The only areas that were oily wet (besides that spot shown) was an area around the oil pan where the white gasket is, on both portions above and under the gasket seam. Possibly unrelated unless the oil traveled around the lip over time. I cleaned this area up prior to taking the pictures linked below.
The entire transmission is badly covered in oil/gunk but it wasn't slick/shiny as if it was fresh. No where else in the entire engine bay was nearly as bad as the transmission.
The interior of the trans case was coated in a dry black gunk that clumped a little when steel brushing the area clean.
Maybe that is normal at 200k+ miles?
Here is a link to the areas I was talking about, the trans is only wet because I sprayed simple green all over it prior to taking the pics.
All looks fairly normal. To pull the seal drill a small hole in the metal part of the old one and screw in a sheet metal screw, then use a claw hammer to pull the seal up so you can get something under it and walk it out. Install the new seal a hair deeper or shallower than the old one so it rides on a fresh spot on the crankshaft. Pack the back side of the seal with vasaline or silicone grease so the spring doesn't bounce out when driving it in.
Is it possible to do damage on this seal when removing the trans from the engine? If so, I have the following report of what happened during the removal:
With engine connected to passenger mount & resting on the center cross member --
Had to jack the trans up quite a bit at times in order to make it rotate counter clockwise to clear the rear mount. Once removed, the pressure plate and flywheel didn't rotate very easily by hand. It felt like I could spin it only so far in either direction when using my hands. Normal?
It rotated fairly easy when trying to use the breaker bar on the nuts, enough that I needed to use a block of wood to stop the flywheel from spinning when removing it's bolts.


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The wet and cold winter we just endured is believed by meteorologists to be linked to El Nino, a periodic occurrence of unusually warm waters off the Peruvian coast that affects weather patterns around the globe. The current El Nino, which began in June, is expected to last into this summer.
University of Alabama geology professor Fred Andrus and colleagues at the University of Arizona and the University of Maine share a $600,000 grant from the National Science Foundation funding the study of Peruvian mummies and the goods buried. They hope to learn more about the historical patterns of El Nino, how it has changed over time and what we might expect in the future.
Like rings of a tree
The shells' chemistry and growth patterns can be read something like the rings of a tree, allowing researchers to determine whether an El Nino was occurring at the time of the mummies' burials. And there are a lot of these tombs, thousands of them left by a succession of civilizations stretching back 13,000 years, from the end of the last Ice Age to the Incas' encounter with the Spanish.
According to Andrus, evidence indicates that El Nino cycles, which now happen every two to seven years, are happening more often. "More than 5,000 years ago it happened much less frequently, and 7,000 years ago, much less frequently than that, and so on, at least back to the last Ice Age," he said.
El Nino's effects on Peru are dramatic and may have influenced the rise and fall of civilizations. In normal conditions, winds blow from east to west pushing surface water away from the coast and allowing cold and nutrient-rich waters to rise up from the ocean depths. That makes the ocean off Peru one of the world's great fisheries, a cornerstone of support for the people that inhabited the area.But during El Nino, those winds die off, preventing the upwelling, and that wreaks havoc with fish populations. "Exotic fish appear that don't typically live in Peru, and the fish that everyone depends upon, like anchovies, all go away, or they die. The sea animals or the sea birds either all go away or they die," Andrus said.
Global chain reaction
El Nino also sends rains ashore into the deserts, devastating delicate irrigation systems, Andrus said. Agriculture is disrupted and cities flood.
El Nino's effects are felt wide and far. "It sets up this global chain reaction," Andrus said.
The Amazon basin on the other side of the mountains gets drier. The ocean off northern Australia gets cooler and part of Australia gets severe droughts. Asian monsoons are suppressed. It changes the tracks of hurricanes in the north Pacific and weakens the Atlantic hurricane season.
An El Nino event affects the cost of fish oil, insurance rates in Florida and heating oil in the Northern United States.
The current El Nino, which coincided with a blast of cold from another phenomenon, the Arctic oscillation, combined to produce this year's deep snow and cold temperatures.
Peru is one of the principal cradles of civilization in the Americas. Early inhabitants lived in small bands and depended on the sea for their sustenance. And because of that dependence, El Nino is a major disruption.
"We think, in the past, the normal periods would have lasted longer. And El Nino may have occurred only once or twice in a person's lifetime," Andrus said.
But from the evidence gathered it appears El Nino events became more frequent. At the same time, perhaps to cope with the adversity El Nino brought on, the small bands became knitted together into large scale civilizations featuring division of labor, large-scale pyramids and extensive trade networks.
"You had a major change in El Nino about five to 6,000 years ago, and then you had this huge fluorescence in civilization," Andrus says. "The question has long been, 'Is that just a coincidence, or is it linked?'"
"Maybe as El Nino's frequency increased, people were forced to respond to it," Andrus said.
Scientists became particularly interested in El Nino after strong episodes from 1982 to 1983 and in 1997 and 1998 that suggested El Ninos may be occurring more often and with greater intensity. Some have speculated that global warming could accelerate the cycle.
"If global climate is changing, one major issue is how El Nino will behave in a warmer world," Andrus said.

domain: news


But the after-effects will endure, and national soul searching has already begun.”We know events like these can challenge the way we think about the world, undermine our perceptions of safety, and rupture social bonds,” said disaster response expert Erin Smith. Dozens of families have lost loved ones, thousands of homes and farms have been gutted, swathes of the east coast are scarred charcoal-black and millions have had their sense of security shaken.”It will likely take years and a great deal of imagination for us to figure out where we go from here,” said Smith. The question of what is next for Australia is already being asked, most of all of political leaders, and it is being met mostly with finger-pointing and recrimination.’Heads above the parapet’While scientists agree climate change created favorable conditions for the blazes, politicians of all stripes are acutely aware how sensitive the issue is in Australian politics.In an arid nation whose economic strength is intimately tied to the mining and export of fossil fuels, at least four prime ministers have been ousted in part over their climate policies.In recent weeks, Prime Minister Scott Morrison has seen his ruling conservative coalition threatened by members in rural constituencies demanding funding for more coal-fired power plants.At the same time, the centrist wing of his party has criticized his climate targets as inadequate.Meanwhile rebel members of opposition Labor met secretly to steer the center-left party’s leadership toward a more overtly pro-coal stance.The party’s deputy leader awkwardly refused to rule out more coal subsidies, months after vowing they should end.”They don’t want to stick their heads above the parapet, at least when it comes to suggesting substantive policy,” said Matt McDonald, an expert in climate politics from the University of Queensland.One reason, he explained, is that while the hot and dry Australian continent is uniquely susceptible to the impact of climate change, it is also a world-beating source of coal.Coal accounts for around 75 percent of Australia’s electricity generation and exports of the fossil fuel are worth Aus$60 billion a year, the country’s largest export after iron ore. People in affluent suburbs may call for emissions cuts and green energy, but coal accounts for thousands of jobs in election-deciding districts of Queensland and New South Wales, and many more in the related aluminum smelting business.Independent MP Zali Steggall — a former barrister and Olympic medal-winning skier — who ousted climate-sceptic former prime minister Tony Abbott from his Sydney seat at the last election, wants to take some heat out of the debate.She has introduced a bill that would reduce Australia’s carbon emissions to zero by 2050 and divert some contentious issues to an independent expert body.”The debate has been very divisive,” in part because of the blame game, Steggall told AFP. “There was a certain defensiveness in the early days of this debate because the finger was so squarely pointed at coal and fossil fuels.” “You have to think about a generation that worked really hard at building Australia’s prosperity on fossil fuels. You have to be very careful in the debate about apportioning blame. It’s not like it was done on purpose.””It’s about recognizing and being thankful for that contribution, but acknowledging that we do need to evolve,” she added. “We’re all going to get there in the end.”With bushfires projected to get ever more deadly and the next season a little over six months away, the risk, Steggall says, is that politicians take so long to reach consensus “it will be too late to do anything”. Australia’s “black summer” of devastating bushfires is finally coming to a close, but bitter arguments over how to tackle climate-fuelled disasters are raging on.When firefighters announced this week that all blazes in the hard-hit state of New South Wales were under control for the first time since September, the relief was palpable.In other regions, a few fires are still being contained, but most Australians can finally abandon the grim rituals of the last half-year — morning checks of smog monitors and “Fires Near Me” apps, deciding whether the kids can play outside, whether to flee or defend their homes. Topics :
Starting today, the University of Wisconsin women’s tennis team will travel to East Lansing, Mich., to compete in the ITA Midwest Regional Championship. This tournament will feature some of the region’s best players, all of whom will be vying for a chance to go to the ITA National Championship. Players will be able to participate in the singles or the doubles competition, with several Badgers participating in both.UW sophomore Alaina Trgovich will be one of the Badgers competing in both singles and doubles this weekend.“I like playing singles, but I enjoy playing doubles as well,” Trgovich said. “I think it’s more fun.”Her teammate, freshman Angela Chupa, expects Trgovich to continue her success this weekend. Chupa and Trgovich also expect big things out of Liz Carpenter.“Liz is a senior; she has experience and heart, and she wants her last year to be her best,” Trgovich said.Chupa also hopes to continue her recent success this weekend. After winning her flight in Evanston last week, she now sets her sights on succeeding in the singles tournament in East Lansing. She will have a tougher road than most, however, as she will be playing in the single elimination qualifier to earn her spot in the final field.Trgovich and Chupa have been working along with their teammates to improve their conditioning in preparation for the tournament — as well as the rest of the season.Individually, the players have all been working to eliminate weaknesses in their game. Chupa has put emphasis on “staying aggressive, good shot selection and eliminating mental errors.”Trgovich, on the other hand, has been more focused on her forehand and has been working on her doubles game as well.After putting in hard work off the court, the Badgers believe they belong among the best.“If we can stay focused, we can compete with anyone,” Trgovich said. “There’s not a huge difference between the best player and the worst player out there. It just comes down to how bad you want it.”Wisconsin also hopes to use the ITA Regional to gain some momentum moving into the team play portion of the schedule.“Overall, it’s experience that matters,” Trgovich said. “Matches are the key to improvement … even for the seniors.”Chupa echoed the belief of her teammate.“You’re put in different situations, and you learn how to react to them,” she said.Though the Badgers want to win now, they also know that gathering experience is an integral part on the path to victory.Trgovich and the rest of the Badgers are eager to go head-to-head against some of the region’s best competition as they prepare for the spring season.“[I’m] excited to see what we’ve got,” Trgovich said.
Written By COMMENT Last Updated: 2nd September, 2020 07:07 IST New Coach At Baylor, Where QB Brewer May Finally Slide More Baylor quarterback Charlie Brewer never spent a lot of time thinking about how beat up he was at the end of last season after a tough finish for the Bears Baylor quarterback Charlie Brewer never spent a lot of time thinking about how beat up he was at the end of last season after a tough finish for the Bears.But he just might slide a little more in his fourth year as the Baylor starter, when the Big 12 runner-up Bears hope to get a step farther with new coach Dave Aranda after he was part of a national championship last season.“I’m not going to be asked to do kind of the same stuff I was asked to do last year, so I think the system is going to protect me a little bit in that way,” Brewer said. “Obviously I could be smarter at times and go out of bounds, or slide and not take the hit. I’ve probably heard that a million times now.”Led by their hard-nosed quarterback, who threw for 3,161 yards and 21 touchdowns while running for another 11 scores, the Bears last year got to their first Big 12 championship game. They lost in overtime to Oklahoma, the only team that beat them in the regular season, though Brewer didn’t play after halftime of the title game. He sustained a concussion after he delivered his own blow on a defender to finish a running play, and later took a hard sack.Brewer’s final play of the season came when he took a late hit that left him on the ground for several minutes after running toward the sideline in the fourth quarter of a Sugar Bowl loss to Georgia.Days after the Sugar Bowl, the Bears lost coach Matt Rhule to the NFL’s Carolina Panthers. He had taken Baylor from a 1-11 record in his 2017 debut to 11 wins last season.Aranda, a first-time head coach, was the defensive coordinator for LSU’s 15-0 national championship team. His staff in Waco, Texas, includes new offensive coordinator Larry Fedora, who long before being head coach at Southern Miss and North Carolina was a Baylor assistant from 1991-96, and who has gotten well-acquainted with his new quarterback.”The thing that I can tell you is football is extremely important to him. He wants to know everything about what we’re doing,” Fedora said of Brewer. “He’s got great football savvy. … He’s a heck of a leader. He does not want to let anybody down.”FRONT LINE EXPERIENCEAmong seven returning starters on offense are four offensive linemen, a group that wants to improve after allowing 38 sacks last season.“That’s always a big topic,” junior left tackle Connor Galvin said. “We’re trying to keep him up and safe and playing for as long as possible.”Galvin said the changes in the new offense and with new line coach Joe Wickline are subtle, mostly small techniques and terminology.JACK IS A KINGBaylor will no longer solely employ a three-man defensive front, not with the Jack position, which can be an outside linebacker one play and a defensive end the next. Arkansas State transfer William Bradley-King, an All-Sun Belt Conference pick last year with 8 1/2 sacks, is the projected starting Jack. Junior middle linebacker Terrel Bernard, the Bears’ top tackler with 112 last year, said changing fronts and extra movement should free up linebackers to make even more plays.VIRUS UPDATEThe coronavirus pandemic hit before the Bears were able to start spring practice under Aranda. There was classroom work before that and Zoom calls when everyone was away from campus, but time on the field together has been a huge step for everybody.“I think the gelling and the coming together has happened both player-wise and coaches-wise. It’s the first time we’ve been on the field coaching together,” Aranda said. “Before, it’s one thing to be in sweats, maybe you’ve got a clean shirt on and you’ve turned on the light and you’re in the Zoom call. … All the stuff that the Zoom meetings were talking about, now you’ve got to live it.”SCHEDULE SCRAMBLEBaylor was supposed to open at the home of the NFL’s Houston Texans against Ole Miss, a team Aranda was familiar with at LSU. That went away when the SEC opted to play only conference games and the Big 12 chose a plus-one model with only one nonconference game that had to be at home. The Bears moved up a home game against Louisiana Tech to be their opener Sept. 12. The Bulldogs, who beat Miami to start last season, had been scheduled to visit Waco on Sept. 26, now the opening day of Big 12 play.Image credits: AP SUBSCRIBE TO US First Published: 2nd September, 2020 07:07 IST FOLLOW US Associated Press Television News WATCH US LIVE LIVE TV
Newsroom GuidelinesNews TipsContact UsReport an Error EL SEGUNDO — Once the Lakers gathered in the locker room, coach Luke Walton did not just express his displeasure with his team’s play.He became so disgusted with the Lakers’ 30-point halftime deficit to the Clippers on Tuesday that he informed his starters they would begin the second half on the bench. Walton then turned to rookie forward Brandon Ingram.“It (stinks) for you that you have to sit out, too,” Walton said. “You’re out there playing your tail off.”Ingram had just 10 points on 5-of-8 shooting in 21 minutes, leaving Lakers guard D’Angelo Russell to openly question Walton’s tactic. As Russell said, “I don’t think he deserved that.” Before Ingram finished with a team-leading 21 points and five rebounds while shooting 8 for 14 from the field against the Clippers, Walton found the normally quiet Ingram be just as incredulous.“He looked mad, but he should’ve been mad,” Walton said. “I think he understood it.”That’s because the Lakers (20-52) enter Friday’s game against the Minnesota Timberwolves (28-42) at Staples Center with Walton wanting Ingram to take on a bigger leadership role.“It’s part of your responsibility to make sure everyone is ready to play,” Walton said. “It’s unfair that it happened for him with the way he was playing. I thought it was important to keep the message that this was about team first and individual second.”After scheduling practice on a previously scheduled day off on Wednesday, Walton called Ingram’s effort “awesome.” Walton added Ingram “busted his tail” and finished first in most of the team’s sprints. Though Ingram has allowed his work habits to speak louder than his soft words, Walton wants Ingram to raise his voice. “Even if you’re playing well yourself, we need more out of you. Grab someone by the jersey, lift your teammates up,” Walton said. “It was more his work ethic that allows him to be that guy. I don’t know how vocal he’s ever going to get. But we’re going to keep pushing him to keep seeing what we can get out of him with that side of the leadership role.”Finger pointingAfter the Lakers lost to Cleveland on Sunday by only five points, Walton told his players he “was really proud of the way they played.” Walton openly wondered if that praise contributed to the Lakers’ 24-point loss to the Clippers.“Maybe that let up a little bit on that hunger and desire to get that win,” Walton said. “It shouldn’t be the case.”Walton has praised his players even in losses if he feels they have shown growth in their play.“That’s the message we give, but we still want to win a game,” Walton said. “We’ve been doing this for a long time. It’s nice to get rewarded with wins every once in a while.”Taking attendanceMagic Johnson wished he could honor the Lakers’ past by attending Shaquille O’Neal’s statue unveiling on Friday outside of Staples Center. But as the Lakers’ president of basketball operations, Johnson wants to help the team’s future. So instead of attending O’Neal’s statue unveiling, Johnson will be in Michigan to scout the NCAA Tournament game between UCLA and Kentucky.Injury updateLakers center Timofey Mozgov missed the end of Wednesday’s practice after spraining his left ankle. Though the Lakers technically listed him as questionable for Friday’s game against Minnesota, Mozgov will not play after receiving healthy scratches in the past eight games. Walton has shut him down for the rest of the season to give more minutes to his younger players.


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Haven’t had enough “fundamental transformation” yet? Have some more:
The Pentagon is ordering the top brass to incorporate climate change into virtually everything they do, from testing weapons to training troops to war planning to joint exercises with allies. A new directive’s theme: The U.S. Armed Forces must show “resilience” and beat back the threat based on “actionable science.”
It says the military will not be able to maintain effectiveness unless the directive is followed. It orders the establishment of a new layer of bureaucracy — a wide array of “climate change boards, councils and working groups” to infuse climate change into “programs, plans and policies.”
The Pentagon defines resilience to climate change as: “Ability to anticipate, prepare for, and adapt to changing conditions and withstand, respond to, and recover rapidly from disruptions.”
To four-star generals and admirals, among them the regional combatant commanders who plan and fight the nation’s wars, the directive tells them: “Incorporate climate change impacts into plans and operations and integrate DoD guidance and analysis in Combatant Command planning to address climate change-related risks and opportunities across the full range of military operations, including steady-state campaign planning and operations and contingency planning.”
The directive, “Climate Change Adaptation and Resilience,” is in line with President Obama’s view that global warming is the country’s foremost national security threat, or close to it. Mr. Obama says there is no debate on the existence of man-made global warming and its ensuing climate change. Supporters of this viewpoint label as “deniers” any scientists who disagree.
And they said it couldn’t happen here. But the country has been seized by a group of barking-mad ideologues; the next sensible president has to clean house, root them out of the courts and the military and the civil service — and we have to make sure this sort of thing never happens again. In the meantime, ponder this:
Dakota Wood, a retired Marine Corps officer and U.S. Central Command planner, said the Pentagon is introducing climate change, right down to military tactics level.
“By equating tactical actions of immediate or short-term utility with large-scale, strategic-level issues of profound importance, the issue of climate change and its potential impact on national security interests is undermined,” he said. “People tend to dismiss the whole, what might be truly important, because of all the little silly distractions that are included along the way.” He said climate change is typically measured in long stretches of time.
“The climate does change over great periods of time, typically measured in millennia, though sometimes in centuries,” he said. “But the document mentions accounting for such down to the level of changes in ‘tactics, techniques and procedures’ as if reviewing how a squad conducts a patrol should be accorded the same level of importance and attention as determining whether the naval base at Norfolk, Virginia, might have to be relocated as sea levels rise over the next 100 years.”
It almost as if they’re trying to lay America open to her enemies…


This is first in a series covering public transportation preparations for the 2026 FIFA Men’s World Cup. For this post, we are starting with a US city that has experience hosting large scale sports events: Atlanta, home to the 1996 Olympics.
Excepting an unwelcome kiss, this summer’s 2023 FIFA Women’s World Cup was a huge success, drawing millions of fans to women’s soccer. Now that it’s over, cities are beginning to prepare for the next massive event in soccer, the FIFA Men’s World Cup. It’s coming to North America in 2026, hosted across 16 cities in the US, Mexico, and Canada, with an expected 5.5 million fans attending.
The 2026 World Cup is expected to be a major economic boost for host cities, and transportation preparations are an important part of ensuring that the tournament is a success. Cities hosting the matches are already in the process of planning public transportation system expansions to make it easier for fans to get to and from the games without driving. At this year’s Women’s World Cup, hosted in nine cities across Australia and New Zealand, every venue had some form of train, light rail, and/or bus service to the games. Residents were warned far in advance that driving to the games was not an option due to very limited parking. The planning was informed by real life experience: when Sydney hosted the 2000 Olympics, at the last minute hundreds of members of the Australian Defence Force were needed to bus attendees around the venue.
We’ve certainly got better at dealing with big events. We learnt a lot about warning people ahead of time to expect the worst, and then people will change their behaviour – if they’re given enough notice to do it.– Geoffrey Clifton, senior lecturer in public transport and logistics, the University of Sydney
In preparation for 2026, roads and highways in host cities will be getting some upgrades, including widened lanes, new traffic signals, and improved signage. Transportation planners are also working with ride-hailing companies like Uber and Lyft to ensure that they are prepared to handle the increased demand during the games. But it’s hard to imagine that these improvements will be enough to keep traffic flowing because fans won’t just be at the Games. They’ll also need transportation to and from tourist venues, fan festivals, hotels, and restaurants. The goal is to make it as easy as possible for fans to get around each host city. Planners hope to create a smooth and efficient transit experience for the tournament by expanding public transportation and introducing new transportation options.
Why is Public Transit Important for the World Cup?
FIFA World Cup events are not simply about the game of soccer. They are an essential way for a city to introduce itself to the world as a cosmopolitan powerhouse. Atlanta, for example, emerged from the 1996 Olympics as a major US city with new public transportation, infrastructure, and economic investments. According to Dan Corso, President, Atlanta Sports Council at Metro Atlanta Chamber, the success in 1996 – and the presence of public transit directly linked to Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport – were selling points for FIFA when choosing host cities. He said, “You have to make sure you have the infrastructure, because, again, moving people around is important. Places to play, places to stay, is important…. we are early [in the planning process] even though three-plus years is going to go very fast.”
For Atlanta, transportation should be easier this time. That’s because the games will be held in a single arena, the Mercedes Benz stadium, not spread across the metro area as was the case during the Olympics. However, there is still work to be done. The city’s largest transit hub, Five Points, is scheduled to be completely renovated. And there are several large-scale developments in the works for downtown areas like Underground Atlanta and the collection of rail lines and empty lots known colloquially as the Gulch. Even if these are completed on time, it will take a lot more to make a city that is not known for its walkability an attractive venue for attendees. Atlanta is filled with quirky, charming neighborhoods, but they are spread out across the city which is bisected by major highways I-20 and I-85.
US cities that were not chosen by FIFA this time around should be paying attention to what works – and what doesn’t – in Atlanta. And that includes the fact that transit was a major factor in FIFA’s decisions. It’s a good lesson for smaller cities aspiring to host a World Cup or Olympics in the next two or three decades.
Photo credit: View of Mercedes-Benz Stadium from Centennial Olympic Park Drive by Gatorfan252525 Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license.


text: This is another party I drew for a friend of mine. The druid on the left is in mid transformation. The fighter Brad is the center of attention. Elena and Brad are a couple, so Katrina who is secretly in love with Brad is jealous of her, while Cronin who is in love with both girls is ….. well jealous of Brad. One of the funniest and goofiest parties I have ever seen.

domain: artistic


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Summary of (most of) Cultural Anthropology
Key terms, categories and explanations from Ember’s Cultural Anthropology. The biggest omissions in this abridgment are the illustrative examples.
- Getting food
- Economic systems
- Social stratification
- Sex and Gender
- Marriage and the family
- Marital residence and kinship
- Associations and interest groups
- Political life
- Religion and magic
Anatomically modern humans showed up to the party rather late—perhaps as late as only 130,000 years ago. This was right also right around the time Homo sapiens become cognitively modern and capable of symbolic thought. But looking good and thinking symbolically do not a good party make. Everyone would have been leaning against the wall and stealing furtive glances at each other for many millennia until they worked up the courage to finally invent language and talk to each other around 50,000 years ago.
So, regardless of what you use as your benchmark for modernity—anatomic, cognitive, or linguistic, the advent of food production in around 8,000 B.C.E. is relatively recent. That means, for most of human history, we’ve been foragers. “Foragers” are often called “hunter-gatherers” but this name is somewhat misleading. Hunting and gathering each typically contribute about 25-35% of caloric intake while fishing constituted the remaining 30-50%.
There is ongoing debate about just how sweet the pre-historic foraging life was. On one hand, per capita GDP between $90 and $200 for essentially forever doesn’t sound so hot (DeLong 1998) from the perspective of modernity. On the other hand, as we mentioned in a previous post, even modern foragers (who are typically thought to live in more marginal territory than early foragers) work fairly little. For example, the !Kung spend only about 42 hours on foraging, housework and tool-making all together. On the third hand, John “You’ve to break a few billion eggs to make an omelet”1 Zerzan is on the primitivist side so no thank you.
Like we said, the earliest food production arose in around 8,000 B.C.E. in the Near East.
Food production perhaps arose because it was the only way to support increased population. At some point, new bands of humans simply ran out of unoccupied territory to move into. Thereafter, population density would have increased beyond what foraging could support and horticulture, more productive per unit area than foraging, would have been the only option. This commonsensical theory of the rise of food production is called the Binford-Flannery model.
An alternative theory is that climate change reduced the availability of wild food supplies.
Regardless of the origin story, there are three major categories of food production:
- “Plant cultivation carried out with relatively simple tools and methods”. Probably the earliest form of food production. Shifting cultivation, in which land is worked temporarily and then abandoned while soil nutrients naturally replenish, is a common form. 60 of 186 SCSS cultures are horticultural (variable 246) (Murdock and White 1969).
- Intensive agriculture
- “Food production characterized by the permanent cultivation of fields and made possible by the use of the plow, draft animals or machines, fertilizers, irrigation, water-storage techniques, and other complex agricultural techniques.” 57 of 186 SCSS cultures are intensively agricultural (variable 246) (Murdock and White 1969).
- “A form of subsistence technology in which food-getting is based directly or indirectly on the maintenance of domesticated animals.” 16 of 186 cultures SCSS are pastoral (variable 246) (Murdock and White 1969).
Allocation of resources
Land ownership patterns tend to covary with food-getting patterns. Typically:
- No individual ownership of land. Sometimes, territoriality by collective groups when sources of food are abundant and predictable.
- No individual ownership of land. Sometimes plots are assigned for use.
- Grazing land held communally. Herds owned individually.
- Intensive agriculture
- Individual ownership of land.
Conversion of resources
Alas, clothes, tools and other products don’t grow on trees. Raw resources must be converted into final products. (Ember, Ember, and Peregrine 2014) categorizes these production processes as follows (I’ll note that these categories seem a bit haphazard to me):
- “Labor consisted of people getting food and producing shelter and implements for themselves and their kin.”
- “Because machines and materials are costly, only some individuals (capitalists), corporations, or governments can afford the expenses of production. Therefore, most people in industrial societies labor for others as wage earners.”
- “[M]ost people still produce their own food but an elite or aristocracy controls a portion of production, including the products of specialized crafts.”
- “Businesses are now more knowledge and service oriented. … [W]hen information and knowledge become more important than capital equipment, more people can own and have access to the productive resources of society.”
Resources and products are also distributed and redistributed within groups. (Ember, Ember, and Peregrine 2014) has the following categories (which, pleasingly, line up pretty well with relational models theory):
- “Giving and taking without the use of money”. Divided into generalized reciprocity—“Gift giving without any immediate or planned return”—and balanced reciprocity—“Giving with the expectation of a straightforward immediate or limited-time trade”.
- “the accumulation of goods or labor by a particular person or agency […] for the purpose of subsequent distribution.” Most important in societies with political hierarchies.
- Market exchange
- “Transactions in which the”prices" are subject to supply and demand“. Interestingly, anthropologists suggest that money arose in service of noncommercial”payments" like taxes. This differs from the economic account in which money arose to solve the problem of the coincidence of wants.
We can categorize the patterns of resource distribution. The resources to be analyzed are:
- Economic resources
- “Things that have value in a culture, including land, tools and other technology, goods, and money.”
- “The ability to make others do what they do not want to do or influence based on the threat of force.” (If you’re not satisfied with this definition, many others are discussed in (Steven 1974).)
- “Being accorded particular respect or honor.”
And the possible distributions are egalitarian, rank and class/caste:
|Type of society||Resources||Power||Prestige|
|Egalitarian||Equal access||Equal access||Equal access|
|Rank||Equal access||Equal access||Unequal access|
|Class/caste||Unequal access||Unequal access||Unequal access|
In every society, there is individual variation along these dimensions. (Ember, Ember, and Peregrine 2014) emphasizes that the key distinction is whether there are groups with systematically unequal access2.
A caste system is a closed class system in which class is assigned at birth and virtually immutable. Marriage is also confined to caste boundaries.
SCSS reports that 65 of 186 cultures are egalitarian, 52 have hereditary slavery and 69 have classes (Murdock and White 1969). (Rank is not one of the categories for variable 158.)
The table above raises an obvious question? Are there other patterns of social stratification? For example, societies where there is equal access to economic resources but unequal access to power and prestige. Perhaps this is impossible because inequalities of power are always leveraged to produce inequalities of economic resources. But it’s not perfectly obvious to me why you couldn’t tell a similar story about unequal prestige inevitably snowballing into more comprehensive inequality.
Sex and Gender
(Ember, Ember, and Peregrine 2014) offers four explanations of differing gender roles from the anthropological literature. None are wholly convincing:
- Strength theory
- “[M]ales generally possess greater strength and a superior capacity to mobilize their strength in quick bursts of energy.” Men then pursue activities which take advantage of this.
- Compatibility-with-child-care theory
- “In most societies, women breast-feed their children, on average, for two years, so the compatibility-with-child-care theory suggests that for much of human history it would have been maladaptive to have women take on roles that interfere with their ability to feed their child regularly or put their child in danger while taking care of them.”
- Economy-of-effort theory
- This theory suggests that certain tasks are related in their required skills, knowledge, location, etc. and will thus be performed by one gender. When paired with one of the other theories, this can fill in some gaps. For example, men may make wooden instruments (which is not obviously tied to maleness) because they generally lumber (which strength theory suggests is tied to maleness) and knowledge of wood is useful for both tasks.
- Expendability theory
- “The idea that men, rather than women, will tend to do the dangerous work in a society because the loss of men is not as great a disadvantage reproductively as the loss of women is called the expendability theory.”
Marriage and the family
“[P]hysical anthropologists surmise that [more or less permanent male-female bonding was] possibly in place over a million years ago”.
Explanations of marriage
The durability and prevalence of marriage (or something like it) demand an explanation. Here are some of the attempts:
- Gender division of labor
- “As long as there is a division of labor by gender, society has to structure a way for women and men to share the products of their labor.” Obviously, marriage isn’t the only possible solution.
- Prolonged infant dependency
- “The burden of prolonged child care by human females may limit the kinds of work they can do. They may need the help of a man to do certain types of work, such as hunting, that are incompatible with child care.” Again, it’s not obvious that a dyad is a better solution to this problem than general cooperation within a band.
- Sexual competition
- “[Society] had to develop some way of minimizing the rivalry among males for females to reduce the chance of lethal and destructive conflict.” Yet again, other solutions seem possible.
“In about 75 percent of the societies known to anthropology, one or more explicit economic transactions take place before or after the marriage.”
- Bride price
- “A substantial gift of goods or money given to the bride’s kin by the groom or his kin at or before the marriage.” Occurs in 71 of 186 cultures in the SCSS (variable 208) (Murdock and White 1969).
- Bride service
- “Work performed by the groom for his bride’s family for a variable length of time either before or after the marriage.” Occurs in 24 of 186 cultures in the SCSS (variable 208) (Murdock and White 1969).
- Exchange of females
- “[T]he custom whereby a sister or female relative of the groom is exchanged for the bride.” Occurs in 9 of 186 cultures in the SCSS (variable 208) (Murdock and White 1969).
- Gift exchange
- “The exchange of gifts of about equal value by the two kin groups.” Occurs in 15 of 186 cultures in the SCSS (variable 208) (Murdock and White 1969).
- “A substantial transfer of goods or money from the bride’s family to the bride. [S]ocieties with dowry tend to be those in which women contribute relatively little to primary subsistence activities, there is a high degree of social stratification, and a man is not allowed to be married to more than one woman simultaneously. [… One] theory is that the dowry is intended to attract the best bridegroom for a daughter in monogamous societies with a high degree of social inequality.” Occurs in 9 of 186 cultures in the SCSS (variable 208) (Murdock and White 1969).
Who to marry
There are often rules about whether a marriage partner ought to come from inside or outside the community.
- “[R]equires that the marriage partner come from outside one’s own kin group or community.” Almost complete exogamy occurs in 35 of 186 cultures in the SCSS (variable 72) (Murdock and White 1969).
- “[O]bliges a person to marry within a particular group.” Almost complete endogamy occurs in 11 of 186 cultures in the SCSS (variable 72) (Murdock and White 1969).
How many to marry
- “The marriage of one man to more than one woman at a time.” Occurs in 153 of 186 cultures in the SCSS (variable 79) (Murdock and White 1969).
- “The marriage of one woman to more than one man at a time.” Occurs in 2 of 186 cultures in the SCSS (variable 79) (Murdock and White 1969).
Not every family is composed of a couple, their 2.2 kids and a dog:
- Nuclear family
- “A family consisting of a married couple and their young children.” Occurs in 7 of 186 cultures in the SCSS (variable 80) (Murdock and White 1969).
- Independent family
- “A family unit consisting of one monogamous (nuclear) family, or one polygynous or one polyandrous family.” Occurs in 70 of 186 cultures in the SCSS (variable 80) (Murdock and White 1969).
- Extended family
- “A family consisting of two or more single-parent, monogamous, polygynous, or polyandrous families linked by a blood tie.” Occurs in 109 of 186 cultures in the SCSS (variable 80) (Murdock and White 1969).
Why are extended families so prevalent? One explanation is that “extended-family households come to prevail in societies that have incompatible activity requirements—that is, requirements that cannot be met by a mother or a father in a one-family household. In other words, extended-family households are generally favored when the work a mother has to do outside the home (cultivating fields or gathering foods far away) makes it difficult for her to also care for her children and do other household tasks.”
Marital residence and kinship
Many societies have widespread norms about where married couples reside in relation to their families:
- “A pattern of residence whereby a married couple lives separately, and usually at some distance, from the kin of both spouses.” Occurs in 9 of 185 cultures in the SCSS (variable 69) (Murdock and White 1969). Thought to be related to the presence of a commercial economy which reduces need for direct aid from family members.
- “A pattern of residence in which a married couple lives with or near the husband’s parents.” Occurs in 118 of 185 cultures in the SCSS (variable 69) (Murdock and White 1969).
- “A pattern of residence in which a married couple lives with or near the wife’s parents.” Occurs in 38 of 185 cultures in the SCSS (variable 69) (Murdock and White 1969). Patrilocality vs. matrilocality is thought to be determined by the presence of warfare between groups that are geographically and culturally nearby. If you might some day fight the neighboring community, you’d want your son to stay in your community even after marriage so he’s your ally rather than your enemy.
- “A pattern of residence in which a married couple lives with or near either the husband’s parents or the wife’s parents.” Occurs in 12 of 185 cultures in the SCSS (variable 69) (Murdock and White 1969). Thought to arise in societies depopulated by, for example, contact with Europeans. In the face of severe depopulation, couples choose to live with whichever parents are still alive.
- “A pattern of residence in which a married couple settles with or near the husband’s mother’s brother.” Occurs in 8 of 185 cultures in the SCSS (variable 69) (Murdock and White 1969).
In noncommercial societies, kinship is often the main organizing structure of society. The parts of this kinship structure that are considered salient vary from society to society:
In unilineal descent, important kin are determined through descent links of a single, consistent sex. Depending on the salient sex you get:
- Patrilineal descent
- “The rule of descent that affiliates individuals with kin of both sexes related to them through men only.” For example, your father, your father’s siblings and your father’s father would all be part of your kin group while your mother, your mother’s siblings and your father’s mother would not be. Occurs in 75 of 186 cultures in the SCSS (variable 70) (Murdock and White 1969).
- “The rule of descent that affiliates individuals with kin of both sexes related to them through women only.” For example, your mother, your mother’s siblings and your mother’s mother would all be part of your kin group while your father, your father’s siblings and your mother’s father would not be. Occurs in 26 of 186 cultures in the SCSS (variable 70) (Murdock and White 1969).
There is also variation in how tight the unilineal boundaries are:
- “A set of kin whose members trace descent from a common ancestor through known links.”
- “A set of kin whose members believe themselves to be descended from a common ancestor or ancestress but cannot specify the links back to that founder[.]”
- “A unilineal descent group composed of a number of supposedly related clans (sibs).”
- Every member of society claims to be a member of one of two unilineal descent groups.
“The rule of descent that affiliates individuals with groups of kin related to them through men or women. […] In other words, some people in the society affiliate with a group of kin through their fathers; others affiliate through their mothers.” Occurs in 6 of 186 cultures in the SCSS (variable 70) (Murdock and White 1969).
“A system that affiliates individuals with a group of matrilineal kin for some purposes and with a group of patrilineal kin for other purposes.” Occurs in 10 of 186 cultures in the SCSS (variable 70) (Murdock and White 1969).
“The type of kinship system in which individuals affiliate more or less equally with their mother’s and father’s relatives.” Because each individual has an idiosyncratic kin group (my matrilineal and patrilineal kin, considered together, are distinct from both my mother’s and my father’s kin), there are no corporate kin groups under this system. Occurs in 69 of 186 cultures in the SCSS (variable 70) (Murdock and White 1969).
Associations and interest groups
Anthropologists define associations as groupings satisfying the following criteria:
- Institutionalized structure
- Exclusion of some people
- Common interest or purpose
- Members with a sense of pride and belonging
In many societies, non-voluntary associations are important. They tend to take on increased importance when, for whatever reason, kin groups are an inadequate organizational structure. Common types of non-voluntary association include:
- An association comprised of all individuals who fall within a particular, culturally distinguished age range.
- An association comprised of all individuals of a particular sex who fall within a particular, culturally distinguished age range.
There are also, of course, voluntarily associations. Since these are more familiar to the reader, I presume, and less easily generalizable, nothing more on them will be said here.
Political organizations also operate on many different scales:
- “A fairly small, usually nomadic local group that is politically autonomous.” Typically, bands have fewer than 100 members. Most recent foragers live in bands so some anthropologists believe that essentially all humans lived in bands until the advent of agriculture.
- “The kind of political organization in which local communities mostly act autonomously but there are kin groups (such as clans) or associations (such as age-sets) that can temporarily integrate a number of local groups into a larger unit.” Tends to co-occur with simple food production (i.e. horticulture and pastoralism) and has somewhat higher population density as a result.
- “A political unit, with a chief at its head, integrating more than one community but not necessarily the whole society or language group.” This is arguably the first form of political organization where there’s formal political authority.
- “An autonomous political unit with centralized decision making over many communities with power to govern by force[.]” Co-occurs with intensive agriculture and high population densities. The earliest states arose, apparently independently, after about 3500 B.C.E. in Iraq, Mexico, India, China and Egypt.
Over time, political complexity seems to increase along this scale. One explanation of this trend is that higher population densities and greater political organization all but ensure victory during military conflict.
Religion and magic
Belief in the supernatural is universal and, based on material remains of funeral rites, dates to at least 60,000 years ago. Common supernatural beliefs include:
- “A belief in a dual existence for all things—a physical, visible body, and a psychic, invisible soul.”
- “A supernatural, impersonal force that inhabits certain objects or people and is believed to confer success and/or strength.”
- “A prohibition that, if violated, is believed to bring supernatural punishment.”
- “Supernatural beings of nonhuman origin who are named personalities; often anthropomorphic.”
- “Unnamed supernatural beings of nonhuman origin who are beneath the gods in prestige and often closer to the people; may be helpful, mischievous, or evil.”
- “Supernatural beings who were once human; the souls of dead people.”
Supernatural beliefs plausibly shape and are shaped by society. For example:
- Societies with punitive child-rearing tend to believe in malevolent gods while societies with less punitive child-rearing practices tend to believe in benevolent gods.
- Societies with substantial political hierarchy tend to believe in the existence of a “high god” with supreme authority.
- Moralizing gods are more common in societies with substantial wealth inequality.
People also put their supernatural belief into practice. There are several core types of supernatural practitioners:
- “A religious intermediary, usually part-time, whose primary function is to cure people through sacred songs, pantomime, and other means; sometimes called witch doctor by Westerners.”
- Sorcerers and witches
- Sorcerers use tangible ritual materials in an attempt to harm people. Witches attempt to harm people through emotion and thought alone.
- “Part-time religious practitioners who are asked to heal and divine while in a trance.”
- “Generally full-time specialists, with very high status, who are thought to be able to relate to superior or high gods beyond the ordinary person’s access or control.”
DeLong, J Bradford. 1998. “Estimating World Gdp, One Million Bc–Present.” Draft Paper. Berkeley, California. https://delong.typepad.com/print/20061012_LRWGDP.pdf.
Ember, Carol R, Melvin R Ember, and Peter N Peregrine. 2014. Cultural Anthropology. Pearson.
Murdock, George P, and Douglas R White. 1969. “Standard Cross-Cultural Sample.” Ethnology 8 (4). JSTOR: 329–69. http://capone.mtsu.edu/eaeff/downloads/mycloud/SCCScodebook.txt.
Steven, Lukes. 1974. “Power: A Radical View.” London and New York: Macmillan.
It seems to me that making theses distinctions precise requires a lot more work. For example, you can trivially call the wealthiest 10% of people in a society in a group and then you definitionally have groups with unequal access to economic resources—the 10% and everyone else. You could rule this kind of trick out and say that the groups have be defined by some other criteria: say sex or age. But this doesn’t really seem to match our intuitive understanding of inequality. I wouldn’t think that a society in which toddlers are reliably less wealthy than adults is a breach of justice. My best guess at a more careful definition is that a society is pro tanto socially stratified if there is unequal access that persists over years and generations.↩

domain: sociology


text:
Can it be said of you: 'You'll pay for your performance'?
By Anthony J. LoPinto|October 30, 2007 at 12:01 PM
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Rocky at the Top
Last week’s news that Merrill Lynch took an $8.4-billion write down connected to its revaluation of mortgage-related assets–the largest loss in Wall Street memory–was followed within five days by the firing of its CEO, Stan O’Neal. Clearly, a well-deserved boot for a guy who not only shoulders the blame for the latest financial fiasco, but was also credited in a Wall Street Journal article on Monday with an aloof and arrogant management style. A by-product of the Enron era is the increasingly aggressive nature of corporate boards to move quickly to sack the CEO for poor performance. There is a strong trend toward compensation plans that pay for performance–providing financial rewards based on what one produces. The Merrill story reveals that the reverse can also be true: “You’ll pay for your performance.”
Tony LoPinto is CEO of Equinox Partners, an executive search firm specializing in the real estate industry, and parent company of SelectLeaders. The views expressed in this article are the author’s own.
AMB PROPERTY CORP.Regional Asset Manager(MENLO PARK, CA) Candidate will be able to apply an energetic, intelligent, entrepreneurial and proactive approach to maximize the value of each investment in real estate within the portfolio.
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domain: finance


text:
Atlanta International Startup Exchange
For a third year, sister cities Atlanta and Toulouse are selecting promising startups to participate in a week-long residential exchange.
Toulouse startups will participate in the 2018 Venture Atlanta conference while taking advantage of Atlanta’s business landscape, which includes the world’s most traveled airport as well as Fortune 500 companies such as Coca-Cola, Delta and Home Depot.
Meanwhile, participants from Atlanta will profit from Toulouse, France’s status as a European capital of aeronautics, the home of Airbus and a major research hub. The startups will meet with regional decision makers and potential investors, partners and clients.
Toulouse, France residency: September 30-October 7, 2018
Atlanta, Georgia residency: October 14-20, 2018
The International Startup Exchange is organized by the Atlanta Mayor’s Office of International Affairs, Invest Atlanta and Toulouse Métropole, in partnership with the Consulate General of France in Atlanta.


text:
Ruth. Concordia Commentary
By John R. Wilch
). xl + 418
Reviewed by Dr. Michael Grisanti
21.1 (Spring 2010) : 133-133
The author of this volume is professor emeritus at Concordia Lutheran Theological Seminary in St. Catherines, Ontario. He has served as a pastor or professor in the United States, Canada, and Germany. He has also been involved with various Lutheran mission agencies and committees.
For an overview of the features shared by each of the commentaries in this series, see above the review of the volume on Joshua by Harstad. Here are a few features of this volume that differ from the commentary on Joshua. Whereas Harstad was able to devote almost a thousand pages to a biblical book with 24 chapters, Wilch devotes 464 pages to a book with four chapters. His introduction section occupies almost a third of the volume. In addition to the customary issues covered in introductions, he devotes numerous pages to motifs, theology, and relevance (75 pages of 106 pages of introduction).
As with other volumes in this series, Wilch divides the Book of Ruth into major sections. Each section has a translation of that passage, textual notes, and commentary. In this volume, the textual notes are fairly extensive. However, Wilch never provides an outline of the entire book. He identifies each major section, but never attempts to demonstrate the flow of the entire book. One unique (and odd?) feature of the volume is Wilch’s arrangement of almost every section of Ruth as some kind of chiasm.
Wilch’s commentary is a great resource for students of the Book of Ruth. His textual notes deal with word meanings, syntax, and textual issues that might clutter up his exposition of the text. Although he writes for a Lutheran publisher, he includes less distinctively Lutheran observations than Harstad did, which makes his volume more usable to a wider audience. His observations throughout the volume are clear and helpful. He provides a measured “Christotelic” understanding of certain parts of Ruth, but generally does not overplay that aspect of Ruth’s message. This commentary offers a solid exposition of Ruth.

domain: library


text:
Multiplayer online battle arenas have grown in popularity, yet Super Evil Megacorp hopes to give the franchise new, vibrant life on tablet. I went hands-on to find out if it can be done.
Well, Gamergate has spilled over into the mainstream media and the coverage appears to be nearly uniformly dreadful.
Take " What is Gamergate, and What Does It Say About Gender In Video Games? " by David Konnow as an example. It appears that the writer has done little to no...
When the darkness awoke, evil flooded over the land of Gothicus. Dispel the darkness in your realm, uncover your memory about terrible events and fight the evil queen who tyrannizes the kingdom… the queen you loved. Dungeon Hunter is a 3D epic quest set in a dark fantasy world, in the tradition of the most successful action RPGs

domain: game


bltouch randomly stops working
So after having the bltouch working for a while it has started to randomly stop working.
i have replaced the whole wiring harness to make sure it was not a wiring issue.
I after shutting my ender down unplugging the bltouch re connecting it. the bltouch will work some times a few prints sometimes not even enough to probe the bed. I was thinking that this could either be the bltouch itself or maby the ports on the duet maestro board. any thoughts?
also taking suggestions for a better auto level solution for ender 3
DIY-O-Sphere last edited by DIY-O-Sphere
I had exactly the same issue, that was driving me crazy....
Check the Pin
"Try loosening or tightening the set screw slightly to adjust the trigger sensitivity."
There is a description how to set up the srew, but I can't find it currently.
In the end a quarter turn had reliably solved the problem.
You can find the information in the manual
thank you that helped.


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TheDorset AONB in conjuction with Hamilton-Baillie Associates has just produced a Community Toolkit for Traffic in Villages Safety and Civility for Rural Roads. This signals a significant change in the approach to the relationship between highways and transportation and the quality of the public realm.
Its intention was to bring about a transformation in the quality of new and existing streets which required a fundamental culture change and a collaborative approach. People needed to think differently about their various roles in the process of delivering streets – breaking away from standardised, prescriptive, risk-averse approaches and instead follow a rational and creative process in order to create high quality places. Until now, most guidance has focused on urban areas, although the issues are equally relevant to smaller settlements and the rural environment.
A partnership approach to road management has been an significant and continuing strand of work in the sensitive landscape of the AONB's. This Toolkit represents an important step forward in helping communities and highway authorities work together to value and conserve our local distinctiveness. By providing a step by step approach to making our rural roads so much better, the Toolkit will empower communities to embrace their rural roads with confidence and enthusiasm. With luck this Toolkit will inspire community action in other landscapes.


When discussing digital marketing, a website serves as the business or organization’s public face and plays a vital role in providing information, engaging customers, driving sales, and facilitating e-commerce. Ensuring your website runs 24/7 and remains operational is essential for maintaining a positive online presence and preserving the trust of your customers.
In this blog, we will explain the top 10 crucial strategies and tools to help you in attaining uninterrupted website availability.
Respectable Hosting Provider
To Start your website, selecting a web hosting provider and the appropriate hosting plan is important. It’s essential to opt for a top-tier and trustworthy web hosting company renowned for its reliability and consistent uptime. Talking about the shared hosting plans it offers you cost-effectiveness. But they may bring about performance issues and downtime, particularly during traffic surges. For better control and stability, you need to consider alternatives like Virtual Private Servers (VPS) or cheap dedicated hosting. Your choice of hosting sets the cornerstone for your website, so prioritize trustworthiness and reliability web hosting provider.
Sometimes we face unforeseen events with our website. To protect the data loss and downtime, you need to keep implementing a robust backup plan. Always schedule regular backups for your website’s files and database, and store them securely in an off-site place. If you have automated backup solutions it will streamline this process and it will ensure you have a recent copy for your website’s data to restore in case of any issue.
Monitoring and Alerts
Monitoring plays a crucial role in proactively identifying issues that could degrade website performance or lead to downtime. Website monitoring tools is important to regularly assess your website’s performance, functionality, and availability. Setup the alerts to promptly notify your team of any detected problems empowers you to swiftly address issues, thereby minimizing downtime and ensuring an uninterrupted user experience.
Content Delivery Network (CDN)
A Content Delivery Network (CDN) distributes a network of servers across the world. By implementing a CDN, your website’s content is stored and cached on these servers. When a user requests your website, the CDN delivers content from the server closest to them, significantly reducing latency and enhancing loading times. Additionally, CDNs offer redundancy, capable of redirecting traffic away from your primary server in the event of a failure, ensuring uninterrupted website availability.
Load balancing involves the distribution of incoming web traffic to multiple servers, preventing any one server from becoming overwhelmed and potentially causing downtime. Load balancing proves advantageous for high-traffic websites and e-commerce platforms. Not only does it enhance website availability, but it also optimizes performance by evenly distributing workloads.
Considering scalability, it entails the capacity to manage increased traffic without compromising website performance or availability. As your website grows, it’s essential to be ready to scale your infrastructure. Cloud hosting providers offers scalable solutions that enable you to adapt server resources as required. This guarantees that your website remains responsive, even during traffic spikes.
High-security breaches and cyberattacks will lead to your website downtime and compromise data. Try to use robust security measures to protect your website from hackers and threats. It includes firewalls, regular software, and plugins and it will employ strong authentication methods. Doing regular security audits will help you to identify and address potential risks.
Disaster Recovery Plans
It’s crucial to create backup plans for worst-case scenarios by developing a disaster recovery strategy. Clearly define roles and responsibilities for your team in the event of various incidents, including server hardware failures or natural disasters. Create off-site backups, alternative hosting arrangements, and communication protocols to ensure prompt and coordinated response during such crises.
DDoS attacks can overwhelm your website and data with traffic, causing it to go offline. You need to have high security in DDoS mitigation services that can detect and block malicious traffic. And be sure that your website remains useable to the users. Many web hosting providers and security companies offer DDoS protection plans.
Regular Maintenance and Updates
Regularly updating your software, plugins, and themes is crucial to ensure compatibility and security. Implementing routine maintenance helps you prevent vulnerabilities that attackers could exploit. Remember to schedule downtime for planned maintenance during off-peak hours to minimize disruption to users.
Maintaining 24/7 website availability is an ongoing effort that demands a blend of dependable infrastructure, proactive monitoring, strong security measures, and strategic foresight. By following the strategies outlined in this blog post, you can notably improve your website’s uptime and offer a seamless online experience for your audience.
Keep in mind that website availability isn’t solely a technical matter it holds significant importance for your brand’s reputation and customer satisfaction. Make it a priority to invest in the right tools and practices to ensure your website stays up and running around the clock.


text:
The KOTION EACH G2000 headset is a professional gaming headset for computer game players. Customize the surround sound to your listening preferences and know exactly where the enemy is coming from to strike with precision and secure your win. And it also owns exquisite craftsmanship and fashion appearance. Cool LED lights on the ear cups, making it look more stunning.Professional gaming headset of your choice.
High-performance -38dB all directional capacitive polar microphone brings a high-quality conversation
The headset comes with a high precision 50mm magnetic neodymium driver to deliver the high-fidelity audio and ensure excellent clarity through the entire frequency range.
Easily connected to your computer via 3.5mm audio connectors to play games, watch movie or enjoy music. USB interface is for powering the LED lights (this USB will vibrate when you play games)
Two 3.5mm Plugs and One USB Port FOR LED LIGHT & VIBRATION

domain: entertainment


text:
Organizing a music festival means knowing how to throw a party. It also means knowing how to save a life.
You’re invited! Celebrate a year of Who’s Next honorees and The Incline’s 1st birthday at the Ace Hotel
The five-day innovation and music festival kicks off with demos, programming and lunchtime yoga. (Come say hi to The Incline, too, we'll have a booth there.)
Where:Nova Place and Alloy 26 at 100 S. Commons (Allegheny Center)
When:September 20, 2016 from 11:30 a.m. to 9:30 a.m.
How much:Registration is free.


text:
The following ingredients will get 1 liter of tasty and very healthy natural mixture. Reduction of hemoglobin in the blood, regardless of the number of red blood cells, red blood cells have the ability to decrease the capacity of free flow of the blood which lead to anemia.
In folk medicine there are various recipes for increasing hemoglobin levels. One of them is recommended also by doctors, and is extremely good for increasing hemoglobin, raising the level of blood cells and improving the complete blood count.
For the preparation of this natural remedy we will need:
- 200 ml hone
- 200 g walnuts
- 200 g of raisins
- 200 ml of carrot juice
- 200 ml of beetroot juice and
- 2 lemons
- Wash the lemons, cut them in half and remove the seeds. Grind them with a meat grinding machine and place them in a bowl.
- Add the honey, the juice of beet and carrot and stir well. Finally add finely chopped nuts and raisins and are well integrated.
- You will get one liter of delicious and very healthy healing mixture. Keep in the refrigerator . Take three times a day one tablespoon before meal.

domain: biology


text:
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domain: chemistry


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20839 Humphreys Point Road, Rock Hall, MD 21661 Get Directions Phone: 410-639-7074
Serene cottage nestled in secluded woods with scenic views of Swan Creek. Private cottage with updated amenities, plush interior and cozy beds. Front porch to enjoy sunsets and wild life. Unwind in Rock Hall, "The Pearl of the Chesapeake."

domain: travel


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has held a strong passion for creativity through fine art and textiles from a very early age. This passion continues today with her use of soft pastels, oils, watercolour, weaving, sewing, and textile art. Joanne was born in London, UK, but she spent the first 20 years of her life in Montreal, Canada, where she studied fine art, fashion and textile design. She then returned to the UK to engage a successful career in fashion and textile design for over 15 years. For the past 25 years, Joanne has lived in glorious Queensland, Australia with her husband, two sons and many dogs. Here, she continues to paint, design and create.
Joanne holds Master Pastellist status and is a member of the Pastel Society of Australia Inc and Pastel Artists Canada. She is also on the International Advisory Team of the International Association of Pastel Societies (IAPS), representing Australia.
Fall 2016 - Pastel Artists Canada Online Juried Exhibtion
Fall 2017 - Pastel Artists Canada Online Juried Exhibition
2018 - Pastel Society of the West Coast USA Online Juried Exhibition
2018 - The Old Fire Station Gallery, Redcliffe Qld Australia - 'Symphony in H2O'
2018 - The Checkerboard Gallery, Pullenvale Qld Australia
Fall 2018 - Pastel Artists Canada Online Juried Exhibition
2019 - Pastel Society of the West Coast USA Online Juried Exhibition
2019 - The Milk Factory Pop-Up Gallery, Bowral NSW Australia - "The Shape of Water"
Nov -Dec 2019 - China 5th International Pastel Exhibition
Nov 2019-Jan 2020 - Stanthorpe Regional Art Gallery - 'Symphony in H2O'
Fall 2019 - Pastel Artists Canada Online Juried Exhibition
2020 - (Aug) The Milk Factory Pop-Up Gallery, Bowral NSW Australia - "All Creatures Great and Small"
2020 (Oct ) - The Old Fire Station Gallery, Redcliffe QLD Australia - '3x3'
2020 - Pastel Artists Canada, Online Juried Exhibition
2021 - (April) - The Milk Factory Gallery. Bowral, NSW - 'The Secret Garden'
2018 - Pastel Society of Australia Annual Competition/Exhibition - First Prize Alexandra Award - Judged by Liz Haywood-Sullivan and Michael Hawker
2018 - The John Jeffery Memorial Award for service to the Pastel Society of Australia
December 2018 - granted Signature Pastellist Status - Pastel Artists Canada
Fall 2019 - Pastel Artists Canada's 7th Annual Online Members Juried Exhibition- 'Honorable Mention'
2020 - Pastel Society of Australia Annual Exhibition - 'Commended'
2020 - Pastel Society of Australia - Set-Subject Annual Competition - 'Second'
2020 - granted Master Pastellist status by Pastel Artists Canada
2021 - granted Master Pastellist status by the Pastel Society of Australia
2021 - Pastel Artists Canada's 9th Annual Online juried Exhibition - 'Honorable Mention'


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Netflix has renewed Spanish teen thriller drama Elite for a third season.
Netflix announced the recommission on Twitter and said the Spanish original has already wrapped filming, with the new season dropping in 2020.
Described as “effervescent, uninhibited and sensual,” the soapy teen series follows the intrigue at Las Encinas, an exclusive boarding school in Spain. It is made by Zeta Audiovisual, which has offices in Barcelona, Madrid and Seville.
As well as announcing Elite‘s renewal, Netflix said Leïti Sène (Poison) and Sergio Momo (Rescue Under Fire) will join a cast that includes Danna Paola, Itzan Escamilla and Miguel Bernardeau.
Elite was created and written by Carlos Montero and Darío Madrona.
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We might wish our clients’ investment journeys will invariably be beautiful experiences but we know that things will turn ugly from time to time. How do we prepare our clients for the ugly times? What do they need to know?
It seems to me that what we need to do is give them a feel for the likely pattern of the experience that lies ahead. We can do this through stochastic modelling but the technicalities are likely to be overwhelming and the results’ lack of concreteness mitigates against the learning experience.
Accordingly, our explanation of risk and return should include lessons from history. We can look at what would have happened in markets past with the portfolio we are now recommending.
Perhaps the place to start is with how often the value of the portfolio would have been falling, recovering and rising: falling from a previous high, recovering from a previous low, rising from a previous high.
For example, let’s look at the monthly historical performance over the past 40 years of a 70% stocks portfolio, where each of the months is categorized as falling, recovering or rising (see note below for more details on the portfolio’s composition).
What we see is that the portfolio was falling 33% of the time, recovering 41% of the time (recoveries tend to take longer than falls) and rising 26% of the time. So our client should be aware that when they look at the value of their portfolio, it is likely to be falling a third of the time.
But what if our client has a more conservative portfolio, say, a 30% stocks portfolio? Perhaps somewhat surprisingly, the pattern is very similar: still roughly ,/,/. The difference is that with the more conservative portfolio the size of both the rises and falls is smaller than with the more aggressive portfolio. (The size and duration of rises and falls will keep for my next blog.)
So far we have been looking at monthly data, i.e. what a client will see if they look at the value of their portfolio every month. However, if the client looks less frequently, the pattern changes dramatically. With our 70% stocks portfolio, the pattern is:


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Thanks for your submission! Here’s what happens next:
- We take the info from your form and supplement it with additional research before submitting to the underwriters
- The underwriters may come back with some additional questions (in which case, we’ll be in touch for some more answers)
- We’ll get you some quotes and you can sign everything online!
Great Health and Employee Benefits Insurance = Happy Employees. Check out our partners at Maxwell Health!
- Maxwell dramatically simplifies benefits management
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domain: medical


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Making Massage a 2021 New Year’s Resolution
The year of 2021 is approaching. We’re all have a New Year’s Resolution in mind. It’s the perfect opportunity for all those who have failed to start making the changes that they said they would do.
Each person has a different goals and a New Year’s Resolution. However, this article is going to tell why you chose consider “massage” as one of your New Year’s Resolutions.
1) Let go of stress – Massage can reduce your levels of cortisol – a stress hormone that suppresses your immune, digestive, and reproductive.
2) Reduce anxiety – Researchers have found massage therapy can relieve anxiety and stress from work, trauma,or injury.
3) Relieve pain – Massage therapy provides pain relief for people with many conditions, diseases, and injuries.
4) Sleep better – Research reveals that people who receive regular massage therapy treatments can enjoy more restful nights and energetic days.
5) Stimulate your immune system – Massage therapy can boost white blood cells that keep the body free of infection.
Make your New Years resolution stick this 2021 by making regular massages a part of your resolution. Or even better by studying massage and performing this arts to your loved one this year.

domain: psychology


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- Cost is an overused consideration for picking plan providers, value and quality are underused.
- Target benefit plans are the Boo Berry Cereal of retirement plans. You know they exist, but you rarely see them.
- Target date funds, what’s the target? In 2008-2010, the target was the participant’s retirement savings that used them. The target was eliminated with extreme prejudice, as they would say in Apocalypse Now. I will never be comfortable with them.
- People can’t understand that profit-sharing plans don’t require profits, but what does a Money Purchase Plan’s name mean? How do you purchase money?
- The weirdest 401(k) plan investment I ever came across was an antique toilet.
- The quality of a third-party administrator (TPA) can be determined on just one thing, the quality in support and education they give to their administrators. Good TPAs educate their workers, bad TPAs don’t.
- The funniest beneficiary form I ever saw is when a participant selected someone as a beneficiary. For the relationship to the beneficiary, the Participant put “Good Time Joe.”
- The worst legal determination is when I had to figure out what to do when a beneficiary killed a plan participant.
- Plan sponsors will show more concern about plan costs when they realize that if the owners are participants in the plan, they are also paying way too much in fees themselves.
- The most difficult client I ever had was a company whose H.R. director had me re-write the plan document 7 different times and at one point wanted me to draft it with elapsed time that required 1,000 hours (which is impossible because they are conflicting concepts).
- Love how people talk about ERISA §3(38) fiduciaries being a new concept, I think they were originally part of ERISA when it was signed into law in 1974. Same with multiple employer plans, they have been around since then roo.
- A fiduciary warranty offered by a plan custodian is the retirement plan industry’s version of the $3 bill.
- Never hire an auditor for your 401(k) plan if they don’t know what revenue sharing is.
- Will never forget the gall of a mutual fund company acting as TPA who thought nothing wrong of running a 401(k) plan as a safe harbor plan even though it didn’t have the provision because they never charged for compliance testing.
- Plan design is an art, a fancy participant website is not.
Some random thoughts on the retirement plan business


¡Americano! is special.
The show ended with such an impact, that I found myself giddy with excitement to start writing about it. Grateful for the experience, and absolutely thrilled to have a platform that allows me to share it with others. Because not only does ¡Americano! have an stunning and deeply human story to tell, but its timing is impeccable. A story of our time. A true story and a local story about Antonio “Tony” Valdovinos. A boy who, in response to 9/11, spent most of his youth focused on joining the marines when he came of age. Deeply motivated to serve his country. To fight for his country. Only to discover, in the process of enlisting, that he was not a legal citizen of his country.
The realization led to many things. The total destruction of a life plan, built by a child who grew up wholeheartedly invested in it. A family rift over highly consequential deceit. And a new path forged by a Dreamer. A path that has ultimately led to the supreme court. An unfinished story, still in progress, that holds the potential of our democracy in reverie. A testament to the hopes and ideals of our country, while acknowledging the complexity of some of its flaws.
¡Americano! has been in development at The Phoenix Theatre Company for five years, last appearing at its 2019 Festival For New American Theatre, and now making its world premiere there. With music by Carrie Rodriguez and a book by Jonathan Rosenberg and Michael Barnard, who also directs. The songs are vibrant and moving. Captivating, catchy, and inspirational infused with Latin beats. Part soaring romantic ballads, a little bit county, with a tiny sprinkle of hip hop for good measure. Several of the songs linger, confirming the viability of a cast album to help bring it to wider audiences. For now, there is a concept album featuring vocals by Rodriguez along with music by Orkesta Mendoza and featuring Joey Burns (Calexico), Brian Lopez (XIXA), and Carlos Arzate (The Kind Souls) and a handful of the songs from the show, which is available for purchase at the theatre and available on streaming services.
Sergio Mejia’s choreography is exciting and energetic. A perfect compliment to the score. Connie Furr’s costumes are understated, just as they should be. Quiet and natural. And Robert Kovach’s scenic design matches that aesthetic. Functional and innovative, with rotating set pieces and stacked platforms. An American flag resembling a fence is a particularly iconic piece that says so much with so little.
Full of incredible performances, there were some standouts that cannot go unmentioned. Tony’s parents, Felicitas (Johanna Carlisle-Zepeda) and Martin (Joseph Cannon) were unforgettable. Carlisle-Zepeda is quippy and fiery. An adorably recognizable Latin mother. Easing tensions with humor, home-cooked food, and palpable love for her family. And Cannon has a voice that pierces the soul, thoroughly showcased in “Between the Brink and the Bars” in the middle of Act I.
But this is Tony’s story. Everything is riding on him. On the empathy that must develop between audience and protagonist. And Sean Ewing demonstrates his understanding of that fact, delivering a performance for the ages. A few notes into “Come and Join the Marines” I stopped breathing. In awe. Of the perfect pitch, the intoxicating charisma. I am uncertain how long it took to reach total equilibrium again. Only a moment, I presume. But in that moment I went all in on Ewing’s portrayal of Tony. It is everything this demanding role requires.
This is the right time and place for ¡Americano! to have its world premiere. It is an immigrant story about the people in our community, so it hits hard. But this is also a show with the ability to bring broader understanding to an issue that is divisive, and the potential to make it less so. A reminder that we are a nation of immigrants. Established by immigrants. Built by immigrants. Loved and cherished by immigrants.
It packs a particularly powerful punch now. In this very consequential election year. At a time when much of our country is in shock and utter disappointment over the loss of so many of its fundamental pillars. The erosion of faith in our leaders. Not just the destruction of decorum or bipartisanship, but an end to common decency and respect for one another. ¡Americano! is a reminder that we are all human. And sometimes issues that feel divisive are not political, but ultimately about humanity and standing up for what we believe to maintain it. Because our community is worth it. Because America is worth it.
I encourage all to go see this show at The Phoenix Theatre Company, this staple of our theatre community, as part of its 100th season. Then tell others in our community about it. Because it has the genuine potential to become the next big new musical. This homegrown show, about a homegrown young man. And when it does, we will all be able to say that we saw it first, and we were part of the movement that brought it to the world.
¡Americano! is playing at The Phoenix Theatre Company through February 23. Tickets can be purchased online.


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For individuals who have not been following the experience of Crypto Currency, Bitcoin and Litecoin, it might come as an astounding that cash related plans with no brand name worth stay something uncertain for cash related experts. For individuals who have been staying aware of progress rates for state of the art cash point of truth the very shakiness that has depicted pseudo-cash is what is keeping speculators intrigued by this field. Late changes in the appraisal of such cash in like way as the space 11 of beyond question the best stage on earth trading Bitcoins has raised shortcoming about the conceivable predetermination of this moved cash. Notwithstanding, stars solace individuals who need to utilize Crypto Currency, Litecoin and Bitcoin that the regular game plan that affected prompted cash is in actuality making a plunge for the basic bundle.
Bitcoin and different kinds of pseudo-cash are utilized as bits for exchange costs, things and affiliations. Bitcoins or Litecoins can be exchanged for authentic money at a given rate. Masters were revolved around that free bitcoin and other moved cash may be utilized for criminal lead as they are altogether less hard to exchange and launder than free bitcoin different kinds of cash. Bitcoin use was secured with an illicit medication site, for instance, and there may correspondingly be different events of unlawful utilize that have not yet been tended to. The evaluation of these cash related models has in like way been the topic of talk. Bitcoin regards rose 90-spread in 2013, making a Bitcoin bubble that depleted rapidly in 2014. The unforeseen drop in a prompting power by around half has instigated theory that the pseudo-cash field is blockading horrifyingly and in a short period of time will go the method for the dodo.
In any case, is it too before timetable to communicate Bitcoin and Litecoin a misstep? Specialists stand separated from regard to the issue, yet some case that there is a spot in tomorrow’s money related market for cutting edge cash bitcoin value btc to inr. The propelling liquidation of Mt. Gox, the Tokyo-based exchange for Bitcoin and the best Bitcoin exchange engineer on earth, staggered most budgetary trained professionals. By and large all the additionally confounding was the news that what might be stood out from $400 million worth of coin had evaporated. Regardless, even the spreading of six percent of the total Bitcoins on the planet does not appear to have kept up the mammoth cash off a ton. Bitcoin keeps doing battling certain relationship, for example, Apple considering the insight that the money may not be genuine, yet a making number of livelihoods and assignments see Bitcoin with no issue.


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As backyard chicken keepers, our flock’s health is important to us. We want to raise happy healthy chooks who enjoy chatting and interacting with us. Healthy chickens need good nutrition and a strong immune system to fight disease. Ideally, the best way to do this is by feeding your feathered friends the proper feed for their stage of development and then adding in nutritionally rich supplements or fresh produce from your garden which contains essential vitamins and minerals. The best way to ward off disease in chickens is by preventing it in the first place, but if sneaky microscopic germs do penetrate your preventive barrier and cause your chooks to feel under the weather, help is just a few steps away in your kitchen pantry. Avoid the use of antibiotics on your chickens if you can. Overuse of antibiotics can lead to your chickens building up a resistance just as humans do.
So, let’s egg-splore some tips and natural alternatives for preventing and treating illness in chickens.
- Know what ingredients and percentage of nutrients are in your chickens’ feed, nutrients such as calcium and protein are both key advocates for chicken health and egg production.
- Feed your chooks organic chicken feed or make your own feed. Making your own chicken feed is not difficult, but it will require some research. Once you determine which ingredients are necessary and which you’d like to add, such as probiotics, consider purchasing the main ingredients, like grains, in bulk, and feel better about your chooks’ diet.
- Oregano is an all-natural and homegrown alternative to antibiotics! Simply add a dropper of oregano oil into your chooks’ water daily as a preventive, or offer them fresh or dried as a treat mixed with other greens and fresh veggies.
- Apple Cider Vinegar (ACV) deserves a round of applause for its multi-purpose magic. Add approximately 15-30ml of ACV per 4 litres of drinking water and it will reduce slime in the water, ward off parasites, aid digestion and help to keep chooks cool in warm weather
- Oh the grand ol’ garlic clove…adding a clove of crushed garlic to your chickens’ food each day boosts their immunity and keeps pesky parasites at bay.
- Chickens have a very sensitive respiratory system and who wouldn’t with all that scratching and digging going on. Herbal remedies to the rescue - by serving up a bowl of chopped basil, thyme, dill and clover with a touch of cinnamon on top your chooks will be happily breathing in the fresh country air again soon
The health of your hens is not extremely difficult to maintain but it is an important part of raising and keeping chickens that will look and feel beautiful in your backyard. These few simple things can really make the difference when it comes to healthy flappy families.
From hygiene and hydration to healthy diets, we all want to do an eggcellent job when caring for our feathered friends. It's essential that you've got the right expertise you need to raise happy, healthy chooks. Did you know 67% of chicken keepers surveyed experienced a chicken health or behaviour issue in the first 12 months that they didn’t know how to handle?
But don’t worry! Our feathered friends over at Chickenpedia have created a Chicken Healthcare Course. It is a comprehensive online course that includes everything you need, including what to look for in an unhealthy chicken and how to support your egg-laying hens to optimal health. All of their courses are really well structured and filled with important information, which is why I highly recommend them to all of my readers! From raising baby chicks to feeding to behavior, you’ll find valuable information that’ll give you the knowledge and confidence to successfully look after your chickens.
Check out Chickenpedia today. As a member, you will also get access to the ALL of their chicken courses!

domain: food