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Nitrogen addition reduced carbon mineralization of aggregates in forest soils but enhanced in paddy soils in South China
Ecological Processes volume 10, Article number: 45 (2021)
Despite the crucial role of nitrogen (N) availability in carbon (C) cycling in terrestrial ecosystems, soil organic C (SOC) mineralization in different sizes of soil aggregates under various land use types and their responses to N addition is not well understood. To investigate the responses of soil C mineralization in different sized aggregates and land use types to N addition, an incubation experiment was conducted with three aggregate-size classes (2000, 250, and 53 μm) and two land use types (a Chinese fir plantation and a paddy land).
Cumulative C mineralization of the < 53-μm fractions was the highest and that of microaggregates was the lowest in both forest and paddy soils, indicating that soil aggregates enhanced soil C stability and reduced the loss of soil C. Cumulative C mineralization in all sizes of aggregates treated with N addition decreased in forest soils, but that in microaggregates and the < 53-μm fraction increased in paddy soils treated with 100 μg N g−1. Moreover, the effect sizes of N addition on C mineralization of forest soils were below zero, but those of paddy soils were above zero. These data indicated that N addition decreased SOC mineralization of forest soils but increased that of paddy soils.
Soil aggregates play an important role in soil C sequestration, and decrease soil C loss through the increase of soil C stability, regardless of land use types. N addition has different effects on soil C mineralization in different land use types. These results highlight the importance of soil aggregates and land use types in the effects of N deposition on the global terrestrial ecosystem C cycle.
Soils are the largest sink of the global carbon (C) cycle and hold 2500 Gt C that are 3.3 times the size of the atmospheric C pool and 4.5 times the size of the biotic C pool (Lal 2004). The maintenance of the soil C pool is critical to the global C cycle and climate change as even slight changes in the soil organic C (SOC) pool can seriously affect atmospheric CO2 concentration and global C budget (Schlesinger and Andrews 2000; Bellamy et al. 2005). Hence, the loss of SOC has received increasing attention in recent years (Liu et al. 2017; Qiu et al. 2018; Yanni et al. 2018; Wiesmeier et al. 2019). Approximately half of all SOC in managed ecosystems has been released to the atmosphere during the last two centuries, of which two-thirds is attributed to SOC mineralization (Lal 2004; Kirkby et al. 2013). Therefore, the study of the influencing factors and mechanisms of SOC mineralization could improve the understanding of the soil C cycle and their role in global climate change.
Except for soil temperature and moisture, which are the main factors controlling SOC mineralization (Contosta et al. 2013; Wang et al. 2016), soil nutrient availability, especially nitrogen (N) availability, greatly influences SOC mineralization through their impact on the decomposition and formation of soil organic matter (Reed et al. 2010; Poeplau et al. 2016; Soong et al. 2018; Zhu et al. 2018b). Moreover, N inputs from anthropogenic sources to biosphere, such as agricultural activities and fossil fuel combustion, are tenfold higher now than 100 years ago (Galloway et al. 2008), resulting in the continuous increase of soil N availability (Aber et al. 1998). Thus, the role of soil N availability in SOC mineralization is further highlighted. N addition is an important approach to change soil N availability, such as fertilization and N deposition. Although N addition is widely believed to reduce the rate of SOC mineralization (Mo et al. 2008; Fisk et al. 2015; Riggs et al. 2015; Guo et al. 2017; Hu et al. 2017; Zhu et al. 2018a), a few studies reported that N addition has no effects (Micks et al. 2004; Allison et al. 2008), even positive effects on SOC mineralization (Cleveland and Townsend 2006; Huang et al. 2011a; Zhao et al. 2019). This controversy may be because the level of N addition results in different responses of SOC mineralization (Allison et al. 2009; Zhu et al. 2016). However, why are there variable responses of SOC mineralization to N enrichment and what is the mechanism controlling these responses to N enrichment remain unknown.
The rate of SOC mineralization is controlled by SOC stability (Tian et al. 2016), and the protection of soil aggregates is proposed as one of the main mechanisms of SOC stabilization (Six et al. 1998; von Lützow et al. 2008; Chaplot and Cooper 2015). Soil aggregates, especially macroaggregates, can protect the SOC against microbial decomposition (Six and Paustian 2014) due to spatial inaccessibility to soil microorganism (Goebel et al. 2005; von Lützow et al. 2008). Different particle sizes of soil aggregates have distinct characteristics in the soil C turnover (Besnard et al. 1996). Many studies suggested that the rate of SOC mineralization was lower in macroaggregates than in microaggregates (Drury et al. 2004; Xie et al. 2017). However, no difference of SOC mineralization between macroaggreates and microaggregates (Razafimbelo et al. 2008) and even the opposite results (Wang et al. 2015; Bimüller et al. 2016; Yang et al. 2017) have been reported. Although no consistent conclusion exists about the SOC mineralization of different sizes of soil aggregates, SOC mineralization is widely believed to vary (Razafimbelo et al. 2008; Bimüller et al. 2016). The distinct compositions of soil aggregates with varying particle sizes in soils may result in the differences of SOC mineralization. Moreover, the responses of C mineralization of soil aggregates to N addition remain unclear, limiting the understanding of the influencing factors of SOC mineralization with N addition treatment. The differences in SOC stability of varying sizes of aggregates may cause the distinct responses of C mineralization of soil aggregates to N enrichment, resulting in the differences of C mineralization of bulk soil with N addition treatment. However, direct evidence of the effects of N addition on SOC mineralization of varying size aggregates is lacking (Riggs et al. 2015; Xie et al. 2017). Investigating the responses of C mineralization of soil aggregates to N addition can further explain the mechanism that controls the influence of N enrichment on SOC mineralization.
In addition, land use type can influence the soil aggregate distribution and aggregate stability index (Zhong et al. 2019; Okolo et al. 2020). For example, soil microaggregates were dominant under cultivated land, while soil macroaggregates were preponderant in grazing land (Okolo et al. 2020). Zhong et al. (2019) also suggested that the conversion from farmland to forest increased the proportions of soil macroaggregates and mesoaggregates and thus increased the organic carbon accumulation. The changes of soil aggregate distribution after land use change may alter the soil C mineralization. Moreover, different land use types have different management intensities, for example, more fertilization and tillage in farmland. Management intensity can affect the soil aggregate distribution (Sithole et al. 2019; González-Rosado et al. 2020) and then result in the change of soil C mineralization (Reeves et al. 2019). As forest and paddy are the main land use types in south China, the effects of N addition on their soil C mineralization are crucial to understanding the global C cycle. However, little is known on the difference of effects of fertilization on soil C mineralization among land use types.
In this study, we examined C mineralization over 3 months in macroaggregates, microaggregates, and the < 53-μm fraction in forest and paddy soils after the application of N fertilizer with a concentration gradient using a laboratory incubation experiment, to uncover the impacts of N addition on soil C mineralization in different aggregate sizes under different land use types. The specific objectives of our study are to (1) examine whether the SOC mineralization and their responses to N addition differ among aggregate sizes and (2) determine whether the effects of N addition on SOC mineralization are the same between different land use types (forest and paddy). We hypothesized that (i) the rates of C mineralization increase with decreasing size class of soil aggregates and (ii) the responses of C mineralization in forest and paddy soils to N addition are different.
Materials and methods
This study was conducted in the Huitong National Research Station of Forest Ecosystem (26° 40′–27° 09′ N and 109° 26′–110° 08′ E) (Huitong Station, hereafter) in Hunan Province in the south of China. The Huitong Station is located at the transition zone from the Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau to the low mountains and hills on the southern side of the Yangtze River. This region has a typical mid-subtropical monsoon climate with an annual mean rainfall of 1200 mm. The annual mean temperature is 16.5 °C with a mean minimum of 1.9 °C in January and a mean maximum of 29 °C in July. The soil derived from the Sinian Period gray–green slate was classified as Ultisol according to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) soil taxonomy (He et al. 2016).
The composition of soil aggregates and the response of SOC mineralization to N addition may differ across land use types. To investigate the role of soil aggregate composition on the effects of N addition on SOC mineralization, two land use types—a typical forest ecosystem and a paddy land—were selected for soil sampling because these two types are the main land use types in the subtropical region in China. Forest soils were from Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook) plantations that were established in 1983, 1989, and 1990 after clear-cutting and slash-burning practices of the natural evergreen broadleaf trees. In the Chinese fir plantation, the dominant species in the shrub layer were Maesa japonica, Mussaenda esquirolli, and Rhus chinensis, and those in the herbaceous layer were Miscanthus floridulu, Dicranopteris linearis, Herba lophatheri, Carex tristachya, and Parathelypteris glanduligera. At each site of Chinese fir plantations, a 20 m × 20 m plot was selected. Crop rotation with Oryza sativa L. and Brassica campestris L. is typically applied for highly efficient utilization. O. sativa and B. campestris were planted in May and October in each year, respectively. Three sites of croplands were also selected. At each site, 10 soil cores at 0–10-cm depths were randomly collected using a stainless steel cylinder with 5-cm diameter and were composited into one soil sample. Soil samples from each land use type had three replicates. The forest soil samples were collected when the moisture content of the soil was 25–30% with cautious removal of floor residues. The paddy soil sampling was performed under the flooded condition because most of the growing season is under the flooded condition. A subsample (approximately 1 kg) was immediately placed in a sterile plastic bag on ice when transported to the laboratory and stored at 4 °C for inoculum preparation. The remaining soils were passed through an 8-mm sieve by gently breaking apart the soil, and air-dried in a laboratory for particle-size fractionation and subsequent C mineralization assays (Six et al. 2002). The plant residues including root and leaf litter, visible soil fauna, and stones were removed from the soil samples. The main properties of the forest and paddy soils in Huitong Station, subtropical China, are listed in Table 1.
Soil particle-size separation
The aggregate separation was conducted by wet sieving the soil through a series of three sieves (2000, 250, and 53 μm) to obtain three aggregate-size classes (Six et al. 2002). Prior to wet sieving, all field moist samples were passed through an 8-mm sieve and air-dried in a laboratory. The aggregates were separated using an aggregate sieving machine (AS200, Germany) by the following procedure. A subsample of 100 g of air-dried soil was submersed in deionized water in a beaker of 500 mL for 10 min to loosen the soil sample and then poured into the top of a 2000-μm sieve. The aggregates were separated by moving the sieve up and down 50 times over a period of 2 min with an amplitude of 3 cm. The intact aggregates that remained on the 2000-μm sieve were scarce except the little rocks. The soil slurry that remained on the 250-μm and 53-μm sieves washed off the sieve and collected in an aluminum pan, considering as the macroaggregates and microaggregates, respectively. The < 53-μm fraction was separated by centrifuging (2500×g) the soil suspension that passed through the 53-μm sieve and collected in an aluminum pan. All fractions in the aluminum pan were oven dried at 50 °C and weighed to calculate the aggregate weight percentages. The procedure of aggregate separation was repeated until all fractions of the aggregates were sufficient for subsequent incubation. All fractions were stored at room temperature for future use. Soil C and total N (TN) of all sizes of soil aggregates and bulk soils were determined using an automated C/N analyzer (Vario MAX CN, Elementar Co. Hanau, Germany). The soil total phosphorus (TP) was extracted by wet microwave digestion procedure and determined using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS, Thermo Scientific iCAP Q, USA).
This incubation experiment included two land use types, three sizes of soil aggregates and their bulk soils, and four N addition treatments. Two land use types included forest and paddy land. The three sizes of soil aggregates were macroaggregates, microaggregates, and the < 53-μm fraction. When the amount of N fertilizer applied to forest and paddy soils is 100 kg N ha−1, and the average soil bulk density is approximately 1 g cm−3, then the concentration of N added into soils through N fertilizer application is equivalent to 100 μg N g−1 soil. Generally, the amount of N fertilizer applied to forest and paddy soils is 100 kg N ha−1, and the N deposition is nearly 50 kg N ha−1 year−1 in Hunan Province (Zhao et al. 2017). Thus, four N addition treatments were established as follows: N0 (without N addition), N1 (50 μg N g−1), N2 (100 μg N g−1), and N3 (150 μg N g−1).
For each soil aggregate (macroaggregates, microaggregates, and the < 53-μm fraction) and bulk soils, a 25-g dried sample was placed into a 100-mL brown jar and treated with NH4NO3. Because the microorganisms were interfered by oven-drying during soil aggregate separation, all sizes of soil aggregates were inoculated with the inocula from bulk soils to simulate the microbial community composition in bulk soils. Prior to N treatment, the inoculum solution was prepared by shaking 100 g of fresh bulk soil from subsample with 1000 mL of deionized water for 10 min and leaving to stand overnight to simulate the actual microbial community composition in forest and paddy soils (Christensen 1987). Five milliliters of inoculum dissolved 3.6, 7.2, and 10.7 mg of NH4NO3 was added to each sample to obtain the concentrations of added N equal to 50, 100, and 150 μg N g−1. The sample added with 5 mL of inoculum without NH4NO3 was the control. To improve soil aeration and uniformly disperse the inoculum, the sample added by the inoculum was loosened, stirred, and leveled slightly. The soil moisture was adjusted to 60% of field capacity. The soil aggregates were incubated at 20 °C in an incubator for 90 days. This experiment had three replicates. Empty flasks were set as blank. The volume of head space (jar volume minus soil solid) was accurately measured after complementing the experiment by the method of water replacement. Since rewetting of dried sieved aggregates significantly increased C mineralization only during the early 3 days of the incubation experiment (Franzluebbers 1999), we preincubated the samples for 3 days to avoid the influence of disturbance (i.e., rewetting of dried soils and wet sieving) of field moist aggregates on soil C mineralization.
Soil respiration rates incubated at 20 °C were determined using a Li-820 infrared gas analyzer (Li-Cor Inc. Lincoln, NE, USA). The measurements were conducted in 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, and 90 days after incubation. The measurement for each sample lasted 6 min until a stable respiration rate is reached. After each measurement, each sample was returned to ambient O2 level by leaving the incubation jars open for 1 h. The 100-mL incubation jars containing wetted soil aggregates (60% of field capacity) were weighed prior to the incubation. The weight decrease of incubation jars due to water loss from the aggregates during each of the incubation period was compensated by the slow addition of deionized water using a water spray.
The cumulative CO2-C mineralization of different aggregate-size ranges (or bulk soils) during 90-day incubation was calculated as the cumulative mineralized CO2-C divided by the soil C content of the aggregates (or bulk soils). The effect size of N addition on C mineralization in aggregates and bulk soils was calculated by comparing the cumulative CO2-C mineralization after 90-day incubation with and without N addition treatments in different particle-size aggregates and bulk soils as follows:
where Cmin-N (mg CO2-C g−1 soil C) is the cumulative CO2-C mineralization in aggregates and bulk soils after 90-day incubation with N addition treatments and Cmin-withoutN (mg CO2-C g−1 soil C) is the cumulative CO2-C mineralization in aggregates and bulk soils after 90-day incubation without N addition treatments (the control). The results show a positive effect when the effect size is > 0 and a negative effect when the effect size is < 0.
The cumulative C mineralization values and their effect sizes of N addition on soil aggregate C mineralization were analyzed using two-way ANOVA. Significant differences between the various treatments were tested with the Tukey HSD test. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 17.0 software (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA).
SOC, TN, and TP in different fractions
The mass fractions of different particle sizes of aggregates in forest and paddy soils displayed the same trend. The largest proportion was found in the < 53-μm fraction, followed by the microaggregates and the least in the macroaggregates (Table 2). No significance was found between the proportions of macroaggregates or microaggregates in forest and paddy soils, except that the < 53-μm fraction in forest soil was lower than that in the paddy soil.
The SOC concentrations of aggregates in forest and paddy soils significantly increased with the increase in particle sizes (p < 0.05). The TN concentrations of different particle sizes of aggregates in forest soil did not vary, but the TN concentration of macroaggregates was 13.7% and 25.1% higher than that of the microaggregates and the < 53-μm fraction in paddy soil, respectively (p < 0.05). The TP concentrations did not vary among different particle sizes of aggregates in forest soil except that the TP concentration of macroaggregates was 28.7% and 21.6% higher than that of the microaggregates and the < 53-μm fraction in paddy soil (p < 0.05). The TP concentrations of all sizes of aggregates in forest soil were much lower than those in paddy soil (p < 0.05). However, the N and P ratio (N:P ratio) of all sizes of aggregates in forest soil was significantly higher than those in paddy soil (p < 0.05).
Differences in SOC mineralization rate among fractions
The rates of CO2-C evolution of aggregates decreased with the incubation time. The rate of CO2-C evolution of macroaggregates was higher than that of microaggregates and the < 53-μm fraction in forest and paddy soils (Fig. 1).
After 90-day incubation, the cumulative C mineralization (mg CO2-C g−1 soil C) in the < 53-μm fraction, microaggregates, and macroaggregates was 40.4%, 15.2%, and 16.0% higher than that of bulk soil in forest soil, respectively (Fig. 2A, p < 0.05). The cumulative C mineralization did not differ significantly between the macroaggregates and microaggregates, but was significantly lower than that of the < 53-μm fraction in forest soil (p < 0.05). The highest cumulative C mineralization was found in the < 53-μm fraction in paddy soil, followed by bulk soil and macroaggregates. However, the cumulative C mineralization of microaggregates in paddy soil was the lowest (Fig. 2B, p < 0.05).
Effects of N addition on SOC mineralization rates
The rates of CO2-C evolution of aggregates were decreased in forest soil but were increased in paddy soil (Fig. 1). Compared with that in the control treatment, the cumulative C mineralization of forest soil treated with N1, N2, and N3 significantly decreased by 20.0%, 28.3%, and 30.3% (Fig. 2A, p < 0.001). There was an interaction effect between aggregate fractions and N addition on C mineralization of forest soil. Although N addition decreased the SOC mineralization of bulk soil and all sizes of aggregates, the reduction degree varied. The reduction of cumulative C mineralization of bulk soil was the least, and the reduction degree increased with decreasing particle size of aggregates in forest soil (Fig. 2A).
The cumulative C mineralization of paddy soil treated with N1, N2, and N3 significantly increased by 4.5%, 13.0%, and 2.8% compared with N0, respectively (Fig. 2B, p < 0.01). There was an interaction effect between aggregate fractions and N addition on C mineralization of paddy soil. The responses of SOC mineralization of different sizes of aggregates in paddy soil to N addition varied. Compared with N0, N1 significantly decreased the cumulative C mineralization of bulk soil, and N3 significantly decreased that of the macroaggregates, but N2 significantly increased that of the microaggregates and the < 53-μm fraction (Fig. 1B, p < 0.05).
The effect sizes of N addition on soil C mineralization of forest and paddy soils were quite different (Fig. 3). All effect sizes of forest soils treated with N addition were below zero, and the effect sizes decreased with the increasing N addition. However, most of effect sizes of paddy soils were above zero, in which the effect size of N2 was the highest.
Soil C mineralization differed among aggregates
Soil aggregate size significantly affected SOC mineralization of forest and paddy soils. Our results showed that the cumulative C mineralization of microaggregates and the < 53-μm fraction was higher than that of macroaggregates in forest soil, and it supported the hypothesis that the rates of C mineralization increase with decreasing class size of soil aggregates. This finding is consistent with the result reported by Xie et al. (2017). This pattern of SOC mineralization in aggregates in forest soil is due to the following causes. First, the physical protection of soil aggregates decreases SOC mineralization of macroaggregates. The formation of macroaggregates reduced the rate of soil aggregate turnover and protected the intra-aggregate particulate organic matter from microbial decomposition (Six et al. 2000; Blanco-Canqui and Lal 2004). During aggregate formation, organic particles were entrapped into macroaggregates and microaggregates, through the encrustation of SOM in the center of microaggregates, to prevent the accesses of microorganism (Golchin et al. 1994), resulting in the decreases of soil C mineralization in macroaggregates. The protection of soil aggregates against soil C mineralization supported the result of the highest cumulative C mineralization of the < 53-μm fraction in forest soils in this study. Second, the soil C:N ratios of different particle sizes of aggregates in forest soils vary. The soil C:N ratio can effectively predict soil C mineralization because it reflects the substrate quality for soil microorganism growth (Dai et al. 2017). SOM with higher C:N ratio persists for longer times and has a lower rate of decomposition (Blanco-Canqui and Lal 2004). The C:N ratio of macroaggregates was higher compared with the microaggregates and the < 53-μm fraction (Table 2), resulting in the lower rate of macroaggregate C mineralization in forest soils. Our results indicated again that soil aggregation plays an important role in forest soil C sequestration.
However, the cumulative C mineralization of soil aggregates in paddy soils differed from that in forest soils. The lowest cumulative C mineralization appeared in microaggregates and that in the < 53-μm fraction in paddy soils was the maximum probably due to the different biochemical properties of organic residues that bind mineral particles to form aggregates. The binding agents responsible for stabilizing the aggregates are classified as transient, temporary, and persistent agents (Tisdall and Oades 1982). The transient agents consist mainly of polysaccharides and organic mucilage, which can be rapidly decomposed by microbial processes (Blanco-Canqui and Lal 2004). They commonly bind 10-μm to 50-μm clay particles to form the < 53-μm fraction (Martin 1971). Temporary agents comprising large substances, such as plant roots, fungal, and mycorhizal hyphae, bacterial cells, and algae, are mainly associated with soil macroaggregates (Tisdall and Oades 1982). Moreover, most of the macroaggregates were newly formed due to the annual periodic severe disturbance in paddy soils with the rotation of O. sativa and B. campestris. Persistent agents include highly decomposed organic materials, such as humic compounds, polymers, and polyvalent cations, and are associated with the formation of microaggregates (Edwards and Bremner 1967). Compared with temporary agents binding in macroaggregates, persistent agents in microaggregates have the lowest decomposition rates and the longest decomposition time, and the transient agents in the < 53-μm fraction have the highest decomposition rates and the shortest decomposition time, resulting in the lowest and the highest cumulative C mineralization of microaggregates and the < 53-μm fraction in paddy soils, respectively. Our results showed that microaggregates play a better role in C sequestration of paddy soil.
Effects of N addition on SOC mineralization rates
N addition exhibited diverse effects on the cumulative C mineralization and different effect sizes of soil aggregates in forest and paddy soils, which was consistent with our second hypothesis. Added N decreased cumulative C mineralization and effect sizes in all aggregates and bulk soils of the forest. This result confirmed the hypothesis that N addition reduced soil C mineralization of aggregates in forest soils. This result was in line with the findings in subtropical forest soil (Wang et al. 2017), tropical forest soil (Mo et al. 2008), and temperate forest soil (Janssens et al. 2010). Although there is a debate on the effects of N addition on SOC mineralization, most previous findings support the opinion that N addition impedes organic matter decomposition and thus stimulates carbon sequestration in forest soils (Franklin et al. 2003; Chen et al. 2012; Fisk et al. 2015; Wang et al. 2017).
However, the impacts of N addition on soil aggregate C mineralization in paddy soils differed from that in forest soils. N addition enhanced the cumulative C mineralization and effect sizes of soil aggregates in paddy soils, especially N2 treatment. This result indicated that the added N enhanced the amount of potential mineralizable OC of soil aggregates and promoted soil aggregate C mineralization in paddy soils. This finding was inconsistent with our hypothesis but was consistent with the previous documents that reported that N addition has promoting effects on C mineralization of paddy soils (Zheng et al. 2007; Li et al. 2014; Zhou et al. 2014). These results indicated that added N has diverse effects on soil C mineralization in forest and paddy soils.
Several possible mechanisms can explain the relationship between N addition and SOC mineralization. The first possible mechanism is that added N can negatively impact soil microbial biomass, composition, and activity (Treseder 2008). A number of documents reported that N addition reduces microbial biomass and activity, such as fungal biomass (Frey et al. 2004; Högberg et al. 2007), bacterial biomass (Blǎsko et al. 2013), and microbial abundance (Treseder 2008). A review on the effects of N addition on microbial biomass showed that the microbial biomass declined by 15% on average under N fertilization and suggested that the reduction of microbial biomass caused a corresponding decline in soil CO2 emissions under N addition (Treseder 2008). Soil microbial biomass and community composition control the rates and dynamics of SOC decomposition. Thus, the reduction in soil microbial biomass by N addition may result in the decline of SOC mineralization of aggregates. However, this hypothesis is suitable for forest soils, not for paddy soils. The second possible mechanism is that the added N reacts with the breakdown products of lignin degradation to form recalcitrant complexes, such as melanoidins (Fog 1988). However, the results of our study showed that the reductions of C mineralization of all aggregate sizes in forest soils have similar range under the same levels of added N, despite the difference of OC concentrations in all aggregate sizes. Moreover, another document reported that only a small amount of added N is incorporated into the recalcitrant substrate (Clinton et al. 1995). Thus, this hypothesis is insufficient to support our findings. The third possible mechanism is “microbial N mining” theory (Moorhead and Sinsabaugh 2006). This theory assumes that the N-acquiring microbes use labile C as an energy source to decompose recalcitrant organic matter to obtain N. When N is added, the microorganism uses preferentially mineral N and has little incentive to break down the recalcitrant organic matter to acquire N, resulting in the reductions of C mineralization of all aggregates with N addition. Therefore, our result is consistent with the prediction of “microbial N mining” theory. However, this theory does not work in paddy soil.
The above possible mechanisms can explain the effects of added N on C mineralization of soil aggregates in forest soil, but are unsuitable for paddy soil. Few possible mechanisms can explain the difference in soil C mineralization by N addition in forest and paddy soils. First, the special microbial communities in paddy soils were already adapted to high N availability (Hagedorn et al. 2012), contrary to the microbial communities in forest soils. To increase crop yield, a large amount of N fertilizer was applied in croplands, resulting in the change of microbial community compositions that adapted to high N availability in paddy soils. In our study, soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) in paddy soils was 1667 mg kg−1 and was 541% higher than that in forest soils (260 mg kg−1, Table 1). When N is added into the paddy soils, the microbial communities adapting to high N availability may proliferate rapidly and then speed up the rate of SOC turnover. Therefore, the added N can enhance the microbial biomass and promote C mineralization of aggregates in paddy soil (Li et al. 2014). Second, the responses of different soil carbon fractions to N addition varied. N addition significantly accelerates the decomposition of light fractions of soil organic carbon, but further decreases the C mineralization of heavy fractions through stabilization of soil C (Neff et al. 2002). The light fraction of soil organic matter is a labile OC characterized by rapid mineralization due to the labile nature of its chemical constituents, which have greater alkyl-to-O-alkyl ratio than the heavy fraction (Huang et al. 2011b). Labile OC is positively correlated to water-soluble SOC (Zhang et al. 2009). The water-soluble SOC of paddy soils (87.8 mg kg−1) was much higher than that of forest soils (39.1 mg kg−1), implying that more labile OC existed in paddy soils than that in forest soils. When N was added into paddy soils, the soil microorganisms preferred to use labile OC as energy and promoted soil microbial turnover, resulting in the accelerating effects of N addition on C mineralization of paddy soils.
The effects of N addition on soil C mineralization in aggregates in forest and paddy soils in subtropical China were investigated. Soil C mineralization decreased with the increasing sizes of soil aggregates in forest and paddy soils, implying that soil aggregates played an important role in the SOC stability and resulted in soil C sequestration. However, N addition exhibited diverse effects on soil C mineralization in forest and paddy soils in that it impeded soil C mineralization in forest soils but accelerated that in paddy soils. It indicated that land use type can affect the response of soil C mineralization to N addition. These results highlight the important role of soil aggregates and land use types in terrestrial ecosystem C cycle and sequestration under N enrichment. The heterogeneity of soil aggregates and the patch pattern of land use types in global landscape scales increase the uncertainty of soil C sequestration of terrestrial ecosystems with N deposition. Due to the role of soil aggregates and land use types in soil C sequestration, future soil C management should be focused on soil aggregates and land use types to alleviate global climate change.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Soil organic carbon
United States Department of Agriculture
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Thanks to two anonymous reviewers for their good comments. This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41630755 and 31971718).
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Cao, R., Chen, L., Hou, X. et al. Nitrogen addition reduced carbon mineralization of aggregates in forest soils but enhanced in paddy soils in South China. Ecol Process 10, 45 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-021-00319-z

domain: chemistry


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51 Creepy and Cool Halloween Makeup Ideas to Try in 2020
With Halloween coming around the corner, it’s time to start putting together the finishing touches on your costume with stunning Halloween makeup. Very few things can top an awe-inspired compliment from someone who loves your work. That feeling is even more gratifying if you put the man-hours in yourself. Halloween makeup can make or break […]
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Dónde comprar maquillaje para Halloween
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Other Mother Box: There are all kinds of strange and wonderful boxes showing up across the Internet to promote the new Coraline movie. I, unfortunately, did not rate high enough on the coolness scale to receive one. Rather than cry myself to sleep, bemoaning my lack …

domain: hobby


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Whether you are bringing lunch to your workplace, storing leftovers after having a big meal or packing a dish for your date, Pyrex Lunch Containers are a great necessity. They are available in all sizes and shapes as well as different price ranges. The choices can be overwhelming.
They are a number one choice in many homes because they are environment-friendly, avail perfectly warmed food, are toxin-free and attractive looking. To help you choose the right Pyrex lunch container for your needs, here things to consider before buying them along with 5 popular choices as will be discussed later on:
Things to look for in a Pyrex Lunch Container
It should have an airtight lid. Regardless of whether you are having your lunch at home or on the go, you need a container that has a tight lid. Hence it is advisable to look for a Pyrex container that is air-tight and that won’t cause spillage.
Non-toxic build. Also make sure that the lid is made with non-toxic materials. It is best to go for lids that lack knobs as this will help you to stack all the containers in your fridge/freezer easily.
Tempered glass. Look for containers that are made with freezer-safe and oven-proof tempered glass. This will make sure that you can put the container in the oven/microwave straight from the freezer with no worries that the glass may break or crack.
Size and shape of the container. The next thing that you need to look out for is the size and shape of the lunch container. If you are into “meal prep” you should go for containers that can store every food item from the planned menu in the containers for the whole week. Similarly, if you like to have a small bowl of pasta for lunch at work then you should look for small bowls instead of rectangular big containers as they would be very portable.
Beside these, there are many other things that you need to look out for to make sure that you are indeed getting the best deal. Thus, the best 5 Pyrex lunch containers have been discussed below:
Top 5 Best Pyrex Lunch Containers
1. Pyrex 3-Cup Rectangle Food Storage (Pack of 4 Containers)
With this set you get four 3-cup containers. It’s perfect for storing your food items such as pasta, chocolates, snacks, and more. This storage dish is made from glass, hence is strong and long lasting. It’s transparent base finish helps you know the stored food easily. It features a red lid top. The actual dimensions of the containers are 7.6x7x5.9 inches which is big enough to hold a lot of food while at the same time small enough to be stored in the freezer. The elegant rectangular shape along with the fact that it is fridge and freezer safe as well as microwave/over-safe makes it a perfect storing and serving container for lunchtime. So this means less cleaning up for you. And speaking of cleaning; the containers are all dishwasher safe.
The glass that the container is made up of is non-porous, meaning it is not susceptible to odor and stains. The rectangle shape of the container is perfect for nesting and stacking for easy storage.
2. Pyrex 6-Piece 2-Cup Glass Food Storage Set with Lids.
The size of this Pyrex lunch container makes it perfect for carrying foods. The three 2-cup containers come with a limited 2-year warranty which is great assurance for the buyer. The lids are all BPA free, dishwashers safe and ensure the food remains in the air-tight environment without spilling.
The containers are of course oven-safe and fridge and freezer safe making them perfect for storing and serving lunch. The main issue with carrying glass lunch containers around is the fear of breakage. But, Pyrex makes sure that these containers are strong enough to survive a couple of hard knocks. Besides, the glass is not prone to odor and doesn’t stain, and thus can look as good as new for years.
3. Pyrex Storage Set, Clear, Red, Orange, Blue, Green (20 Pieces).
This set includes two 3-cup containers, two 4-cup containers, three 2-cup containers and three 1-cup containers which come in different shapes. The amazing 20-piece set makes a perfect lunch container no matter what dish you are planning to serve. The lids of each of the containers are BPA free, dishwasher safe, tight enough for on the go lunch plans and come in brilliant colors.
Like other Pyrex products, it’s microwave and oven safe, dishwasher safe and both fridge and freezer safe. So, you can store, reheat and serve lunch all in the same container. The glass is tempered so that they don’t get too hot after reheating. Besides, Pyrex claims that you can even bake in the containers which will lessen the cooking, storing and cleaning time.
4. Pyrex Square Glass Food Storage Containers set with Dark Blue Plastic Cover, (2-4Cup in 4-1 Cup with Blue Lids) (6, 2-4Cup in 4-1 Cup).
This set includes four 1-cup containers perfect for carrying and storing lunch, and in addition two 2-cup containers perfect for baking, storing and serving lunch. The shape of these lunch containers makes it quite easy to nest and stack in the fridge or freezer, as well as to carry them around.
The glass used in the manufacture of the different containers is dishwasher safe and microwave safe. The fact that it is also preheated oven safe will ensure that you can put food in the container straight from the freezer with no fear of damaging the glass.
The lids are designed to prevent spillage and be easy to open when needed.
5. PYREX Storage Set w/ Plastic Covers.
This Pyrex lunch container set contains two 2-cup round containers, one 4-cup container, one 3-cup rectangular container and one 6-cup rectangular container with lids of different colors. Hence you can use it to bake, store, reheat and serve any dish you want to have for lunch.
The lids are anti-spillage, dishwasher safe (top rack only) and BPA free. The glass used is nonporous which means there is no chance for absorption of odor, stain and warp. Besides the glass is dishwasher safe, fridge and freezer safe as well as oven and microwave safe.

domain: food


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Sneak previews are always exciting, and this one especially so because it comes with some pretty great visuals for the audio. The Hussy, Madison’s fuzzed-out garage rockers might be two-strong, but they’ve generated more power and attention than bands twice their size in the handful of years they’ve been together, thanks to their strong live shows, fun attitude when it comes to releasing singles and more and their hard work ethic regarding getting press out there about those singles and more. This time around, the band is releasing their latest on Tic Tac Totally Records (home to Bare Wires and Useless Eaters) and it’s called Weed Seizure. In their most recent press release they offer up this apt description, “Weed Seizure expands on the debut’s sonic carnage, while staying true to the band’s unique perspective on bash-em-up-spit-em-out garage-trash for short attention spans. It hinges on hints of psych, noise and pop wreckage. Think the crude force of The Oblivians meets the pop-centric mind of Ty Segall…with alternating guy/girl vox, and an insane live show (fire, pushups, crowd surfing).” Wreckage, psych undertones, pushups and pop music…they call it normal, we call it a potent force.
Check out a track from the new album, below, as well as the trippy video for “Undefined”. Catch the Hussy in Milwaukee at Quarters (900 E. Center) on Saturday, April 14th with Trent Fox and the Tentants, the Wooly Bullies and Static Eyes.

domain: artistic


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The political arguments don’t seem to have changed much over the last week or so. Of course, there is new information almost daily, but it seems like most people’s opinions are set, or at any rate, most of the people who are on my facebook page, which is not an accurate cross-section of the general population.
Actually, now that I think about it, while writing this, I think people have given this election a bit more thought than previous ones, and maybe that’s a good thing. Maybe not, it’s a roll of the dice. I remember a lot of women voted for JFK because he was handsome, and a lot of people voted for Reagan because he seemed an agreeable sort of fellow in those movies he was in with Bonzo the Chimp. Whether or not those were good choices, we’re still arguing about today.
Not everybody puts a lot of thought into how they vote, and that’s Democracy. So, for those who don’t want to think about it too much, here is my handy-dandy guide for who you should vote for:
If you wanted Sanders, and are generally a left leaning sort, you should vote for Jill Stein.
If you wanted Sanders, and are generally a right leaning sort, you should vote for Gary Johnson.
If you are either white and racist, or a gun nut, or the kind of person who used to think it was funny to put firecrackers into cat’s butts when you were a child, then you should vote for Trump.
If you don’t mind corruption, and war, and having the big corporations control the world forever, then you should vote for Clinton.
If you are the kind of person who isn’t that interested in politics and is sort of confused by what’s going on, you should not vote. It’s O.K. You’re allowed to do that. Really.
Somebody’s going to win, probably nobody good, and most of us are just going to spend the next 4 years seriously pissed off, no matter who it is.

domain: sociology


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Bank of America Plaza (USA) – description, history, location. Exact address, phone number, website. Reviews of tourists, photos and videos.
Bank of America Plaza is the tallest skyscraper in Dallas and the third tallest in Texas. Its height is 280 m, and there are 72 floors inside. The skyscraper in the style of late modernism began to be built in 1983 and was completed in just two years.
The original plan included two 72-story towers, a 600-room hotel, and a parking lot. In addition, the skyscraper was supposed to be decorated with pyramids and a false wall made of silver and gold. In the course of work, plans changed so that the Bank of America Plaza became blue with gray marble stripes. The fall in oil prices forced the customers to abandon both the second tower and the hotel, and the parking lot was turned into the Belo-Garden city park. See acronymmonster for nickname of Connecticut.
The last renovation of the skyscraper took place in 2013. In its course, the original green backlight was replaced with multi-color LEDs.
In 1986, a little girl who was terribly disappointed with the sight of a dark skyscraper accidentally launched a massive campaign to bring back the backlight.
For night illumination of the cellular facade of the building, 3 km of green argon tubes were used, which were stretched mainly along the edges and corners of the skyscraper. Green was chosen over red or blue solely because it is more visible from a distance. After only a few months, many tubes burned down due to miscalculations by engineers, and the tubes were dismantled.
But in 1986, a little girl who was terribly disappointed with the sight of a dark skyscraper accidentally launched a massive campaign to bring back the backlight by donating $ 1 to the cause. The general public followed the example of the girl, and the backlight was returned.
In truth, the Bank of America skyscraper, although the tallest, is quite restrained in terms of design. Yielding to it at 60 m in height, Fontaine Place looks much more interesting due to the sharp top and the asymmetric arrangement of the side planes.
On the square in front of the building, until 2013, Alexander Lieberman’s sculpture “Enterprise” (1985) was placed. The sculpture, made of 12 steel pipes of various lengths, was removed to make room for the construction of a parking lot and donated to the city, but it is not yet known exactly where it found a new place in it.
Address: 901 Main street.
Main Street District in Dallas
Main Street District in Dallas (Dallas, USA) — description, history, location, reviews, photos and videos.
Main Street is the central street of downtown Dallas. And the Main Street District – respectively, the area around this street, one of the most interesting in the quarter and one of the officially recognized historical landmarks in the city. Entertainment and commercial structures are concentrated in this area, and nightlife boils here like nowhere else in the city.
Historically, Main Street has always been the center of Dallas. Many hotels, main shops and banks once opened here, and the first city skyscrapers began to appear here. Subsequently, the development of downtown has shifted the “heart of Dallas” to the north, to the current City Center District, and many of the old buildings were unsuitable for modern office life.
And then the Main Street District became the first district in downtown to undergo an extensive redevelopment, according to the plan for the revitalization of the urban center. Many majestic buildings that did not know where to put before were restored and adapted to new purposes. So the almost abandoned Pegasus Plaza, the Magnolia Hotel, the Iron Cactus Restaurant, the Adolphus Hotel, and the Kirby Building regained their former grandeur.
The narrow, tree-lined street is the main walking route through downtown. Here you can find a restaurant for every taste, as well as all the major nightclubs and retail stores.
The narrow, tree-lined street is the main walking route through downtown. Here you can find a restaurant for every taste, as well as all the major nightclubs and retail stores. True, despite the fact that many buildings here have received a new life, others are still waiting for their turn to be restored. But in the eastern part of the district a new nice park has appeared.
The 0.7 hectare Main Street Garden Park, once built, became the replacement for Pegasus Plaza as the venue for downtown’s main events. The area for the park was cleared in 2007, and within two years the park was built on the site of a former parking lot and old commercial buildings. Today there is a cafe, a shade canopy, a fountain, a playground, a city dog run, garden pavilions, and a concert lawn. Under the canopies, you can admire the interesting street art SpectraScape by artist Leni Schwendinger, consisting of light strips that change depending on the time of day and year.
Stone Street Gardens is a green landscaped oasis lined with bistros, pubs and restaurants. The street connects Main Street and Elm Street.
The Adolphus Hotel was the state’s tallest building for several years. It opened its doors in 1912, built by Anheuser-Busch founder Adolphus Busch in the beaux-art style. Bush wanted to build the first luxury grand hotel in Dallas, and he succeeded. The 22-storey building, 95 m high, went through a series of alterations, and by the second half of the 20th century. there were 1200 rooms. In the 1930s The hotel’s various venues have hosted world-famous musicians including Benny Goodman and Glenn Miller, while George W. Bush, Elizabeth II and Prince Philip have stayed in hotel rooms.
In a couple of Adolphus, Bush built another building on Main Street, the 17-story skyscraper Kirby Building.
The Magnolia Hotel (originally the Magnolia Petroleum Building) took away the glory of the tallest building from Adolphus. This beau-art hotel had 29 floors and was built right next to the Adolphus. In the 1970s the Mobil Oil company that occupied the building moved out of the dilapidated structure, selling it to the city. In 1997, Magnolia was turned into a luxury hotel with 330 rooms, so now the building is striking in its splendor not only from the outside, but also from the inside.
The Iron Cactus Restaurant is part of a Texas chain of Mexican grill restaurants and margarita bars. It was listed as one of the top 10 best tequila bars in the country by Chili Pepper and Drinks & Cocktails magazines.
Pegasus Plaza is located on the corner of Main Street and Acard. It takes its name from the neon red Pegasus, the emblem of Mobile Oil, which has long adorned the roof of the Magnolia Hotel. This shady square, which has several fountains, is used to organize numerous festivals, concerts and Christmas trees. The design feature of the square is nine granite boulders that were brought from Marble Falls, decorated with carvings and dedicated to nine muses. In addition to them, on the square you can see a 1800-kilogram quartz crystal, a grove of cypresses and other symbolic objects.
Who wants to see that same Pegasus can go to the Old Red Museum. Pegasus inside shows the way to museum exhibits.
The Main Street District is bounded by Lamar, Elm, Commerce and US 75/I-45.

domain: geography


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Clint Eastwood casts real-life heroes in next film 'The 15:17 to Paris'
| Updated: Aug 23, 2017 11:20 IST
Los Angeles [USA], July 12 (ANI): In a surprising move, Clint Eastwood has cast real-life heroes in his upcoming movie 'The 15:17 to Paris' based on book of the same name. According to The Hollywood Reporter, the director has cast Anthony Sadler, Alek Skarlatos and Spencer Stone, who will play themselves in Eastwood's upcoming movie about their experience thwarting a terrorist attack. While travelling in Europe, the trio stopped an attempted attack on a train from Brussels to Paris by overpowering the man, who was armed with an AK-47. The story was heavily covered on cable news, where the friends, one of whom was in the Oregon National Guard and another in the U.S. Air Force, were lauded for their bravery. Jenna Fischer, Judy Greer and Ray Corasani have also been cast in the movie. Paul-Mikel Williams, Max Ivutin, Bryce Gheisar, Cole Eichenberger and William Jennings will be playing the various younger versions of the three leads. The Warner Bros. movie is based on the book '15:17 to Paris: The True Story of a Terrorist, a Train, and Three American Heroes,' written by by Sadler, Skarlatos, Stone and Jeffrey E. Stern. Dorothy Blyskal adapted the book for the feature, which will be produced by Eastwood, Tim Moore, Kristina Rivera and Jessica Meier. (ANI)


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•Slashes ministers’ salaries, cuts public sector bonuses
Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques King Salman ordered on Monday cut in salaries of ministers by 20 per cent and of Shoura Council members by 15 per cent in a series of Royal Decrees.
Apart from ministers’ salaries cut by 20 per cent, there will also be scale back financial perks for public sector employees, according to a Cabinet statement and royal decree.
The decree also includes a 15 per cent reduction in benefits toward a car and housing for Shoura members.
There will be 15 per cent cut in the lump sum amount spent on Shoura members, including the price of vehicles, expenses for drivers, maintenance and fuel during their four-year term, Saudi Gazette reported.
Another other Royal Decree scaled back financial perks for public sector employees.
The King also ordered stopping provision of vehicles for senior officials until the end of 1438 Hijra. Ministers and those in similar ranks shall pay the amount exceeding SR1,000 toward their monthly landline and mobile phone bills.
However, another decree gave exemption for troops involved in combat operations along the southern border and those involved in security, military and intelligence operations outside the Kingdom from a moratorium on annual increment for the Hijri year 1438.
The Cabinet, chaired by King Salman at Al-Yamamah Palace in Riyadh on Monday, decided not to give any annual increment for the year 1438H. There will also be no financial increase while renewing contracts or extending their period as well as in re-hiring staff.

domain: news


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Cami NYC - Olivia Cami Top (zebra)
Elevate your basic cami with The Olivia. Crafted with silk charmeuse, a deep V-neckline and dainty straps, this style is a staple. Pair with a blazer for a chic office ensemble. Suggested to wear with a strapless or adhesive bra.
• Zebra printed silk sandwash charmeuse
• Slips on
• Dry Clean Only
SIZE & FIT
• True to size
• Made for a looser fit

domain: design


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The Dudes talk about the upcoming draft, Brad Stuart vs. Barret Jackman, and some possible trade partners for a certain Sharks veteran.
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The Sharks clearly can’t win with Marleau. He has been with the team since he came into the league and is now 32 and is basically the face of everything that is wrong with the team. If they don’t trade him, nothing is going to change. I mean, the Red Wings knew that and that is why they traded Steve Yzerman, who was heavily criticized by Detroit fans in the early 90’s for lacking focus and not being able to handle criticism, and then they went and won all those cups.
Oh, wait, that’s right, they held on to Steve Yzerman because he was really good and you don’t win by trading away good players. Then he went and finally won his first Cup in 1997, at the age of 32.
Trading Marleau (especially for any of those packages you guys discussed) would make the Sharks a worse team for at least the next couple of years and only for the hope that whatever prospect /draft picks received turn out awesome.
I dunno, I guess I just don’t see the hate for Marleau. I didn’t like his 0-fer in the playoffs, either, but we are talking about a guy who at times was the only effective player on the team against the toughest competition(Blackhawks ’09, Canucks ’10). A guys like Brandon Dubinsky is a fine player, but whether by advanced stats, traditional stats, scouting, whatever… he does not help a team win more than Patrick Marleau. The fact that Marleau helps the team win but with a derp expression on his face is irrelevant.
Amen. Very well said.
2 podcasts in 1 week? :faint:
Let me say this about the Marleau trade ideas… Unless DW has an out with some unknown clause in Marleau’s No-movement, he isn’t going anywhere. I can’t realistically imagine Marleau agreeing to any trade.
Back to Ottawa… I realize as I said in my email, I doubt they’d be willing to give up Greening. However, I do think Ottawa is a potential trade partner with us because I could see Ottawa wanting to add pieces to their roster.
That said I could see SJ trade something like Douglas Murray AND Ryane Clowe for some package more substantial. Murray and DW do have a trading history and I do think Ottawa is looking to add pieces to their team and improve on their surprising performance last year.
What SJ would want in return, I don’t know, but I struggle with the thought that DW would be fine just getting a pick back for a player he likes (like Douglas Murray) when he could get something better in return that would help our needs now. Just another pick or prospect doesn’t help us now.
Just my thoughts on that, but thanks for answering my email!
Im not sure Barret Jackman is a good comp as far as contract, as he took a huge hometown discount to stay with the Blues. I wouldn’t doubt that the Sharks would have had to pay $4mil+ if they wanted him in the open market. But Jackman is a better dman, and I would want him over Stuart at the same cost.
I don’t think Stuart is great, but he will be an upgrade over Murray. He better learn how to defend the 2v1, thought, because he is going to have a lot of those playing with Burns (one reason why I prefer the Vlasic-Burns and Boyle-Stuart pairings, Vlasic is probably the best Dman in the league at playing the 2v1).
Parros in teal? Not gonna happen. Marleau to NY? Not gonna happen.
Stuart is a good move, but 3.6 is way too much.
Wish the dudes debated the real question: Who is the Sharks’ trade bait?
I think Sharks fans are tough on Marleau
But imagine him in Montreal. He will be eaten alive
My opinion, Brad Stuart is the defensive defenseman version of Jack Johnson. Jack Johnson is big, skates well, puts up points, he has the look of a good defenseman to the bare eye, but ask advanced stat guys and across the board they will tell you, he’s terrible.
Now I’m not actually sure I agree with them when it comes to Johnson, but it’s the same kind of idea with Stuart, except I dont need the advanced stats, I can actually see the problems.
Like Johnson, Stuart is mobile, he’s strong, he can carry the puck, he looks like a really solid defenseman, smooth skating, compact, made like a rock. But with him even more than Johnson, it’s all the little things that you see when you look close, the decision making, the positioning, the giveaways, where Ive actually been really disappointed with him.
If you think back to the playoffs series against the Red Wings, it seemed like whenever the Sharks got a “lucky” goal that hit something and went in, it was always Brad Stuart who was the guy who knocked it into his own net somehow. Remember when the Sharks powerplay was on fire against the Red Wings in those series, always getting the important goal? I always remember him being on the ice for those goals against, in the middle of the defensive breakdown.
He’s like a great defenseman package in skill and strength terms, but one who doesnt actually know how to play the position in a way, might be the best way to put it. Maybe its because he came into the league as an offensive defenseman, wasnt good enough at it, and thought Ill just change completely and be defensive. You go the first 25 years of your life focusing on offense, Im not sure you can just develop great defensive instincts just like that. I think people thought he could because he skates so well and is physical enough to excel at being any kind of defenseman he wants, but Im not sure it worked.
Is he better than Doug Murray? He definitely loookss better if you were to watch him skate for 10 seconds and then watch Murray skate. But is he really? Is it possible he’s worse?
The cap hit is not great, to answer the Dudes’ question I think Jackman is easily the better defenseman, the way he played against the Sharks I would put him much closer to the do it all performance of Willie Mitchell for the Kings than Brad Stuart.
But that only comes back to the details and Stuart really playing below his skills. If he can play as well as he skates and hits, then he’s a big upgrade over Murray, and the cap hit is fine. Thats what we have to hope for.
I don’t think Stuart is that bad, but I know the feeling. It was the feeling I felt when the Sharks signed Michael Handzus. I remember the general perception was that Handzus was a great fit for the needs of the team (great PKer, will release the top 6 to easier minutes, great faceoff guy) but all I remembered about him was how he basically ole’d Patrick Marleau along the boards right before Marleau set up Setoguchi for the GWG against the Kings in the playoffs last year.
I certainly hope Stuart is not another Handzus.
I think Francois Beauchemin is another player that kind of fits the mold Im talking about, although he’s a step above Stuart I think, it’s the same idea. He’s big, well built, he skates well, he really looks like a good defenseman, and I think he did play well for the Ducks down the stretch last season, but the first half, it was the hockey sense, the decision making, where his impact on the ice was far below his level of talent.
Thats how I see Stuart, but the thing about talented players who are done in by bad decision making is all it takes for them to become really good players is just start making good decisions! Of course if it was that easy he would have figured it out by now, but at least the hope is, when the talent is there, all it takes is for him to start using it effectively, and maybe he can for the Sharks.
OK, Dudes, you’ve put voice behind my secret new Shark wish: Parros in Teal. Hell, if we’re gonna run basically the same roster out next season, wouldn’t it be fun to see the Moustache banging around a little bit?
McLellan talking about improving on the wings and some disputed rumbling coming out of WPG about Evander Kane being unhappy……is there an opportunity here?
Probably more so than Parros in teal?
OMG, somebody put me out of my misery… what are the chances that DW makes up for his mistake last year and signs Kyle Wellwood as a UFA? 5%? .5%?
Man I would love to see what guys like Wingels, Galiardi, and Winnick could do with a legit playmaking center on the 3rd line (no offense to Desjardins, who was effective with Winnick/Wingels, as well)
Per Nick Kypteos via twitter:
Senators and Sharks the two teams most intested still in Nash.
Says, “@RealKyper. Names from #Sharks being speculated in potential Nash deal besides 1st round pick include Clowe Pavelski and Demers.”
Fuck it – why not.
I sure wouldn’t make that trade.
I don’t like this Nash talk. His cap hit is too big.
If he throws on the sandals and flops like most of the other high $ players on this team, they’ll just label him Marleau part deux….or Heatley part deux…or….
Anyone else think Mike Ribero in Washington is hilarious..?!
I’ll admit Ribero is a good player but they just went from soft to floppy. Im glad I don’t have to see his stupid face six times a year any longer.
Read today that Nash won’t waive NTC for Otawa…interesting.
Why does this remind me more and more everyday like the Heatley situation??!
Star player wants a trade? Check!
Star player will only accept a few teams to play for? Check!
Team that holds star player holds out for ridiculous return? Check!
DW waits patiently for other GM to get backed into corner and accept lower offer? TBD!!
I know nobody is feeling positive about the team at the moment, but what do the dudes have to say about the advanced stats, fear the fin take on this season – basically that bad luck was a huge factor and that running out the same group of players next season with a few minor tweaks is very likely to yield much better results. Thoughts dudes?
Sorry, the comment form is closed at this time.
Would you listen to the Dudes live-broadcasting during an away game?

domain: sports


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March 18, 2020
Armed police a breach of public trust
A Waitangi claimant challenging police armed response teams says the Police risk losing the trust of the public through their underhand push towards an armed police force.
Sir Kim Workman says the justification for the teams in Canterbury, Waikato and South Auckland was initially a response to the Christchurch mosque attacks.
But in their first six months, their mission has expanded to encompass ordinary searches, arresting people who have breached bail and even regular traffic stops.
Overseas research shows public confidence will fall, especially where the effect is felt in marginalized communities.
"Members of the public are more likely to use firearms themselves, they're placed at greater risk of being shot, and where the level of trust in our police goes downhill, and we think there needs to be a public discussion about this. We need a forum in which Māori, in particular, can their views on what has happened and why it has happened,' Ta Kim says.
The tribunal will be able to look at the situation through a historical lens, including why New Zealand chose to disarm the police force in 1886 and keep it that way.
Copyright © 2020, UMA Broadcasting Ltd: www.waateanews.com


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Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. When you have surgery to swap the tissue expander for a permanent implant the second step of delayed-immediate or delayed reconstructionit's usually done as an outpatient procedure, which means you don't stay overnight in the hospital. Annals of Surgical Oncology.
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Implant Reconstruction: What to Expect
Consult a plastic surgeon who's board certified and experienced in breast reconstruction following mastectomy. If you already have an expander with a metal port, ask the plastic surgeon about possibilities that with. A metal port interacts with expander radiation right expander the metal breast reconstruction produces excessive, unnecessary skin damage. Explore Mayo Clinic studies testing new treatments, interventions and tests as a means to prevent, detect, treat or manage this disease. Nipple reconstruction After your breast has healed from reconstruction or mastectomy, a plastic surgeon can reconstruct a new nipple and areola.
Implants that are put in front of the muscle are held in place using a special tissue called acellular dermal matrix. Recent advances and future directions in postmastectomy breast reconstruction. For detailed information on the special exercises you should do to prevent stiffness and scar tissue build-up after immediate or delayed-immediate reconstruction, as well as how to care for the dressings, stitches, staples, and surgical drains, visit the Mastectomy:

domain: medical


Research on Polyphonic Music Teaching in Composition Technology Theory Course Based on Multiple Intelligence
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Composition Technology Theory Course is a Very Important Course Group. It is Not Only an Important Basic Course of Music Creation, But Also an Auxiliary Course for in-Depth Study of Other Professional Knowledge of Music. Since Then, Polyphonic Music Teaching in Normal Universities Has Focused on the Study and Teaching of Theoretical Knowledge, But Ignored the Exploration and Application of Teaching Methods and Teaching Rules. with the Expansion of Teaching Scale, the Increase of Teaching Classes, and the Higher Requirements of Music Teaching Teachers in the New Era of Basic Music Reform, It is Imperative to Reform the Music Teaching Reform in Higher Education. Polyphonic Music Teaching is One of the Compulsory Courses in Music Colleges. through Polyphonic Music Teaching, Students Can Develop Multi-Voice Thinking Ability, So That Students Can More Deeply Understand the Connotations and Emotions Expressed in Various Works. This Paper Introduces the Concept of Multiple Intelligence, Analyzes the Value of Multiple Intelligence Theory in Music Teaching, and Further Proposes the Application of Multiple Intelligence Theory in Polyphonic Music Teaching.
Multiple Intelligence; Theory of Composition Techniques; Polyphonic Music Teaching


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Jussie Smollett Case: Police Reports Reveal New InformationCBS 2 has obtained the redacted Chicago Police Department reports from the Jussie Smollett criminal investigation.
JUST IN: Jussie Smollett's Lawyers Did Not Ask Judge To Expunge Court Records TodayJussie Smollett's lawyers did not ask a judge to expunge court records for the case today as expected.
Suicide Possibility Raised Early On In Gliniewicz InvestigationThe possibility that Fox Lake Lt. Charles Joseph Gliniewicz killed himself was raised early on by one of the first officers who responded to the scene of his death, and aspects of his troubling behavior as a police officer were well-known to investigators, according to police reports.
Appeals Court: Reporter Does Not Have To Disclose SourceA reporter previously held in contempt of court while covering a grisly Joliet double-homicide will not have to disclose his source, a state appeals court ruled Monday.
Judge Might Have Reporter Explain How He Got Murder ReportsA Will County judge is considering putting a news reporter on the witness stand to find out how he got his hands on police reports describing allegations in a brutal double homicide in southwest suburban Joliet earlier this year.
Police Reports Raise Questions About Probe Of Convicted Band TeacherOfficials at West Aurora High School, already under fire for not stopping a sexual predator, now are being accused of trying to cover up the whole mess.
Service To Allow Suburban Residents To File Police Reports ElectronicallyThe Naperville Police Department will begin offering an online reporting service to people who want to file an official police report at 9 a.m. Monday.


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Main / Finance / Opeth deliverance damnation
Opeth deliverance damnation
Name: Opeth deliverance damnation
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12 Sep OPETH's "Deliverance & Damnation", a double album almost 15 years in the making, will be made available on October 30 via Music For. CD, Album, Reissue, Remastered. DVD, DVD-Video, Multichannel, NTSC, Album, Reissue, Remastered, Stereo. New Stereo and mixes by Bruce Soord (Deliverance) and Steven Wilson (Damnation). Deliverance is Swedish heavy metal band Opeth's sixth studio album. It was released on 12 November It was recorded between 22 July and 4 September (see in music), at the same time as Damnation, which was released the following year.
29 Nov has been a retrospective year for Opeth. Their 25th anniversary tour was celebrated by adding a full performance of the album. Opeth - Deliverance & Damnation Remixed - baudin-automobiles.com Music. 27 Jan Opeth benefits well from the perspective of hindsight. For more than 20 years the Swedes, led by singer-songwriter Mikael Åkerfeldt, have taken.
22 Feb Opeth - Deliverance & Damnation Deliverance has the honor of being my least favorite Opeth album prior to the release of Watershed. 7 Jan “Deliverance” and “Damnation” marked a major turning point for Opeth: an end and a beginning at once, nearly. Formed in by. 30 Oct 'Deliverance & Damnation', a double album almost 15 years in the making. Opeth's two classic albums are finally being brought together in two. Find album reviews, stream songs, credits and award information for Deliverance & Damnation Remixed - Opeth on AllMusic - Also, should I bother getting the Legacy Edition of Blackwater Park if I have the original?.