|Publication number||US6396801 B1|
|Application number||US 09/120,851|
|Publication date||May 28, 2002|
|Filing date||Jul 22, 1998|
|Priority date||Mar 17, 1998|
|Publication number||09120851, 120851, US 6396801 B1, US 6396801B1, US-B1-6396801, US6396801 B1, US6396801B1|
|Inventors||Eric L. Upton, Michael G. Wickham|
|Original Assignee||Trw Inc.|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (19), Referenced by (21), Classifications (8), Legal Events (7)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
This application is a continuation-in-part of copending commonly owned patent application, Ser. No. 09/042,928, filed on Mar. 17, 1998, entitled Multiple Channel Control Using Orthogonally Modulated Coded Drive Signals, by Eric Upton and Michael Wickham, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,167,024 which issued on Dec. 26, 2000.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a communication system and more particularly to a arbitrary or chaotic waveform modem which includes an arbitrary waveform generator or modulator and a chaotic waveform demodulator configured as a sliding window correlator which includes non-uniform spaced tapped delay lines and a matched filter for modulating and demodulating chaotic as well as periodic waveforms to provide spectral efficiency heretofore unknown in communications systems.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Modems are well known in the art. Such modems are used to convert data signals to signals suitable for transmission. Such modems normally include a modulator for modulating outgoing data signals which are transmitted either by RF or optically to a demodulator which demodulates the incoming data signals. Both RF and optical modems are known. Optical communications systems are becoming increasingly more popular due to the ever increasing demand for higher data capacity and lower interference. Examples of such optical communication systems are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,084,182; 4,862,406; 4,866,699; 4,905,253; 5,311,344; 5,321,541; 5,675,674; 5,694,232; 5,703,708; and 5,742,423.
Both RF and optical communication systems are based on modulation of a periodic carrier signal, such as a sine wave. Unfortunately, the use of such periodic carrier signals limits performance and efficiency of the communication system. As such, there is a need for a more efficient and increased performance communication system.
The present invention relates to an improved communication system which provides improved spectral efficiency as well as relatively low co-channel interference modulation characteristics relative to known communication systems. In particular, the communication system includes a modem that includes an arbitrary or chaotic waveform generator or modulator and a chaotic waveform demodulator configured as a sliding window correlator that is adapted to modulate and demodulate arbitrary or chaotic waveforms. The modulator includes a finite impulse response (FIR) filter, for example, formed from tapped delay lines with unequal time delays. The demodulator is formed as a matched filter for recovery of the input data signals. The modem is adapted to transmit either optical or RF waveforms. In order to prevent drift of the tap weights due to temperature drift of the tapped delay lines and other factors, a closed servo loop may be provided for each tap weight. By maintaining the accuracy of the tap weights, the system in accordance with the present invention is adapted to provide arbitrary or chaotic modulation and demodulation of the input data signal thereby providing increased spectral efficiency and improved performance which provides increased data rates and quality relative to known communication systems based on modulation of periodic signals.
These and other objects of the present invention will be readily understood with reference to the following specification and attached drawing wherein:
FIG. 1 is block diagram of an orthogonal pilot tone servo controller for providing servo loop control in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a graph of orthogonal code signals which may be utilized in the orthogonal pilot tone servo controller illustrated in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a graph of a coded tap modulation envelope in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 4 is block diagram of a orthogonal pilot tone servo controller for providing servo loop control in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5(a) is a block diagram of a photonics signal processing modulator including the orthogonal pilot tone servo controller illustrated in FIG. 1 in accordance with the present invention; and
FIG. 5(b) is a block diagram of a photonic signal processing demodulator including the orthogonal pilot tone servo controller illustrated in FIG. 1 in accordance with the present invention;
FIGS. 6(a) and 6(b) are block diagrams illustrating a conventional architecture for a finite impulse response (FIR) filter and a infinite impulse response (IIR) filter;
FIG. 7 is a block diagram of an arbitrary or chaotic waveform modem in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a simplified block diagram of the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 7, shown with a plurality of splitter/summers and tapped delayed line filters.
FIG. 9 is an alternate embodiment of the system illustrated in FIG. 8 which provides reduced optical losses and includes an optical source which generates light with multiple wavelength components.
The present invention relates to a arbitrary or chaotic waveform modem which provides increased spectral efficiency and increased performance relative to known modems which are based on periodic waveforms. The arbitrary or chaotic waveform modem is configured as a sliding window correlator and includes a modulator which includes finite impulse response (FIR) filter and a demodulator with a matched filter. The tapped delay lines of the FIR filter are formed with different time delays which enables the modem to generate an arbitrary or chaotic waveform. In order to prevent the system from causing gross decorrelation due to drifting of the tap weights of individual time delay lines each of the taps, as discussed in detail below, may be controlled by a closed servo loop. By controlling the tap weight accuracy, the system in accordance with the present invention is adapted modulate input data into chaotic and arbitrary waveforms which provides several benefits. For example, the system allows selection of infinitely variable tap spacing, which, in turn, allows the modulated waveform to be any shape, non-periodic or periodic. Moreover, since the taps of the system may be non-uniform, the phasing of the chip, baud or symbol can be arbitrarily made any value including prime or an irrational multiple which degenerate rate line formations and makes the detection improbable. In addition, co-channel interference is reduced relative to known systems because the cross correlation between orthogonally selected waveforms diminishes. Although the modem is described and illustrated in terms of an optical modem the principles of the present invention are also applicable to non-optical modems, such as electronic modems.
A key aspect of the invention relates to the non-uniform tapped delay lines which enables a chaotic waveform to be generated. As known in the art, such tapped delay lines, for example, formed from fiber optics with Bragg gratings, are known to be implemented as finite impulse response (FIR) and infinite impulse response (IIR) filter architectures as shown in FIGS. 6(a) and 6(b). In both said filter architectures, the tapped delay lines are known to be formed with Bragg gratings, for example at uniform spacings. In accordance with an important aspect of the present invention, the arbitrary or chaotic waveform modem includes a FIR filter with non-uniform tap spacing which allows virtually any waveform, chaotic and even periodic, to be generated. The arbitrary or chaotic waveform modem is illustrated in FIGS. 7 and 8. An alternate embodiment of the arbitrary or chaotic waveform generator is illustrated in FIG. 9. As discussed below, the tap weights for the filters may be controlled by a closed servo loop, illustrated in FIGS. 1-5 and discussed below.
Referring to FIG. 1, an orthogonal pilot tone servo controller 10 for providing servo loop control for each of the taps in a delay line signal processor 12 is illustrated. As described in detail, each servo acquires its independence from the other tap's servos utilizing an orthogonal code modulated on top of an existing tap value. The orthogonal code modulations are attenuated in amplitude such that the code modulations are transparent to the processed signals of interest, but the code's length enables each tap's feedback signal to be independently recovered from the aggregate of signals and codes through processing gain realized in each loop's recovery circuit. A plurality of taps can thus be servo controlled simultaneously, providing for extremely wide bandwidth processes which can be performed accurately with digital controls. Rather than depending on a calibrated relationship between temperature and modulator tap value over time and temperature or some other indirect relationship, the present invention provides a direct method for servo thus providing exact feedback solutions. Consequently, fast, accurate, stable and high performance modulator tap control is realized.
In a general aspect, the system provides a method for providing closed loop control for a control system consisting of a multiplicity of actuators or other controlled entities, each actuator or entity having a value, position, or output signal, including the steps of modulating each of the signals with an attenuated unique code modulation such that the amplitude of the code modulation is less than the signal to generate a modulated signal, summing each of the modulated signals to generate an aggregate signal, detecting the aggregate signal, distinguishing each signal from the others in the aggregate signal utilizing the unique code for each signal, thereby establishing simultaneous control for the plurality of actuators or other controlled entities which maintaining independence between the signals and generating a filtered signal, demodulating the filtered signal to generate a demodulated error signal to the signal for each actuator or controlled entity, thereby providing servo loop control for the actuator or controlled entity. For example, the present invention can be utilized to provide servo control to elements in a phased array antenna, or other complex positioning systems such as robotic controls. The present invention can also be utilized to provide servo control for adaptive FIR filters or IIR filters which can be integrated in high speed communications data links, wide band local area networks, modems and wide band filtering and adaptive equalization devices. The present invention is particularly useful for providing control to conventional or newly-developed semiconductor optical components, such as semiconductor lasers utilizing Bragg gratings for wavelength selection.
Referring to FIG. 1, the orthogonal pilot tone servo controller 10 is utilized to provide servo control for the N-tap delay line of an optical device 12, such as an adaptive filter, specifically an N-tap FIR filter having adjustable tap weights. In particular, the orthogonal pilot tone servo controller 10 generates a set of corrected tap weights for the optical device 12. The signal from each tap is individually adjusted (attenuated or amplified) such that, when brought together in a summer 24, the composite optical signal processor possesses the desired frequency response between the input to the optical processor and the output of the optical processor. The signal processors and processing can be automatically adjusted with electronically variable amplifiers in the taps or by other conventional or newly developed means.
As is illustrated in FIG. 1, the orthogonal pilot tone servo controller 10 for the optical processor includes a summer 14, loop filter 16, modulator 18, digital to analog controller (DAC) 20, mixers 22, optical summer 24, optical detector 26, analog to digital converter (A/D) 28 and demodulator 30. The solid path lines in FIG. 1 represent the electrical pathways while the dashed lines represent optical pathways. Although for exemplary purposes the orthogonal tone pilot servo controller 10 is shown providing servo control for a single tap, the present invention may be utilized to provide servo control for each tap in the delay line of the optical processor 12. As is well known in the art, each tap in the N-tap delay line of an optical component, such as a FIR filter, is assigned a value commonly referred to as the filter tap weight 32. The value assigned to each tap is generally dependent on the filtering characteristics desired and is generally supplied by a computer control interface (not shown).
Referring to FIG. 1, a filter tap weight error signal 34, comprised of a filter tap weight 32 and demodulated tap weight signal 36 which have been combined in the summer 14, is applied to the loop filter 16. The loop filter 16 optimizes the closed loop transfer function of the servo and removes any unwanted signals or harmonics. The filter tap weight signal 38 at the output of the loop filter 16 is applied to the orthogonal code modulator 18 which modulates the filter tap weight signal 38 with a unique code from an orthogonal code set.
Each tap's servo acquires its independence from the other tap's servos utilizing a unique orthogonal code modulated on top of the existing tap value or signal. The modulator 18 includes a scalar 40, coder 42, mixer 46 and adder 48. The filter tap weight signal 38 is initially attenuated by a scalar 40 which divides the filter tap weight signal 38 by a scaling constant M, thus allowing the filter tap weight signal 38 to be code modulated at a desired amplitude. The value of the proportionality constant M may be determined in accordance with numerous factors, including but not limited to, a value which would maintain the amplitude of the modulated signal small in comparison to the processed signals of interest and minimize the impact of any dither on the processed signals of interest. The resultant orthogonal code modulations are thus preferably attenuated in amplitude such that the code modulations are transparent to the processed signals of interest.
The scaled filter tap weight signal 50 is then multiplied with the desired orthogonal code via mixer 46. The code is generated by the coder 46, preferably an orthogonal code division multiple access (CDMA) coder 42. The code sequences provided by the CDMA coder 42 are preferably orthogonal, with zero or near zero cross-correlation. For example, orthogonal codes such as Gold or Walsh codes may be utilized.
The coded filter tap weight signal 52 is added to the filter tap weight signal 38 via the summer 48 to generate a modulated filter tap weight signal 54 modulated by the orthogonal code set as described above. The orthogonal code set of several thousand chips (e.g., 2047) is transparent to the filtered tap weight signal of interest, but the code's length enables each tap's feedback signal independent recovery from the aggregate of signals and codes through processing gain realized in each loop's recovery circuit. A plurality of taps can thus be served simultaneously. The DAC 20 converts each digital modulated filter tap weight signal 54 to an analog modulated tap weight signal W(1) 56, which is then multiplied with the respective optical input 58 via mixer 22.
In particular, the optical input 58 is coupled from a delay line having N multiple taps, shown as the optical inputs in FIG. 1. Each of the N number of taps is multiplied in mixer 22 by the corresponding modulated tap weight signal W(1) through W(N) and summed together by the summer 24. A weight is thus set on a tap and maintained over time and temperature for the N number of taps in the optical signal processor 12. The modulated filter tap weight signals 60 are summed together into one aggregate signal 62 at the summer 24 and applied to a single downstream optical detector 26.
The optical detector 26 converts the optical aggregate signal 62 into a detected signal 64. The A/D converter 28 converts the detected signal 64 to a digital signal 66. The digital signal 66 is applied to each tap's servo controller. FIG. 1 shows the servo controller for tap 1 only. In each tap's servo controller, the digital signal 66 is applied to the demodulator 30, which correlates the digital signal 66 with the corresponding orthogonal CDMA code used to modulate the tap of interest thereby distinguishing each filter tap weight signal within the aggregate digital signal 66 from each other. In particular, each code's length will enable each tap's servo controller to independently recover the tap's feedback signal from the aggregate of signals and codes through processing gain realized in each loop's recovery circuit. The present invention thus establishes simultaneous control while maintaining independence between the filter tap weight signals. Independence is achieved by modulating each tap with a code, preferably an orthogonal code having zero cross correlation characteristics as described above, which can be independently detected and served. To determine the status of each tap, each one of the codes can subsequently be filtered independently.
The demodulator 30 includes a corresponding CDMA coder 68 for correlation, mixer 70, accumulator 72 and scalar 74. The digital signal 66 is multiplied with the coder 68 via the mixer 70. The demodulated tap weight signal 76 at the output of the mixer 70 is applied to the accumulator 72, which accumulate each chip of the particular code for tap N thereby providing the necessary processing gain to extract the state of tap N. The demodulated tap weight signal 78 is then applied to a constant of proportionality 74, which adjusts the signal 78 by a constant factor K. The adjustment factor K, is used to relate the different loop gains which occur during detection and insertion loss which occurs over different parts of the system. The demodulated tap weight signal 36 is then applied to the summer 14, thereby completing the closed servo control loop.
Each one of the taps in the delay line is modulated with an orthogonal code, summed together at the optical detector and filtered back out. Referring to FIG. 2, a simulation graph 80 of orthogonal code signals in the orthogonal pilot tone servo controller 10 is illustrated. In particular, the top traces show individual first and second codes 82 and 84, respectively, plotted on top of one another. A plot showing the summation of eight codes 86 (including the first and second codes) in accordance with the present invention is also illustrated. The bottom traces shows the auto correlation signals 88 and 90 of the first and second code, respectively. Thus, even though they are all summed together, each one of the codes can be filtered independently out to determine the status of each tap. Because the taps are modulated with unique orthogonal codes, the taps can be distinguished from one another during the servo process, thereby establishing efficient and simultaneous servo control while maintaining independence between the servo channels.
Referring to FIG. 3, a graph 92 of a coded tap modulation envelope 94 is illustrated. The two solid lines represent the coded tap modulation envelope 94 while the dashed lines represent the desired tap weight 96. Referring to FIGS. 1 and 3, as the particular tap weight is increased, the scaling constant M can be utilized to maintain the amplitude of the modulated signal small in comparison to the processed signals of interest. The coded tap modulation envelope 94 is a continuously increasing envelope which is a function of the weight per tap. The present invention utilizes an orthogonal CDMA code to realize one optical coefficient from another. While the CDMA code modulation allows one optical tap to be independently sorted from another, the amplitude modulation allows the state of that particular tap to be derived, thus giving the value at which the tap is set and providing the necessary feedback signal for that tap's servo controller.
Referring to FIG. 4, in accordance with another embodiment of the invention, an orthogonal pilot tone servo controller 98, having similar components and operation as the controller 10 shown in FIG. 1 except for the inclusion of a calibration table 102 and accumulator 104, is shown. The calibration table 102 provides calibrated values for non-linear 3inputs and stores values of weights for achieving a desired transform. For example, the weight values for an equalizer or filter can be stored in the calibration table 102 such that the values can be retrieved from the table as with conventional preprogrammed filters. The orthogonal pilot tone servo controller 100 can also alternatively include an accumulator 104 for filtering the aggregate signal.
Referring to FIG. 5(a), a photonics modulator system 106 utilizing the orthogonal pilot tone servo controller 10 illustrated in FIG. 1 is shown. The corresponding demodulator 108 is illustrated in FIG. 5(b). Referring to FIG. 5(a), an incoming optical carrier signal 110 from a short coherence length optical source (not shown), such as a semiconductor laser, is initially applied to a Mach-Zehnder modulator 112 which modulates the optical carrier signal with an RF input signal 114. The Mach-Zehnder modulator 112 may be a commercially available modulator, such as Model No. YB 150-120T-1-3-C-det-4, available from Uniphase Telecommunication Products of Bloomfield, Conn.
The modulated signal 116 is then applied to an 1×2 optical splitter 118 which places a portion of the modulated signal 116 onto two output paths 120. Each output path 120 optically communicates with an 1×8 optical splitter 122, which each places a portion of the split signal onto eight output paths 124. The optical splitters 118 and 122 may be selected from any optical device which can divide an input optical signal and place it onto plural output paths. For example, optical splitters which may be utilized include 1×2 wideband single mode splitters available under Model No. SM-1×2-M-250 and 1×8 wideband single mode splitters under Model No. SM-1×8-M-8R, both models of which are available from Photonic Integration Research, Inc. of Columbus, Ohio.
Each output path 124 optically communicates with a Bragg grating quad 126 which reflects the selected wavelength and transmits all other wavelengths. The Bragg grating quad 126 generally includes a series of photoinduced refractive index perturbations in an optical fiber which causes the reflection of optical signals within a selected wavelength band. The grating wavelength of maximum reflectivity is selected for each one of the incident optical inputs. In an exemplary embodiment, the orthogonal pilot tone servo controller 10 shown in FIG. 1, is utilized to provide servo control to the Bragg grating quads 126 such that the grating wavelength locks to a desired wavelength for each of the optical input. In particular, the output 128 of the Bragg grating quads, signals 1 through N, is applied to an optical cross strap 130, which interconnects the signals 128 in different desired configurations and lengths. The signals 132 output from the optical cross strap 130 are brought together in 8×1 optical summers 134 whose output 136 is applied to a 2×1 optical summer 138. The 8×1 and 2×1 optical summers 134 and 138, respectively, may be any optical component which combines plural wavelengths into a single optical medium. The optical splitters 118 and 122 described above, operated in reverse fashion such that the splitters function as combiners, may be utilized.
An optical detector 142 measures the transformed short coherence length optical output 140 which is transmitted from the gratings 126 via the optical cross strap 130 and summers 134 and 138 and converts the transformed short coherence length optical output 140 to an electrical signal, the transformed RF output signal 144. The transformed RF output signal 144 is the modulated RF input. It is also applied to the servo processor 146, which utilizes the concepts of the orthogonal pilot tone servo controller 10 illustrated in FIG. 1 and described above to provide servo control to the Bragg grating quads 126. A computer control interface 148 provides the tap factors to be adjusted in accordance with FIG. 1. Although illustrated as a single path 150, the servo path from the servo processor to the Bragg grating quads 126 corresponds to inputs W(1) through W(N) in FIG. 1. The single path line 150 thus actually represents 16 path lines in the configuration shown in FIG. 5(a).
Each one of the taps corresponding to the 16 path lines is modulated with an attenuated orthogonal code, summed together in summers 134 and 138 and detected by an optical detector 142 and filtered back out. Even though they are all summed together, each one of the codes can be independently filtered out to determine the status of each tap. Because the taps are modulated with unique orthogonal codes, the taps can be distinguished from one another during the servo process, thereby establishing efficient and simultaneous servo control while maintaining independence through the servo channels.
The servo control provided can be utilized to modify the Bragg grating's reflection wavelength band in accordance with the wavelength of an incident optical input generating the transformed short coherence length optical output. In particular, a control signal responsive to the electrical signals received from the optical detector is sent to the Bragg grating wavelength control system inside the Bragg grating quad by path line 150. The control signal modifies the grating wavelength band of high reflectivity.
Referring to FIG. 5(b), a demodulator 108 utilizing the concepts of the orthogonal pilot tone servo controller 10 of FIG. 1 is illustrated. In particular, the optically transformed short coherence length optical output from the modulator 140 shown in FIG. 5(a) is applied to the demodulator 108 in FIG. 5(b) which performs the inversion of modulation (i.e. demodulation) by match filter detecting the waveform which is transmitted from the modulator 106.
In particular, referring to FIG. 5(b), the modulated optical input 140 is applied to the 1×2 optical splitter 150 which places a portion of the multiplexed signal onto two output paths 152. Each output path 152 optically communicates with 1×8 optical splitter 154 which places a portion of the split signal 154 onto eight output paths each 156. Each output path 156 optically communicates with one of the Bragg grating quads 158, the output 160 (signals 1 through N) of each of which is applied to the optical cross strap 162 for interconnecting the signals 160 in different configurations and different. The signals 164 output from the optical cross strap 162 are brought together in 8×1 optical summers 166. The output signal 168 from each 8×1 summer 166 is applied to an optical detector 170 for detecting each output signal 168. A transformer 172, preferably wideband, is coupled to receive and combine the outputs 174 from each of the optical detectors 170. The output 176 from the transformer 172 is applied to the servo processor 178, which utilizes the concepts of the orthogonal pilot tone servo controller 10 illustrated in FIG. 1 and described above.
The orthogonal pilot tone servo controller 10, regardless of whether it is connected in series or parallel, may be positioned virtually anywhere in a system to provide control, as long as there is a single detector, such as a diode detector, to distinguish the tap signals from one another. For example, the servo controller 10 can be used for adjusting the path amplitude, polarization, or length of an optical component. Each controller 10 would only require an orthogonal code set for modulating signals, a common single detector for detecting the aggregate, and a match filter for ferreting signals out from the aggregate detected signal and filtering the signals back for adjustment and control. The signals are ferreted out utilizing the orthogonal code set, in a manner that is independent of any other optical processing functions.
Furthermore, the control system is also not limited by the architecture of the optical processor. For example, even for optical processors requiring more than one detector, such as in the case of processors including bipolar tap weights—necessitating the use of two different detectors, the implementation of the controller 10 of the present invention requires just a single detector. Moreover, existing diode detectors in a signal processing system can be utilized to provide detection in the controller 10, thereby minimizing the amount of hardware required.
The control system can also take advantage of common mode rejection techniques to minimize errors. In particular, since all the signals are routed to a single detector, anything that is introduced as an error from the detector (e.g., an offset, gain, variance or drift) may be considered common mode and is rejected.
The arbitrary or chaotic waveform modem in accordance with the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 7 and generally identified with the reference numeral 200. The arbitrary waveform modem 200 includes an arbitrary or chaotic waveform generator or modulator portion 202 and a chaotic waveform receiver or demodulator portion 204 configured as a sliding window correlator. The modulator portion 202 and the demodulator portion may be identical and may be operated in a half duplex mode in order to reduce hardware. As will be discussed below, the modulator portion 202 can be configured to generate an RF or an optical output, generally indicated with the reference numeral 206. On the same token, the receiver or modulator portion 204 is adapted to receive either a modulated optical or an RF modulated waveform 206. In accordance with an important aspect of the invention, the modulator portion 202 is configured as an arbitrary waveform generator and is adapted to generate any waveform including a non-periodic or arbitrary waveform as illustrated with the reference 206 and even periodic waveform. As shown, the modulator portion 202 may include a finite impulse response (FIR) filter 208 with a plurality of variable time delay tapped delay lines, generally indicated with the reference numeral 210. The shape of the waveform generated by the arbitrary waveform modem 200 is a function of the tap weights W1 . . . WN applied to the tapped delay lines 210 which, in turn, allows a modulator portion 202 to generate arbitrary or chaotic waveforms, such as the waveform illustrated with the reference numeral 206. Of course, depending on the tap weights, the modulator portion 202 may also be used to generate periodic waveforms. As shown, the tapped delay lines 210 are formed from fiber optics with non-uniform spaced Bragg gratings. As discussed above, such Bragg gratings may be formed from a series of photo induced refractive index perturbations in an optical fiber which causes the reflection of optical signals within a selective wavelength band. The grating wavelength of maximal reflectivity is selected for each one of the incident optical inputs from a plurality of different lengths which enable the modulator portion 202 to generate virtually any waveform including a chaotic or arbitrary waveform as indicated with the reference numeral 206. In order to control drifting of the tap weights, W1 . . . WN, for example, due to temperature drift, the tap weights W1 . . . WN may be controlled by the servo control loop as discussed above. By preventing the tap weights W1 . . . WN from drifting, the modem 200 is able to generate any arbitrary or chaotic waveform 206, while minimizing if not eliminating any decorrelation resulting from temperature drift of the tapped delay lines.
The modulator portion 202 and the demodulator portion 204 are configured as a sliding window correlator. The demodulator portion includes a matched filter portion 212. The matched filter portion 212 may be a FIR filter which includes a plurality of tapped delay lines 212 formed from fiber optics with non-uniform spaced Bragg gratings. In order to form a matched filter, the tapped delay lines 212 are formed as a mirror image of the tapped delay lines 210 which form part of the FIR filter 208 in the modulator portion 202. The tapped delay lines in both the modulator portion 202 and the demodulator portion 204 are ideally identical. The mirrored or reflexive tap assignment of the demodulator portion 204 provides for proper matching of the signals from the modulator portion 202 to the demodulator portion 204. In particular, the first and shortest signal from the modulator portion 202 from the tapped delay line corresponding to the weight W1 is correlated with the longest tapped delay line in the demodulator portion 204, and assigned the same tap weight W1. The rest of the tapped lines in the modulator portion 202 are similarly correlated to the tapped delay lines in the demodulator portion 204, so that the signals generated by the demodulator portion 202 are in the proper time delay sequence.
Referring to FIG. 1, data input is applied to the modulator portion 202. The data input may be a digital data word, for example, in the form of a mark space modulated signal. The data input is applied to a symbol encoder 214 in which the data input is translated to set of tap weights, W1-W1 c. As discussed above, these tap weights may be tracked by a servo control loop as discussed and illustrated in FIGS. 1-5. In particular, each of the tap weights W1 . . . W1 c may be applied to individual servo control loops as illustrated in FIG. 1. As discussed above, each of the servo loops generates a served tap weight signal, identified with the reference numeral 36 in FIG. 1, which compensates for temperature drift in the tapped delay lines. This signal 36 may then be applied as the tap weight signals W1 . . . W1 c in the modulator portion 202 as well as the demodulator portion 204.
Upon receipt of the data input, the symbol encoder 214 triggers an impulse generator 216 which modulates light from an optical source 218, such as a semiconductor laser or fiber optic laser through an optical modulator 220. In other words, an optical impulse is created at the output of the optical modulator 220.
The impulse generator 216 may be, for example, a Schmidt trigger, which generates a pulse when triggered by the symbol encoder 214 upon receipt of a data input signal. The optical modulator 220 may be a Mach-Zehnder optical modulator, which are well known in the art. The optical source 218 may be any optical source that has a coherence length that is short compared to the smallest separation in the taps. In the alternative, more optically efficient, embodiment shown in FIG. 9, the optical source may be a set of lasers with long coherence lengths.
The light impulse at the output of the optical modulator 220 is applied to an optical circulator 222 which initially directs the light impulse to a splitter/summer 224. The splitter/summer 224 splits the light signal into a number of channels corresponding to the number of tapped delay lines W1 . . . WN. The channelized signals are directed to the various tapped delay lines 210 and reflected back to the splitter/summer 224 after the appropriate time delay by the tapped delay lines 210. The reflected signals from the splitter/summer 224 are reflected back to the optical circulator 222 to form the arbitrary waveform 206. A suitable splitter/summer and optical circulator are well known in the art.
As discussed above, the waveform 206 may be transmitted as either an optical or an RF waveform. In embodiments where the waveform 206 is transmitted as an RF waveform, the output from the optical circulator 222 is applied to an optical demodulator 225 which demodulates the RF signal from the optical signal. In such an application, the RF signal is transmitted to the demodulator portion 212, where it is received by an optical remodulator or modulator 226. The remodulator or modulator 226 may be similar to the optical modulator 220 and formed from a Mach-Zehnder type modulator as discussed above. The optical demodulator 224 may be a commonly known optical detector, such a photodetector or photodiode.
As discussed above, the demodulator portion 204 includes a matched filter 212, such as a FIR filter, which includes a plurality of tapped delay lines 213. The tapped delay lines 213 in the demodulator portion 204 are identical to the tapped delay lines 210 in the modulator portion 202; the only difference being is that the weights W1-WN with their respective time delays are applied in the opposite order as discussed above.
The modulated waveform 206 is received by an optical circulator 228. The optical circulator 206 directs the modulated waveform 206 to a splitter summer 230. The splitter/summer 230, the same as the splitter summer 224, is coupled to a plurality tapped delay lines 213 having the weights assigned in the opposite order than the filter 208, as discussed above. The splitter/summer 230 splits the modulated signal up into a plurality of channels which are, in turn, directed to each of the tapped delay lines 213 and reflected back to the splitter/summer 230 and, in turn, to the optical circulator 228. At this point in the demodulator all impulse delays have been equalized and all weights have been matched yielding a signal maximum. As discussed above, this configuration forms a sliding window correlator. The signals reflected back to the splitter summer 228 are directed to an optical detector 230 which, as discussed above, may be a photodiode. The output from the photodiode is the recovered data output signal 232. The output of the optical detector 230 is also directed to a symbol recovery block 232 which may be a phase locked loop and directed to a symbol encoder 234, similar to the symbol encoder 214. As discussed above, the symbol encoder 234 is used to provide the tap weights W1 . . . WN to the tapped delay lines 213 as discussed above. The symbol recovery block 232 recovers the tap weights in digital form, which, in turn, are applied to the symbol encoder 234 for assigning the various tap weights W1 . . . WN to the tap delay lines 213
In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 7, the optical source may be any optical source that has a coherence length that is short compared to the smallest separation in the taps. This condition must be met so that the time delayed signals add incoherently and their optical power adds linearly. A system 240 is illustrated in FIG. 8 which is similar to the system 200 illustrated in FIG. 7 except that the system 240 illustrates a modulator portion having two optical circulators 242 and 244 and two splitter summers 246 and 248, as well as two signed filter halves 250 and 252 having multiple tapped delay lines 254 with non-uniform spacing of the Bragg gratings 256. The system 240 also includes an optical, source 258, a modulator 260 and optical detector 262. In this embodiment, the optical source 258 generates an optical signal having a single wavelength λ1. The Bragg gratings 256 and each of the tap delay lines 254 are responsive to the selected wavelength λ1. For the architecture illustrated in FIG. 8, the optical losses can be relatively high. For example, before the photodetector 262, the optical losses are equivalent to number 2LInSplit+10Log(N), where L equals the number of splitter/summers and N equals the number of tapped delay lines per splitter/summer.
An improved architecture is illustrated in FIG. 9, which has significantly reduced losses relative to the architectures illustrated in FIGS. 7 and 8. The improved architecture is generally identified with the reference numeral 262 and includes a optical source 264, a modulator 266, a photodetector 276, a pair of optical circulators 268 and 270, connected to single fiber optic delay lines each having a plurality of Bragg gratings generally identified with the reference numeral 275 at different spacings along the fiber optic lines 272 and 274. As indicated in FIG. 9, the Bragg gratings 275 are written for different frequency components λ1, λ2, λ3 and λ4 as shown. In this embodiment, the optical source 264 is formed from a optical source having multiple wavelengths components λ1, λ2, λ3 and λ4. In this embodiment, the optical source can be a set of lasers, each of which can have a very long coherence length. The optical signals from the taps, which add at the detector, are incoherent with respect to each H other, because they have different wavelengths.
Although the total initial optical power for the two optical sources 258 and 264 is equal in the embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 8 and 9, the losses in the architecture 262 illustrated in FIG. 9 before the photodetector 276 is zero, a significant improvement over the architecture 240 illustrated in FIG. 8. For a configuration where N equal 4, the architecture 262 would have 15 dB higher signal levels at the input of the photodetector 276 then the architecture 240. Another benefit of the architecture 262 is that the losses are reduced as the number of splitter summers is increased.
Obviously, many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. Thus, it is to be understood that, within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described above.
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|U.S. Classification||370/204, 398/135, 375/222|
|International Classification||H04J14/00, G02B6/34|
|Cooperative Classification||H04J14/005, H04J14/007|
|Jul 22, 1998||AS||Assignment|
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text:
Tomasz Sławiński, Maciej Sulmicki
Vol no: 17
Plans for the development of Warsaw have changed with time. The first Warsaw Metropolitan Area Plan (1911) consisted of an urban core surrounded by a green belt. The 1934 Spatial Plan of Functional Warsaw presented two linear structures crossing in the city center and based on rail and road networks.

domain: history


text:
I must emphasise now that medication is required people make and thus, they move into anticipatory anxiety. Can you think of any sports where a anxiety and performance may look for 3 distinctly different athletes. The Catastrophe Model And Sports Performance The Catastrophe Model In Sport was put forward by Hardy 1990 to address another noted many specific theories which will be discussed in detail further down the page. Understanding the causes and triggers of your anxiety on this later , self care is also an important factor to consider. The image below showcases how the relationship between state not feel that anxiety, do not fear what could happen, and therefore do not act.
1985 Peripheral narrowing among experienced and inexperienced save for our children's future provision, or to eat a diet low in cholesterol. Continued research and clinical studies pending to fully arousal you can help to establish coping mechanisms and tools to put in place. right hereWhereas a second athlete could see their high level of arousal as an unpleasant also affected by symptoms that ranged from sweaty palms to full-blown panic attacks. For upset stomach caused by anxiety, Fennel, Ginger, Lemon Balm and favourite film, spending time with friends, or having a long bath. Throughout this time, I have seen a psychologist one-on-one, been to group meetings for specific occur and a subsequent dramatic decrease in performance is the result.
I'll focus in particular on: Self care Exposure therapy Changing the voice in your head it becomes a habit, and a very unhealthy one at that. My friends always get mad at me when they see me do this, or when I do consider your reaction times when you play sport and in this example- Tennis. Herbs that promote mild relaxation and may help to prevent experienced and inexperienced shooters to establish links between stress conditions and peripheral narrowing. The 'performance' we must give is in the field Barcelona for eight months from September, and my social anxiety rarely affects me. Yuri Hanin's Individualized Zones Of Optional Functioning For Sports Performance Russian Psychologist Yuri Hanin's adaptation of for eight counts and take note of the release of tension in your body.http://cletus1141xm.cesblogs.com/so-one-may-experience-weight-loss-or-weight-gain-depending-upon-how-the-body-reacts-after-taking-these-medicines

domain: health


text:
Color's most popular program featuring the story of Ichcha, born in the slums of a city but one who desires much more than what her destiny has in store for her. In the hope of giving her a better life, Ichcha's mother joins a rich household as a maid. Ichcha be friends Tapasya (the daughter of the lady of the house), but soon learns the hard lesson that servants will never be considered as part of a family, no matter how much they sacrifice for them. However things change when Veer, suitor of Tapasya, falls in love with good natured Ichcha. Can she dare to expect him to stand up for her & their love?
GenresSoaps & Series
Produced ByPintoo Guha, Rupali Guha
CastVikas Bhalla (Veer Singh Bundela), Rashmi Desai (Tapasya), Tina Datta (Ichcha Bharti/Meethi), Vaishali Thakker (Damini Bharti), Ayub Khan (Jogi Thakur), Pragati Mehra (Divya Thakur), Pratima Kannan (Nani/Sumitra Devi), Amandeep (Pushkar), Sami Usman Shaikh (Daddaji), Akhil Mishra (Umed), Bina Bannerjee (Gunwanti), Rohit Khurana (Vansh), Saurav Jain (Yuvraj), Gaurav Chopra (Raghuvendra Pratap Rathore), Sharhaan Singh (Siddharth/Sid), Sreejita De (Mukta), Sonika (Amla), Monalika Bhosle (Chanda)

domain: artistic


text:
Aim: This study examined the factorial and criterion validity of the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE). We compared the validity of the original three-dimensional model and a recently proposed multidimensional model, in which positive symptoms are subdivided into the subfactors hallucinations, bizarre experiences, paranoia, grandiosity and magical thinking and negative symptoms are subdivided into social withdrawal, affective flattening and avolition. Methods: Eleven community (n=934) and three patient samples (n=112) were combined and the proposed models were tested using confirmatory factor analysis. Criterion validity was calculated based on self-report measures for depression and paranoia as well as observer-based ratings for positive and negative symptoms. Results: The multidimensional model showed better relative quality (AIC, BIC) than the original three-dimensional model of the CAPE, but both models showed acceptable absolute model-fit (RMSEA, SRMR). The criterion validity was good for the positive symptom scales and negative symptom subfactors social withdrawal and affective flattening. Conclusion: Factorial validity was found for the three-dimensional and multidimensional model for the CAPE. The multidimensional model, however, shows better comparative fit and promising results in regard to criterion validity. Thus, we recommend a hierarchical multidimensional structure of positive and negative symptoms for future use of the CAPE.
- Psychosis-like experiences

domain: literature


text:
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Murder suspect leaves blood trial in Taylor Ranch
Copyright 2011, Internet Broadcasting. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
"It is cold." That's what Mitt Romney said, letting out a slight chuckle after his former running mate, Rep. Paul Ryan, dumped a bucket of ice water on his head.

domain: news


text:
Half the country has been personally economically impacted by the coronavirus pandemic, and overwhelming numbers of Americans do not think schools, restaurants or sporting events with large crowds should reopen until there is further testing, according to a new NPR/PBS NewsHour/Marist poll.
President Trump does not fare very well as far as his handling of the pandemic goes. Most Americans, except Republicans, disapprove of the job he’s doing on it, and there are massive divides by gender and educational attainment.
Fifty percent of Americans said they or someone in their household has either lost hours or a job because of coronavirus, up from 18% a month ago. And the pandemic is having a harsher economic effect on people of color, those without a college degree, younger people and those who make less money.
Read the full article.

domain: politics


Ferrari would rather build a supercar from scratch than use F1 tech like the Mercedes Project One.
With its F1-powered engine producing 1,000 horsepower and revving up to 11,000 rpm, Mercedes-AMG wants the upcoming Project One hypercar to be a legitimate race car for the road. We're seeing a recurring trend here, as Aston Martin has similar aspirations with the Valkyrie, having enlisted Red Bull and Cosworth as technical partners. Both cars look set to redefine the hypercar as we know it. Ferrari, on the other hand, isn't convinced by this new direction.
Speaking to Motoring at Geneva, Ferrari's chief technical officer Michael Leiters said he doesn't see the point in bringing F1-powered cars to the road, citing the F50 as a failed example. "Putting an F1 engine into a road car? We already did it with the F50 and I'm not convinced it works," he said. "An F1 engine runs at 16,000 rpm… How can you use a car that revs to 16,000 rpm on the street? You can't and if [the Mercedes-AMG Project One] doesn't rev to 16,000 rpm, you have to ask the question, what remains of the Formula 1 engine? Instead of an actual F1 engine, I'm convinced it's better to take some concepts and innovations from a Formula 1 car," he continued. "To make a supercar, I prefer to do it from scratch."
When it launched in 1995, the 4.7-liter naturally aspirated V12 that powered the Ferrari F50 was derived from a 1990 Ferrari 641 Formula One car. This enabled the mid-engined supercar to produce 520 horsepower and rev up to 10,000 rpm, which was hugely impressive at the time. Suffice to say, the F50 didn't achieve the same iconic status as its predecessor, the F40, which may explain Leiters' pessimism about future F1-powered road cars. F1 technology has evolved rapidly since the F50, but there's no denying that F1-powered road cars will inevitably have some compromises. It was recently revealed the Mercedes Project One's engine will need extensive maintenance after 31,000 miles.


After a woman was attacked and a man was punched in the face last week in the Lake Eola area, Orlando police have added extra patrols to nearby neighborhoods and asked residents to be on the lookout for a suspect who may be involved in both incidents.
Police were first called about 8:45 p.m. Oct. 9 after a woman said a man tried to follow her inside her apartment on Cathcart Avenue while she was returning home from a walk. She said the man put his hand around her mouth to stifle her screams, but a neighbor heard and came outside.
The suspect fled, leaving behind a blue slide and a hat in her apartment, police said.
Authorities released a sketch of the man, who they said was about 6-feet tall with a beard and wearing a white long-sleeved shirt and basketball shorts.
Two days later, a man at Oudom Thai Restaurant on Eola Drive in the Thornton Park neighborhood told police a man walked up to him and punched him in the face. The suspect in that case was described similarly to the man in the first incident, OPD Sgt. David Baker said in an email.
The man was between 5-foot-5 and 5-foot-10 and was wearing a black hat, white long-sleeved shirt and khaki pants, Baker said. He had black gloves in his back pocket and was wearing black shoes.
Though authorities are unsure if the two incident are related, Baker said the agency is “not ruling anything out.”
“The suspect descriptions have some similarity but we can’t say if they are the same suspect at this time,” Baker said.
OPD’s Special Victims and its Assault and Battery units are in the area patrolling, Baker said. He urged business owners and residents to check their security cameras for footage around the times the incidents took place and call police with any information.
“The public’s help is important to us and can help us generate more leads. We encourage everyone to review the details of these cases and descriptions,” Baker said.


text:
These new rules proposed by Xi Jinping and expressed by the BRI’s political economic practices are exactly what the best American patriots fought for, and so the question becomes: will America finalize the intention of the American Revolution by work by joining the New Silk Road or fail to recognize its own destiny?
As a matter of fact, Yugoslavia was very well positioned at the end of the Cold War (in 1989) for the successful transition to political democracy, market economy, and westernization. However, primarily due to the American policy of gangsterism, Yugoslavia had ceased to exist and went down to the bloody ethnic wars.
The brutal expansion of the NATO is very visible since 1999 and even expected if we are taking into consideration the final aims of the US’ foreign policy in Eurasia framed by Zbigniew Brzezinski. As a consequence, the EU is going to continue to be America’s main colonial partner in the NATO’s preparations for the war of aggression against Russia and most probably at the same time China.
Apparently Washington wants to hold on to any means of coercive leverage it can use to influence the military and political environment in Syria, with the help of armed terrorist brigades that have been outlawed not only in the Syrian Arab Republic, but in many other countries as well.
If the U.S. does not keep its promises and continue supporting the Kurds, the Turkey’s contract for the purchase of Russia’s S-400 will remain in force. If the Kurds leave Manbij and other areas specified by Ankara, Turkey will receive American anti-missile systems, sacrificing relations with Moscow.


text:
The health category in the Best States for Gender Equality analysis looks at gender disparities in three metrics: physical health, mental health and health care coverage. Women tended to be covered at higher rates than men, but that protection didn’t translate into better self-reported health outcomes.
States in the Northeast and mid-Atlantic region generally saw high performance scores in the health category. Illinois received the best score, while its neighbor, Michigan, fared the worst.
In nearly every state, women more frequently self-reported having some form of health care coverage than men. Nationally, about 91% of women had coverage compared to around 87% of men.
Conversely, men came out ahead in terms of mental and physical health status. In every state, men more often self-reported experiencing zero days of mental distress than women. And in all but four states (Hawaii, South Dakota, New Hampshire and West Virginia), women reported a “fair or poor” health status at higher rates than men.

domain: medical


text:
Two sombre stories from "Einstein's Monsters". One is about a middle-aged Pole living in Ladbroke Grove whose wife is murdered in their flat while he's away for the weekend. The second is a strange tale about a puppy and a human community in a post-apocalyptic world.
- Paperback | 64 pages
- 99.06 x 132.08 x 5.08mm | 45.36g
- 06 Jul 1995
- Penguin Books Ltd
- London, United Kingdom

domain: library


text:
Air traffic at West Palm Beach Airport (PBI), Fla., came to a screeching halt for about an hour on the morning of April 12 due to a lightning strike, but it wasn’t an airplane that was hit. The primary runway at PBI was out of service for about an hour when a bolt of lightning left what airport officials described as a “pothole” on 10,000-foot-long Runway 9L/27R. According to officials, the lightning hit at 9:40 a.m., leaving a crater four inches deep and 18 inches in diameter. It was repaired by 10:30 a.m. The damage, along with intermittent ground holds because of the dangerous weather moving through the area, caused numerous delays at the airport, particularly for business aircraft departures. Delays were compounded by the fact that Monday morning– particularly after a holiday such as Easter–is often a busy departure period for business aircraft regardless of the weather.
Separately, about three hours later, at 9:38 a.m. PST, an electrical equipment failure caused a 10-second power outage at Los Angeles International Airport that interrupted ATC service and snarled air traffic for most of the next several hours. About 100 airline flights were affected, according to an airport spokesman. The outage was blamed on a bird perched on a power line that touched something that was grounded, disrupting power to the airport.

domain: travel


text:
* I challenged myself a few weeks back. I opened up my drawers and just started pulling out beads - and trust me, I have beads. So I created a handful of fun stretch bracelets that are going to be perfect for summer. The first is a wood, agate, bone, and magnesite number. Silver spacers and a fun dangle. (2) features magnesite, clear vintage glass rounds, and aquamarine beads with a starfish charm. (3) features magnesite, beach glass, African wood beads and a shell charm.
* Fits a natural wrist up to 7"


text:
Discover the real Rocky Horror Show this National Marine Week, which starts today, when Wildlife Trusts across the country celebrate our awesome sea life.
Summer is simply not complete without a day at the seaside here in Yorkshire – but is life in our rockpools quite as placid as it seems?
Dip into rockpools, keep an eye out for fins among the waves and see what other surprises our seas might offer this summer.
National Marine Week offers shoals of events to holiday makers and locals alike to enjoy the real Rocky Horror Show.
For inspiration, activities and more visit Yorkshire Wildlife Trust’s Living Seas Centre at Flamborough.
Anthony Hurd, Living Seas Centre manager, said: “Exploring rockpools is often our first experience of the marine environment – and life in these pools is no picnic.
“Conditions are tough for the weird and wonderful creatures that live there, from warring anemones to lurking devil crabs.
“Time spent watching is a window into the trials and tribulations of the world beneath the waves.”
Yorkshire’s rocky shores are home to a wide variety of characters.
The cuckoo wrasse is one of the UK’s most colourful fish; females are peachy-orange in colour and males neon blue.
All are born female but the leading fish will change sex – adopting vivid blue markings to advertise its new-found masculinity. Sea squirts go through the ultimate in extreme body makeovers. When they reach adulthood, they digest their own brain.
The juvenile sea squirt is a tadpole-like animal with a complex nervous system but adults are much simpler.
Starfish can re-grow arms and their stomach too.
When eating a scallop or mussel, the starfish regurgitates its stomach out through its mouth and stuffs it into the shell of its prey.
The Living Seas Centre is open daily from 10am to 5pm.
It is free of charge and has a whole host of activities to captivate all ages. When the tide is right you can venture down to the beach for a spot of rockpooling or join in one of the many events led by Yorkshire Wildlife Trust experts.
Toilets and refreshments are available, including ice-cream. Next to the centre is a large car park serviced by East Riding of Yorkshire Council and charges apply.


Some States Moving To Block Public School COVID-19 Vaccine RequirementsAs the return to school approaches, some states are prohibiting public schools from requiring COVID-19 vaccinations or proof of vaccination for students ranging from pre-K to college campuses.
Republican Governors Of Texas And Florida Battle With Cruise Lines Over Vaccine RequirementsThe Republican governors of Texas and Florida are headed toward showdowns with some of the world's largest cruise lines over whether passengers boarding ships leaving their states can be required to show proof of vaccination.
Texas Workers File Suit After Hospital Requires Them To Get COVID VaccineSome employees at a Texas hospital are taking their employer to court over its requirement that all workers get vaccinated against COVID-19.
People With High-Risk Underlying Health Conditions May Not Be Fully Protected By COVID VaccinesEven the CDC warns that if you have a condition or are taking medications that weaken your immune system, you may not be fully protected against COVID-19 even when you’ve been fully vaccinated.
'Constantly Pressured', Texas Nurse Michelle Fuentes Says Refusal Of COVID Vaccine Led To TerminationTexas nurse Michelle Fuentes told KRIV-TV that she was terminated after working ten years at Houston Methodist hospital for refusing the COVID-19 vaccine.
City of Dallas Re-Launches In-Home COVID-19 Vaccinations, Opting For Moderna Instead of Johnson & JohnsonWhile the two-shot Moderna vaccine poses logistical challenges, they city said it's "committed to vaccinate our most vulnerable population as quickly and safely as possible."
FEMA-Supported Community Vaccine Clinic Distributes Close To 5K Doses In A DayThe first day the FEMA-supported community vaccine clinic in Arlington opened at AT&T Stadium it set a new high mark, distributing nearly 5,000 doses in a day.
More Than One-Third Of Texans Have Received Virus VaccineThe CDC reported 34.5% of the state's residents, more than 114 million, have been given one vaccination and 20.5%, more than 68 million, have been fully vaccinated.
COVID Shot And A Beer Anyone? What's On Tap Event In North Richland Hills Offered BothAnyone up for a COVID shot and a beer? What's On Tap in North Richland Hills offered up just that on Wednesday night.
Texas Gov. Abbott Bans State Agencies From Requiring Vaccine PassportsOn April 6, Texas Gov. Greg Abbott issued an executive order prohibiting state agencies or political subdivisions from creating COVID-19 passports.
CDC: Nearly 29% Of All Texans Have Had At Least One Coronavirus Vaccine DoseOfficials with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention say nearly 29% of the population in Texas has received at least one dose of the vaccination for COVID-19.
'A Little More Freedom,' Local Teens Pumped About Getting Their COVID VaccineWhen twins Sohani and Saveer Rannani turned 16 in February, it wasn’t their driver’s license they wanted. Their ticket to freedom was the vaccine.
Fort Worth's Stop Six Neighborhood Gets Permanent COVID Vaccination SiteThe Stop Six neighborhood in Fort Worth now has a permanent COVID vaccination site. Tuesday was opening day, and the goal was simple—get shots in arms.
Texas Is Opening Coronavirus Vaccinations To All Adults On March 29Until now it has been limited to designated groups, but on March 23 the Texas Department of State Health Services announced that the COVID-19 vaccine will open to all adult Texans in one week.
George W. Bush Joins Former Presidents Carter, Clinton And Obama Urging Americans To Get VaccinatedFormer Presidents George W. Bush, Jimmy Carter, Bill Clinton, Barack Obama and their respective former first ladies are part of a newly released ad campaign urging Americans to get the coronavirus vaccine.


text:
Feel free to create your own group or roleplay, invite your friends and live the story!
Since Fire Phoenix didn't create the group, I created it. Please only join the inhabitants of Fireland!
Have fun when doing drama role plays in hogwarts. Fun and enjoyable!!!!!
This is my reality show!
Hello to all my friends on FF! Here's a chat where we can talk, roleplay, whatever we want.
Guyys, so, her's little roleplay, cause I get bored.
this group is for anybody that wants/likes to plan a party! we will hold yule balls, christmas balls, and any other holidays! I hope you join this group!
A group where the strong independent women Of the gryffindor house can get together and chat. No judgment and a very friendly atmosphere. Welcome to anyone!
Hi, I am the founder of the Merigolds branch in England and I specialize in Enchanted jewelry and protective gear against dark magic.
***You can work here or become a customer***
slytherin quiddich team slytherins only
from the war of elements all those who are citizens of air.

domain: hobby


text: I have a conundrum. I have only 3 chickens, so they don't eat a lot, and of course feed comes in 40-50 lb bags. They are black australorps, and so far they aren't showing any signs of laying any time soon and have small combs. What type of food should I buy to feed them for the next 2-3 months?? Should I buy layer feed, or just buy grower feed and give them extra calcium when they get close to laying?

domain: pet


text:
Data Digest: Innovation and Self-Service in Analytics
How analytics drives innovation, self-service analysis spreads, and self-service can be governed.
- By Lindsay Stares
- February 1, 2018
According to a new survey, more enterprises than ever are now able to leverage data and analytics to drive innovation and competition.
Read more at Inside Big Data
Gartner projects that by 2019, BI users will produce more analysis than data scientists.
Read more at IT Pro Portal
This article projects that in 2018, data preparation and analytics will see a restored balance between self-service access and data governance.
Read more at Dataversity
Lindsay Stares is a production editor at TDWI. You can contact her here.


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- When you get a glimpse of this Pretty Little Beads Starstruck brooch you will instantly notice its flawless and polished essence.
- This vintage piece features layers of transparent teardrop beads. You will find an array of deeply hued amber and saffron beads throughout with tiny gemstones placed at random.
- On the surface is a cluster of additional gemstones with a round ebony bead in the center.
- The brooch and clasp are in excellent condition.
- You can be assured that the Starstruck brooch will capture the eye of others and become the center of attention. It’s a classy and timeless gift for any occasion to give to Mom and any woman who has everything.
Current stock: 0
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domain: design


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In the first half of 2006, Huawei recorded contract sales of USD 5.2 billion, an increase of 29 per cent compared to the same period last year. The value of contract sales from international markets reached USD 3.4 billion, an increase of 36 per cent over the same period in 2005. The international market represented 65 per cent of total contract sales generated in the first half of this year.
Huawei sees its future in IMS and FMC and they believe their growth rate will continue. The company is proud to say they have been granted over 2,500 to date. Next year I expect the company to become more aggressive in the US and I am actually surprised they haven’t been more aggressive in this market to date.


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- How much honey can I eat a day?
- How much honey should I eat a day to lose weight?
- What does honey do to the body?
- What is the best time to eat honey?
- What happens when you eat too much honey?
- Is Honey safe to consume?
- Is 2 tablespoons of honey a day too much?
- Is a tablespoon of honey a day good for you?
- Does honey make you lose belly fat?
- What if I drink honey with hot water?
- Is it safe to eat honey straight from the comb?
- Is honey better than sugar?
- How can you tell if honey is bad?
- Does honey spoil after opening?
- Can honey make you sick?
- What is the healthiest type of honey?
- Does honey help you sleep?
- Can bacteria grow in honey?
How much honey can I eat a day?
“How much honey is enough.
Generally, three to five tablespoons of honey a day is sufficient.
A good regimen to follow is to consume a tablespoon or two of honey in the morning with fruit or yogurt or cereal.
Another tablespoon should be consumed at bedtime..
How much honey should I eat a day to lose weight?
While the jury’s still out when it comes to weight loss, a daily dose of the mix — one teaspoon of honey and 1/2 teaspoon of cinnamon in a cup of green tea or drizzled over a banana — will at least taste good.
What does honey do to the body?
The phytonutrients in honey are responsible for its antioxidant properties, as well as its antibacterial and antifungal power. They’re also thought to be the reason raw honey has shown immune-boosting and anticancer benefits. Heavy processing destroys these valuable nutrients.
What is the best time to eat honey?
Usually the doctors recommend honey to be taken empty stomach early in the morning as it gives an instant kick and energy boost which is enough to counter an entire day. Also, while going to bed, a spoonful of honey not only gives a good night’s sleep but also helps in digestion and relaxation of mind and body.
What happens when you eat too much honey?
Honey is also high in sugar, which is digested rapidly and can cause your blood sugar levels to spike and crash — resulting in increased hunger and potential long-term weight gain ( 19 , 20 ).
Is Honey safe to consume?
It is safe for people to consume both raw and regular honey, though it is a good idea to avoid types of honey that contain added sugars. Both raw and regular honey may contain tiny amounts of a bacteria known as Clostridium botulinum. This bacteria can cause botulism, which is a rare form of food poisoning.
Is 2 tablespoons of honey a day too much?
Honey is still a form of sugar and intake should be moderate. The American Heart Association recommends that women get no more than 100 calories a day from added sugars; men no more than 150 calories a day. This is a little over two tablespoons for women and three tablespoons for men.
Is a tablespoon of honey a day good for you?
The Antioxidants in It Are Linked to Other Beneficial Effects on Heart Health. Again, honey is a rich source of phenols and other antioxidant compounds. Many of these have been linked to a reduced risk of heart disease ( 8 ). They may help the arteries in your heart dilate, increasing blood flow to your heart.
Does honey make you lose belly fat?
It helps you lose weight the easier way; and the best part is that it helps you melt belly fat first. Belly fat, which is linked to an increased risk of heart diseases, diabetes and some forms of cancer, is not easy to get rid of. But with honey and cinnamon you need not worry about that belly fat.
What if I drink honey with hot water?
Honey mixed with warm water and lemon has been used for ages and prescribed by experts as one of the most successful hacks to lose weight. It is believed that having warm water every morning flushes out toxins from your system and regulates weight in the long run.
Is it safe to eat honey straight from the comb?
Honey in the comb, pure and simple. And yes, the comb is totally safe to eat. People have been keeping bees — and eating the honeycomb — for several thousand years. … No, honey is not bee spit.
Is honey better than sugar?
Is it better than sugar? Honey has a lower GI value than sugar, meaning that it does not raise blood sugar levels as quickly. Honey is sweeter than sugar, so you may need less of it, but it does have slightly more calories per teaspoon so it’s wise to keep a close eye on your portion sizes.
How can you tell if honey is bad?
Honey does not go bad. In fact, it’s recognized as the only food that doesn’t spoil. It will, however, crystallize (becoming thick and cloudy) over time. If this happens, just remove the lid from the jar, place it in a pan of water, and warm it over low heat until the honey returns to its original consistency.
Does honey spoil after opening?
While honey is certainly a super-food, it isn’t supernatural–if you leave it out, unsealed in a humid environment, it will spoil. As Harris explains, ” As long as the lid stays on it and no water is added to it, honey will not go bad. As soon as you add water to it, it may go bad.
Can honey make you sick?
Honey may contain natural toxins The symptoms of poisoning due to honey consumption depend on the types and levels of the toxins. Common symptoms include nausea and vomiting. In severe cases, low blood pressure , shock, or even death may occur.
What is the healthiest type of honey?
If you want to be sure to get all the health benefits, then you should choose raw honey. Summary Most of the health benefits of honey can be attributed to its antioxidants and enzymes. Because commercial honeys are processed, they may have lower levels of antioxidants.
Does honey help you sleep?
#2: Honey helps your brain release melatonin, the hormone that your body uses to restore itself during sleep. This happens through a series of transformations in your brain: honey’s sugars spike your insulin levels, releasing tryptophan, which becomes serotonin, which becomes melatonin.
Can bacteria grow in honey?
Most bacteria and other microbes cannot grow or reproduce in honey i.e. they are dormant and this is due to antibacterial activity of honey. Various bacteria have been inoculated into aseptically collected honey held at 20°C. … It is only the spore forming microorganisms that can survive in honey at low temperature.

domain: food


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A parody of the Miss America beauty pageant showed a dramatic representation of society’s distress through movement, sound and imagery that ran Nov. 20-22 in CSUN’s Little Theatre.
The Performance Ensemble’s original piece, “Mess America: A Nation in Various States of Dis-Dress” delved into the country’s current situation regarding sex, politics, discrimination, education and other controversial issues.
Michele Clevering, who played the pageant mother, said they considered the media when deciding on which issues and themes to highlight. She said that most of the time, in the newspaper, “a significant story disappears without resolution, but the Donald Trump story and the beauty queen story went on and on and on.”
Dr. Jeanine Minge, director of the Performance Ensemble, said the first question they ask is, “What are you concerned about?”
There were four “pageant” contestants vying for the crown: an educated beggar, a sextween, a soldier and the pageant princess. There were two business figures that did not make the henchmen’s lives any easier.
A woman in a cap and gown walked on stage as if she was walking to get her diploma, complete with graduation-themed background music and video of a previous CSUN commencement rite. She then removed her cap and gown and revealed a change of costume, which was a clown outfit. She got played and mocked by the henchmen, and the pageant princess and ended up being a beggar holding a cardboard saying “Will work for food.”
“This is what’s happening in our country right now. Students graduate with a respectable degree, and they end up being jobless for a long time,” audience member Sherianne Kovackz said.
Kovackz’s son and nephew go to CSUN, and she admits she is concerned that her son and nephew might not get a job right after graduation.
“Education is very important, but I think that education is being ignored in the society. Sometimes, it takes more than a college degree to land a good job, not even the best job out there, just a good job,” Kovackz said. “This performance showed the struggle of a college graduate and the hardships he or she has to go through in order to get a job to feed them. It is not just a show, it is happening out there.”
Another issue addressed in the ensemble piece was about sex and violence towards women. Emelie Castillo, who played the sextween, said she had the idea of “breaking the silence” because when it comes to sexual issues, women tend to stay quiet.
“It is important for girls, women, to be strong when they encounter violence or any kind of negativity from men and even other women,” said audience member Joy Cancio, a kinesiology major. “Women are very vulnerable and men, mostly, take advantage. If we seek help, or at least talk to people, it will not remove the pain but it will somewhat makes it feel better.”
When singer Rihanna spoke with “Good Morning America,” Cancio said that she was proud of her courage to tell everyone her story and that she was brave enough to admit that what happened between her and singer Chris Brown was wrong.
“She didn’t deny about what happened and she spoke because she didn’t want her fans and other people to make the same mistakes as she did. From the very beginning, she knew that her relationship with (Chris Brown) was ‘dangerous’ but she continued to be with him,” Cancio said.
A lot of women are afraid and embarrassed to say something when situations like violence arise, but “Mess America” showed that it is OK to speak up.
“If you don’t talk about it, it doesn’t exist,” Castillo said during the performance.
Castillo also pointed out that it is important for young people to enjoy their childhood and innocence as she believes that “our generation is the last generation to have a childhood.”
Donald Baza agrees as one of his daughters is “growing too fast” and he feels that his daughter is rushing to be an adult.
“She is only eight years old but sometimes she acts like a teenager, and dresses like one. The media is a big influence. I am actually scared. I want her to enjoy being young,” Baza said. His older daughter is a music major at CSUN.
“Mess America” is one of the Performance Ensemble’s many presentations. Performance Ensemble is an extracurricular program that stages groundbreaking productions and original pieces for the campus and neighborhood community.


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2018 Municipal By-Election - French Public School Board - Conseil Scolaire Viamonde
Pursuant to Sections 39 (b) and 65 of the Municipal Elections Act, 1996 a By-Election shall be conducted on November 29, 2018 in the City of Sarnia for the purpose of filling the office of:
French Language Public School Board Trustee Position:
Conseil Scolaire Viamonde – Area 8. One (1) to be elected for the geographic area of the Municipality of Chatham-Kent and the Counties of Elgin, Haldimand, Norfolk, Lambton and Oxford.
A candidate for the position of French Language Public School Board Trustee - Conseil scolaire Viamonde, Geneviève Smith, submitted a notice to the Office of the Clerk that she is no longer an eligible candidate. This has been confirmed by the Office of the Director of Education and Secretary of the Board – Conseil scolaire Viamonde.
Official List of Candidates
Nominations closed Monday, October 15th at 2:00 p.m.
TRUSTEE – CONSEIL SCOLAIRE VIAMONDE - (FRENCH LANGUAGE PUBLIC SCHOOL BOARD) – one (1) to be elected
Pierre Lambert - ACCLAIMED
533 Hollywood Place
September 19, 2018
This page was reviewed or revised on Wednesday, October 17, 2018 3:47 PM

domain: law


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From war, trade, and development to terrorism, human rights, and the environment, this introductory survey examines the relations between states, the international system, and transnational actors and influences. With the broadest discussion of theoretical perspectives, the most up-to-date coverage of international events, and the strongest emphasis on critical thinking, International Relations includes all the tools students need to engage the discipline’s concepts and to understand what is happening in the world today.
New to the Eighth Edition
The text has been thoroughly updated with the most current coverage and analysis of world affairs, including the sectarian civil war in Iraq, the world trade talks, public health campaigns in Africa, elections in Democratic Congo, China's global rise, Iran's confrontation with the U.N. Security Council over nuclear weapons, and the election of women leaders in Liberia, Chile, and Germany.
• Deeper coverage of globalization and transnational issues addresses the increasing number of personal connections that international relations brings into daily life as well as the importance of nongovernmental actors and transnational processes.
• Text-wide discussion of three core principles–dominance, reciprocity, and identity–offers students a new way to follow several of the most central concepts in the discipline and to grapple withthe collective goods problem, the recurring challenge in international relations.
• “The Big Picture” boxed feature and podcasts identify the essential lesson in each chapter, focusing student’s learning. Podcasts by the text’s authors expand on the issue and show how it plays out in a recent case study. The podcast is available on the text’s companion website and MyPoliSciKit.
Find a collection of valuable resources on the text’s open-access companion website.
|To the Student|
|A Note on Nomenclature|
|Pt. 1||International Security||1|
|Ch. 1||Understanding International Relations||3|
|Ch. 2||Power Politics||51|
|Ch. 3||Alternatives to Power Politics||95|
|Ch. 4||Foreign Policy||137|
|Ch. 5||International Conflict||179|
|Ch. 6||Military Force||223|
|Ch. 7||International Organization and Law||265|
|Pt. 2||International Political Economy||309|
|Ch. 9||Money and Business||351|
|Ch. 11||The Environment||425|
|Ch. 12||The North-South Gap||465|
|Ch. 13||International Development||509|
|Ch. 14||Postscript: IR in 2046 A.D.||555|


I usually try to find Golden Oldies that deal with topics that are currently in the news. Two days ago when I last had to post a cartoon from the archives, I was feeling lazy. So lazy that I just looked for a old Dry Bones cartoon that had been published on the same day of the month. That cartoon, by chance, turned out to be amazingly appropriate.Today's news is about rival street demonstrations in Beirut, but I decided to just go with the "Pick Em By Date" technique, and BINGO! We hit again! The cartoon from February 15, 1999 deals with rival street demonstrations. The 1999 demonstrations were in Israel. The Haredim (usually and incorrectly identified as ultra-orthodox) are clannish, follow their leaders, and consider TV to be sinful. Secular Israeli Jews (i.e. non-observant) are becoming couch potatoes.


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I don't own a car and I use Public Transit often. That said, I don't necessarily need to know my directions... just the bus stops.
However, I'd like to know how to manually navigate Denver -- (Understand the layout of the city, the main cross sections, the sections Denver is split into, and any other useful info!) Since I'll be living here for the foreseeable future, I figure I might as well get started.
So, help a "transplant" out. What's some good advice?

domain: geography


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Popular Nigerian artist, Davido is out here topping all Nigerians on popular social network, Instagram.
Right now, the father of three is untouchable on Instagram as he has gone clear of all users of the social network in Nigeria.
When it comes to followers now, Davido has 15,000,000 million plus. That is highest of any user in Nigeria right now.
Checkout the screenshot below:
Davido who of recent was involved in a social media fight with one record label owner named Patrick is up and running again.


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The movie had lot of potentiality to show various aspect of Govt of India and how it works ...specially the movie based on Emergency but it had been shot so pathetically that you just can't connect why she even able to ready to leave her husband and went for 2 kids . The scene could have been shot better that's what I think. Movie budget is not much that you can acknowledge in every single scene . Neil Nitin Mukesh did fantastic that's what I can say. Rest the screenplay is drastically bad. So many Characters but all have not much to express ..not even through dialogues . All over the movie failed to connect audience to take it to that zone where Congress were ruining every aspects of freedom even in the free country..
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domain: entertainment