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The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Fourth Assessment Report concludes that climate change is now unequivocal, and associated increases in evaporation and atmospheric water content could intensify the hydrological cycle. However, the biases and coarse spatial resolution of global climate models limit their usefulness in hydrological impact assessment. In order to reduce these limitations, we use a high-resolution regional climate model (RegCM3) to drive a hydrological model (variable infiltration capacity) for the full contiguous United States. The simulations cover 1961–1990 in the historic period and 2071–2100 in the future (A2) period. A quantile-based bias correction technique is applied to the times series of RegCM3-simulated precipitation and temperature. Our results show that biases in the RegCM3 fields not only affect the magnitude of hydrometeorological variables in the baseline hydrological simulation, but they also affect the response of hydrological variables to projected future anthropogenic increases in greenhouse forcing. Further, we find that changes in the intensity and occurrence of severe wet and hot events are critical in determining the sign of hydrologic change. These results have important implications for the assessment of potential future hydrologic changes, as well as for developing approaches for quantitative impacts assessment.
 Hydrological extremes are historically the costliest natural disasters in the United States. For example, in terms of water, energy, ecosystem, and agriculture losses, the total cost of the 1988 Great American Drought alone was $40 billion [Kogan, 2001]. Similarly, based on the 1972–2006 records, average annual losses to flood-related catastrophes across the United States were $2.6 billion [Changnon, 2008]. Because of the economic and societal implications of potential future changes to the hydrologic cycle, the impacts of climate change on the different river basins in the United States has received considerable attention. These studies have been based on a variety of approaches, including regression-based analysis of general circulation model (GCM) simulations [Stewart et al., 2004], dynamic downscaling of GCMs through nested climate models [e.g., Diffenbaugh et al., 2005; Leung and Wigmosta, 1999; Leung et al., 2004; Pal and Eltahir, 2002], and the offline coupling of GCMs with hydrological models [e.g., Christensen et al., 2004; Miller et al., 2003; Sinha and Cherkauer, 2008]. Despite the differences in the methodology, most of these studies show that potential future changes in hydrologic variables such as surface runoff, streamflow and snow cover will be much larger than the observed changes over the past 50 years [e.g., Rauscher et al., 2008; Stewart et al., 2004].
 Despite these important advances, most hydrologic studies to date have been limited in at least two respects. First, they rely almost exclusively on GCM-based climate change projections. Since GCMs can be challenged by fine-scale climate processes [Duffy et al., 2003], such GCM-based hydrological impacts assessments potentially miss important aspects of the physical response governing local changes in temperature and precipitation in spatially complex hydrological regimes [e.g., Arora, 2001; Diffenbaugh et al., 2005; Xu, 1999]. Second, they rely almost exclusively on monthly scale GCM variables. Since hydrological extremes are, in part, driven by the daily distribution of temperature and precipitation extremes [Trenberth, 1998], which have been found to be preferentially sensitive to enhanced greenhouse forcing [e.g., Diffenbaugh et al., 2005; Diffenbaugh et al., 2007b; Wehner, 2004], hydrological impacts assessments based on seasonal- or monthly scale information potentially misrepresent changes in the occurrence of high-frequency extreme hydrological events resulting from future changes in daily temperature and precipitation extremes.
 In this study we use daily outputs from a high-resolution nested climate model as inputs for a hydrologic model configured over the contiguous United States. Using a quantile-based bias correction technique, we quantify the effect of climate model biases on the simulated hydrological response to anthropogenic changes in greenhouse forcing, as well as the influence of changes in the intensity and occurrence of daily precipitation and temperature extremes in determining future hydrologic change.
 The variable infiltration capacity (VIC) model is a distributed, physically based, static vegetation, macroscale surface water and energy balance hydrologic model [Cherkauer et al., 2003; Liang et al., 1994; Liang et al., 1996]. The VIC model uses a mosaic approach to statistically represent the subgrid-scale spatial variability in infiltration and vegetation/land cover. The VIC model has been used successfully to study the hydrological impacts of climate change in a variety of configurations ranging from global- to single-basin scale [e.g., Christensen et al., 2004; Nijssen et al., 1997; Nijssen et al., 2001; Vanrheenen et al., 2004]. Several studies, including those conducted by the Land Data Assimilation System team, describe the calibration and evaluation of the VIC model over the contiguous United States [e.g., Cosgrove et al., 2003; Pan et al., 2003; Schaake et al., 2004]. For this study, the VIC model is implemented for the contiguous United States at a spatial resolution of one-eighth degree latitude by one-eighth degree longitude. The simulations are run using the VIC model version 4.0.5 at a daily time step, with no iteration to close the final surface energy balance (land surface temperature equals the air temperature). The snow model is resolved at a 3 hourly time step. For all simulations, the VIC model use three soil layers with depths of 0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 m (from top to bottom). Data for soil hydraulic and thermal parameters are based on the study of Miller and White  and Maurer et al. , as described in the study of Mao and Cherkauer .
2.2. Climate Model Bias Correction
 We use a quantile-based bias correction technique to remove the biases in the RegCM3-simulated precipitation, minimum temperature, and maximum temperature fields. The basic concept of our bias correction technique follows the study of Wood et al. [2002, 2004]. They used a bias correction-spatial-disaggregation method to bias-correct monthly climate model fields on a coarse-resolution climate model grid and then spatially disaggregated the corrected climate model fields to the high-resolution hydrologic model grid. They then generated daily fields by tuning observed daily values to match the bias-corrected monthly climate model fields for both the historic and future periods, assuming no change in the daily precipitation and temperature distribution in the future period. This method of bias correction preserves the monthly autocorrelation of the climate model time series.
 For our experiments, we have made some modifications to the method outlined by Wood et al. [2002, 2004]. First, because of the availability of the nested climate model data at substantially higher spatial resolution than the GCMs used by Wood et al., we apply bias correction directly at the scale of the hydrologic model grid. Second, after applying the correction on monthly climate model fields (as in the study of Wood et al. [2002, 2004]), we disaggregate the corrected monthly fields to the daily climate model fields (see details below). The daily distributions of temperature and precipitation have been found to be highly sensitive to enhanced greenhouse forcing [e.g., Diffenbaugh et al., 2005; Wehner, 2004], including the crossing of critical thresholds [e.g., Diffenbaugh et al., 2007a; Diffenbaugh et al., 2008; White et al., 2006]. Our use of model-simulated daily fields attempts to capture that sensitivity, along with the associated sensitivity of the hydrological response to future changes in daily precipitation and temperature extremes.
2.2.1. Historic Period
 For the bias correction of the historic period (1961–1990), we use observed precipitation, minimum temperature, and maximum temperature fields from the corresponding period in the parameter-elevation regressions on independent slopes model (PRISM) data, available on a monthly timescale at 4 km horizontal grid spacing [Daly et al., 2000]. Using the simple inverse distance weighting technique, we first interpolate both the RegCM3 and PRISM fields to the VIC one-eighth degree geographical grid. For each field, we construct observed and modeled quantiles at each grid point, using the 30 monthly mean values from each of the 12 months of the year (30 months of January in 1961–1990, 30 months of February in 1961–1990, etc). We then adjust the magnitude of each RegCM3 field for each month by mapping each quantile to the corresponding PRISM quantile (i.e., we set the maximum January RegCM3 value at a given grid point to the maximum January PRISM value at that grid point, and so on for each quantile in each month at each grid point). Finally, we distribute the monthly correction from each bias-corrected month to the model-simulated daily time series so that the daily distribution is maintained, but the aggregate is equal to the bias-corrected monthly mean, as described here
where Tc(m,dm) and Pc(m,dm) are bias-corrected daily temperature (minimum or maximum) and precipitation, whereas To(m,dm) and Po(m,dm) are original daily temperatures (minimum or maximum) and precipitation for month m (m = 1–360) and day d of month m. Similarly, Tc(m,ave), Pc(m,ave), To(m,ave) , and Po(m,ave) are bias corrected and original average (minimum or maximum) temperatures and total precipitation for month m (m = 1–360), respectively.
2.2.2. Future Period
 For the bias correction of the future period (2071–2100), we first interpolate the original RegCM3 A2 data to the VIC one-eighth degree geographical grid. We then calculate the change in the magnitude of each variable between the simulated historic and future periods for each quantile (“quantile shift”) in each of the respective 12 months of the year (30 historic months of January and 30 future months of January, 30 historic months of February and 30 future months of February, etc). We calculate the quantile shifts as a difference (future minus historic) for average minimum and maximum temperatures and as a ratio (future/present) for total precipitation. We then generate the bias-corrected future period average minimum and maximum temperature quantiles by adding the quantile shifts to the bias-corrected historic period average minimum temperature and maximum temperature quantiles for each of the respective months (i.e., we add the difference between the maximum January RegCM3 value in the historic period and the maximum January RegCM3 value in the future period to the maximum January value in the bias-corrected RegCM3 historic period and so on for each exceedance probability in each month at each grid point). Similarly, we generate the bias-corrected future period total precipitation quantiles by multiplying the quantile shifts with the bias-corrected historic period total precipitation quantiles for each of the respective month. We then adjust the magnitude of each RegCM3 field for each month in the future period by mapping each simulated quantile to the corresponding bias-corrected future period quantile.
 Using the monthly corrected RegCM3 data for the future period, we generate two sets of future period bias-corrected daily data sets. Following the method described in section 2.2.1 for the historic period, the first data set (hereafter RegCM-BC) is generated by translating the monthly correction from each bias-corrected future period month to the corresponding future period RegCM3-simulated daily time series of that month (i.e., the correction from the bias-corrected January 2071 mean is translated to the RegCM3-simulated daily time series of January 2071, the correction from the bias-corrected January 2072 mean is translated to the RegCM3-simulated daily time series of January 2072, and so on). Similarly, the second data set (hereafter RegCM-BCD) is generated by translating the monthly correction from each bias-corrected future period month to the corresponding historic period RegCM3-simulated daily time series of that month (i.e., the correction from the bias-corrected January 2071 mean is translated to the RegCM3-simulated daily time series of January 1961, the correction from the bias-corrected January 2072 mean is translated to the RegCM3-simulated daily time series of January 1962, and so on). Since the RegCM-BCD data set is prepared by adjusting the historic period daily values to the future period bias-corrected monthly means, comparison between RegCM-BC and RegCM-BCD allows us to test the influence of changes in the daily temperature and precipitation distributions induced by elevated greenhouse forcing.
2.3. Hydrologic Model Experiments
 Our main experiments consist of two pairs of RegCM3-VIC simulations, described in Table 1. One pair is forced with un-bias-corrected RegCM3 (RegCM3-ORG) fields (“VIC-ORG”), and one pair is forced with bias-corrected RegCM3 (RegCM3-BC) fields (“VIC-BC”). Each pair consists of two 30 year VIC model integrations, one in the historic period and one in the future period. The un-bias-corrected simulations use the RegCM3-ORG fields, interpolated to the VIC model grid and the bias-corrected simulations use the RegCM3-BC fields.
Table 1. Summary of Different RegCM3 Driving Fields and VIC Model Simulations
Historic Period (1961–1990)
Future Period (2071–2100)
Original daily precipitation, minimum temperature, maximum temperature, surface winds
Original daily precipitation, minimum temperature, maximum temperature, surface winds
Bias-corrected daily precipitation, minimum temperature, maximum temperature, original surface winds
Bias-corrected daily precipitation, minimum temperature, maximum temperature, original surface winds (bias correction applied to the future period daily values)
Same as RegCM3-BC
Bias-corrected daily precipitation, minimum temperature, maximum temperature, original surface winds (bias correction applied to the historic period daily values)
 In order to test the sensitivity of simulated hydrological changes to changes in the daily distribution of temperature and precipitation, we generate an additional future period bias-corrected simulation by forcing the VIC model with RegCM3-BCD fields (VIC-BCD). In addition, in the absence of multidecadal, high-resolution hydrological observations covering the contiguous United States, we generate a control VIC model simulation by forcing the VIC model over the historic period (implemented as described in section 2.1.2) with the Maurer et al.  daily observed driving fields (“VIC-OBS”). This control simulation allows us to evaluate the RegCM3-VIC results and to test the usefulness of the daily scale bias correction.
3.1. Bias Correction
 At the seasonal scale, RegCM3 exhibits a number of inconsistencies relative to the PRISM observations. For instance, the primary precipitation inconsistencies include a winter (December-January-February; DJF) and spring (March-April-May; MAM) wet bias over the northwest, a summer (June-July-August; JJA) and autumn (September-October-November; SON) wet bias over the southeast, and an all-season dry bias over the central United States (Figures 2a–2d). By definition, all of these monthly scale precipitation biases are corrected after the adjustment of the monthly quantiles of the RegCM3 precipitation field to the monthly quantiles of the corresponding PRISM precipitation field through quantile mapping (Figures 2e–2h).
 Bias correction also substantially improves the daily scale magnitudes of the RegCM3 fields. Following Walker and Diffenbaugh , we evaluate the effectiveness of daily scale bias correction by comparing 95th and 5th percentile of daily temperatures (T95 and T05) and 95th percentile of daily precipitation (P95) from the original and corrected RegCM3 data with the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR). Here the comparison is based on the 12 overlapping years from 1979 to 1990 (Figure 3). In each overlapping year, we define T95 (T05) as the mean of the 95th (5th) percentile daily temperature maxima (daily temperature minima) at each grid point. Similarly, we define P95 at each grid point as the mean of the 95th percentile precipitation value for the days above 0.5 mm/d. In general, RegCM3-simulated percentiles of precipitation and temperature capture the basic patterns seen in the NARR. The primary inconsistencies relative to the NARR include a cold T05 bias across the United States, a warm T95 bias over the central United States, and a wet P95 bias along the Atlantic coast. All of these biases are substantially corrected after the adjustment of RegCM3 daily fields through temporal disaggregation of quantile-based monthly corrections (Figure 3).
 Further, using the Taylor diagram [Taylor, 2001], we quantify how well the VIC model simulations forced with the un-bias-corrected (VIC-ORG) and bias-corrected (VIC-BC) RegCM3 fields compare with the VIC model simulation forced with observational data (VIC-OBS). The Taylor diagram quantitatively compares the pattern correlation, the ratio of variance (ROV), and the root-mean-squared difference (RMSD) (Figure 4). The radial coordinates represent the ROV and RMSD: ROV as a radial distance from the reference arc (labeled with a red arc in Figure 4) and RMSD as the radial distance from the point of reference (labeled VIC-OBS in Figure 4). Similarly, the angular coordinate represents the pattern correlation, which measures the extent to which maxima and minima in the reference data and the test data occur at the similar location. Because of the regional and seasonal heterogeneity across the United States, we quantify the results for four seasons (DJF, MAM, JJA, and SON) and four regions (northwest, northeast, southwest, and southeast, as shown in Figure 1). Comparison of VIC-ORG with VIC-OBS (Figure 4a) shows high pattern correlation of soil moisture and evapotranspiration between the two simulations, with the magnitude of soil moisture generally higher and the magnitude of evapotranspiration generally lower in VIC-ORG for most regions and seasons. However, with poor pattern correlation, large RMSD and large ROV, VIC-ORG-simulated surface runoff and base flow show a large deviation from those simulated by VIC-OBS. The differences are particularly large over the southeast and the southwest in summer and autumn, over the northeast in spring and summer, and over the northwest in summer (Figure 4a).
 Bias correction shows a substantial improvement in the VIC-simulated hydrologic fields (Figure 4b). The pattern correlation between VIC-BC and VIC-OBS variables is very high for most regions and seasons, with relatively small RMSD and ROV. However, VIC-BC shows minimal improvement in simulating base flow and runoff over the northwest in summer (Figure 4b).
3.2. Future Climate Changes
 RegCM3 simulates a heterogeneous precipitation response across the United States for the future period (Figures 5a–5d). The changes in seasonal mean precipitation are mostly positive in winter and spring for most U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) hydrological units (Figure 1), except over the California unit in winter, and parts of the Pacific Northwest and California units in spring (Figures 5a–5b). Similarly, positive changes are simulated in autumn across the United States, with the exception of parts of the South Atlantic-Gulf and Pacific Northwest units (Figure 5d). Summer precipitation changes are mostly positive except over parts of the Rio Grande, Lower Mississippi, Ohio, and Missouri units (Figure 5c).
 RegCM3 simulates an increase of 2°–7° in the mean seasonal maximum and minimum temperatures over the contiguous United States (Figure 5). This increase in the mean seasonal temperatures is most pronounced in winter over the Great Lakes, Ohio, New England, and Upper Mississippi units (Figures 5e and 5i), in summer and autumn over most of the United States (Figures 5g–5h and 5k–5l), and in spring over the Great Basin and Upper Colorado units (Figures 5f and 5j).
3.3. Future Hydrologic Changes
 By comparing the simulated changes in VIC-ORG, VIC-BC, and VIC-BCD, we can test the sensitivity of simulated hydrological changes to climate model biases and to changes in the daily temperature and precipitation distributions. The comparison is shown for soil saturation, evapotranspiration, runoff, and base flow (Figures 6–9). This comparison reveals that the hydrologic changes simulated by VIC-ORG and VIC-BC are substantially different. Using the USGS hydrological units (Figure 1), the dissimilarities are particularly large over the higher elevations of the Pacific Northwest and Missouri units in winter, spring, and summer, where VIC-ORG simulates changes in soil moisture, surface runoff, and base flow (Figures 6a–6c, 8a–8c, 9a–9c) that are several times higher than those simulated in VIC-BC (Figures 6e–6g, 8e–8g, 9e–9g). Substantial differences also occur over parts of the California, Great Basin, and Lower Colorado units, where VIC-ORG simulates relatively muted changes in surface runoff and base flow, and relatively smaller soil moisture changes in summer and autumn (Figures 6c–6d, 8c–8d, 9c–9d). Similarly, VIC-ORG does not show most of the VIC-BC-simulated winter, spring, and autumn surface runoff changes over the Lower Mississippi unit (Figures 8a–8d, 8e–8h).
 In addition to the differences in magnitude of hydrologic change, VIC-ORG and VIC-BC simulate hydrologic changes that are opposite in sign over some areas of the United States. For instance, compared to a generally muted or positive response in VIC-BC over the South Atlantic-Gulf unit, VIC-ORG mostly shows a decrease in summer and autumn base flow (Figures 9c–9d, 9g–9h). Similarly, in summer in the VIC-ORG experiment, parts of the Missouri and Arkansas-White-Red units exhibit negative changes in evapotranspiration and positive changes in soil moisture, opposite in sign to the changes simulated in VIC-BC (Figures 6c, 6g, 7c, 7g).
 In general, the bias-corrected simulations with and without future changes in daily temperature and precipitation distribution show very similar patterns of change for all hydrologic variables (Figures 6–9). However, there are a few exceptions where VIC-BCD shows noticeable differences in simulating future hydrological change. For instance, the magnitude of simulated increase in summer evapotranspiration is much lower in VIC-BCD than that in VIC-BC over parts of the South Atlantic-Gulf and Lower Mississippi units, and over parts of the Great Basin and Lower Colorado units (Figures 7g and 7k). Similarly, VIC-BC-simulated increases in summer surface runoff over the South Atlantic-Gulf and Lower Mississippi units are absent in VIC-BCD (Figures 8g and 8k).
4.1. Effect of Bias Correction
 It is well established that biases in climate model simulations affect hydrologic simulations and that bias correction is necessary for meaningful translation of climate signals to the hydrological scales [e.g., Fowler et al., 2007; Wood et al., 2004]. However, the effects of climate model biases on the simulated hydrologic response to future changes in precipitation and temperature are not well documented, particularly for high-resolution climate models. In a nested climate model, biases arise because of the combination of deficiencies in the nested model and the inheritance of biases from the driving GCM [e.g., Denis et al., 2002]. For instance, in our RegCM3 historic integration, wet and cold biases in winter and spring over the northwestern United States and the Rocky Mountains arise from excess snow in RegCM3 during winter and its persistence later in the spring [Diffenbaugh et al., 2006]. Likewise, the summer warm bias over the central United States is at least partially inherited from the driving FVGCM simulation, which exhibits a similar pattern of temperature bias (not shown). Such biases can propagate through the hydrologic coupling to create dissimilarities between the VIC-ORG and VIC-BC simulations. For instance, underestimation of evapotranspiration in most regions and seasons in VIC-ORG (Figure 4a) can be attributed to the fact that RegCM3 simulates below-normal daily minimum temperatures across the United States (Figure 3c). Similarly, overestimation of soil moisture, base flow, and surface runoff in the southeastern United States in VIC-ORG can be attributed to the fact that RegCM3 simulates above-normal summer and autumn precipitation in that region (Figures 2c–2d, 4a). An indirect effect of these biases is also visible in the northeastern, northwestern, and southwestern United States, where wet and cold biases in RegCM3 (Figures 2a–2b, 3c) affect the amount of snow cover in VIC-ORG (Figure 10), which subsequently leads to higher snowmelt-driven surface runoff and base flow (Figures 4a).
 The differences between the simulated hydrological changes in the VIC-BC and VIC-ORG simulations demonstrate that systematic climate model biases can impact the net changes in hydrologic variables simulated in response to elevated greenhouse gas concentrations (Figures 6–9). These differences can be quantified in a Taylor diagram comparing changes in hydrologic variables simulated by VIC-ORG to the changes simulated by VIC-BC (Figure 11a). If the two simulations simulate statistically similar hydrologic change, their net changes in hydrologic variables should exhibit high pattern correlations and small ROV and RMSD. However, the Taylor diagram suggests that the two simulations simulate statistically different hydrological change, with the exception of a few variables in a few seasons (Figure 11a). It should also be noted that, by definition, the two data sets used to drive VIC-BC and VIC-ORG are similar in their monthly scale future changes but different in the magnitude of their daily scale quantiles. Because bias correction in the future period is applied with respect to the biases in the historic period, by definition, the bias correction does not affect the simulated monthly scale changes in RegCM3 fields. Given the (designed) agreement in monthly scale precipitation and temperature changes in the VIC-BC and VIC-ORG driving data sets, the disagreement between VIC-BC and VIC-ORG in simulating future hydrological change suggests that hydrological changes are driven not only by the monthly changes in meteorological fields but also by the absolute magnitude of their daily values.
 Differences in the spatial heterogeneity of the original and bias-corrected RegCM3 data also contribute to the differences between VIC-ORG and VIC-BC in simulating hydrological changes over the higher elevations. For example, VIC-ORG simulates excessive snow water equivalent over the higher elevations (Figures 10a and 10b). This bias affects both the magnitude of VIC-ORG-simulated hydrological variables (Figure 4a) and their response to the future-period changes in precipitation and temperature (Figures 6, 8, 9). While the VIC-ORG biases in simulating snow water equivalent primarily result from the errors in the original RegCM3 temperature and precipitation data, these RegCM3 errors arise partly because the high-resolution topography in RegCM3 is still poorly resolved relative to the actual topography. The spatial heterogeneity of VIC-simulated snow water equivalent is largely improved by correcting the RegCM3 temperature and precipitation fields to the more highly resolved PRISM data (Figure 10).
4.2. Effect of Changes in Daily Scale Extremes
 One of the strongest arguments in favor of using daily scale climate projections in process-based hydrological impact assessment is the sensitivity of hydrological processes to changes in climate extremes. Increases in the occurrence of precipitation in the form of high-intensity events can increase surface runoff production and reduce water infiltration, particularly in arid environments or other regions with soils with low infiltration capacity [Horton, 1945]. Similarly, increases in the occurrence of persistent daily temperature extremes can accelerate the rate of snow retreat and evaporative losses from the surface through changes in the daily temperature range, leading to early snowmelt in the cold season and strong surface drying in the warm season. Combined, these effects can support accelerated evaporation, higher surface runoff, and reduced soil moisture and subsurface recharge.
 Of particular interest in our simulations, heavy precipitation events appear to drive surface runoff changes over grid points where seasonal precipitation changes are negative but seasonal surface runoff changes are positive (Figures 5a–5d, 8e–8h). We examine these grid points by comparing the magnitude of surface runoff to the intensity of wet precipitation events (as represented by events exceeding the 75th percentile of precipitation (P75)) (Figure 12). The comparison is shown separately for each season and for each region as an average of all grid points where the surface runoff response is positive despite a net negative precipitation change (one symbol in each frame in Figure 12 represents the regional average of one season in a particular year). In general, surface runoff increases with the increase in the intensity of extreme precipitation events, except over the regions where runoff is heavily influenced by snowmelt such as in spring over the northwest (Figure 12c). The comparison of the historic and future periods indicates that in all regions and all seasons, both heavy precipitation events and high surface runoff events increase in occurrence and intensity in the future period. This comparison suggests that the increases in runoff over these regions are in part driven by increases in heavy precipitation events, which overcome decreases in seasonal precipitation.
 Similarly, many grid points in VIC-BC show a decrease in soil moisture where the seasonal precipitation increases. Considering only these grid points, we compare the changes in soil moisture (top two layers) with changes in the intensity of heavy precipitation events (Figure 13a). We again examine days above the 75th percentile of precipitation (P75). The increase in the magnitude of events above P75 suggests that increasing seasonal precipitation over these grid points is partly driven by the increase in the precipitation events above the 75th percentile (Figure 13a). Also, we find an inverse relationship between the changes in soil moisture and the changes in the intensity of these heavy precipitation events.
 We also find that the changes in soil moisture are sensitive to the occurrence of days above the 95th percentile of daily temperature maxima (T95) (Figure 13b). Considering the grid points where VIC-BC shows a decrease in soil moisture along with an increase in seasonal precipitation, we compare changes in soil moisture (top two layers) with changes in the number of T95 hot days. We find that substantial increases in extremely hot days in the future period are associated with large moisture deficits in soils (Figure 13b). Extremely hot conditions are often associated with subsidence of air masses and clear sky conditions. Under such conditions, the evapotranspiration rate can easily exceed the rainfall rate, leading to strong moisture depletion in soils.
4.3. Effect of Changes in Daily Distribution
 The importance of heavy precipitation and hot temperature events in the simulated hydrologic response raises the question of whether that response is driven by changes in the daily distribution of precipitation and temperature, or simply by changes in mean monthly values that create a uniform shift in the daily distribution. We do not find substantial differences between the VIC-simulated hydrological changes with and without changes in the daily distributions of temperature and precipitation (Figures 6–9, 10). In fact, the statistical comparison of changes in hydrologic variables simulated by VIC-BCD with those simulated by VIC-BC shows that the two simulations are very similar in simulating the hydrological change at regional scale (Figure 11b).
 This insensitivity to changes in daily distribution can be partly attributed to the fact that the data sets used to drive the VIC-BC and VIC-BCD future simulations (RegCM-BC and RegCM-BCD) show little difference in their daily precipitation quantiles at regional scale, particularly when compared with the difference in quantiles between the historic and future RegCM-BC periods (Figure 14). The major exception is summer in the southeastern United States, where VIC-BC and VIC-BCD simulate statistically different changes in surface runoff (Figure 11b), and the future period precipitation in RegCM-BC shows greater exceedance of the historic 75th percentile threshold than the future period precipitation in RegCM-BCD (Figure 15).
 We use a hydrological model (the VIC model) driven by a high-resolution nested climate model (RegCM3) to investigate the potential impacts of climate model biases and changes in the daily temperature and precipitation distributions on hydrology in the United States. We note a number of caveats to our study. There exists a large matrix of regional climate change uncertainty [Giorgi et al., 2008], but we considered only one climate model realization and one GCM-RCM combination. Moreover, our validation methodology did not involve the use of actual hydrological observations and did not account for uncertainties originating from the hydrologic model. Further, indirect bias correction of the daily climate model data could have introduced errors, which requires further exploration using daily temperature and precipitation observations. Likewise, the VIC model does not include direct CO2 effects on vegetation (such as changes in water-use efficiency), which can be significant for hydrology in some regions and seasons [Gedney et al., 2006]. Finally, we did not apply bias correction to the RegCM3-simulated winds, which could influence the hydrologic simulation.
 Despite these caveats, our results indicate that biases in the climate model fields not only affect the hydrologic model results in the historic period (Figure 4a), but they also lead to a statistically different simulated hydrological response to future increases in greenhouse forcing (Figure 11a). Moreover, we find that the future hydrological response is dictated not only by the monthly scale precipitation and temperature changes but also by increases in the occurrence of their daily extremes, indicating that fine temporal scales are potentially important for the hydrological response to elevated greenhouse gas concentrations (Figures 12 and 13, 14). Furthermore, in our results, future changes in the daily temperature and precipitation distributions contribute little to the regional-scale response of hydrological processes to elevated greenhouse forcing (Figure 11b). However, over some hydrological units, changes in the daily distributions seem to be important when they affect changes in the wet tail of the precipitation distribution (Figures 7g, 7k, 8g, 8k, 15c). Despite the limitations of our methodology, our results provide important insight into the sensitivity of hydrologic projections to climate model biases, as well as the potential role of changes in temperature and precipitation extremes in influencing the hydrologic response to anthropogenic greenhouse forcing.
 We thank two anonymous reviewers for their constructive and insightful comments. This work was supported in part by National Science Foundation awards 0315677 and 0450221 and Department of Energy awards DE-FG02-08ER64649 and DE-SC0001483. The model simulations and analyses were enabled by computational resources provided by Information Technology at Purdue (the Rosen Center for Advanced Computing, West Lafayette, IN). This is Purdue Climate Change Research Center paper number 0923.

domain: geography


Rand Paul to participate in conservative anti-Obamacare event Saturday
January 21. 2014 6:46PM
Sen. Rand Paul of Kentucky will participate in a town hall and training session organized by conservatives on Saturday aimed opposing the "Obamacare Expansion."
The event will be hosted by the Republican Liberty Caucus of New Hampshire and the national group Freedom Works and will be held at the Bedford Country Club.
An afternoon training session will be followed by an evening town hall.
Speaking will be Paul as well as state Sen. Andy Sanborn, Dean Clancy of Freedom Works and Aaron Day of the RLCNH. Day said Paul, a potential 2016 presidential candidate, will participate by Skype.
Also invited to speak, Day said, are federal candidates who have agreed to sign a pledge to oppose "the implementation of the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) in any form, including, but not limited to, expanding Medicaid in New Hampshire though the use of federal funds, regardless of how those funds are allocated."
Day said U.S. Senate candiates Karen Testerman and Jim Rubens and U.S. House candidates Frank Guinta and Gary Lambert have agreed to pledge and attend.


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Skype already includes a huge range of Mojis from popular TV shows, well-known movies, and even original composed creations from living legend Paul McCartney and the amazing Coldplay. Microsoft today announced that they have now collaborated with up-and-coming indie band Tangerine for mojis on Skype.
Tangerine, a Seattle-based trio, is passionate about rock ‘n’ roll-based pop music. Sisters Marika and Miro Justad, with Toby Kuhn, formed Tangerine together in 2013. Their music embraces the ups and downs of life, and often depicts courage, confidence and hope–themes that Skype relates to strongly. We’ve worked closely with the band and landed on Mojis that resemble both their music and personalities.
Check out the video above to get a glimpse of their creative process. Read more about this story here.

domain: artistic


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In her youth Linda was leader of ‘The Other LSO’ (the acclaimed Leicestershire Schools Symphony Orchestra), and went on to graduate at the Royal Northern College of Music, studying Violin and Piano, as well as musical harmony/theory and history of music.
For a number of years she was a freelance violinist, playing with major orchestras such as the Liverpool Philharmonic and the Royal Ballet, then went on to train at Bretton Hall for the PGCE in High School and Peripatetic teaching.
On qualifying Linda worked with Bury Music Service and Calderdale Music Service. Linda is now solely with the Calderdale Music Trust as a teacher of upper strings, piano and ukulele. She is the Musical Director of Strictly Strings, the West Calderdale Junior Orchestra and Adult Strings, as well as string mentor/assistant for the Calderdale Youth Orchestra.
Linda has also played with the Todmorden Orchestra, The Orchestra of Square Chapel, an informal Piano Trio as well as a group called ‘The Sentimentalists’.

domain: entertainment


The use of robots in warfare, although traditionally a topic for science fiction, is being researched as a possible future means of fighting wars. Already several military robots have been developed by various armies.
Humans started creating robots since ancient times in Ancient and Ptolemaic Egypt, however, the first military robot was used in World War II.
Recent remarkable advances in artificial intelligence have accelerated the hopes that robots can play a major role in future warfare. What if autonomous weapon systems replace both soldiers and generals?
Using robots in warfare has numerous advantages since autonomous and remote-controlled weapons don’t require long periods of training like human military personnel. Robots are capable of performing tasks and maneuvers which are impossible for human beings.
Using robots will also decrease costs of war since they don’t need additional life support systems, and will more importantly decrease human casualty. A loss of a robotic armored vehicle, plane or submarine won’t mean a loss of a human soldier.
Perhaps heavy implementation of robots in warfare can increase clashes between human societies around the world.
We present this in-depth video discussion from Davos World Economic Forum -in partnership with TIME-. It explores the possible, plausible and probable impacts of artificial intelligence on defence systems. Participants in this discussion are:
· Sir Roger Carr, Chairman, BAE Systems, UK.
· Angela Kane, Senior Fellow, Vienna Center for Disarmament and Nonproliferation, Austria.
· Stuart Russell, Professor of Computer Science, University of California,
· Alan Winfield, Hewlett-Packard Professor of Electronic Engineering,
University of the West of England, UK.


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Bisma Eight Hotel is where you go if you want to be as far from stress as humanely possible, it’s the peak of serenity.
Found nestled deep in the dense jungles of Bali’s Ubud, Bisma Eight is a sprawling property of 38 stylish suites centered around a contemporary swimming pool and an assortment of lounge pavilions, a fitness center, a restaurant, a cafe, and bars highlighted by a gorgeous rooftop bar overlooking the hotel, its gardens, and the endless rainforest beyond. The hotel’s spacious suites are inspired by a mix of “local and international aesthetics,” which boils down to handcrafted soaking tubs influenced by Japan, Balinese art and architecture, and Euro-American amenities. So you’ll be as comfortable and relaxed in your room as you will be in the spa. Or by the pool. Or at the bar. Basically it doesn’t matter where you are at Bisma Eight, because the actual place you’ll be is at peace.
Explore the magnificent property in the gallery above, and book your suite here.


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Now if you have known me personally for any length of time, you know that I’m a vanilla girl when it comes to ice cream.
Maybe, but *not* when you make it as insane delicious homemade vanilla!
I was never a chocolate ice cream fan but I don’t think I ever had it done the right way! Store bought chocolate ice cream doesn’t even compare to homemade when it’s done the right way. I think you can say that about most recipes – when you use real, fresh ingredients you are just going to have a more superior finish.
I’ve been working on my ingredients and ratios for this chocolate ice cream over the last few summers, and last year at my daughter’s birthday, her request for chocolate birthday cake and chocolate ice cream was my push to make it just right. When you are feeding others you want it to be perfect!
I really fell in love with this chocolate ice cream, and since my husband and I decided we needed a little chocolate in our lives a couple weeks ago, it seemed the perfect time to share this rich, creamy piece of chocolate heaven with all of you!
Product links in this section are affiliate links. It does not cost you anything and helps maintain the free information on this site, as well as answer the questions of “what brand do you use?” Please know I never personally recommend any product I wouldn’t use on my own family.
I have had this ice cream maker that I have had for – it works so great and I love it!
Homemade Chocolate Ice Cream
- 3 cups whole cream Preferably raw. At least not ultra-pasteurized. If you are dairy free use coconut milk.
- 3/4 cup raw cacao
- 1/2 cup raw honey I get mine from a local farmer, but if you don't have access THIS is a good brand
- 1/2 tsp sea salt if you want a "salted chocolate" feel add another 1/4 tsp or so!
- 2 tsp almond extract
- 1 TB vodka This is optional but keeps the ice cream from freezing rock hard. If you choose to leave it out, just put the ice cream on the counter for a while before trying to scoop and serve.
- Blend all ingredients in a medium mixing bowl, and let it rest and marry flavors in the fridge for about 30 minutes.
- Stir the ice cream mixture, transfer to the ice cream maker, and process according to your manufacturer's instructions. My ice cream maker churns for 30 minutes.
- Store your churned ice cream in the freezer.
More real food recipes you might like:
Chocolate Birthday Cake

domain: food


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This is the first time I've seen sexual preference being called offensive and that's because it's manufactured outrage.
@matrix preference doesn't just mean "choice" it means what you prefer, eg. I like dudes, not women. That's a "preference."
@matrix wheee, manufacturing outrage!
@matrix "sexual preference" doesn't offend me, it just feels like a really boomer-y way of getting around saying "gay"
Mainly gaming/nerd instance for people who value free speech. Everyone is welcome.

domain: sociology


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1. Nightime parade: Alaska Airlines and Seafair Torchlight Parade. Westlake Park, Seattle. July 27. Start time at approximately 7:30 p.m. Join KIRO 7 at one of Seafair’s most anticipated events of the summer at the 70th anniversary of the Torchlight Parade. Come early to experience FanFest from noon-6 p.m. or participate in the Torchlight Run at 6 p.m. before the floats and marching bands stream through the streets of downtown Seattle. Follow this link here for more details.
2. Country singer icon: Martina McBride. July 25. Doors open at 7 p.m. Enjoy country music from one of the most iconic singers, Martina McBride, as she performs in beautiful Tulalip. Tickets are now available for purchase for her July 25 performance. Follow this link here for details.
3. Drinks and science: THEORY: PacSci Center Summer Party (21+). Seattle. July 26. 8 p.m.- 1 a.m. Dance through the night, enjoy cocktails, wine and beer and a view of the stars at the iconic Pacific Science Center in Seattle. Enjoy a laser show too or build your own creations inside the Tinker Tank. Follow this link here for details.
4. Summer concert series: Downtown Summer Sounds 2019. Seattle. July 9- Aug. 23 (Wed.-Fridays). Noon-1 p.m. or noon-1:30 p.m. The Downtown Seattle Association celebrates 41 years of live music with the kickoff of Downtown Summer Sounds, presented by Virginia Mason. The series of concerts features many emerging and local artists. This weekend includes music from Gabriel Teodros and Tiffany Wilson, and Whitney Monge. Follow this link here for more details.
5. Festivities North Puget Sound: Tour de Terrace Festival. Mountlake. July 26-28. Car show, fun run/walk, pancake breakfast, street fair, parade and so much more is happening at the Tour de Terrace Festival this weekend. Each day is packed with exciting activities including a parade on Friday and fireworks on Saturday. Follow this link here for more details.
6. West Seattle arts fair: Alki Art Fair. West Seattle. July 27-28. 10 a.m.- 6 p.m. Alki is home to many local food and arts favorites. Experience all the highlight local music, colorful art displays and theatrical performances at the scenic waterfront that is Alki Beach in West Seattle. Bring the whole family and stop by the interactive Kidz Zone hosted by OuterSpace for creative activities. Follow this link here for more details.
7. Outdoor entertainment: Kirkland Music and Arts Festival, Summerfest. Kirkland. July 26-28. There is something for everyone at the 8th annual Kirkland Summerfest. The music and arts festival hosts over 40,000 guests each year to the beautiful waterfront. Check out local music, Sip Kirkland beer and wine festival on Saturday, and see local vendors each day. Follow this link here for more details.
© 2019 Cox Media Group.


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Perfect for any flat surface: doors, walls, ceilings, furniture, etc. Find the size of brush that best matches your project!
Zibra paintbrushes are designed to last. The professional painter will appreciate the craftsmanship of aluminum and wood inserts, using 100% epoxy glue, combined with three headed nail pins. Zibra brush filaments are wrapped in a stainless steel ferrule, showcasing the finest proprietary filaments ever created.
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Rustic Chalkboard Style Wedding Invitation
Chalkboard-style design is a huge trend in weddings right now! This stunning chalkboard style wedding invitation features hand-drawn, vintage-style typography and floral graphics. It comes complete with brown kraft envelopes (or colour of your choice) with coordinating envelope liner and the option to add a fun “Eat, Drink & Be Married” belly band to hold it all together.
Included in this wedding invitation package:
- 5″ x 7″ invitation, digitally printed on a heavy, matte card stock
- Matching RSVP card (3.25″ x 4.75″)
- A7 Kraft envelope (or colour of your choice) with coordinating envelope liner and matching A1 RSVP envelope
- Optional “Eat, Drink & Be Married” bellyband
Printing: High-quality digital (flat) print
Prices WITHOUT bellyband (minimum qty 30):
30-50: $6.00 each
50-100: $5.85 each
100-200: $5.25 each
200+: $4.50 each
Add matching bellyband: $0.75 each
Additional add-ons and upgrades available, contact us for a more detailed quote.


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Sher Bagga will be released in June next year with Baajre Da Sitta following in July.
Release dates announced for Ammy Virk-starrers Baajre Da Sitta and Sher Bagga
New Delhi - 30 Sep 2021 15:00 IST
Virk has several more projects in his kitty and the release dates for two of them have now been announced.
Virk himself shared the poster and announcement for Sher Bagga (2022), which co-stars Sonam Bajwa, on Instagram. The movie is scheduled to be released on 10 June 2022.
Written and directed by Jagdeep Sidhu, who also directed Qismat (2018) and Qismat 2 (2021) and has had a long association with Virk, the movie is produced by Daljit Thind and Virk himself.
Tania, Virk's co-star in Baajre Da Sitta, shared a poster for the film on Instagram. The poster features a gramophone and a vinyl record. In sepia tint; it looks aged, perhaps hinting that this is a period film. Baajre Da Sitta is set to be released on 15 July 2022.
Besides Virk and Tania, the movie stars Guggu Gill and Noor Chahal. Baajre Da Sitta has been written and directed by Jass Grewal.


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Chronicles from a
Decade of Discovery
By Scott Hubbard
with a foreword by
Bill Nye The Science Guy™
How to order—
Call our order department at
1-800-621-2736, click here for secure online ordering, or check with your favorite book store!
"This is a stunning achievement. The engineering went flawlessly," said Scott Hubbard of Curiosity's successful landing on Mars in early August. Hubbard was the first Mars program director at NASA headquarters and is currently a consulting professor at Stanford University.
CNN reported that the $2.6 billion Curiosity made its arrival on Mars on Monday, August 6th in a spectacle known as the "seven minutes of terror." NASA's latest mission is another six-wheeled rover but much larger than the rovers Spirit and Opportunity that landed on Mars in 2004. Curoisity weighs nearly a ton and is about the size of a small compact car.
Read the full story here,
Want to know more about a decade of successful Mars missions?
In the wake of the very public failures of the Mars Polar Lander and the Mars Climate Orbiter in 1999, NASA embarked on a complete reassessment of the Mars Program. Scott Hubbard was asked to lead this restructuring in 2000, becoming known as the "Mars Czar." His team's efforts resulted in a very successful decade-long series of missions—each building on the accomplishments of those before it—that adhered to the science adage "follow the water" when debating how to proceed. Hubbard's work created the Mars Odyssey mission, the twin rovers Spirit and Opportunity, the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, the Phoenix mission, and most recently the sucessful launch of the Mars Science Laboratory.
Now for the first time Scott Hubbard tells the complete story of how he fashioned this program, describing both the technical and political forces involved and bringing to life the national and international cast of characters engaged in this monumental endeavor. Blending the exciting stories of the missions with the thrills of scientific discovery, Exploring Mars will intrigue anyone interested in the science, the engineering, or the policy of investigating other worlds.
“It’s high time somebody revealed the underbelly of why and how we travel to the Red Planet. Leave it to NASA’s ‘Mars Czar’ Scott Hubbard to tell this story. Yes, we’re all explorers, but every mission to space is enabled by financial, political, and cultural forces that you never hear about—without which there’d be no enterprise of discovery at all.” —Neil deGrasse Tyson

domain: library


I've been told that there is some cable that could be disconnected somewhere under the car. If that's a possibility, can someone tell me where exactly it is located!? Thanks!
I have a traction control light on. How do I fix that? on 2002 BMW 530i
First I would recommend taking your E39 to a shop that has a factory scan tool, let them diagnose the problem. The DSC light could be a number of different problems. Might be a problem with the module itself, could be a Precharge pump issue, wheel speed sensor, steering angle sensor, etc.... Basically I wouldn't disconnect anything that just might cause more problems.


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The Model 336 embodies Marlin's dedication to dependability, pinpoint accuracy and good looks. This rifle have has a American black walnut stock, 6-shot capacity, adjustable rear and bead front sights, and the receiver is tapped for a scope mount. A barrel with micro-groove rifling makes it exceptionally handy in the brush and deadly accurate.
- Action: Lever
- Caliber: 30-30 Winchester
- Barrel Length: 20"
- Capacity: 6+1
- Trigger: Single-Stage
- Safety: Hammer
- OAL: 38.5"
- Weight: 7 lbs
- Stock Description: Black Walnut
- Metal Finish: Blued
- Twist: 1:10"
- Receiver Material: Steel
- Sights: Semi-Buckhorn Rear, Bead Front, Drilled/Tapped
- Barrel Length Range: 20.00" to 21.99"
- Weight Range: 7.00 lbs to 7.99 lbs
- Hand: Right
- Stock Finish Group: Wood
- Metal Finish Group: Blued/Black
- Manufacturer Part Number: 70504

domain: hobby


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Circle life - wikipedia, "circle of life" is a song from disney's 1994 animated film the lion king. composed by elton john, with lyrics by tim rice, the song was performed by carmen twillie. Musical compositions inspired lewis carroll - mlang., Musical compositions inspired by lewis carroll welcome! i have collected here all carrollian compositions that have come to my knowledge. if you know some more or can. Disney trivia, Ron and marie's disney trivia offers the internets only free daily disney trivia email list where a new question is sent out every day.
Hindi song notes - keyless online, Keyless online facebook page september 26, 2016 facebook page notified song posts keyless online twitter feed. http://www.keylessonline.com/list/hindi Los angeles events calendar 2018 festivals , The official los angeles event calendar daily guide concerts, shows, festivals, theatre, entertainment la offer.. https://www.discoverlosangeles.com/what-to-do/events Hindi lyrics translations english songs, Welcome hindi lyrics translation page. page bigger size time downloaded. hindi. http://www.hindilyrics.net/hindi-songs-translations.html


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No one better than Pm Manrico Spinori, a Capitoline aristocrat with a passion for opera, can solve the murder that is sowing panic in Rome that matters.
The murder of an embarrassing character sows panic in Rome that matters. The case must be solved without discounting but tactfully, to avoid instrumentalization. That old fox of a prosecutor has no doubts: no one better than Pm Manrico Spinori, a Capitoline aristocrat with a passion for opera, can succeed. Mago Narouz, born Capomagli Giuseppe, is found dead in his home in Trastevere. The man sold love potions, winning numbers and advice to a very select, loyal clientele of show business people and politicians. Tasked with the investigation, Manrico Spinori has the impression that he is running on empty, and sometimes even being manipulated. Then, just when the situation seems about to get out of hand, an unexpected suggestion allows him to pull the threads of the tangled skein. Remaining a tangle, on the other hand, are the private lives of Manrico and the members of his team, composed entirely of women. Especially that of Inspector Deborah Cianchetti, an element of bad character and yet most useful if more straightforward methods are needed instead of charm and savoir-faire.
Publication date: 04.07.2023
Publisher: Einaudi Stile Libero
Number of Pages: 248

domain: literature


Fixing a problem that has become severe is much more difficult and expensive than preventing the problem in the first place. This is why annual furnace maintenance is extremely important. Having a qualified HVAC technician perform a yearly inspection will definitely save headaches and keep your home comfortable when cool weather approaches.
Prevents Problems. A yearly inspection will catch parts that have worn out, need lubrication, or have become dangerous. For example, if the wiring has become questionable, an electrician can be consulted before a fire begins. Fixing small problems early will prevent major problems down the road.
Improved Efficiency. The best way to improve efficiency of a furnace is to participate in annual maintenance. To properly heat the home, the furnace filters the air before it is circulated. Eventually this filter becomes clogged, which makes the unit work harder than it should. This shortens its life and increases monthly electric bills. An annual inspection is the time when a technician cleans or replaces the filter and increases efficiency.
Raises Indoor Air Quality. It is essential to breathe fresh air while inside your home. Furnace maintenance assures a clean filter that keeps dangerous airborne particles out of the atmosphere. It also discourages the formation of mold, which raises indoor air quality.
Works Reliably. An annual furnace inspection helps a technician address issues early. This is especially important in parts of the country where problems tend to occur during extreme cold times of the year. You will be able to enjoy reliable heat throughout winter without worry or interruption of service.
Evens Temperature. Regular furnace maintenance helps to regulate the temperature in your home. A skilled technician calibrates the furnace’s thermostat. This will keep the heat at the proper level.
Saves Lives. Normally, a furnace releases carbon monoxide exhaust. However, leaks occur in the pipes that may cause this dangerous gas to circulate through your home. Since it is odorless, it can kill you without detection. To prevent this problem, a licensed technician will examine the furnace for leaks.
To keep your furnace working efficiently, you should call your local HVAC contractor and schedule a maintenance appointment. It is recommended to have a technician visit at the end of summer or early fall. This will keep you prepared when the weather becomes cool.


Risco products meet modern requirements of production thus leading to a even greater economic benefit to the user. Risco machines are intended for the portioning, grinding, mixing and depositing of meat and fish products, vegetable products etc.
News & Events
The name of reference for the supply of meat processing machines and systems for the food industry.
|PROCESS EXPO||Chicago, IL, USA, 02-05 November, 2021|
|ATHENS FOOD TECH||Athens, Greece, 12-15 November, 2021|
|ANUGA FT||Cologne, Germany, 26-29 April, 2022|


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PO Box 3088,
+61 419 272 686
Zenana Women is about sustainable textiles, a social enterprise partnership between workers in India and designers everywhere. We form the link between small, emerging and limited edition labels and the workshop in India that manufactures for them. Designers of both fashion and homewares partner with us to develop new lines made with pride in their fairness to both the workers who produce them and the environment that sustains us all. From the experienced designer starting her own label, to those coming to fashion or homewares from other careers, from retailers creating labels for their stores to the time-poor young mum passionate about the environment and wanting to create a sustainable product on a shoestring budget, our partners are diverse in their experience and ambitions. New, inexperienced or start-up designers are those we want to encourage, to bring their vision of socially and environmentally sustainable textiles to reality.
We work beside women from the slums of a small city in India towards reducing their burden of poverty through stable employment and training in a secure working environment. We’re proud to be endorsed as a Fair Trader of Australia.
Our own fashion label, Zenana, features the lovely hand-done embroidery of our region on beautiful hand-woven cotton fabrics.


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Brushing Up Your Home: A Paint Tale of Two Worlds – Interior and Exterior!
Ah, the wonders of painting! It’s like magic for our walls, transforming our spaces into personal sanctuaries or outdoor eye-catchers. But hey, not all paint jobs are created equal! Let’s dive into the colorful world of home improvement and unravel the oh-so-special differences between giving your interiors and exteriors a fresh coat of love.
Interior Painting: Where Walls Wear Their Feelings
1. Aesthetic Adventure: Choosing paint colors
Interior painting is like picking the perfect outfit for a room—it’s a chance to express yourself and set the mood. It’s not just paint; it’s personality on the walls! Picking your interior paint colors is one of the most exciting and fun parts of painting your home. Find inspiration and experiment with different colors.
2. Surface Safari: Painting Top to Bottom
Forget the wild outdoors; inside, we’re taming walls, ceilings, and trim. It’s like a makeover for your home’s “inner fashion.” Taking the time to paint your trim makes a big difference. This is YOUR home, so do it right and make it nice.
3. Traffic Tales: Paint that can hold up to wear and tear
Indoors, the hustle and bustle are more like a gentle waltz. Interior paints need to be ready for the occasional scuff and cooking experiments, but nothing too extreme. Whether you have kids or pets, having quality paint for your interior is important. A paint that lasts a long time will save you money in the long run.
4. Air Quality Ambitions: Better Quality Paint
Breathe in, breathe out. Ventilation matters indoors, and we’re all about paints that make the air feel as fresh as a mountain breeze. When it comes to quality we know our stuff!
Give us a call today and get multiple quotes at once with our 9Grid Bid™.
5. Creative Chaos: Painting Accent Walls & Murals
Interior painting is our artistic playground! From accent walls to mural magic, it’s the perfect canvas for unleashing our inner Picasso. It is quite trendy to have walls or areas that stand out. Experiment with different colors and styles. Do your own research and look for fun ideas.
Exterior Painting: Nature’s Shield with Curb Appeal Charm
1. Weatherproof Wonders: Protecting your home’s paint
Exterior painting is our armor against nature’s mood swings. Rain, snow, UV rays—bring it on! Our paint’s got it covered. Get your exterior painting quote from us today.
2. Material Mixtape: Paints for different materials
Exterior surfaces are like a motley crew—wood, brick, stucco—they’ve got their own jam. Each material demands a paint that vibes with its personality. Ask the pros at Teaberry Painting what paint is best for your home’s exterior. We’ve got your back!
3. Curb Appeal Chronicles: Choosing exterior paint colors
Exterior painting isn’t just about covering up; it’s about strutting your home’s stuff! Colors should dance with the landscaping and flirt with the neighbors. Just like interior painting, the exterior of your home can have a mix of colors. Finding which primary and secondary colors to use is half the fun.
4. Harsh Condition Prep Rally: Getting ready to paint your exterior
Outdoors, it’s a survival game. Power wash, scrape, prime—the prep game is strong to protect against moisture, mold, and the blazing sun. Starting with a clean slate is important. You don’t want your paint getting mixed in with dirt and grime. A little prep work goes a long way when painting your home‘s exterior.
5. Siding vs. Trim Showdown: Where to start?
Exterior painting is a bit of a family feud. Siding wants attention, but trim needs some love too! It’s a delicate balancing act to keep everyone happy. One popular opinion is to start with the trim. The trim takes a steadier hand and getting it out of the way can make the rest of painting easier.
Let’s Paint the Town… and the Living Room!
In a world of paint, there’s a time for personal havens and a time for outdoor glitz. Whether you’re playing Picasso inside or defending against the elements outside, it’s a colorful journey. So, pick up that brush, splash on some color, and let your home’s walls tell a story as unique as you are. Happy painting, and may your walls be as fabulous as your imagination!
Want to hire a professional painting company? Click here: You Found Your Painter


crusher nparts nmanuals non nline
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A subject that is often underestimated: fire protection in commercial kitchens. Sources of danger such as boiling fat, hot stove or grill plates as well as a lot of staff and a stressful everyday life increase the risk of a grease fire in the kitchen. A moment of inattention is often enough for fats and oils to ignite by themselves in a hot pan or deep fryer.
The ANSUL fire extinguishing system offers a complete turnkey solution for the safety of staff and kitchen equipment. In the event of a fire, the system switches off all associated kitchen appliances and sprays the extinguishing agent through special nozzles onto the source of the fire and the adjacent exhaust air hoods and ducts. The extinguishing effect is based on a reaction of the extinguishing agent with the burning fat, which leads to foam formation. This prevents the supply of oxygen, is hygienically harmless and can be removed without leaving any residue with a damp cloth. In this way, business interruptions and the resulting financial losses can be reduced to a minimum.
Rosenbauer has VdS installer approval for extinguishing systems for the protection of kitchen equipment.
With the kitchen protection system RPE Kitchen, Rosenbauer offers an individual and turnkey complete solution specifically for the protection of people and kitchen equipment. The extinguishing system can be used universally and is easy to install – even afterwards. The extinguishing agent used, which is harmless to health, can be wiped away after use and the kitchen can continue to function as usual.
Click here for more information:


Chernobyl cleanup veterans gather near the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine in order to demand a fulfillment of the decisions of the courts concerning payment of pensions to them.
According to an UNIAN correspondent, as of now about 100 Chernobyl cleanup veterans are there. They gathered there and they are holding a flag “Union of Chernobyl of Ukraine”.
Representatives of militia and Berkut special subdivision are also near the Cabinet of Ministers and Mariinskyi Park. As of now protesters do not shout any slogans and there are no scuffles.


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Wildflower chart for country park.
Many of the habitats on the Great Orme are notable and of European importance for their wildlife, including the limestone grassland and limestone cliffs.
This new chart lists the plants by the habitats in which they can be found. The chart shows where in the GreatOrmeCountryParkthese habitats occur, and the flowering times of each species so that visitors know where and when to look.
For those unable to walk great distances to find the wildflowers, there is a wildflower garden by the Visitor Centre, which is home to several important and rare flower species.
Copies of the Wildflower ID Chart can be purchased from the Wildlife Gift Shop in the Visitor Centre near the summit of the Great Orme, costing pounds 1 each. For more information about the Great Orme's history, wildlife and geology please you can visit their website by logging on to www.conwy.gov.uk/greatorme or by calling the council on telephone (01492) 874151.


ROLLS ROYCE CAR REPAIR IN DUBAI
Rolls-Royce maintenance is a range of monitoring and diagnostic services that are performed at Rolls-Royce car repair to keep it running smoothly. Timely scheduled Rolls-Royce auto repair can increase the comfort of the car for both passengers and the driver. In addition, timely response increases driving safety and uptime. The list of Rolls-Royce maintenance work may vary depending on the technical and operational characteristics of the vehicle. In the Rolls-Royce workshop in Dubai a client can order the following maintenance services:
- Rolls-Royce oil change.
- Rolls-Royce electrical repair.
- Rolls-Royce engine repair.
- Rolls-Royce gearbox repair.
- Rolls-Royce shock absorber repair.
All the above types of maintenance work for Rolls-Royce are carried out by qualified specialists with extensive experience in working with these vehicles. During the work, modern equipment and high-quality spare parts and materials are used. This makes it possible to carry out any manipulations with the machine at an affordable price and in a short time.
Suspension — Hydraulic Repair
The suspension is one of the most vulnerable parts of any car. The suspension provides a connection between the wheels and the car body and is part of the chassis, as well as provides a comfortable environment in the car. Of all the elements of a car, it experiences the greatest stress, since the full mass of the equipped car is superimposed on it. Sometimes it might need an automotive repair Dubai.
At the first signs of its breakdown or wear, it is recommended to immediately contact the service, where specialists will replace the failed parts, and, if necessary, complete its repair. Rolls-Royce suspension repair includes checking the functionality of elements such as shock absorbers, hinges, wheels, tires.
Any breakage of suspension parts poses a serious threat to the safety of the driver and passengers, therefore, it is necessary to immediately repair the defective elements at Rolls-Royce car service.
Air Conditioning Repair
The Rolls-Royce repair Dubai carries out Rolls-Royce ac repair for different car models like Silver Seraph or Phantom. High-quality equipment and a staff of experienced mechanics for the air conditioner repair service enable the workshop to guarantee excellent quality of work.
Frequent causes of Rolls-Royce air conditioner breakdowns: compressor malfunction, fan or radiator malfunction, breakdown of the control switch of the car air conditioner. With the help of Rolls-Royce programming and high-quality Rolls-Royce diagnostic it is easier to detect the problem and to get rid of it.
In order for the car to serve for a long time and to be always on the move, it needs appropriate care and maintenance at the best Rolls-Royce repair & service in Dubai. Diagnostics is the main service that must be carried out before starting any repair work, as well as during a routine inspection. Rolls-Royce is a very familiar brand to employees at the station. On this car, the specialists of Rolls-Royce garage Dubai will deal with all the malfunctions and perform the most important car settings for comfort.


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Author: Burkitt, M. C.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Publication Date & Place: 2012 / Cambridge
(Antiquarian / Condition: New)
Direct Delivery - The cargo delivery time: 1 business day
Surface shipping for all orders from anywhere outside of Turkey is included to the price!
460 pp, b/w figures, pb, in English.
Originally published in 1921, this book was written to provide students with a general introduction to prehistoric societies. It discusses the various early civilizations of Europe and North Africa, taking into account both historical and geological perspectives in a broad narrative of human cultural development. Numerous illustrative figures are also provided, together with an index, a glossary of terms, and a detailed bibliography. Highly detailed, this book will be of value to anyone with an interest in prehistory and archaeology.


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The White Revolution in India: Ushering in a Dairy Transformation
Every year, on June 1st, the world celebrates World Milk Day to acknowledge the importance of milk and the dairy industry in our lives. On this occasion, it is imperative to highlight the remarkable journey of India's dairy industry and the significant impact of the White Revolution. Often referred to as Operation Flood, the White Revolution marked a turning point in India's agricultural landscape, propelling the nation to become the largest milk producer in the world. This article delves into the origins, accomplishments, and ongoing developments of the White Revolution, emphasizing its role in transforming India's rural economy.
Origins of the White Revolution:
The White Revolution, initiated in 1970 by Dr. Verghese Kurien, aimed to replicate the success of the Green Revolution by revamping the dairy sector. With the support of the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) and key stakeholders, Dr. Kurien pioneered innovative strategies to uplift millions of rural farmers and create a self-sufficient dairy industry. His visionary approach focused on empowering farmers, increasing milk production, and establishing a robust milk collection and processing infrastructure.
Empowering Rural Farmers:
One of the primary objectives of the White Revolution was to empower rural farmers, particularly women, by organizing them into cooperative societies. Through these societies, farmers gained access to various resources such as cattle feed, veterinary services, and modern farming techniques. By pooling their resources and knowledge, farmers were able to enhance milk productivity and improve their income levels. The cooperative model also ensured fair prices for milk, eliminating the exploitation of small-scale dairy farmers.
Boosting Milk Production:
The White Revolution encouraged the adoption of scientific methods and improved cattle breeds to enhance milk production. Cross-breeding programs were implemented to introduce high-yielding exotic breeds, such as Holstein-Friesian and Jersey, to native breeds, resulting in increased milk yields per animal. Moreover, initiatives like artificial insemination and veterinary services helped improve the health and genetics of the cattle population. These efforts significantly contributed to the overall surge in milk production across the country.
Creating a Robust Infrastructure:
Recognizing the need for a well-established infrastructure to handle the increased milk production, the White Revolution focused on building a robust network of milk collection centers, processing plants, and chilling facilities. This infrastructure ensured that the milk collected from remote villages was quickly transported, chilled, and processed to maintain its quality. The establishment of dairy cooperatives, like Amul, played a crucial role in providing the necessary infrastructure and marketing support to farmers, further strengthening the dairy sector.
The White Revolution has achieved remarkable milestones over the years, transforming India into the world's leading milk producer. The annual milk production, which was around 21 million metric tonnes in 1970, reached a staggering 198 million metric tonnes in 2020. This phenomenal growth has not only met the domestic demand for milk but also facilitated the production of value-added dairy products for the export market. The dairy industry's economic contribution has uplifted millions of rural households, providing them with a sustainable livelihood and reducing poverty in rural areas.
Ongoing Developments and Future Prospects:
The White Revolution's legacy continues to shape India's dairy industry, with ongoing developments and future prospects. The government, in collaboration with the NDDB, is investing in advanced technologies, research and development, and skill enhancement programs for dairy farmers. Efforts are being made to explore innovative dairy-based entrepreneurship opportunities, ensuring the sector remains dynamic and adaptive to changing market demands. Moreover, initiatives like the National Dairy Plan and National Dairy Development Program are being implemented to further strengthen the dairy ecosystem and maximize farmers' income.
On this World Milk Day, as we celebrate the immense contribution of milk and dairy products to our lives, it is essential to acknowledge the transformative impact of the White Revolution in India. This agricultural revolution, spearheaded by Dr. Verghese Kurien, empowered rural farmers, boosted milk production, and created a robust infrastructure that has made India the largest milk producer in the world.
The White Revolution not only ensured self-sufficiency in milk production but also generated employment opportunities, improved rural livelihoods, and reduced poverty in the country. It laid the foundation for a thriving dairy industry, enabling farmers to earn fair prices for their milk and fostering economic development in rural areas.
As we look towards the future, ongoing developments and initiatives are geared towards further strengthening the dairy sector. With advancements in technology, research, and skill enhancement programs, India's dairy industry is poised for continued growth and adaptation to meet the evolving needs of consumers and markets both domestically and internationally.
Let us commemorate the White Revolution's legacy on this World Milk Day and appreciate the efforts of countless farmers, cooperatives, and stakeholders who continue to drive the growth and success of India's dairy industry. Together, let us raise a glass of milk to celebrate the white revolution that has truly transformed the lives of millions and made India a dairy powerhouse on the global stage.


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We are writing this in February, when it might be too cold where you live to enjoy a smoothie, but we find we sometimes like to have smoothies even on cold days. They are super fast to make for a healthy breakfast, and they can be a great snack to give you the energy you need to make it through a busy afternoon.
Our cream strawberry energy smoothie is packed with vitamins and protein... and it's pink... so enjoy on Valentine's Day or any day of the year. We give guidelines for measurements in the recipe, but once you have made this a few times, you don't really need to measure, you can just add approximate quantities of ingredients to your liking. We often make our smoothies quite thick (not much almond milk) and eat them like ice cream in a bowl, but you could add more almond milk to be able to drink them from a cup or sip with a straw.
Be sure to scroll to the bottom of this page for some fun strawberry-themed activities too!
Let's make a smoothie!
Gather your ingredients:
- Frozen strawberries
- Almond milk
- Natural peanut butter
- Plain Greek yogurt
- Chia seeds
- Protein powder
Gather your kitchen supplies:
- Blender or food processor
- 1/2 cup measurer
- 1 Tbsp
- Large spoon
- Cups or bowls to serve
- Spoons or straws
Time to measure and blend!
Pour 4 cups of frozen strawberries into the blender.
Measure 1/2 cup of peanut butter.
Use a spoon to help to pour the peanut butter into the blender.
Measure 1/2 cup of Greek yogurt
Spoon the Greek yogurt into the blender.
Pour in the almond milk. Fill to the 1 cup line for a smoothie you can eat with a spoon, or up to the 1.5 or 2 cup line for a smoothie you can sip with a straw.
Put the cover on tightly!
Press "pulse" or "blend" on your blender. Turn off the blender when well blended.
Pour the smoothie into cups or bowls. This recipe makes about 4 servings.
Add a Tablespoon or 2 of chia seeds per cup and stir. If everyone likes chia seeds, you could also add them to the smoothie before blending it.
Add a half a scoop of protein powder per cup and stir. If everyone likes protein powder, you could also add it to the smoothie before blending it.
Click on the image to download our elementary strawberry math fun pages.
Be sure to print it in the "landscape" orientation.
Click on the image to download our homemade strawberry smoothie coloring page.
Our 10 year old loves to make coloring pages for her siblings, and now she makes them to share with you too! Thank you for coming to sparklesandsprinkles.blog today!


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People need enough amounts of energy and stamina to perform various activities or tasks in life. The human body needs a sufficient level of minerals to stay fresh and active. Many people feel lazy because of unhealthy food habits they follow in their daily routine of life. It is important to stay strong to make yourself feel comfortable in doing the work. Every human needs to perform various types of work in life to earn money. So, eating healthy and protein-rich foods can give you energy and boosts in doing the different tasks in life. People survive to earn money and lead a carefree lifestyle so, to enjoy your life you need a proper healthy body with all the essential minerals and body metabolisms.
Advanced Method of Solution
In this current generation, people are finding solutions at their fingertips using the internet and online. There are many developed and advanced machinery, medicines, tools, and so on available to make your work simple and convenient. Health is the chief thing to be taken care of in human life and there are also several advancements made in the treatments and supplements provided for diseases and health issues. The site https://www.cofttek.com/product/778571-57-6/ is the best platform to find high-quality health-boosting supplements with more benefits. They are easy to find and you can order in small or bulk quantities online.
Two Basic Supplements
They contain two basic important supplements called magnesium L-threonate and Palmitoylethanolamide. These two major products have adverse health benefits and are clinically tested in the laboratory and approved by the health centers and researchers. They do not produce any side effects in the body and helps in improvising the essential minerals needed for the human body. You can take this supplement in both the forms of capsules and powders based on your easiness and convenience in using them. They are available in both kinds at online stores or pharmacies.
The Normal Level of Dosage
Magnesium is one important energy-boosting supplement needed in the human body and when there is any reduction or deficiency in this supplement, the body causes slight symptoms of health effects. Maintaining an adequate level of minerals in the body is essential for the healthy living of a person. When you prefer medicine in the capsule form, then the normal dosage level to be maintained is 144 mg per day. You can consume these pills three times a day at the same level of dosage. You should not increase the level of dosage without the knowledge of your health specialists. To learn more about the benefits and affects you can contact your health providers.

domain: medical


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KHALEEJ TIMES, Tuesday, Sep 14, 2021 | Safar 7, 1443
HRSD ministry directs private sector establishments to register non-Saudi employees’ contracts via qiwa platform
The Ministry of Human Resources and Social Development (HRSD) directed the private sector establishments to register the contracts of non-Saudi employees through the qiwa platform, Akhbaar24 reported, citing an unnamed source with knowledge of the matter.
Contracts of non-Saudi employees are required to be registered once an employee joins the job, the source explained, adding that the new system aims to protect the rights of employers and employees, provide a stable business environment to increase employees’ productivity, and ensure the compliance of establishments with labor laws. The move will also ensure the validity of contract information, and reduce labor disputes and claims.
As of 2022, the paper employment contracts of non-Saudi employees will not be approved by labor courts or the ministry, the source added, urging all establishments to use e-contracts and register them through qiwa platform.
The source added that a unified e-contract should be made and registered via qiwa platform, in line with the Saudi labor law to benefit from the ministry’s Labor Reform Initiative (LRI).
On Nov. 4, 2020, the ministry launched the LRI under the National Transformation Program (NTP) to enhance the contractual relationship between workers and employers.

domain: economics


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- History and activities in Viry-Châtillon
- Tourism and visits to Viry-Châtillon
- Transfer from Viry-Châtillon-sur to Paris airports
History and activities in Viry-Châtillon
The city name comes from the Latin virus meaning place filled with putrid water, as before, the region was marked by marsh and Latin castellum which means castle or guardhouse. The history of the city dates back to prehistoric times. Researchers have discovered flint in the area. In the Gallo-Roman villa was built in this destination. In the Middle Ages, the lords reigned in the city and the land cultivated by the peasants were disentangled to lords and religious. This destination was focused on the planting of vines, grain crops and timber. Around the year 1790, two districts were unified to become the city of Viry-Châtillon-sur whose Viry-sur-Orge and Châtillon-sur-Seine. In the twentieth century, the development of the city is characterized by the arrival of the railroad and industrial areas.
Tourism and visits to Viry-Châtillon
There are many historical monuments in the city of Viry-Châtillon-sur. The terminals 11 and 12 to Phrygian cap terminals are classified as historical monuments March 22, 1934. In addition to the terminals, the Church is also a five spans listed building July 16, 1925. Institute of St. Clement is a building in the fourth quarter of the seventeenth century and was registered on 22 March 1983. Besides these monuments, the town still other attractions. However, tourists can admire the seventeenth century washhouse and Windmill nineteenth century. The Town Hall is a building to visit this destination.
To visit the city of Viry-Châtillon-sur tourists have the opportunity to appeal to professionals like us to transfer them from the city of Viry-Châtillon to another site. Indeed, we propose three categories of cars whose collective shuttle, private car and luxury car VIP. These cars are comfortable and well equipped. A multidisciplinary driver will accompany you throughout the trip.
Transfer from Viry-Châtillon-sur to Paris airports
City Viry-Châtillon-sur lies 2 km from Savigny-sur-Orge and 22 km from Paris. This destination is 6.3 km from Orly Airport to 51.8 km from Charles de Gaulle Airport and 118 km from Paris Beauvais airport.