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Archive for inequality
On 28 January 2013 Idle No More protesters gathered in no fewer than 30 Canadian cities. They were joined by solidarity protests around the world as the indigenous grassroots movement marked a global day of action.
We contend that: The Treaties are nation to nation agreements between The Crown and First Nations who are sovereign nations. The Treaties are agreements that cannot be altered or broken by one side of the two Nations. The spirit and intent of the Treaty agreements meant that First Nations peoples would share the land, but retain their inherent rights to lands and resources. Instead, First Nations have experienced a history of colonization which has resulted in outstanding land claims, lack of resources and unequal funding for services such as education and housing.
We contend that: The state of Canada has become one of the wealthiest countries in the world by using the land and resources. Canadian mining, logging, oil and fishing companies are the most powerful in the world due to land and resources. Some of the poorest First Nations communities have mines or other developments on their land but do not get a share of the profit. The taking of resources has left many lands and waters poisoned – the animals and plants are dying in many areas in Canada. We cannot live without the land and water. We have laws older than this colonial government about how to live with the land.
We contend that: Currently, this government is trying to pass many laws so that reserve lands can also be bought and sold by big companies to get profit from resources. They are promising to share this time…Why would these promises be different from past promises? We will be left with nothing but poisoned water, land and air. This is an attempt to take away sovereignty and the inherent right to land and resources from First Nations peoples.
We contend that: There are many examples of other countries moving towards sustainability, and we must demand sustainable development as well. We believe in healthy, just, equitable and sustainable communities and have a vision and plan of how to build them. Please join us in creating this vision.
A rather malicious reaction to the Idle No More Movement concerns the widely held belief that “it is about time these people moved out of the past and into the 21st century”. Just assimilate and get over it! After all, conventional “wisdom” suggests that white Europeans “conquered” the “Indians.” This is, of course, propaganda.
Contrary to popular belief, indigenous peoples did not surrender their land or sovereignty to the Europeans. Treaties were a scheme devised by the white man to circumvent costly Indian Wars, like those ensuing in the American West (see also here). Moreover, it was believed that once whites “killed the Indian and saved the man,” the treaties would prove unnecessary because supposedly all indigenous peoples would become “civilized” and assimilate into white society.
The white man believed indigenous peoples were just that docile! The white man was wrong!
Aaron Paquette, one of Canada’s premiere First Nations artists, recently captured just how erroneous this thinking was when discussing the Idle No More Movement. He asks: “why are Canada’s Indigenous Peoples the only ones who are standing up? Why are they now the World’s Protectors?”
This is much greater than angry protesting natives, this is about becoming aware. First they gutted the sciences, long term studies that would help us understand our ecosystem better so we could develop more responsibly, and no one said a word. Then they cut funding for our shared history and those who work to preserve it, while at the same time dumping tens of millions of dollars into celebrating a British colony war that happened before we were even a country, and still no one said anything. Then the world was made aware of the shameful conditions for small children growing up on underfunded, polluted Reservations. A small murmur and then nothing. And now, because of the apathy they see, this government has taken galling steps to sell out our wilderness, our resources and sovereignty. And not even to the highest bidder. It’s a yard sale with no regard for responsibility or care for anyone who might be negatively affected (in other words, all of us). From millions of protected waterways a couple weeks ago, we now have hundreds. Yes, you read that right.
As Kent McNeil, professor at Osgoode Hall Law School, York University (Toronto) has argued, the Idle No More Movement deserves the thanks of all Canadians as it has exposed a lack of respect for aboriginal and treaty rights on the part of the government of Prime Minister Stephen Harper.
April Blackbird is a sociology honours students and politics major at the University of Winnipeg in Manitoba, Canada and a First Nations activist. Kimberley A. Ducey is a faculty member in the Department of Sociology, University of Winnipeg.
“We are the 99 percent” – a message powerful in its simplicity and its call for renewed social justice. The Occupy movement took on new dimensions on Wednesday as protesters moved beyond marches and rallies to attempt to disrupt port operations in the nation’s fifth busiest port, while 100 military veterans marched in uniform in front of the New York Stock Exchange to express support for Scott Olsen, an Iraq war veteran injured in the Oakland protests.
The message of Occupy Wall Street that gave rise to this movement refers to the overwhelming majority of ordinary Americans who have lost economic ground in the recession while corporate profits have reached their highest point since 1950. In this regard, the Congressional Budget Office reports that between 1979 and 2007, income grew by 275 percent for the top one percent of households and just 18 percent for the bottom 20 percent. In fact, the United States now has the highest poverty rate among developed countries with 46 million people living in poverty. The stories of lost ground are real, anguishing, and personal: stories of foreclosure, people in debt without health insurance, those who cannot afford to heat their homes, college graduates with student loan debt who cannot find work, and many others whose photos and stories can be found at here. We wonder if this is a new America.
In The Global Auction: The Broken Promises of Education, Jobs, and Incomes (2011), Brown, Lauder and Ashton tell us that emerging economies have leapfrogged decades of industrial development and created a highly skilled, low wage workforce that provides cut-priced brain power. This “reverse auction” for jobs has weakened the trading position of American professionals in the effort to attain a comfortable standard of living. In support of their thesis, the unemployment rate for U.S. college graduates over the past year is 9.6 percent, while for high school graduates, the average is 21.6 percent. And corporations have unquestionably contributed to this reverse demand by outsourcing American jobs overseas. A Wall Street Journal study published on April 19, 2011, U.S. multinational corporations employed 21.1 million at home in 2009 and 10.3 million abroad, with increasing numbers of highly-skilled foreign employees.
The recession has unquestionably deepened the racial economic divide to the extent that some are even calling it a “race-cession.” A Pew Research Center analysis based on 2009 data reveals that the median wealth of white households is now 20 times that of black households and 18 times that of Hispanic households. The report documents the differential impact of the recession upon minority families, with a decline in median wealth of 66% among Hispanic households and 53% among black households, compared with 16 % among white households. Nearly one quarter of black and Hispanic households had no assets other than a vehicle, compared to 6% among white households. And foreclosures have a disproportionate impact on minority borrowers in 2007-2009, with 8% percent of Hispanics and Blacks losing their homes to foreclosures compared to 4.5% of whites.
The statistics for minority unemployment are sobering. Black unemployment has been at 16% or above for several months, the highest level since 1984, with Hispanic unemployment at 11.3% and white unemployment at 8%. The underemployment rate is at least double the official employment rate, including those working part-time who want full-time work, those who work at minimum wage but seek higher wages, and those discouraged workers who have given up looking for work due to the job shortage. Furthermore, the duration of unemployment for minorities has exceeded the average duration of 40.5 weeks or more than nine months. For some minority groups, such as Blacks, Latinos, Native Americans, and some Asian American groups, at least one third are either unemployed or underemployed. As a case in point, take the startling report, “Only One in Four Young Black Men in New York City Has a Job” published by the Community Service Society that documents the disproportionately high rates of unemployment among young black men ages 16-24.
Given these stark employment realities, will troubled white workers begin to target minority workers more than they do now as the recession deepens? We have seen minority workers blamed for difficult economic times when white farmers and workers reacted to the large numbers of freed blacks during and after Reconstruction, or with the more recent backlash against migrant Mexican workers taking jobs in America even though Mexican immigration has actually declined over the last few years and few many Americans are not willing to work under the abysmal working conditions associated with the agricultural and non-agricultural jobs held by migrant workers.
As the base for the Occupy Wall Street movement expands, it promises to be a movement that returns us to our democratic ideals and unite us in the cause of social justice across the divides of race, gender, age, and class. A recent press release by Ben Jealous, President of the NAACP articulates this unity of purpose:
We are encouraged by the broad national support and by the great diversity of Americans who have been participating in the Occupy Wall Street campaign. The movement and the peaceful protesters who are a part of the campaign share many of the same goals as the NAACP.”
The NAACP shares the protesters’ concerns about the growing disparity in the access to wealth in America, and the decline of economic opportunity for poor and middle class Americans. For over 102 years we have supported the policies which create, preserve and expand living wage jobs, increase economic opportunity and protect the right of every American to build and retain wealth and equity.
And in poetic terms, Archibald MacLeish captures the importance of this new movement in his description of our living democracy:
Democracy is never a thing done. Democracy is always something that a nation must be doing. What is necessary now is one thing and one thing only that democracy become again democracy in action, not democracy accomplished and piled up in goods and gold.
Reuters had a very interesting set of comments on the racial and class riots in Britain, titled “Riots shake faith in UK austerity, stability.” The journalist quotes an establishment figure, Pepe Egger, an analyst of London’s consultancy called Exclusive Analysis:
I don’t think the implications of this have been fully thought through or accepted yet . . . . What we have here is the result of decades of growing divisions and marginalization, but austerity will almost certainly make it worse. Yes, the police can restore control with massive force but that is not sustainable either in the long term. You have to accept that this may happen again.
When even some in the elites can see that decades of great inequality can bring down Western political and economic systems, it really suggests to me just how far we are into the decline of Western nations and empires. The article then adds the views of the young people, most of them people of color presumably, in the streets. They add that the “division” involves real wealth inequality and racial prejudice:
Speaking to Reuters late on Tuesday, looters and other local people in east London pointed to the wealth gap as the underlying cause, also blaming what they saw as police prejudice and a host of recent scandals.
By scandals, they mean the massive financial scandals that have created near Depressions in Western countries. The article goes on to suggest for some British folks (maybe even Reuters journalists?) the scandals and crimes of the wealthy outshine what many see as the crimes in the streets from rioting. Fairly insightful for mainstream media? And very interesting that people in the streets are quite aware of the white collar crimes at the top of British society. Are folks in the US as savvy?
A recent article published in the New York Times by Kirk Semple reports that federal officials have had to send a memo to various states and school districts informing them that asking for citizenship status before enrolling children is illegal. It seems not only are many school districts (139 in New York State alone) are asking for documentation of students, but certain states such as Oklahoma are considering state bills requiring it. This should not surprise us considering the fact that Congress could not pass the Dream Act, that we have witnessed record number of deportations in recent years which have separated families and placed children in the foster-care maze, and that states have passed discriminatory laws like Arizona’s SB1070. These examples all point to a dark shadow side of America, this land of immigrants.
Xenophobia is nothing new in America, especially during economic hard times. Politicians and other civic leaders historically have succeeded in redirecting the public’s attention to symbolic policy issues that target the most vulnerable, the voiceless, and those who are marginalized. To an American of Asian, African, Middle Eastern, Jewish, Irish, or Southern or Eastern European ancestry, this isn’t news. Immigrants from these groups know all too well what it is like to be needed for one’s labor, but despised for one’s presence. We’ve been down this road before. Recall the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act and the Gentlemen’s Agreement of 1907, halting new Japanese immigration in exchange for non-discrimination against those of Japanese descent already in the U.S., as examples of racist immigration practices in America’s past. Arizona’s SB1070 is not unique in our history. What is different now is that this treatment is now being directed to children too.
The current immigration debate focusing on Latinos is no different from our past. Whether one is a proponent of earned citizenship through some time of amnesty, tougher border enforcement either by building fences or militarizing the border, a proponent of another guest worker program, or is engaged in the on-going debate about whether immigrants cost or benefit society, Latinos in America are experiencing prejudice, discrimination, cruelty and mistreatment from this latest round of scapegoating. The bottom line is that the 50 million Latinos in this country—16.3 percent of the population according to a new Pew Hispanic Report, are not accepted or seen as real Americans, regardless of our legal or professional status as discussed in a forthcoming book on Latino professionals. The current debate on immigration underscores this fact.
People need to remember some fundamental American values, such as the Golden Rule and what it means to walk in the footsteps of another. If we can honestly put ourselves in immigrants shoes, we may see that most of us would make the same decisions that undocumented workers have made. Regardless of the law, we would make the sacrifices necessary to do the best we can for our families. For example, try to sincerely imagine living in an agricultural community that, since the passage of the North American Free Trade Agreement, has suffered tremendous financial hardship. Local corn, grown there for generations, can no longer compete against the corn imports from the United States, which are heavily subsidized by the U.S. government. To clothe your children, your wife has taken to sewing their underwear out of old flour sacks. Your children lack shoes. Your family eats little protein, maybe once a week. Meals mostly consist of “chicken” soup, without the chicken — a watery broth of tortillas or rice and beans. The only hope seems to be to go work in the U.S. While it breaks your heart to leave your children behind, knowing your youngest may not even remember who you are upon your return and knowing your older ones need you to learn life’s lessons, you make the only rational decision a family-centered person can. You give up everything and join the countless numbers of people who have left their communities empty of working-aged men.
Not many of us could sit back and watch our children or elderly parents suffer hunger and destitution without doing something to ease their suffering and improve their lives. Missing from so much of the immigration debate is the humanity of the undocumented immigrants who are making sacrifices such as being separated from their children often for years, or being away and unable to return if a parent dies. These are sacrifices most of us cannot even imagine.
It is only through an understanding of the complex circumstances that lead people to migrate that we can create a much-needed constructive, humane, realistic, and just immigration policy. Blaming undocumented immigrants is not the answer. As Michele Wucker states in her book Lockout, “The population of immigrants who are in this country without legal papers did not grow to more than 10 million people without America’s full participation in the legal charade.”
Instead of focusing on the unjust immigration laws, politicians, political pundits, and anti-immigrant advocates have hypocritically taken the stance that undocumented workers are “lawbreakers” who need to learn to “follow the rules” and “do it the right way.”
They should take note that laws can be, and are often, wrong. When half the American population could not vote until 1920, were women wrong to demand the law changed?
Instead of hiding behind the façade of law, we should remember the humanity of undocumented immigrants. We all lose when we discriminate against one another. We are a better country than to require children to prove residency status in order for them to go to school. Targeting children is not the answer.
Two weeks ago I had the pleasure of meeting the nation’s only black four- star general , William E. Ward. His forty year career spanned work in the Middle East, Africa where he was the first head of the U.S. Africa Command, Deputy Commander of the European Command, a stint with the 82nd Airborne, action in Somalia and Bosnia and numerous other assignments. He is a charming, personable man who will be retiring this May. His successes over decades of service to this nation give credence to the belief that hard work can lead to good outcomes and triumph over racism.
I would not want readers to misconstrue the tenor of my previous blogs. I do believe in the virtue of industriousness and the rewards of hard work and individual initiative. I grew up in this society and learned these values as other kids do through our education system. While these virtues often help some people to achieve success and gain recognition, (they certainly help perpetuate the existing social system), they do not guarantee everyone equal outcomes. For example, today’s military is thought to offer people of color access to upward mobility, but African Americans are still underrepresented in the highest ranks. While blacks comprise about 17 percent of the military, they account for only 9 percent of the officers. Only 5.6 percent of the 923 general officers and admirals were black as of May, 2008. Just ten African American men have ever attained four-star rank, five in the Army, four in the Air Force, and one in the Navy.
The highest echelons of the private sector are even more segregated. As of February, 2010, there were only nine African-American CEOs in the Fortune 500. A Wall Street Journal analysisin 2008 found only a tenth of the CEOs of the largest corporations in the United States were racial and ethnic minorities, and their percentage on boards of directors was small and virtually unchanged since 2000. In fact, the percentage of companies in the Standard and Poor’s 500-stock index with no minority directors increased from 36 to 41 percent between 2000 and 2007. (Women don’t fare much better in this white man’s world, with only 25 heading Fortune 1,000 companies in 2007.)
Although over 600 cities today have African American mayors compared to virtually none in the ‘60s (clearly a sign of political progress and demographic trends in the nation’s metropolitan areas), there are no African American members in the U.S. Senate, one black governor (Deval Patrick of Massachusetts), and only two African Americans have ever served on the U.S. Supreme Court. But hope springs eternal—I never thought I’d see a man of color in the White House, or, for that matter, a person of color as the head of the Joints Chiefs of Staff or Secretary of State. (The latter under Republican conservative President George Bush.)
While remarkable changes have occurred in race relations in this country over the last several decades, giving some people of color access to better lives and others (whites included) hope in the future, the fact remains that disparities between whites and people of color exist in important areas:
1. In educational attainment, as measured by graduation rates and standardized test scores in math, reading and science, blacks and Latinos are 30 percent lower than whites, and a disproportionate number of children of color are suspended and expelled and relegated to special education programs.
2. In health, measured in longevity, black life expectancy is as much as eight years less than whites; infant and maternal mortality nearly double that of whites; and blacks and Latinos have lower rates of health insurance coverage than whites
3. In criminal justice, measured in the disproportionate number of people of color incarcerated and the disparities in sentences they receive compared to whites for the same or similar offenses.
4. The net worth of whites is eight to ten times more than blacks. Three times as many blacks as whites live below 125 percent of the poverty level, and black median household income is only 65 percent that of whites.
These disparities have not changed significantly in decades. The gap between whites and blacks and Latinos has even been widening since the onset of the Great Recession. Unemployment among African Americans has been twice as high as whites and 50 percent higher for Latinos than whites.
We are raised believing in the notion of a meritocracy—that one can become successful by embracing the concept. The assumption in this proposition is that of a level playing field where we all have equal opportunities to develop our abilities and potential. Conversely, if someone or group fails in the game of life in America, then that is because of some personal defect of character or even biology. We have seen this theme repeated in attempts of the wealthy and their apologists in the Academy to link intelligence to success and superior genetic endowment. It is a recurrent theme used to blame the victims of systemic, institutionalized racism, sexism, abelism, homophobia and all other forms of discrimination used to marginalize people who have been systematically prevented from participating fully in this society.
While it may be comforting and convenient to believe that only the most highly qualified people are recruited to occupy the upper echelons of the organizations which run our society (and indeed the world’s), it is far too simplistic to assume that the centuries of human pain, suffering and failure experienced by marginalized groups rests solely on their purported social, psychological and physiological imperfections. Certainly, marginalized people have made political and economic advances. They must continue to believe that there is hope for more, but we all must recognize the limitations imposed on people by institutions that are dominated by a white male minority who continue to resist significant changes in their use and abuse of power. I believe in this country and the concept of a meritocracy, but I am also aware of the balance of power and political realities that limit people who have not had the opportunities which prepared them to assume the roles of political and corporate leadership. By analyzing and exposing the weaknesses in our system, it is my hope that we will be able to fulfill the promise of “liberty and justice for all.”
For more information on these points see:
1. Joe R. Feagin, Racist America. Second edition. N.Y.: Routledge, 2010.
2. Stephen Jay Gould, The Mismeasure of Man. N.Y.: W.W. Norton & Company, 1996.
3. H. Roy Kaplan, The Myth of Post-Racial America. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Education, 2011.
4. Stephen J. McNamee and Robert K. Miller, Jr., The Meritocracy Myth. Second edition. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2009.
H. Roy Kaplan, Ph.D.
Research Associate Professor, Department of Africana Studies, University of South Florida
Two articles that appeared on April 1 in USA Today caught my attention. At first you might think they were an April Fool’s joke. Over a million homes went into foreclosure this year and last. Nearly 15 million people are unemployed and, according to a Gallup Poll last year, 30 million more are underemployed. Poverty is pervasive among people of color, especially their children. More than a third (34 percent) of African American children and 29 percent of Latino children live below the poverty level. A report in the Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine in November, 2009 noted that nearly half of all children and 90 percent of black children will be on food stamps at some point during childhood. And yet we learn that 75 percent of top CEOs received raises in 2010. While middle and working class people are tightening their belts and being inexorably forced into poverty, (one in seven lives below the poverty level in the U.S.), we find that the compensation of the top 25 CEOs ranged from a low of $15,121,370 for David Cordani of Cigna to the “comfortable” $84,409,515 of Phillippe Dauman of Viacom. (USA Today, April 1, 2011:2B)
It would seem the economy is doing well—at least for some people.
On page 12C of the same paper sports aficionados can scan the salaries of all the teams and players in major league baseball. There are disparities there, too, though many people struggling with their rent or mortgage payments, food, fuel and health care bills probably would not commiserate with players on the “low end” of the scale, drawing in a paltry $414,000 annual salary. And who would begrudge Alex Rodriguez, of the New York Yankees his $32,000,000, or Vernon Wells of the Dodgers his $26 million? With average player compensation this year at $3.31 million, they won’t have to worry about cuts in Medicaid, Head Start, and food stamps.
Should we begrudge businessmen and athletes their salaries? The American Dream, based on the concept of a meritocracy, holds out the promise of wealth to anyone who works hard and plays by the rules. Tell that to the victims of Bernie Madoff, and the millions of children who were not lucky enough to be born to wealthy parents or win the genetic lottery as they struggle to survive. I ask you, how much is enough? Is any job worth that kind of money? What will be the effect of the recent budget deal on the lives of American children?
H. Roy Kaplan is Research Associate Professor in the Department of Africana Studies at the University of South Florida, and author of The Myth of Post-Racial America.
Progressive and mainstream media websites in the last few weeks have been abuzz with news of an African American mother in Ohio who was arrested, charged, sentenced to jail time and subject to a $30,500 fine for falsifying records to send her child to a high quality white school outside of her district, rather than the Black one to which her child was assigned. This story represents the pinnacle of racism in a society where, for minorities, sending your child to a school to which he or she might be able to gain access to a quality education is a crime.
We must look at the reason why this brave mother risked jail time to send her child to a white (read: better) school? How is it in America, parents who only want the best for their children have to lie about their address so that their children have a shot at the American dream? And why is no one talking about the fundamental reasons for educational inequality – the school funding structure that overtly privileges white children from wealthy families. This insidious racism masks inequality behind white picket fences, immaculately trimmed hedges and pristine landscaping. This façade allows us to ignore the fact that schools are funded based on the values of the homes surrounding them. No other nation in the world does this, and to such deleterious effect.
What this story has finally done is highlight the central cause of racial disparities in test scores and graduation rates – school funding, the one factor that seems to go ignored in much of the debate regarding “what’s wrong with our nation’s schools.” For the last six months, since the release of the Davis Guggenheim’s documentary, Waiting for Superman, TV, radio, and print news have interrogated the reasons for low minority performance. But only very rarely, have the ways in which we fund our nation’s schools mentioned. Instead, blame is usually placed on the usual suspects, those with the least power within the system – teachers , parents, and the children themselves. The racist school system, the one that has consigned minority students to inferior education since the moment African slaves arrived on America’s shores, is ignored. Many either believe that educational inequality was wiped with the Brown vs. Board of Education decision, or have forgotten that schools were shuttered in many states so that white children could attend “private” (though often covertly state-funded) schools and that Northern schools were not legally desegregated until the late 1960s and early 1970s. And although few white adults have children with friends of different races, we somehow fail to address the fact that our schools are now more segregated than before Brown and during apartheid South Africa.
The reason for this is a confluence of historical and contemporary factors, all of which are intricately woven into a tapestry of place-based racism that has left minority children isolated in urban areas with schools receiving a fraction of the money their peers receive in white areas. The racist policies of redlining and urban renewal trapped many African American in urban areas while restrictive covenants and sundown towns kept them out of suburbs, except of course to work for whites. Displaced into crowded ghettos and housing projects, Blacks lived in areas condemned simply for the color of the residents, rather than the quality of the homes (though this too was often inferior, and cost more than similar apartments in white areas). Those who did own their homes did so in these areas were homes were valued lower because of the “character” (read: color) of the neighborhood. Unable to buy homes in white neighborhoods, these towns have remained white, with high property values, resulting in much more funds available for the schools. In urban areas, where most people rent, values of homes are lower, and businesses receive tax cuts, the revenue simply does not exist to provide children with the same amount of money as their suburban counterparts. As a result, minority children in urban districts often receive a fraction of what white students in suburbs wear.
And these funding differences have real effects on students’ education and educational attainment, Minority students have more inexperienced teachers, older schools, less technology, more crowded classrooms, less playground space, and fewer basic resources such as paper, pencils, and books than white children. It was these resources that Ms. Kelley Williams-Bolar sought when she enrolled her child in a white school. Though recently released because her case was dismissed, she must spend three years on probation. More importantly, this episode raises the simple question of why, in the United States of America, minority parents must risk jail time and fines by falsifying student addresses to allow their children access to the same high quality education white children receive automatically. And why, when we discuss schools, do we blame everyone and everything but the inequalities that force minority parents to do this if they want their children to be well educated?
This week the U.S. Senate voted on two landmark pieces of legislation: the repeal of “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell,” (DADT) and the DREAM Act, which would have provided a path to citizenship for young people who came to this country as children. The repeal of DADT succeeded, while the DREAM Act failed to pass. Gay and lesbian activists and their allies who fought for the repeal of DADT are understandably elated with the overturning of the 17-year-old ban. But, so far at least, white gay and lesbian progressives have failed to see the DREAM Act as part of the same struggle for human rights.
Don’t get me wrong, leading gay and lesbian organizations, such as NGLTF have mentioned both the DREAM Act and DADT – but as separate, single issues. In separate press releases this week, Rea Carey, Executive Director of the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force (NGLTF) came out in favor of the repeal of DADT and the DREAM Act. In contrast, the Human Rights Campaign (HRC), the largest (and predominantly white) gay rights organization, has had a lot to say on DADT, but has had very little to say about the DREAM Act. White gay bloggers like Dan Savage and Joe.My.God. have mentioned the DREAM Act along with DADT, as they have been updating their readers about the lame-duck session of Congress. The Advocate, a magazine popular with white gays and lesbians, has tons of coverage about the repeal of DADT, but has had only one piece about the immigration (in November) but nothing to date in the archive about the DREAM Act, except as the scheduling of that vote threatened to affect repeal of DADT. And, perhaps most disappointing for me to see personally as a church-going lesbian, the moderator for my denomination issued a press release that heralded the triumph of this single issue.
What’s the matter with single issue politics? Isn’t this simply a pragmatic strategy for getting things done in the current political climate? I don’t think so. And, neither does Urvashi Vaid. In a recent speech at the CUNY Graduate Center, Vaid, a longtime activist working at the intersections of LGBT rights and racial justice articulated the dilemma of single-issue gay politics this way:
The key structural reason why neither branch of the LGBT movements has operationalized its stated intersectional politics, is quite simple: the default definition for what “Gay” means has been set by, and remains dominated by, the ideas and experiences of those in our communities who are white and this really has not changed in more than fifty years. Issues, identities, problems that are not “purely” gay – read as affecting white gay men and women – are always defined as not the concern of “our” LGBT movement – they are dismissed as “non-gay” issues, as divisive, as the issues that some ‘other movement’ is more suited to champion. We have our hands full we are told. We need to single-mindedly focus on one thing.
This is an argument that many LGBT liberationists and gay-equality focused activists have made to each other and bought wholesale for decade– without malice, without prejudice – just because there has been an unquestioned assumption that this narrow focus works, that we are getting results because we are making a “gay rights” argument, that this is smart and successful political strategy.
My contention is that it is exactly this narrow and limited focus that is not only causing us to stall in our progress towards formal equality, it is leading us to abandon or ignore large parts of our own communities, with the consequence of making us a weaker movement. The gay-rights focus was historically needed but is a vestigial burden we need to shed. It leads to an unsuccessful political strategy where we try to win on one issue at a time, it narrows our imagination and vision, it does not serve large numbers of our own people, and it feeds the perception that we are generally privileged and powerful, and not in need of civil equality.
What this means right now, at this critical juncture when the repeal of DADT has passed and the DREAM Act hasn’t, is that gay and lesbian activists should be calling for the passage of the DREAM Act and other (even broader) immigration reforms. I’ve yet to hear one white gay or lesbian activist stand up and say, “Let’s use this momentum from the DADT victory to see the passage of the DREAM Act.” Not one. As Vaid said, by focusing on one, single issue at a time, we’re narrowing our imagination and our vision.
Instead of this broadening of vision and building toward a common goal, among white gays and lesbians there’s a kind of collective “oh, well, the Brown people didn’t get their bill, quelle sad, but we got ours – so let’s celebrate!” What white gay and lesbian progressives fail to understand is that among those young people hoping to achieve citizenship through the (very restrictive) DREAM Act are gay and lesbian teens. It’s not that DADT and the DREAM Act are separate issues, they’re part of the same struggle. It’s just that white gays and lesbians don’t see that. I hope that changes.


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Using the thin film polymerization approach, we have studied the texture evolution when synthesizing a novel liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) system based on Sumikasuper® LCPs. The main monomers used were p-acetoxybenzoic acid (ABA), 4,4′-biphenol (BP), isophthalic acid (IA), phthalic acid (PA) and terephthalic acid (TA). Polarizing optical microscopy (POM), FTIR, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were employed to study the thin film polymerization process and characterize the products. The generation and evolution of liquid crystal phases were monitored; the results revealed that there exists a composition range for the monomers to react and form liquid crystal materials. The critical temperature for LC formation in ABA/BP/IA system decreased with increasing ABA content. FTIR results confirmed the formation of polymers. AFM investigation suggested a similar process of morphological change to that observed using POM. An increasing surface roughness of the thin films with the progress of polymerization was also obtained from AFM analysis. A nematic LC texture of the polymer system was suggested by XRD examination. Results obtained by replacing BP with acetylated BP, and by conducting polymerization using two-monomer systems, suggest that BP units are included in polymers obtained by the thin film polymerization method.
|Original language||English (US)|
|Number of pages||12|
|State||Published - Jul 1 2003|
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Materials Science(all)
- Condensed Matter Physics

domain: chemistry


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This assignment will be to make a dinosaur scene using custom brushes that you will make. I would like you to make at least 4 custom brushes and use them throughout your illustration. The size will be
8 x 14 horizontal/landscape at 200 dpi. Attached is a simple reminder of the steps to make brushes.
You can make dinosaur brushes, plant brushes, bug brushes... let your imagination roam.

domain: hobby


This is a revised edition of the original book which is about the songs I have written for my Richard III music project. It includes the lyrics for the songs which have been released on the albums which have been recorded as The Legendary Ten Seconds. The songs that I have written and recorded tell… Continue reading Songs about Richard III (revised)
Here is an alternative version of the Legendary Ten Seconds‘ song “The Year of three Kings” and here is the official press release:
Here is an alternative version of “Fatal Match”, the Legendary Ten Seconds’ song about Henry VI‘s marriage to Margaret of Anjou (left). This version is sung by Jules Jones as part of the Pageant of Torbay.
This is another Legendary Ten Seconds production, principally about the ancient building in Torquay, but it is one track on an album about the wider history of Torbay. Torre Abbey, which dated from about 1096, was dissolved without significant resistance in 1539 and is principally an art gallery as well as part of the Agatha… Continue reading Torre Abbey, with the Legendary Ten Seconds


Singers hit right note on flight
Published 12/06/2015 | 13:36
Passengers on a Virgin Atlantic flight got in-flight entertainment with a difference when the cast of Motown the Musical started dancing and singing in the aisles - with special guest Sir Richard Branson.
Sir Richard was on board his airline's inaugural flight to Detroit - the home of Motown.
The surprise sing-along came halfway through the journey and saw the cast encouraging passengers to sing along to hits including Get Ready and Do You Love Me.


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Gotideal 80 Pages DIY Scrapbook Album Craft Paper Wedding and Anniversary Photo Album Family Scrapbook DIY Accessories and Scrapbooking Supplies(Black)…
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1 x Photo Album
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- Birthday gifts, Wedding guest book, Photo Storage, Travel Record, or adventure book.
|Package Weight:||2.15 pounds|
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domain: artistic


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Amol A. Kadam*, Dr. Amit P. Pratap
RamniranjanJhunjhunwala College, Ghatkopar, Mumbai-86
This study was undertaken for extraction and isolation of Curcumin from Curcuma longa rhizomes. In the present study effect of sodium dodecyl sulphate on the isolation of Curcumin was carried out and it was found that it helps in the isolation of Curcumin from the oleoresin of Curcuma longa. The structure of the compound was elucidated and confirmed by thin layer chromatography, infrared spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectral analysis. HPLC method was used for the identification and quantification of Curcumin by comparing with a standard.
Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) is a rhizomatous, herbaceous perennial plant ofZingiberaceae family, found mainly in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. The rhizome of the plant is known to be used extensively in the treatment of a runny nose, cough, antiseptic and so on1,2. It has also been reported to exhibit anticancer and antimicrobial activities 3,4. The ethanolic extract of Curcuma longa has been reported to be antioxidant and found to have a potent scavenging activity reactive species as well as an inhibitory effect on LDL 5.
The phytochemical screening of Curcuma longa revealed the presence of Phenolic diketones (Curcuminoids), turmerones, -phellandrene, Zingiberene, sesquiterpenes and so on 6.The plant rhizome has been reported to possess mainly orange-yellowcolored pigment identified as Curcuminoids, mainly contain Curcumin as a major component.
Curcumin is the major and the active ingredient of curcuminoids. In different turmeric varieties, the Curcumin content varies from 2-8%7. Pharmacological and clinical studies revealed that it has antioxidant8–10, anti-inflammatory11, antimicrobial12, anti-mutagenic13, and anticancer properties14 etc. new experimental evidence have shown beneficial health effects of Curcumin. Despite the amazing therapeutic properties of Curcumin, it has a very poor solubility in an aqueous environment which reduces its usefulness as a therapeutic agent. Curcumin is also sensitive to the light and decomposes in alkaline solution but relatively stable in acidic medium.
Literature survey revealed that severalstudiesconducted on Curcumin extraction and isolation, but isolation of Curcumin is tedious work and need simple and efficient process. A number of isolation methods were listed in the literature for the Natural products15–24. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to develop a simple, easy and efficient method of extraction and isolation. The study involves the effect of sodium dodecyl sulphate on the isolation of Curcumin from the oleoresin. Also, the study involved the identification by TLC and quantification by using UV visible as well as HPLC method.
MATERIAL AND METHODS:
Turmeric powder was purchased from the local market (Moisture content 13%, as analyzed using LOD method and Dean-stark toluene distillation method reported in the literature)25.
Chemicals and reagents:
Sodium dodecyl sulphate and acetone were purchased from the M/s Loba Chem Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai (India). HPLC grade acetonitrile, methanol and acetic acid were purchased from Merck India.
10 g of Turmeric powder was taken in a thimble and
placed in a Soxhlet apparatus. 100 ml of Acetone was
added to a flat bottom flask and set the heating power to 4-6 cycle per hour so that complete extraction achieved within 3 hrs. of extraction time (to ensure complete extraction). The yellow color acetone extract was obtained after complete extraction. The extract was cooled and transferred to 250 ml round bottom flask and concentrated in vacuo under reduced pressure to obtain orange-yellow viscous oil. Take the weight of the Curcumin oleoresin.
To the above viscous oily oleoresin, SDS solution (Prepared
in water) was added. Addition of SDS solution
results in the formation of a brownish solution. Above solution was Stirred for 2 hrs which results in the formation of a precipitate. This Precipitate was filtered and washed with 5 ml water. The reddish-brown color precipitate was obtained after drying.
Treatment is given to the above solid:
A) This reddish-brown precipitate was taken in 100 ml beaker and added 10 ml ethanol into it. The solution was boiled for 5 min and allow cooling at room temperature. Precipitate filtered and dried which again results in the light reddish brown precipitate.
B) The solid was taken in a 100 ml beaker and treated with the acidic solution having PH below 2. It results in the formation of a yellow precipitate. The precipitate was filtered and dried.
UV Visible spectroscopy:
The Curcumin content of the Turmeric was found by Spectrophotometric analysis method26,27. The Spectrophotometric analysis was performed on UV-VisibleSpectrophotometer Instrument (UV-1800, Shimadzu) at 425 nm. The standard calibration method applied within the range of2 to 20 µg/ml.The Turmeric powder sample was extracted with Methanol and diluted to obtain absorbance in the range.
Identification of Curcumin by HPLC, NMR, IR and Mass spectroscopy:
The HPLC system consisted of a Shimadzu UFLC prominence I HPLC system equipped with 20 µlinjector and UV detector and reverse phase C18 analytical column (150 X 4.6 id, 5 µm). The reagents for mobile phase preparation were of HPLC grade, and all mobile-phases used were filtered and degassed on a Millipore HPLC filtration system with 0.45 µm pore size membrane filters. Unless otherwise stated the HPLC mobile-phase consisted of Acetonitrile and 2% acetic acid(60:40) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min and detected at a wavelength of 425 nm 28. The curcumin content of Turmeric was found by an external standard calibration method.
NMR, IR and Mass spectroscopy:
The isolated Curcumin was crystallized repeatedly by using ethyl acetate and pure crystals of Curcumin were collected. The melting point of crystallized Curcumin was determined and found to be 180 ̊c. The crystallized Curcumin was analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR- 300 MHz), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR, model alpha and Bruker) and mass spectrometry for confirming the chemical structure.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
Extraction of Turmeric (Curcuma Longa) powder was carried out by using acetone due to its very good extraction efficiency, cost, easy recovery and more solubility of Curcumin in it. The surfactant can be used to extract as well as isolate natural product from the raw material. Use of surfactant increases the solubility of hydrophobic compounds into the water and due to which the isolation of compounds becomes very easy. Influenced by this literature survey, we formulated a number of experiments using surfactants solution ( sodium dodecyl sulphate solution). As a result of which it was found that surfactant solution can be used for the isolation of Curcumin from the oleoresin. The yield of crude Curcumin by proposed method was found to be 2.4 % and on treatment with ethanol 0.8%. on treatment with the acidic solution below PH 2 gives yield 1.8%
Different concentration of SDS solution was prepared in water and used for the isolation of Curcumin. When the SDS mixed with the Curcumin oleoresin it results in the formation of reddish-brown solid. Two different methods were used for the isolation using SDS. First, in which SDS solution was prepared and Curcumin oleoresin dissolved in ethanol was added to the SDS solution and second in which SDS solution was added into the Curcumin oleoresin and stirred to obtain Curcumin solid. In both the methods, reddish brown solid was obtained and the solid was treated with ethanol to improve the color of the Curcumin, but from the literature, it was found that Curcumin forms electrostatic interaction take place between the Curcumin and SDS which is quite stable in the acidic PHrange(5.0>7.0>2.0).
Boruah and others (2013) explained the formation of the complex on the basis of the electrostatic interactionbetween the Curcumin and SDS29,30. The complex formation may involve electrostatic interaction between the head groups of the surfactants and the diketo moiety of Curcumin in the diketo tautomeric form of the dye and at higher surfactant concentrations, the diketo Curcumin converts rapidly to the keto-enol form to retain its conjugation. The strength of the complex was found to be higher with SDS and at PH 5.0 to 7.0 but it decreases at PH 2.0. hence due to which the obtained brownish solid was treated with the acidic solution below PH 2 which results in the formation of yellow solid. It can be easily separated using simple filtration method.
The Curcumin was identified by TLC using Chloroform: Acetic acid (99:1) solvent system. The Curcuminwas confirmed by comparing with the standard. The Rf value of Curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin found to be 0.51, 0.32, 0.12 respectively from the TLC (Fig. 1).
Figure 1: TLC of Std) Std. Curcumin Co) Std + Isolated CurcuminJ) isolated Curcumin
The Curcumin content of the Turmeric was found by Spectrophotometric analysis method26,27. The Curcumin content of the Turmeric powder was calculated and found to be 3.06%.
Figure 2: HPLC chromatogram of an extract of Turmeric Powder (Curcuma longa)
Figure 3: HPLC chromatogram of isolated solid after acidic treatment
The content of Curcumin was 2.89%, as determined by the HPLC peak area. The retention time of Curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin are 5.9, 5.2, and 4.7 respectively. The Curcumin content of the extract and isolated material is 71.7% and 83.2% respectively.
The H1 NMR spectrum of the isolated compound showed characteristic signals of Curcumin. The spectrum was matched with reference for structural confirmation 31. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 16.04 (bs, 1H), 7.59 (d, J = 15.8 Hz, 2H), 7.13 (dd, J = 8.3, 1.9 Hz, 2H), 7.05 (d, 2H), 6.94 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H), 6.48 (d, J = 15.8 Hz, 2H), 5.81 (s, 1H), 3.95 (s, 6H).
The mass spectra of the isolated compound showed a molecular ion peak at m/z 369.1 corresponding to molecular formula, C21H20NO6 which is similar to the mass spectral data of Curcumin (Mol. Wt. 368) 32. It also contains distinct peaks like 245.2, 191, 177.2, and 148.9 which are responsible for the fragmentation of Curcumin.
The result of present study establishes the use of sodium dodecyl sulphate solution for the isolation of Curcumin from the oleoresin of the Curcuma longa. Formation of the complex can be break by the treatment of obtained solid with the acidic solution below PH 2. This treatment does not result in the decomposition of Curcumin as all the analytical data matches with the standard Curcumin.
The authors are grateful to the authorities of Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai for the facilities.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST:
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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2. Fallis A. Turmeric Genus Curcuma. Vol 53. Boca Raton, Florida, United States: CRC Press; 2013. doi:10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004.
3. Wu Y, Chen Y, Xu J, Lu L. Anticancer activities of curcumin on human Burkitt’s lymphoma. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi. 2002;24(4):348-352. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12408761.
4. De R, Kundu P, Swarnakar S, et al. Antimicrobial activity of curcumin against Helicobacter pylori isolates from India and during infections in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53(4):1592-1597. doi:10.1128/AAC.01242-08.
5. Lee HS, Lee MJ, Kim H, et al. Curcumin inhibits TNFalpha-induced lectin-like oxidised LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1) expression and suppresses the inflammatory response in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) by an antioxidant mechanism. J EnzymInhib Med Chem. 2010;25(5):720-729. doi:10.3109/14756360903555274.
6. Yadav S, Khar R, Mujeeb M, Akhtar M, Yadav D. Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.): A promising spice for phytochemical and pharmacological activities. Int J Green Pharm. 2013;7(2):85-89. doi:10.4103/0973-8258.116375.
7. Sahne F, Mohammadi M, Najafpour GD, Moghadamnia AA. Enzyme-assisted ionic liquid extraction of bioactive compound from turmeric (Curcuma longa L.): Isolation, purification and analysis of curcumin. Ind Crop Prod. 2016;95:686-694. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.11.037.
8. El-Barbary MI. Detoxification and antioxidant effects of garlic and curcumin in Oreochromis niloticus injected with aflatoxin B(1) with reference to gene expression of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) by RT-PCR. Fish PhysiolBiochem. 2016;42(2):617-629. doi:10.1007/s10695-015-0164-4.
9. Ahmed HH, Shousha WG, Shalby AB, El-Mezayen HA, Ismaiel NN, Mahmoud NS. Curcumin: a unique antioxidant offers a multimechanistic approach for management of hepatocellular carcinoma in rat model. Tumour Biol. 2015;36(3):1667-1678. doi:10.1007/s13277-014-2767-2.
10. Gupta A, Rath PC. Curcumin, a natural antioxidant, acts as a noncompetitive inhibitor of human RNase L in presence of its cofactor 2-5A in vitro. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:817024. doi:10.1155/2014/817024.
11. Shakeri F, Boskabady MH. Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects of curcumin in ovalbumin-sensitized rat. Biofactors. 2017;43(4):567-576. doi:10.1002/biof.1364.
12. De R, Kundu P, Swarnakar S, et al. Antimicrobial activity of curcumin against helicobacter pylori isolates from India and during infections in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53(4):1592-1597. doi:10.1128/AAC.01242-08.
13. Shukla Y, Arora A, Taneja P. Antimutagenic potential of curcumin on chromosomal aberrations in Wistar rats. Mutat Res. 2002;515(1-2):197-202.
14. Li M, Zhang Z, Hill DL, Wang H, Zhang R. Curcumin, a dietary component, has anticancer, chemosensitization, and radiosensitization effects by down-regulating the MDM2 oncogene through the PI3K/mTOR/ETS2 pathway. Cancer Res. 2007;67(5):1988-1996. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-3066.
15. K. Kamalakannan, Umesh Kumar, Kumud Chandra Kandpal, Sunita Minz, Madhulika Pradhan AS and TS. Isolation and Screening of Endophytic Actinomycetes Producing Antibacterial Compound from Different Parts of Citrus aurantifolia. Res J Pharm Technol. 2008;1(2):112-115.
16. Geetali S. Ingawale and Anita S. Goswami-Giri. Isolation and characterization of bioactive molecule from Lantana camara. asian J Res Chem. 2014;7(3):339-344.
17. G. Jayanthy and S. Subramanian. Extraction, Isolation and Characterization of Rosmarinic Acid, a Major Polyphenol in Non-volatile Constituent of Mint Leaves. asian J Res Chem. 2013;6(12):1160-1165.
18. Ms. Shivani Watak DMSSP. Isolation of Apigenin From Trigonellafoenumgraecum Seed Extract Using Column Chromatography on Lab Scale. asian J Res Chem. 2012;5(5):600-605.
19. Ambarsing P. Rajput MKP. Isolation and characterization of phytoconstituents from the chloroform extract of Abutilon indicumleaves (Family: Malvaceae). asian J Res Chem. 2012;5(11):1375-1380.
20. M. Khanahmadi FS and AA. Isolation and Structural Elucidation of Two Flavonoids from Ferulagoangulata (Schlecht) Boiss. Asian J Res Chem. 2011;4(11):1667-1670.
21. Mahajan REJ and RT. Isolation and Characterization of Endophytic Bacterial Flora from Some Indian Medicinal Plants. asian J Res Chem. 2011;4(2):296-300.
22. Krishna VeniNagappan, Meyyanathan S N RBR and EK. A Liquid Chromatography Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Curcumin and Piperine in Food Products Using Diode Array Detection. asian J Res Chem. 2009;2(2):115-118.
23. Nikhat F, D.Satynarayanaand SE. Isolation, Characterization and Screening of Antioxidant Activity of the Roots of Syzygiumcuminii (L) Skeel. Asian J Res Chem. 2009;2(2):218-221.
24. Battu PR, Reddyand M. Isolation of secondary metabolites from Pseudomonas fluorescens and its Characterization. Asian J Res Chem. 2009;2(1):26-29.
25. Safety F, Authority S, Health MOF, Welfare F, New Delhi. FSSAI Manual of methods of food analysis spices and condiments. 2012.
26. Hazra K, Council C, Sci A, Chowdary YA. UV-Visible Spectrophotometric Estimation of Curcumin in Nanoformulation. Int J Pharmacogn. 2015;2(January):0-4. doi:10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.IJP.2(3).127-30.
27. Jasim F, Ali F. A novel method for the spectrophotometric determination of curcumin and its application to curcumin spices. Microchem J. 1988;38(1):106-110. doi:10.1016/0026-265X(88)90008-2.
28. Wichitnithad W, Jongaroonngamsang N, Pummangura S, Rojsitthisak P. A simple isocratic HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of curcuminoids in commercial turmeric extracts. Phytochem Anal. 2009;20(4):314-319. doi:10.1002/pca.1129.
29. Boruah B. A study on the interactions of some synthetic and natural dyes of different charge types with surfactants and polymers. 2012;(11).
30. Dutta A, Boruah B, Saikia PM, Dutta RK. Stabilization of diketo tautomer of curcumin by premicellar cationic surfactants: A spectroscopic, tensiometric and TD-DFT study. J Mol Liq. 2013;187:350-358. doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2013.09.005.
31. Zetterström S. Isolation and synthesis of curcumin. 2012.
32. Berger S, Sicker D. Classics in Spectroscopy: Isolation and Structure Elucidation of Natural Products. Weinheim, Germany; 2009.
Received on 27.04.2018 Modified on 15.05.2018
Accepted on 30.05.2018 © AJRC All right reserved


Article content continued
“Closing all schools and childcares, but allowing for the youth to congregate in other capacities or in other venues defeats the purpose of the closures all together” Colby said in a media release.
“The science,” he added, “shows that social distancing is the most powerful intervention in slowing the spread of disease.”
Other cancellations include all recreation, arts and culture programs, including public swimming and March Break programming. Refunds will be issued where applicable.
During this time, all facilities will remain open but with limited access to interactive exhibitions. This includes the Gable Rees Rotary Pool, the Wallaceburg Sydenham Pool,the Ridge House Museum, the CK Museum, the Capitol Theatre, the Kiwanis Theatre, ARTspace, and the Thames Art Gallery.
Ticket holders to events at the Capitol and Kiwanis theatres will be updated on an ongoing basis. Should a theatre event be cancelled or postponed, ticket holders will be contacted regarding refunds and rescheduled dates.
Events by external renters may not necessarily be cancelled; renters will be contacted individually.
Chatham-Kent public health reminds residents this is an evolving situation and information is changing rapidly. More information is available at www.ckpublichealth.com/covid19.
Other closures, cancellations and rescheduled events:
- St. Clair College has suspended on-campus lab and clinics until further notice, including post-secondary, apprenticeship, English or academic purposes. Face-to-face classes have been moved online until April 17. Visits are being limited and those attending a college campus will have to sign in with security.
- Pet and Wildlife Rescue is reducing services at its Chatham facility at 405 Park Ave. E. and its Wallaceburg facility at 113 Arnold St. until further notice. The only services that will be available include scheduled surrenders, stray drop-offs, stray reclaims, quarantine services for cats and dogs, scheduled adoptions and food pickups from the shelter’s food bank. Animal control will operate as usual.
- Chatham-Kent YMCA will close until April 6.
- Chatham Granite Club closed for season.
- Festival of Giving has been rescheduled to Oct. 17.


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Government Officially Disbands Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia
The Government officially disbanded a mass organization, Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (HTI), considering that this organization does not have a positive role in development process to achieve national goals.
The announcement of the disbandment was delivered by Coordinating Minister for Political, Legal, and Security Affairs Wiranto in a press conference at the office of Coordinating Minister for Political, Legal, and Security Affairs, Jakarta, Monday (8/5) afternoon. On that press conference, the Minister was accompanied by Chief of Indonesian National Police Gen. Tito Karnavian, Minister of Home Affairs Tjahjo Kumolo, Minister of Law and Human Rights Yasonna H. Laoly.
The Coordinating Minister firmly said that the activities of HTI indicate that the organization strongly contradict the goals, principles, and traits enshrined in Pancasila (the Five Principles) and the 1945 Constitution, as regulated under the Law Number 17 of 2013 on Mass Organizations.
Their activities have encouraged conflicts in the community that threaten public security and order and undermine the unity of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia, Wiranto said.
For this reason, as well as taking into account public opinion on this matter, the Coordinating Minister added that the Government needs to take firm legal measures to disband HTI.
This decision doesnt mean the Government is against Islamic mass organizations. This move is taken to maintain and safeguard the unity of Indonesia based on Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution, the Coordinating Minister concluded. (EN/ES)(MMB/YM/Naster)

domain: news


text:
A man of color was shoved, arrested, and charged with 4th-degree assault after he taunted some police officers and their supporters during a “Back the Blue” pro-police rally in Everett, Washington. The incident was caught on film by a local teen, and the footage appears to show that the young man with the donut hanging from a string on a stick did not make contact with anyone, and rather was shoved violently from behind by one of the officers before they arrested him.
According to the Everett Herald, the young man came to the rally as part of a larger counter-protest, with the rest of the counter-protesters staying across the street. The encounter starts amicably, with one of the officers he approached laughing at the sight of the donut, and a cop supporter joking that he’d already eaten “like 10 donuts” before he came to the rally.
Things take a sudden dark turn when the young man again offers the donut, asking if “any of you bootlickers want this,” and a man who turned out to be a police lieutenant in plain clothes tells him to “get that f***ing s**t away from my face or I’ll whoop your a**.”
The individual filming balks at the violent threat. The young man doesn’t move from his spot until one of the other officers, who had been amused a second ago, violently shoves him, causing him to stagger away. He then starts demanding names and badge numbers in order to file a complaint. Instead, one of the officers arrests him, saying “I think it’s time for you to go” to audible jeers from witnesses.
The woman taking the video demands to know what he’s being arrested for and tries to follow them, but the cop who had previously laughed at the donut gag seems to shove or otherwise make contact with her, barking “back off!”
“He assaulted the lieutenant,” claims Officer M. Anderson. “You back off or you’ll go to jail.” “I recorded the whole thing!” the woman shouts back. “Where’d he touch him? Where’d he touch him?”
The woman is able to catch up and collect the young man’s name, promising “I got you” while others can be heard shouting “he shoved him,” referring to the officer who shoved the donut guy.
Witnesses and other footage reviewed by the Herald also indicate that the counter-protester never touched anyone or did anything to deserve an arrest or assault charge. The young man was reportedly released after posting $1000 for bail.
Snohomish County Sheriff’s spokesperson Courtney O’Keefe attempted to justify the arrest by claiming that he was “verbally attacking” the pro-police crowd.
“The individual in the video was also intimidating and verbally attacking ‘Back the Blue’ rally attendees as they were leaving the area Friday night,” she wrote in an email.
Commenters on Twitter are not buying this excuse.
The police are now claiming that the lieutenant felt threatened by the donut on the stick.https://t.co/adt5686IOF
— David Neiwert (@DavidNeiwert) July 21, 2020
Donuts are weapons, of course.
Fortney and the rest of the department has to go. https://t.co/jiX0F4DJN9
— Bruce Englehardt (@SounderBruce) July 23, 2020
This defenadnt was ultimately arraigned on the charge of abuse of a donut in the presence of a law enforcement officer.
— Ernie Stone (@ErnieStone8) July 19, 2020
A series of vicious assaults on law enforcement captured on camera
— Cheeseburger Militia OpSec (@noahgendas) July 19, 2020
He was armed with a donut and a skateboard. More than a mere Antifa foot soldier. Probably high ranking because of the donut
— OM (@olivermeixner) July 19, 2020
He assaulted a cop with a donut? pic.twitter.com/IReyeUrnfa
— KimmySuz (@kimy1691) July 19, 2020
I see him politely offering someone a free donut while social distancing 🤷🏽♀
— woman with a stinger (@watchoutisting) July 20, 2020
The man who was arrest has reportedly been contacted by the ACLU.


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The town began as Bon-Ton, but changed its name to Ramona in 1899 in honor of the Helen Hunt Jackson novel of the same name. The town is one of four communities that makes up the consolidated Caney Valley School District.
Ramona was an oil town and was also a stop for the Santa Fe railroad. When the oil dried up, there was no other industry to support Ramona, so the town began to die out.
Under the leadership of the former mayor, the late Robert Fiddler, the police department was reinstated, the water lines were repaired/replaced, and a grant was accepted from the Cherokee Nation to repave the streets. The town also supplies natural gas service to the Wal-Mart distribution center 5 miles north of town.

domain: geography


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Ten Sikh Guru
Nanakji was of a saint like nature. His mind was more into spirituality and the welfare of the society. For the welfare of the society, through his education, he had opposed the differences between Hindus and Muslims, and the false religious practices. He focused more on sanctity of mind, simplicity, divinity, and behavior to be the only path for every human to reach God. He said, More
One can find a perfect combination of simplicity and spirituality in the personality of Guru Nanak Devji. He was a prophet as well as a universal chief, a devotee and a mentor, a poet and a lyricist, a singer and a composer, a wanderer and a native. It is truly said, ‘Nanak Shah Monk. Hindu’s Guru and Muslim’s sectarian leader.
Around 550 years ago, on the holy land of India, an epoch-making, philosopher, revolutionary, socialist, religious, preacher of immortality and a visibility of ultimate spiritual light seen was born. This person was named as Nanak.
The radiance of Allah and light of God in Nanak was recognized first by simplex daulta, Nanakji’s sister, and Nawab Rai Baular. When Pandit Hardyl saw Nanakji, at that very moment he commented that this boy was super-human from the light of God. Brother Guru Dasji also has said beautifully, “The birth of Sat Guru Nanak is like the end of sorrows in humanity

domain: literature


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In our last Destiny 2 post, we went over the basics of clans in the game as well as the process for making a Destiny 2 clan. But if you don’t have a dedicated group of friends in the game, or your goals don’t align well with the goals of your existing clan, you may want to look into joining an existing clan instead.
Technically speaking, the process for joining a clan in Destiny 2 is simple and straightforward. But when it comes to attracting the attention of a clan you want to join…that’s a little less obvious.
Fortunately, Destiny’s community is about as warm and welcoming as a gaming community gets (just like Clutch!), and there are more than enough players out there ready to welcome you with open arms. You just have to know where to begin.
Join a Destiny 2 Clan in 3 steps
We’ll deep dive into each of these in-depth below, but if you’re looking for a top-level overview, here it is:
- Consider your in-game goals
- Find the Destiny 2 clan you want to join in-game, through Bungie’s official app, or via another online community like Reddit or Clutch.
- Send a request in-game, via the official app, or at Bungie.net
Actually sending that request to join a clan is the easy party. The more complicated—and way more important—part of the process is to find the right clan.
Step 1: Consider your in-game goals
I’ve talked about this quite a bit already, but I can’t stress enough how important it is to know what you want out of your experience when you jump into joining a Destiny 2 clan. A common reason players venture outside of their immediate group of friends in the game, for example, is because they want to find others who are serious about raiding.
Destiny raids are legendary at this point, and they really present some of the most unique and rewarding content the game has to offer. They’re also typically the only way to access some of the most powerful exotics in the game, but getting through a raid means a lot of preparation and, much more importantly, a dedicated, well-equipped team (remember that Destiny raids are 6-player affairs).
If you’re a competitive player by nature, the Destiny community also tends to rally around each new raid release to see who can be the first clan and/or fireteam to complete it. Ascend, for example, became the first clan to finish the new Shadowkeep raid just last week, nabbing the title just two-and-a-half minutes ahead of the next fastest team.
Other clans may be more casual by nature. Or they may not care as much about raiding at all. They may be much more heavily invested in competitive PVP, for example.
So before you set out looking for a group to join, consider what your own motivations and goals are in the game. It may sound strange for a game, but, trust me, you’re going to get way more out of this if you stop and think about it for just a minute:
- Where are you in the game now? Do you have god-tier gear and a 970 power level, or are you still relatively new to Destiny? This is very important as some clans and groups are going to make snap judgments about how well you do or don’t fit in based on what they can see at a glance: your guardian.
- Are you just looking for some new friends to play casually or do you want to really dedicated time out of your days and/or weeks to playing with a group?
- How much time do you have available to you to play?
- Do you tend to gravitate towards PVE or PVP play?
- Are you the kind of player who likes to figure out the obscure puzzles in Bungie’s raids manually? Or would you rather have someone “sherpa” you through them?
Once you feel like you’ve got a better sense of what you’re looking for, it’s time to find your dream clan.
Step 2: Finding your Destiny 2 clan
There are a few different ways that you can find new clans in Destiny 2. First things first, you’re probably not going to be able to just send a request to a high-profile group like Ascend and immediately get in. If you’re an exceptionally skilled player, you may never know, but you’re probably going to have a much easier time of just finding a group of players with a similar set of goals as your own (see step 1).
If you head over to the clan page at Bungie.net, you can actually find some clan suggestions for you there. Different clans have different restrictions in terms of how they accept new players:
- Open clans can be joined by anyone directly from their clan profile page
- Approval required clans are probably the most common; any player can request to join the clan from its profile page, but an admin will have to approve your request before you’re in
- Invite Only clans are completely locked down; you can view their profile, but the only way to join the team is to have an existing clan member send you an invitation
In my experience, Bungie’s recommendations are pretty weak at best, and they seem to be focused on finding teams that are geographically close to you (at least that’s why I assume they recommended an LDS gamers clan to me here in Utah).
Looking for a group
You might have better luck using the official “looking for group” function on the official website and mobile app, which Bungie calls “find fireteam.” Using the tool is a bit like posting a classified ad, though. You more-or-less describe what you’re looking to do in the game right now, and other players can join up with you.
Once you’ve played with the fireteam, though, you can get a sense for whether you’re compatible with them. If you hit it off, go ahead and ask for an invite into their clan(s).
Bear in mind, though, that if they’re using the fireteam finder, they might not have a particularly active clan themselves. Maybe you can spark some life into it, but you may be better off just starting a new one with your new friends anyway.
Either way, if you’re looking to dive deeper into fireteams, you can check out our Destiny 2 Fireteam Guide.
Reaching out through the community
Really, I think this is your best bet. Like I said above, Destiny 2 has a pretty wonderful and welcoming community, and it’s easy to get involved. You just gotta know how to approach it.
Bungie’s homegrown community isn’t a bad place to start. You can get some recommendations from them for a group to join (not to be confused with a clan), for example, or just dive into the more traditional forums, where Bungie actually has a forum set up specifically for clan recruitment
The forum implements a tagging system to organize posts. You’ll see tags for PVE, PVP, casual, etc. Use the tagging system to either search for a clan that meets your goals, or consider making your own forum post. If you go that route, refer to step 1 of our guide here and describe exactly what you’re looking for in a team.
Some good alternatives to Bungie’s official community are the ones you’ll find on Reddit:
- /r/destinythegame was the premier Destiny subreddit, and it’s still one of the best communities of Destiny players on the internet today; they don’t actually allow clan requests there, but it’s a good place to meet and interact with other Destiny 2 players
- /r/Fireteams by contrast is a subreddit designed specifically to matchmake fireteams and harkens back to a bygone era when Destiny didn’t really have an official option; you’re bound to find a good group here, and they even have a weekly “clan recruitment megathread” that’ll come in handy
- /r/DestinySherpa and /r/CrucibleSherpa are similar to /r/Fireteams, but they’re specifically focused on pairing inexperienced players looking to be hand-led (our “sherpa’d”) through the game by more experienced folks; the latter of the two is focused on the PVP mode of the game
Step 3: A final consideration and sending the clan request
As you’re meeting and playing with new players, there is one crucial final consideration you should be making before you send that clan request: did you actually enjoy playing with them?
If the answer is “no,” that’s okay! Thank them for playing, and move on. It doesn’t matter why you didn’t really jibe with them. Life’s too short to be wasting it with folks you don’t really care for.
If, however, you feel like you’ve got some chemistry going, go ahead and request to join their clan. You can do so using the official mobile app, through Bungie.net, or even from within the game via the Roster menu.
If the clan members felt the same way about you and approve the request, you’re in! All that’s left to do is get out there, guardian, and fight back the darkness. And don’t forget to create an account with us here at Clutch to capture and share your gameplay clips as you and your new friends explore the solar system together!


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Wrights (textile manufacturers)
The Wrights brand was introduced in 1897 when William E. Wright & Sons was founded in Massachusetts. Wright & Sons remained independent until 1985, when a group of shareholders—including a grandson of the founder—enabled the Newell Company to acquire a minority share in the company; within month that share grew until it acquire control over the company. In 1989 Boye Needle Company was merged into Wrights. In 2001 Conso International Corporation, a South Carolina manufacturer of trims to the wholesale trade, and owners of the Simplicity Pattern brand, bought the company.
- "Home: About Us". Simplicity Creative Group. Retrieved 2013-02-12.
- "Newell Co. - Company Profile". referenceforbusiness.com. Retrieved 2013-02-12.
In June 1985 Newell acquired a 20 percent stake in William E. Wright Company from a group dissenting from the majority, including three board members and the grandson of Wright Company's founder. A few months later Newell raised its stake in Wright, a maker of sewing notions, and by the end of the year Newell had obtained majority control of the company and ousted Wright's board and top officers....By 1987 Newell had acquired complete control of Wright.

domain: economics


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The two-time All-Star's latest trip was to the Washington Nationals, with whom he reportedly met on Wednesday, per insider Buster Olney.
MLB: FA starter Patrick Corbin met with Nationals https://t.co/pgstYdZliU— Rotoworld (@rotoworld) November 28, 2018
The 29-year-old is one of the hottest players on the market right now, and will definitely land a lengthy contract with a lot of zeroes. Washington certainly would love adding Corbin to a rotation that already boasts Max Scherzer and Stephen Strasburg, but they are far from the only ones interested.
The Yankees and Phillies, among plenty of others, are hoping they can lock down the talented southpaw for the foreseeable future. The two aforementioned franchises will surely be willing to spend lots of money in order to see Corbin wear their jersey come spring.
Ultimately, this will likely come down to Corbin's personal preference. The native New Yorker allegedly grew up as a Yankees fan, so that may give them a slight advantage, though the Phillies' owner has said that the team is ready to spend "stupid" money in order to get what they want.
Patrick Corbin's slider is one of the best pitches in all of baseball. He excels at throwing it below the strike zone.— Corey Seidman (@CSeidmanNBCS) November 27, 2018
His slider induced 176 more swings-and-misses last season than anyone else's in MLB.https://t.co/JKY8XoWk23
Then again, a surprise team could end up winning the Corbin sweepstakes, and the Nats are hoping that they are that team. After many consecutive seasons of disappointment and the possibility that they could lose the best player in franchise history this offseason, bringing in Corbin could be a good way to reenergize the fan base.
If they really want him, though, they will have to be ready to outspend Philadelphia and New York. As of right now, it's a toss-up as to where Corbin will play next year. The Nationals may have had his attention today, but the hot stove is still young. There will be a lot more meetings with different organizations before all is said and done.


A weird object that left some observers wondering if it was a piece of space junk is most likely just a small asteroid, and will zoom close by Earth Wednesday, NASA scientists say. It may be visible to seasoned amateur astronomers as it passes harmlessly by the planet.
The space rock won’t hit the Earth, but it will make its closest approach at 7:47 a.m. EST (1147 GMT) when it comes within 80,000 miles (130,000 km) of our planet. That’s nearly one-third the distance between the Earth the moon.
Astronomers announced the discovery of the asteroid, which they named 2010 AL30, on Monday. It is relatively small, about 36 feet (11 meters) wide, NASA researchers said.
There was some early speculation that the object was a part of a derelict spacecraft, but NASA scientists have concluded that it is most likely a simple space rock flying near Earth.
"I looked at this object closely yesterday morning and concluded that this object is probably not artificial," said Paul Chodas, a scientist at NASA’s Near-Earth Object Office at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif.
What makes 2010 AL30 weird is its orbit, which is almost exactly one Earth year long, leading to some discussion that it might be a man-made spacecraft launched in the recent past.
But Chodas said the asteroid’s trajectory is not the kind used to transfer spacecraft out of Earth’s orbit, nor is the space rock followed by other objects that escaped from Earth or lunar space. The asteroid was also far from Earth during the Apollo lunar missions of the late 1960s and 1970s, when many spacecraft were launched into the space near the moon, Chodas said.
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The vaccine rollout is underway, but the fight ahead is still long. Even as vaccines are being distributed, at least three new variants of the coronavirus (first detected in the United Kingdom, South Africa and Brazil, respectively) are spreading around the globe, with perhaps more variants to follow as the virus continues to mutate. According to some sources, the Brazil variant may be capable of infecting people who had already recovered from the first wave of coronavirus.
Health experts also caution that while the vaccines approved so far appear to be remarkably effective in protecting the recipients, it’s not clear whether they prevent them from spreading the virus. Masks and other protective measures will need to be in place for a long time yet; the Biden administration has just nationalized some mask orders.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has issued useful guidance documents followed by many states. The states themselves have been given the lead role in distributing the vaccine, with each state crafting its own policies and priority lists for who gets the vaccine and when. Most states are giving front-line health care workers and the elderly vaccine priority, something everyone agrees with. But transportation workers, including inland towboat crews and shoreside personnel, should surely be high on the list.
The challenges of distributing vaccines to crews of long-haul towboats that cross state lines are not insurmountable, but they do represent more costs of doing business added by the virus. We need state and local decision-makers to be thinking about ways to meet these challenges. At the best of times, inland mariners can be an invisible population, even in some states with extensive inland waterways.
That’s why The American Waterways Operators has been “working at the national and state levels to urge priority access to the COVID-19 vaccine for mariners,” according to its latest newsletter. AWO has led a coalition including the American Association of Port Authorities; Inland Rivers, Ports & Terminals Inc.; and the American Pilots Association in sending letters to 25 inland and coastal maritime state governors and their respective health department leaders urging them to prioritize mariners and frontline maritime transportation workers in state vaccine distribution plans.
In addition, AWO joined a coalition of transportation organizations on a letter urging the National Governors Association to support early vaccinations for essential freight, rail, port and waterway, and energy workers. Since all transportation workers are essential, and all play a role in transporting the materials and vaccines to combat COVID-19, that is something we certainly support.
For its part, the American Association of Port Authorities, along with 37 national and regional maritime organizations including Waterways Council Inc. and Inland Rivers, Ports & Terminals, is keeping the attention of the White House and Congress focused on maritime workers with letters urging the inclusion of maritime workers in the next COVID relief package.
The AAPA letter urges Congress to include emergency relief for the maritime industry in the next COVID-19 package through the Maritime Transportation System Emergency Relief Program, which was created by the National Defense Authorization Act of 2020. This new program authorizes MarAd to solicit applications for aid from those across the maritime industry, both inland and coastal, and provides grants to those most in need due to emergencies or disasters. This includes aid to help mitigate the impacts of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. This program could conceivably be used to solicit grants to groups and agencies getting vaccines to mariners and port workers.
“Unfortunately, the COVID-19 crisis has had a significantly negative impact on the maritime industry,” the AAPA letter reminds members of Congress. “Passenger movements remain virtually nonexistent, with operations not expected to resume for months. Expenses have greatly increased due to COVID-19 protocols and precautions that have been put in place to ensure the health and safety of staff, and these extra costs borne by the industry to keep supply lines open are above and beyond the normal costs of operations.”
We hope that states, and all those involved in distributing vaccines, will remember to include towboat crewmembers, as well as truck drivers, railroad workers and workers in ports and terminals among those essential to commerce and make them eligible for early vaccination. We thank our advocacy organizations that are helping them remember to do that.
As the vaccine spreads and the economy recovers, keeping trucks, trains and towboats moving, with healthy crews and workers, will be more important than ever. The sooner we all get the vaccine, the less likely mutations of the virus will play a role, the faster business will get closer to resembling normalcy, and the sooner the economy will pick up steam.

domain: politics


Background: Electronic monitoring of inhaled asthma medications is one method to measure medication adherence and patterns of use. Information on the performance of monitors in a randomized controlled trial allows researchers and clinicians to understand their utility and limitations. The Smartinhaler Tracker is an electronic monitor for metered-dose inhalers (MDIs) that records the date, time, and number of actuations.
Objective: To determine the performance of the Smartinhaler monitors used in a 24-week randomized controlled trial of 303 patients with asthma in a real-world setting.
Methods: Prestudy use checks involved 2 actuations of the MDI, with a further 2 performed 2 hours later. Within-study monitor checks, performed before dispensing at clinic visits 2 to 4, included a computerized check of monitor clock function, actuation accuracy, and battery life. Within-study data checks involved computerized checks of monitor clock function before data upload.
Results: Two thousand six hundred seventy-eight of 2728 monitors (98.2%) passed prestudy use checks. Seventy-six of 2642 monitors (2.9%) dispensed to participants failed within-study monitor checks. Fifty-one of 2642 monitors (1.9%) malfunctioned before data upload, mostly as a result of fluid immersion. Ninety-three of 2642 monitors (3.5%) were lost or thrown away by participants. Complete data was available from 2498 of 2642 dispensed monitors (94.5%) and 2498 of 2549 returned monitors (98.0%).
Conclusions: The Smartinhaler Tracker is a reliable monitor for measuring MDI use in a real-world setting. Use of extensive monitor and data-checking protocols reduces data loss. In a research or clinical setting, the use of a validated and reliable electronic monitor represents the reference standard for assessing patterns of medication use.
Keywords: Adherence; Asthma; Electronic; Fixed-dose combination inhaler as maintenance therapy with short-acting beta agonist as reliever; MDI; Metered-dose inhaler; Monitoring; Patterns of use; RCT; Randomized controlled trial; SMART; STANDARD; Single combination inhaler as Maintenance And Reliever Therapy; Smartinhaler; Validation.
Copyright © 2012 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.


Aluminum tube is a kind of non-ferrous metal pipe, refers to the use of pure aluminum or aluminum alloy extruded into the longitudinal length of its hollow metallic tubular material. There can be one or more closed through holes, wall thickness, cross-section uniform, in line or roll-shaped delivery. Widely used in automobiles, ships, aerospace, aviation, electrical appliances, agriculture, electrical and mechanical, home and other industries.
Aluminum tube is a high-strength hard aluminum, can be enhanced heat treatment, in annealing, rigid quenching and thermal state plasticity medium, spot welding is good, with gas welding and argon arc welding aluminum tube has the tendency to form intergranular crack, the aluminum tube after quenching and cold hardening can be cut performance is still good, in the annealing state bad. Corrosion resistance is not high, often using anodic oxidation treatment and coating methods or surface aluminum coating to improve corrosion resistance. can also be used as a mold material.
Advantages of aluminum tube: First, the advantages of welding technology: suitable for industrial production of thin-walled copper-aluminum pipe welding technology, known as world-class problem, is the key technology of aluminum generation for air conditioner company. The second is the use of life advantages: from the aluminum tube wall, because the refrigerant does not contain moisture, copper and aluminum connection tube wall will not occur corrosion phenomenon. Three is the energy-saving advantage: Air conditioner indoor machine and outdoor machine connection pipeline, heat transfer efficiency of the lower the more energy-saving, or said, the better the heat insulation effect, the more electricity. Four is good bending performance, easy to install, move machine.
Aluminum tubes are mainly divided into the following types
By shape: square Tube, round pipe, pattern tube, shaped tube.
According to the extrusion method: seamless aluminum pipe and ordinary extruded pipe.
According to the precision: ordinary aluminum tubes and precision aluminum tubes, in which the precision aluminum tube generally needs to be processed after extrusion, such as cold drawing and rolling.
According to thickness: ordinary aluminum tube and thin-walled aluminum tube.
Performance: corrosion resistance, light weight.