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Welcome to Red Sauce America, our coast-to-coast celebration of old-school Italian-American restaurants.
At the end of 2016, under flapping Italian and U.S. flags on a busy street across from an abandoned Kmart and Chicago’s only Olive Garden, Arturo Aucaquizhpi opened Mirabella Italian Cuisine & Bar. Here, in his mushroom toque, the chef serves shrimp de Jonghe, roasted chicken smothered in bell peppers and pepperoncini, and crispy cottage fries with every steak. It’s a menu that’s hauntingly familiar to anyone who’s ever dined at the restaurant godfather of red sauce Chicago, Gene & Georgetti.
That’s not a coincidence. Aucaquizhpi was a 20-year veteran of the latter, the city’s most venerated Italian steakhouse. But Mirabella, staffed almost entirely by Ecuadoran immigrants like Aucaquizhpi, is nothing like Gene & Georgetti. For one thing, it’s not as expensive. But more strikingly, here on the blue-collar northwest side, the average Joe and Jane will never get a stiff greeting and a table in Siberia as they might downtown.
Twenty-seven years ago, when Aucaquizhpi left his home village in south Andean Ecuador for Chicago, he was 16 and barely spoke a word of English. He soon took a job clearing tables and refilling water glasses at the Erie Café, an upstart Italian steakhouse in Chicago’s River North neighborhood. Today he’s the upstart.
When Aucaquizhpi worked those first shifts at the Erie Café, it had just been opened by the grandson of Eugene (Gene) Michelotti, the onetime dishwasher, bartender, and first-generation Italian immigrant cofounder of Gene & Georgetti. Haunted by decades of canoodling mobsters, politicians, and celebrities, G&G was Exhibit A for the city’s (even then undeserved) reputation as an expense-account convention feedlot. Located just a half mile from G&G, the Erie Café put a new spin on the old vibe, but still featured the same Italian-American steakhouse standards: thick chops, saucy pastas, mussels marinara, and the iconic “garbage salad,” a mountain of chopped iceberg, salami, cheese, and shrimp.
It was a matter of months before Aucaquizhpi was plating those salads and working the pantry and sauté station. He was making more money than he’d ever seen and helping his father, a Gene & Georgetti dishwasher, make rent and bring his mother and siblings to the U.S. Life was good, so in 1997 when the call came from Gene & Georgetti executive chef Mario Navarro, he hesitated. The restaurant was expanding its second-floor dining room to accommodate the overflow of no-names, and Navarro needed cooks. (Sidenote: In 23 years I’ve been seated in the coveted downstairs dining room exactly once—at three in the afternoon in an otherwise empty restaurant.)


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Event: Success party and the video launch of singer Sunidhi Chauhan and Enrique Iglesias' Heartbeat.
Guest List: Sunidhi Chauhan, Shefali Zariwala, Kunal Ganjawala, Shamir Tandon, Anu MalikView event video
Bollywood actor Shah Rukh Khan was snapped at the unveiling of Karan Johar's book 'An Unsuitable Boy'. Also spotted at the event were Kayoze Irani, Shweta Bachchan Nanda, Ayan Mukerji, Sidharth Malhot...
Bollywood actress Malaika Arora Khan and Amrita Arora Ladak were snapped outside Kareena Kapoor Khan's house.
Bollywood actress Kajal Aggarwal was spotted at the Mumbai airport.
Bollywood actress Karishma Kapoor was snapped at the airport.
Bollywood actress Preity Zinta was snapped at the airport.

domain: entertainment


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Forecast more >
A couple of showers will be possible again Tuesday. A better coverage can be expected Wednesday and Thursday with some locally heavy rains possible. Otherwise, little change in temperatures can be expected with some just some slight cooling Wednesday due to more clouds and showers.
Ozen boys and girls win 20-4A track & field championship
The Ozen boys and girls track teams each took home first place in the District 20-4A Track & Field Championships that concluded Wednesday. A big reason why was because of the success of the Brown siblings, Tony and Bealoved.

domain: sports


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Cheap flights from Nice to Orly
Information about flights from Nice to Orly
As well as a direct search with the search engine, we have selected some flight offers from Nice to Orly which you will find here.
When you book your airline tickets on Bravofly , you will be offered extra Scacciapensieri insurance provided by Bravofly free of charge.
The Bravofly flight search engine finds you all the low cost flights from Nice to Orly in just a few clicks. If you need to book a low cost flight Nice-Orly just enter the maximum price you want to pay and the departure and arrival dates.
If you travel a lot, Bravofly wants to be your trusty partner and help you find flights, hotels and cars in Orly and worldwide.
The services offered by the Bravofly search engine are not limited to choosing a flight Nice-Orly, if you download our iPhone app, it will be unbelievably useful while you are on holiday.
Flexible on when you visit?
Please, note these prices below are 'from'.
Prices refer to lowest available return flight, and are per person for the dates shown. The flights are subject to seat availability as well as variations in the price and tariffs. Additional payment fees may apply.
Flight offers Orly in February
|2/5/18 - 2/11/18||2/12/18 - 2/18/18||2/19/18 - 2/25/18|
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Flight offers to Orly for next weekend
|2/9/18 - 2/11/18||2/16/18 - 2/18/18||2/23/18 - 2/25/18|
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Cheap flights from outside of United Kingdom to Orly
- Cheap flights Barcelona - Orly
Departing on Tuesday, March 20, 2018 and returning on Wednesday, March 21, 2018from 53 €1d ago
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Departing on Thursday, March 15, 2018 and returning on Monday, March 19, 2018from 64 €2d ago
- Cheap flights Madrid - Orly
Departing on Wednesday, February 21, 2018 and returning on Thursday, March 1, 2018from 57 €1d ago
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Departing on Tuesday, February 6, 2018 and returning on Wednesday, February 7, 2018from 54 €1d ago
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Departing on Wednesday, February 21, 2018 and returning on Wednesday, February 28, 2018from 69 €6h ago
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Departing on Saturday, February 17, 2018 and returning on Wednesday, February 21, 2018from 190 €1d ago
- Cheap flights Venice - Orly
Departing on Wednesday, March 7, 2018 and returning on Sunday, March 11, 2018from 53 €20h ago

domain: travel


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- Soft plush bag.
- Light in weight, attractive pattern.
- Age: 3 Years+
- Size: 36/33 cm.
- This bag features cute animal design. This bag can be used for Schools and for Picnics and outings as well.
- It features one main compartment. These bags are widely popular among the children going to kindergartens or pre-schools.
- Kids will love to go to school with this bag.

domain: design


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Facebook inspires young poets
The new generation of poets is finding inspiration in modern technology, rather than literary history. Today's young poets are, in fact, far more likely to cite the likes of Benjamin Zephaniah.india Updated: Oct 03, 2011 12:44 IST
Britain’s newest generation of poets is finding inspiration in modern technology, rather than literary history, experts say.
Today’s young poets are, in fact, far more likely to cite the likes of Benjamin Zephaniah and Allen Ginsberg than T S Eliot or anything by Keats.
It seems the Dead Poets Society has breathed its last, with only one of the 15 citing a “classic” poet as their inspiration.
“Teenagers have always written poetry but I think there’s something to do with the familiarity with Facebook and Twitter that gives a confidence in sharing your thoughts and feelings publicly,” the Independent quoted Judith Palmer, the chair of the Poetry Society as saying.
What sets the young writers apart from their older counterparts is the vitality they bring to their work, Ms Palmer added. “It is that huge excitement and energy of actually seeing something for the first time – a sense of wide-eyed aliveness.”
First Published: Oct 03, 2011 12:40 IST

domain: news


On the move: the secrets of hotel success
A new book featuring interviews with management from two of the UAE's best hotels reveals best practice for optimum service and complaint resolution
Isadore Sharp, the now 86-year-old Canadian hotelier who founded the Four Seasons brand of hotel management in 1960 and is still its chairman, found a niche for his company when he realised that there was demand for quality business hotels offering personal service and all the comforts of home. He realised that people wanted something between a small motel and a huge hotel with hundreds of rooms, and would be willing to pay a certain amount for the guarantee of certain amenities.
“The reason for our success is no secret,” he says. “It comes down to one single principle that transcends time and geography, religion and culture. It’s the Golden Rule – the simple idea that if you treat people well, they will do the same…One way to characterise Four Seasons service would be to call it an exchange of mutual respect performed with an attitude of kindness.”
These words came to mind this week reading a new publication by Rahim Kanani, a Washington-based writer on leadership, luxury and travel who has interviewed the world’s best luxury hoteliers on leadership, management and the future of 5-star hospitality. Two of the 36 people who made the cut for his latest book are in the UAE: Axel Bethke, the German general manager of Qasr Al Sarab Desert Resort by Anantara - in my opinion probably the best hotel in the UAE - and Ayman Gharib, the Lebanese managing director of Raffles Dubai.
Both offer insights into the secrets of success in the hospitality industry – which is difficult to achieve because of its dynamic nature and huge mix of expectations and personalities. “I believe that true luxury is about how our guests feel when they stay with us – something we call emotional luxury,” Gharib says. “I always encourage my team to use creativity and discretion when looking for opportunities to wow our guests with memorable, unexpected moments.” If only all hotel staff exhibited such thoughtfulness.
For Bethke, “diplomacy” is a key skill, not least when things go wrong. “When a guest experience is not up to par, you must first understand the nature of the issue and the source of the problem. If it is a guest complaint, you must be an active listener showing genuine concern. When guests are angry, you must kill them with kindness. You must be sincere and honest. You must make them happy again swiftly and totally. In cases like this, staff empowerment is a critical element to make things right without involving leadership. Afterwards, you can investigate the issue and figure out what went wrong so that you can fix the root cause. Once you have a solution in place, you must share it across the team so that the mistake or issue doesn’t happen again.”
He too is looking to wow his guests. While once luxury hotels were novelty, the industry is now much more competitive. “Now, our guests in the luxury segment live in beautiful homes, drive expensive cars, have the latest technology, and consume the best food. The question now is how we can still surprise them.”
The answer, Bethke says, is simply to “become acutely aware of what our guests are looking for. Today’s luxury travellers are eager to experience the country, culture, and tradition of the destination, something they simply cannot get at home.”
Bethke tells a story of a regular guest who would spend “a few months” at his hotel each winter, but on his latest visit could only stay until the end of October due to other obligations. “He was quite upset that he couldn’t spend Christmas at our hotel, so a few days prior to his departure, our team organised an early surprise Christmas party in his suite. We all celebrated with him, and it was one of the best moments of my career.”
Anticipation at its best? Merry Christmas.
Updated: December 21, 2017 06:30 PM


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Wishing you all a joyful Monday!
Did you know that the hummingbird is slightly different from other feathered creatures? They can fly in any direction and hover in one spot appearing to be motionless. The hummingbird brings joy to flowers as it helps them reproduce. Plants flower and live because of the hummingbird. The hummingbird is also a symbol of joy for us!! Okay, I’m finished… now we can talk about today’s card.
Look at this stunning patterned paper! It’s the Mosaic Mood Specialty Designer Series Paper. It’s hard to see in the photo, but this paper has the texture of mosaic tile and a slight sheen; it is a heavier weight making it perfect for little gift boxes. Color inspiration for your projects is endless with the Mosaic Mood Specialty paper since there are so many colors in this medley. Below is today’s palette.
Below is more inspiration using the Mosaic Mood Suite. For more details and to see the entire Mosaic Mood Suite, you can click HERE or on the picture.
This is one of those quick and easy cards. Below is the simple “how to”:
- I followed a popular simple card sketch, mixed a few of the patterns from Mosaic Mood and fussy cut the hummingbird;
- To bring attention to the patterned paper and give my card a more finished look, I added a Terracotta Tile card stock mat behind each layer piece.
- The sentiment is from a retired stamp set that I just love to use because of the font and its size.
- Most of my cards do have a little bit of bling. I added a few Gold Metallic Pearls which was just enough embellishment.
- I started with a Very Vanilla A-2 size card base and covered the front of the card base with a 5 1/2″ X 4 1/4″ piece of patterned paper.
- The center Terracotta Tile Layer is 3 1/8″ X 4 3/8″ topped with a piece of patterned paper measuring 3″ X 4 1/4″.
- The Terracotta Tile card stock card band is 1 1/4″ X 4 1/4″; just enough to frame out one of the braided stripes designs from the Mosaic Mood Specialty DSP.
- The Terracota Tile circle was cropped with a Stitched Circle Framelit and the Very Vanilla circle was punched with the 2 1/4″ Circle Punch.
So grab some gorgeous, textured patterned paper; follow a simple sketch; add a hummingbird and a little bling, and create something joyful!
Happy Friday Friends!
I think this is such a cool stamp set. It’s called “Enjoy Life” and it’s in the current Stampin’ Up! Catalog. The images are crisp and fun and the mixed-font sentiments are a perfect fit for the images. This one has that “Wow” factor.
I used lots of matted layers to create a striking, simple and stable background for the simplicity of the image and sentiment. By keeping the background clean and simple, the images and sentiment really pop. Whisper White and Basic Black could float just about any color choice, but for this project, I went with Granny Apple Green. Even though there’s only a hint of Granny Apple Green, it really does stand out. I was trying to come up with some words to describe the mood of this card. It took a while, but I came up with “comfortably elegant”. What do you think?
Below is the inside of the card…another mixed font sentiment that can be reversed with the sentiment on the front of the card. They work so well together.
So, grab a cool stamp set, get your black and white card stock, add a bold color and create something simple and striking. Oh, and don’t forget the bling!
Here are the supplies I used.
- Stamp Set: Enjoy Life
- Card stock: Whisper White, Basic Black and Granny Apple Green
- Ink: Black Mememto, Granny Apple Green
- Green Rhinestone from the Noble Peacock Rhinestones
BONUS DAYS ARE HERE AGAIN!
For every $50 in product purchases during the month of July, you will receive a $5 Bonus Coupon to redeem in August.
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Happy 4th of July to all! I had another post planned for today, and out of the blue I got the thought that I should create something to celebrate life here in the USA with a New Jersey tribute to July 4th. I’m sure I mentioned this before, but I’ll say it again… New Jersey has beautiful beaches. Although today, I’m not at the beach, I’m sure there are lots of people enjoying the weather and the beaches. Fireworks will be lighting up the entire coast for sure. That being said, I hope you enjoy my beach card and wish you a fun, happy and safe 4th of July.
So, grab your favorite seaside stamps, add that beach chair and a bold sentiment, and create something to celebrate!
Below are the supplies I used. All are from Stampin’ Up!
- Stamp Sets: Colorful Seasons and High Tide;
- I did the coloring with ink, a Blender Pen and some Sponge Daubers.
- Ink: Real Red, Pacific Point, Crumb Cake, Sahara Sand, Balmy Blue, Old Olive.
- Card stock: Whisper White and Pacific Point.
- The Pacific Point Enamel Stars are oldies but goodies.
- Tools: Blender Pens, Sponge Daubers, Stamparatus.
CELEBRATE STAMPIN’ UP!’S JULY BONUS DAYS!!
Click on the banner below for all the details. For every $50 you purchase through my online store during the month of July, you will receive a $5.00 coupon that you can redeem during the month of August.
A favorite “latest and greatest” of mine is the clean and classy “Come Sail Away” Suite featured in Stampin’ Up!’s 2019-2020 Annual Catalog.
Those of you who have followed my blog know that I am truly a patterned paper junkie. I love to mix and match patterns for my projects and did I have a fun time creating this card!! The neutrals and blues in combination have always been a favorite of mine; so much so that I chose these colors to decorate my home. I also enjoy being at the beach and near water, so the Come Sail Away Suite had to be at the top of my wish list as soon as I saw it.
For all the details on the Come Sail Away Suite, you can click HERE or click on the shopping bag at the end of this post.
Here’s the quick “how to” for this classy masculine birthday card.
- I started with an A-2 size Whisper White card base.
- The Night of Navy card layer is 4 1/4″ X 5 1/2″.
- The vertical striped patterned layer is 4″ X 5 1/4″.
- The newsprint patterned layer is 3″ X 4 1/4″ which is attached to a 3 1/8″ X 4 3/8″ Night of Navy mat.
- The lighthouse patterned card band is 1 5/8″ X 4″ attached to a 1 3/4″ X 4″ Night of Navy mat.
- I cropped the rope framelit from the suite in some older brushed gold card stock and framed the lighthouse patterned paper to give it a more finished look. By the way, that little rope framelit also embosses. The texture it gives the rope edge is perfect!
- I fussy cut the Night of Navy compass from a piece of the Designer Series Paper, stamped a smaller compass with Crumb Cake ink and punched it out with my 1 1/2″ circle punch. The Night of Navy/Sahara Sand Baker’s Twine is also part of the Suite, and of course, no card is complete without the bling. One of the gold metallic pearls worked perfectly for the center of my compass.
- Since I wanted to create a masculine birthday card, I borrowed the sentiment from an older retired stamp set. I thought the clean simplicity of the sentiment worked well with the overall theme of the card.
So, grab yourself a classy, clean stamp set, crop some patterned paper, don’t forget your bling and create something stunning!!
The card below was one of the “Make and Takes” at our April On Stage event for the new catalog reveal.
Sailing Home Bundle #151066
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It’s been a little while since I posted, but it was only a few days ago that I got together with a few friends to do some stamping, create beautiful projects and chat about the latest and greatest in the paper crafting world. My project was from one of the Suites in the new Stampin’ Up! Annual Catalog. I’ll talk about that in tomorrow’s post.
I thought this card would be a fun re-start to sharing some inspiration with you. I actually created a bunch and am sending them off to some recent customers with a little “thank you” gift. They are so pretty!! I used the Crafting Forever stamp set and, of course I had to show off Stampin’ Up!’s new 2019-2021 In Colors. They’re muted tones of on trend colors: Terracotta Tile, Rococo Rose, Purple Posy, Seaside Spray and Pretty Peacock. And, not surprisingly, I gravitated toward the blue as I usually do.
Below is a quick “how to” for this clean and simple card:
- Whisper White A-2 card base (4 1/4″ X 5 1/2″);
- Seaside Spray layer (4 1/8″ X 5 3/8″);
- Whisper White card band layer (5 3/8″ X 1 5/8″);
- Seaside Spray gingham patterned paper card band layer (5 3/8″ X 1 1/2″).
- Stamp the sentiment onto the patterned paper with Early Espresso ink.
- Crop the large oval from the Stitched Shapes die.
- Stamp the paint brush pot image in the center of the Whisper White oval with Early Expresso ink. Stamp a second brush pot image onto the gingham patterned paper.
- Fussy cut only the stamped brush pot image from the gingham paper and glue it on top of the stamped brush pot on the Whisper White oval.
- I used my Blender Pen with and ink from the Terracotta Tile, Rococo Rose, Seaside Spray and Early Espresso ink pads to shade the brushes and the pot.
- I have to admit, coloring is a lot of fun!!
- Of course, when in doubt go with a yellow, so I used a little bit of Crushed Curry ink and my Blender Pen to color in the pencil.
- Add your favorite bling.
So, grab an inspirational stamp set, add a slice of gingham, a little bling and create something clean and pretty!
Below is a list of Stampin’ Up! supplies I used. You can get more details on any of the supplies by clicking HERE or clicking on the shopping bag at the end of this post.
- Stamp Set: Crafting Forever.
- Cardstock: Whisper White, Seaside Spray, 2019-2021 In Color DSP Stack.
- Ink: Balmy Blue, Early Espresso, Rococo Rose, Terracotta Tile, Crushed Curry.
- Tools: Stitched Shapes Dies, Blender Pen, Dimensionals.
CLICK TO SHOP MY ONLINE STORE AT STAMPIN’ UP!

domain: artistic


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Dell Precision Workstations Deliver Blazing Fast Render Times for Award-Winning Films, Videos and TV Shows (ENP Newswire Via Acquire Media NewsEdge) ENP Newswire - 10 March 2014 Release date- 07032014 - Round Rock, Texas Dell today announced video, film and design companies are turning to Dell Precision workstations to produce lifelike 3D animation ... 03/10/2014 - 6:08 am | View Link
19 Films Make Cut For 2014 Animated Feature Oscar fb.indiewire.com – Nineteen features have been submitted for consideration in the Animated Feature Film category for the 86th Academy Awards, it was announced today. The 19 submitted features, listed in alphabetical order, are: “Cloudy with a Chance of ... 11/5/2013 - 5:21 pm | View Link
19 Films Make Cut For 2014 Animated Feature Oscar Nineteen features have been submitted for consideration in the Animated Feature Film category for the 86th Academy Awards, it was announced today. The 19 submitted features, listed in alphabetical order, are: Check out our predictions in the category here. 11/5/2013 - 4:34 am | View Link
Nineteen Films Submitted for Best Animated Oscar Consideration The 86th Annual Academy Award nominations will be announced on January 16, 2014, and we’ll be curious to see how many films actually make the nomination cut. The awards will ... Films submitted in the Animated Feature Film category may also qualify ... 11/4/2013 - 11:00 am | View Link
21 Films Submitted for Best Animated Feature at the Oscars The nominees for Best Animated Feature and all other categories will be announced on 10th January, 2013, and we can’t wait to hear who makes the final cut. The 85th Academy Awards, themselves, will then be held on 24th February, 2013, and you can be sure ... 11/4/2012 - 11:00 am | View Link
List of animated feature films This list of animated feature films compiles animated feature films from around the world and is organized alphabetically under the year of release (the year the ... 03/9/2014 - 2:04 pm | View Website
List of unreleased Disney animated shorts and feature films This is a list of unmade and unreleased animated shorts and features by The Walt Disney Company. Some of these films were, or still are, in development hell. 03/9/2014 - 10:58 am | View Website
The 50 Best Animated Movie Characters | 50. Mickey Mouse ... The 50 Best Animated Movie Characters The greatest hand-drawn, CG and stop-motioned personalities out there 03/9/2014 - 10:36 am | View Website
Animated Films Animated Films are ones in which individual drawings, paintings, or illustrations are photographed frame by frame (stop-frame cinematography). 03/9/2014 - 4:03 am | View Website
Invention of Love (2010) A love story from the world of gears and bolts. Animated short 2010 (Graduation project) Inspired by Lotte Reiniger works and Antony Lucas's Jasper Morello ... 03/8/2014 - 5:16 pm | View Website
Read Chris Bumbray's TIFF 2013 review here
PLOT: While watching a movie recommended by a co-worker, a history professor discovers an actor identical to himself. Fascinated by the man in the film, he tracks him down only to complicate the lives of the stranger, himself and the women they love.
REVIEW: What happens when you have two Jake Gyllenhaal’s in one movie?
Now that we're left with an empty void after HBO's True Detective debuted it's stellar finale last night, it's time to look to the network's other champion, Game of Thrones, which kicks off it's fourth season next month. Today, we have a new trailer to help build that excitement. Focusing on the many secrets it takes to keep the world of Westeros on its toes, there's plenty of new footage in the trailer, taking us
Jason Bateman, Director, Actor
On why he chose to direct:
They don’t hand out a lot of movies to direct. I guess there’s that. I did do a lot of television directing. Episodic. This is obviously… directing a movie is just so much more complicated and there’s so much more responsibility because the medium is very much a directors medium than a producer/writers medium.


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Third stimulus check: can the payment be approved in the House vote on Friday?
The House of Representatives is expected to pass the American Rescue Plan, but the stimulus bill must also be passed by the Senate before it is signed into law.
On Friday the House of Representatives is expected to hold a vote on the American Rescue Plan, the $1.9 trillion bill that includes the third round of stimulus checks.
President Joe Biden had promised to pass the new direct payments as soon as he entered office but the lack of bipartisan support for his proposal and the Senate trial of former President Donald Trump disrupted his plan.
The $1,400 stimulus checks will be the largest to date when they are eventually signed into law by Biden, but before that they must pass both Houses of Congress.
The House will vote on Friday on @POTUS’ #AmericanRescuePlan to end this pandemic and deliver urgently needed relief to America’s families and small businesses. The American people strongly support this bill, and we are moving swiftly to see it enacted into law.— Steny (Wear a Mask) Hoyer (@LeaderHoyer) February 24, 2021
Stimulus bill clears Committees ahead of House vote
The American Rescue Plan began life in Congress in the House of Representatives, where it had to clear a number of House Committees before it can move to the floor of the chamber for a vote.
It was first sent to the House Ways and Means Committee, where members voted on a portion of the package which includes the $1,400 stimulus check payments. In a 24-18 party lines vote the proposal was passed, which allows Biden to repurpose tax revenue to pay for the $1.9 trillion package.
Rep. Richard E. Neal, the committee chairman, said of the decision: "Over the last two days, the Ways and Means Committee has considered aggressive, science-based solutions that will deliver the urgent relief our country so desperately needs.”
The bill then went to the House Budget Committee, which also voted to pass the package along party lines. The approval from the Budget Committee is particularly crucial because it allows the Democrats to use reconciliation to pass the bill in the Senate.
On Wednesday the House Rules Committee released a new text of the American Rescue Plan, which includes additional measure that bring the overall price of the bill over the $1.9 trillion previously agreed. However as that is the amount agreed elements will have to be hastily cut from the package to ensure that reconciliation can be used to push it through.
American Rescue Plan will move to the Senate after House vote
The House vote should be fairly comfortable for the Democrats, who require just a simple majority to get the legislation passed. They hold a ten-seat majority and no dissentions are expected for what is a crucial piece of the Biden administration’s agenda.
Sen. Joe Manchin, a key Democratic swing vote, told me that he would try to amend the covid relief package with a federal minimum wage hike to $11 an hour, a move he argues will allow the party to get behind a compromise with many Dems pushing $15 hike— Manu Raju (@mkraju) February 23, 2021
The bill will then move to the Senate where the margin of error is much tighter. The 100-seat chamber is split evenly with 50 Senators from each party, but the tie-breaking vote of Vice President Kamala Harris gives the Democrats a slender advantage.
However that does mean that they need every single Democrat in the Senate to vote in favour, which means they may have to shed some provisions from the package. For example Sen. Joe Manchin has already voiced his concern about the proposed minimum wage rise to $15 per hour, which may not make it to the final bill.
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- February 15, 2018 – 4:42pm – Hofstra University Estabrook Hall
- I was staring out of my window. The whole day has been cloudy and dark. There weren’t any clouds, but a deep fog had covered the sky. I had went back to doing my homework, when all of a sudden, the sunshine finally showed up. It lit up the intramural fields, the coliseum, and the buildings in the distance.
- This was an exciting moment. With just the snap of a finger, the sun had enough strength to break through the clouds and cast its light on top of the earth. The team training on the intramural fields were now given strength to fight through their workout, and everything felt hopeful again. The light from the sun beamed off of the coliseum creating hints of gold for all of its surroundings to see. The day had now become so much more joyful.
Title: “Miami Nightlife”
Photo Credits: BBC’s “A Guide to Miami Nightlife”
Location: Miami, Florida
There are amazing lighting qualities incorporated into this picture. The sunset above Ocean Drive is a mixture of different shades of blue and purple, and the hotels and restaurants all have their names lit up in neon blue and orange lights. The speed of the cars traveling on the street next to these restaurants is fast enough to make the cars turn into a blur and their headlights to create almost a horizontal line of a yellow/white light. Like New York City, Miami is a place where even in the nighttime, the city streets themselves look as if it’s daytime, but when you look at the sky, it’s dark. This picture shows how the buildings here have an old fashion architecture (early 1900s), but their lighting has helped to keep this city as one of the most popular places in the United States due to a series of modern lighting designs.
- February 8, 2018 – 9:30pm- Hofstra University sidewalk between the Playhouse and Calkins
- I am walking on the sidewalk in between Calkins Hall and the Adam’s Playhouse. It is completely dark outside. There is silence and not a person to be found. About every 30 feet there is another light post. As you travel closer to the post, the light intensifies, and as I continue walking, the lighting dims. My shadow grew and shrunk as I kept walking.
- I was so interested in the growth and shrinkage of my shadow based on the distance of the lighting posts. As I walked closer, the shadow began to shrink until the point where the light was on top of me and I was standing on my shadow. As I moved away, the shadow grew and then disappeared. The mood of my surroundings was chilling. The silence and darkness gave the feeling of darkness and the shadow added to it. Although no one was around, I would feel the presence of my shadow emerging out of nowhere and following me until all of a sudden, it was gone again.
Title: “Fashion Photography”
Photo Credits: Solve Sundsbo
The lighting is unique because it incorporates a fashion photo shoot with shadowing. Usually, fashion photo shoots try and eliminate the darkness, and even add more lighting so that all of the model’s lines can be seen. However, in this photo shoot, it looks as if the model is looking out of a window and the shadow from the blinds are being projected onto her face. The model’s body position looks as if she is longing for something outside, maybe freedom, while the blinds’ shadows almost look as if they are prison bars and she is a prisoner. What’s interesting is that the shadow from the blinds help to give this photo a more black and white effect, which also makes her yellow lipstick stand out even more.
- January 31, 2018 – 5:43pm – Hofstra University’s Intramural Field
- I am standing in the parking lot looking at Hofstra’s Intramural Fields. It is completely dark outside. The streetlight in front of me is tilted sideways casting light upon the bottom of a tree to its right. Only the bottom right branches are lit up orange. The lighting highlights all of the tiny details of the main branch, and everything else around it is in darkness.
- The lighting gives off a dark mood. The tiny, skinny branches that are highlighted by the light look as if they are a mysterious creature’s claws emerging from the dark. Nothing can be seen in the distance, and there is a sense of hopelessness. The orange light itself, creates a feeling of comfort, yet the light it gives off gives the viewer a sense of fear.
Title: “Venetian Sunrise”
Photo Credits: Jordan Farr
Location: Venice, Italy January 12, 2018
The view of a sunrise as the photographer is riding away from the angelic colors on a boat through the canals of Venice. The sunrise begins as a light orange and becomes a deep pink fading into a soft purple. The sky is reflected onto the water of the canal leaving a dark shading onto the houses on both sides of the water. This picture leaves me with a sense of relaxation. Looking at the beauty of Venice before the actual city, itself, is even lit up, preludes to just how magical this place really is. Although boats are already passing each other by, the water only seems slightly disturbed leaving just enough rippling to look as if a rock glided across its surface.

domain: geography


By Seher Dareen
(Reuters) – Gold was little changed on Friday, but bullion was bound for its third straight weekly dip as recent sound U.S. economic data raised bets for interest rates staying higher for longer.
Spot gold was steady at $1,887.79 per ounce by 2:22 p.m. ET (1822 GMT), down 1.4% for the week so far. U.S. gold futures settled 0.1% higher at $1,916.5
Limiting losses for the day, the dollar was down 0.2%, making gold cheaper for holders of other currencies. [USD/]
“Gold’s got a problem where it’s competing with instruments that are yielding 4-5%”, such as bonds, while gold yields nothing in comparison, said Phillip Streible, chief market strategist at Blue Line Futures, in Chicago. [US/]
“It just does not seem like an ideal asset class in the current environment.”
“Gold may continue to struggle attracting demand from investors until something breaks, either through a credit event, a weaker dollar, or the belief the FOMC has switched its focus towards cutting rates,” said Saxo Bank’s head of commodity strategy Ole Hansen in a note.
Traders expect the Fed to hold rates in the 5.25%-5.5% range until 2024, according to the CME’s Fedwatch tool, while awaiting guidance from the Jackson Hole summit next week.
Premiums on physical gold in China jumped to the highest level since December 2016 this week as economic worries spurred fresh safe-haven demand. [GOL/AS]
“We still expect disinflation and a lift in unemployment to bring about policy easing that will be gold-supportive,” said strategists at Macquarie, adding there was significant support around $1,840/oz.
Spot silver rose 0.1% to $22.70 per ounce.
The strength in investment by utilities, especially in solar energy, was supporting demand in silver.
Platinum rose 2.1% to $908.38 per ounce, while palladium jumped 2.8% to $1,251.61, though both were set for weekly declines.
(Reporting by Seher Dareen in Bengaluru; Editing by Mark Potter, Shilpi Majumdar and Sandra Maler)


This bill amends the act of December 4, 1996 (P.L.0911, No.0147), known as the Telemarketer Registration Act - Enactment. Other bills that also amend the same statute are listed below.
|HB 169||Rep. TRUITT||Memo: Getting Serious About Enforcing “Do Not Call”|
|HB 387||Rep. GOODMAN||Memo: Ban on Political Robocalls|
|HB 820||Rep. COX||Memo: Changes to Do Not Call List Law|
|HB 1920||Rep. DIAMOND||Memo: Expanding the Do-Not-Call List|
|HB 2434||Rep. ENGLISH||Memo: Political Do-Not-Call List|
|Only the first 5 bills are included here. Looking for more? View all legislation amending December 4, 1996 (P.L.0911, No.0147), known as the Telemarketer Registration Act - Enactment|


SPAC Announces New Concert
The Saratoga Performing Arts Center has announced another classic rock double-bill for its 2015 summer concert season. Led by Tom Johnston and Patrick Simmons, the Doobie Brothers are teaming up with Gregg Allman for a late summer, co-headlining tour of the northeast, and they’ll be making a stop at SPAC at 7:30pm on Friday, September 4.
Reserved amphitheater tickets are priced at $35, $45, $55 & $65. This is a pavilion-only concert, meaning that no lawn tickets will be sold.
Tickets are slated to go on sale to the general public at 12noon on Friday (March 20).


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I had the gorgeous and crazy talented Helen Wilkinson in my studio today for a private masterclass on Sculptured Palette Knife Buttercream Flowers cake and she did amazing work!
So proud of her!
Can’t tell which one was mine and which was hers!
This technique is based of the grand masters/mistresses in Russia who create works of art in plaster of paris and like mediums on wall hangings, keep sakes, jewellery boxes and all I could see was cake….
I spent the last 6 months working on the technique and creating a buttercream with Fondtastic and the team from Over the Top that would work to create the height, the true 3D look of this cake - the skill is tranferable to create so many other designs from flowers to birds, to butterflies - wait till you see what I have coming….
And Melbourne has just been announced at Melbourne Cake Supplies - Info coming very soon but lock away the last weekend in August!!!
I will be traveling Australia wide this year teaching these classes and will be in Italy in June…. so drop me a line to find out more, or click on classes to see what is available….
Want to see more of this fun packed day with Helen?
Cheers for now… Monica

domain: hobby


11/11/19 2:52 AM | by Chris Eger
Those searching for a good deal on a standard GI-style 1911 should look at Auto-Ordnance’s American-made offering.
WHAT IS A TRUE M1911A1, ANYWAY?
Adopted as “Pistol, Automatic, Caliber .45, M1911,” in 1911 after an extended period of trials and competition that saw handguns submitted not only Bergman, Luger, Savage, Webley-Fosbery and others, John Moses Browning’s semi-automatic .45ACP handgun was the U.S. military’s “Government Issue” pistol for 75 years.
The M1911A1 series, a standard introduced in 1924, utilized several modifications over Browning’s original GI long slide of the Great War-era. These included a shorter trigger with a relief cut to the rear of the guard, a longer grip safety spur, thicker front sights, and an arched mainspring housing rather than the M1911’s initial flat housing. While legacy models were subsequently reworked in Army arsenals at Springfield, Rock Island, Anniston and Augusta, a process that typically included picking up a parkerized finish over the original blue-to-black finishes, new guns ordered after 1925 would be delivered from the factory to the “A1” standard. This included pistols not only made by Colt, but also World War II-era guns cranked out by Remington-Rand, Ithaca, US&S, and Singer through 1945.
Click here to continue reading this article…


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The Local Police Corps is created to give the citizen a greater and better quality in the service.
Telephone (Town Hall): 96 582 21 01 –
Local Police: 625 430 625
The Local Police must be understood as a service that the City Council provides to the citizen.
Focusing on it from this point of view, the police function encompasses many facets that increase day by day, these must be carried out with dedication, enthusiasm and with full guarantee for the citizen.
From this position we try to work to offer the citizen a higher quality of service, that the citizen does not see only one more service provided by the City Council, but that he sees the Police as a friend, in order to achieve that the binomial Police-Citizen works to perfection. Its sole purpose is to help you solve all the problems you may have in your day to day and if you can not solve them, advise you to bring the problem to a successful conclusion, contributing our bit to make your quality of life better and better. .
THE LOCAL POLICE AS AN ADMINISTRATIVE POLICE
This section occupies much of its time, because the Local Police is responsible for notifications that come from the City Council addressed to neighbors.
- Occupation of the public road.
- Municipal market.
- Reports on anomalies in public roads.
- Damages on the road.
- Damages in public furniture.
- Withdrawal of abandoned vehicles.
- Inspection of works.
LOCAL POLICE AND SOCIAL SERVICES
With regard to social services, the Local Police actively collaborates with the Department of Social Welfare through its Social Worker, controlling any index that is detected on school absenteeism, etc.
THE LOCAL POLICE AS A CITIZEN SECURITY POLICE
One of the most important functions developed by the Local Police is Citizen Security, everyone is aware of the high rate of crime that exists today in society, but thanks to citizen collaboration and the daily work of the Civil Guard and Local Police, in the population of Beneixama the index of crimes is maintained.
The services performed in this aspect are:
Patrols on the street.
Identification of suspicious individuals.
Control in events and public events.
Personal attention of crime victims.
Address traffic accidents within the term of the population.
Control of domestic animals.
Surveillance of buildings and public centers.
The denunciations that suppose any crime or lack can be presented in the quarter of the Civil Guard of Villena.
LOCAL POLICE AND TRAFFIC
From the Local Police is carried out traffic regulation in Beneixama, improving circulation in the population, directing traffic in the C.P. Divina Aurora in the hours of school entry and exit, diverting traffic in dangerous situations, works, denouncing traffic infractions, etc .; all this in order to make it easier to circulate and park in Beneixama every day, putting each and every one of us our bit every day will be better, always trying to circulate with respect and solidarity to the other users of the road.
Representing Beneixama in the “High and Medium Vinalopó Road Safety Commission”, different campaigns are carried out related to Road Safety, helmet, alcohol, Road Safety Education, etc.
School Road Education classes are taught at C.P. Divina Aurora in order to teach the little ones how to drive on sidewalks, pedestrian crossings, etc.
– Remember the phone number of the EMERGENCY COORDINATION CENTER. For any emergency you need, Fire, Police, Ambulance, etc., call up:

domain: sociology


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A review written for the Folk & Acoustic Music Exchange
By Al Price
No doubt about it, The Lonesome River Band is one fine group of musicians. Their instrumental and vocal prowess is showcased in One Step Forward, their latest release from Sugar Hill. Prominent throughout the album is the banjo playing of Sammy Shelor, a true picker's picker. The notes are clean. the tone is full, and the backup work is just as compelling to listen to as his solos.
Vocal work is shared by Shelor, mandolin player Don Rigsby, bassist Ronnie Bowman and guitarist Kenny Smith. Their harmonies are right on the money. The album does not include an a cappella number, and sadly so, as the harmonies are so strong.
The album includes original, contemporary and classic bluegrass songs, varied in tempo, style and content. The opening number, "When You Go Walking", is a great mid-tempo bluegrass piece with just enough bite to get you started listening. "Southern Comfort" is an instrumental piece showcasing Shelor and Smith which challenges you to keep your feet still. "Flat Broke and Lonesome" could easily become a crossover hit on contemporary country stations, while remaining true to bluegrass tradition in its musical construction. "Katy Daley", the Ralph Stanley classic, gets The Lonesome River Band treatment with invigorating results, especially on Rigsby's mandolin break.
Guests on the album include fiddlers Aubrey Haymie and Randy Howard, and Jerry Douglas on Dobro and Weissenborn guitar. Their contributions add to the rich full sound on each track.
If there's one disappointment in the album, it's that there isn't enough of it. At 35:10, one wishes there were ten or fifteen more minutes of this music. Then again, no matter how much one hears of One Step Forward, you're bound to want more.
[Edited by: Cynthia A. Harney]Copyright 1996, Three Rivers Folklife Society.


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domain: medical


The term “eSIM” basically means an embedded SIM card. It is an advanced SIM technology which is embedded in your phone to activate your mobile number. There are no physical SIM cards involved and there isn’t a need of physical swapping by you. You can have many eSims like, You can have one number for business and another number for personal use or have a data roaming SIM for use in another country. You can even have completely separate voice and data plans. eSIM needs to be supported by the network or phone and enabled by them as not all networks support eSIM as yet.
The first eSIM based phone has now been announced in the form of the Motorola Razr flip phone.
The use of eSIM brings a number of advantages to device manufacturers and customers. Since you can have plans for more than one network stored on your eSIM. One of the advantages it offers is that we should get smaller devices because there’s no need to have a physical SIM card or the tray that holds it. There’s also no need for network companies to manufacture or distribute lots of SIM cards.
Vodafone says that eSIMs will enable more connected devices simple, because eSIMs don’t require so much space inside a device, enabling fitness trackers or even glasses to have standalone 4G/5G connectivity in a way they just weren’t able before. We should see more in future, but the trend currently is surely for phones that have eSIM support alongside a standard SIM


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Committed: The Mystery at Shady Pines finds you strapped to a bed inside of an abandoned hospital! Escape from Shady Pines and save the other patients! Explore the mysterious hospital and stop the psychotic doctor before it’s too late in this incredible Hidden Object Puzzle Adventure game. Navigate terrifying twists and survive special surprises as you solve challenging minigames and uncover the truth in Committed: The Mystery at Shady Pines! It makes the good image effect. First of all, the picture colors are extremely gentle and all images are made with the harmony of lines.
The theme of beautiful music is represented in the menu, the main course of the game is audio one, it is written in fine details and is very lively.
Now download and start play the game.


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Anthony Stokes could be on his way to Charlton Athletic, as Scottish outfit Hibernian look to offload him in the January transfer window.
It is understood Hibs have lost patience with the 29-year-old striker for a series of off-the-field incidents, according to media outlet The Scotsman.
Stokes was one of three players punished by boss Neil Lennon after breaking a curfew during a winter break abroad.
Stokes started out with Arsenal in the mid-2000s, but was soon on his way to Sunderland for two seasons. He also spent time on loan at Sheffield United and Crystal Palace.
But he made his name with Hibernian in the 2009/10 season, which earned him a big move to Scottish giants Celtic, where he stayed for six years.
Stokes scored goals for the Hoops and was a huge success. He returned to Hibs for a second spell, this time on loan, before moving back to England with Blackburn Rovers.
But that didn't work out as expected and he returned to Hibs last year. Stokes has also represented Republic of Ireland on the international stage.
This season, Stokes has scored 11 times.
One stumbling block initially could be that Hibs want to receive a fee - something Charlton can't offer right now, with the club looking for new ownership and putting a stop to any permanent transfers.
However, both parties may look at a loan deal, depending on how desperate the Scottish side want to offload Stokes.
Charlton are also expected to announce the loan signing of Crystal Palace wideman Sullay Kaikai, with the 22-year-old at the Addicks' training ground today, ready to take part in his first session.


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Prepared by Salvatore Napolitano, Salvatore.Napolitano@analog.com
Control Products, by ADI, include mostly Switches and Attenuators. So strictly speaking they do NOT enhance signals (performance) characteristics, but ideally they do not change them. They are though very important building blocks on any RF systems, as they introduce flexibility in the signal routing (Switches) and in the signal levelling (Attenuators), which are key system level characteristics of any RF system.
In the picture above, two simple examples are shown, where on the left side a combination of switches, attenuators and amplifiers are producing an output signal with many possible signal levels. On the right side, the input signal can be filtered thru a set of low pass filter, in order to optimize its harmonic content, as required by system specs.
The number of switches and attenuators in an RF system is most often underestimated. Application examples are listed above, but there many more possible ones. So it is always a good question asking RF designer whether they need RF switches or attenuators, which kinds they need and how many they are considering using.
RF Control products, like other RF products, can be packaged in different way, depending on the operating frequency range (most often very high frequency products are used as die, on PCB or hybrids) and on their system usage (in sealed and connectorized, they could be used as input devices, for selecting and adapting inputs signals.
RF Control Products are, from the signal handling point of view, passive devices, i.e. they do not add any power to the processed signals. These can be information signals (receive or transmit signals), system control (digital configuration signals) or timing signals (LO, clocks).
This again to stress the broad usage and presence of Control signals in RF systems.
The switches can have different configurations.
The SPST is a simple open/close switch, which will break or close a signal path.
The SPDT is router from 2 paths to 1 path (in analog language, it would be a bidirectional 2-1 mux/demux). Similarly for the SPxT versions.
They could be multiple switches in a package, with independent control, as an option. In case of a dual device, it could be considered a differential device, as in the analog language.
It must be noted than RF signal chains, at PCB level, are often single ended. Also crosstalk in RF system is a quite complex topic, when dealing with multiple devices.
The Switch function can be implemented with different technologies and each has its own advantages and disadvantages. In ADI, we focus on Solid State RF switches, where the switch element is a semiconductor device.
There are also different kinds of solid state switches. ADI is focusing on Transistor (FET) based switches.
An RF switch can be implemented with a properly biased (RF) diode, which traditionally requires complex control/biasing configurations.
In RF signal chains, impedance matching is very important, as it impacts directly power conservation (i.e. signal levels), minimizing reflections and interferences. So quite commonly a switch includes an integrated 50 OHM impedance on the interrupted signal path (it is assumed that matching on the switched in path is provided by the component down the signal chain after the switch). In this case the name Absorptive switch is used, rather than Reflective.
Controlling the switching element is also a key functionality, as this impacts the switching speed and required driving circuitry. In some case for a robust switching negative polarities are used. So the switches might have a negative power supply too.
There are competitor’s, which have integrated the negative supply generation (with a charge pump), providing a system level cost saving. The drawback is an increased noise level (as the charge pump is clocked), which is very undesired by most RF designers.
RF signal chains are normally DC decoupled and so are RF switches. It is expected that decoupling caps are used at the input/output of the device. A compromised between their size and RF performance, and their impact on the lower frequency range is normally required.
Some (from competitors) datasheets reports NOT to need any decoupling caps. It must be noted that this is true just when no DC voltage is applied at the switches.
New switches are being developed, with the capability of handing also DC signals, but these are normally application specific switches.
Switches are passive devices, so they consume very low power, when not switching, beyond the small bias supply. Dynamic power is consumed during the switching.
Switches are very robust devices, when used within the prescribed signal power levels.
These are some (of the most important) parameters used to characterized switches. Their importance would of course depend on the specific application scenario.
For example, Signal Power handling can be a key feature, when a switch is deployed at the input of a Test equipment, as the actual input signal can be unpredicted, so proper protections are needed, to protect the system signal chain. The protections could be placed at the input or at the output of a switch, depending on the switch Power Handling capability, and this would impact their cost (the switch would eventually introduce a fix attenuation, as required by the chain signal handling requirements).
The most common (and first) selection criteria is the operating frequency range of the system, or signal chain of interest. Within the frequency range, the switch shall have ideally no loss. In reality a minimal loss is present and increasing toward the upper side of the operating frequency range. The absolute loss is in the 0.5-1dB range, with an additional 0.5-1dB along the frequency range,
The Return Loss (and the input and at the output) is a measure of the Input/Output Impedance matching, so it must be related to a reference Impedance (typically at 50 OHM). In the RF world, a mismatch is related to reflections to the coupled components, with a loss of signal power (along the operating frequency range_. Only in extreme cases, impedance mismatches can generate power handling issues. Return Loss is also presented along the operating frequency range, as effectively its impact can be different, depending on the actual handled signal (its bandwidth and frequency range).
An ideal switch will carry any signal power and with no distortion. A real RF switch can actually handled only a limited signal power and this would depend on the signal’s operating frequency. As RF switches are optimized for high frequencies, their signal power handling capability is lower at low frequencies. This is sometime described at power derating values, compared to the nominal power handling at high frequencies. More and more customers are wanting higher power handling capabilities at low frequencies, so this is one of the new design focus areas.
The handled signal power can when the switch is in a static position (i.e. signal power going through the switch) or while the switching is transitioning from one state to the other (Hot switching). Both values are normally reported, as they are normally different and have different impacts, depending on the application usage scenarios.
The signal power is represented by the P1dB value, i.e. a signal power (expressed in dBm) 1dB lower than the power level, where the device starts distorting the signal (i.e. not being linear any longer). It can also be represented by the Psat value, which is the value after which the signal is distorted. NB dBm is the signal power, referred to 1mW of power, in most cases operating with reference impedance of 50 OHM.
Signal distortion is represented by the IP3 value (Intercept Point of third order), which is also a frequency varying number. Switches have normally quite high IP3 values, compered to other RF building blocks, so they are not a limitation at system level (this actually depends on where the switch is positioned in the system, so it is adviceable to briefly discuss the matter with customers and assure no issue is foreseeable).
Switching speed is important is application, where signal paths are changed dynamically (for routing option and/or level management). Similarly Settling time is critical in some applications, like measurement equipment, where the switch attenuation range cannot no be calibrated/compensated in real time and its settling must be completed, before the signal can be considered valid.
Signal Isolation is a very important parameter, it is related to crosstalk and interferences from other signals. It normally refers to coupling from other signal paths, and not from control signals, which tend to be more of a the wideband type. As expected, isolation would depend on the frequency ranges, so a graph is always provided, as its impact would depend on the signal frequency range.
As shown, isolation performances are different with the various switches technologies, so it is important to discuss the topic with the designer, and understand which competing technology he/she would consider.
Anyhow, Pin Diodes are in general very competitive at very high frequencies.
Noise and interferences from control signals, are named video feedthrough. Their nature is mostly as wide band noise and are normally there only during transitions. At system level, there could be coupling noise from the control pins, in case those line were very noise. So designers have to make sure the control lines are not noisy, but still keeping control signals fast.
Some of the important system level application issues, once a switch has been selected are
RF ports coupling, as related to the low frequency insertion loss Required power supply, which can be positive and/or negative Power handling, which may impact how to protect the switch, and in which position can be used. Power handling can be static (RF power) or during switching (Hot Switching), i.e. the switch is changing state, while an RF signal is applied at its inputs Control signals polarity and driving complexity (as related to the switching speed)
RF Attenuators share many of the system level considerations and electrical parameters with the RF Switches. So in the following pages, only those specifically related to Attenuators will be addressed, after a short mention of those share with the RF Switches.
The RF Attenuators can be fixed, digitally controlled and analog voltage controlled. The most common ones are the digitally controlled one (DAT), as they are easier to use/control and more flexble.
Fixed attenuators are used for specific usages,
Analog controlled Attenuators (VVA) are most commonly used when the Attenuator is part of a control loop and good accuracy is desired.
Analog Devices has products in all 3 of categories, most new products are in the DAT family.
Attenuators are used very often as input stage of an equipment, to manage (limit) the signal level to the active electronics (for example a Low Noise Amplifier, LNA, will not work properly or will break, when subjected to a high input signal).
Also when the signal level must be accurately set, being RF amplifiers mostly with fixed gain, an attenuator is used to set the gain accurately. Attenuators, by definition, deteriorate the signal chain signal-to-noise performance.
NF is the Amplifier Noise Figure (noise added by the Amplifier) IL is the attenuator Insertion Loss, acting also when 0dB attenuation is programmed.
This is the list of most important Attenuators specifications, used by designers to select an Attenuator. These are quite common to switches and will not be developed in the following pages.
1. Frequency Range: is the operating frequency range, where the attenuator maintain its specified characteristics (most often the Insertion Loss) 2. Attenuation Range: is the (the difference of) max and min attenuation values for the device, not including the intrinsic device attenuation (Insertion Loss) 3. Attenuation Resolution: for a DAT is the min attenuation step size (in dB) 4. Attenuation Accuracy: nominal error on each attenuation level, across frequency and attenuation ranges 5. Insertion Loss: the device attenuation, when set at no attenuation (0dB), across the frequency range. Ideally it shall 0dB. 6. Return Loss: at each port (Input/Output). Attenuators are always matched to the reference RF impedance (50 OHM) 7. Power Handling: Similarly to the switches, it is the input max power level the Attenuator can handle, conserving its characteristics (Linearity, Insertion Loss) and its power dissipation capabilities. 8. Distortion/Linearity: shown as IP3 9. Switching Speed: similar to Switches, it refers when switching between Attenuation Levels 10. Settling Time: similar to Switches 11. Overshoot Free DAT: when switching among different attenuation levels, depending on the digital coding/decoding implementation, the attenuator could present attenuation spikes, which will eventually transferred thru the Signal Chain. This specification is very important, when Attenuation is changed on the fly, with a signal through the device.
The Attenuation Error is normally shown for each attenuation value and across the operating frequency range, or viceversa (at specific frequency values, across the attenuation range). Depending on the specific usage scenario, the designer will be able to calculate the max signal chain error. Here the absolute attenuation error is shown.
This is the relative error at each attenuation level, across attenuation range and frequency.
As RF devices are complex, when implementing different attenuation levels, the signal could go through different processing blocks. This could imply a different phase delay at each attenuation level, which combined with a natural phase distortion, could make phase equalization quite a difficult (by feasible) task. So minimizing phase distortion is of great value to RF designers.
Analog Attenuators are more complex device to make and use. One challenge is to control the attenuation and maintain a proper impedance matching, so special measures need to be taken, within the device and with control voltage driving circuits.
This is a simple and common switches application, where a filter bank is needed to clean the harmonic content of a frequency generation block. Ideally the switch shall not introduce any attenuation (impact on the SNR) and have very high return Loss (impact on the SNR).
Similar configurations can be found in signal generators, where a programmable sinusoid generator is followed by a filter band (LPF or BPF) to generate a clean signal. This could be followed by broadband amplifiers to reach the desired output level.
The diagram here may represent the input stage of a Comm or Test Equipment. Input protections are normally used, though higher switch(SW1) power handling will make those cheaper or reduntant.
The first stage is a bypassable Low Noise Amplifier, which amplifies the input signal, if required. The switch will impact directly the SNR, with its Insertion Loss and Return Loss. Normally the switch linearity is not an major issue, as it is higher and better than that of the LNA. Also linearity on blocks early in the Signal Chain has less impact on the overall signal Chain linearity.
The second stage is also a level adjust stage, expanding the signal level range across the signal chain. In this blocks noise performance (i.e. insertion Loss) is not the most important, but linearity could be relevant (IP3), as more impacting the overall Signal Chain Linearity.
The second stage with a ATT and a Gain in parallel could be replaced by the same block in series.
These blocks implements the following functions Max signal gain of (in dB) G1+G2-5xIL (sum of all switches Insertion Loss) Max signal attenuation (in dB) A+5xIL All switches are critical, except for SW5 on Power handling, Linearity
RF Control Products Training Module
MARKET TRAINING MODULE
RF Control Products
List of Content
► RF Switches
► RF Attenuators
► Control Products are defined as impacting the signal chain performance
By configuring the Chain
By adjusting the signal level
NOT amplifying or converting the signal (i.e. ideally linear and passive)
Operating Frequency above 1GHz to close to 100GHz
► RF Switches (SPST, SPDT, SP3T, SP4T, etc.)
► RF Attenuators (Digital, i.e. DAT, Analog)
► TX/RX Switches
Application and Marketing Considerations
►ALL RF Systems/PCB include RF Switches and often RF
Some systems (PCB) have 30 to 50 RF switches and few attenuators
Inserting a calibration signal in the Signal Chain
Bypassing fixed-gain amplifiers
Routing a signal to different (frequencies) downconversion chains
Routing an LO signal thru alternative frequency selective gains, before the
Optimizing the RF signal level for best noise performance, after a fixed gain
stage (LNA) or between fixed gain stages
RF Control Product: Common Basic Knowledge
► RF Devices, packaged for PCB usage
► RF “Connectorized” Components, to be used as stand alone
► Passive, i.e. always have a transfer attenuation
► RF Switches key function is to route Signals to different Signal Chains
► RF Attenuators key function is to maintain the RF Signal Levels to the
planned ranges for best system performance
► Controlled Signals are
Information signal (receive, transmit)
Clocks, Local Oscillators
RF Switches: Naming
► Single Pole Single Throw (SPST)
► Single Pole Dual Throw (SPDT)
► Single Pole “X” Throw (SPXT)
Double Pole (e.g. in a DPDT) normally called “Differential”
RF circuits are normally single ended
RF Switches: Grouping
► Electromechanical (EM) switches
Lower Reliability and Life Time
High Electrical Performance (after switching transitions)
► Solid State (SS) switches
High Reliability and Life Time
Good Electrical and Switching Performances
► Micro-Electro Mechanical switches (MEMS)
Promising both EM and SS like characteristics
Lower Operating frequencies than SS
Part of ADI IP
RF Solid State Switches: technological options
► FET-based switches
GaAs – Fast, High Frequency capability (100Hz), less robust (ESD)
Silicon – getting faster, good settling time, med Frequency (20-40GHz), robust
► Pin Diode switches
High frequency (100GHz), robust, difficult to drive/control
► Hybrid (FET and Pin Diode)
Combination of both the above
May not allow a monolithic solution
RF Switches: System Level Characteristics 1 of 2
Absorptive – includes a matched impedance (Typically 50 Ohms) on
the input when the switch is open, so the circuit driving the input will
see a matched impedance at all times (across the operating
Reflective – has no matched impedance when open, so the driving
circuit needs to be able to handle the reflected waves and power
► Control Signals (FET)
Direct Control and low power control signals
May suffer from RC delay
May require negative voltage control signals to operate the switch
► Power Supplies
Need most often to have both polarities supply voltage
The negative supply voltage can be internally generate, at the
expense of a higher system noise, from the integrated charge pump
RF Switches: System Level Characteristics 2 of 2
► DC coupling
ALL Traditional RF switches do not like DC signal through them
DC decoupling caps are needed, unless a 0Vdc can be guaranteed
Decoupling Caps will impact the low frequency performance
New Technology in development with DC handling capability
► Power consumption
Low static power consumption (100-300uA)
► Reliability (SS)
Highest among available technologies
GaAs switches have low ESD threshold, requiring specific care
RF Switches: Electrical Characteristics
► Frequency Range (from 1-2GHz to 80GHz+)
► Insertion Loss (normally lower than 0.5dB, or max 1dB)
► Return Loss (normally higher than 10-15dB)
► Power Handling (the higher the better, now around 30dBm, moving to
► Isolation (normally in the 25-50dB, frequency dependent)
► Distortion/Linearity (normally high, above 50dBm)
► Switching Speed (from 10ns to 1us depending on used processed, GaAs
is faster, Si is slower)
► Settling Time (from 100ns to 5us depending on the fabrication process
used, Si is slower, but has a shorter settling time)
► Noise (Leakage, switching)
Operating Frequency Range – Insertion Loss (IL), Return
► Frequency Range is commonly the FIRST selection criteria for
► Insertion Loss is mostly impacted by
The switch’s direct intrinsic resistance
Reflected Loss as of the switch resistance
Leakage paths, which reduce the useful signal power to the load
IL must be compensated for by other circuits or taken into account
when performing level planning (as it impacts noise performance)
► Frequency dependent IL
Low Frequency IL is affected by
Any decoupling Cap at the In/Out leads
Power handling (see later) capability
High Frequency IL is affected by
Intrinsic parasitic capacitances
In band IL variation is affected by
Return Loss, caused by impedance mismatching
► Return Loss (RL)
Indicates the amount of power not transferred over the switch (but
Depends on the impedance matching (50OHM) of the switch with
the externally connected devices
Signal Power Handling and Distortion
► Switch capability to handle high power signals
Allows to deploy switches closer to the system RF
Decreases at lower frequencies, as limited by process
technology and switch architecture
Defined while the switch is static or switching (Hot
Described by P1dB (or PSAT)
Measured by IP3
Related with Power handling
Approaching P1dB non linearity increases (IP3 decreases)
Normally the Switch is not the critical Signal Chain block
Power De-rating compared to the
required nominal power
the switch can operate at
Decrease at low frequencies
Switching Speed & Settling Time
► Switching Speed (or Time) – Time from 50%
of switching control Input to 90% of the RF
► Settling Time – Referred to the time the RF
signal has set to 0.05dB or 0.01dB from its final
Settling Time is a particular challenge for GaAs
► Signal going through the switch when it is OFF
From the common I/O to any other port
Between two different ports
► Normally NOT the coupled noise from the control
ports (see later)
► FET switches have very high low frequency
Drain-Source Cap is limiting high frequency
This can be improved by shunting the input port to
ground when the switch is open (implemented
inside the switch itself)
► Pin Diode Switches have good high-frequency
isolation (and poor isolation at low frequencies)
Other Noise and Sources of Interference
► Video leakage or feedthrough
Describes the noise from the control ports to the
Normally measured when no RF is present
(reported in mV)
Lower in FET switches
Critical is some applications (for example when a
high gain AGC amplifier follows the switch)
► Power Supply Noise
From external supplies – to be managed by proper
From internal bias voltages (normally negative)
generated by an integrated charge pump
Typically avoided by high end applications (T&M)
RF Switches - Application Topics
► RF Ports Coupling - Traditional RF switches are not taking any DC signal
Requiring DC decoupling at the ports.
Impacting the IL at low frequencies. Proper selections of the Caps would depended on the
desired low frequency performances.
Decoupling Caps can be avoided if the operating signals have no DC component (this is
mentioned often in datasheets as “not needing any decoupling Cap”!!!)
► Power Supplies
Switches can operate from single supply or from dual supplies
A competitor has integrated the Vneg supply, with the related system noise drawback
► Power Handling
A critical system parameter, in many application, as the switch might need to be protected,
especially at low frequencies (below 10-100MHz)
Improved handling is achieve with Si based switches
► Control Signals – voltage ranges, drive
Control voltage polarity depends on the switch supplies, and can be also negative voltages
Latest switches operate with positive voltages (compatible with standard logic levels), and have
Solid state switches are easy to drive (unlike some PIN Diode based switches)
RF Attenuator Typicales
► Fixed Attenuators (“Pads”)
► Digitally-Controlled Attenuators (DAT)
Serial or parallel Control
Series of switched-in/out fixed attenuators
Resolution from 1bit to 7bit
► Analog (Voltage) Controlled Attenuators (VVA)
More complex control architecture
Preferred when in AGC loops or for high signal
RF Attenuators: WHY?
► Key justification for Attenuators
Achieve a more optimized signal level plan (for noise and distortion)
RF amplifiers have commonly fixed gain
RF amplifiers may not like high power input signals
Input range Pin:
Signal Chain SNR
Improved by G-NF-IL
Max PinMax Pin=Pin+A
RF Attenuators: Main and Common to the RF switches
► Frequency Range: Operating Frequency Range
► Attenuation Range: discrete or continuous
► Attenuation Resolution (DAT): minimum nominal attenuation step, in dB. Related to the bit count and
E.G., 32dB range, 6 control bits (64 levels) gives 0.5dB resolution, to a max attenuation of 31.5dB (0dB attenuation
► Attenuation Accuracy: nominal accuracy. Normally reported across frequency and attenuation range
► Insertion Loss: Attenuation across the device, when 0dB is selected (ideally no attenuation applied)
► Return Loss: reflected Power at the Input/Output ports, related to the device impedance matching
► Power Handling (P1dB, P0.1dB): maximum input signal power, the device can handle and keep operating
linearly. Normally reported across the frequency range.
► Distortion/Linearity (IIP3): see RF Switch description, normally reported across the attenuation range
► Switching Speed: see RF Switch description
► Settling Time: see RF Switch description, normally reported across the attenuation range
► Overshoot Free DAT: the Attenuator output presents no overshooting voltage, when switching between any
attenuation steps, as a consequence of how the internal attenuation switches are operated
► Power Supplies, Control Voltages: see RF Switch description
RF Attenuators: State Error
Absolute Attenuation Error at each attenuation level, across the frequency
and attenuation range
RF Attenuators: Step Error
Relative Attenuation Error at each attenuation level, across the frequency
and attenuation range
RF Attenuators: Phase Variation
Relative Phase variation from the output to the input signal, as it goes
through the different internal attenuation steps
Normally reported as max value, across the frequency and attenuation range
Also reported as graph
Analog Attenuators (VVA)
• Similar Function as with VGA, but
implemented with an Attenuator (as
“programmable wideband RF Amplifiers
• Key technical challenges
• Maintain Insertion Loss and Return Loss
performances in the attenuation range, across
• Linear relationship with the control voltages
• Simplify control circuitry
Reference Attenuator Circuit
Discrete Control CircuitPlease see Ref.4 from the Reference List
• Remove Spurious and Harmonics
• High Insertion loss (6dB+)
• Could be Band Pass on selected Paths
Brings LO level to Max allowed
And desired by the follow-on
Circuit (eg mixer)
• Amplifies Fout
• Isolates Fout from downchain
• May be omitted, with certain Fout
• Low insertion Loss
• High Return Loss
• High Linearity
End Application Dependent
• Low video Leakage
• Fast Switching/Settling
• Power Handling
Non Critical Parameters
RF Input Stage
IL, RL impacts SNR Sets the signal level
Required for high Pin
SW3 SW4 SW5
HMC1118LP3DE 9KHz-13GHz SPDT (New Product)
High Isolation Silicon Switch
Non-Reflective 50 Ω Topology
Wideband solution with excellent Isolation 56dB @8GHz
Fast 0.1dB Settling Time of 7.5us(Critical for T&M apps)
Optimized for Low Frequency operation down to 9KHz
No DC Blocking Cap is required on RF pins.
Flat Insertion Loss across Frequency : Less than 0.2dB
variation up to 9GHz.
High Input IP3: +62 dBm @ 3.0 GHz
Optimum for High power apps: High P1dB: >+37dBm
High Power Handling: +36dBm through, +27dBm
Positive Control, 0/+3.3 V
Excellent ESD Rating: 2 kV HBM
RoHS Compliant 3x3 mm 16 Lead QFN Package
► Device Pin-out
► Electrical Specification
Loose parts abd evaluation boards available, pre-production
Full production and general availability Q3’2015
Parameter Spec Units
Frequency Range 9 kHz - 13.0 GHz
Insertion Loss @ 0.1 GHz 0.45 dB
Insertion Loss @ 8.0 GHz 0.60 dB
Insertion Loss @ 10.0 GHz 0.90 dB
Isolation @ 0.1 GHz 81 dB
Isolation @ 8.0 GHz 56 dB
Isolation @ 10.0 GHz 35 dB
Input P1dB @ 3.0 GHz +37 dBm
Input IP3 @ 3.0 GHz 62 dBm
Switching Speed 2.7 μs
Settling Time 0.1dB 7.5 μs
Settling Time 0.01dB 12 μs
Bias Voltage VDD +3.3 V
Bias Voltage VSS -2.5 V
ESD Rating Class 2 (2kV) HBM
HMC1119LP4E 0.1-6GHz 0.25dB LSB 7-bit (New Product)
Overshoot Free Digital Attenuator
7-bit 0.25 dB LSB Steps to 31.75 dB
High Input IP3: +55 dBm
Overshoot Free Operation
Low insertion loss of 1.2dB @2GHz
Typicalical step error of ±0.2dB
TTL/CMOS compatible contol interface
High ESD robustnest of 2KV HBM
Single +3.3V to +5V supply
RoHs 4x4mm SMT compliant package
► Device Pin-Out
Loose parts and evaluation boards available. X-Grade production.
Full production and general availability Q3’15
► Electrical Specification
Parameter Spec Units
Frequency Range 0.1 – 6.0 GHz
Atenuation Resolution (LSB) 0.25 dB
Attenuation Accuracy : ± 0.25 (3%) dB
Insertion Loss @ 0.1 GHz 1 dB
Insertion Loss @ 2 GHz 1.2 dB
Insertion Loss @ 4 GHz 1.7 dB
Phase var. over attenuation range @ 2 GHz 16 deg
P0.1dB @ 0.1 GHz 32 dBm
P0.1dB @ 4 GHz 32 dBm
Input IP3 @ 0.1 GHz 55 dBm
Input IP3 @ 4 GHz 52 dBm
Input Return Loss < 6 GHz 17 dB
Output Return Loss < 6GHz 18 dB
Supply Voltage +3.3 to +5 V
Control Interface Ser./ Par -
Control Voltage 0/3.3 or 0/5 V
tRise, tFall (10 / 90% RF)
tON , tOFF (50% LE to 10 / 90% RF)
ESD Rating Class2 (2kV) HBM
1. Agilent Technologies, “Understanding RF/Microwave Solid State
Switches and their Applications”,
2. D. Fischer, R. Lourens, P. Bacon, “Overview of RF Switch Technology
and Applications”, Microwave Journal, July 2014
3. National Instruments, “Complete Switching Tutorial”,
4. “Designing with the HMC346MS8G Voltage Variable Attenuator”, Hittite
Microwave, Product Note
5. Gary Breed, “A Review of RF/Microwave Switching technologies”, High
Frequency Electronics, May 2010, pag.70


text:
When someone replaces one type of addiction with another, it’s often called addiction replacement or a substitute addiction. To explain this phenomenon, several studies have demonstrated that a vast array of substance and behavioural addictions may serve similar functions such as relaxation, over-stimulation or escape.
In this article, we’ll be looking at:
What is a substitute addiction?
How to detect substitute addictions?
Is there such a thing as a positive replacement addiction?
How to prevent substitute addictions?
How to recover from them?
More information and resources on stress management and work-life balance visit our our HR website.

domain: health


text:
Anonymous asked: While I agree that the voting system is all sorts of fucked up I really think people should still vote. It may be choosing between the lesser of two evils most of the time, but without the educated voting the only people who will will be the ignorant, and all sorts of equal rights movements will end up being set back a ton of years. So please, VOTE.
And how has that whole “voting for the lesser of two evils” thing worked out for you? Pretty fucking shitty I might say. That’s all I’ve heard since I turned 18 some 13 years ago and the same thing my parents have heard since they could vote. Things have only gotten progressively worse in my life time and theirs.
Obviously it is a failed ideology. The definition of insanity is trying the same thing over and over again while expecting different results.
But that’s the point. It is to give the illusion that the voters actually have a choice in the matter. Regardless of who you vote for only the state wins.
Voting isn’t an act of self defense, which a lot of libertarian and even anarchists will say. That would be like blindly firing a bullet into the crowd hoping it would hit someone who had harmed you. When you vote you are blindly supporting the political force that is used not only on you but upon others. Forcing your will upon others is immoral.
Self defense is an individual act. If you initiate force against me I have the right to defense myself. Only you can know what kind of retaliatory force is necessary to defend yourself. You can’t know with 100% certainty what I or anyone else would consider proper or necessary. Again, forcing your will upon others is immoral.
Voting is in no way a morally neutral act. No matter who you vote for you are voting for force to be initiated against someone else.
Which is why voting is immoral.
when you accidentally start watching a crime show and can’t get yourself to switch the channel because now you wanna know who fucking did it

domain: politics


text:
Happy Hour Chaise Lounge with Cushion
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Top Best Outdoor Lounge Chairs Reviews
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text:
Most of the public believe it is no longer safe to take sugar. But minute quantities of copper ( 20 parts in a million) are not enough to cause injury when someone has sugar in their tea. Only prolonged use would cause complications.
The government has panicked, locking up warehouses of sugar before testing, and allowing police to enter supermarkets and confiscate any sugar on sale that is not marked 'manufactured in Kenya'.
Around 140,000 tonnes of sugar has been imported by 50 different companies on special licences since the last election. Around 40 percent comes from Brazil, 20 percent from Comesa, and the rest from different countries.
Not all of this sugar is bad. Indeed government has only released the test from one warehouse in Eastleigh that showed excess copper.
The Webuye sugar was due for re-processing by West Kenya Sugar factory before going on sale.
It is possible that virtually all the sugar in the market is fine. The government has created unnecessary panic by its precipitate actions.
Quote of the day: "Insane people are always sure that they are fine. It is only the sane people who are willing to admit that they are crazy."
The American film director died on June 26, 2012