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This article examines the relationships between different ethical attitudes toward environmental quality and the 'use' values obtained from the environment. In particular, we consider individuals who have duty-based ethical attitudes that lead to lexicographic preferences for environmental quality. We show that individuals with duty-based ethical attitudes have recreation demand functions that are 'kinked,' exhibiting perfectly inelastic behavior over some range of income. However, the kinks cannot be identified from typical cross-sectional data, and to the extent that observed recreation demand for these individuals differs from those with neoclassical preferences, such differences could be captured empirically through a proxy variable that measures ethical attitudes. A more fundamental issue is that changes in welfare for duty-based individuals cannot be determined from their estimated demand function: while an exogenous rise in environmental quality is likely to increase the demand for recreation by these individuals, additional recreation is not the reason for an improvement in well-being. An empirical model to identify the effect of ethical attitudes on recreation is illustrated using survey data on stated preferences for visits to urban parks.
Bibliographical noteFunding Information:
The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The authors wish to thank the staff of the Public Works Department in the City of Topeka for their assistance in distributing the mail survey. Helpful comments by an anonymous Ecological Economics reviewer are also gratefully acknowledged. This research was supported in part by funds provided by the USDA National Agroforestry Center, part of the Rocky Mountain Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
- Environmental ethics
- Lexicographic preferences
- Protest bids
- Use values


Boston Dynamics, Alphabet robotics company, has introduced a new version of its Atlas humanoid robot which claims to be more autonomous than ever and even to resist the abuses to which it is undergoing.
Atlas has been designed to work both outdoors and indoors, it specializes in mobile handling and replicates the appearance that would like an adult, since it measures 1.75 meters and weighs almost 82 kilos.
However, the most striking of the robot is not only its appearance, but all the functions it can perform that seem straight out of a science fiction movie, by its ‘robotic humanity’.
The company has shown to Atlas walk by irregular and unstable surface – like the snow – carrying and placing boxes or opening doors completely autonomously. However, the real moment that could inspire terror is when one of the experts of the company mistreats the robot instructions to lie on the ground or removing the boxes, to which the device is able to rejoin and return to perform the functions.
The new Atlas works through a series connection of devices that combine electrical and hydraulic management, while to perform the functions has a number of sensors on the trunk and legs to enable its balance, while incorporating laser technology (LIDAR) and stereo in its head to avoid obstacles, analyze the field, help with navigation and manipulate objects.
Clearly, the new Atlas is one of the heavyweights that will compete in the next DARPA, a robotic competition in which the machines have to complete a circuit in which they have to walk on unstable surface, open a door, collecting boxes or climb a ladder.


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Date of Birth:
16 September 1925
B.B. King played in 4 movies in the Documentary, History, Sport, Action, Comedy, Musical, Music genres.
B.B. King got succeed with average imdb rating 6.4.
Is one of the most talented and celebrated electric-blues artists of the late 20th Century. He has recorded between 90 to 100 blues albums over the course of his singing career and is known for refining electric-blues more than any other blues artist, (a genre invented by the late great Muddy Waters).
Claims to have fathered 15 children out of wedlock, all with different women.
He plays a Gibson B.B. King Lucille. The model he plays used to have a Gibson number name, but starting in 1982, after making some special modifications per King's requests, the guitar became the Lucille model.
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domain: entertainment