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A couple weeks ago The Rain Delays were discussing who would be regarded as the best american film director....according to you. Not the hip choice or the critc's darling, but who is your favorite director of American films? We received lots of differing opinions (shocker!).
I'm nominating Martin Scorcese. I'm a huge fan of Goodfellas. It's almost the perfect film in my eyes, just tremendous. Shutter Island was amazing, as was The Departed. I found The Aviator to be very interesting. The Gangs of New York also. (does Marty work with anyone else other than DiCaprio?)
Casio was solid, if a tad too long. Cape Fear is underrate, a tremendous performance by Bobby De
Niro. The Color of Money finally earned my favorite actor his first Academy Award. Raging Bull...Taxi Driver...Mean Streets.
That's 11 top notch flicks by my count. I know some can argue the merits of films that would rank toward the bottom of those eleven, but i find them all strong films.
I'll put a list below for those i think warrant top director consideration. Its my list and i'm sticking to it! Now, i'd love to hear your opinion about your favorite director, who is it and why?


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calcification, mitral annulus, degenerative, rheumatic, congenital mitral stenosis
Mitral stenosis (MS) is characterised by a decrease in mitral valve (MV) orifice area leading to compromised left ventricular filling. The consequence is stagnation of blood proximal to the MV that results in elevated left atrial, pulmonary venous, and pulmonary artery pressures [1, 2]. Mitral stenosis most commonly occurs because of rheumatic fever or degenerative MV disease. Although rheumatic fever remains the predominant cause of MS worldwide, it has been largely replaced by degenerative MS in the developed countries. Historically, the diagnosis of MS was made based on clinical examination findings and, because most symptoms generally occur in later stages of the disease, the diagnosis was made late in the clinical course leading to increased morbidity and mortality. However, since the advent of echocardiography and other diagnostic techniques, the disease is now diagnosed at relatively early stages hence allowing timely interventions and fewer complications. Improvements in catheter-based interventions and surgical techniques have also contributed greatly to the reduction in MS-related morbidity and mortality.
In this document we will briefly discuss the anatomy of the mitral apparatus followed by a discussion of the epidemiology and various aetiologies of MS, with an emphasis on changing trends in the incidence and prevalence of rheumatic and degenerative MS. Detailed discussion of clinical presentation, echocardiographic evaluation of MS and its complications and treatment are beyond the scope of this article and will be discussed in the subsequent articles on this topic.
Mitral valve anatomy
The mitral valve (MV) apparatus is comprised of the mitral valve annulus, anterior and posterior MV leaflets, chordae, and anteromedial and posterolateral papillary muscles. It is the most complex of the cardiac valves and is commonly affected by disease. Recent advances in imaging (cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography and 3D and strain echocardiography) have shed light on its complex structure and function.
The anterior and posterior leaflets have roughly the same area. However, they differ significantly in shape and annular attachment. The anterior mitral leaflet is a tongue-like structure and has a length to width ratio of roughly one. The posterior leaflet on the other hand has a semi-lunar shape and has a low height to width ratio. It occupies two thirds of the annulus which reinforces its framework and makes it more conducive to surgical repair. However, it may be more susceptible to pathologies that cause fixation of the leaflet, such as mitral annular calcification (MAC) and rheumatic disease.
The annulus is a saddle-shaped structure which acts as a framework for attachment of the MV leaflets. It has complex mechanical properties and enables the MV to operate as an effective “one-way door” by allowing deformation along the anteroposterior diameter during each cardiac cycle (Figure 1). The mitral annulus is the site for calcific changes that lead to degenerative MS. Compared to the normal annulus, the calcified mitral annulus is larger and flatter, has an increased anteroposterior diameter, reduced saddle height and reduced contraction along the anteroposterior axis .
Figure 1. Schematic of the mitral annulus in diastole and systole. Note that, in systole, the saddle shape is accentuated and there is folding along the inter-commissural diameter (left). Schematic of the mitral annulus, looking down obliquely from the left atrium, illustrating its saddle shape. The high points of the mitral annulus occur anteriorly where it abuts the aortic annulus (marked “annular height”) and posteriorly. The crescent-shaped line in the middle of the Figure indicates the line of leaflet coaptation with the posterior leaflet towards the top right of the Figure and the anterior leaflet towards the bottom left (centre).
Reproduced with permission from Pressman et al
The two “papillary muscles”, anteromedial and posterolateral, attach to the tips of the anterior and posterior leaflets by means of thin, frond-like avascular projections called “chordae tendineae”. One of the hallmarks of rheumatic MS is shortening and fusion of the chordal structures. This leads to restricted leaflet mobility and occasionally forms a funnel below the valve, both of which can contribute to mitral stenosis.
Epidemiology of mitral stenosis
The incidence and prevalence of rheumatic heart disease (RHD) varies greatly among different age groups and regions of the world. The global prevalence of RHD is around 1 per 1,000 in children aged 5-14 years (Figure 2). However, the prevalence varies widely by region with fewer cases (0.2-0.3 per 1,000) reported from the developed than from the developing countries (5.5-5.7 per 1,000) (Figure 1) . Interestingly, even with a steady global decline in its prevalence, rheumatic fever continues to be the leading cause of MV disease in the world with the majority of patients living in the developing world (79%) . Once a common problem in Europe and much of the developed world, rheumatic MS now accounts for only about 10% of left-sided valve diseases [5, 6]. Nonetheless, it is often still encountered in Europe and the USA due to migration from developing countries. Failure to recognise MS not only precludes effective therapy but may result in serious complications with increased mortality and morbidity.
Relatively less is known about the true prevalence of MAC and degenerative MS. The most common reason for this is the fact that degenerative MS has until now been considered a rare cause of MS, overshadowed by interest in rheumatic MS. There have been fewer studies involving degenerative MS; most are from single centres involving small numbers of patients. Understanding its prevalence is confounded by a lack of consensus on definition and grading of MAC/degenerative MS. However, it is fair to say that, contrary to rheumatic MS, the incidence and prevalence of degenerative MS is increasing. Multiple factors have contributed to this. The improvement in life expectancy, especially in the developed world, has led to a significant increase in the geriatric population making diseases of the elderly such as degenerative MS more common in these countries. Another factor is lack of medical therapy to stabilise or reverse cardiac calcifications. Improved technology and diagnostic tools have also increased detection rates. These factors, in combination with the decreasing incidence of rheumatic MS due to improved sanitation and living standards, have made calcific MS more prevalent in the developed world . Although degenerative MS is largely a disease of the elderly, it is also frequently encountered in patients with chronic kidney disease or in those who are on renal replacement therapy . Here, the inciting mechanisms are thought to be abnormal calcium handling and chronic inflammation which can make the mitral annulus a nidus for pathological calcification [8, 9].
Figure 2. Prevalence of rheumatic heart disease in children aged 5-14 years.
The circles within Australia and New Zealand represent indigenous populations (and also Pacific Islanders in New Zealand).
Reproduced with permission from Carapetis et al
These various aetiologies of MS have different age distributions. For example, congenital MS is a disease of the newborn and infancy, whereas rheumatic MS typically presents in the third and fourth decades of life, and degenerative MS in the seventh and eighth decades. MS appears to affect women more than men. In one study looking at 24,000 echocardiograms, rheumatic MS was approximately four times more prevalent in women than men . Similarly, Pai et al reported the incidence of MAC mitral stenosis to be three times higher in women than in men in a cohort of over a thousand patients .
Aetiology of mitral stenosis
Rheumatic MS is a delayed complication of acute rheumatic fever. Antibodies to streptococcal antigens cross-react with valve tissue, with damage to the valve accumulating over decades . While rheumatic disease can affect any of the heart valves, it most commonly involves the mitral valve. The hallmark feature of rheumatic MS is commissural fusion which eventually leads to the classic “fish mouth” appearance of the valve orifice. Other anatomical lesions include chordal shortening and fusion, leaflet thickening and, later in the disease, superimposed calcification which may contribute to the restriction of leaflet motion. However, unlike annular involvement in degenerative MS, calcification in rheumatic MS primarily affects the leaflet tips.
Table 1. Anatomical characteristics of the different aetiological types of mitral stenosis.
Reproduced with permission from Krapfa et al
Rheumatic mitral stenosis
Restenosis due to commissural refusion
Restenosis due to valve rigidity
At least partially fused
At least one commissure completely open
Restrictive motion of the posterior valve
Restrictive motion of the posterior valve
Restrictive motion of the posterior valve
0 to +++ (Possible)
0 to +++ (Possible)
0 to +++ (Possible)
|Degenerative mitral stenosis||Both commissures open||
Normal mobility of the tip of both leaflets
Important calcifications of the mitral annulus and the base of both leaflets
|Post-radiation mitral stenosis||Both commissures open||Absence of restrictive motion of the posterior valve||
+ to +++Highly suggestive calcifications of the mitral aortic membrane
|Congenital mitral stenosis||
Not applicable (absence of commissure)
MAC is frequently observed in the elderly and is associated with hypertension, atherosclerotic disease, and often aortic stenosis. Isolated calcification of the mitral annulus may have little haemodynamic importance. However, when calcification extends onto the leaflets, it can limit their mobility and produce a resting gradient across the valve. Valve thickening or calcification predominates at the base of the leaflets whereas it affects predominantly the tips in rheumatic MS. It is also important to note that, in patients with MAC, the commissures are open. This is in contrast to the rheumatic valve where commissural fusion is the norm.
The hallmark of degenerative MS is MAC. Development of MAC is a chronic process involving degenerative changes in the mitral annulus leading to its calcification. The exact mechanism of initiation and progression of MAC remains to be clearly understood although some opine that MAC may be an atherosclerotic process . MAC has important prognostic and clinical implications. It has been associated with increased risk of atherosclerosis , coronary artery disease , ischaemic stroke , atrial fibrillation (AF) , conduction system disorders , infective endocarditis  and cardiovascular mortality .
Until recently, not much was known about the natural history of MAC. In a recent publication, Pai et al evaluated 1,004 patients with severe MAC and a transmitral gradient of ≥2 mmHg. They noted poor survival, with only 47% living five years from study enrolment . In a separate study, the same group reviewed serial echocardiograms of 254 patients from the above data set and noted an increase in the mean gradient by 0.8 (+/-2.4) mmHg (range: 0-15 mmHg) per year, while stenosis grade increased by 0.18 +/-0.5 (range: 0-3) per year. The rate of progression was faster in patients with lesser degrees of stenosis and low serum albumin levels and slower in those receiving beta-blockers. Milder stenosis, diabetes mellitus and lack of beta-blocker use were independent predictors of faster DMS progression .
Another entity worth mentioning here is caseous MAC. It is a rare and often under-recognised variant of MAC. It has two components – a central soft core and the outer calcific shell. The soft core is comprised of calcium, cholesterol and fatty acids in a white, caseous, toothpaste-like material due to liquification necrosis. Microscopic analysis of the caseous material demonstrates amorphous eosinophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes with scattered areas of calcification and necrosis. Surrounding the “soft echolucent core” is a “hard echo-bright calcific shell”. Due to these echocardiographic findings, caseous MAC can sometimes be misinterpreted as tumour, abscess, or thrombus .
Congenital mitral stenosis is an extremely rare condition mostly diagnosed in utero or soon after birth. The spectrum of congenital MS varies from isolated congenital MS to underdeveloped left heart structures. There are two systems of classification: anatomical, proposed by Ruckman and Van Praagh in 1978, and functional, proposed by Carpentier and Chauvaud in 1990 (Table 2) [23,24]. The clinical outcomes depend on the age at presentation, associated lesions, the degree and mechanism of MS, associated mitral regurgitation (MR) and the degree of subvalvar or papillary muscle involvement. Over the last few decades, advances in surgical techniques have led to a shift towards MV reconstruction over replacement with improved mortality and morbidity. However, unfortunately, as with most congenital surgery, the reconstruction procedure is palliative, with patients requiring further surgical intervention during the course of their lives [25,26].
Table 2. Anatomical and functional classification of congenital mitral stenosis.
Reproduced with permission from Ruckman et al
|Functional classification||Anatomic/morphologic classification|
Type A (normal papillary muscles)
Shortened chordae tendineae
Parachute mitral valve
Type B (abnormal papillary muscles)
Primary papillary muscle abnormality
Hypoplastic CMS (e.g., HLHS)
Reduction in inter-chordal space and
intra-papillary muscle distance
Radiation-induced MV disease is a late complication of radiation to the chest. It generally presents two to three decades after radiotherapy and is related to the cumulative dose of radiation . It may be difficult to differentiate radiation-induced MS from pure degenerative MS owing to some common echocardiographic findings such as the presence of annular calcification. However, the differentiation lies in the distribution of calcium. Unlike degenerative MS which mostly involves the posterior annulus, radiation-induced MS generally leads to calcification of the anterior mitral annulus . Other findings specific to radiation-induced disease are involvement of other cardiac structures such as severe and progressive calcification of the aortic valve and anterior mitral leaflet, thickening of the aortomitral curtain and the pericardium, leading to constrictive cardiomyopathy in severe cases . Another feature is the propensity to produce regurgitant lesions over stenotic lesions. In contrast to degenerative MS, radiation-induced MS can be easily differentiated from rheumatic MS due to absence of commissural fusion and lack of involvement of subvalvular structures . A high index of suspicion and continued surveillance are key to early diagnosis and management of patients with radiation-induced valvular disease. Treatment is mostly surgical (MVR, AVR and pericardial stripping) and is often challenging, due to extensive calcification and involvement of multiple cardiac structures.
Diagnosis of MS
While auscultatory findings can identify rheumatic MS, such findings are often absent in degenerative (MAC) disease. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is the single most valuable test to establish diagnosis and elucidate aetiology, severity and complications of either disease. It is invaluable in deciding the treatment approach (medical, percutaneous vs. surgical) and predicts response to therapy, and long-term morbidity and mortality. Due to its higher temporal resolution, transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE) provides excellent images of the MV and subvalvular apparatus, and has enabled us to image the entire annulus in a single frame. TEE is often utilised to perform precise 3D reconstruction of the MV and its apparatus when detailed anatomy of the valvular structure is desired for procedural planning. Cardiac computed tomography (CCT) has also emerged in recent years as a valuable tool for studying cardiac calcifications including calcific valvular lesions.
For general information on the management of valvular heart disease including MS, please refer to the “2017 ESC/EACTS Guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease” .

domain: medical


Sumit Singhal loves modern architecture. He comes from a family of builders who have built more than 20 projects in the last ten years near Delhi in India. He has recently started writing about the architectural projects that catch his imagination.
Students Residence in Split, Croatia by Arhipolis Architects
September 11th, 2016 by Sumit Singhal
Article source: Arhipolis Architects
University Campus programs are implemented in the 70-s residential area on the east part of the town of Split.
Originally master plan is brought defining infrastructural corridors and plots for the new university developments. On the each plot specific program is defined by the masterplan , followed b y architectural competition.
All winning projects defined building as a freestanding object on the plot with minimum distance to public corridors.
Project of the students residence deals with the missing link in the Campus. We consider that there is no public social open space in the Campus open spaces.
Therefore, the Residency building concept primary creates this missing link- students social public space.
In the Mediterranean area, because of climate, open spaces can be used most of the year, so they represent a kind of inhabitants “living room”. One of the main issues was creating public spaces of the complex. They are counterpart to the privacy of the student rooms and function as “living room” for those “sleeping rooms”.
Exchange plaza – is represented by three – dimensional curved surface – public square which is shortcut between campus center and town. -area for exchange of ideas, thoughts, feelings, knowledge, information…
Action plaza -is represented by horizontal surface, on and under which, are sports activities (basketball, volleyball, etc.) concentrated. -area for physical activity.
The building is in the moving in phase. Only by presence of usersstudents, all design objectives will be checked and fulfill. This means that open spaces will be used in numerous new and exiting ways, not aware in the design process, all visual connections will have its meaning, contributing in creating unique social experience of the students who live in residence and those just participating in this spectacle of social and sport life.
The residence is not only for students. It will serve as urban hub for the near by residential neighborhood and the surrounding.
This will trigger urban social interchange and create new forms of social intercourse. Similar processes as in traditional Mediterranean cities.
In this project, we as an architects, have been mediators between different public groups who will use this spaces.
At the same time tried to achieve new values of the urban public and semi-public space.
Contact Arhipolis Architects


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Key Stage 1 & 2 workshop
Identity is a difficult concept for children to understand. We explain this through discussion and making the link to the town or area where they live. In this workshop we hope to inspire children to find out more about the history of where they live and their school. We want them to be proud of their local area and understand that things were very different in the past.
The resources we use show Wigan’s links with the industrial revolution. Maps that show the coal mines and cotton mills that contributed to the development and wealth of Britain.
Discuss: What older buildings are there near to your school? What were they used for in the past and are they used for anything different today?
Find out: How old is our school? What year was it built?
The workshop starts with a discussion about the meaning of ‘Identity’. How we are identified through documents and the things we do in our lives. These things make you the unique person you are and include your school and the place you live.
There are 2 activities for each class depending on the age of the children.
Key Stage 1: All pupils will have an opportunity to look at the ‘Our Borough’ exhibition and in the first activity they will choose things that are important to them and design a shield.
Children will work with an adult in small groups to look at buildings in the town centre.
Key Stage 2: Older children will take part in a map activity. Using an historic map they will look in more detail at Wigan town centre.
The class then go to the local studies area on the first floor and have the opportunity to look at the recently restored reference library. Here they will examine maps and photographs of the local area around their school. We will pick out local landmarks and discuss the changes that have taken place over time.
Follow up activities
Discuss: Why is it important that we have ‘Identity’ documents such as passports and birth certificates? What are they for and what would happen if we didn’t have them.
Find out: How do you apply for a UK passport and how much does it cost?
- This workshop will be delivered at the Museum of Wigan Life
- The session will last for 1 hour to 1 hour 15 minutes
- To book or for any further information please contact us.
To further support teaching, the Schools Cultural Service also provide book and museum loans.
For further information contact us.

domain: geography


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They say never to burn bridges, but it still happens—especially in the workplace. What should you do if you seemingly ruined a business relationship or botched a project? First off, don’t panic. The bridge may not be completely in ashes. And even if it is, there are a few things you may want to consider as next steps.
Objectively look at the situation and assess the damage. From there, decide if you want or need to apologize. As part of that apology, convey that you take responsibility for your role in the situation, says Alexandra Franzen, author of You’re Going to Survive. “Very few people are willing to take responsibility and make a genuine apology. When you do this, it’s impressive,” Franzen said. Try to think about why you acted in the way you did—or what caused the other party to react the way they did. It also helps to think about the consequences of your actions. If you accidentally missed a deadline, it may not be as dire a situation as if you told your boss to go to hell (in case that doesn’t go without saying).
If it feels relevant to the situation, you may want to explain how you’ll prevent similar problems from happening again in the future. “Demonstrate that you’re not just apologizing with your words—you’re apologizing with your actions, too,” says Franzen. “Show that you’re committed to making things right.” Sometimes it may take time for the other person to cool off, so to say. In that case, gauge whether an immediate response is needed. You may be able to try to reconnect with the other person in a few weeks or months (hopefully to find out that all is well.)
Nobody’s perfect—sometimes you lash out or have another stressor that causes you to act poorly. “Sometimes, people burn bridges. But every day is a chance to be better,” she said. “Above all, treat yourself and others with respect. Be careful with your actions and words,” says Franzen.
Keep in mind that you may not intend to burn a bridge—but doing so can be a good thing. Sometimes it happens when you’re in a situation that doesn’t align with who you are or what you want, says Nicole Roberts Jones, founder and CEO of the FIERCE Factor Lab, a training and talent development company. Roberts Jones notes that it is okay to sever ties in certain situations—there are exceptions to every rule. “You want to let go of certain opportunities that are not in alignment with who you are while keeping your reputation and dignity intact,” she said. “Some bridges need to be burned in order to move forward and live abundantly. Burn the bridges that are no longer serving you.”

domain: psychology


text:
THE TAOISEACH has been given a special tour of the maths trail marking this year’s Maths Week at Fitzgerald’s Park in the city.
Five-year-old Paddy and nine-year-old Ellie O’Donovan from Newcestown in Tullycross and whose mother Dr Sharon Lawton is Science for Life Officer at Munster Technological University (MTU), showed Micheál Martin around the maths trail over the weekend.
Mr Martin met the pair especially to view the signs with information all about maths and numeracy, as part of the national and all-island STEM promotion initiative, together with Dr. Sheila Donegan, co-founder of Maths Week Ireland.
The world’s leading maths festival Maths Week Ireland takes place every October and after the great online success of last year’s events, over 380,000 pupils have already signed up to take part this year.
This year will once again see plenty of virtual and online events available for schools and people all over Ireland, showcasing the benefits of mathematical thinking and the opportunities this creates for students, society, and the economy.
Similar to Maths Week 2020, activities will take place largely online and in schools in support of Covid-19 precautions.
This year will see the return of ‘MathsWeekTV’ which will broadcast live two daily shows online, one each for primary and secondary schools to pupils and classes across the island.
Minister for Education, Norma Foley, said: “I’m delighted to launch Maths Week 2021. Maths not only helps individuals develop skills including critical thinking and problem-solving, but also helps us make decisions in our day-to-day life and encourages creativity.
“Ensuring that children are gaining mathematical skills from a young age is intrinsic to their personal growth and will serve them throughout life. Maths Week supports understanding of maths and numeracy in society through its many activities and is promoting a positive attitude towards the subject.
“I encourage everyone to take part in Maths Week 2021 and I look forward to seeing the continued excellent collaboration of schools, teachers, universities, institutes of technology and partners north and south during this valuable week. I wish this year’s event every success and look forward to its continued progress.”
The full programme and details of how to get involved are available by visiting www.mathsweek.ie.

domain: news


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BISTRO AND BAR
nordic inspired cuisine
Food has a focus on the use of healthy, bio-diverse ingredients. With a lot of vegetables but always with comfort food tastes in mind.
The rush for the best imported ingredients can sustain the industry and the planet for maybe a decade longer.
Many concepts are based on volume focused food chains that are out of balance and disruptive to the health of the planet and people both.
All our produce, will as much as possible, follow a sustainable planet friendly path. We are aware of the value of restorative farming and will adhere to the use of ingredients that also has this value.
We pair our ingredients with sustainably in mind so to say. Bio-diversity is the future for farming and we are working with this in mind already.
Fermenting and pickling allows us to use more ingredients and more importantly, MORE of the ingredient while we add other main ingredients to this part of our cooking.

domain: food


The Stan's NoTubes Crest MK4 invokes a long tradition of lightweight, durable rims that can be operated without a tube. The MK4-version was made of high quality aluminum and has an asymmetrical design, which provides more stability while reducing weight. Combined with the brand's unmatched airtightness, it is ideal from 40mm Gravel to 2.3" MTB tires for Cross Country use.
Who is looking for durability, stability, a low weight as well as high ride comfort will hardly get around this rim.
The proven and patented Bead Socket Technology guarantees high tightness in tubeless operation. In addition, the asymmetric rim shape with offset spoke holes provides greater stability of the wheel and also saves weight.
This rim profile allows the tire to take its ideal shape and forms the basis for great handling, fast rolling and high responsiveness.
|Product Name:||Stan's NoTubes Crest MK4 Rim - 27.5" | Clincher | Disc - 32 Hole | black|
|usage bikesport:||MTB, Cross Country, Allroad / Gravel|
|brake type:||Disc Brake|
|wheel size:||27,5" / 650B (584mm)|
|tire type:||Wire Bead Tire, Folding Tire, Tubeless Ready|
|ERD - effective rim Ø:||563mm|
|fitting tire dimensions:||1.6-2.3mm|
|max. spoke tension:||1130N|
|inner profile width:||25mm|
|rim profile height:||18mm|
|manufacturer item code:||RTC470002|
|Number of Spoke Holes:||32|


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Discourage gold imports to maintain BoP: Survey
"There is scope therefore to discourage unproductive imports like gold and consumer goods to restore balance," it added. India`s gold imports went up by 64 per cent to USD 38.3 billion during the April-October period of this fiscal. BoP summarises transactions between a country and the rest of the world, and the account classifies transactions under two heads – capital account and current account. In the second quarter, BoP showed only a marginal surplus of USD 276 million compared to USD 3.29 billion a year-ago.
During the first quarter, BoP surplus was at USD 5.44 billion, taking the total account showing an overflow of USD 5.7 billion for the first half. The survey pointed out that high trade and current account deficits, together with high share of volatile FII flows are making India?s BoP vulnerable to external shocks. "Greater attention therefore has to be given to improving the composition of capital flows towards FDI," it said.
CAD has increased to USD 32.8 billion in the first half of 2011-12, as compared to USD 29.6 billion during the corresponding period last fiscal, mainly on account of higher trade deficit. FII inflows showed marginal increase to USD 29.4 billion in 2010-11, from USD 29.0 billion in 2009-10.

domain: economics


Wide Area Application Services (WAAS) Integration
Because of the benefits customers have realized by implementing the Cisco Wide Area Application Services (WAAS) between branch offices and central locations, the question of how WAAS might also provide bandwidth savings and TCP optimization for IP Video Surveillance traffic is frequently asked. The objective of this section is to understand the impact of WAAS on IP Video Surveillance traffic. Two types of video transport are discussed in this section:
•Camera Feeds to Media Server (TCP transport of Motion JPG)
•Video Surveillance Operations Manager (VSOM) to client viewing station (HTTP)
The Wide Area Application Services (WAAS) for iSCSI document also provides a discussion on WAN transport of iSCSI video archives.
The topology for these scenarios is a branch router, a Cisco ISR 3845, with a VMSS network module (NME-VMSS-HP-32), and a WAAS network module (NME-WAE-522-K9). The campus location hosts a core Cisco Wide Area Application Engines (WAEs) and WAAS Central Manager. This topology builds upon the PfR integration topology where multiple WAN links exist between branch and campus location. The WAAS optimization of IPVS traffic across multiple WAN links managed by PfR was verified in this test phase. Included in this section are various Cisco IOS show commands and reports and exported data from the WAAS Central Manager, as well as verification from NetFlow exports from the routers in the tested topology.
WAAS implements both data compression and optimization of the TCP session across the WAN between the branch (or edge) WAE and the core WAE. Two compression techniques are implemented: Persistent Lempel-Ziv (LZ) compression and Data Redundancy Elimination (DRE). LZ compression can achieve compression ratios in the order of 2:1, 5:1 or 100:1 if the data contains common strings or phrases. This form of compression is helpful for data that has not been previously seen or suppressed by DRE. DRE operates by maintaining a database of data that has been seen previously traversing the network. One advantage of DRE is that it is application-independent, meaning the redundant data may be part of a HTTP session or iSCSI archive and if commonalities exist, DRE can eliminate the redundant traffic. DRE can eliminate up to 99 percent of redundant network traffic and provide up to 100:1 compression.
However, both Motion JPEG and MPEG4 / H.264 camera feeds are compressed by the encoding function of the IP camera. Given this fact, the prospects of dramatic compression ratios by either LZ or DRE compression is unlikely. The data in this section supports that assumption.
WAAS uses the transport flow optimization (TFO) features to optimize TCP traffic. The specific techniques are as follows:
•Windows scaling (RFC 1323)
•TCP Initial Window Size Maximization RFC 3390
•Selective Acknowledgement (SACK) (RFC 2018)
Note that a WAN transport with sufficient bandwidth to transport the video surveillance feeds are likely based on some form of Metro Ethernet service or DS3. DS3 bandwidth is capable of speeds up to 45 Mbps and Metro Ethernet may range in one to 10Mbps increments, using a 10/100/1000 Mbps interface handoff. Metro Ethernet services are usually policed by class or in aggregate by the service provider according to the contracted service. In the lab testing environment, between 10 to 20Mbps of WAN bandwidth was needed to transport the camera feeds for 1 to 4 cameras in the deployment. Given a viewing station observing 4 feeds simultaneously, with each feed at a target bit rate of 1Mbps, would therefore require approximately 4Mbps per viewing station. With these data rates as an example, it is obvious that viewing or archiving the video surveillance data across the WAN requires more bandwidth than a single T1 to the branch location.
Windows scaling and the enhanced buffering algorithm increase link utilization and take advantage of the available bandwidth. While these techniques may be optimal in a T1 WAN environment, the sheer amount of WAN bandwidth required for this deployment may render the advantages of these techniques less effective. Selective Acknowledgement provides efficient packet loss recovery and retransmission. If the WAN also transports UDP/RTP-based video, such as is the case with Telepresence and H.264/MPEG-4-based IP Video Surveillance, the loss needs to be closely monitored and addressed to preserve the video quality of these connectionless video feeds. Ideally, the WAN will exhibit very low loss and minimalize the need for selective acknowledgement.
Some basic concepts must be understood to better understand the nature of the traffic and applications tested in this section. WAAS does not optimize traffic that is non-TCP (i.e., UDP or ICMP) traffic. Because H.264/MPEG-4 is typically RTP/UDP encapsulated, there is no optimization if this traffic is traversing the WAAS optimized WAN. Currently, all traffic between client viewing station and Media Server is TCP-based. Both MPEG-4 and Motion JPEG camera feeds, live, or archived are encapsulated in TCP. Motion JPEG camera feeds are typically TCP encapsulated. The Video Surveillance Media Server (VSMS) version tested is 6.0.0 and the Video Surveillance Operations Manager (VSOM) is 4.0.0. This version supports a Motion JPEG feed from the Axis 223M camera, TCP-based, and this camera was installed in the campus location to provide a TCP-based feed across the WAN. Currently, the Cisco Video Surveillance IP Camera (CIVS-IPC-2500) is not supported for MJPEG from VSMS 4.0.
Warning Future releases of the client viewing station code are slated to incorporate RTSP support that may implement MPEG-4 streams between the media server and viewing station to UDP.
The WAAS tested version is 4.1.1c for the branch WAE, core WAE, and WAAS Central Manager. The video component in this version relates to Windows Media live video broadcasts that use RTSP over TCP. The video accelerator implemented by this feature eliminates duplicate video streams on the WAN and creates multiple streams to serve multiple clients on the LAN. This video acceleration is not applicable to IP Video Surveillance.
Traffic Optimization Overview
In the test topology, WAAS is added to the existing topology which is also performance Routing (PfR)-enabled. This overview and illustration is helpful to better understand how WAAS and PfR co-exist over the WAN. PfR manages two or more WAN links between the branch and campus router. PfR selects a path which meets the criteria, or the best path of so configured. In this video surveillance testing, sample configurations are shown which select the best path based on loss, or a combination of loss and delay. PfR is highly configurable and very granular; down to specific applications, if desired.
AS shown in Figure 1, PfR manages the WAN links between two routers, while WAAS intercepts traffic on the LAN interface of each router, routing the optimized traffic across the WAN interface in the IP routing table. PfR injects routes into the IP routing table or by policy-based routing (PBR).
Figure 1 Traffic Optimization Overview
In these tests, traffic is intercepted with Web Cache Communication Protocol version 2 (WCCP v2) and redirected to the WAE. WCCP v2 supports any IP protocol (including any TCP or UDP). Intercepted TCP traffic is optionally a candidate for optimization. The WAE adds information to the TCP header to flag the next WAE that this traffic is being optimized. In the test lab, NetFlow is used to analyze the extent of WAN bandwidth savings. From the analysis of that data, it is noted that the WAAS sets the Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) flag in the ToS byte. Because NetFlow v5 reports flows based on source/destination IP address, port, protocol, and ToS byte, a flow with the ECN bits set and one without is reported, even though they are actually part of the same flow if the ECN bits are ignored.
The tested topology is shown in Figure 2 discussed below.
Figure 2 WAAS Integration Topology
Some highlights of the topology are as follows:
•The branch Cisco ISR 3845 houses both NME-WAE-522 and NME-VMSS-HP32
•A branch VLAN for MPEG-4 and Motion JPEG cameras
•The campus 7200 Series router has a VLANs for WAAS-CM and core WAE appliance
•A campus VLAN for viewing station and a Motion JPEG (Axis 223M) camera.
•The WAN is dual FastEthernet links with two delay generation devices to introduce loss, latency, and jitter
PfR is implemented similarly on both the campus and branch router. WCCP is configured on the logical interface of the NME-VMSS-HP32 and on the VLAN of the viewing station/IP camera at the campus. Note that there is a Motion JPEG (Axis 223M) configured camera at the campus and transporting the video to the branch. Typically, a video surveillance deployment would not transport a video feed from the campus to a branch location for management and storage. It is not a recommended configuration, but it was inserted into the topology to demonstrate that WAAS could intercept TCP-based camera feeds across a WAN environment. Several customer deployments have been planned that require a single remote IP camera at an isolated location with the Media Server role at a larger branch deployment or campus location. This camera is included in the topology as a demonstration of that topology.
Role of WAAS Central Manager
The role of the WAAS Central Manager (CM) is to provide the network administrator with a graphical user interface for fault, configuration, performance of WAE(s). For detailed information on the WAAS CM , refer to the appropriate Cisco Wide Area Application Services Configuration Guide on www.cisco.com.
To illustrate the role of the WAAS CM, a screen snapshot is included showing the view of a remote WAE. To connect to the WAAS CM, the testbed campus PC accesses the WAAS CM by connecting to the IP address of the CM at port 8443 using the HTTP/SSL. For example:
Once validated, the branch WAE device can be selected. The screen snapshot in Figure 3 provides an idea of the GUI interface available to the network manager.
Figure 3 WAAS Central Manager Device Dashboard
From the device dashboard screen shown above, the reports for the WAE can be viewed, the device can be managed by Telnet or a WEB browser, and other pertinent information like software version, alarms, IP address, and the MAC address can be displayed.
For the branch and core WAE to identify themselves to the CM, the configuration on the WAE must include the address of the CM; in the following example, 192.168.32.8.
device mode application-accelerator
central-manager address 192.168.32.8
! End of WAAS configuration
Once that is configured and the WAE contacts the CM, the remote WAE devices can be managed from the CM GUI interface.
The goal of this testing was to demonstrate PfR routing traffic over the WAN link that exhibits the best path between branch and campus. Once PfR is operational in the WAN, WAAS is implemented to optimize the TCP/HTTP traffic to and from the Video Management and Storage System (VMSS) logical interface in the branch Cisco 3845 ISR.
The Cisco IOS Release tested at the branch is c3845-adventerprisek9-mz.124-15.T5 using the NME-VMSS-HP-32 (version 4.0/6.0) network module and the NME-WAE-522-K9 network module using WAAS version 4.1.1.c. To verify the bandwidth savings, both NetFlow and the WAAS CM Report Effective WAN Capacity (bandwidth savings) data are used.
The approach is therefore to first describe the WAN characteristics, examine the PfR configuration, and then enable WAAS on the topology. The PfR configuration in this section builds upon the configuration in the previous section. In this testing, PfR is now managing both on packet loss and delay. Loss is the first priority and delay is the second priority. In testing, path changes are triggered by both loss and delay.
On the two WAN links, a latency and packet loss tool is used to introduce loss, latency, and jitter. The values shown are applied in each direction. Both links have packet loss of one packet in every 10,000 packets, or 1/100th of 1 percent loss. Delay is in the range of 30 to 40 milliseconds on one link and 40 to 80 milliseconds on the other link. The variation in delay introduces jitter into the traffic. These values are shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4 WAN Characteristics - Latency, Jitter and Loss
At the beginning of the test, neither WAN link had any appreciable loss or delay, the tool is enabled during the test to simulate WAN links that are changing characteristics over a period of time.
The PfR configuration deployed in this testing uses the Fast Reroute feature. The Fast Reroute feature probes all exits continuously. This allows PfR to have the current state of all managed links reflected in its database. An explicitly configured active jitter probe (UDP jitter) is configured to characterize the delay, loss, and jitter of all exits. This probe also provides voice statistics such as Mean Opinion Score (MOS) although MOS is not, in this testing, used to make path selection determinations. PfR is selecting the best path, rather than a path that simply meets the criteria. Loss is the first priority, then delay as the second priority. The probe frequency is every 10 seconds.
The oer-map command that implements this configuration is shown as follows:
sequence no. 8444249301975040, ...
match ip prefix-lists: CAMPUS
mos threshold 3.60 percent 30
forwarding interface not set
*resolve loss priority 1 variance 10
*resolve delay priority 2 variance 10
*resolve utilization priority 12 variance 20
Forced Assigned Target List:
active-probe jitter 192.168.16.1 target-port 32014 codec g729a
* Overrides Default Policy Setting
This oer-map command is referenced in the configuration sample by the policy-rules statement shown later in this document.
Path Selection Based on Loss and Delay
PfR can select the best exit based on the loss and delay criteria. When PfR selects a new route, the change can be seen in the logging buffer of the master controller. During testing, this output was captured and is included here for review. Note that the route is changed for reason of delay in the first instance and for reason of packet loss in the second instance.
Dec 19 10:14:19.855 est: %OER_MC-5-NOTICE: Route changed Prefix 192.168.16.0/20,
BR 192.168.0.1, i/f Gi0/1.294, Reason Delay, OOP Reason None
Dec 19 10:19:56.862 est: %OER_MC-5-NOTICE: Route changed Prefix 192.168.16.0/20,
BR 192.168.0.1, i/f Gi0/1.293, Reason Loss, OOP Reason Loss
Given the low amount of loss in the test environment (1/100th of 1 percent) and that delay is incurred for all traffic, it is not unexpected to occasionally observe route changes alternate between loss and delay. In the Performance Routing (PfR) Integration document, it was shown that PfR can manage links based on loss, and there was a high amount of loss on one link verses the other. In this test, loss is very minimal and the same on both links during the test, while the links have different delay characteristics.
Branch Router Configuration Details
Relevant portions of the branch router configuration is shown below with imbedded annotations:
WCCP Version 2 is enabled by default and WCCP services 61 and 62 (TCP promiscuous mode)
Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF) is required for PfR to function.
At least one internal interface and two or more external interfaces are required. The In3/0 interface is the NME-VMSS-HP32 logical interface.
border 192.168.0.1 key-chain PURPLE
interface Integrated-Service-Engine3/0 internal
interface GigabitEthernet0/1.293 external
interface GigabitEthernet0/1.294 external
interface GigabitEthernet0/1.210 internal
interface GigabitEthernet0/1.250 internal
For traffic not selected by the oer-map, learn mode is enabled to allow PfR to control routes for traffic exiting from VLANS 210 and 250 identified as internal interfaces above.
aggregation-type prefix-length 29
The border router and master controller are both configured on this branch router, the key-chain of PURPLE is not shown, but is a requirement of PfR.
master 192.168.0.1 key-chain PURPLE
The WAN interfaces are VLAN 293 and 294, these VLANs attach to the delay and loss appliance.
description To vpn-jk2-7206-1 for PfR
ip address 192.168.15.6 255.255.255.252
description To vpn-jk2-7206-1 for PfR
ip address 192.168.15.2 255.255.255.252
ip wccp redirect exclude in
This interface is an internal interface for PfR and is configured for WCCP redirection; therefore, traffic entering and leaving this interface are candidates for WAAS optimization.
ip address 192.0.2.64 255.255.255.254
PfR requires parent routes in the routing table. These routes identify the campus subnet of the viewing station and IP camera. The corresponding prefix-list selects traffic for the oer-map.
ip route 192.168.16.0 255.255.240.0 192.168.15.1 name OER_Parent
ip route 192.168.16.0 255.255.240.0 192.168.15.5 name OER_Parent
ip prefix-list CAMPUS seq 5 permit 192.168.16.0/20
The oer-map shown was also shown previously in this section.
match traffic-class prefix-list CAMPUS
set mode select-exit best
set resolve loss priority 1 variance 10
set resolve delay priority 2 variance 10
set active-probe jitter 192.168.16.1 target-port 32014 codec g729a
Note The target of the active-probe defined above is the campus router with an IP address of 192.168.16.1. This router is also contains a similar PfR configuration. The UDP jitter probe requires the ip sla responder command in the configuration.
To verify PfR is managing the path to the campus network prefix where the viewing station and IP camera resides, the output of the show oer master prefix detail command is shown.
vpn1-3845-1#show oer masert prefix detail
State: INPOLICY Time Remaining: @0
Most recent data per exit
Border Interface PasSDly PasLDly ActSDly ActLDly
*192.168.0.1 Gi0/1.294 0 0 75 75
192.168.0.1 Gi0/1.293 0 0 128 128
Most recent voice data per exit
Border Interface ActSJit ActPMOS ActSLos ActLLos
*192.168.0.1 Gi0/1.294 4 0 0 0
192.168.0.1 Gi0/1.293 11 0 0 0
Latest Active Stats on Current Exit:
Type Target TPort Attem Comps DSum Min Max Dly
jitter 192.168.16.1 32014 1 100 7510 1 106 75
jitter 192.168.16.1 32014 1 100 7490 1 106 74
jitter 192.168.16.1 32014 1 100 7458 1 106 74
jitter 192.168.16.1 32014 1 100 7564 1 106 75
jitter 192.168.16.1 32014 1 100 7527 1 106 75
Latest Active Voice Stats on Current Exit:
Type Target TPort Codec Attem Comps JitSum MOS
jitter 192.168.16.1 32014 g729a 1 100 413 4.06
jitter 192.168.16.1 32014 g729a 1 100 443 4.06
jitter 192.168.16.1 32014 g729a 1 100 451 4.06
jitter 192.168.16.1 32014 g729a 1 100 425 4.06
jitter 192.168.16.1 32014 g729a 1 100 392 4.06
In the above output, under Most recent data per exit, the active short and long-term delay values are 75 and 128 milliseconds. This is consistent with the WAN characteristics described previously. Also, the active short-term jitter is 4 and 11 milliseconds, which is a result of the range of latency values introduced by the test tool on each link.
WAAS is also tested and documented in the V3PN large scale IPSec aggregation testbed and included in the following document:
•Transport Diversity: Performance Routing (PfR) Design Guide
The traffic profile used in the PfR and WAAS testing consisted of VoIP and data. The testing referenced here, WCCP enabled on the VMSS logical interface and therefore the target traffic for optimization is the HTTP requests the Client Viewing Station (Internet Explorer) makes to the VSOM web server. The nature of this traffic is video feeds displayed on the PC as well as the underlying web interface. Because in this phase of testing the Axis 223M camera is also located on the campus subnet, the TCP session for the Motion JPEG is also traversing the WAN to the Media Server IP address under the VMSS logical interface. This traffic is therefore also a candidate for optimization.
Figure 5 illustrates these flows to and from the VMSS logical interface.
Figure 5 Traffic Flows Optimized by WAAS
The flow from the IP camera to the Media Server is Motion JPEG (MJPEG) is at 5 video frames per second. The flows between VSOM and the Viewing Station are MJPEG/MPEG-4 (three cameras) along with the the HTTP control traffic. To verify these flows are candidates for optimization, the accelerated flows can be displayed on the branch WAE network module as shown in the following example:
vpn1-3845-1-WAE#show statistics connection all
ConnID Source IP:Port Dest IP:Port PeerID Accel
20334 192.0.2.65:36908 192.168.16.32:80 0:14:5e:85:54:7b THDL
20467 192.168.16.4:65488 192.0.2.65:80 0:14:5e:85:54:7b THDL
20468 192.168.16.4:65485 192.0.2.65:80 0:14:5e:85:54:7b THDL
20469 192.168.16.4:65482 192.0.2.65:80 0:14:5e:85:54:7b THDL
20489 192.168.16.4:65508 192.0.2.65:80 0:14:5e:85:54:7b THDL
Local IP:Port Remote IP:Port Peer ID ConnType
192.0.2.98:80 192.0.2.65:41233 N/A PT No Peer
192.0.2.65:41233 192.0.2.98:80 N/A PT No Peer
There are a total of five TCP/HTTP flows being optimized by TFO and targeted for DRE and LZ compression. This is signified by the THDL designation at the right of each connection detail line. The two flows that are listed as `No Peer' are the camera feeds on the branch LAN to the Media Server. These are not optimized because there is no WAN transport of these feeds, the camera feeds are local to the router.
Table of Effective Capacity
In the test results reported here, data is collected for over a hour and the results from the WAAS CM are shown Table 1. These results are summarized from an export of the device dashboard to a CSV file and analyzed. The following table represents the Effective WAN Capacity report for the remote (vpn1-3845-1-WAE) WAE.
Table 1 Effective WAN Capacity
Reduction % (include pass-through)
Reduction % (Exclude Pass-through)
Pass-through Traffic (Bytes)
Application Traffic (Bytes)
The WAN bandwidth savings is shown at less than 10 percent. As a point of reference, the test results in the Transport Diversity: Performance Routing (PfR) Design Guide demonstrated compression ratios in the range of 3:1 to over 40:1 for Web and File Transfer sessions generated by Chariot/IXIA. From this, it can be concluded that data traffic is more compressible than the video traffic used in this test.
This section includes the WCCP configurations on the campus and branch router.
The relevant WCCP configuration for the campus router is as follows:
description CAMPUS with IP Cameras and PC
ip address 192.168.16.1 255.255.240.0
description CAMPUS with WAAS CM and Core WAE
ip address 192.168.32.1 255.255.240.0
ip wccp redirect exclude in
The relevant WCCP configuration for the branch routers is as follows:
ip address 192.0.2.69 255.255.255.252
ip wccp redirect exclude in
service-module ip address 192.0.2.70 255.255.255.252
service-module ip default-gateway 192.0.2.69
ip address 192.0.2.64 255.255.255.254
service-module external ip address 192.168.11.2 255.255.255.0
service-module ip address 192.0.2.65 255.255.255.254
service-module ip default-gateway 192.0.2.64
Video feeds from IP Video Surveillance cameras to the Media Server are TCP-based when the camera is configured for Motion JPEG. Additionally, viewing live or archived feeds through VSOM by a client viewing stations is also TCP/HTTP based for feeds which are either MJPEG or MPEG-4. While TCP-based traffic can be optimized and compressed by WAAS, for this video traffic the compression is on the order of less than 10 percent. Video feeds are compressed by the encoder of the IP camera before being transported over the IP network. Additional compression by WAAS does not provide as dramatic savings as is the case with typical user data traffic.
However, both WAAS and PfR can be implemented effectively together and PfR is shown to manage multiple WAN links and select the path with the least loss and lowest delay.


text:
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text:
Online slot is one of the most popular forms of casino gambling available to players. These games are based on chance and do not require complex skills, such as in blackjack or video poker, making them accessible to a wider player base. They also tend to pay out higher payout ratios – with some slot machines paying out 1000x your bet per spin or even more. As a result, they are extremely appealing to players of all skill levels and ages.
Many of the biggest casino sites have huge selections of online slots – and they are constantly being updated. This means there is always something new to try, and the chances of you becoming bored of your favourite game are very low.
When choosing a slot machine to play, be sure to check the paytable and rules. This will help you to understand what each symbol is worth, how the reels work and any special features. It is also important to familiarise yourself with terms such as RTP (Return to Player) and volatility – these can affect the risk level of a particular slot.
You will often find that slots are developed by a range of different companies. Some have been around for decades and have a large portfolio of games, while others are much younger and have smaller portfolios. Many of the big developers have been responsible for a number of high-profile slots that have gone on to become household names. Examples include NetEnt’s Gonzo’s Quest and Starburst, and Microgaming’s Mega Moolah.
A lot of slots feature a random number generator (RNG) that is used to generate the results of each spin. This ensures that every result is unbiased and fair, and it’s this that creates the fun and excitement of slot playing. This technology is used by virtually all online casinos, and is an essential part of their gaming infrastructure.
In addition to their RNGs, many slots have what are known as ‘temperaments’ that can affect how often they win and how much money they pay out in total. You can usually find this information posted on the rules or information page for the game itself, or listed as a statistic on the casino’s website or the developer’s own.
You can also find a lot of helpful advice about online slot by reading player reviews and forum discussions. Sites like TripAdvisor and Reddit will have reviews from people who have travelled to Vegas or other reputable casinos, and these can give you an idea of what to expect when it comes to the quality of the slots on offer. Some of these reviews will highlight which slots have the best payouts, so you can avoid games that may not reward your investment. In addition, there are comparison websites that rank online slots based on their features and payout rates.

domain: hobby


text:
Microservices: The Journey So Far and Challenges Ahead
Jamshidi, P., Pahl, C., Mendonça, N.C., Lewis, J. and Tilkov, S., 2018. Microservices: The Journey So Far and Challenges Ahead. IEEE Software, 35(3), pp.24-35.
Microservices are the latest trend in software service design, development, and delivery. They constitute an approach to software and systems architecture that builds on the well-established concept of modularization but emphasizes technical boundaries. Each module—each microservice —is implemented and operated as a small yet independent system, offering access to its internal logic and data through a well-defined network interface. This increases software agility because each microservice becomes an independent unit of development, deployment, operations, versioning, and scaling.

domain: literature


Justin Rogers with UK lineman Marquan McCall.
By LARRY VAUGHT
The recruitment of five-star Michigan star Justin Rogers is an important one for Kentucky and maybe even a historic one for coach Mark Stoops if he can land Rogers
Kentucky was the first school to offer Rogers a scholarship, and is one of his final six schools going into his scheduled announcement on May 20 of his college choice.
I wondered what, if any, impact that first scholarship offer had on an elite prospect. That’s why I reached out to CatsIllustrated.com publisher Justin Rowland, who follows recruiting full-time for Rivals.com, about his opinion. Read more... (491 words, 1 image, estimated 1:58 mins reading time)


text:
Returning America to Prosperity
We are the USA, a great Super Power, but we're drowning in debt, unemployment is high, Republicans and Democrats hate each other, the public hates Congress, etc. Are we doomed to mediocrity? No, we can return to prosperity by investing in ourselves and building our equity. Our country will prosper as we the people prosper and as we reshape our governments to protect our equity.


text:
Whether you’re an experienced hunter or just starting out, a trail camera can be an invaluable tool in your arsenal. Nobody wants to sit up on a tree or hide behind some bushes in an uncomfortable position for hours on end, hoping for a glimpse of your prey. With a trail camera, all you need to do is strap it to a tree and just leave it there. The trail camera with its motion sensors will capture pictures and relevant information every time an animal passes by its near vicinity. You can review these images and learn about the habits of your prey in the comfort of your home, before stepping out into the wilderness with your gun.
- See Also: Top 10 Best Monoculars in 2020
Table of Contents
- Pre-Purchase Consideration
- Best Trail Cameras 2020 Reviews
- 10. Stealth Cam P18 7 Megapixel Compact Scouting Camera
- 9. Crenova Game and Trail Camera 12MP 1080P HD
- 8. TEC.BEAN 12MP 1080P HD Game & Trail Hunting Camera
- 7. Moultrie A-20 Mini Game Camera
- 6. Bestguarder HD Waterproof IP66 Infrared Night Vision Game & Trail Hunting Scouting Ghost Camera
- 5. Bushnell Trophy Cam HD Essential E2 12MP Trail Camera, Tan
- 4. Bushnell Trophy Cam Aggressor Low Glow Trail/Game Camera 14MP
- 3. Bushnell 14MP Trophy Cam HD Aggressor No Glow Trail Camera
- 2. Browning Strike Force Sub Micro 10MP Game Camera
- 1. Stealth Cam G42 No-Glo Trail Game Camera STC-G42NG
Choosing the right trail camera can be a daunting task. Here’s a list of the features you should keep in mind while making your choice.
To make your task simpler, we have compiled a list of what we think are the Best Trail Cameras of 2020!
Best Trail Cameras 2020 Reviews
No products found.
10. Stealth Cam P18 7 Megapixel Compact Scouting Camera
- Brand: Stealth Cam
Coming in at no. 10 in our list is the Stealth Cam P18 7 Megapixel Scouting Camera. This camera boasts an energy efficient design, offering three separate modes guaranteeing you maximum coverage at optimum battery levels. Equipped with a rugged, camouflage casing, it can endure extreme climate and environments with absolute ease.
It can record 15 seconds of video per shot and can take up to 6 images in a row, utilizing it’s patented Burst Rapid Fire mode. Outfitted with 18 infrared emitters, it is capable of taking photos even in pitch-black darkness.
9. Crenova Game and Trail Camera 12MP 1080P HD
- Brand: Crenova
Next on our list is the Crenova Game and Trail Hunting Camera. Equipped with two motion sensors and a 120-degree field of vision, you can bet no animal is going to get by this camera unnoticed. The 12-megapixel camera also allows you to record video in stunning 1080p High Definition format, giving you some of the clearest images you’ll ever get with a trail camera.
It also features an LCD screen, making it very easy to use and also gives you password protection. The night vision is truly top-notch with a 42pc LED infrared flash system.
8. TEC.BEAN 12MP 1080P HD Game & Trail Hunting Camera
- Brand: TEC.BEAN
The Tec. Bean 12 MP Game and trail hunting camera is equipped with a feature called Motion Freeze which is designed to optimize battery usage. With a very impressive trigger time of only 0.6 seconds, it can capture up to 9 shots when the motion sensor is triggered.
A 2 inch LCD screen lets you view your images on the device itself, removing the need for any additional hardware. There are 36 infrared flashes in invisible black light, allowing you to record everything regardless of time of day.
7. Moultrie A-20 Mini Game Camera
- Brand: Moultrie
Ranking in at no. 7 is the Moultrie A-20 Mini Game Camera. This camera is especially rugged and is designed to be shock and weather resistant. The best feature of this camera is the dedicated mobile app which gives you wireless connectivity of your camera through your smartphone.
It has a very extensive detection radius of 50 feet, but the trigger speed is not too great. With 32 infrared LED’s, night vision is of top quality.
6. Bestguarder HD Waterproof IP66 Infrared Night Vision Game & Trail Hunting Scouting Ghost Camera
- Brand: BestGuarder
Equipped with a ton of additional features, the 12 Megapixel Bestguarder IP66 is currently one of the best buys on the market. It is capable of capturing both High-Definition video and audio from 75 feet away. A patented motion detection technology makes this camera ideally suited for tracking cold-blooded animals, better than any other camera on the market.
Additional accessories include a time-lapse feature and the ability to capture GPS location, date, time, barometric pressure and more.
5. Bushnell Trophy Cam HD Essential E2 12MP Trail Camera, Tan
- Brand: Bushnell
This model from Bushnell gives you an insanely fast trigger speed, clocking in at a mere 0.3 seconds, ensuring that no animals slip by unobserved. Giving you the flexibility to choose between 3, 8 or 12 megapixels, you can potentially store a lot of images on your memory card.
With an infrared hyper-sensitive night vision range of 80 feet, it performs flawlessly under zero to nominal light conditions.
4. Bushnell Trophy Cam Aggressor Low Glow Trail/Game Camera 14MP
- Brand: Bushnell
This model features the Data Stamp technology which can record the time, location, moon phase and prevalent temperature of each and every shot. This feature, coupled with the hyper night vision and field scan functionalities allow it to capture every single detail, even with a fast-moving target.
This camera boasts a battery life of 1 year, and you can even throw in a solar panel to keep it running continually.
3. Bushnell 14MP Trophy Cam HD Aggressor No Glow Trail Camera
- Brand: Bushnell
Retaining all the features of its low-glow cousin model, the no-glow model adds a few additional features as well. The 48pc no glow infrared led flash allows you to take images of all the nocturnal animals while making sure the camera remains undetected.
It also has an anti-reflective cover further enhancing its invisibility.
2. Browning Strike Force Sub Micro 10MP Game Camera
- Brand: Browning Trail Cameras
Despite being one of the smallest trail cameras on the market, the Browning Strike Force Sub Micro 10 megapixel camera is no short of an image-capturing and video-recording powerhouse. It can record High-Definition video along with sound over an immense range of 100 feet.
The highly intuitive Time Lapse software allows you to capture free animals with absolutely no blur.
1. Stealth Cam G42 No-Glo Trail Game Camera STC-G42NG
- Brand: Stealth Cam
We have been saving the best for the last and the Stealth Cam G42 No-glow camera scores top position in our list of best trail cameras. This camera model is perfectly adapted for shooting images of unsuspecting animals in the dark with its invisible infrared flash and advanced anti-blur technologies.
It is also highly customizable allowing you to set your quality fro 2 to 10 megapixels and also recording duration from 5 to 180 seconds. Aside from the enormous 100 feet range, it also hosts numerous additional features such as a burst mode, a multi-detection mode and also password protection.
Thus concludes our list with the Stealth Cam G42 as our pick of choice.
Experienced hunters require more than just a gun and having in-depth knowledge of your prey beforehand is essential to a successful hunt. Rest assured you’ll never go wrong with any of the above choices and they’re sure to give you that extra edge which you’ve been looking for.


The Buddy Holly Story: John Goldrosen ; [introd. by Dave Marsh ; Foreword by Ralph M. Newman].
An in-depth profile of the life and career of the rock star examines his impact on the world of rock and roll in its infancy and as a cult hero after his untimely death in 1959
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Sri Lanka’s coir industry is the world’s primary supplier of various grades of coir fibre. Processing coir fibre and fibre based products is a centuries old industry in our country. A unique technique known as the ‘drum system’ is used to extract fibre from the coconut, resulting in long, pure fibre suitable for the brush industry and short fibre used in mattresses. Two categories of coir fibre exist; brown and white, which amount to 80% and 20% respectively of the world coir fibre demand. Kosuki Lanka makes a range of products based on coir and its by-products.
In three generations we grew to be the premium coir manufacturer in the western province of Sri Lanka
© COSUKI LANKA. All Rights Reserved | Website by WHITECELL

domain: agronomy


An op-ed by York University Professor Steven J. Hoffman was published in the Star Aug. 22. Read full story.
Why are almost all the city ground workers I see around Brampton white?
An op-ed by York University Professor Joseph Mensah was published in the Brampton Guardian Aug. 21. Read full story.
Canadian universities ‘flying blind’ into cannabis legalization
Gloria Suhasini, a senior media relations officer at York University, was quoted in the Star Aug. 23. Read full story.


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Evensong. Verse, Hymns and Prayer.
by Pastor Don. Roy Hemingway.
VERSE OF THE DAY.
A short commentary on the ‘Verse of the Day’.
Nehemiah 1:11. Who desire to fear thy name — Who are not only called by thy name, but really have a reverence for it: who now worship thee, and thee only, according to thy will, and have an awful sense of all the discoveries which thou art pleased to make of thyself. Those who truly desire to fear his name shall be graciously accepted of God. Grant him mercy in the sight of this man The king, upon whom he was going to attend: who, though a god by office, was but a man by nature, and therefore his heart was wholly at God’s disposal.
Favour with men is then comfortable, when we see it springing from the mercy of God. For I was the king’s cup-bearer — Whereby I had opportunity to speak to him, and some favour with him, which encouraged me to make this prayer, and to hope for some success. Many of the Jews, by the singular favour of God, obtained considerable dignities in their captivity, as Daniel and his companions, Zerubbabel and others; among whom was this pious man, who was advanced to this office of cup-bearer when he was but a youth; which, it must be observed, was a place of great honour and advantage in the Persian court, because of the privilege which it gave him who bore it, of being daily in the king’s presence, and the opportunity which he had thereby of gaining his favour for the procuring of any petition he should make to him.
That it was a place of great temporal advantage, seems evident by Nehemiah’s gaining those immense riches which enabled him, for so many years, (Nehemiah 5:14; Nehemiah 5:19,) out of his own privy purse only, to live in his government with great splendour and expense, without burdening the people at all. See Prideaux, Anno 445.
Our Father, who art in heaven, Hallowed be thy Name. Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done, On earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread. And forgive us our trespasses, As we forgive those who trespass against us. And lead us not into temptation, But deliver us from evil. For thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory, for ever and ever. Amen.
The Lord bless you and keep you;
The Lord make His face shine upon you,
And be gracious unto you;
The Lord lift up His countenance upon you,
And give you peace.


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Ocuprime Review – Does Ocuprime Really Work?
Ocuprime is a blend of ingredients to improve eye health. These components are extracted from reliable sources to improve your eyesight naturally.
Lutein and Zeaxanthin, two carotenoid elements, aid in prevent the development of age-related eye diseases like cataracts and macular degeneration. They also reduce oxidative stresses and protect your eyes from harmful blue light.
The way to live a healthy life is contingent on having good vision. In our modern world the majority of us are constantly exposed to damaging factors that could affect our vision, such as blue light, sunlight (from screens like TVs and computers), and pollution.
There are a variety of supplements available that provide your body with the nutrients it needs to maintain eye health and shield it from future damage. The best eye supplements comprise minerals, vitamins and herbs that are proven to promote optimum vision health.
These ingredients include lutein (also known as zeaxanthin), bilberry (also called quercetin) eyebright, lutein, and bilberry zeaxanthin. These ingredients are healthful that can enhance your vision and reduce inflammation.
Additionally to that, certain ingredients also aid in preventing the formation of oxidative stress, which can lead to cataracts and other issues. These benefits are confirmed by scientific research and can make a major improvement in your vision.
Ocuprime is a dietary supplement for the eyes that contains a blend of minerals, vitamins, and herbs to supply nutrients to your eyes. It can help reduce the risk of age-related eye issues and improve overall sight.
It contains several natural antioxidants, including bilberry fruit extract, which shields the eye from damage due to UV radiation. It also includes lutein, which is known to help prevent macular degeneration and protect the eyes from damage caused by blue light.
These ingredients are paired with other plant extracts that have been used since millennia to improve vision. The mixture works to shield eyes from free radicals and lower oxidative stresses.
The supplement in your diet contains zinc, vitamin E and C, selenium and lutein-zeaxanthin. These nutrients have been proven to reduce the risk of eye diseases and help maintain overall health. It can also improve vision ability, increase contrast sensitivity, and protect the retina from damage caused by blue light exposure.
Ocuprime is a highly effective vision supplement made of a combination of herbs and vitamins. Its ingredients help restore your eyesight by stopping oxidative stress and free radical damage.
It’s also a great option to prevent age-related eye issues such as macular degeneration and cataracts. The nutritional supplement is made up of plant-based and goodness-packed ingredients like lutein, eyebright flowers as well as bilberry fruit, and quercetin.
Ocuprime includes lycopene, zeaxanthin and other antioxidants that are beneficial to the health of your eyes. They safeguard your eyes from UV radiations and boost blood circulation.
The supplement contains lutein as well, which is an antioxidant essential for healthy eyes. Lutein is found in the macula, which is responsible for the visual acuity and aids in improving your eyesight.
Ocuprime, a nutritional product that aids in maintaining healthy vision, is now available. It is made from natural ingredients, and is safe to use.
It contains a blend of 24 powerful ingredients that promote the health of your eyes naturally. This includes lycopene Lutein, and other antioxidants. These ingredients have been proven to enhance your vision and lower the chance of developing age-related macular degeneration.
Magnesium is another component in Ocuprime that promotes blood flow and helps to prevent dry eye disease. It also strengthens fragile blood vessels and increases tear production.
This dietary supplement is created from all-natural components and is free from stimulants and GMOs. It is also easy to use and comes with an unconditional money back guarantee.


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Do you sometimes feel as though your body is punishing you, or letting you down?
You are ticking along the road of life quite nicely, doing what you’ve always done and managing how you’ve always managed. You’re OK, until something comes out of the blue and knocks you sideways. It could be a nasty cold, flu or you simply bend over to switch the dishwasher on and your back “goes on you” or you turn suddenly sideways for your neck to spasm and continue for days on end.
Very often in our office we hear practice members complaining of a health expression or their symptoms and ask “why is this happening to me” and then “how quickly will it go away”. We have all done this and unconsciously hold onto the idea that health problems happen “to” us not “for” us, because of what we do. Chiropractic reminds us of one of the simplest but most forgotten facts of life: our bodies are intelligent. When we begin to show symptoms however painful or inconvenient they may be, they are an intelligent physiological response from the body. It’s our body’s way of speaking to us the only way our conscious brain will listen – often, to stop it in it’s tracks.
What is my body saying?
When your body gives you a strong message of pain or illness it’s a reminder for us to stop, listen, assess and take action for our health.
Instead of being annoyed that you need to rest, why not embrace the messages your body has given to you to ensure you have the rest and relaxation that your body requires. Do you need to get checked by the Chiropractor? Change your diet, sleep, meditate, exercise, have fun or connect with a friend?
You can’t “catch” a cold or “pass it on”
Think about it: you share a lift with someone who has a nasty, snotty cold. They look terrible. Are you going to get sick as a result? Why will some people come down sick with the cold but others not? Where did that cold even come from in the first place? Actually, the cold is an expression of an exhausted nervous system and nothing to do with who you have been around that day. It is an expression of an unwell inside not a weakness from outside.
A great example of this comes from mosquitoes who you will never find in fresh, free-flowing water, but only stagnant ponds where they can breed and thrive. Mosquitoes are the result of the environment where they can thrive. In the same way, a cold is a result of your internal environment being under strain rather than strong and healthy.
What does it mean?
The best way to look at any symptom, tiredness or discomfort is that this has developed FOR you rather than TO you. Ask yourself “what changes does my body need me to make?” Recognising that maybe you could drink more water and less tea/coffee or eat better food. Assess the strain and stress you put yourself under and shorten that “to do” list.
Very often you’ll find what you need to do is put yourself at the top of your priority list or your body will simply force you to stop, rest and take stock.
How much better would it be if you saw these health challenges in a positive light and listened to your body’s messages and expressions? How about celebrating them as an opportunity for growth? Why not give it a try!

domain: health


Counter Protesters Highly Outnumber White Nationalist Rallies in Tennessee, No Untoward Incident Reported
October 29 , 2017
"White Lives Matter" rallies organized by the white nationalists in Shelbyville and Murfreesboro of Tennessee, USA, were highly outnumbered by counter-protesters. However, reports say that the rallies took place without any reported incidents. The first rally at Shelbyville was attended by around 200 white nationalists who carried Confederate flag and shouted slogans to close borders as well as deport illegal migrants. In Murfreesboro, only 30 white supremacists turned up in contrast to around 600 counter-protesters. Both groups exchanged taunts but the law enforcement officers were successful in separating the two groups from any face-off.


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May is Mental Health Awareness Month, and fortunately, it’s never been easier to find good advice and solid insights wherever you find your favorite podcasts. Of course, no podcast is a substitute for a real-life therapist who can listen to your specific problems and create a working treatment plan, but they can be great for keeping our minds on what matters. Some of these are from actual therapists and psychologists sharing real sessions with real patients; others are wellness and mental health enthusiasts who share their own journeys in the hopes that their healing practices can inspire and guide others. If your brain is a bully, or you find it hard to have an attitude of gratitude, or if you’re facing serious issues in a relationship, these podcasts are ready to help. It’s time to get happy.
Renowned therapists and advice columnists Lori Gottlieb and Guy Winch invite us to listen in on real sessions, providing actionable advice and insights on everything from gender transitions to cheating spouses to chronic illness to estranged family members and everything in between. Plus, we get to hear from the patients after they’ve tried some of the advice to see what worked and what didn’t. If you’ve ever wanted to be the fly on the wall at a therapist’s office, Dear Therapists is the chance you’ve been waiting for.
Dr. Gail Saltz is a clinical associate professor of psychiatry, best-selling author, and psychoanalyst, and every Friday she answers our most pressing questions about body image, eating disorders, loneliness and depression, sleep problems, family disagreements about the Covid vaccine, boundaries, social anxiety, medication, relationships, and so much more. If you’ve got a problem, Dr. Gail wants to know: How Can I Help?
Devi Brown, Chief Impact Officer at Chopra Global and wellbeing educator, weaves ancient and modern practices into tangible healing tools to aid in emotional growth, radical self-love, healing intergenerational trauma, and more. She sits down with guests like Charlamagne Tha God, Nate Parker, Yung Pueblo and many more to talk self-care, intention, toxic positivity, ancestral healing, finding your purpose, and so much more, Dropping Gems – and workable advice – right into your podcast feed.
Each episode, Amy Brown, co-host of The Bobby Bones Show, discusses four things she does each day to promote overall well-being and an attitude of gratitude. With candor and warmth, she gets into parenting, grief, body image, simple pleasures, bad morning habits and sleep hacks, vision boards, recovery, inspiration, and much more, sharing her own struggles honestly and generously. 4 Things is definitely 4 you.
Michelle Williams and her friends share their own journeys with depression, anxiety, and mental health on Checking In. Whether it’s holistic healing with Dr. Oz, relationships and reciprocity with Dr. Dharius Daniels, investing in yourself with Kelly Rowland, the power of belief with David Imonitie, or advocacy with Macy Gray, Michelle is here to help you check in with yourself and others about our state of mind.
Dr. Joy Harden Bradford, a licensed psychologist, goes deep into everything mental health in Therapy For Black Girls. Not only does she get into the expected topics like body image, boundaries, dating, and relationships, she also digs into stuff like understanding complex PTSD, navigating a later-in-life ADHD diagnosis, analyzing the connection between menstrual health and mental health, and exploring gender and gender expression. Find your joy with Dr. Joy on this podcast.
Singer and songwriter LeAnn Rimes has one powerful voice, and now she’s putting it to use on her podcast Wholly Human to help provide guidance for people who feel fragmented and disconnected in the world today. Breathing and meditation, trusting fear, mindfulness for skeptics, unblocking energy, self-care, and compassion are all topics she digs into along with her guests like musician Aloe Blacc, breathwork teacher Ashley Neese, and many more.
Emmy award-winning TV host Zuri Hall hosts Hot Happy Mess for anyone craving their best life, minus the burnout. You want to use social media more wisely? Manifest your perfect partner? Have the best sex ever? Master the art of the pivot? Get married (or break up)? Or maybe just hear from success stories about the best career and finance moves? She chats with experts about it all. We might be a hot mess, but that doesn’t mean we can’t be happy!
If you want to be sure you're listening to the podcasts everyone else is checking out, iHeartRadio has you covered. Every Monday, iHeartRadio releases a chart showing the most popular podcasts of the week. Stay up to date on what's trending by checking out the chart here. There's even a chart just for radio podcasts here, featuring all your favorite iHeartRadio personalities like Bobby Bones, Elvis Duran, Steve Harvey and dozens of others.
Photo: Getty Images


Israel’s 21st Knesset voted to disperse itself on May 30, just one month after its inauguration. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu failed to piece together a government and chose to call for new elections rather than give another Knesset member the opportunity to try.
What does the new election—Israel’s second
"Israelis, like so many in the world today, are experiencing a crisis of [belief] in national institutions. The authority of the judicial system, the press and the police is being questioned as never before."
JERUSALEM, June 25 (Xinhua) -- Israel's Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu is considering the cancelation of the general elections to the parliament (the Knesset), which are...Xinhua 2019-06-25
Israeli Prime Minister and Likud Party head Benjamin Netanyahu delivers a statement to the media at the Knesset on May 27, 2019. Photo: Hadas Parush/Flash90. JNS.org –...The Algemeiner 2019-07-08
JERUSALEM (JTA) — Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu is considering a proposal to cancel the September election in Israel amid reports of a potential unity government. It is...Cleveland Jewish News 2019-06-26
Former Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak at the Saint Petersburg Economic Forum in 2015. Photo: Ministry of Digital Development, Communications and Mass Media of the...The Algemeiner 2019-06-25
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Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu may seek to avoid fresh elections currently scheduled for September, in light of poor performances in recent polling, reported Ynet. According to the article, “Likud sources” say Netanyahu has polling data showing that the new elections would “leave him in worse political shape than today”. The September elections were called after...Middle East Monitor 2019-06-25
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Photo courtesy Afghan Whigs/Facebook
Alternative rock survivors Afghan Whigs have announced a late spring North American tour kicking off in Florida, and they're returning to a downtown Orlando stage
they've played many times in the past.
The run of 12 dates kicks off in Florida, with a few shows in the Sunshine State before meandering through the South, the East Coast and even a Midwest date or two. Head Whig Greg Dulli and co. also just released their first new single in nearly five years, the raucous rave-up “I’ll Make You See God
Afghan Whigs headline the Social on Friday, May 13. Tickets are available now through Foundation Presents
Stay on top of Central Florida news and views with our weekly newsletters, and consider supporting this free publication. Our small but mighty team is working tirelessly to bring you Central Florida news, and every little bit helps.


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The market is as unpredictable as the weather. We'd love to help you prepare.
Have A Question About This Topic?
This checklist can give you a quick snapshot of how prepared you are.
Learn about what risk tolerance really means in this helpful and insightful video.
Does it make sense to borrow from my 401(k) to pay off debt or to make a major purchase?


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Explore 15+ million radio shows, DJ mixes and podcasts made by passionate creators.
04 Oct 2014
This upload features tracks from Phil Weeks, Samson and more.
House Sessions with PETE STONE
The best of Moby - mixed by S.o.a.P.
© 2020 Mixcloud Ltd

domain: entertainment