Now.” Nationally, one mortgage in 1,055 is in some stage of foreclosure – improved from 655 in second quarter 2012 - while Florida continues to lead the pack with one in only 346.
Following behind Florida is Nevada, one if 533; Maryland, 543; Illinois, 603; New Jersey, 619; Connecticut, 752; Delaware, 818; South Carolina, 850; Ohio, 885; and California, 921. Whew. Minnesota doesn’t make the list.
A related real estate data offering from msn.com sheds more light on how vulnerable the housing market recovery might be to rising interest rates and possible Federal Reserve policy going forward. In a slide show presentation on “Home, sweet unaffordable home,” it uses Zillow Inc. data and analysis to list cities and metro areas especially vulnerable to interest rates.
Consider this example: San Francisco homeowners have historically paid 38.2 percent of median household incomes on housing costs. If mortgage interest rates go up to 5 percent, housing costs will take a projected 46.4 percent.
Other areas that should be of concern for the national economy include San Jose, where a mortgage rate increase to 5 percent would raise housing costs from an historical median of 35.6 percent of household income to 42.4 percent; Santa Rosa (Calif.), from 32.2 percent to 40.3 percent; Honolulu, from 37.5 percent to 39.6 percent; and San Diego, from 35.6 percent to 38.9 percent. Los Angeles homes are hanging on the same interest rate cliffs.
Such data beg a couple of Minnesota observations.
First, it means homeowners in California and a few other high-cost areas face the same range of housing cost burdens we’ve noted for 66 percent of renters in Minnesota. Federal guidelines say everything above 30 percent of household income spent on housing is a burden.
Second, our Minnesota economy might withstand downward pressure from a housing collapse and regional recession in states such as Nevada, South Carolina and even Florida. But there is no way we would escape economic shocks from a collapse of California – America’s most populous state.
Before being elected to the City Council and later Mayor of Carver, like most of you I knew little about City water, where it came from, and what it cost, but I soon got to learn a lot more. Some cities rely on surface water, usually rivers, but many depend on deep wells to draw water from subsurface aquifers.
We often think of these supplies as unlimited and free. Today as our population and water usage is growing dramatically, it is becoming obvious that our supplies both from surface water and the aquifers are not unlimited. If we do not reduce our usage, we will suffer shortages.
Today I would like to discuss the amount of water used to keep our lawns green especially with irrigation systems, and why it raises costs and threatens our supplies.
When we first moved to Carver in 1997 the city had one well and one 150,000-gallon water tower. The population was probably about 1100 people; although the quality was poor the supply was adequate as long as there were no problem with our one well or storage tower. Carver’s population grew from 1265 in 2000 to 3724 in 2010. As you can imagine this population surge forced us to expand our city water system. We added a filtration plant, three wells, and 750,000-gallon water tower to meet the growing demand and federal water specifications. The investment exceeded $10 million. So much for free water.
The other day there was a news story about the average person uses about 75 gallons of water per day. This number is about right for personal usage, but I have found it greatly understates the usage in Carver.
In the table below I show the water usage for the year 2007. Looking at the numbers in the first three months of the year and the last three months usage is about 5 to 6 million per month, but from May through September usage ranges from 11.9 to 26.6 million gallons per month.
In 2007, which I suspect was a drought year, almost 40% of our water was used in June and July and almost 60% between May through August. There are many reasons why water usage rises in summer, but we all know that most of it is going for our lawns. It is important to realize that when building a water supply system it has to meet the maximum capacity, which for Carver was five times what was needed for winter requirements, one of the reasons pushing up the cost of city water.
Is the solution to get rid of our lawns? Some day it may be, but today it would help if we just got smarter. Most of us over water our lawns partly because of the convenience of irrigation systems. We need to start doing things differently such as using drought resistant grasses, monitoring rainfall and water only when needed not just if it is our day. We need to collect runoff and use of it on gardens and lawns. We need to do more than worry about the debt we are leaving for our children, but if we are leaving them resources like water.
What can you do in 90 days? You can grow your fingernails about a third of an inch in 90 days. In 90 days, the average American will drink 144 cups of coffee. And if you had the time to read 25 pages a day of dense technical material, you could read the entire Polymet Supplemental Draft Environmental Impact Statement, or SDEIS. You might just need that coffee.
Polymet Mining Corporation is planning to mine for copper, nickel and other precious minerals in an extensive wetland area at the headwaters of the St. Louis River.
When the SDEIS was released by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources in December, 2013, the public was given 90 days to comment on the document. That time period resulted in two options, both relying on trust, and both bad:
- Don’t even try to read it yourself. Trust the state and federal agencies and their contractors to do the right thing.
- Let outside experts you trust have just 90 days to review complex materials seven years in the making.
Trust the agencies?
Incredibly, citizens who testified at the three public hearings in January had just five or six weeks to review the SDEIS and prepare their testimony. At the hearings, people who did refer to the SDEIS said things like:
- “I haven’t read the whole thing but I did look at the executive summary.”
- “I can’t understand this myself, but…”
- “I trust the agencies that developed this.”
Trusting agencies short-circuits the public review process. The public needs to examine and review the functions of the government that represents its interests. Anyone who goes to a city council meeting or follows the action in Washington, DC understands this.
Trust the rushed outside experts?
When the SDEIS was released on December 7, 2013, Minnesota Environmental Partnership member groups quickly reviewed the document and determined, among other things, that the SDEIS was overly long, unnecessarily multifaceted, and not written by or for laypersons. Groups quickly determined that critical information wasn’t even in the document but in hard to obtain supporting documents.
During the course of the 90-day comment period, substantive issues with the Polymet SDEIS became apparent, each of which could have been addressed by a longer comment period. We learned that the water models in the document didn’t even match with current conditions on the ground, not to mention the mine area after it’s impacted. Researchers found that basic information on water balance, water chemistry, geological conditions of the mine site, and potential pollutants was missing.
Yes, 20,000 citizen comments have been submitted already. But the experts whom citizens are supposed to trust haven’t had enough time. A number of professional conservation organizations, despite having access to the preliminary documents and having extensive staff resources and contracted experts, will not be able to meet the deadline. Their detailed analysis has found flaws buried deeply in the SDEIS, and now there’s inadequate time to frame comments. These groups just need an additional 30 days to complete their comments. But the DNR has refused to extend the comment period.
The entire process has been inadequate. The public should not trust the result. And so, like the fruit of the poisoned tree, the Final Environmental Impact Statement will be inadequate. And an inadequate EIS means the project cannot continue to the next stage, environmental permitting.
“Twenty-first century education” is a phrase that gets thrown around a lot. It means different things to different people, but certainly education in the modern age must include needed updates to how we teach well-established disciplines as well as recognition of new disciplines.
Math education is one area ripe for an overhaul. Many otherwise successful graduates of the US public education system describe themselves as bad at math. There is evidence that the way we teach math undermines students’ likelihood of mastering the skills most important to their academic, professional, and personal life after high school.
This reflects a combination of what we teach, how we teach, and in what order we teach when it comes to math. Retooling math curriculum and instruction to be more playful and exploratory, more conceptual, more reflective of a growth mindset, and less focused on drill-and-kill could all, perhaps counterintuitively, help students master the math skills they do need.
If mathematics is one of the oldest disciplines in need of curricular overhaul, computer science is one of the newest. Often shoveled into math, science, or business standards, computer science deserves more attention as a discrete, multifaceted discipline. This means starting earlier, offering computer science classes at more (ideally all) schools, and developing more teachers who specialize in teaching computer science. There is great need for a true pedagogy of computer science that reflects the ways that students will use these skills in the future, including in conjunction with fast-growing fields like biotech.
All of this requires an approach to curriculum, instruction, and assessment that is different from more traditional techniques. Responsibility for this change is shared between schools of education, local school districts, and state policymakers. The more our schools, especially for students from under-resourced backgrounds, are driven by lockstep curriculum and disempowered teachers, the less able they are to take on the significant work of updating teaching for current needs.
Ultimately, this is about equity of access to a solid education. That equity of access -- especially in disciplines like computer science -- is a prerequisite for equity of outcomes. Of course, equity of access does not mean that this will look the same in every school in every district. It is important for schools to invite their communities to join them in defining what’s important and supporting the work of achieving those goals, and it is important that schools have the freedom and power to do so. Policymakers at the state and local level need to know what Minnesota communities want and need for students to thrive in this day and age.
In the next few days Minnesota has a real shot at achieving economic justice for working families. Representatives from the state House and Senate are negotiating on a compromise that should ensure that the minimum wage catches up and keeps up to the cost of living.
It appears there's agreement on raising the wage to $9.50; however, there is still debate around ensuring that the minimum wage keeps pace with inflation in future years. This is know as indexing.
Currently the House is calling for the wage to keep pace with inflation as measured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI), but not to exceed an annual growth of 2.5%.
Under that plan, we'd see a modest increase in the minimum wage, but because of the 2.5% cap, the cost of goods would still likely outpace the minimum wage over time.
If inflation over the next 10 years resembles inflation over the last decade, the minimum wage under the current proposal will grow by $1.93 per hour. However, the minimum wage would need to grow by $2.22 to keep pace with the projected growth in the cost of consumer purchases. The graph below shows the growth in the minimum wage over the last decade, assuming that a $9.50 minimum wage had been adopted in 2004 and indexed to inflation along the lines of what is proposed by the House; the graph also shows the growth in total consumer purchases, food, and housing over the same period.
Indexing is a fair compromise between the concerns of the business community over a rapidly escalating minimum wage and the need of working families to maintain the purchasing power of their wages in the face of inflation.
If Minnesota’s original $1.80 per hour minimum wage enacted in 1973 had been indexed to the CPI from 1973 to the 2013, today it would approximately equal the proposed minimum wage of $9.50.
If state policymakers had indexed the minimum wage in 1973, the purchasing power of minimum wage workers would not have eroded over time as it has done. Furthermore, the periodic legislative skirmishes over the minimum wage (such as the one we are now experiencing) could have been avoided and the level of the wage would have been more predictable and stable for businesses and workers alike.
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Since MN2020 started focusing on dangerous rail shipments of North Dakota crude oil through Minnesota in mid-January, a lot of other people have taken notice. Among them are the railroads, which agreed under pressure from federal regulators to new safety measures such as slowing most oil trains through urban areas to 40 m.p.h., stepped-up track inspections and braking technology to avert pileups when trains derail.
That's a start, expected to be fully implemented by July. But, as the St. Cloud Times editorialized, "Spilling 5 million gallons of crude oil the past five years is bad enough for the environment. But when such spills also catch fire and cause deadly explosions, it's clear more must be done to protect everyone -- and everything -- living near these increasingly busy rail lines."
Like the Twin Cities, St. Cloud is seeing multiple 100-car unit trains of Bakken crude pass through every day of the year. Other Minnesota cities affected include Brainerd, Duluth, Elk River, Marshall, Red Wing, Willmar and Winona.
Recently, U.S. Energy Secretary Ernest Moniz said the nation's infrastructure is inadequate for the dramatic increase in domestic crude oil now being transported. "The Bakken shale has gone from close to nothing to a million barrels a day in a very short time," he told Capital New York. "What we probably need is more of a pipeline infrastructure and to diminish the need for rail transport over time."
That prescription is sure to meet opposition from the progressive wing, but it's clear that a lack of pipelines isn't slowing the pumping and combustion of fossil fuel linked to climate change. That's a much broader problem than can be solved by fiddling with the ways we transport fuel. It may be short-sighted in the long run, but massive spills, fires and explosions along rail lines are a more imminent challenge with better prospects for solution.
Fortunately, both the public and private sectors are confronting the challenge with new urgency. Federal regulators, who knew the risks of oil shipments by rail more than two years ago, recently levied fines totaling $93,000 against three oil companies accused of mislabeling crude shipments as less volatile than they really were.
The wrong information can hamper efforts by emergency responders to fight fires or spills. Spot inspections of 18 crude samples taken from Bakken tanks and pipelines that feed oil trains found 11 of them mislabeled. Chillingly, Canadian inspectors found that the crude oil train that exploded in Quebec, killing 47, was mislabeled as less flammable when it was loaded in North Dakota. That's "why it ignited so quickly," the inspectors said.
BNSF Railway, a major transporter of Bakken crude through Minnesota, is buying 5,000 stronger tank cars, an unusual step for the rail industry, which usually pulls tankers owned by oil interests. It's a small step toward replacing a national fleet of 78,000 old tank cars that are extremely vulnerable to crude spills and fires.
In Minnesota, Gov. Mark Dayton joined United Transportation Union officials in calling for tougher state oversight of oil shipments. One initiative could increase the number of state rail inspectors from the current one -- with responsibility for nearly 4,400 miles of track. Meanwhile, the UTU rail union accused the Canadian Pacific Railway, the other major oil shipper through Minnesota, of compromising safety by cutting jobs and costs as its profits soared fivefold in the fourth quarter.
The company denied the union's allegations and said it will cooperate with the governor on safety issues. CP should do more than that. So should the oil companies, government policymakers and everyone else involved in this risky business, before a real disaster close to home forces truly prompt action.
I'm wrapping up my coverage of the recent Minnesota Association of Alternative Programs (MAAP) conference in Duluth, and hope you enjoyed the series.
Many of the educators at the MAAP conference faced a shared dilemma: The vital work they do doesn’t always show up clearly on standardized tests. This raises an obvious question for policymakers and community members. If tests aren’t the right tool, what is?
One session focused on the use of multiple measurements in assessing alternative programs. “Multiple measurements” is a term that didn’t have a very precise meaning to begin with, but the way the presenters used it differed strongly from the way it’s used in the state’s Multiple Measurements Rating (MMR) system. Most of the MMR uses calculations based on a single measurement tool: standardized tests. The other measurement, at least for high schools, is graduation rate.
However, state tests aren’t particularly appropriate for programs working with students whose past school history means they’re unlikely to take the tests seriously. Even more inappropriate is using a conventional graduation rate measure for a school with an average entry age of 17 and which specializes in students who have already dropped out or at severe risk of doing so.
What, then, should we do? In part, we need to have a more flexible system that assesses schools on what they’re actually trying to do. For some programs, that means including not just achievement on state tests, but growth on other measurements, rates for dropouts and dropout recovery, and engagement measures like attendance improvement and student surveys.
Another session went even further. It suggested a process of schools working with communities to define the student outcomes that were most meaningful and agreeing on ways to assess those outcomes. It would be more difficult to compare schools and districts on these measurements, but schools would feel a much more immediate sense of accountability to their particular communities. This approach would also allow each community to make sure that its priorities are being addressed in school, whether those priorities can be put on a standardized test or not.
The schools at the MAAP conference represent some of the most clear-cut cases where the current accountability approach is a bad fit, but all schools can and should focus on skills beyond those on the state tests. We need to give more consideration to measurements and accountability that better reflect the needs of specific students and communities.
Low income and poor health go hand-in-hand. Working two to three jobs, many low-wage workers don't have the time to take care of their bodies. Wellness visits, a healthy diet, exercising and getting the proper amount of rest are luxuries they really can't afford. Most workers hardly have the time to spend with the families they work so hard to support.
One of the outstanding issues in current legislative negotiations over the minimum wage involves "indexing," which refers to the practice of annually adjusting the minimum wage so that it keeps pace with inflation. Without annual inflation indexing, the value of a $9.50 per hour minimum wage will erode over time as the purchasing power of the dollar declines.
This will not only be bad for low-wage workers who will see their real wages shrink from year to year, but will create periodic political pressure for another minimum wage increase in future years. Indexing the minimum wage to inflation is a common sense way to take politics out of future minimum wage discussions by linking growth in the wage to growth in the cost of items that families need to purchase.
The Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures changes in the price of the market basket of consumer goods and services purchased by the typical household. It makes sense to index Minnesota’s minimum wage based on growth in the CPI to ensure that the wage will keep pace with the cost of living in future years.
Indexing the minimum wage for inflation will also provide predictability and stability for businesses, as employers will have a reasonable idea as to what future wage costs will be, since growth in the minimum wage will be determined by the rate of CPI inflation and not by the vagaries of the legislative process.
Average annual growth in CPI inflation has been two percent for the last several years (2010-2013) and is expected to average less than two percent for the next four years (2014-2017) based on IHS Global Insight projections. Under House File (HF) 92, the state minimum wage would increase only modestly in 2016 and 2017 based on these CPI projections.
The hourly large employer minimum wage would increase by an estimated 15 cents and 17 cents respectively (less for small employers) during the first two years that the HF 92 inflation indexing would be in effect, based on estimates derived using IHS Global Insight CPI projections. Even if the rate of inflation were to increase in future years, HF 92 would cap the annual minimum wage increase to 2.5 percent.
Indexing the minimum wage will protect the earnings of low-wage workers from inflation, take the politics out the determination of the minimum wage in future years, and provide stability and predictability for Minnesota businesses. Minnesota should join eleven other states in adopting this common sense approach during the 2014 session.
Minnesota’s economy demands an increasingly educated workforce. By 2018, it’s estimated that 70 percent of Minnesota jobs will require some post-secondary education. In fact, Minnesota companies require a better-educated workforce than in any other state, and they report trouble with finding qualified applicants.
Workers, too, struggle in this job market. Those without a high-school or college degree are largely limited to shrinking job prospects and stagnant or declining wages. And we can’t ignore that the Twin Cities has one of the largest racial gaps in the nation when it comes to employment for people of color.
Given these realities, we should prioritize education for low-income workers. One way to do that is to update the Minnesota Family Investment Program (MFIP, or “welfare-to-work”) to ensure that the poorest families have better routes to self-sufficiency. Right now, just 63 percent of parents enrolled in MFIP have a high-school diploma or GED. Only 1.4 percent have a college degree. If low-income parents can’t improve their educational prospects, they face long odds for staying employed at a sustainable income level.
There are a few ways in which current MFIP guidelines limit a family’s educational prospects, and ultimately its self-sufficiency:
- Parents are allowed to pursue education, but those working towards English proficiency or a GED/diploma are usually limited to spending half of their required “work activity hours” on schooling. That means that they must spend the other half of those hours (10-15 per week) either working or looking for work. Asking a low-income parent (quite likely a single parent) to pursue school, employment, and parenting all at once slows their educational progress. The longer it takes for them to finish their education, the longer they’re stuck with low-wage jobs or no job at all.
- MFIP participants pursuing higher education are limited to two-year programs. Any four-year program doesn’t count as work activity, meaning that parents wanting to earn a bachelor’s degree would still have to complete 20-30 hours of work or job-searching each week on top of their schoolwork and parenting. Parents would also be denied childcare for the time that they spend in class since that class isn’t an approved work activity.
- MFIP participants often don’t realize that they have the option to go to school—it’s not usually encouraged or advertised. States are judged on how well their assistance programs help people find work. States do not get credit towards their “work participation rate” for people who take the time to get a degree (nor do they get credit for families whose earnings improve enough to leave MFIP altogether, but that’s a different story).
- Once an MFIP participant finishes their GED or postsecondary program, they are given six weeks to find a full-time job relevant to their education and career goals. After that, they are required to accept any reasonable full-time job offer, whether or not it puts their education to use and offers a path towards increased earnings. In today’s economy, six weeks is a tight timeline for any grad.
The Workforce Education Bill, which the Prosperity for All coalition hopes to pass in this legislative session, would address these barriers to education. The bill would:
- Give all MFIP participants the opportunity to pursue any level of education full-time. Parents would still be required to meet the 20-30 hour weekly “work activity” quota, but schoolwork could constitute any needed percentage of those hours. Many parents would likely still choose to work at least a few hours per week and won’t be penalized for doing so.
- Extend approved postsecondary studies to include four-year degree programs.
- Mandate that all MFIP participants are informed of their right to education.
- Give recent graduates twelve weeks to find a full-time job that meets their employment goals before requiring them to accept any full-time job.
These provisions are common-sense updates that reflect Minnesota’s changing economy. By giving our poorest families a hand up to better education and better jobs, we’ll create a more competitive, self-sufficient workforce for this generation and those to come.
Posted in Economic Development
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text:
Beatriz Suay García and María Teresa Pérez-Gracia*
Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Farmacia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas,Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud,Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Avenida Seminario s/n 46113, Moncada, Valencia, España.
Received date: December 24, 2015; Accepted date: January 08, 2016; Published date: January 16,2016
Citation: Garcia BS, Garcia MTP. Clostridium difficile: Current Status and Treatment Perspectives. J Infec Dis Treat. 2015, 2:1. DOI: 10.21767/2472-1093.10006
Clostridium difficile is considered one of the most important pathogens in both, hospital and community settings. This pathogen is responsible for most antibioticassociated colitis in hospitals and a major cause of morbidity and mortality within the elderly. Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) usually appears as a result of antibiotic therapy, which disrupts the normal gut flora. Clostridium difficile infection presents itself in two very distinct ways, it can be either asymptomatic, with the infected person acting as a carrier, or symptomatic, where patients may experience a broad range of symptoms depending on their severity. Symptoms range from mild diarrhea to severe complications such as pseudomembranous colitis, toxic megacolon, bowel perforation, sepsis and death. Conventional treatment of CDI consists on antibiotic treatment with vancomycin or metronidazole. However, the number of recurrences after using these treatments is growing exponentially. New molecules such as fidamoxicin have been included in treatment guidelines but still; the cases of recurrent CDI continue to grow. As a result, a novel therapy has emerged: fecal microbiota transplants (FMT). It is a procedure in which fecal matter, or stool, is collected from a tested donor, mixed with a saline or other solution, strained, and placed in a patient by colonoscopy, endoscopy, sigmoidscopy or enema. With its efficacy being proven constantly study after study, it is only a matter of time for health organizations worldwide to include it in the guidelines for rCDI treatment.
Clostridium difficile is considered one of the most important pathogens in both, hospital and community settings. This pathogen is responsible for most antibiotic-associated colitis in hospitals and a major cause of morbidity and mortality within the elderly. C. difficile infection (CDI) is increasing at such a rate that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have assigned it as an urgent threat due its association with antibiotic use and high morbidity and mortality . In 2010, CDI incidence was estimated at 500,000 cases , with treatment costs being around 1 billion dollars in the US alone .
CDI usually appears as a result of antibiotic therapy, which, by disrupting the normal gut flora, causes dysbiosis (a change of the normal gut bacterial population), thereby enabling colonization of the intestinal tract by C. difficile . Symptoms range from mild diarrhea to severe complications such as pseudomembranous colitis, toxic megacolon, bowel perforation, sepsis and death . Clostridium difficile has the ability to form spores, which introduces further challenges to reduce transmission seeing as these spores can persist in the environment for long periods and require chlorine or peroxide based sporicidal agents or ultraviolet devices for environmental decontamination . It is this characteristic which makes C. difficile distinct from other infectious agents common to the healthcare settings. The most common transmission routes for CDI are fecal-oral route and direct contact with contaminated surfaces . Person-to-person transmission, environmental contamination and carriage of C. difficile on the hands of healthcare workers have been extensively described  but it is the admission of asymptomatic CDI patients what plays an important role in sustaining C. difficile transmission within a ward  seeing as their lack of symptoms may result in less strict controls and, therefore, a wider spread of spores within emergency rooms and hospitals in general. CDI treatment is based on antibiotics such as vancomycin and metronidazole . However, about 20% of patients suffer recurrent cases of CDI after the initial treatment and 40-50% after treatment for a second episode . Seeing as conventional treatments fail in up to 50% of the cases, newer treatments such as the fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) are being used experimentally with positive results . The main purpose of this article is to review the current status of CDI and the latest findings regarding its treatment options.
Clostridium difficile infection presents itself in two very distinct ways, it can be either asymptomatic, with the infected person acting as a carrier, or symptomatic, where patients may experience a broad range of symptoms depending on their severity. Asymptomatic CDI is the condition where C. difficile is detected in the absence of symptoms of infection. It is thought that these patients are protected from progression of the infection because they can mount a humoral immune response to the clostridial toxins . It is precisely their lack of symptoms what makes them the perfect infection reservoir seeing as they could be spreading toxins without knowing, which would present a risk for other patients and hospital workers .
On the other hand, symptomatic CDI has been defined as the presence of diarrheal symptoms along with a stool result positive for C. difficile toxins, detection of toxigenic C. difficile, or colonoscopic findings demonstrating pseudomembranous colitis . The issue for symptomatic CDI is not the development of clinical manifestations, but the possible appearance of recurrences after receiving the first antibiotic treatment. A study by  shows that, out of 1527 patients, 25% developed a first recurrent CDI (rCDI) and 9% went on to suffer two or more rCDIs . Recurrent CDI can turn into a chronic, recalcitrant disease, which can continue for years, leading to a persistent use of antibiotics, repeated hospitalizations, and, in some cases, death .
As CDI infection becomes increasingly common, the number of patients who experience failed treatments or recurrences is also growing. Conventional CDI treatment consists in a 10-14 day course of antibiotics such as metronidazole and vancomycin. However, studies suggest that metronidazole is losing efficacy, which leaves vancomycin as the first-line antimicrobial therapy . This lead to further research with antimicrobials, which resulted in the approval of fidaxomicin by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the first macrolide antibiotic to be approved in more than 20 years for the treatment of CDI. Early studies showed that recurrence rates of CDI were lower with fidaxomicin than vancomycin .
The issue with antibiotic treatment is that it represents a doubleedged sword seeing as antibiotics suppress pathogen as well as protective microbiota, causing adverse effects on the intestinal flora. Vancomycin, being a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent with activity against most Gram-positive organisms, may ultimately increase susceptibility to rCDI by maintaining a persistently altered state of bowel flora. These cases, where antibiotic treatment is responsible for multiple rCDI, are what have encouraged the development of alternative treatments; with the fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) being the most successful up to now. Early research studies suggested the idea of using probiotics as adjuvants when antibiotic treatment leads to rCDI. In fact, a study by  showed that using Saccharomyces boulardii as an adjunct to antibiotics decreased the frequency of relapses in those with rCDI when compared to a placebo group (34.6% vs. 64.7% placebo) . This idea triggered more interest in the development on probiotic-based treatments, which ultimately lead to FMT. The rationale behind FMT is simple, by reintroducing normal flora via donor feces, the imbalance in colonic flora, which has been disrupted by antibiotics, is restored, and therefore reestablishing normal bowel functions. It is a procedure in which fecal matter, or stool, is collected from a tested donor, mixed with a saline or other solution, strained, and placed in a patient by colonoscopy, endoscopy, sigmoidscopy or enema . Another administration option currently under study is the use of encapsulated frozen stool samples .
The first FMT dates back to 1958, where fecal enemas were administered to four patients with pseudomembranous enterocolitis, three of which were in critical state, and in all patients symptoms resolved within hours . It was not until 1983 when FMT was used for the first time to treat a confirmed case of CDI . The 65-year-old woman had a “prompt and complete normalization of bowel functions” after receiving the treatment. The year 2013 marked the beginning of controlled trials in which FMT was used to treat rCDI. The first randomized controlled trial proved the efficacy of FMT with a nasoduodenal administration in rCDI patients .
Since that first study, approximately 200 patients suffering rCDI with FMT treatment have been reported, resulting in a success rate of 96% . This is proven by studies such as that of . where patients with at least 2 rCDI episodes received enema administered FMT, with an overall efficacy of 87.1% and no adverse events related to the treatment. In fact, results are so promising that practice guidelines such as those from the American College of Gastroenterology  and the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases  have already included FMT as a recommended treatment for rCDI.
In conclusion, CDI continues to be a serious threat to the public health, especially in hospital environments. The increasing appearance of recurring CDI after conventional treatments such as vancomycin or metronidazole has opened the path for novel treatments. Of these treatments, the fecal microbiota transplant appears to be the most promising, judging by the results of its early applications. Further research is necessary in order to develop optimal administration routes and treatment protocols.
All Published work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Copyright © 2018 All rights reserved. iMedPub LTD Last revised : May 23, 2018

domain: medical


text:
Corridors and open galleries
as in old times, the floor is made of terracotta and
The walls are in colour earth as in real
fine antique decoration.
The very elegant lounge in
the main house is very welcoming for our guests, whether
reading a book or having a conversation by the fireplace
The big windows facing the lemon trees, the herb
garden, or the fresh vegetable garden while having
breakfast or dinner.
In the barn you can find a
reading lounge that has a big fireplace a big window
facing the garden.
Every single details reminds you
of your perfect choice for a perfect holiday in Tuscany
between the sea and the mountain.

domain: design


text:
Roden, Barbara (& Christopher Roden: eds.)
Title Forgotten Ghosts: The Supernatural Anthologies Of Hugh Lamb (inscribed by Hugh Lamb + CD-Rom).
Binding Card wrappers.
Book Condition Fine (as new) copy.
Edition First edition (& 1st printing).
Publisher Ash-Tree Press. 1996.
1899562141 / 9781899562145
Seller ID 02059
Collection of stories from anthologies edited by Hugh Lamb, with an Introduction by Mike Ashley, with annotations on the stories by Lamb: edited by Barbara and Christopher Roden: 68 pages. 350 copies printed. INSCRIBED, SIGNED AND DATED BY HUGH LAMB/''To - - , all about me that's fit to print. Very best wishes Hugh Lamb, 26th January 2009''. Together with the 2010 CD-Rom version in card wrappers issued for the Brighton 2010 World Horror Convention.

domain: library


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Break no Bones – Kathy Reichs
“Break No Bones” is a thrilling novel by Kathy Reichs, first published in 2006. The book follows the adventures of Dr. Temperance Brennan, a forensic anthropologist who becomes embroiled in a dangerous investigation when a young girl’s body is found in a remote mountain location.
Reichs’ writing is both gripping and insightful, weaving together elements of crime fiction, science, and suspense in a way that is both engaging and thought-provoking. The novel is a testament to Reichs’ skill as a writer and her ability to create rich and fully-realized worlds.
One of the most striking aspects of the novel is its portrayal of the characters. Brennan and her fellow characters are complex and fully realized, with their own unique backstories and motivations. The relationships between the characters are a highlight of the book, as Reichs explores themes of trust, loyalty, and the complexities of the human condition in a nuanced and thought-provoking way.
“Break No Bones” is a must-read for fans of crime fiction and anyone looking for a gripping and intelligent read. It is a unique and captivating novel that has captured the hearts of readers around the world, and a testament to Reichs’ enduring legacy as one of the most talented writers in the genre.
In conclusion, “Break No Bones” is a gripping and intelligent novel that explores the complexities of the human condition in a rich and fully-realized world. It is a must-read for fans of crime fiction and anyone looking for a thought-provoking and engaging read. Whether you’re new to Reichs’ work or a longtime fan, “Break No Bones” is a book that will stay with you long after you turn the final page.

domain: artistic


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Latitude of city of Helenental is 48.0167 and longitude of city of Helenental is 16.1833. Helenental has 1 postcode / zip code, located state of Niederösterreich, in district of Baden, in municipality of Heiligenkreuz. The State of Helenental is Niederösterreich. The District of Helenental is Baden. The Municipality of Helenental is Heiligenkreuz.
Postcode / zip code of Helenental
Administrative division of Helenental
State :Niederösterreich N District :Baden 306 Municipality :Heiligenkreuz

domain: geography


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Unlike the goofy 1973 original, this 2010 remake manages to keep focused on what’s important, scaring the audience. After all, it shouldn’t be hard to elicit fear from the story of a deadly virus that turns friend against neighbor and government. This is the way B movies should be done.
The Crazies definitely involves some of that good ol’ Cold War paranoia that the image above channels, but not too much beyond that. This one from George A. Romero has not aged well, and seems pretty corny by todays standards (especially after the remake). Still, it definitely remains entertaining.
Although today this film seems more camp than creepy, it still hold some images that can get under your skin (like the one above). Also, the duo of George A. Romero and Steven King working on this make it worth a watch.
Night of the Living Dead
This photo of a bloodthirsty zombie girl captures what I felt is the main theme of this movie, mainly ‘who’s the real monster?’. Although the zombies in this movie are terrifying, the unwillingness of the human characters to compromise in order to save one another’s lives is just as disturbing.

domain: entertainment


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Medical marijuana patients in Canada won a major victory today, as a Federal Court judge ruled they’re once again legally allowed to grow their own medicine.
Judge Michael Phelan’s ruling on Wednesday struck down the federal regulations introduced by Stephen Harper’s former Conservative government that restricted medical marijuana patients from growing their own cannabis. Phelan found the regulations failed to improve public safety, according to CBC Vancouver reporter Jason Proctor.
You can read the full decision here.
The federal government now has six months to come up with new rules. Justin Trudeau’s Liberal government has promised to regulate and legalize recreational marijuana, though that promise has yet to materialize.
Previous regulations introduced in 2013 required patients to buy their cannabis from licensed producers. Letting patients grow their own medical marijuana is a cheaper, more humane option, according to some, than being forced to buy it from government or corporate sources.
In a related development, last week HRM Regional Council voted for a staff report to investigate the impact of the smell of medical marijuana facilities. The request was born out of complaints made by Timberlea-Beechville-Clayton Park residents to area councillor Reg Rankin.

domain: politics


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Track 7/23b: Bruckner: Symphony No. 4 - Scherzo
|Keddell Memorial Trophy|
They claim the title as the largest publicly accessible and professionally staffed library on this subject in Europe. However, while the AKC Library in New York holds more volumes, they do not have a professional staff to operate the library let alone to aid in research, so while they may want to be cautious, this blog will go ahead and bestow the more appropriate title-end 'in the world.' The library has around 8,000 monographs and serials relating to the training, care, breeding, and history of dogs, a picture library of over 100,000 images and about 300 art pieces (which makes it the largest collection of dog paintings in Europe). They actively collect new materials on canine subjects, and they also aim to collect rare and valuable works with the financial support of the Kennel Club Arts Foundation. The oldest item in the collection is a volume from 1598 which is a book of law describing different licenses and detailing what breeds could be owned by various classes.
Many come here and contact this library for all kinds of canine research for books or articles they are writing or television segments they are producing, and other individuals require assistance for personal research to explore one breed or another, trace a pedigree, or investigate the history of relatives in the dog show world. I was so lucky to be able to spend over two hours with Ciara Farrell, the Library & Collections manager. She answered my countless questions, relayed the history of the library and guided me around to see the collections. We even went up to the swanky member club so that I could see a few more of the paintings, especially An Early Canine Meeting from 1855 which depicts in the pre-Kennel Club days when the earliest dog shows took place in taverns .(You can check out a very brief history of dog art here and see an image of that painting).
The Kennel Club lucked into a land deal as a developer wants this building, and they'll be able to relocate just next door in 2 years and they are in the advanced stages of planning the new library which will incorporate a purpose-built design with all the relevant environmental controls and convertible shelving they desire. Along with this move they will be progressing with their digitization efforts as well. My hope is that this will create new positions they will need to fill by hiring me! This was a fantastic experience, and my only regret about it is that I wish I had been able to make this appointment earlier in my trip so that I would have had an opportunity to go back and explore the collection more.

domain: hobby


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In a recent interview with Marie Claire, the Southpaw star said, “There was a reason why I split up with him. And there was a reason why I’m at this point in my life where I feel like I have so much musical freedom, and I don’t have to explain myself to anybody… It was more of a thing where I was in awe. I was at that point in my relationship where I felt he could do no wrong. I thought he had my back and that he’d never steer me wrong.”
Ora went on to point to the time after their collaboration “I Will Never Let You Down” came out and said, “everything started to go a bit weird. I don’t know if it was because business was mixed with personal or what.”
In August last year Ora’s scheduled performance of the song was Teen Choice Awards was shut down due to some behind-the-scenes drama between the two ex-lovers. Harris, who wrote and produced the track, did not approve the rights to use the song on the show, which meant Ora got jilted.
Read the full interview here.


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FLASHING LIGHT UP HALLOWEEN GHOST DECORATION SET!
Ghost Light Set. The 5″ ghosts will light up your event with different colors and flashing patterns! Includes push-button trigger on a 12″ cord. Plastic. 75″ Requires 3 “AA” batteries, not included. Product Features Flashing Ghost Light Set! Perfect for Halloween Haunted House Decorating! 5 Inch Ghosts, on a 12 inch cord, 75 Inch total


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ASTONISHING allegations of how a mother tried to persuade three lovers to kill her husband because she wanted to inherit his fortune emerged in court yesterday.
She was allegedly offering £20,000 for the deadly contract but when they refused, Anthea Jane Jones, who is known by her middle name, then discussed the plan with her brother, Michael Berry, jurors heard.
The 37-year-old, of Abergavenny, also confided details of her £20,000 plans to Deborah Benjamin, a woman who had cared for her disabled son, said prosecutor Mark Evans QC.
Jones told her that she would like to leave her 60-year-old village pharmacist husband Francis Jones but that she could not afford to do so and needed the financial security.
When Jones told Ms Benjamin of her attempts to solicit the murder of her husband, initially Ms Benjamin did not know whether to take her seriously, Cardiff Crown Court was told.
But Mr Evans said, "She became so concerned about the safety of Mr Jones that she contacted the police."
The prosecutor said that when arrested the defendant told police that her suggestions had not been "serious - it was pure fantasy or said in jest, or said out of frustration at her marriage".
But, said Mr Evans, "The consistency of the way in which these suggestions were made gives them an altogether more sinister consistency.
"There is a real danger, the Crown says, that someone might take these suggestions seriously and accept the challenge for the reward offered."
The court heard how Mr and Mrs Jones had met when she was working in a pub in which Francis Jones, owner of Jones Pharmacy in Llanhilleth, near Abertillery, regularly drank. She was married to her second husband, the father of her son, and they were experiencing financial difficulties after the loss of his job. Mr Jones told her that if she married him he would provide her and her son with the financial security she needed.
The couple moved in together and after a year married in what Mr Evans described as a "rapid and rather unusual courtship".
He added that when she met Mr Jones the defendant was "penniless".
He said the couple embarked on a "comfortable lifestyle" in which they both kept horses in livery and also had "exotic cars". But the defendant made no financial contribution to the marriage, Mr Evans added.
Ms Benjamin, who rented a bungalow from Jones, said the first man she remembers Jones speaking about was Bob Routledge, whom she met when she went to buy horse feed in Abergavenny.
Ms Benjamin told the jury the pair were seeing each other "for a while".
She added that just after the death of her husband's eldest son Magnus in a car accident in 2001 when he was in his late 20s, the defendant mentioned that she had been sleeping with him as well.
The witness said Jones also told her she had thrown a piece of paper with her number on it from her soft top Saab on to a building site.
"She mentioned a Dan or Darren or something," Ms Benjamin said, adding, "He had a pregnant partner."
She believed the relationship "petered out" once the baby was born.
Jones would also meet up with "Richard the fish man", who worked at a fishmongers and Jones would go there to buy fish for no particular reason, she said. Jones met another man in Yeovil, where her family is from, but his girlfriend later found a text message "so that stopped that", Ms Benjamin said.
She said Jones "really liked" Lenny Loveridge and the relationship lasted for around two months.
Jones told her her husband could "be quite demeaning", something which Ms Benjamin said she attributed to the large age gap between the pair.
Ms Benjamin said that during the course of their conversations Jones began talking about ways of "disposing of Francis".
The court was told that "Richard the fish man" was the first of Jones's boyfriends to whom she made the proposition of killing her husband in return for money.
Ms Benjamin told the court that Jones had made the suggestion "whilst they were in bed. She actually asked, 'Do you fancy running Francis off the road?'" It was "very much said just as part of conversation".
Ms Benjamin said that after the end of Jones's relationship with Richard, the accused next asked Mr Routledge whether he would kill her husband, at which suggestion he "just laughed".
Such discussions would always revolve around running Mr Jones's car into a deep gorge running along the side of the Heads of the Valleys Road, the A465, Ms Benjamin said.
She added that Mr Routledge, who had been in the Army, was a "big guy and Francis was four foot nothing".
The defendant would be "the virtually sole heir" of Mr Jones's estate on his death, to receive "a couple of million pounds", Ms Benjamin told the court.
The next man who Jones propositioned was Mr Loveridge, said Ms Benjamin. But he also laughed off the suggestion, saying that his car was not fast enough to catch Mr Jones's.
But in March 2005, Jones revealed that her brother, described by Ms Benjamin as "a bit of a psychopath", had agreed to help Jones to organise the murder.
He lived in Yeovil and planned to buy a car at auction, drive to Wales, commit the murder and then return home before he was missed, Ms Benjamin told the jury.
But the court heard that Jones and her brother became concerned that someone else could get hurt if they carried out the plan and that there was no guarantee Mr Jones would be killed.
So they hatched a plan to attack Mr Jones as he left work on a Friday night carrying the business's takings in his briefcase.
Ms Benjamin said they planned for Jones's brother to hit him over the head with a crowbar and make it look like a robbery.
But at this point, Ms Benjamin told the court, she became concerned that Jones might actually carry out the plan.
Ms Benjamin said she decided to contact the local police, who then provided her with equipment to record telephone conversations between herself and Jones.
Jones, of Black Rock, Clydach, Abergavenny, denies the charge that between January 2003 and August 2005 she solicited Lenny Loveridge to murder Francis Jones.
The trial continues.

domain: news


text:
Saturday, September 10, 2016
Oct 2015 Stocking up - food, garden and storage
In October of 2015 when I decided to do a shopping free month, I put together a few things to help out as the month progressed. I was worried about milk and fresh fruits and veggies. I made up this veggie stock, froze some milk, and got some fresh apples. That helped a lot.
Continuing a garden as long as possible was a blessing too. Herbs in a pot were nice to use.
Then I didn't have to worry about the frost getting to them. The strawberries were still producing just a little - enjoying the cooler weather.
Yes - even the candy and snacks... Gotta have a few of those around, right?
Other storage areas were stocked and ready to go.....
This is not your usual situation when you realize you have to live on food storage for awhile, but it helped us get our minds around the fact that we could go without shopping.
Posted by keokeo at 4:09 PM
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domain: agronomy


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Bosnian Serb war crimes suspect Radovan Karadzic, who has been arrested in Serbia after more than a decade on the run, will finally face justice after years of support from a network of allies - including many in the Serbian Orthodox Church.
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Invesco Ltd. (IVZ) Reports Stronger Q2 Results
Invesco Ltd. (NYSE: IVZ) reports Q2 EPS of $0.27, versus $0.21 reported for the same period a year ago. Revenue for the quarter was $589 million, compared to $470.1 million in Q209.
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how to avoid separation?
You were used to your daily life as an active person, but today, when you retire, you feel like you’ve lost your footing. And your relationship bears the brunt of your new situation. Our advice to find your early complicity and avoid a breakup.
When we meet retired, routine can quickly take over from daily life. While you used to spend your days away from your home and your spouse, working, you find yourself today doing different things and doing things at home.
You may feel like you’re reacquainting yourself with your other half or experiencing their mood swings and having them constantly on their backs 24/7. For many couples, cohabitation can quickly turn into a disaster and become unbearable: the rupture is then inevitable.
According to figures from the French statistics institute, 20% of active 65-74 year olds and 12% of inactive people of this same age were divorced in 2018. In 2014, there were 13,947 men aged 60 and over who were divorced in France while in 2004 there were only 8,203 according to INED! As for women over 50, they accounted for 29% of total divorces in 2016, compared to 11% in 1996.
Divorce of retirees: rising figures
This divorce phenomenon retirees is explained by the departure of children from the family home, the transition to retirement, the emancipation of women who have recourse to divorce more easily and without worrying about what people will say. Some people want to take control of their lives, try new things, to meet new people or of take a new start.
“Spouses can disagree. One is a homebody, the other wants to go around the world. Find common ground ? They no longer want to provide this effort. As soon as the retired husband stiffens, becomes tyrannical, the wife has the feeling of being suffocated. In case of conflict, divorce now appears as one of the solutions., exposed the psychologist and psychoanalyst Anastasia Blanché at The cross. “If women ask for a divorce to find themselves, at least initially, men get back together more quickly”she adds.
Finding a bond and intimacy after years of marriage
The secret to nurturing your union after the years spent starting a family, raising your children and with the difficulties overcome, is to find yourself and fall in love with your partner again. You can try to rekindle the flame by sharing convivial moments for two (cultural outings, leisure or sports activities, etc.) while being attentive to the needs and expectations of your other half.
“Dedicate this day entirely to your spouse. Experience has shown that couples of a certain age are psychologically linked. Their feelings are shared and their emotions too. Therefore, pleasing your spouse is also pleasing yourself., remind our colleagues from Practical life. Do not hesitate to turn to specialists if necessary or to do couple therapy.

domain: psychology


A Complete Guide to How to Turn off Closed Caption on YouTube.
While closed captions on YouTube offer invaluable accessibility and comprehension for many viewers, others may find them unnecessary or distracting.
This guide is for those who prefer a caption-free experience and wish to customize their YouTube viewing.
We’ll break down the process of disabling closed captions on both the desktop website and mobile app, providing step-by-step instructions for a seamless customization experience.
By following these simple steps, you can enjoy YouTube videos in a way that best suits your individual preferences. Ready to optimize your viewing?
What is Closed Captioning on YouTube?
Closed captioning plays a vital role in making YouTube videos more accessible and engaging for a wider audience. It involves synchronized text displayed at the bottom of the video player, directly transcribing the audio content. This feature benefits various individuals, including:
Language Learners: Closed captions provide valuable support for individuals learning a new language. By visually aligning spoken words with their written counterparts, viewers can improve their vocabulary comprehension, pronunciation, and overall understanding of the language.
Deaf and Hard of Hearing Users: For viewers with hearing impairments, closed captions become an essential tool for comprehending the video’s narrative, dialogue, and sound effects. They enable equal access to information and entertainment, removing communication barriers and fostering inclusivity.
Distracted Viewers: In noisy environments or situations where full audio focus is challenging, closed captions allow viewers to stay engaged with the video content without missing important details. This ensures they grasp the essential information even in less-than-ideal viewing conditions.
Types of Closed Captioning on YouTube:
- Manually Generated Captions: These captions are meticulously created by human transcribers, ensuring high accuracy and fidelity to the spoken audio. While more expensive to produce, they offer the most reliable and complete representation of the video’s content.
- Auto-Generated Captions: Leveraging machine learning algorithms and other software tools, these captions offer a cost-effective solution for creators. However, they may be prone to occasional inaccuracies or misinterpretations, requiring potential review and editing for optimal results.
The Benefits of Turning off Closed Captions on YouTube
While leaving closed captions turned on is generally encouraged for inclusivity and enhanced understanding, there are specific situations where disabling them might be considered:
1. Privacy Concerns: In public settings, displaying video content with captions can inadvertently share the audio with your surroundings. If the video contains sensitive information or you simply prefer privacy, turning off captions ensures full control over what’s audible to others.
2. Inaccurate Auto-Captions: Automated captioning technology, while impressive, can still make errors. In content heavily reliant on technical terminology, foreign languages, or specific accents, mistakes in captions can be confusing or misinformative. In such cases, disabling captions and focusing solely on the audio might be preferable.
3. Personal Preference: Ultimately, individual viewer comfort is paramount. Some audiences genuinely find closed captions distracting or unnecessary for their comprehension. Disabling them in such cases allows for an uninterrupted, tailored viewing experience.
It’s important to note that these scenarios represent a small subset of YouTube viewing. Leaving captions on remains strongly recommended for their significant benefits in accessibility, comprehension, and search engine optimization.
Additionally, accurate, high-quality captions generated by the creator provide unmatched value for all viewers.
Step-by-Step Guide to Turning off Closed Captions on YouTube
Closed captions play a vital role in accessibility, but they may not be necessary for everyone. Whether you find them distracting or simply prefer an audio-only experience, YouTube offers various options to disable them on specific videos or even across your entire account.
Here’s a step-by-step guide for both approaches:
1. For a Specific Video:
- Access the video: Locate and open the desired video on your preferred CC device (computer, mobile app, etc.).
- Identify the CC button: Look for the CC (Closed Captions) button located near the bottom right corner of the video player.
- Toggle captions: Click the CC button once to disable closed captions. The button will no longer be highlighted.
2. For All Videos (Desktop Only):
- Open YouTube settings: On your computer, access YouTube and click your profile picture in the top right corner. Select Settings from the drop-down menu.
- Navigate to playback settings: From the left-hand menu, click Playback and performance.
- Manage caption preferences: Under the Captions section, uncheck the boxes next to:
- Always show captions: Disables captions for all future videos.
- Include auto-generated captions (when available): Turns off automatically generated captions for videos without manually added ones.
- Save changes: Scroll down and click Save to apply your preferences.
- Browser extensions: Some browser extensions, like “Disable YouTube Captions,” offer quick toggling of captions directly from the video player. Install and manage these extensions within your browser settings.
- Device-specific settings: Certain smart TVs or streaming devices may have their own caption settings within their respective menus. Consult your device’s manual for specific instructions.
By following these steps, you can easily manage your closed caption preferences on YouTube, ensuring an enjoyable viewing experience tailored to your needs.
Common Issues with Closed Captions and How to Troubleshoot them
Closed captions play a vital role in ensuring accessibility and providing a richer viewing experience for everyone. However, even with captions enabled, unexpected glitches can arise.
Let’s explore some common closed caption issues and practical solutions to get you back on track:
Inaccuracy: Auto-generated captions, while convenient, can sometimes falter, causing confusion. If you encounter inaccuracies, consider manually correcting them for maximum clarity. Alternatively, you can temporarily disable captions until resolved.
Readability: Tiny, fleeting captions render them illegible. Fortunately, most platforms allow adjusting font size and playback speed. Play around with these settings to find your optimal viewing comfort.
Missing Segments: Occasionally, you might encounter uncaptioned or greyed sections. This could be due to the video’s original lack of captions or editing-related loss. While this is less common, it’s important to be aware of the possibility.
Overlapping Text: Overlapping captions can be visually jarring and impede comprehension. Try altering the caption position or adjusting playback speed to create clean space for both text and visuals.
If you’re experiencing issues on YouTube, here are some additional tips:
- Connectivity Check: A reliable internet connection is crucial for smooth caption loading. Check your network stability and speed to rule out connectivity issues.
- Clear the Cache: Cached data can sometimes cause problems. Clearing your browser’s cache and cookies can be a quick fix for unexpected caption malfunctions.
- Browser Update: Outdated browsers might not render and let you add your captions correctly to YouTube. Ensure you’re using the latest version for optimal performance.
- Report to YouTube: If you’ve exhausted all troubleshooting options, consider reporting the issue directly to YouTube. Their team might be able to identify the specific problem and provide a dedicated solution.
Tips to Improve YouTube Viewing Experience without Closed Captions
While closed captions offer valuable benefits, some viewers prefer to watch videos without them. Here are several professional tips to optimize your YouTube viewing experience in such cases:
Master the Audio Volume:
- Calibrate accurately: Adjust the volume to a level that delivers clear audio without becoming overbearing. Experiment in a quiet environment to establish your optimal point.
- Utilize environment-specific settings: If watching in noisy surroundings, consider headphones to isolate the video’s audio and enhance comprehension.
- Seek a quiet environment: External sound can impede understanding. Opt for a calm space where you can fully focus on the video’s content.
- Silence notifications: Temporary alerts from other applications can disrupt your viewing flow. Consider temporary app closure or notification silencing for an immersive experience.
Leverage Video Controls:
- Embrace pausing and rewinding: Missed a crucial detail? Don’t hesitate to pause and rewind for clarification. This allows you to grasp missed information effortlessly.
- Engage with playback speed: Certain videos benefit from adjusted playback speed. Opting for slightly slower or faster speeds allows you to tailor the content to your learning pace.
Explore Community Support:
- Delve into the comment section: Often, attentive viewers share insightful comments that elaborate on the video’s content. These can provide valuable information to fill in any gaps you might have experienced.
Consider Video-Specific Strategies:
- For visually informative videos: Focus on the on-screen visuals. Often, the video content itself conveys the message effectively, even without audio.
- For dialogue-heavy videos: If heavy dialogue drives the video, explore alternative media formats that might offer transcripts or summaries alongside the video.
By implementing these tips, you can optimize your YouTube viewing experience even without closed captions, ensuring you grasp the content effectively and enjoyably.
Remember, tailoring your approach to the specific video’s format and style can significantly enhance your understanding and appreciation.
FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions)
What are YouTube captions?
YouTube captions are textual representations of the audio content in a video. They typically appear as lines of text at the bottom of the video player, synchronized with the spoken words. Captions can be manually created by video creators or generated automatically by YouTube’s speech recognition technology.
Why can’t I turn off subtitles on YouTube?
In some cases, turning off captions might not be available for certain videos. Reasons could include:
- Video creator settings: The video creator might have embedded captions into the video, making them permanently visible.
- Live streams: Live streams often only provide automatic captions which cannot be turned off.
- Content restrictions: Content with age restrictions or flagged for violent content might have mandatory captions for accessibility purposes.
Why do YouTube subtitles keep turning on?
This can happen due to:
- Auto-caption settings: You might have enabled “always show captions” in your YouTube account settings.
- Device settings: Check your device’s accessibility settings for automatic captions enabled.
- Browser extensions: Some browser extensions might override your caption preferences.
Why do YouTube disable subtitles by default?
This is generally not true. Subtitles are typically off by default unless configured otherwise by the user or embedded by the video creator.
How do I turn off auto captions and subtitles on YouTube apps?
Here’s how to disable auto captions on different platforms:
- Android: Tap the CC icon in the video player and choose “Off.”
- iOS: Tap the three dots in the video player, select “Captions,” and choose “Off.”
- Desktop: Click the CC icon in the video player and choose “Turn off captions.”
Why are closed captions automatically on YouTube?
This might be due to your account settings or specific video settings. Check your settings and ensure “Always show captions” is disabled.
How to turn off closed captions on prime video?
To turn off captions on Prime Video:
- Desktop: Click the speech bubble icon in the video player and choose “Off.”
- Mobile app: Tap the CC icon in the video player and choose “Off.”
Why iPhone YouTube subtitles won’t turn off?
Check if you have enabled closed captions in your device’s accessibility settings. You can also try restarting the YouTube app or reinstalling it.
How do I turn off captions on YouTube Tv?
To turn off captions on YouTube TV:
- Android TV: Press the up button on the remote and navigate to “Audio & Subtitles.” Choose “Subtitles” and select “Off.”
- Roku: Press the star button on the remote and choose “Closed Captioning.” Select “Off.”
- Fire TV: Press the menu button on the remote and navigate to “Accessibility.” Choose “Subtitles” and select “Off.”
What are good YouTube captions?
Good captions are accurate, synchronized with the audio, and easy to read. They should also use consistent formatting and punctuation. Additionally, they can include non-verbal cues like [laughter] or [music] to enhance understanding.
Wrap Up on How to Turn off Closed Caption on YouTube in 2024
Whether you prefer a minimalist approach or simply don’t require extra text, turning off captions, including live ones, takes just a few clicks. This quick guide will show you how, step-by-step:
Step 1: Open your desired YouTube video.
Step 2: Look for the “CC” button at the bottom right of the player. If captions are already on, it will be highlighted.
Step 3: Simply click the “CC” button again to toggle captions off. That’s it!
And just like that, your video stream is clear and clutter-free. Feel free to adjust this setting whenever you like by using a close caption software, depending on your preference for each video.
So there you have it! Disabling closed captions on YouTube is an easy way to personalize your viewing experience. Happy watching!
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The EZ Breeze recirculation fan is perfect for barns, tool sheds, greenhouses, machine/compressor cooling, surface drying and more. U.S.A. Amps 1.06, Blade Guard Included Yes, Blade Type 3-wing blade, Fan Diameter in. 16, Air Delivery CFM 2,300,
Naturally shed coral fan is an intricate relic of the sea. White linen liner. Silver leaf frame. Arrives ready to hang. Our Teal Bahama Fan Shadow Box features a delicate natural sea fan framed in an elegant shadow box that captures the spirit of seaside living. This intricate branch of coral has been color enhanced to a beautiful shade of aqua that complements contemporary costal decor. Since each piece of coral is an individual marvel of nature, no two framed pieces will be exactly alike. . . . .
The Wall Mounted Infrared Halogen Heater is cETLus-approved. IP Rating: IPX4 Waterproof. The Wall Mounted Infrared Halogen Heater has an easy-pull string switch. The Wall Mounted Infrared Halogen Heater is perfect for the garage or shed. Add this Wall Mounted Infrared Halogen Heater to your garage or shed and you'll be using that room more than ever before. This infrared wall heater features dual halogen bulbs and a quartz heating element, with heat-resistant glass imported from Germany. The halogen wall heater has durable, rust-resistant construction and is IP rated IPX4 waterproof. and optional GFCI safety plug. Wall bracket included.Benefits of the Wall Mounted Infrared Halogen Heater:
This white glass shade from Monte Carlo Fans has a smooth plain surface and a simple style. The thick glass will cover the bulb and sheds more of a glow than a bright glare. Its design is versatile to be compatible with contemporary, deco, or retro style. With a fitter size of 2-1/4 inches, the shade comes with dimensions of 5.57 inches bottom wide by 5.24 inches high.
The EZ Breeze recirculation fan is perfect for barns, tool sheds, greenhouses, machine/compressor cooling, surface drying and more. U.S.A. Blade Guard Included Yes, Dimensions L x W x H in. 23 x 23 x 14, Fan Diameter in. 20, HP 1/10, Air Delivery
The EZ Breeze recirculation fan is perfect for barns, tool sheds, greenhouses, machine/compressor cooling, surface drying and more. U.S.A. Air Delivery CFM 1,460, Amps 1.18, Blade Guard Included Yes, Blade Type 3-wing, Needs to be Hardwired No,
The Wall Mounted Infrared Patio Heater with Remote provides instant heat. This outdoor heater is ideal for patio, deck, garage, shed, warehouse. The Wall Mounted Infrared Patio Heater is IPX4 Rated; safe to use year round, outdoors or indoors. Warm outdoor spaces with the Wall Mounted Infrared Patio Heater with Remote. Enjoy instant sun-like heat the moment you turn on the Wall Mounted Infrared Patio Heater. More cost efficient than a propane heater, this patio heater uses infrared heat technology to warm people and objects gently and continually, while maintaining the moisture in the air. The Wall Mounted Infrared Patio Heater has 3 heat settings (500w, 1000w, and 1500w), a tilted head, and weather-resistant silver finish. The included remote allows you to control this electric patio heater from the comfort of your chair; there's also a pull-string switch control. The Infrared Patio Heater with Remote comes with a wall bracket for easy hanging on your wall.Benefits of the Wall Mounted Infrared Patio Heater with Remote:
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Electric grills at Kohl's - This versatile T-Fal Opti-Grill Indoor Electric Grill has a variety of functions, so you can grill, griddle or press to perfection. Model no. GC702D53.
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TAMIYA 32600 Military Model 1/48 German Self-Propelled Anti-Tank Gun Nashorn 32600
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The TAMIYA 32600 Military 1/48 German Self-Propelled Anti-Tank Gun Nashorn is a plastic model kit of a German tank destroyer used during World War II. The kit includes accurate details, including a detailed interior and exterior, and can be built in a variety of configurations. Tamiya Military Model 1/48 German Self-Propelled Anti-Tank Gun Nashorn 32600. This is 100% Brand new item and we can ship this item to worldwide.
Item: Tamiya Military Model 1/48 German Self-Propelled Anti-Tank Gun Nashorn 32600
Item Number: 32600
Big Power, Compact Scale
Armor evolved exponentially during WWII as both sides tried to gain the upper hand on one another; the Nashorn was one of the German answers to powerful Allied vehicles. Based upon a chassis employing Pz.Kpfw.III and IV components, and employing a brand new hull with a fearsome 8.8cm gun, The Nashorn debuted in Summer 1943 at the pivotal Battle of Kursk, where it put its phenomenal armor piercing abilities to effective use. It would serve until the end of the conflict, proving a constant thorn in the Allies’ side.
About the Model
This is a 1/48 scale plastic model assembly kit. Length: 176mm, width: 62mm.
The open top form with powerful 8.8cm gun is captured in style, and the model features a detailed interior to boot.
An ergonomic parts breakdown nevertheless delivers a realistic depiction of the suspension. Assembly type tracks have one-piece straight sections.
Weights are included to give the model a realistically heavy feel.
Comes with a single figure (in cold weather uniform) and two marking options.
Item Included: 1 x Tamiya Military Model 1/48 German Self-Propelled Anti-Tank Gun Nashorn 32600
|Dimensions||30 × 25 × 10 cm|


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At Home Gluten sensitivity + Celiac Tests | Those of us who have been diagnosed with an auto-immune disease called Celiac Disease do know that one of the most difficult parts of living with this disorder is deciding whether or not we should undergo a gluten sensitivity and Celiac test. After all, the foods that we love are usually the same ones that trigger our allergic reactions in us. The reason for this is that gluten is the protein compound that cause bread to rise, and bread is one of the staple foods of our society. Sadly, there are many people who suffer from this disease because they find themselves consuming foods that contain gluten on a regular basis, and they wind up reacting negatively to what they believe are harmless foods. This can cause a great deal of hardship for people who have been forced to live a life where they must avoid eating certain foods or undergoing complicated gluten allergy tests.
Gluten Allergy and Celiac Disease – Getting Your Gluten Testing Done at Home
Many people choose to undergo these tests simply because they don’t know any other way to tell if they are actually gluten intolerant or whether their symptoms are caused by something else. There are other things to consider, though, such as a gluten sensitivity and Celiac test is not always necessary. In fact, many patients are able to get away with avoiding gluten so long as they are careful about which foods they eat and which foods they avoid. There are some types of food that, while containing gluten, are still safe for those who cannot put up with having their insides burned up when consumed too frequently. For those who choose to undergo a gluten sensitivity and Celiac test, though, this type of dietary restriction may be a little bit more difficult.
Some patients turn to the Internet and to self-diagnosis to find out if they are gluten allergic and if they are indeed sensitive to gluten. This is a great idea, but you can always double check with your physician first and foremost, since self-diagnosis can often be a bad thing. If all else fails, then you can always opt for gluten sensitivity and Celiac testing at home, but only if everything on your own tests positive.


The Gen-Z Consortium, an organization developing an open standard interconnect designed to provide high-speed, low latency, memory-semantic access to data and devices, released the Gen-Z Core Specification 1.0.
Available available on the Gen-Z Consortium's website, the
Gen-Z Core Specification 1.0 enables silicon providers and IP developers to begin the development of products enabling Gen-Z technology solutions.
The Gen-Z Consortium is a group founded by top-tier tech vendors including Hewlett Packard Enterprise, IBM, Dell EMC, AMD, Arm, and Cray. The companies wanted to create the next-generation interconnect that can leverage existing tech while paving the way for new ones at a time of rapid change within the computing industry.
Servers have become increasingly powerful in recent years, with more processing cores being added and accelerators like GPUs and field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) being added. However, a problem has been the enabling interconnect technologies to keep pace with server evolution.
The Gen-Z Consortium's group is to create universal protocol for accessing data that breaks the interlock between the CPU and memory and supports a broad array of media types without being tied into a single one.
The new interconnect technology offers high performance and low latency, and is scalable. Gen-Z operates at speeds in the realm of terabytes per second and is a protocol that can scale from point-to-point topologies up through switch topologies and into rack-scale, and it can do this without address to software complexity.
Gen-Z can also support multiple topologies, component types (the interconnect supports x86, Power and Arm architectures, as well as GPUs and FPGA accelerators) and use cases, including single enclosures, rack-scale enclosures and eventually clusters.
Gen-Z also allows the memory to be shared rather than be owned by the processor, and memory can be interleaved across multiple processors and aggregated to improve performance.
"Our membership has grown significantly throughout 2017, now totaling more than fifty members, and we are proud of the hard work that has culminated with the release of our first Core Specification," said Gen-Z President, Kurtis Bowman. "We anticipate great things in 2018 as silicon developers begin implementing Gen-Z technology into their offerings and the ecosystem continues to grow."


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A. D. Hope aboriginal Allen Curnow Angry Penguins anthology artist Australian literature Australian poetry Australian writers beauty bloke blood Brian Vrepont Brisbane bush Chinese Christesen CLERIHEW Collins contemporary contributors criticism culture dark dead death Dick dream earth English Ernest Briggs experience expression eyes feel flowers France Harris's heart HOPEGOOD human Ian Mudie imagination Ingamells intellectual James Devaney Jindyworobak Joseph Furphy journals JUDITH WRIGHT land light literary living look M E A N J I N Max Harris MEANJIN means Melbourne mind modern Nettie Palmer never night novel perhaps PETER HOPEGOOD poems poet political prose published Queensland reader recent Says the white seems short stories social song spirit stars Sydney talk things thought tion to-day trees true University VANCE PALMER verse voice white old dosser wind words young Zealand


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Hand stitched, one of a kind, Christmas afghan and matching cross stitch pillow. Afghan measures 50" x 55", including double ruffle edge. Center christmas tree motif with christmas present motifs in each corner. Stitched in afghan, double crochet, and cross stitch. Matching pillow is 14" square and stitched on 14ct. hopscotch Aida cloth. Back of pillow is green corduroy with a zippered ...
dimensional paper screen print on metallic silver board, pencil signed, titled "Gemini", #61/100;
concentric circle pattern changes color when viewed from different angles
artist: Anne Youkeles (Austrian/American b.1920)
signature: Anne Youkeles
date: ca 1960s-1970s
dimensions: print: 20" x 19" h / frame: 27 1/2" sq
condition: very good...print has no visible issues; glass is cracked in ...
They look like beads, but they're not! My handmade crocheted ladder ribbon necklaces are a light, bright, colorful jewelry and scarf alternative made from yarn! A fun way to dress up a T-shirt or turtleneck! More than 50 different colors available to coordinate with your favorite tops!
These crocheted necklaces are so light, you can't even tell you have one on!
And look! No clasps! You'll ...
FRAMED POSTER OF OLIVE
Poster from the San Francisco Art Exchange Alberto Vargas.1985 retrospective exhibit. Approximately 30” x40” (framed), matted with heavy high quality black metal frame, needs glass. I'm selling the poster, the matte & frame I'm throwing in. The $145.00 is acually for just the poster!
The poster has been in storage since purchased (original owner), never exposed to ...
eBay Classifieds provides an excellent variety of arts & crafts in its classified listings. You can find numerous art items, such as paintings and paint sets, or crafts items, such as embroidery or decorated plates. Searching on eBay Classifieds makes finding arts and craft items in Chicago even easier. You may have a certain admiration for Renaissance paintings, or perhaps you prefer the more modern, unconventional styles. Maybe you are looking for the perfect portrait for your hallway, or perhaps you are hosting an important social event in your home and you are looking for some artistic inspiration on the internet.


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Use galvanized nails, as these will not rust. Birdhouses need not be painted, but the box may last longer if you paint the outside. Never paint the inside of a birdhouse. If you paint the outside, use dull (not bright or glossy) colors that blend in with the surroundings. Nest boxes that don't match the vegetation may be easier for predators to find.
Nesting Ledges. American Robins, Say's Phoebes, and Barn and Cliff Swallows will not use nest boxes, but they will next on platforms that are open on three sides. Platform nest ledges should be 6ν inches wide, 6ν inches long, and at least 8 inches high. Nest ledges can be easily fastened under the eaves of houses, buildings, bridges or on trees. They may be placed near a window where the behavior of birds using them can be easily observed. Place the nest ledge 8–16 feet above the ground.

domain: biology


Dara and Lee Hi Enjoy Big Bang’s Concert
YG entertainment artists sure know how to support each other. On January 25, 2NE1’s Sandara Park posted a photo on her Twitter that showed she had enjoyed Big Bang’s concert. The photo was posted with the message, “Watched Big Bang’s concert with Hi. Cool, cool, cool! Happy, happy, happy! Fun, fun, fun~ The performance this time around was also..well do I need to say anything? It’s Big Bang! Just the Best, best~ jjang”
The photo that Sandra posted shows the singer with fellow YG artist, Lee Hi, posing in front of a door plastered with Big Bang’s concert posters. Furthermore, the two singers seemed to have fully enjoyed the concert as the photo showed the two holding up Big Bang’s official crown light sticks.
It’s great to see how YG artists support each other and enjoy each other’s music. Speaking of music, we can’t wait for 2NE1’s and Lee Hi’s official comeback!


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biography from Portrait & Biographical Album of Mahaska Co., Iowa, 1887
JAMES O. COFFEE, of Barnes City, was born in Rock Island County, Ill., Sept. 5, 1864. He came to Iowa with his parents and resided with them in Grundy County for several years, removing thence to the old home in Illinois, but staid there only a short time, coming thence to Mahaska County and settling in Pleasant Grove Township, where his father purchased eighty acres of land. The latter died April 20, 1884. His mother and brother John reside upon and conduct the farm. James O. learned the art of telegraphy in 1883, and in the year 1884 received the appointment of railway agent and telegraph operator at Barnes City. These positions he has filled to the entire acceptance of his superiors in authority, as well as to the patrons of the road in and about the station. He possesses an adaptation for the business, is a young man of fine business talent, with an ambition to do his every duty in an acceptable manner, and it is easy to foresee that in the near future there is a place yet higher for the exercise of his ability, and that he will reach the summit of his ambition. His political affiliations are with the Republican party.
Portrait & Biographical Album of Mahaska Co., Iowa, 1887
Mahaska County, Iowa Genealogy


The Primepower DCDC Equalizer is a high efficient, intelligent and very compact DCDC converter. Suitable for all 24Volts applications where a high current is needed to 12Volt consumers. The switch mode design includes the latest component and technology in power conversion. The internal electronics controls the output and input current and prevents the device from overcurrent, short circuit and overload. The product is suitable in marine, automotive, industrial and telecom applications.
The Primepower DCDC equalizer will keep the charging balance between 12Volts battery serial connected in a 24Volts system. The output voltage will always be kept at a level of 50% of the supplying voltage.


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The Madison County Sheriff's Office has been the next victim of the county's financial crisis, having been forced to shave off $300,000 from their annual budget, which Sheriff Mike Coyle called "devastating."
The budget shortfall cost the county department four deputies, Coyle told the court Tuesday morning before the budget was approved unanimously.
"This is not the budget that I would have thought," he said. "With all of our accomplishments and achievements that we have been able to do, that there would be a little more priority put on the sheriff's office...This pretty much cuts our legs out from underneath us."
He said he knew things were difficult for the county right now, but that he didn't know what services the sheriff's office could keep providing.
Coyle went on to say the issue of overcrowding at the jail has brought a whole lot of problems not only to the financial situation in the county, but also the sheriff's department on a daily basis.
And while the budget decreased, the sheriff reported how their services to the county had increased over the years noting rises in the numbers of emergency protection orders, domestic violence cases, warrants issued and vehicle searches.
He explained the sheriff's office is in charge of transporting all of the inmates to and from court, including picking them up from other county jails where they can be temporarily housed.
Because of this, the county sheriff's office also saw increases in transportation, up 20% in county limits from 2017, and up 40% for transportation in other counties.
In 2019, the sheriff's office was responsible for 7,845 inmates transported to court, 1,516 of those were out of county inmates. Coyle approximated that his deputies had driven to 100 out of 120 counties for transport means.
"I must say the court has been very helpful over the years, very supportive," he began. "But the financial difficulties that we are facing now will be passed to our citizens, and it's going to be passed on to our detention center and it has definitely been passed to our sheriff's office with the day stress and strain that this brings on with inmates being housed other locations instead of housed here."
Jailer Steve Tussey reported later on in the meeting that this week alone, 145 inmates are to be escorted all over the state by the sheriff's department.
"And that number goes up almost daily," Tussey said. "That is a tremendous workload."
The jailer gave a jail count for the Madison County Detention Center, with 396 inmates being housed in the 184-bed facility, 70 housed in other counties and 41 inmates on home incarceration.
He noted in his jail count also that the jail has gone up 100 inmates since July.
"If that trend continues — I hope it doesn't — but if that trend continues, we have tough decisions and the court has made tough decisions, but those decisions are going to get tougher," he said plainly.
In his judge's report, Judge/Executive Reagan Taylor said that while 2019 was a hard year with tough decisions involving the jail and taxes, he was excited for a new year and decade for a fresh start.
"I am proud of where we are at, I am proud to be in Madison County," he said. "This is a new day for Madison County."
• Homeowners of Battlefield Estates spoke to the court asking, some begging, for help in addressing the issue of flooding in their homes.
• The court approved the county clerk's budget.
• A first reading was approved for an ordinance that would discontinue county maintenance to Ralph Park Way.
• Three county firefighters were promoted. James Andre and Matthew Cross were promoted from firefighter II to firefighter III. Ethan Jones was promoted from firefighter III to firefighter IV.
The next fiscal court meeting will be Jan. 28, 9:30 a.m. at the Madison County Courthouse located at 101 W. Main St. in Richmond.
Reach Taylor Six at 624-6623 or follow her on Twitter at @TaylorSixRR.