text:
Semaglutide works by mimicking the hormone GLP-1, which helps regulate blood sugar and slows gastric emptying. This can lead to a feeling of fullness for longer periods, which is beneficial for weight loss but also means that your diet may need to change to accommodate a reduced appetite and altered digestion. Read more about ozempic weight loss before and after pictures.
Foods to Focus On
When on semaglutide, focusing on a balanced diet that is rich in nutrients, low in simple sugars, and contains moderate amounts of healthy fats and proteins is crucial. Here are some dishes that align with these goals:
- Salads with Leafy Greens: Opt for salads made with spinach, kale, and other leafy greens. These are high in fiber, which can help manage blood sugar levels and promote a feeling of fullness.
- Steamed or Roasted Vegetables: Enjoy a variety of colorful vegetables like broccoli, carrots, and bell peppers. These can be steamed, roasted, or grilled with minimal added fats.
- Grilled Chicken or Fish: Lean meats like chicken breast or fish (e.g., salmon, tilapia) provide high-quality protein without excessive fat.
- Tofu or Legume-Based Dishes: For plant-based options, dishes based on tofu, lentils, or beans offer great protein and fiber content.
- Quinoa or Brown Rice Bowls: These grains are excellent sources of complex carbohydrates and fiber. Pair them with vegetables and a lean protein source for a balanced meal.
- Whole Grain Pasta or Bread: Choose whole grain over refined versions to increase your fiber intake, which is beneficial for blood sugar management.
Snacks and Smaller Meals
Due to the slower gastric emptying caused by semaglutide, you may find smaller, more frequent meals or snacks to be more comfortable than large meals.
- Greek Yogurt with Berries: A high-protein snack that’s also rich in probiotics and antioxidants.
- Nuts and Seeds: Almonds, chia seeds, and flaxseeds are great for snacking and add healthy fats and fiber to your diet.
- Sliced Apples with Peanut Butter: A satisfying snack that combines fiber from the apple with protein and healthy fats from the peanut butter.
Foods to Limit
While on semaglutide, certain foods might exacerbate side effects like nausea or digestive issues:
- High-Sugar Foods: Sweets, sodas, and other sugary foods can spike your blood sugar levels.
- Fatty Foods: High-fat meals can be harder to digest and may cause discomfort.
- Alcohol: Consuming alcohol can affect blood sugar levels and may interact with the medication.
Tips for Meal Planning
- Listen to Your Body: Pay attention to how different foods make you feel. Adjust your diet based on your body’s reactions and preferences.
- Stay Hydrated: Drinking plenty of water can help manage side effects like nausea and constipation.
- Plan Ahead: Having healthy options readily available can prevent reaching for less nutritious choices when you’re hungry.
Adjusting your diet while on compounded semaglutide (read more about the best place to buy semaglutide online) can significantly enhance the medication’s benefits and your overall health. Focusing on nutrient-rich foods, managing portion sizes, and listening to your body’s cues can help you navigate your dietary choices successfully. As always, consult with your healthcare provider or a nutritionist to tailor dietary recommendations to your specific health needs and goals.


– WWE put new logos on their other title belts too. In the video below, Dolph Ziggler shows off the new logo on his Intercontinental Title:
– As seen on Monday’s RAW from Las Vegas, hometown star Ryback got a huge reaction and chants from the crowd. He tweeted the following after the match:
“I needed that. Thank you Sin City.”
– WWE has announced that John Cena will be back on RAW next week to address the WWE Universe.
The Hottest WWE news, photos and videos delivered to your inbox in one convenient newsletter. Sign up now and give it a try!
|10||More On The Undertaker vs. Braun Strowman Possibly Taking Place At WrestleMania|
|7||Daniel Bryan Reportedly Gives His Notice To WWE And Was Denied|
|5||Photo Of Daniel Bryan’s New Look|
|4||Paul Heyman On If WWE Will Book More Edger Programming, Matt Hardy And Big E Have Twitter War|
|4||Original Plans For AJ Styles At The Royal Rumble|


Residence permit of non-EU citizens family members in Poland
RIGHT TO FAMILY REUNIFICATION
The following foreigners have the right to obtain a temporary residence permit for family members of a foreigner living in Poland:
- a spouse (the marriage must be recognized by Polish law);
- a minor child (who is under 18 on the application day) - not only biological, but also an adopted child, or another child dependent on them, and over whom they exercise actual parental authority (e.g. their spouse's child from a previous relationship);
- legal guardian of a minor residing in Poland unaccompanied, granted refugee status or subsidiary protection. In such a case, the application should be submitted within 6 months of granting refugee status or granting subsidiary protection to a minor.
Family members of a foreigner living in Poland may reunite with them in Poland by obtaining a temporary residence permit, if they themselves stay in Poland:
- on the basis of a permanent residence permit;
- on the basis of a long-term EU resident's residence permit;
- in connection with granting them the refugee status;
- in connection with granting them subsidiary protection;
- for at least 2 years on the basis of subsequent temporary residence permits, including immediately before submitting the application for a temporary residence permit for a family member - on the basis of a permit granted to hem for a period of stay of not shorter than 1 year;
- on the basis of a temporary residence permit for the purpose of conducting scientific research;
- on the basis of a temporary residence permit granted for the purpose of conducting scientific research, when the foreigner has a residence permit referred to in art. 1 par. 2 letter a and Council Regulation No. 1030/2002, with the annotation "scientist", issued by another Member State of the European Union, if the agreement on the admission of a foreigner for the purpose of carrying out a research project concluded with the relevant scientific unit of that country provides for the conduct of scientific research also on the territory of the Republic of Poland;
- on the basis of a temporary residence permit for the purpose of working in a profession requiring high qualifications (the so-called Blue Card);
- on the basis of a temporary residence permit for the purpose of working under the intra-corporate transfer;
- on the basis of a temporary residence permit granted for the purpose of using long-term mobility;
- in connection with granting a residence permit for humanitarian reasons.
Note! If the foreigner is staying outside of Poland, the application for a temporary residence permit for the purpose of family reunification is submitted by the foreigner (a spouse or parent) residing in Poland. Importantly, submitting the application in such a case requires a written consent of the foreigner staying outside Poland. Such consent is the same as granting a power of attorney to act on behalf of a family member in a given proceeding.
After the decision for temporary residence is issued, a foreigner residing in Poland may transfer it to a family member so that they can obtain a visa to Poland from the relevant embassy (or consulate) of the Republic of Poland. A family member will collect the residence card in person in Poland.
Note! If a foreigner who is reunited with a family member does not meet the conditions listed above (e.g. he is staying in Poland on the basis of a visa or a temporary residence permit for a period shorter than 2 years), then their family member may apply for a temporary residence permit issued due to other circumstances. Details of this procedure are described in the TEMPORARY STAY / OTHER CIRCUMSTANCES tab.
If it is justified by an important interest of the foreigner, they may be granted a temporary residence permit for the purpose of family reunification, also in the case of:
- a divorce, separation or widowhood of that foreigner, if they were married to a foreigner residing on the territory of Poland, as recognized by Polish law, on the basis of one of the above-mentioned conditions;
- death of their parent being a foreigner residing on the territory of the Republic of Poland on the basis of one of the above-mentioned conditions;
- death of their minor child who has been granted refugee status or subsidiary protection.
In such a case, the permit is granted once, for a period not longer than 3 years, and the applicant foreigner must prove that they have a stable source of income, medical insurance and a place of residence in Poland.
In the case of a temporary residence for the purpose of family reunification, in addition to the basic documents referred to in the TEMPORARY RESIDENCE - GENERAL INFORMATION tab, the foreigner must also submit:
- documents confirming the fact of living in Poland, e.g. a rental agreement, a lending agreement, a certificate (reservation) from a hotel;
- documents confirming the degree of kinship or affinity recognized by the law of the Republic of Poland (marital status records: a birth certificate, marriage certificate);
- documents confirming the possession by the foreigner with whom the family member intends to stay in Poland, a residence permit required by law (e.g. a decision on permanent residence);
- documents confirming the possession of a stable and regular source of income sufficient to cover the costs of living for themselves and for dependent family members (e.g. the employment contract of the spouse with whom the foreigner reunites, along with their declaration on the number of dependents);
- documents confirming health insurance or coverage by the insurer of treatment costs in Poland (e.g. a printout from ZUS - ZUS ZCNA);
- in the case of spouses: documents confirming living together and running a common household, including, for example, joint photos, a joint rental agreement or a deed of ownership of a common house / flat;
Note! The above list cannot be considered complete. The set of documents necessary to obtain a temporary residence permit for the purpose of family reunification may differ due to the given foreigner's situation and the office where the foreigner applies for the permanent residence permit.


text:
Curfew continues in Mendhar border town
Jammu: Curfew remained in force in Mendhar town of Poonch district for the ninth day on Thursday.
Curfew was imposed in the town after three persons were killed in police firing to quell a mob trying to set ablaze a missionary school while protesting the alleged desecration of a holy book in the US on Wednesday last.
Curfew was relaxed for 3 hours from 5 pm to 8 pm in Mendhar town last evening, which passed off peacefully.
"The law and order situation is peaceful in Mendhar and Poonch. Adequate security has been deployed in the sensitive areas of the district", district development commissioner, Jammu, Kuldeep Khajuria said.
Khajuria said security has been increased in the district and additional police deployed in the sensitive areas to maintain law and order ahead of the verdict in the Ayodhya
title suits case tomorrow.
Police has been directed to deal with the situation with a firm hand to maintain peace.
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domain: news


text:
Unnao rape survivor who was burnt on way to court, dies in Delhi, anger across India
Shams Ur Rehman Alavi
BHOPAL: The 23-year-old Unnao gang rape survivor who was set afire when she was on way to the court, succumbed to the burns in the Safdarjang hospital in Delhi.
She was gang raped in December last year (2018) but the case was registered in March 2019. The rape victim was on way to the Raebareli court to attend the hearing on December 5, when the five persons including the two rape accused, overpowered her and set her ablaze.
The main accused, Shivam, had been released on bail just five days ago (on November 30). The five accused include Shubham Trivedi, Shivam Trivedi, Umesh Vajpayee, Raj Kishor and Hari Shankar.
All of them have been arrested now. Shivam and Shubham had allegedly raped the girl in December 2018. It took more than three months before the FIR was registered at the Lalganj police station in Raibareli.
FIR WAS REGISTERED AFTER MONTHS, ONLY AFTER COURT'S DIRECTION
In the complaint, she had narrated the ordeal that she was raped at gun point, the incident was video recorded and she was sexually abused repeatedly under the threat of making the video public. In fact, the police hadn't taken action and despite complaint to SP, FIR was not registered. It took a court case that police finally registered FIR.
When she was on way to take train to Raebareli on December 5, Shivam, Rak Kishor Trivedi, Shubham Trivedi, Hari Shankar Trivedi and Umesh, attacked her, poured petrol on her and set her afire. She had to walk for 1 km in this condition before she could get some help.
The manner in which she was not provided any security earlier and was finally burnt, has led to outrage across the country. She had suffered 90% burns and was in an an extremely critical state shen she was airlifted to Delhi, however, she couldn't be saved. Now, the state goverment has said that it would ensure speedy justice and trial would fast-tracked.
THE SECOND RAPE CASE OF UNNAO: NO JUSTICE IN SIGHT EVEN NOW
Unnao has been in the news for atrocities against women for quite sometime now. Earlier, another rape case in Unnao had taken centre stage in the country. BJP MLA Kuldeep Sengar had allegedly raped a 17-year-old girl.
He was arrested in April 2018, a year later. In July 2019, a truck had hit the car in which the survivor, her lawyer and aunts, were on way to Rae Bareli. Even though Supreme Court asked to expedite the legal proceedings and complete the trial within 45 days, the trail against Sengar continues.

domain: law


text:
New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island) - FamilySearch Historical Records
|This article describes a collection of historical records available at FamilySearch.org.|
Access the records: New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island) 1892-1924 .
Record Description[edit | edit source]
This Collection will include records from 1892 to 1924.
The content of earlier lists, known generally as “customs manifests,” was not regulated. Formats varied widely and a specific place of origin was not always listed. In 1883, the federal government mandated the creation of ship manifests, which included columns for an exact birthplace or last residence. This information was also kept on passenger arrival lists of later periods.
The lists consist of large sheets of paper divided into columns and rows. Earlier lists are handwritten, while most after 1917 are typewritten. Lists after 1906 usually occupy two pages.
These collections also include a card index to passengers arriving in New York City from 1820 through 1846.
Passenger arrival lists, known as customs manifests, date back to 1820. However, the first official emigration station for New York was Castle Garden, located at the tip of lower Manhattan. Congressional action in 1891 resulted in federal immigration officials recording the immigrants’ arrival. After January 1892, passengers arriving in New York debarked at Ellis Island, located east of Manhattan in the New York Harbor. From 1892 to 1924, almost all immigrants entered the United States through the port of New York.
The passenger arrival list was used by legal inspectors at Ellis Island to cross-examine each immigrant during a legal inspection prior to the person being allowed to live in America. Only two percent of the prospective immigrants were denied entry.
The information was supplied by the immigrant or a traveling companion (usually a family member). Incorrect information was occasionally given, or mistakes may have been made when the clerk guessed at the spelling of foreign names. These indexes may contain inaccuracies, such as altered spellings, misinterpretations, and optical character recognition errors if the information was scanned.
Citation for This Collection[edit | edit source]
The following citation refers to the original source of the information published in FamilySearch.org Historical Records collections. Sources include the author, custodian, publisher, and archive for the original records.
The citation for this collection can be found on the Collection Details Page in the section Citing this Collection.
Record Content[edit | edit source]
The card index to passenger lists includes the following information:
- Name of immigrant
- Accompanied by
- Last permanent residence
- Port of entry
- Name of vessel
- Date of arrival
Passenger lists, particularly later lists, include the following genealogical information:
- Names of immigrants and close relatives
- Birthplaces, former residences, and intended destinations
- Marital status
- Nationality and race
- Date of arrival
- Port of departure
How to Use the Records[edit | edit source]
Begin your search by finding your ancestors in the index. Name indexes make it possible to access a specific record quickly. Check the index for the surname and then the given name. You may need to look at many entries to find the one you are seeking. Remember that these indexes may contain inaccuracies, such as altered spellings, misinterpretations, and optical character recognition errors if the information was scanned.
When searching the index it is helpful to know the full name of your ancestor and the approximate date of immigration. If you do not know this information, check the census records after 1900.
Use the locator information found in the index (such as name of the ship, page, or entry number) to locate your ancestors in the records. Compare the information in the record to what you already know about your ancestors to determine if this is the correct person. You may need to compare the information of more than one person to make this determination.
When you have located your ancestor’s record, carefully evaluate each piece of information given. These pieces of information may give you new biographical details that can lead you to other records about your ancestors. Add this new information to your records of each family. For example, you can use passenger lists to:
- Learn an immigrant’s place of origin
- Confirm their date of arrival
- Learn foreign and “Americanized” names
- Find records in his or her country of origin such as emigrations, port records, or ship manifests
You may also find these tips helpful:
- If your ancestor had a common name, be sure to look at all the entries for a name before you decide which is correct.
- Continue to search the passenger lists to identify siblings, parents, and other relatives in the same or other generations who may have immigrated at the same time.
- If your ancestor has an uncommon surname, you may want to obtain the passenger list of every person who shares your ancestor’s surname if they lived in the same county or nearby. You may not know how or if they are related, but the information could lead you to more information about your own ancestors.
If you do not find the name you are looking for, try the following:
- Check for variant spellings. Realize that the indexes may contain inaccuracies, such as altered spellings and misinterpretations.
- Try a different index if there is one for the years needed. You may also need to search the passenger lists year by year.
- Search the indexes of other port cities.
Please note that when you select an image to view, sometimes the manifest includes more than one page and, when you use the "click to enlarge manifest" link, the image that appears is not always the first page of the record. You may need to click on the "previous" or "next" links to view the remaining pages of the full manifest.
Related Web Sites[edit | edit source]
- Ancestor Search
- The Statue of Liberty - Ellis Island Foundation, Inc.
- Ellis Island JewishGen has advanced search tools and access to lost manifests.
- Ellis Island WikiMedia Commons
Related Wiki Articles[edit | edit source]
- Free Online New Your Passenger Lists, 1820-1897
- New York, United States Genealogy
- New York Emigration and Immigration
- New York Passenger Lists - FamilySearch Historical Records
- New York, New York, Index to Passenger Lists - FamilySearch Historical Records
Contributions to This Article[edit | edit source]
|We welcome user additions to FamilySearch Historical Records wiki articles. We are looking for additional information that will help readers understand the topic and better use the available records. We also need translations for collection titles and images in articles about records written in languages other than English. For specific needs, please visit WikiProject FamilySearch Historical Records/Guidelines for Articles.|
Citing FamilySearch Historical Collections[edit | edit source]
When you copy information from a record, you should list where you found the information. This will help you or others to find the record again. It is also good to keep track of records where you did not find information, including the names of the people you looked for in the records.
A suggested format for keeping track of records that you have searched is found in the wiki article Help:How to Cite FamilySearch Collections.

domain: history


text:
Dr. Valery Petrykin
Received Dr.Sci. in Materials Chemistry from Tokyo Institute of Technology. He has worked for 20 years with various classes of inorganic solid state materials. Before joining SuperOx Japan, he worked as a faculty member at Tohoku University and 3 years till 2011 worked in Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry (Czech Republic) as a Marie Curie Fellow. Co-authored over 80 research papers, 10 patents.

domain: chemistry


text:
East County residents were transported to the Grecian isles Feb. 10, as St. Barbaraâ€™s Greek Orthodox Church hosted its annual Greek Glendi event. The festival runs through Feb. 12.
Ladies of Temple Emanu-El enjoyed an elegant and festive afternoon Feb. 5, as they participated in Temple Emanu-El Sisterhood's Honors Luncheon, at the Lakewood Ranch Golf & Country Club.
Members of The Tabernacle church are bringing to life the story of Christmas with a reenactment of the birth of Jesus. The church's annual Living Nativity show is presented at 7 p.m. and 8 p.m. through Dec. 18.
East County families traveled back in time to celebrate the birth of Jesus Christ during Living Lord Lutheran Churchâ€™s A Night in Bethlehem Dec. 3.
The event was an interactive Christmas experience designed to depict the city of Bethlehem 2,000 years ago.
The Tabernacle Christian School today hosted a Football Frenzy.
Risen Savior Lutheran Church hosted a Fall Family Festival Nov. 5. Festivities included games, a bounce house, face painting and more.
East County residents on Oct. 1 brought out their beloved pets to Living Lord Lutheran Church for its annual Blessing of the Animals event.


text:
We were instantly smitten when we heard the advance of Heartbreak‘s upcoming album on Lex Records. Apparently we’re not the only ones who are enamored with this Italo pop duo—Argentinian singer Sebastian Muravchix and British/French keyboardist Ali Renault—from the UK. Yesterday Big Shot met up with The Presets, who are in the midst of a US tour with fellow Aussies Cut Copy. The opening act? Heartbreak! In this exclusive video shot a few hours before their show at Webster Halll in New York City, The Presets’ Julian Hamilton and Kim Moyes talk about how much they love Heartbreak and why anyone going to the remaining dates on their US tour should arrive early.
BSTV: The Presets Rave About Heartbreak

domain: entertainment


text:
Born - November 13, 1984 in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Vikranth is a popular Actor. Latest movies in which Vikranth has acted are Bakrid, Suttu Pidikka Utharavu, Nenjil Thunivirundhal, Thondan and Aram Seidhu Pazhagu. Vikranth was born on November 13, 1984.See full bio
Vikranth's 'Vennila Kabaddi Kuzhu 2' trailer
Actor Vikranth's next 'Bakrid' to hit the screens on August 9
Vishnu Vishal and Vikranth join hands for a film
My role will be a suspense element in Suttu Pidikka Utharavu: Athulya Ravi
Suttu Pidikka Utharavu will release on June 14
Anirudh croons first single of 'Vennila Kabbadi Kuzhu 2'

domain: celebrity


text:
Yesterday, Joseph and I were peacefully shopping at Winco (I let Joseph eat his way through the store- animal crackers? Chex mix? Fruit snack? Yes, yes, and yes!) when I was accosted by a Catholic woman.
How do I know she was Catholic?
Well, partly because, by the time I could pull myself from her grasp, I knew her entire life story (Five kids, one 15 years behind everyone else, her husband’s job is on the rocks, and- by the way- she has a bad cold), but mostly because she cornered me to extend an invitation to a Catholic Mother’s conference this weekend.
Well, here are the problems with that:
1) My sister and her family are in Boise this weekend (woot!woot!)
2) I am not Catholic.
I offered my excuses weakly, but she plowed ahead with her life-story-telling, and promises of the sunshine, rainbows, and TREATS that awaited me at the conference.
At this point, I probably should have taken my (now whining) baby and said, “No thanks!” and walked away.
Or maybe, she should have taken the hint from my crying Protestant child and let me go on my merry way.
But no, I smiled, said, "Well, we'll have to see..." and took a flier.
It didn't end there.
She started talking about the play group that she was involved in, and how they had so much fun, ate lots of food while the children played, etc.
Always a sucker for food, I perked up.
And gave her my number to call me with play group information.
What the heck, Caitlin?!
What were you thinking?
And yet, there I stood with a dopey smile on my face, thinking "Wow! Treats and maybe a few new friends? Sign me up."
Then she left, saying "How interesting to have a non-Catholic woman come to our playgroup! I bet that we will both learn a lot."
Wait. What does that mean?
You and I both know - CONVERSION.
So, my enthusiasm for snacks was dampened, and I continued my shopping with a sick feeling in my stomach.
Why can't I ever say no? (It's a quality that Brian loves about me)
Right as I was about to leave, the lady found me, stopped me again and said,
"I just want to tell you- Bless you for doing the right thing and staying home with your children."
And she walked away.
Again, I say what the heck?
First of all, she didn't even know that I stay home with Joseph! Despite the fact that I know her life story, she knows nothing about me because I didn't have a chance to speak. Were the sweatpants a giveaway?
Secondly, the "right thing?" The right thing for ME, sure, but I don't think that being a working mom is the WRONG thing.
If you can't swing it on one income- then you are going to need two.
If you don't want to stay home with your kiddos- then by all means, don't!
The self-righteousness of it all just rubs me the wrong way.
So, now I am in a pickle.
Poor, Lori is going to call me, and I am going to have to lie and say that Brian won't let me go.
And that I have to respect his wishes since he is the head of the household.
At least I know that she'll approve.
(UPDATE: If you are a Catholic reader, know that I love you. I have no problems with the Catholic faith at. all. Just this particular lady. I have encountered this pushiness from MANY other religions as well, it all depends on the individual. In fact I would go so far as to say that Catholics + Me = best friends. So, no hating on my part. Thank you.)

domain: literature


text:
Join us for an intimate dining experience as we are joined by hand-picked wine makers and our Head Sommelier. Using their passion and knowledge, learn the intricate flavours and tones of selected wines served which are paired especially with dishes created by Head Chef Anna Haugh-Kelly.
Please call table reservations on 020 7592 1226 or email us at firstname.lastname@example.org
Spaces are limited so we would recommend booking early to avoid disappointment. Full payment for the dinner will be required in advance of the evening.

domain: food


text:
Also found in: Dictionary, Wikipedia.
Perrault, Charles(shärl pĕrō`), 1628–1703, French poet. His collections of eight fairy tales, Histoires ou contes du temps passé [stories or tales of olden times] (1697) gave classic form to the traditional stories of Bluebeard, Sleeping Beauty, Cinderella, Puss in Boots, Little Red Ridinghood, and Hop-o'-My-Thumb. In the frontispiece of the collection appears the expression "Contes de ma mère Loye" [tales of Mother Goose]. Perrault also published three tales in verse (1694). He is also famous for the stormy literary quarrel that he aroused with a poem (1687) comparing ancient authors unfavorably with modern writers. Boileau, the chief defender of the ancients, bandied insults with Perrault until 1694. This "quarrel of the ancients and the moderns" is considered a harbinger of the 18th-century Enlightenment.
Born Jan. 12, 1628, in Paris; died there May 16, 1703. French poet and critic. Member of the Académie Française from 1671.
The son of a bourgeois official, Perrault was a lawyer. His first work was a verse parody, The Walls of Troy, or the Origin of Burlesque (1653). He wrote allegorical narrative poems, odes, and epistles in the style of chivalric court poetry. The initiator of the literary Quarrel of the Ancients and Moderns, he affirmed the superiority of contemporary writers over the ancient ones. Polemicizing with N. Boileau, Perrault rejected classical aesthetics in the narrative poem The Age of Louis the Great (Le Siècle de Louis le Grand, 1687) and the dialogues Parallel Between the Ancients and the Moderns (Parallèle des Anciens et des Modernes, vols. 1-4, 1688-97).
Perrault gained fame with his collection Stories and Fairy Tales of Bygone Days, With Morals: Tales of Mother Goose (Histoires et contes du temps passé, avec des moralités: Contes de ma mère l’oie, 1697). He opposed the classical tradition with such folk fairy tales as Little Red Riding Hood and Hop o’ My Thumb, introducing these works into the system of literary genres. The Tales helped democratize literature and influenced the development of the fairy-tale tradition as seen in the works of the brothers W. Grimm and J. Grimm and of J. Tieck and H. C. Andersen.
The first Russian translation of Perrault’s fairy tales, Tales About Enchantresses, With Morals, dates from 1768. The fairy tale Puss in Boots was translated by V. A. Zhukovskii in 1845. Perrault’s fairy-tale subjects inspired the operas Cinderella by G. Rossini and B. Bartók’s Duke Bluebeard’s Castle and the ballets The Sleeping Beauty by P. I. Tchaikovsky and S. S. Prokofiev’s Cinderella.
WORKSContes. [Definitive texts, with introduction by G. Rouger.] Paris . (Contains bibliography.)
In Russian translation:
Skazki. Introductory article by N. P. Andreev. [Moscow-Leningrad] 1936.
REFERENCESIstoriia frantsuzskoi literatury, vol. 1. Moscow-Leningrad, 1946.
Soriano, M. Les contes de Perrault… [Paris, 1968.] (Contains bibliography.)
V. S. LOZOVETSKII

domain: artistic


PS5’s previously fixed PS4 disc installation bug is seemingly back
Users report the bug is back after a recent system update
A PS5 disc installation bug seems to have reappeared after having previously been fixed.
According to several users across multiple subreddits, players who insert disc versions of games and choose the PS5 upgrade have had the PS4 version attempt to install to their console unprompted.
Titles affected include No Man’s Sky, the recently released Death Stranding Director’s Cut and Nioh.
While this doesn’t stop players from using the PS5 version, it will take up storage space on the console, which players will have to manually delete.
PlayStation 5 September Showcase - Opening Sizzle
In February, Sony seemed to have fixed the problem in an update which targeted the then-frustrating experience of cross-generation titles.
In a post to the PlayStation blog detailing the update, “In rare cases, the PS4 version of a game would install from the disc after you upgraded to and installed the PS5 version,” Sony said. “Now, when you insert the PS4 game disc, the PS4 version won’t install unexpectedly.”
PS5’s handling of cross-gen releases had received some criticism since launch for it’s unclear signposting of different game versions. This led to some players inadvertently playing the last-gen versions of PS5 games they own.
In a bid to stop this happening, Sony added a notification informing players that they are about to launch the PS4 version of a game when the PS5 version is also available.
US-based customers hoping to purchase a PlayStation 5 console can now register their interest directly with Sony for a chance to do so.
The company said it will be making a limited number of PS5 consoles available for customers in the US to purchase directly from PlayStation this holiday season.
Those interested in buying one can register here for an opportunity to do so. They should use an email address associated with a PlayStation Network ID and opt in to receive marketing emails.


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The art of plastic
Plastic, plastic everywhere. As the EU moves to ban the use of plastic products to avoid their landing in seas and polluting the landscape, designers are finding unique ways to recycle the non-biodegradable stuff.
Sand toys into sculptures
Sunny days spent building sand castles may lose their luster when your realize those plastic shovels and rakes will one day end up in the ocean. Washed Ashore hopes to draw awareness to the plastic problem with colorful sea creature sculptures made of toys that have washed up on Oregon beaches. Conceived by artist Angela Haseltine Pozzi, the sculptures are around four meters long and three tall.
Monsters by Joan Miro
The Spanish artist Joan Miro (1893-1983) spent his later days on the island of Mallorca. On walks along the beach, the sculptor collected items that had washed ashore and set to work creating monster-like sculptures. Painted brilliant, mostly primary colors, the artworks took on unusual shapes, many of which were life-sized and given human features.
Cologne-based artist HA Schult has become famous for his Trash People sculptures, such as those shown above in a building footprint near Berlin's Friedrichswerder Church. Using compacted trash, including soda bottles, the artist has placed rows of these life-size sculptures in natural environments such as in the desert near the Egyptian pyramids to draw awareness to their blight on landscapes.
Masking the plastic
Ghana-born artist Ed Franklin Gavua has made a name for himself creating Yiiiiikakaii masks out of waste. "My art work is used to create awareness for people to rethink how the waste they or their community makes, is used," he told DW. The masks, which usually take about a day to make, are unique and contain only materials that had originally been tossed away.
A plastic castle
Canadian Robert Bezeau built this fortress on Isla Colon, the main island of Bocas del Toro province in Panama. With medieval elements, the castle is made of around 40,000 recycled plastic PET bottles stuffed inside a steel frame and cemented over. Decorating its facade are artworks illustrating how the world's oceans are being polluted.
Fancy fishing line footwear
Plastic in our oceans is not only something that artists have been concerned with; clothing companies as well are making concerted efforts to reduce waste. The sportswear company Adidas found one unique way to recycle the rubbish that already exists with its Adidas x Parley line of shoes, which launched in 2016. The sneakers are decorated with yarn made of reused plastic fishing nets.
Plastic Bag Monster
Dealing with the problem of plastic has long been on the EU's agenda. In 2011, the work Plastic Bag Monster, comprising 40,000 used plastic bags and 7,500 plastic cups, was put up in front of the European Commission headquarters in Brussels. Many member states have since taken steps to ban the use of plastic bags. A draft law, if passed, could see the body banning single-use plastic like straws.


In its report to Congress, the State Department identified 18 of the largest Western companies that will not be subject to sanctions.
The companies said they had “benevolently reduced their Nord Stream 2 operations,” said Ned Price, a spokesman for the State Department.
“This shows that the goals of the law and our actions are having a positive impact,” Price said of both US parties’ opposition to the project.
The representative made public only one company that will be subject to US sanctions – the Russian tuna fishing company KVT-Rus, which allegedly participated in the construction of Nord Stream 2.
US President Joe Biden has been critical of Nord Stream 2, saying the project strengthens Russia and weakens the political leverage of vulnerable states such as Ukraine.
However, Mr Biden’s administration has also promised more cooperation with European countries, including Germany, which says the project is necessary to meet energy needs, despite concerns about Russia.
“As for our allies and partners, it would be fair to say that they will not be surprised by any of our actions. “We will continue to monitor actions that may lead to additional penalties, including sanctions, but I think it would be a mistake to think that sanctions are the only tool we have,” Price said.
In an article published by Politico on Monday, Polish and Ukrainian foreign ministers Zbigniew Rau and Dmytro Kuleba warned that Russia was “dangerously close” to the completion of the pipeline.
If Nord Stream 2 is completed, the Ukrainians will be convinced that the West does not care about their security.
“We urge US President Joe Biden to take all possible measures to prevent the project from being completed,” the ministers wrote.
Representatives of the Republican Party, for their part, accused Biden of backing from promises to take tougher action against Russia.
“This report is a gift to the Russians and their attempts to undermine Europe’s energy security, destabilize Ukraine and promote corruption and bad influence throughout Europe,” said Jim Risch, a Republican member of the Senate’s Foreign Affairs Committee.
No part of this publication may be reproduced without the written permission of ELTA.
#progress #halting #Nord #Stream #project


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You get a bonus point in sound for Having Tom in it. I thought the submission was a very good one. You will find me in the hobby lobby.
it realy has an original taste to it
it is not super funny but it has chukels
the great thing about it is it has a little clevernes to it
but all in all it just has a taste a feal of its own
like the concept,if ya had a diffrent title lke Knox's Christmas, a lot more views. btw, its good to watch these caly mobies on NG but i doubt ill buy a Knox DVD :P. ur good just not that great. no offense, u wont sale much :P. only flash dvd i bought was console wars 3d. btw, u get paid for your work or jsut another hobby?
alot of people have told methey would buy a knox dvd,youre actually one of the first ones who said they wouldnt :P
At first, one... then the other...
At first I noticed some really shitty jokes, but then it started to get funny... it was a bit of the up and down, but it was definitely worth it.
Oh, Tox is toxicbomb. I saw the Christmas tree in the thumbnail. I thought it was claymen standing on top of each other. I felt this was a little too long. It didn't seem to have enough jokes for its running time. I wish it wasn't so small.
The green background was annoying. Well, it does make it seem festive. That pizza looks like it has no cheese. Was not expecting Tom Fulp! It was once again weird to see you do normal people designs.

domain: hobby


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Sonic & SEGA All-Star Racing may not be Sonic’s first attempt to recreate the thrills of Kart Racing games within his already fast-paced world, but it is the first time he’s brought along some of his SEGA stablemates. Additionally, Sonic & SEGA All-Star Racing is the first title that truly shows the trust SEGA have built in Sumo Digital, handing over to them control of some of their most beloved characters and franchises.
After the success story that was last year’s SEGA Superstar Tennis, there was little worry about Sumo Digital’s involvement when SEGA announced Sonic & SEGA All-Star Racing. Curators of the OutRun franchise for more than half a decade now, the Sheffield based team is certainly doing well to strengthen their ties with the Japanese publishing giant, and not simply through familiarity. Near everything Sumo Digital has developed under SEGA’s brand has been of respective quality to the franchise(s) that spawned it, and so it’s not only the publisher that’s come to love Sumo Digital, but their audience as well.
With that of course, Sonic & SEGA All-Star Racing is launching on a good standing, but also with a great deal of expectation. Not only does it have to live up to the reputation of the games which have preceded it, but also as a Kart Racer featuring one of videogaming’s foremost mascots, it has to stand next to one of the most cherished series the industry has ever seen: Super Mario Kart.
The similarities to the genre pioneer go beyond cartoon-esque racing with comedy weaponry, right through to the organisation of single-player modes, unlockables and multiplayer battle modes. The bulk of the game lies in the Cup Races, offered at Beginner, Advanced and Expert levels, each containing a number of four-race Cup events. As player completes Cups, winning points in each race in much the same manner as the Super Mario Kart series, new and more challenging Cups are unlocked, in turn unlocking more tracks for other gameplay modes. Single Races, Time Trial mode, including pre-installed Ghosts, and an objective based mode are also available in single-player, the latter of which borrows the formula from SEGA Superstars Tennis almost wholly successfully.
The missions task the player to complete unique objectives in specially arranged courses, such as keeping up with a target, achieving a set amount of drift time or collecting a specific number of items littered about the track, and results are ranked on the usual Sumo Digital AAA scoring system. There are sixty-four missions in total, adding a great deal of longevity to the single-player portion of Sonic & SEGA All-Star Racing.
The multiplayer aspect of Sonic & SEGA All-Star Racing is well catered for, if somewhat disappointing in a number of areas. Offline split-screen gameplay is available for up to four players, and does an incredibly good job of maintaining the sense of speed without drastically dropping the visual quality. The lack of an option to compete in the aforementioned Cups with more than just a lone player is disappointing, and the quantity of loading screens between each individual race can be a barrier to an evening’s enjoyment. The Battle Mode options are also an anti-climax, as while they feature some original ideas, they simply don’t stand up to the extensive play of any of the Super Mario Kart titles. Online play is reliable and straight forward, though of course is limited by the same measures as the offline options.
The track design is pleasingly eccentric, taking inspiration from each of SEGA’s most-loved franchises. But while the visual quality is often a delight, the layout of the courses simply isn’t on par with Nintendo’s first class design. The twenty-four on-disc tracks provide plenty of variety, but few will catch gamers spending hours shaving seconds off their best time as has been seen with Ghost House 2 from the original Super Mario Kart. The weapons are pretty much lifted wholesale from Super Mario Kart and Diddy Kong Racing – bar the special attacks of course – and so there are very few surprises. The special attacks however, each of which are unique to each playable character, are an interesting counterbalance to that vehicle’s weaknesses.
Twenty-two characters are included on-disc, and of course, this being the Xbox 360 version, Sonic & SEGA All-Star Racing features the ability to play as your Xbox 360 Avatar or Banjo and Kazooie, of RARE’s Banjo-Kazooie fame. The characters meld well with SEGA’s vast assortment of colourful personalities, and though no question remains as to why Microsoft only granted permission for the duo to be used in the Xbox 360 version, it’s more of a wonder as to why SEGA didn’t pursue other exclusive characters for Nintendo and Sony’s formats. Sackboy would undoubtedly have been a prize coup, and while Nintendo may have been reluctant to allow Mario to jump Kart Racer ship, the B-Movie stars Fox McCloud and Kirby would fit as well hereas Sonic in Super Smash Bros. Melee.
Sonic & SEGA All-Star Racing is a cheerful looking game, brimming with colour and charm at every step. The dramatic quality of the courses feels suitably “SEGA”, and the crisp and functional presentation of the menus will be familiar to players of any of Sumo Digital’s previous works on SEGA franchises. The soundtrack is fantastic, though is marred by a commentator who isn’t so much irritating as pointlessly under equipped for the action at hand.
As the latest joint venture between SEGA and Sumo Digital, Sonic & SEGA All-Star Racing fulfils all the expectations placed upon it; an involving videogame experience that is packed with alternative ways to play. Entertaining in all aspects, though stronger in some areas than others, the game takes a winning formula and does well not to tamper too greatly. Without bringing too many new ideas of it’s own, Sonic & SEGA All-Star Racing has managed to comfortably reach the top of the Kart Racing tree on Xbox 360, though as with many of it’s peers, going head-to-head with Nintendo’s pioneering series would inevitably lead to it’s downfall.


Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In director Gordon Wiles has died at the age of 84.
Wiles passed away on 27 April (14) in Irvine, California. The cause of death has not been revealed.
With a career spanning more than 20 years, he helmed 40 episodes of the classic U.S. sketch comedy series, and earned Emmy nominations in 1968 and 1969 for his work on the programme.
The band performed the album in full at Eaux Claires Music & Arts Festival this summer.
The band's first and only album has been re-mixed and re-mastered.
Louis Theroux incites anger from the Church of Scientology with his latest movie.
In Deepwater Horizon, Mark Wahlberg reteams with his Lone Survivor director Peter Berg.
The live album is set for released in November.
The movie begins filming in the UK.


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1-04-03 - The Runs are Done!
Rivers Fished: Pike River (including the mouth
on Lake Michigan)
Fish Caught: 1 Fouled
Weather: usual winter weather, partly cloudy
Air Temp: about 33-34 F.
Water Temp: probably about the same
Water Level: low, but slightly up.
Water Color: clear
Fish Species: Browns
Pattern Fished: wollies above, nymphs below
Pattern Color: probably best considered as attractors
Fishing Quality: pi$$ poor
So 1-4-03, I had to come back to the Pike to see
how it was going. I had totally expected to find it iced over, but
was surprised to find actually less ice than in previous weeks.
I arrived about 1:00 at A, and went up and down
my usual hike twice, sighting NO fish. Well, I did sight some creek
chubs. I honestly was not surprised to find any fish, as the steelhead
have been very few & far between this season, I went two months
without sighting ANY. The Coho that were in the streams the last
couple weeks really shouldn't have been anyways, I'm guessing by
now they are ALL dead, even the Jacks, from columnaris infections.
So about 2:00, I switched things up and moved downstream
to E, based on the knowledge that it seemed that the fish had been
moving downstream over the past couple weeks. My first encounter
was not with a fish, but rather a bowhunter. Folks, make sure to
wear bright colors during hunting season; man I felt like an idiot
wearing an outer shell that was roughly the same buff color as a
I did a TON of hiking and fished all the deeper
open pools I could find, usually from upstream drifting the flies
down below the ice. I came across a fish hiding underneath the ice
in a deeper pool. I was able to actually dislodge the ice and open
up the pool WITHOUT disturbing the fish. Cast one was poor presentation.
Cast 2 got a head turn but not a strike. Cast 3, I fouled on this
fish, which as I tried to snap the leader barely fought back at
all. It's kinda sad that this fish did not even have enough strength
to break a 5X tippet (either that or this is really AWESOME tippet
I'm using!). I landed this brown, got my fly out, snapped a shot
and let it back in the river. Even the BROWNS are getting crusted
up now, as this fish looked like its head had been sliced open with
a razor. Unfortunately I realized this fish probably would have
never striked fair, and is probably only a couple weeks away from
I did manage to sight a second brown, definitely
a male as it was kyped, and it was even in poorer condition...covered
all over its body with sores. Still hadn't seen ANY coho.
So about 3:30, I moved yet again down the mouth.
Here's a new one, I had to contend with a kyaker. He was going in
and out of the mouth, paddling along the shore of the lake. Well,
any fish that were hanging out in the mouth we surely spooked, and
the water had been stirred up by all the paddling, but with the
way the winds were blowing I couldn't cast the lake (they were from
the south) so I had to try the mouth. I switched up to the only
bright flies I had in my box, 2 different Alevin patterns, and tossed
with weight and a slow retrieve. I actually fished all the open
area of the lower mouth without a single nip, and didn't see ANY
fish (granted, the water still hadn't cleared up). I also tried
drifting my flies out in the slight river current into the lake,
but didn't have any success with this method either as the waves
and wind ended up beaching my flies on the northern shore. I ran
into another angler who was new to the area and we chatted a bit;
he was more familiar with fishing areas in NY like the Salmon River.
I decided it was time for one last ditch effort.
So we both headed back up to A around 4:30, where
we chatted a bit more and he found someone's lost Powerbait (I have
it now, if you want it, I'll be glad to give it back 'cause I really
don't use the stuff, but I may TRY it if no one claims this $2.99
jar LOL!). I dropped in one last time and headed a bit upstream;
all the usual holding spots were empty. The light was fading fast
as it was just after sunset by that point, so I called my outing
there. Kinda disappointed with what I'd seen in the river, I opted
NOT to fish again today (Sunday).
I think at this point the runs are DONE until a
spring ice-out and rain happens. I haven't sighted more than 2 clean
fish for a couple weeks now. If there are any steelhead still in
the river, I'm guessing they'd be upstream in the Country Club or
downstream in the deeper areas like the floodplain (which is totally
iced over), Which means that I'll still probably go out once a week
to check the conditions, but will devote more of my weekend time
to tying and all my other obligations until I detect a nice spring
run of Ganaraska.
Fair Hooks & Abundant Fish in 2003!


text:
- Research article
- Open Access
The population attributable fraction of low education for mortality in South Korea with improvement in educational attainment and no improvement in mortality inequalities
BMC Public Health volume 15, Article number: 313 (2015)
The educational attainment of Koreans has greatly increased, which was expected to reduce the magnitude of the population attributable fraction (PAF) of mortality associated with low education levels. However, increase in the relative risk (RR) of mortality among those with lower educational levels actually increased the PAF. The purpose of this study was to examine the change in the PAF of lower educational levels for mortality in Korea, where educational attainment has improved and is associated with the exacerbation of inequalities in mortality levels.
National census data were used to derive educational levels. The mortality-associated RR of lower educational levels was calculated by reference to national census and death certificate data from 1995, 2000, 2005, and 2010. PAFs were calculated for all-cause mortality, malignant neoplasms, cerebrovascular disease, heart disease, and suicide by gender and age group (30–44 and 45–59 years).
The PAF of low educational level in terms of total mortality has decreased since 1995 in both genders. This trend was more prominent among those aged 30–44 years. However, the PAFs of suicide in younger females (30–44 years) and of cerebrovascular disease in older males (45–59 years) have increased. The RRs of all-cause mortality and those of the four leading causes of death in those with the lowest educational levels have increased, especially in females aged 30–44 years.
The consistent and sharp increase in the attainment of education has contributed to the reduction in the PAFs of lower education for mortality, despite the fact that mortality inequalities have not improved. Efforts to reduce health inequalities must promote healthy public policy and address public health policies.
Many empirical studies have assessed the influence of socioeconomic position (SEP) on health using various measures of health inequality [1-3] such as the relative risk (RR), risk difference (RD), the slope index of inequality (SII), and the relative index of inequality (RII). While measures such as these are often applied to assess the magnitude of excess risks, the population attributable fraction (PAF) is used to quantify the attributable burden of exposure on a population, as it considers both the magnitude of excess risks along with the prevalence of a given exposure within the population . In terms of SEP, the PAF is interpreted as the potential improvement in the health of a population if all subgroups were to achieve the ideal scenario for that particular factor. Such a measure is preferable to other common metrics, such as the RII, as it is a more intuitive measure of improvement, while still accounting for changes in subgroup size . Measuring the PAF of lower socioeconomic groups can therefore be used to make projections in regard to potential population interventions seeking to reduce health inequalities among groups [6,7]; however, few studies have investigated the PAFs of health outcomes in relation to SEP.
Education is one of the most commonly used indicators of SEP on the basis of Weberian theory, as it been shown to affect not only future occupational opportunities and earning potential, but also the ability to understand health information . Policies that increase an individual’s educational attainment would therefore be expected to improve health outcomes [7,9]. Over the past 60 years, the Korean government has implemented a wide range of reforms aimed at extending educational opportunities to all segments of society, resulting in substantial improvements in educational attainment . Such improvements should be expected to have resulted in a reduced PAF for mortality among lower education groups.
In addition to educational improvements, Korea has experienced a rapid increase in life expectancy, which stands at 78.5 years in 2005, a level similar to that of other developed countries . However, many studies have reported socioeconomic inequalities in mortality, both in Korea as well as other developed countries [12-16]. Indeed, these inequalities have increased according to recent studies [17,18]. The increase in the RR of mortality among those with less education is expected to contribute to an increase in the magnitude of the PAF of lower education levels.
Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the change in the PAF of lower education for mortality in Korea, where educational attainment has steadily improved and the inequalities in mortality rates have been somewhat exacerbated.
Data and subjects
Calculation of the PAF requires prevalence data for all levels of educational attainment, along with the RRs of lower educational levels. Information regarding the prevalence of educational attainment was based on national census data obtained from Statistics Korea reports for 1995, 2000, 2005, and 2010 . National census data are accessible electronically through the Korean Statistical Information Service (KOSIS). The overall response rates for questions regarding education were excellent, with only 0.03% of men and 0.02% of women failing to provide responses in 1995 and 2000; these levels dropped to near 0% in both 2005 and 2010. Death certificate data and national census data were used for calculating the RRs of lower educational level groups. Death statistics are based on death certificate forms, which are filled out in accordance with the Family Registration Law and Statistics Law. Death certificates are filed following the death of any individual over the age of 1, with records dating back to the mid-1980s . The reliability of educational level details within the death certificate data has been reported to be substantial .
Inclusion in this study was limited to adults aged 30–59 years. Subjects <30 years of age were excluded so as to allow sufficient time for the completion of a college education, while subjects >60 years of age were excluded due to inherent differences in SEP associated with each educational category relative to younger adult groups. The subjects were divided into two age groups: younger adults (aged 30–44 years) and older adults (aged 45–59 years). The total study population included 47,969,747 younger adults (50.6% men and 49.4% women), 74,272 of whom died, and 33,385,087 older adults (49.9% men and 50.1% women), 273,936 (72.5% men and 27.5% women) of whom died. This study was approved by the Ewha Medical Center Institutional Review Board, Seoul, Korea (ECT 14-25A-37 [2014.08.06]).
Educational attainment was used as the primary indicator of SES. The levels of educational attainment were categorized as middle school graduate or less (ISCED 1 and 2), high school graduate (ISCED 3), and college graduate or higher (ISCED 5); ISCED 4 was not included in this study because no equivalent level exists in Korea . ISCED 0 was not considered in this study, as it is not a requisite for entry into subsequent levels of schooling in Korea.
Causes of death
The causes of death listed on death certificates were coded according to the 6th Korean Standard Classification of Diseases (KCD-6), as codified based on the 10th International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). Data were analyzed for all-cause mortality, along with the four leading causes of death in 2012 (from highest to lowest): malignant neoplasms (C00-C97), cerebrovascular disease (I60-I69), heart disease (I20-I51), and suicide (X60-X84).
Mortality rates were calculated using the population of a given age group in a given census year (1995, 2000, 2005, and 2010) relative to the total number of moralities within that age group over the same period. Each number was driven from national census data and death certificate data, respectively. Mortality rates were calculated based on direct standardization methods using the World Health Organization (WHO) world population as the standard population. Age-adjusted mortality rates by gender for the main causes of death were also calculated.
PAF were calculated using the PIF (potential impact fraction) equation , with those who had at least graduated from college treated as the counterfactual level. The RR for mortality was calculated for high school graduates and those with middle school graduate or less, and separated by gender and age group. Log-linear regression was used to estimate the RRs and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for mortality. This measurement can be used for ordered or non-ordered groups and can take into account subgroups of different sizes .
RRi: relative risk at exposure level i
P'i: counterfactual distribution of exposure
Pi: population distribution of exposure
n: maximum exposure level
Table 1 shows the increase in educational attainment from 1995 to 2010. In 1995, a plurality of younger adults completed high school (47.3% men, 48.1% women); however, the majority of individuals were college graduates in 2010 (56.2% men, 48.8% women). In contrast, the proportion of the population with the lowest educational attainment, middle school graduate or less, decreased substantially. In 2010, only 4% of younger adults had, at most, graduated from middle school, whereas this figure was 27% in 1995. The educational attainment of older adults also improved, but not nearly as much as that of younger adults. Until 2000, it was most common for older adults to have finished middle school at most.
Age-adjusted mortality rates, along with the magnitude of these inequalities relative to educational level are shown in Tables 2 and 3. The most pronounced inequalities were found among men aged 30–44 years (Table 2), including the RRs for total mortality of >8.0 for middle school graduates or less from 1995 to 2010. The RRs of middle-school graduates or less for cerebrovascular disease, heart disease, and suicide were also higher at >6.0 in 2010, although the RRs for cerebrovascular disease and suicide did decrease between 1995 and 2010. In contrast, the mortality rates for suicide showed a modest increase across all educational levels over the period of this study.
An increase in inequality was observed in women aged 30–44 years, especially among those with the lowest education level (Table 3). In 1995, the RRs for total mortality in women were 3.5 and 1.4 among those with the lowest educational level and high school graduates, respectively. However, the RRs for total mortality increased in 2010 to 6.8 for those with the lowest educational level and to 1.8 for high school graduates. These trends were most prominent in terms of suicide. The RR of suicide for middle school graduates or less increased from 2.7 in 1995 to 8.09 in 2010. Similarly, cerebrovascular and heart disease also showed substantial inequalities. In 2010, the RRs of those with a middle school education or less were 12.6 for cerebrovascular disease and 10.0 for heart disease.
Table 3 shows a striking increase in total mortality rates among younger women in the lower education group, a trend not seen in either men or older women. The all-cause mortality rate of younger women in the lowest education level increased from 177.5 per 100,000 in 1995 to 377.5 per 100,000 in 2010. The mortality rates for suicide increased across all educational levels over time, similar to that seen in men and older women. However, the mortality rates for suicide in younger women with the lowest education level increased dramatically from 12.6 per 100,000 in 1995 to 121.3 per 100,000 in 2010, a nearly tenfold increase in the span of 15 years. In 2010, suicide was the most common cause of death in younger women with a lower education level.
The magnitude of the RR for mortality was lower among older adults relative to their younger counterparts (Tables 2 and 3). With the exception of suicide, increased inequalities were also found for total mortality and three other leading causes of death in both older men and women. Among those who middle school graduate or less, the greatest increases in RRs were for cerebrovascular disease in men (1.9 vs. 3.3, respectively) and heart disease in women (2.1 vs. 3.2, respectively). Among women, the RR for suicide decreased in both lower education level groups, although mortality rates for suicide increased in all education level groups over time.
Figure 1 and Additional file 1 show changes in the PAF of low education for mortality during the study period by gender and age. The PAF of low education level for total mortality has decreased since 1995 in both genders and age groups, although this trend was more prominent among those aged 30–44 years. The PAF of low education decreased by more than 20% points for total mortality as well as four leading causes of death between 1995 and 2010 for men aged 30–44 years. As of 2010, the PAFs of low education for total mortality were 43.7% for men and 38.3% for women aged 30–44 years. Among the four leading causes of death, the PAFs of low education were highest for suicide and cerebrovascular disease in men and for cerebrovascular and heart disease in women.
While the PAFs of low education for most leading causes of death decreased during study period, increasing trends in PAFs were also observed, including suicide in younger women, cerebrovascular disease in older men, and heart disease in both older men and older women. Among older men, the PAF of low education for cerebrovascular disease and heart disease increased by 8.7 and 3.1% points, respectively. The PAF of low education for heart disease increased by 4.8% points among older women, while the PAF for suicide increased by 2.4% points among younger women.
In 2010, the PAFs of low education for total mortality were 43.7% and 38.3% in men and women aged 30–44 years, respectively, compared with 43.5% and 32.0% in men and women aged 45–59 years, respectively. This means that if all adults aged 30 years old and over enjoyed the advantages of those with a college education or higher, approximately 32-44% of all deaths could be prevented.
In the United States , 11.5% of total mortality was attributed to a low education level in 2000; this figure is 20-30% points lower than the comparable figure in our study. Much of this difference can be ascribed to differences in the definition of low education level. The United States study divided education level into two groups (< high school, ≥ high school diploma or equivalent), and the group with at least a high school education was used as the theoretical minimum risk group. In contrast, we divided education level into three groups (middle school graduate or less, high school graduate, college graduate or higher), the latter of which was used as the counterfactual group. If we had used the same definition of low education level as that used in the U.S. study (< high school, ≥ high school diploma or equivalent), one-fifth of our study subjects would have fallen into the less-educated group, which may have reduced the PAF.
The PAF of low education for total mortality decreased in our study, even though the RRs for total mortality increased over the same period. The reduction in the PAF of low education was mainly due to the improvement in educational attainment in both genders and age groups. Educational opportunities in Korea have steadily increased across levels of study, including elementary, secondary, and tertiary education . In 1945, when Korea was liberated from Japanese colonial rule, only 65% of primary school-aged children were enrolled in school, and the enrollment rate for secondary schools was less than 20%. Thanks to the strong government commitment to the “six years of compulsory primary plan,” the enrollment rate for elementary school increased to 96.4% in 1959, and the goal of universal primary education was fulfilled around the early 1960s . In the 1970s, the implementation of the middle school screening system without examination and the introduction of a high school standardization system provided an opportunity for the spread of secondary education. By 1970, 66% of primary school graduates entered middle school, and 70% of middle school students continued on to high school. In the 1980s and 1990s, college enrollment increased substantially as a result of changes in government policies related to the relaxation of entrance quotas. By 1999, almost all students graduating from elementary and middle schools continued on to the next level of schooling, with 85% of graduates from academic high schools continuing on to higher education. This substantial improvement in educational attainment in Korea can be attributed to state-led educational reforms and a parental emphasis on their children’s education derived from the importance placed by Confucianism on scholarship and education [26-29].
Individuals born between 1967 and 1981 have received the greatest benefits as a result of changes in Korea’s educational policies. Further reflecting changes in social attitudes regarding gender equality, the increase in the proportion of college graduates was higher among women than men aged 30–44 years from 1995 to 2010. However, the most prominent decrease in the PAFs of low education for total mortality was observed among men, not women, during this period. The relatively low reduction in the PAF of low education among women despite greater improvements of educational attainment relative to their male counterparts was due to the ascending trend in RRs among those with low education. Total mortality inequality among Korean women between the ages of 25 and 44 also increased, a difference primarily attributable to changes in suicide rates within this group . The suicide rate for women aged 30–44 years showed an increase in both the RR and PAF for low education groups, consistent with that seen in previous studies. During the financial crisis, the RR for suicide among those with the lowest degree of educational attainment increased in women aged 30–44 years , with the strongest effects on mortality seen in those aged 34–44 years . Taken together, these data show that as educational attainment improved, women with the lowest degree of education attainment were at the greatest disadvantage in many respects. Social policies aimed at further helping these disadvantaged individuals are therefore urgently needed.
Note that the suicide rate among individuals in the lowest educational group increased about tenfold between 1995 and 2010 in women aged 30–44 years. Korea’s suicide rate was the highest among OECD countries for 10 consecutive years beginning in 2002 , characterized by a relatively low gender ratio (men vs. women), especially among younger adults . Suicide rates among women aged 25–44 years are also the highest among five Asian countries—Korea, Hong Kong, Japan, Singapore, and Taiwan—and have remained that way since 1997 . Factors contributing to these relatively high suicide rates in women include the feminization of poverty and labor market marginalization, especially in women with a low education level .
Among older age groups, the PAF of low education for cerebrovascular and heart diseases in men, and for heart disease in women, increased by 3-9% points between 1995 and 2010. This increase was due, in part, to the widening of inequalities in terms of disease-specific mortality. Many studies have reported inequalities in mortality related to cardiovascular disease (CVD), while many others have sought to identify the root causes underlying these inequalities [35-37]. The magnitude and direction of educational inequalities in CVD mortality varied among the United States and 11 European countries, as each country was characterized by a different distribution of cardiovascular risk factors such as cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity, and lack of fresh vegetables . Numerous studies have reported socioeconomic inequalities in health behaviors related to CVD in Korea [38-42]. In particular, cigarette smoking was the leading factor driving inequality in CVD mortality among men aged 30–64 years . The smoking rate of Korean men aged >15 years of age was the second highest among OECD countries at 48.4% in 2010 . These rates are even more pronounced when stratified based on education, with 64.7% of men aged 25–64 years having a middle school education or less describing themselves as smokers compared to 49.1% of individuals with a college degree or higher. Moreover, the RIIs of current cigarette smoking increased from 1995 to 2006 among both men and women , which may have contributed to the increase in the RR of low education for mortality related to CVD. One of the most important factors in the treatment of CVD is time from symptom onset to treatment, and a study conducted in South Korea found inequality in the access to emergency medical services according to education level , which may also contribute to the widening of inequalities in terms of CVD mortality.
The PAF is composed of three elements: the RRs for each cause of death as a function of exposure level, the current levels of exposure, and the counterfactual distribution of exposure. According to the equation for the PAF, the accuracy and relevance of the estimated PAF depend on these three elements. Thus, both the limitations and strengths of our study can be discussed in this context.
First, because PAF research usually estimates RRs based on case–control or prospective cohort studies, information about the RRs for every risk factor-disease pair is difficult to obtain. Consequently, RRs are assumed to be universal, and the RR from one population has been applied to many other populations, albeit cautiously . However, the RR may differ across populations and time periods, which can be characterized by varying exposure levels. In this study, we directly calculated the RRs of disease-specific mortality rates by age, gender, and time period based on nationally representative data rather than by applying the RRs of other populations. Furthermore, we considered differences according to the level of exposure. We divided the lower education level into two groups, middle school graduates or less and high school graduates, because those with a middle school education or less are expected to have a higher risk for mortality than high school graduates. These methods allowed us to estimate the PAF of low education more precisely. However, a numerator-denominator bias may affect education-specific mortality rates based on unlinked data for the numerator and the denominator, possibly yielding biased educational mortality differentials. Second, in terms of current levels of exposure, we chose periods of analysis based on census years, and the distribution of the population in terms of educational level was estimated directly for a given census year. Since a census is an official survey of the population of a country, it is suitable for estimating the current levels of educational attainment of a population. This approach constitutes a strength of this study. Third, with regard to the counterfactual distribution of exposure, education, which was used as the indicator of SEP, is an ordinal variable. Thus, the theoretically minimum risk distribution would be found among those who had achieved the highest level of education, a doctorate. However, we chose to use the group with at least a college education as reflective of the theoretically minimum risk distribution because of limitations in the available data for levels higher than college graduation. As a result, we might have underestimated the PAF of low education.
A consistent and sharp increase in educational attainment contributed to the decrease in PAFs of low education for mortality despite the lack of improvement in mortality inequalities. These results clearly demonstrate the importance of socioeconomic factors, such as education, as a means of improving health inequalities, indicating the need for a more comprehensive approach to public health policy. Expanding access to basic education in developing countries may therefore provide additional health benefits, while in developed countries, efforts must be taken to narrow the gap in terms of access to higher education, as a means to combat chronic public health issues.
Although the proportion of the population with low education and the magnitude of the PAFs of low education for mortality have decreased, the RR of mortality for those with the lower educational level has increased. Policies to assist those in the most disadvantaged socioeconomic position are urgently needed, as this group is shrinking and growing weaker.
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This work was supported by the Korean Health Technology R&D Project, Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea [HI13C0729].
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
DHL performed the statistical analysis and drafted the manuscript. KJC conceived the original idea for the study and supervised study design, and gave critical comments on the draft manuscript. HP supervised study design and gave critical comments on the draft manuscript. SJB, HAL, KAK, WKL, SHP gave critical comments on the draft manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Additional file 1:
The population attributable fraction of low education for mortality in South Korea (1995 ~ 2010).
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Lim, D., Kong, K.A., Lee, H.A. et al. The population attributable fraction of low education for mortality in South Korea with improvement in educational attainment and no improvement in mortality inequalities. BMC Public Health 15, 313 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1665-x
- Educational attainment
- Mortality inequality
- Population Attributable Fraction


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