text: Prickly stems and blooming buds bring layers of texture and interest into any room. The term “succulent” refers to a wide variety of plants, with many different colors and textures. A centerpiece arrangement for cheap! amy @ mylifefromhome recently posted… Extra Large faux succulent arrangement centerpiece in black metal container AndSucculentsDesigns. I am so in love with this centerpiece. This succulent decoration idea doubles as both a centerpiece and table number, and will compliment your outdoor wedding reception. She made this clever spring succulent centerpiece arrangement for only $12 using products she scored from the Dollar Tree! Browse through our wide selection of brands, like Gracie Oaks and . Delivery fees in other areas vary, please contact us for more info). video tutorial! Carolann, How To Make A Stunning Artificial Succulent Garden Centerpiece, String lights were the perfect addition and Afloral.com, Round Sequin Cloth Table Placemat in Gold from Afloral.com. If you’re not the crafty type, no problem! Look at how real these artificial succulents look! Just so you know, Consumer Crafts sells the same succulents for a fraction of Afloral’s prices. From shop TheSavvySucculents. 99. I started with Reindeer Moss in Spring Green. Because they thrive in a range of conditions and require minimal care, succulents are excellent plants for centerpieces. They are charming and very decorative. Ten assorted faux succulents arrive artfully arranged in this lush centerpiece. Faux succulents look like the real thing, cost less and can be used in any of your DIY floral arrangements. She made this clever spring succulent centerpiece arrangement for only $12 using products she scored from the Dollar Tree!. The pots are crafted from ceramic with a white, high-gloss finish and feature wooden bases for a touch of contrast. I will have to check that site out. Extra Large faux succulent arrangement centerpiece in black metal container AndSucculentsDesigns. I like the colors you used, very warm, and inviting. Faux Potted Succulent Centerpiece. 99 $37.50 $37.50. This large cedar driftwood planter is lush with the most realistic FAUX succulents available. A perfect dining room centerpiece, this lovely faux yellow rose arrangement pops against crisp white linens and dinnerware. From shop AndSucculentsDesigns. I hope you get to make a centerpiece you will love and cherish too! Get it as soon as Thu, Nov 19. Keep it simple! From shop ChapelHillDesigns. HOW TO USE HOT PINK AND CORAL TO CREATE A VIBRANT COLOUR PALETTE AT YOUR WEDDING. SKU: 6614500 . From shop AndSucculentsDesigns. This Evergreen Succulent Pot holds a beautiful mix of small, artificial succulents with one large, faux echeveria as the focal point of the design. The most unique combination since surf and turf, this desert wedding brings you the joy of a tropical beach and doesn't feel the need to explain it self. This two-piece faux succulent set is here to help imbue your space with greenery! This potted succulent garden is ready to go to be used an accent on a sideboard or as a succulent centerpiece on your reception or dinner party tables. Sale. Any glass container works well for this project to give a 360-degree view of the terrarium. I used one bag and if like, you can add some filler underneath it as well. Get it as soon as Thu, Nov 19. Sep 9, 2017 - These unique living gems make for a perfect centerpiece, windowsill art, or patio delight. You’re gonna need a large and preferably flat-shaped faux pumpkin. Absolutely stunning in a 30" oblong, hand-hammered copper base. I am loving all of the fake succulentss that are being carried these days. 5 out of 5 stars (117) 117 reviews. Very creative Martha Stewart 2.0! I'll show you how to make a magazine worthy Succulent centerpiece that looks gorgeous but is super easy! Free delivery within 10 miles of Folsom on orders over $40. This is a perfect piece for your dining table, coffee table or office decor. Seeko Artificial Succulents - 14 Pack - Create Realistic Succulent Arrangements, Faux Potted Succulent Decor, and Fake Succulent Planters 4.8 out of 5 stars 1,211 $29.99 $ 29 . Large and colorful stems situated on end tables bring a subtle texture to the room. I love Lenox and have this gorgeous bowl and tray sitting in the center of my dining room table. The faux succulents are made of plastic and painted to appear as though they’re real, … Handcrafted ; Gift Wrap ($6.95 fee) Small Parcel . Is your event on the list? Faux Succulent Centerpiece from Run to Radiance Chalkboard Wrapped Drink Jars by Lemon Thistle Paper Loop Flowers from Summer Scraps Rope Wrapped Cans from FrugElegance […] Reply Create & Share Monthly Challenge: DIY Baseball Clock - My Life From Home says: Sale. Last year, I missed out on the faux succulents that Dollar Tree sold in the store so I went online and found out they sell faux succulents by the case before they hit the stores! I love succulents so much, I never would have known these were artificial by just looking at them. A centerpiece arrangement for cheap! Coupled with your gold toned tablescape I am enthralled. This Evergreen Succulent Pot makes a beautiful accent and an even greater centerpiece. I have not seen a candle holder made from succulents. Step 4: Fill the centerpiece with faux succulents I got about 8 of them to fill my centerpiece. It looks beautiful! 4.5 out of 5 stars 410. This Evergreen Succulent Pot holds a beautiful mix of small, artificial succulents with one large, faux echeveria as the focal point of the design. From shop ChapelHillDesigns. The artificial succulents from Afloral.com look so real! And as always, thanks so much for stopping by! Artificial Succulent Arrangements. Love your centerpiece!!!! These unique living gems make for a perfect centerpiece, windowsill art, or patio delight. Bubble wrap and clean paper stuffed around this item held it perfectly in the box. Experience online shopping with a wide range of Artificial Flowers & Plants and Enjoy Free Delivery on orders over AED 99 Easy returns Click & Collect UAE I didn’t want it to look overcrowded so be sure not to choose too many. You made my day saying it should be on the cover of a mag…if only lol xo, Thanks so much Heather. I love making centerpieces and have made a few but this one – Oh My Gosh – it’s my best to date. Everyone loves it too. And they look so beautiful, especially at night. It’s so easy to make and Afloral products are perfection! Shop at eBay.com and enjoy Fast & Free shipping on many items! Clare Day Flowers and Adrian Michael Photography Spiral Hand and Matt Edge Photography Bare Root Flora Michael Daigian D... Two California shutterbugs turn the focus on themselves, pledging their love for each other in a rustic affair inspired by dreamy Polaroid images. Quantity discounts available . $29.99 $ 29. Inspired by succulents, agave, and other plants of the southwest, we’ve created a collection of arrangements with a minimalistic beauty unique to the dry regions of the United States for your home. Plants are very Attractive, inexpensive and practical a bowl love the way they light my... Home Decor style free pickup from Folsom on all orders with large faux succulent centerpiece succulents look the! See more ideas about artificial succulents '' on Pinterest the center of my dining room table stunning realistic of... Comfortable easy going, backyard feeling, but in a gorgeous living centerpiece for your or. Happy Friday submission comes in from Hip2Save Reader, Laurie by just looking at.. Over at Afloral.com - 3 Foot Long artificial succulents centerpiece, 36 out rustic. 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The Ferrari Portofino
The Ferrari Portofino is the new V8 GT set to dominate its segment thanks to a perfect combination of outright performance and versatility in addition to a level of driving pleasure and on-board comfort unparalleled on the market. Capable of unleashing a massive 600 cv and sprinting from 0 to 200 km/h in just 10.8 seconds, the Ferrari Portofino is the most powerful convertible to combine the advantages of a retractable hard top, a roomy boot and generous cockpit space complete with two rear seats suitable for short trips.
The Ferrari Portofino is significantly lighter with the adoption of new components featuring innovative designs made possible by the use of cutting-edge production techniques. This, combined with a 40 cv higher power output than the California T, has resulted in a significant hike in performance and a corresponding drop in emissions. Vehicle dynamics benefit from the introduction, for the first time on this model, of electric power steering, the 3rd generation electronic differential (E-Diff3) and the latest evolution of the electronic suspension control system (SCM-E) integrated with Premium 9.1 ESP.
Chassis 239XXX. Supplied new in 2018 and among the first delivered, this motorcar has covered a mere 400 km and is as new. Finished in the timeless Rosso Corsa with Nero hide and red stitching, it is available immediately with VAT deductible.


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About the Cormorant Booby Trout Fly
The Cormorant Booby is a dark buoyant pattern that is best used on a sinking line and very short leader.
It is a versatile fly that can be be presented hovering temptingly just above the bottom, where the fish are often lying during the early part if the season.
A slow jerking retrieve will create a sink and bobbing motion that is very tempting to even the wariest of fish.
If the fish are just below the surface flash it quickly over the surface to create a wild turbulent wake which will often lead to violent, slashing takes.
It is ideal for bank fishing on still waters or reservoirs.
Country of origin for this trout fly: England
This trout fly is designed to be fished on Dams & Reservoirs, Still Water
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domain: hobby


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databases in Genomic Research
Gelbart, William M.
Science 1998 October 23; 282(5389): 659-661
Showing items related by title, author, creator and subject.
Kupersmith, Joel (Kennedy Institute of Ethics, 2015-02-13)In this talk, Dr. Joel Kupersmith engages the tension between the benefits of increased access to genomic databases and the costs of individual patient privacy. Dr. Joel Kupersmith is head of the Office of Research and ...

domain: medical


I built the fisrt hull badly. Second hiull on the way much better. I have also made my first set of reduced area sails for the PAPAYA based on the original set (way to much canvas for my last fet trips). The only major change is that I have a jip boom with in set pivot to keep the rear of the jib down. I tried it last night and the behaviour in very gusty conditions seems reasonable. The first attempt failed as it momed the centre of effort (CE) too far forward.
I have built a second sail based on theUNA rig for the 507 but this eems to need the CE some 20 mm rear to match that of the original rig; is this typical changeinbg from Sloop to UNa rig? Sailing trials await the second hull.
Finally anybodey using the Stollery power lever? It looks easy to make and does appear to offer a significant gain. Is it as good as it looks?
I have built 4 of Rogers various designs and currently own one of his Ice. I have used the power levers on all of these boats and found that you need a bit of thought to get them to the right length. To begin with the end of the lever in the forward position must allow the sheet to go sufficiently far forward for running. That fixed, then the lever is brought back to the beating position. In moving it back, the mainsheet ring should slide along the length of the lever from its tip to a position nearer to the servo. If it does not the then in high winds the mainsheet remains near to the tip of the lever and because of the length of the lever tends to overpower the servo. Since we are now using miniature servos a bit too much leverage will burn one out.
In Roger’s designs we are now using lighter wire for the lever that we used to do. It then has a bit of spring in it and that in turn helps when sailing in gusty weather. To attach the lever to the servo arm simply thread one end of it through the holes in the servo arm at one side of ther screw - and thread the other end smilarily through the other end of the servo arm making sure that you leave a little kink in it so that you can get the servo screw in and out.
Incidentally I don’t lay out my electronics in the Stollery way, but put the rudder servo on the centre line and further aft so that he power lever has a clean sweep. Speaking of rudder servos in these cassette systems - I make the hole for the servo a bit over size. That way - with everything swithched on the servo can be orientated so that the servo arm is exactly at right angles to to the centre lione of the boat.
Once the lever is right it works like a charm.
CharlewsBefore epoxying the servo in position
I’ve been using aluminium tube as servo sheeting arms for a few years now and they have been working consistently well. Normal round tube can also be slightly sqeezed in a vice to produce oval section tube, making it stiffer in the direction the arm is pulling.
Having seen Roger’s power lever, I decided to make a few modifications to my original arm with nylon bolts and washers, producing a ‘power bar’ !
Bench testing has been fine but I’m sorry to say I’ve not had the chance to try it on the water yet. Please let me know how it goes if any one beats me to it and manages some on the water testing.
The first picture shows my original arm with Micro Magic Racing standard block and squashed end to facilitate fixing to the servo.
The second picture shows ‘power bar’ with bolt added to limit the amount of slide, end stop arrangement and washer as the sliding take off point.


Universal Prekindergarten Program
Universal Pre-kindergarten (UPK) is a New York State funded program specifically designed for four-year-olds not eligible for kindergarten.UPK is a developmentally appropriate, learner-centered educational program to help four-year-olds develop physically, socially, emotionally, linguistically, culturally, and intellectually. The program has a strong emphasis on early literacy and early numeracy to help prepare children for kindergarten.Basic eligibility requirements:
- must be a Clarence School District resident
- child must be 4 years old by December 1 of the school year
2021-22 School Year
New York State has recently announced that a substantial increase in funding will be provided for Clarence CSD Universal Pre-Kindergarten. At this time, specific programming requirements have not been released.
We are hopeful that these funds will expand educational opportunities for universal pre-kindergarten eligible students. We anticipate guidance will become available in the next two weeks. We will post all updated information to the District UPK website when it becomes available.


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Real life model Karolina Kurkova played Sofia, a deadly spy who had a notable cover story – as a model! It was a funny conceit that the show made full use of, as we learned Sofia lived a glamorous life traveling from one runway to the next, while also stealing and selling weapons.
Sofia's casual narcissism was very funny, illustrated when Chuck ended up grabbing her ass (accidently, of course!) and she responded with, "Your hand is still touching my perfection!" She also was casually naked in a highly entertaining scene that found Sarah stuck listening to Sofia's longtime bodyguard (Lou Ferrigno!) professing his love, thinking she was Sofia ("The strongest muscle in my body is my heart"), while Chuck was caught by a very naked, very unembarrassed Sofia. A deadly supermodel/spy holding a gun on a guy while standing naked and wet? Well done, Chuck writers. Well done.
This storyline culminated in the best fight Sarah's had on the show in quite awhile. One of IGN TV's choices for TV's Best Badass Babes (like the alliteration?), Ms. Walker began a brutal fight with Sofia backstage at a fashion show, which eventually spilled onto the runway. The visual of these two beautiful, dangerous ladies beating the hell out of each other in such a setting was inspired, and ended with Sarah delivering one hell of a flying punch. The pay off, as all of the photographers began taking pictures of the battered, bloody and triumphant Sarah was hard not to smile at… even though Beckman and Sarah's quick chat about how Sarah's cover was still in place is a bit hard to believe, given she was on a magazine cover and one would imagine would be the source of quite the media hunt, given the situation.
Awesome Old Spice guy Isaiah Mustafa was pretty dang awesome here as well, as the next CIA "Greta" agent. Last week I complained a bit about how Olivia Munn's incarnation of Greta ultimately seemed pretty extraneous, but Mustafa was much better used. First off, he was a funnier presence and performance, as he made even shooting a price tag onto a box super cool, while solemnly declaring, "25 feet? I can do better." Second, this Greta was used a bit more to further the plot, in that he embodied the perfection Morgan began to realize was making the Buy More Burbank feel off – and in danger of being found out for the CIA/NSA front it is.
This realization and Beckman's acceptance of it led to the return of Jeff and Lester, as Morgan and Casey went to recruit exactly the kind of lazy and incompetent staff members that would make the store feel real. And wow on Jeff's line to Ellie, "Is there room in that womb for two?", which is actually pretty disgusting when you think about it – and thus perfectly Jeff.
Beckman promoting Morgan to store manager is a very nice accomplishment for Morgan, but considering Mark Christopher Lawrence is still a series regular, I'm curious how Big Mike will play into this – I'd rather not see Morgan quickly be demoted, but will they bring Mike back in a different position? While we ponder that, in an episode with two big Star Wars references, I especially liked Morgan speech to Chuck about classic, conflict-filled relationships, where he mentioned, "Romeo and Juliet, Tristan and Isolde, Anakin and Padme."
We also got a look into Ellie and Awesome's dynamic these days, discovering Awesome is quite the nervous father-to-be. The end, with Ellie sneaking a look at photos from her past – on the heels of mentioning her mother in a dismissive way – obviously point out that Mary Bartowski is an important person for Ellie too. I remain frustrated we've so quickly gone back to Chuck keeping secrets from Ellie, but hopefully this scene is a hint that she may (and certainly should be) brought into the loop sooner than later. As an aside: It was really cool seeing those young photos of Scott Bakula and Linda Hamilton used to show Steve and Mary. I'm assuming both actors gave the producers photos, which is cool, and the one photo of them together looked pretty realistic – We've all seen some really cheesy photoshop used in scenes like this on other series before.
I'm sure some Chuck and Sarah fans will bemoan this apparent new obstacle put in their (long term) path at the end of the episode, as Sarah's expression hinted at her having no interest in the family life, complete with children, that Chuck was mentioning. But we just saw the two sweetly overcome another bump in the road, as Sarah learned to finally settle in and unpack, stepping away from her nomadic ways. I am sure these two crazy kids can work this out too!
Lastly, what was up with the seemingly random Bronson Pinchot cameo? We saw him appear for a couple of seconds at the party Chuck first met Sofia at, but he didn't even speak! Considering he was a credited guest star, it was very odd. I'm wondering if he was a victim of the cutting room floor or if we should be looking for his character to continue to pop up down the line… And I'm hoping for the latter.
In This Article
Chuck: "Chuck Versus The Suitcase" Review
John Wick: Chapter 4 - Official Final Trailer
Check out the new, action-packed trailer for John Wick: Chapter 4, the upcoming movie starring Keanu Reeves, Donnie Yen, Bill Skarsgård, Laurence Fishburne, Hiroyuki Sanada, Shamier Anderson, Lance Reddick, Rina Sawayama, Scott Adkins, and Ian McShane.John Wick (Keanu Reeves) uncovers a path to defeating the High Table. But before he can earn his freedom, Wick must face off against a new enemy with powerful alliances across the globe and forces that turn old friends into foes. John Wick: Chapter 4 will be available in theaters and IMAX on March 24, 2023 (or March 23rd in Australia/NZ).
The Little Mermaid - Official Trailer
“The Little Mermaid” is the beloved story of Ariel, a beautiful and spirited young mermaid with a thirst for adventure. The youngest of King Triton’s daughters and the most defiant, Ariel longs to find out more about the world beyond the sea and, while visiting the surface, falls for the dashing Prince Eric. While mermaids are forbidden to interact with humans, Ariel must follow her heart. She makes a deal with the evil sea witch, Ursula, which gives her a chance to experience life on land but ultimately places her life – and her father’s crown – in jeopardy. The film stars singer and actress Halle Bailey (“grown-ish”) as Ariel; Jonah Hauer-King (“A Dog’s Way Home”) as Prince Eric; Tony Award® winner Daveed Diggs (“Hamilton”) as the voice of Sebastian; Awkwafina (“Raya and the Last Dragon”) as the voice of Scuttle; Jacob Tremblay (“Luca”) as the voice of Flounder; Noma Dumezweni (“Mary Poppins Returns”) as Queen Selina; Art Malik (“Homeland”) as Sir Grimsby; with Oscar® winner Javier Bardem (“No Country for Old Men”) as King Triton; and two-time Academy Award® nominee Melissa McCarthy (“Can You Ever Forgive Me?” “Bridesmaids”) as Ursula. “The Little Mermaid” is directed by Oscar® nominee Rob Marshall (“Chicago,” “Mary Poppins Returns”)with a screenplay by two-time Oscar nominee David Magee (“Life of Pi,” “Finding Neverland”). The songs feature music from multiple Academy Award® winner Alan Menken (“Beauty and the Beast,” “Aladdin”) and lyrics by Howard Ashman, and new lyrics by three-time Tony Award® winner Lin-Manuel Miranda. The film is produced by two-time Emmy® winner Marc Platt (“Jesus Christ Superstar Live in Concert,” “Grease Live!”), Miranda, two-time Emmy winner John DeLuca (“Tony Bennett: An American Classic”), and Rob Marshall, with Jeffrey Silver (“The Lion King”) serving as executive producer.
WWE 2K23 - Official Launch Trailer
Check out the WWE 2K23 launch trailer, featuring WWE Superstars John Cena, Cody Rhodes, Logan Paul, Bad Bunny, Rhea Ripley, and more.WWE 2K23 is now available in Early Access for Deluxe and Icon Edition players. The game's official release date on PC, PS5, Xbox Series X/S, PS4, and Xbox One is March 17, 2023.
Microsoft Puts an End to the $1 Xbox Game Pass Ultimate Trial
38m ago - All good things must come to an end.
Jeremy Renner Uses Anti-Gravity Treadmill to Walk in New Video
1h ago - The actor's recovery from the January snow plow incident continues.
Joker 2: First Look at Lady Gaga's Harley Quinn Revealed
7h ago - Harvey Dent is all but confirmed, too.
Jonathan Majors Arrested in New York City on Strangulation, Harassment, and Assault Charges
1d ago - Police say Majors was involved in a domestic dispute with a 30-year-old woman.
Dark and Darker Removed From Steam Following DMCA Takedown
1d ago - Just before an upcoming playtest.

domain: entertainment


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So I'm playing the demo and this game is the funniest thing ever?? Whoever wrote this is seriously a genius I can't get enough of this game's insane humor.
Every boy has a secret. One of them is bones! · By
Twitter is something else haha, but fr tho this game's humor is really inspiring since I'm trying to develop a humorous game too :)

domain: game


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Dilly Cucumber Bites - Easy Party Food Ideas - Photos
Herbed Chicken Salad in Puff Pastry Cups - perfect for bridal luncheons and baby showers
Fun and Healthy Party Food for Kids | Nutella Mini Pancake Kabobs by DIY Ready at http://diyready.com/best-kids-party-ideas/
Ham, Egg, & Cheese Breakfast Sliders - perfect for gameday breakfast…
A Series Of Tea-rrific Tea Party Ideas: Tea Party Food Recipes -Beau-coup Blog
Awesome Blueberry Muffin Bundt cake. Perfect for brunch!
Strawberry Brownie Skewers - Easy Party Food Ideas - Photos
These Banana Peanut Butter Bites are the perfect party food! Both kids and adults will love these lovely desserts!

domain: food


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Sweden’s next game huge against Germany. The pressure on the Germans is so big after their loss in the first game to Mexico.
That will be a fantastic football match because Germany need to play. I am really looking forward to it.
It’s so difficult to score against Sweden. Italy tried in the World Cup playoffs and many other teams failed. Will Germany lose two games in a row at the World Cup though?
It’s difficult to imagine that, but pressure is a funny thing.
Mexico killed them on the counter attack. They should’ve scored more. To be fair, Germany could’ve scored too. But, it was a huge surprise, no doubt.
They are one of the big favourites and you would not expect them to go out in the group stage.
Meanwhile, Sweden were better than Korea for the whole game. The goal came late from the penalty, but they put in a solid performance.
I hope – because I am Swedish – that Germany cannot come back after this loss. However, it’s hard to believe they would lose again.
Sweden would be so happy with a draw!
I said before the tournament that Brazil should win this World Cup because they have the best squad, the best players, but I must say when I saw them I was not impressed.
They played well for a few minutes against Switzerland, but many of their players didn’t perform.
They have one of the best players in competition in Neymar, but he was very poor too.
His attitude was not good. He was very loose with ball and the way he dribbled with it.
He is a player who should win the World Cup for Brazil, but the performance against Switzerland was not good enough.


Electromechanical servo press technology uses less energy than pneumatic or hydraulic assembly systems since they only draw current on demand – an energy reduction of 70-90 % is feasible with the electromechanical approach. As servo presses become more prevalent for joining processes, it is important to understand the different measurement technologies available and which technologies are most appropriate for your assembly process.
During a joining operation where an interference fit occurs, a signature force vs. displacement curve is generated.
Here are the key technologies and considerations when selecting an electromechanical servo press solution:
Position Measurement Technologies
LVDT. External to press system: Voltage signal (analog) could be less resolute than other approaches, but is less expensive.
External and incremental encoder: May cost extra engineering effort to select and design a strategy to measure from external encoder. Must be rehomed at startup after power outage
Internal Absolute Encoder: Best resolution and repeatability specifications. The press manufacturer selected an encoder matched to their provided motion controls system, and can also use this sensor for closed-loop control of the electromechanical servo press system.
Force Measurement Technologies
Torque derived from motor amplifier: Not as resolute as a sensor placed directly in the axis of force, since it is derived. Least expensive hardware approach, since no external sensor is required. Repeatability may not be satisfactory. This approach may require an external software or PC to analyze the motor torque data.
Strain Gage: Ideal for static processes, where pressing and holding is required - for instance, where a part must be held at a constant force while a robot welds the part in place. Strain gages yield nonlinearities in the low end and are susceptible to hysteresis – permanent mechanical deformation.
Piezoelectric: Ideal for dynamic processes and low force requirements, such as measuring when a plastic part snaps into position. Advantage of dual measuring ranges for flexible assembly stations where the measurement is extremely linear across the entire force range. Piezoelectric sensor characteristics are stable over time and temperature and do not require external excitation to function.
Strategies for Analyzing Live Data
PC-based analysis system: PCs are widely available and are relatively inexpensive. However, they are susceptible to IT policies, updates and malware – which can interfere with production systems. PCs are ideal for offline data analysis.
Embedded analysis system: Embedded computing systems designed for industrial use are the types of computers that should be on the plant floor. For 24/7 uptime manufacturing operations, a deterministic embedded computer should be used for data analysis and live signal processing. An embedded system evaluating live force/displacement data can even help to identify manufacturing flaws while the parts are being formed – saving cycle time and capturing non-nominal parts further upstream.
Strategies for Analyzing Offline Curve Data
Production software: Generally a large modular platform that can encompass all operations on a plant floor. May be integrated into production or quality systems but usually delivered with a hefty price tag.
Math software: More generic; a 3rd party developed open architecture platform that may be customized but requires extensive knowledge to program and maintain.
Vendor Developed Software: Supplied by press provider generally offers a user friendly application specific platform that offers powerful visualization and analysis of processes but is not easily customized.
The mechanical modules have two main components: servo motor and a linear screw. The motor mounting configuration comes in 3 varieties where the screw is limited to two types. There are advantages for each but some systems offer far greater benefits when compared to other types.
Integrated servo motor: Direct-driven; provides a stiff connection with no belt wear or backlash and requires less maintenance. Very compact in size compared to an externally mounted motor of equal force.
Externally mounted coupled servo motor: Direct-driven; provides a stiff connection with no belt wear or backlash and requires less maintenance
Externally mounted belt driven servo motor: Drive belts provide a point of failure and position accuracy due to belt wear or backlash. Drive belts require additional steps for maintenance crews for inspection and tightening.
Ball screw vs. planetary roller: Both are well-suited for most joining and press fit applications. The planetary roller can handle much higher loads with the same motor size due to the load is distributed over a greater contacting surface area. This reduces heat, increases efficiency and extends longevity.
Kistler Type 2151B… NCFH Joining Module with hollow shaft motor
Global support and service
Representatives vs. Direct engineers: If the assembly station will ship to another country for production, it is important to consider the support structure in place in this geography. Press manufactures either sell systems directly or use a network of representatives to handle technical support and replacement parts in these locales. Dealing direct with the manufacturer often yields the best technical support and product availability.
Contact your local Kistler representative or visit our website www.kistler.com.
Kistler Instrument Corp.
30280 Hudson Drive
Novi, MI 48377
Tel. + 1 248 668 6900


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Holiday Inn Express Barstow - Historic Route 66
Travel Blogs from Barstow
Jmbaldwin stayed here on Mar 28, 2012 during their trip titled: JMBaldwin's 2012 Tour Of Duty - USA.
Day 29 April 30, 2010 Williams, AZ to Barstow, CA
Today is the second to the last day of our trip. I will drive from Williams, AZ to Barstow, CA on I-40. About the only reason to leave the interstate today is to buy gas and eat lunch.
The day started out with breakfast at the hotel buffet. The buffet today was …
Drove from Vegas (late as usual) to the Hoover Dam about 26 miles away. We drove across the Dam after going through security as its the 6th biggest terrorist target in the US. After parking up in the RV car park we walked to the Tours office in 126f heat !!!!! It was windy and felt like a hairdryer !!!! Tour was great and explained what happened …
We packed up this morning and said farewell to Las Vegas and our Oasis in the desert. Tonight we will be at Huntington Beach in California. It's our last night with Harvey so the beach seems like a nice way to finish. It's great being back on the road after our little rest in Vegas. We head south out of Las Vegas to hook up to Route 66 again at Barstow to complete the journey. Just before Barstow we come across a 1950's diner in the middle of nowhere called Peggy Sues. We ...
... influence on 66 at Palisades Park nearby. The official end is a busy corner nearby that has no marker.
Our return trip took about three hours in rush hour traffic which we didn't think was too bad.
The weather at the beach was beautiful, about 82 degrees, then we returned to 110 degrees to spend the night at the campground. Love the air conditioning in the ...
How has this motel rated in the past?
Good food, good people and good price.
It was our stop between Disneyland and Vegas (what's the difference)
Good shopping at the outlets and proximity to all of the desert attractions including the Old Route 66.
This review is the subjective opinion of a TravelPod member and not of TravelPod.com.

domain: travel


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Spring Bluegrass Music Lessons began at the museum on February 22, 2014 and will continue, every other Saturday morning, until June 28 when the students perform at ROMP!
All levels are welcome. Guitar, Fiddle, Banjo, and Mandolin, and Appalachian Clogging.
All classes: $70; Each additional family member: $35
Fiddle, Guitar, Mandolin, Banjo, Bluegrass Band, and Appalachian Clogging
Classes for all ages
Since lately it’s been warmer up north than here in Kentucky, you might take a trip toward Boston, to Framingham, Mass – to the Joe Val Bluegrass Festival at the Sheraton Framingham Hotel.
The 29th Joe Val Bluegrass Festival takes place February 14 – 16 at the Sheraton Framingham Hotel. They hope you can join them for their Winter Bluegrass Reunion. Three days, two stages and over sixty Master Classes and Workshops. Featured artists include The Gibson Brothers, Blue Highway, Dale Ann Bradley, and a rare area performance by Chris Hillman and the Desert Rose Band. More details here: https://www.facebook.com/
The International Bluegrass Music Museum’s Bluegrass in the Schools program gets underway again in 2014 with performances from the Vickie Vaughn Band.
Coming to a school near you!
Join us for another fabulous evening of music, featuring the Vickie Vaughn Band. Now making her living as a full-time musician in Nashville, TN, Vickie originally hailed from Paducah, KY, where the young adult acoustic music scene is jumping. She and her stellar bandmates are performing 25 concerts in the Bluegrass Museum’s “Bluegrass in the Schools” program in January, 2014. We are so fortunate to have this example of a terrific band to inspire our students. And as for all you adults — just wait and see — come to this concert and you’ll be uber-inspired, too!!!
Friday January 24, 2014
Doors open at 6:30 pm; Concert starts at 7:00 pm
To buy tickets online, go to the Tickets section of the online Gift Shop
Reception includes wine, beer & snacks
Tickets are $20 each or 2/$35
Live Broadcast on WNIN Radio
Who: Colin O’Brien & Friends: A Tribute to John Hartford (performers include Mike Compton, Sam Grisman, & Matt Combs)
When: Sunday, January 12th, Doors open @ 6:30 and music starts @ 7:00
Where: IBMM, 117 Daviess St, Owensboro, KY
Tickets: $20 each or 2/$35 – Includes beer, wine and light hors d’oeuvres.
Order tickets online in our Tickets area of the online gift shop or call 270-926-7891.
Tickets purchased online will be available for pickup at the door.
For more information see http://colingobrien.com

domain: artistic


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WESTON, W.Va. – Middle School students in Lewis County got to enjoy a unique lunch experience thanks to a program supported by the department of agriculture.
The “Farm to School” program brings freshly grown and locally sourced food to the cafeterias of different schools around the area.
Friday, students at Robert L Bland Middle School in Weston were treated to an entire menu of locally grown food; burgers made from fresh beef from a local family farm in Weston and fresh fruit grown in Bruceton mills.
“It’s good for our economy because those dollars turn, and because of the extended growing seasons with new technologies with high tunnels and hydroponics, that’s less soil exposed. that’s less erosion. so it’s actually good for the environment, as well,” commissioner Kent Leonhardt said.
Leonhardt said the program also teaches students the importance of agriculture to the state economy and for local farmers. The program is also supported by the Department of Education.

domain: agronomy


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This aqueduc, which was collecting water from the Gier river in Saint-Chamond, transported it along 86 km to Fourviere. Built in the 2nd century AD, it supplied Lyon with water. Guided tours in English on reservation for groups.
Group rate available for > 10 people.
All year round, daily.
You may also like
Walking towards the Aqueduct of Gier - Monts du Lyonnais - Chaponost
The attractions of the route The Plat de l'Air site, crossed by the longest section of aqueduct...

domain: geography


text:
Name: Harriett Gregory
Given Name: Harriett
Birth: 10 Jan 1862 in In
Reference Number: 20218
Change Date: 28 Dec 2004 at 23:08:12
!PARENTS-BIRTH: WPA Index to Posey County Indiana Marriage Supplements,
recorded in book 10, page 193.
!MARRIAGE (1): WPA index to Posey County Indiana Marriages, recorded inbook
C9, page 288.
!MARRIAGE (2): Marriage Records of Posey County, Indiana
!RESIDENCE: Indiana Federal Census Report,1900, Black Twp, Posey County,
Dwelling #37, AGE 39; Born IN. First marriage for 14 years. Six childrenborn,
Indiana Federal Census Report, 1910, Black Twp, Posey Co. Dwelling 173,pg27
as a widow with 6 living children ; Age 48. Born IN.
Indiana Federal Census Report, 1920, Black Twp, Posey County, Page 138Bas the
widowed head of household. Age 60. Born IN.
John William Harrison Foster b: 8 Oct 1859 in Rock Creek, Hardin Co., Il
22 Jun 1920
in Posey County, In


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Very warm welcome to all of you. Born in the family of designers, I have been on the art field since the age of three. I graduated with degrees in visual art and in languages, and got certificates, awards in Africa, in Europe , as well as in the U.S.A.You can also visit my website https://reldorart.com .My works featured on the learning channels, and in the local and international news media. I have been holding solo, and group shows in U.S.A, since 1995 My artwork are mainly found in the diplomatic, international communities and some private collectors . Recently, my subject matters have been focusing on family care and safety. A percentage of the proceed of my work goes to environmental concern and the care of orphans in Africaâ€¦.
Relique Dorcis joined Pixels.com Licensing on April 7th, 2021.


Work on a new junction to link a major new road to the M55 will ramp up later this month.
The £207m Preston Western Distributor (PWD), which will link the motorway to the A58, is the biggest new road programme in the Preston, South Ribble and Lancashire City Deal.
Costain is the main contractor on the 4km dual carriageway work, which is scheduled to open early in 2023.
National Highways said work on the long-awaited ‘missing’ M55 Junction 2 has been going on since the PWD project started in October 2019, with the new junction bridge beams installed over the motorway in June.
A new, more intensive, phase of work along the motorway will start on Monday (18 October) with the installation of services to support new facilities such as gantries, CCTV and four new electronic messaging signs. This involves lane closures and occasional overnight and weekend carriageway closures over the next year or so.
Senior project manager Brian Smith said: ‘The new motorway junction is a vital component of the PWD project and as well as supporting the local economy will help relieve congestion at other junctions along the motorway.’
Charlie Edwards, cabinet member for highways and transport at Lancashire County Council, said: ‘This scheme also includes two new roads connecting to the current and future development of thousands of homes in the Northwest Preston Strategic Housing Site.
‘These roads and the new motorway junction will create much needed additional capacity and help to reduce congestion and queuing on parts of the road network.’
The Preston Western Distributor partnership project is led by Lancashire CC but National Highways is contributing £25m from Designated Funds to support new jobs and new homes.
The new motorway junction will be formed from a ‘dumbbell’ arrangement with a bridge linked to a roundabout each side of the motorway serving the eastbound and westbound entry and exit slip roads.


The new Triumph Street Triple R has finally been launched in the country today at a price of Rs 8.84 lakh (ex-showroom). This is the first time that R version has made its way to India as the Street Triple range previously had two versions namely S and RS. Bookings for the Triumph Street Triple R have begun and the bike is now available for sale in two colour options of Sapphire Black and Matt Silver Ice. The Triumph Street Triple R draws power from the same 765cc, in-line, three-cylinder engine as the RS that has a different state of tune and generates slightly lesser power and torque. The engine on the R version is good for developing respective power and torque outputs of 116 hp and 77 Nm. In comparison, the motor in the range-topping RS produces 121 hp of power while the peak torque output is rated at 79 Nm.
The R version gets three power modes along with a traction control system and a bi-directional quickshifter. Now coming to the features, the Triumph Street Triple R gets a digital-analogue instrument cluster as against the fancy-looking full coloured TFT screen on the RS. Moreover, while the R version gets Brembo M4.32 four-piston monobloc calipers, the top-spec RS comes with more premium M50 calipers. The suspension duties are taken care of with the help of fully adjustable Showa units at both ends. The streetfighter rides on Pirelli road-biased all-weather Diablo Rosso III tyres.
The top-of-the-line Triumph Street Triple RS is currently available in India at a price of Rs 11.33 lakh and that said, the newly launched R version undercuts the former by a whopping Rs 2.49 lakh. In fact, the mid-spec Street Triple R is even cheaper than the base S variant that is priced at Rs 9.19 lakh. Prices are ex-showroom. Triumph’s new Street Triple R locks horns against the likes of the KTM 790 Duke, Ducati Monster 821 and the Kawasaki Z900 in the segment. Stay tuned with Express Drives for more updates! Also, subscribe to our official YouTube channel.
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On Thursday, May 25, Rwanda National Police (RNP) sensitized thousands of taxi-moto operators across the country on traffic rules and regulations as part of the strengthened national Gerayo Amahoro road safety campaign.
Considering that motorcyclists are among the majority victims of road crashes, it is imperative to educate them on safety practices for them to refrain from dangerous and behaviors, which lead to loss of lives and life-threatening injuries.
Last year, over 650 fatalities were recorded across the country, and more than 150 were taxi-moto operators.
Safe and secure road transport is an important aspect of public health and contributes to economic and social development of a society.
To ensure safety on road, motorcyclists are required to observe the following:
When you drink don't ride
A motorcyclist and passenger should always wear a helmet
Respect speed limits
Be safe, avoid maneuvers
Don't use a phone when riding
Respect pedestrian rights (zebra crossing, don't ride on sidewalks)
It is unlawful to modify or conceal number plates
Avoid parking in prohibited areas
Don't ride when you are sick or taking strong medication
Don't take more than one passenger
Always ride on the left side of the road

domain: law


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The eye shadows create a delicate colourful and glossy mist on the lids. Such a colourful and subtle glow adds a truly seducing effect to the look thanks to shining sparks – the glitters.
Original embossing make the product look attractively. The eye shadows do not spill down, so that resultant makeup is really durable. They spread easily and evenly and adhere well to the lids.


Delhi Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal has pulled out his crusader cape and gathered his anti-graft ammo once again. But this time he is firing his salvos not from the heart of Delhi, but from Twitter.
The Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) leader, who came into politics riding a popular anti-corruption wave that first gathered momentum at India Gate, has been particularly vocal about the recent mega-crore-rupee scam involving businessman Nirav Modi and the Punjab National Bank on the micro-blogging site.
In tweet after tweet in the last few days, he has taken on the ruling BJP and Prime Minister Narendra Modi over the issue.
Of the nearly 35 tweets by the tax officer-turned-politician over three days last week, 24 posts were on the scam. Most of them castigated the government for the fraud and the jewellerâ€™s flight from India, while some referred to liquor baron Vijay Mallya, who has also fled the country.
BJP govt shud give specific timelines by when will they bring Vijay Mallya and Neerav Modi back to India (sic). By when will the money be recovered from them,â€ he tweeted on February 16. â€œIs it possible to believe that he or vijay mallya left the country without active connivance of BJP govt (sic), he said in another tweet.
Most of his tweets and re-tweets — from February 15-17 — targeted the Central government but some directly referred to the prime minister, something Kejriwal has avoided doing since AAP’s poor electoral performances last year.
On February 15, when reports alleging that Nirav Modi and his uncle had committed a bank fraud of almost Rs 11,400 crore with the connivance of some PNB officials hogged the headlines, Kejriwal posted 18 tweets. Of these, 11 related to the scam and hit out at the government and the prime minister.
A day later, he posted 11 tweets. Of these 7 pertained to the scam and again took pot-shots at the BJP. His other tweets were mostly on the achievements of the Delhi government. But for a politician whose main plank has been his anti-graft battle, Kejriwal” tweets do not surprise his colleagues.
“Our party originated from an andolan which was based on an anti-corruption movement”, said Saurabh Bharadwaj, AAP chief spokesperson, Delhi unit.He, however, disagreed with the view that Kejriwal had been subdued in his attacks in recent times. Some political observers believe that after a series of electoral reversals, the chief minister had been unusually quiet.
When the Karni Sena was running amok protesting against ‘Padmaavat’, Arvind was very vocal about it. He took an aggressive stand during the MCD sealing issue. And when a multi-crore-rupee scam takes place, then a chief minister is bound to speak up, Bharadwaj said.
Kejriwal has lashed out at the government away from the cyber world, too. At a public function yesterday, he attacked the Centre over the scam and how Nirav Modi had left India. He also questioned the prime minister’s silence on the issue.
The chief minister also took to Twitter when Karni Sena supporters protesting against Sanjay Leela Bhansali’s film attacked a school bus in Gurgaon and was vocal during the sealing drive by the MCDs.
But the bank fraud has evoked many more tweets from him than the other issues.
Besides Kejriwal, who has over 13 million followers on Twitter, the prime minister uses this social media platform for sending message to the people. External Affairs Minister Sushma Swaraj also uses Twitter to address people’s concerns that come under the purview of her ministry, while Congress president Rahul Gandhi mostly uses it for messages targeting the ruling party.


After six years of leading the Department of the Navy’s efforts to close data centers and consolidate business-related applications, the Data Center and Application Optimization (DCAO) Project Office shut its doors on Sept. 30.
Although initially tasked with reducing the number of Navy data centers to 20 by the end of fiscal year 2018, as part of a federal green information technology initiative, DCAO did more than originally anticipated. DCAO consolidated 133 data centers (closed 57) and migrated 2,504 servers and systems, impacting more than 700,000 Navy end users.
The impact of DCAO’s work is far greater than the number of data centers that remain or the reduction in the number of applications used by the Navy. DCAO played an essential role in fundamentally transforming the delivery of the Navy’s IT infrastructure services by closing disparate and isolated data centers, developing modern enterprise-wide hosting environments, reducing hosting costs and improving cybersecurity, all of which helped pave the way for the Navy’s transition to the cloud. Those efforts ensure access to efficiently managed, secure, reliable and agile services in both enterprise data centers and in the commercial cloud.
“When DCAO first started, we were looking to reduce our environmental impact and save money, but as we reduced and modernized the Navy’s data centers, we realized our work was actually the first step in the Navy’s move to the cloud,” said DCAO Director Cmdr. Jim Fabiszak. “Through the rationalization of the applications used throughout the Navy, the establishment of true enterprise data centers and our commercial cloud efforts, the Navy is poised for a digital transformation.”
Designated as the Navy’s Data Center Consolidation (DCC) Task Force in fiscal year 2012, DCAO was created to support the Office of Management and Budget’s Federal Data Center Consolidation Initiative to maximize IT efficiencies, improve IT capabilities and modernize network security by combining legacy Navy data centers. DCAO’s task was to consolidate the Navy’s data centers by optimizing the number of data center-hosted applications leading to a decrease in the Navy’s total ownership cost by saving money on energy, equipment and space.
Rationalizing and modernizing the application portfolio hosted at the legacy data centers was the first step in consolidating the Navy’s data centers. DCAO worked with Navy commands to reduce the number of applications hosted in data centers. Many of the applications were obsolete and no longer used. In other cases, a single, modern application could do what several applications used to do. Additionally, DCAO worked with commands on a utilization assessment to determine if they needed all of the services and the server space that they were purchasing.
Through the application rationalization and utilization assessment process, DCAO migrated 185 applications from their legacy location to either a Component Enterprise Data Center (CEDC) or the commercial cloud. With fewer applications and business systems to host, DCAO reduced the Navy’s 133 disparate legacy data centers to nine in four years. The number of data centers was further decreased to three CEDCs by 2018.
One of those three CEDCs is the Navy’s first-ever Component Enterprise Data Recovery Center which opened in Kansas City in 2017. The data recovery center provides the Navy a single enterprise data recovery site and a backup cloud access point. The Kansas City recovery center was a breakthrough for the Navy because it consolidated multiple backup solutions into a single site.
The second step in consolidating the Navy’s data centers was the development of an enterprise data center model with a standard governance model and a standard set of baseline services. The governance model ensures the same baseline services are available at all the data centers and that all new systems and applications undergo the same host onboarding process. The legacy data centers were managed by the commands that utilized it which meant services and the process to add systems and applications varied widely from site to site.
By establishing the Navy’s first approved application hosting cost model and associated service catalogs, DCAO developed a “fee for service” approach to application hosting that will be carried into the Navy’s future cloud solutions.
As DCAO reduced the number of Navy data centers, computing technology continued to improve and the way industry used it evolved. Industry abandoned the widespread use of data centers and industry’s push to the cloud picked up speed. The Navy saw the value cloud technology could bring to its workforce and DCAO began exploring cloud options to reduce costs while improving security, reliability, efficiency and productivity in support of our warfighters.
“Data Center Consolidation was about changing the Navy's focus from reducing commodity costs to warfighting capabilities,” said former DCAO Director Duong Hang. “Senior leaders realized that closing data centers is not an achievement unto itself — it is simply a by-product of shifting computing requirements and our IT talent. It is ultimately about the warfighting value we derive from our investments in people and tools rather than simply cutting costs."
DCAO has been at the forefront of the Navy’s commercial cloud effort since 2014 when it launched cloud migration and hosting pilots. In March 2016, it opened the Navy Cloud Store version 1.0 offering Navy customers a catalog of cloud hosting solutions with a single cloud provider.
Additionally, DCAO spearheaded the award of the Navy’s first commercial cloud production contract in 2016. Via this contract, DCAO facilitated the provision of Amazon Web Services (AWS) infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS) and shared services for Navy business systems and applications in a secure and optimized environment. Furthermore, DCAO refined the enterprise commercial cloud service delivery model to provide user-friendly visibility, ordering, and management of Navy commercial cloud services. Today, DCAO has completed 19 commercial cloud transitions to an AWS hosting environment, with an additional 26 applications currently in the migration phase.
“The Navy’s data center consolidation effort is really about getting our Navy applications into modern, secure, cloud-first environments,” said John Pope, executive director at Program Executive Office for Command, Control, Communications, Computers and Intelligence (PEO C4I), and former DCAO director. “Whether ashore or afloat, we owe our warfighters the most effective and affordable capabilities that enable them to compete, deter and win tonight. The DCAO team made real and lasting contributions in this area.”
DCAO’s cloud achievements were recognized in 2016 when DCAO’s Commercial Sustainment Team, along with Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command (SPAWAR) Systems Center (SSC) Atlantic’s Data Center Team, was awarded a SPAWAR Lightning Bolt award for their work in developing and deploying the Online Portal Enterprise Navy (OPEN), the Navy’s first commercially-hosted cloud software-as-a-service offering for public-facing websites. OPEN provides Navy customers with cloud website hosting, portal hosting and storage solutions. In the first five months, the OPEN Team successfully migrated 831 Navy SharePoint websites. Today, OPEN hosts more than 1,250 Navy command websites with more coming online regularly.
While DCAO itself stood down at the end of September, its work and mission will continue on through the Navy Commercial Cloud Services Project Office, which is developing and providing oversight for the Navy’s cloud brokerage structure, and the Navy’s cloud brokers, who are authorized to procure and deliver cloud services. Those groups are the Navy’s new leaders in meeting federal and Department of Defense mandates to move to the cloud faster and more efficiently.
“The work of enterprise data migration is really just beginning,” Fabiszak said. “Considering the Navy operates in the most dynamic and challenging of environments, we must never lose sight of our role in delivering increased capability to the warfighter at a faster rate. I am confident those who will come after us will continue to lead from the front in innovative ways.”
During its six years of operation, the Data Center and Application Optimization Project Office consolidated legacy data centers, reduced applications and business systems and awarded the Navy’s first commercial cloud production contract. Additional DCAO achievements include:
Efficient Enterprise Hosting


|Publication number||US6888346 B2|
|Application number||US 10/021,683|
|Publication date||May 3, 2005|
|Filing date||Nov 28, 2001|
|Priority date||Nov 28, 2000|
|Also published as||US20020130659|
|Publication number||021683, 10021683, US 6888346 B2, US 6888346B2, US-B2-6888346, US6888346 B2, US6888346B2|
|Inventors||Russell A. Wincheski, Min Namkung, John W. Simpson|
|Original Assignee||The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (16), Non-Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (27), Classifications (5), Legal Events (5)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
Pursuant to 35 U.S.C. §119, the benefit of priority from provisional application 60/253,352, with a filing date of Nov. 28, 2000, is claimed for this non-provisional application.
The invention described herein was jointly made by an employee of the United States Government and by a contractor during the performance of work under a NASA contract and is subject to provisions of Section 305 of the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958, as amended, Public Law 85-568 (72 Stat. 435; 42 USC 2457).
Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) technologies have recently been challenged to inspect thick, layered, conducting materials for fatigue and corrosion damage. Structures that fall into this class, such as airframe wings, pose significant difficulties for conventional inspection techniques, and especially challenging is the detection of deeply buried flaws at airframe fasteners. Reflections of ultrasound at layer boundaries cause serious problems for the application of ultrasonic inspection methods. Conventional eddy current inspection techniques are also compromised due to the exponential decay of electromagnetic energy with depth into a conductor.
Eddy current techniques, using detection that is sensitive to the time rate of change of the magnetic field level, are currently the most widely used method for the detection of hidden damage in thin conductors. The sensitivity of the method, however, is severely limited as material thickness increases. Eddy currents decay exponentially with both depth into the material and the square root of the applied frequency. Sufficient field penetration requires the reduction of the excitation frequency. This reduction in frequency, however, limits the sensitivity of the inductive pickup sensor whose output is proportional to the frequency. U.S. Pat. No. 5,648,721, which is hereby incorporated by reference, teaches a flux focusing eddy current probe having separate excitation and pick-up coils, magnetically isolated from one another by a highly permeable flux focusing lens.
The use of Giant Magnetoresistive (GMR) sensors for electromagnetic nondestructive evaluation has grown considerably in the last few years. Technological advances in the research and development of giant magnetoresistive materials has led to commercially available GMR sensors with many qualities well suited for electromagnetic NDE. Low cost GMR magnetometers are now available which are highly sensitive to the magnitude of the external magnetic field, have a small package size, consume little power, and operate at room temperature. Incorporation of these sensors into electromagnetic NDE probes has widened the application range of the field. In particular, the low frequency sensitivity of the devices provides a practical means to perform electromagnetic inspections on thick-layered conducting structures.
There are several other eddy current type methods which use detection sensitive to the magnetic field level as opposed to the time rate of change of the field. Magneto-Optic and Hall sensors are two common techniques. These devices, however, typically require substantial instrumentation and have sensitivities much lower than that of the GMR sensor. Super Conducting Quantum Interface Devices (SQUIDS) have sensitivities better than the GMR devices but the requirement of cryogenic temperatures imposes difficulties in application and typically greatly increases the sensor size. Flux Gate Magnetometers have sensitivities similar to GMR sensors and although they do not require a cryogenic temperature, they do require substantial instrumentation and typically relatively large probe size.
Ultrasonic techniques have been shown to be useful for detecting flaws in thick materials, but have limited success in multilayered structures due to reflection of the wave at the interfaces of the layers. Thermographic techniques have difficulties with metallic and thick materials, and typically require greater amounts of instrumentation for application and data analysis. X-ray methods pose environmental concerns and are not typically portable due to the large instrumentation requirements.
A variety of non-destructive evaluation techniques are currently used to inspect rivet joints, with eddy current testing being the most widely used technique. Several different types of eddy current probes have been developed for the specific purpose of rivet inspection. U.S. Pat. No. 5,648,721, herein incorporated by reference, teaches a probe having a flux focusing lens positioned between an excitation coil and a pick-up coil which are isolated from one another by a flux focusing lens, and a means for rotating the probe about the circular inhomogeneity. The device is very accurate for the detection of near surface fatigue cracks but the performance for deeper inspections is limited due to several features of the design, including flux leakage around the flux focusing lens and decreased detection sensitivity with lowered frequency. Other techniques include a Sliding Probe and a method using pencil probes and templates to trace around the fastener head. The sensititivy of the Sliding Probe is often low and a preferred orientation of the probe may lead to false calls or undetected flaws for rivets which are not aligned in a row. Template methods using pencil probes are very time consuming, and lift off or probe wobble can produce false signals.
Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to effectively detect flaws in thick conductive materials.
It is a further object of the present invention to effectively detect flaws in multilayer conductive materials.
It is another object of the present invention to provide high sensitivity to low frequency magnetic fields.
It is another object of the present invention to enable the detection of deeply buried flaws.
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide an eddy current probe that is compact in size, operates at room temperature and utilizes simple electronics to provide ease of use and low cost.
It is a further object of the present invention to detect deep flaws about circular fasteners and other circular inhomogeneities in electrically conductive material.
Additional objects and advantages are apparent from the drawings and specification that follow.
According to the present invention, the foregoing and other objects and advantages are attained by providing a giant magnetoresistive eddy current device that effectively detects deep flaws in thick multilayer conductive materials. The probe uses an excitation coil to induce eddy currents in conducting material perpendicularly oriented to the coil's longitudinal axis. A giant magnetoresistive (GMR) sensor, surrounded by an excitation coil, is used to detect generated fields. Between the excitation coil and the GMR sensor is a highly permeable flux focusing lens which magnetically separates the GMR sensor and excitation coil and produces high flux density at the outer edge of the GMR sensor. The use of feedback inside the flux focusing lens enables complete cancellation of the leakage fields at the GMR sensor location and biasing of the GMR sensor to a location of high magnetic field sensitivity. In an alternate embodiment, a permanent magnet is positioned adjacent to the GMR sensor to accomplish the biasing. Experimental results have demonstrated identification of flaws up to 1 cm deep in aluminum alloy structures.
The present invention is further directed to a magnetoresistive flux focusing eddy current device that effectively detects deep flaws about circular fasteners or inhomogeneities in thick multilayer conductive materials. A giant magnetoresistive flux focusing eddy current device, as described above, is mounted in a hand-held rotating probe assembly that is connected to a computer for system control, data acquisition, processing and storage.
These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will become better understood with regard to the following description, appended claims, and accompanying drawings where:
With reference now to
In an alternate embodiment, a permanent magnet 195 is positioned on the substrate directly behind the GMR sensor 130, as illustrated in FIG. 1B. The permanent magnet 195 is used to provide a sufficient D.C. bias to the sensor to keep the device in the linear response region. The feedback coil 140 is then used solely for A.C. feedback, rather than both sensor biasing and A.C. feedback. The incorporation of the permanent magnet 195 greatly reduces field generation requirements of the feedback coil 140, enabling construction of a smaller device with lower power requirements. A D.C. bias from approximately 0.5 Oersted to approximately 0.75 Oersted was used in the experimental examples discussed herein.
Electromagnetic inspection of thick conducting materials requires a low frequency excitation due to the skin depth relationship, which is given in CGS units by
B z =B 0 exp(−z/δ) (1)
where Bz is the magnetic field at depth z into the material under test, Bo is the magnetic field at the surface, c is the speed of light, μ is the permeability, ω is the angular frequency, σ is the conductivity, and δ is the skin depth. The skin depth of a highly conducting material will be quite small unless the frequency of operation is also lowered. In aluminum alloys typically used in airframe construction with μ=1 and σ=1.7×1017 sec−1, for example, a frequency of 130 Hz is required for the skin depth to reach 1 centimeter into the material under test. At such frequencies, pickup coil type sensors lose sensitivity due to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction that states
The electromotive force, ε, induced around a circuit is proportional to area enclosed, A, times the time rate of change of the magnetic field through the circuit. As the excitation frequency is lowered, the induced voltage across the pickup coil is reduced, reducing the effectiveness of the inspection.
Giant magnetoresistive sensors respond to the magnitude of the external field instead of the time rate of change of the field and therefore do not lose sensitivity at low frequencies. In the absence of an applied field, the resistivity of the GMR sensor is high due to scattering between oppositely polarized electrons in the antiferromagnetically coupled multi-layers of the device. An external field aligns the magnetic moments of the ferromagnetic layers, eliminating this scattering mechanism and thereby reducing the resistivity of the material. A schematic diagram of a commercially available GMR sensor 130 is displayed in FIG. 2. The design uses four GMR elements 210 connected in a Wheatstone bridge configuration. Two elements with shielding 220 are shielded from the external field. In the absence of an external field, all four elements will have the same resistance and no voltage will be detected across the center of the bridge. When an external field is present, the resistivity of the two unshielded GMR elements will drop and a positive voltage will be detected across the bridge. The four GMR elements 210 along with the flux concentrators 230, which increase the sensitivity of the sensor, are packaged in an eight pin integrated circuit chip. Alternatively, the GMR sensor 130 can be incorporated into the probe 100 in its unpackaged die form. This form may be preferred if smaller sizes are desired. The die form of the GMR sensor 130 can be used with both embodiments of the active feedback discussed earlier.
With further reference now to
An alternating current 160 applied to the excitation coil 110 creates a magnetic field which in turn creates eddy currents within conductive material 150. The depth of penetration of the magnetic field into the test material 150 is dependent upon the conductivity of the material 150 and the frequency of the applied current source 160. Consequently, the frequency of the drive signal is predetermined by the type of inspection being performed, with inspection for deeper flaws requiring lower frequencies.
The magnetic field is also established in the flux focusing lens 120. The lens 120 is formed of conducting material high in magnetic permeability which provides a low reluctance path to divert the magnetic field away from the GMR sensor 130. The point of maximum penetration of the concentrated magnetic field within the lens 120 is at one half the height of the excitation coil 110. In the preferred embodiment, the top of the GMR sensor 130 falls below this maximum penetration point.
In the absence of a conducting material test sample 150, some leakage of the magnetic flux around the lens 120 results. The leakage flux produces a potential in the GMR sensor 130 which provides a signal to the A.C. voltmeter 180. When the probe 100 is placed above a non-flawed electrically conductive surface, however, a complete electromagnetic separation of the GMR sensor 130 from the excitation coil 110 can be achieved. The flux is concentrated within the conductive sample 150 and generates eddy currents. The induced eddy currents work to stop any change in the magnetic state of the system so that the leakage field within the interior of the flux focusing lens 120 is canceled, resulting in a null signal to the A.C. voltmeter 180.
In the presence of a conductive material fault that divides the area covered by the probe 100, a change in eddy current flow results. The field produced by the eddy currents pass through the area of the GMR sensor 130 resulting in a potential being established across the GMR sensor 130. This provides an unambiguous voltage signal as indicative of the presence of a conductive material fault.
With reference now to
With reference now to
Once the feedback source 170 is adjusted as described above and illustrated in
A second experimental sample 800, shown in
The results shown in
V out =A Cos(φ+β) (4)
were Vout is the probe output voltage, A is the root mean square output amplitude, 100 is the phase of the output waveform with reference to the drive signal, and β is a constant phase shift applied uniformly to all data points. The phase shift is rotated so as to minimize output voltage changes due to lift-off effects and maximize the signal due to the deeply buried flaws. The method is very similar to the standard eddy current practice of rotating the impedance plane diagram so as to provide a horizontal signal for lift-off variations and then monitoring the vertical component of the change in impedance.
After the amplitude and phase data were combined, a simple image processing routine was used to enhance the image quality for greater flaw detectability. The image was first flattened, in order to remove any linear drift in the data caused by the presence of a small angle between the scanning plane and the sample surface or electronics drift during the scan. A low pass two-dimensional Fourier filter was then applied across the sample set in order to remove any high frequency noise caused by the scanning system.
Another embodiment of the present invention, shown schematically in
Maintaining a constant distance between the probe center and rivet center enables the signal due to the current flow about the rivet to be held constant. Any further changes in the current distribution, such as that due to a fatigue crack at the rivet joint, can then be detected as an increase in the output voltage above that due to the flow about the rivet head. In addition, the high current density at the location along the rivet circumference where the radius vector is along the line joining the rivet and probe centers enhances the flaw detection capabilities of the probe over that of an isolated flaw.
The probe is positioned a fixed radial distance from the center of the rivet and peak to peak detector 1010 measures the amplified voltage as the circumference of the rivet is traversed. Any suitable means, shown generally as rotation assembly 1040, may be used to rotate the probe at a constant distance from the center of the rivet or circular inhomogeneity. For example, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,648,721, the probe 100 may be placed on a rotator comprising a pivot leg positioned at the center of a fastener, with the pivot leg connected to an arm that supports the probe 100 as it circles the fastener and passes over a crack.
The flaw detection capabilities of the rotating embodiment were examined experimentally using a riveted multilayer aluminum sample. As pictured in
The flaw detection capabilities for various flaw depths are summarized in Table 1. The operating frequency was set at 1.5, 1.3 and 0.9 kHz for third, fourth, and fifth layer inspections, respectively.
A plot of the filtered output probe voltage versus flaw length for the three and four layer samples is displayed is FIG. 14. The data is normalized to the peak amplitude for the scan of an unflawed rivet. The 1.5 mm and 2.5 mm flaws in the fifth layer were not detectable above the background.
1.5 mm Flaw
2.5 mm Flaw
3.8 mm Flaw
In another embodiment of the rotating probe, a permanent magnet is positioned on the substrate directly behind the GMR sensor, as described earlier.
B z =B 0 exp(−z/δ)exp(izδ−iωt) (5)
where Bz is the magnetic field at depth z into the material under test, B0 is the magnetic field at the surface, c is the speed of light, μ is the permeability, ω is the angular frequency, σ is the conductivity, and δ is the skin depth. Equation 5 shows that the phase of the magnetic field at depth z lags the source signal by angle δ. Optimization of the device for detection of defects at this depth requires careful control of the phase of the feedback source 170 so as to maximize the change in amplitude from the defect. The rotating probe assembly 1020 comprises the GMR sensor 130, excitation coil 110 and feedback coil 140, as well as the stepper motor, Hall sensor and push button. The stepper motor and driver, push button and Hall sensor are located on the probe head 1050. The push button and key press detector are used for data display. The Hall sensor and Hall sensor detector are used to detect the probe's 100 position. A D.C. shift of the feedback coil signal would be added when the feedback coil 140 is used for both A.C. feedback and sensor biasing.
The signal detector circuitry of
A further embodiment, shown in
The incorporation of the additional detection electronics in
Experimental results were obtained with a riveted aluminum alloy sample consisting of a stack of 1.0 mm thick aluminum 2024 plates fastened together with threaded rivets to enable inspection of flaws at variable depths.
The performance of the probe for deep flaw detection is summarized in FIG. 20. This graph displays the system output voltages for 1.5, 2.5, and 3.8 mm long EDM notches in the 4th layer of the airframe lap-splice joint sample described earlier. The data are normalized to the output recorded for an unflawed fastener.
Although our invention has been illustrated and described with reference to the preferred embodiment thereof, we wish to have it understood that it is in no way limited to the details of such embodiment, but is capable of numerous modifications for many mechanisms, and is capable of numerous modifications within the scope of the appended claims.
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|U.S. Classification||324/235, 324/240|
|Jan 31, 2003||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION, DIS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:WINCHESKI, RUSSELL A.;NAMKUNG, MIN;REEL/FRAME:013715/0440;SIGNING DATES FROM 20030113 TO 20030127
|Mar 3, 2005||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION, UNI
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:LOCKHEED ENGINEERING & SCIENCES COMPANY;REEL/FRAME:016327/0287
Effective date: 20050110
|Oct 8, 2008||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|Sep 18, 2012||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 8
|Dec 9, 2016||REMI||Maintenance fee reminder mailed|


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