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Unilever heartbrand ice creams are sold in more than 40 countries around the world under many different local names. This presentation is about the ice cream industry in pakistan, telling about the five major companies doing business in this industry including hico, yummy, ig. If you are looking for ice cream parlour & manufacturer company in pakistan, find companies in ice cream parlour & manufacturer business directory of pakistan with the list of companies rajjo ice cream send query karachi qurtaba market, bahadurabad karachi, sindh pakistan phone no: 02134936966. Local conglomerate's subsidiary facing difficulties in supply chain. Extrusion line boosts flexibility (back to top) medium-sized ice cream producers face increasing pressure to be more responsive to market demand by offering a greater variety of products at smaller volumes tetra pak has responded by launching an ice cream extrusion line to maximise flexibility.
Pakistan has seen a tremendous growth in frozen foods3 spearheaded by the development of the ice-cream segment the frozen food ice cream segments‟ market size vastly expanded as a result of two entrants a multinational company (mnc), unilever in 1998, and a large local company, engro foods. Discover the latest market trends and uncover sources of future market growth for the ice cream and frozen desserts industry in pakistan with research from euromonitor's team of in-country analysts find hidden opportunities in the most current research data available, understand competitive threats with our detailed. Food and consumer products giant unilever thursday posted soaring 2017 profits of 65 billion euros ($805 billion), after a year of major change when it spurned a kraft heinz takeover bid the announcement came a day after unilever announced it was adding to its popular ice-cream ranges, which.
Official website for hico ice cream, the first ice cream company in pakistan we pride ourselves on building quality premium ice cream. With its rich, creamy taste, high nutrition content and wide-range of flavors and formats, omoré is a delectable ice-cream and frozen desserts brand that seeks to cater to a wide range of consumer groups and taste palettes. The market for premium-quality stick ice cream products is expanding rapidly for products with large inclusions nevertheless, there remains significant room for improvement in adapting extrusion-line production for these delicious products when introducing large inclusions into extruded ice cream,. Ice cream industry in pakistan - download as pdf file (pdf), text file (txt) or read online.
Free online library: ice cream industry in pakistan(industry overview) by economic review banking, finance and accounting business economics dairy products industry. This is a list of notable ice cream brands ice cream is a frozen dessert, usually made from dairy products such as milk and cream, and often combined with fruits or other ingredients and flavors however, not all frozen desserts can be called ice cream contents a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x.
But after 1988 and the opening of the first cold stone creamery in tempe, arizona, things changed the sutherlands fundamentally redefined ice cream and the world would never be the same cold stone creamery ice cream is categorized by industry experts as super premium we are proud of our heritage as ice.
The original ice cream outlet in sialkot citygreat taste highly recommend various flavours good tasteas good as it gets thank nouman s amir a 7 reviewed january 3, 2018 pretty nice place it was ok not bad at all we went for ice cream in sialkot cat pakistan is on the main street sialkot cant thank amir a shahzad. Peshawari icecream, karachi, pakistan 54k likes back in 1948, we started making icecream here in karachi, pakistan for friends, family, parties and. Learn about working at igloo ice cream - pakistan dairy products (pvt) ltd join linkedin today for free see who you know at igloo ice cream - pakistan dairy products (pvt) ltd, leverage your professional network, and get hired. Tetra pak is the world-leading, single-source manufacturer and supplier of complete solutions, equipment and consumables for processing and packaging ice cream the full range of our ice cream equipment covers raw material storage through mix preparation to continuous freezing and inclusion systems our production.


PREP BOYS BASKETBALL: Redbirds, Kahoks clash for 4A regional title
Greg Shashack / The Telegraph
COLLINSVILLE – Collinsville’s last regional championship came in 2015 after upsetting top-seeded East St. Louis in the title matchup.
The Kahoks are hoping the Alton Redbirds are unable to pull off that same postseason upset Friday.
The Redbirds are cast in the role of underdog – however slight – when they take on the Kahoks at 7 p.m. Friday for the championship of the Collinsville Class 4A Regional at Fletcher Gym. Top-seeded Collinsville is 27-5 and ranked No. 10 in the Associated Press’ final Class 4A state poll released earlier in the week. Alton is 22-10.
Friday’s victor at Fletcher Gym advances to an East Moline Sectional semifinal at 7 p.m. Tuesday at Edwardsville’s Lucco-Jackson Gym against the Belleville West Regional champion. The host Maroons (28-4) and Chatham Glenwood (19-10) clash Friday at West.
Collinsville owns 42 regional titles in a storied history, but only two have been earned since winning the last of three straight in 2002. The Kahoks have not won a sectional since 1994.
Alton, a sectional winner in 2005, is seeking its first regional title – and 22nd overall – since making back-to-back sectional trips in 2015. That 2015 postseason for Alton included a 67-58 sectional semifinal win over Collinsville at Belleville East.
The Redbirds are unranked in the 4A state poll, but certainly capable of a run with victories over No. 2 Belleville West, No. 5 Evanston and No. 10 Collinsville. Alton defeated the Kahoks 59-57 on Dec. 14 at AHS before Collinsville won the rematch at Fletcher 75-61 three weeks ago to end a 13-game losing streak vs. the Redbirds. The game was tied at 43 before closed with a 32-18 surge in the final 8 minutes, 1 second.
“The frustrating part was our energy level just didn’t seem like it was there,” Alton coach Eric Smith said after that Feb. 8 defeat. “We talked to the kids about how big of a game this was. And offensively, we tried to do too much — on the offensive end. Defensive end, we were lacking. We got exactly what we were trying to do, but we couldn’t find anybody that was tough enough to go rebound tonight.”
Alton advanced to the regional title game by beating Springfield 75-61 in Tuesday’s semifinals after the Kahoks moved on with a 54-34 victory over Edwardsville.


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Plant pathology is the scientific study of diseases in plants caused by pathogens and environmental conditions. Organisms that cause infectious disease include fungi, bacteria, viroids, virus-like organisms, protozoa and parasitic plants. Not included are ectoparasites like insects, vertebrate, or other pests that affect plant health by eating of plant tissues. Plant pathology involves the study of pathogen identification, disease etiology, disease cycles, economic impact, plant disease epidemiology, plant disease resistance, how plant diseases affect humans and animals, pathosystem genetics, management of plant diseases. Control of plant diseases is crucial to the reliable production of food, it provides significant problems in agricultural use of land, water and other inputs. Plants in both natural and cultivated populations carry inherent disease resistance, but there are numerous examples of devastating plant disease impacts such as Irish potato famine and chestnut blight, as well as recurrent severe plant diseases like rice blast, soybean cyst nematode, citrus canker.
However, disease control is reasonably successful for most crops. Disease control is achieved by use of plants that have been bred for good resistance to many diseases, by plant cultivation approaches such as crop rotation, use of pathogen-free seed, appropriate planting date and plant density, control of field moisture, pesticide use. Across large regions and many crop species, it is estimated that diseases reduce plant yields by 10% every year in more developed settings, but yield loss to diseases exceeds 20% in less developed settings. Continuing advances in the science of plant pathology are needed to improve disease control, to keep up with changes in disease pressure caused by the ongoing evolution and movement of plant pathogens and by changes in agricultural practices. Plant diseases cause major economic losses for farmers worldwide; the Food and Agriculture Organization estimates indeed that pests and diseases are responsible for about 25% of crop loss. To solve this issue, new methods are needed to detect diseases and pests early, such as novel sensors that detect plant odours and spectroscopy and biophotonics that are able to diagnose plant health and metabolism.
Most phytopathogenic fungi belong to the Ascomycetes and the Basidiomycetes. The fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually via the production of other structures. Spores may be spread long distances by air or water. Many soil inhabiting fungi are capable of living saprotrophically, carrying out the part of their life cycle in the soil; these are facultative saprotrophs. Fungal diseases may be controlled through the use of other agriculture practices. However, new races of fungi evolve that are resistant to various fungicides. Biotrophic fungal pathogens colonize living plant tissue and obtain nutrients from living host cells. Necrotrophic fungal pathogens infect and kill host tissue and extract nutrients from the dead host cells. Significant fungal plant pathogens include: Fusarium spp. Thielaviopsis spp. Verticillium spp. Magnaporthe grisea Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Ustilago spp. smut of barley Rhizoctonia spp. Phakospora pachyrhizi Puccinia spp. Armillaria spp; the oomycetes are fungus-like organisms.
They include some of the most destructive plant pathogens including the genus Phytophthora, which includes the causal agents of potato late blight and sudden oak death. Particular species of oomycetes are responsible for root rot. Despite not being related to the fungi, the oomycetes have developed similar infection strategies. Oomycetes are capable of using effector proteins to turn off a plant's defenses in its infection process. Plant pathologists group them with fungal pathogens. Significant oomycete plant pathogens include: Pythium spp. Phytophthora spp. including the potato blight of the Great Irish Famine Some slime molds in Phytomyxea cause important diseases, including club root in cabbage and its relatives and powdery scab in potatoes. These are caused by species of Spongospora, respectively. Most bacteria that are associated with plants are saprotrophic and do no harm to the plant itself. However, a small number, around 100 known species, are able to cause disease. Bacterial diseases are much more prevalent in tropical regions of the world.
Most plant pathogenic bacteria are rod-shaped. In order to be able to colonize the plant they have specific pathogenicity factors. Five main types of bacterial pathogenicity factors are known: uses of cell wall–degrading enzymes, effector proteins and exopolysaccharides. Pathogens such as Erwinia species use cell wall–degrading enzymes to cause soft rot. Agrobacterium species change the level of auxins to cause tumours with phytohormones. Exopolysaccharides are produced by bacteria and block xylem vessels leading to the death of the plant. Bacteria control the production of pathogenicity factors via quorum sensing. Significant bacterial plant pathogens: Burkholderia Proteobacteria Xanthomonas spp. Pseudomonas spp. Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato causes tomato plants to produce less fruit, it "continues to adapt to the tomato by minimizing its recognition by the tomato immune system." Phytoplasma and Spiroplasma are genera of bacteria that lack cell walls and are related to the mycoplasmas, which are human pathogens.
Together they are referred to
Plant ecology is a subdiscipline of ecology which studies the distribution and abundance of plants, the effects of environmental factors upon the abundance of plants, the interactions among and between plants and other organisms. Examples of these are the distribution of temperate deciduous forests in North America, the effects of drought or flooding upon plant survival, competition among desert plants for water, or effects of herds of grazing animals upon the composition of grasslands. A global overview of the Earth's major vegetation types is provided by O. W. Archibold, he recognizes 11 major vegetation types: tropical forests, tropical savannas, arid regions, Mediterranean ecosystems, temperate forest ecosystems, temperate grasslands, coniferous forests, terrestrial wetlands, freshwater ecosystems and coastal/marine systems. This breadth of topics shows the complexity of plant ecology, since it includes plants from floating single-celled algae up to large canopy forming trees. One feature that defines plants is photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis is the process of a chemical reactions to create glucose and oxgyen, vital for plant life. One of the most important aspects of plant ecology is the role plants have played in creating the oxygenated atmosphere of earth, an event that occurred some 2 billion years ago, it can be dated by the deposition of banded iron formations, distinctive sedimentary rocks with large amounts of iron oxide. At the same time, plants began removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, thereby initiating the process of controlling Earth's climate. A long term trend of the Earth has been toward increasing oxygen and decreasing carbon dioxide, many other events in the Earth's history, like the first movement of life onto land, are tied to this sequence of events. One of the early classic books on plant ecology was written by J. E. Weaver and F. E. Clements, it talks broadly about plant communities, the importance of forces like competition and processes like succession. Plant ecology can be divided by levels of organization including plant ecophysiology, plant population ecology, community ecology, ecosystem ecology, landscape ecology and biosphere ecology.
The study of plants and vegetation is complicated by their form. First, most plants are rooted in the soil, which makes it difficult to observe and measure nutrient uptake and species interactions. Second, plants reproduce vegetatively, asexually, in a way that makes it difficult to distinguish individual plants. Indeed, the concept of an individual is doubtful, since a tree may be regarded as a large collection of linked meristems. Hence, plant ecology and animal ecology have different styles of approach to problems that involve processes like reproduction and mutualism; some plant ecologists have placed considerable emphasis upon trying to treat plant populations as if they were animal populations, focusing on population ecology. Many other ecologists believe that while it is useful to draw upon population ecology to solve certain scientific problems, plants demand that ecologists work with multiple perspectives, appropriate to the problem, the scale and the situation. Plant ecology has its origin in the application of plant physiology to the questions raised by plant geographers.
Carl Ludwig Willdenow was one of the first to note that similar climates produced similar types of vegetation when they were located in different parts of the world. Willdenow's student, Alexander von Humboldt, used physiognomy to describe vegetation types and observed that the distribution vegetation types was based on environmental factors. Plant geographers who built upon Humboldt's work included Joakim Frederik Schouw, A. P. de Candolle, August Grisebach and Anton Kerner von Marilaun. Schouw's work, published in 1822, linked plant distributions to environmental factors and established the practice of naming plant associations by adding the suffix -etum to the name of the dominant species. Working from herbarium collections, De Candolle searched for general rules of plant distribution and settled on using temperature as well. Grisebach's two-volume work, Die Vegetation der Erde nach Ihrer Klimatischen Anordnung, published in 1872, saw plant geography reach its "ultimate form" as a descriptive field.
Starting in the 1870s, Swiss botanist Simon Schwendener, together with his students and colleagues, established the link between plant morphology and physiological adaptations, laying the groundwork for the first ecology textbooks, Eugenius Warming's Plantesamfund and Andreas Schimper's 1898 Pflanzengeographie auf Physiologischer Grundlage. Warming incorporated plant morphology, physiology taxonomy and biogeography into plant geography to create the field of plant ecology. Although more morphological than physiological, Schimper's has been considered the beginning of plant physiological ecology. Plant ecology was built around static ideas of plant distribution. Henry Chandler Cowles' studies of plant succession on the Lake Michigan sand dunes and Frederic Clements' 1916 monograph on the subject established it as a key element of plant ecology. Plant ecology developed within the wider discipline of ecology over the twentieth century. Inspired by Warming's Plantesamfund, Arthur Tansley set out to map British plant communities.
In 1904 he teamed up with William Gardner Smith and others involved in vegetation mapping to establish the Central Committee for the Survey and Study of British Vegetation shortened to British Vegetation Committee. In 1913, the British Vegetation Committee organised the British Ecological
A cell wall is a structural layer surrounding some types of cells, just outside the cell membrane. It can be tough and sometimes rigid, it provides the cell with both structural support and protection, acts as a filtering mechanism. Cell walls are present in most prokaryotes, in algae and fungi but in other eukaryotes including animals. A major function is to act as pressure vessels, preventing over-expansion of the cell when water enters; the composition of cell walls varies between species and may depend on cell type and developmental stage. The primary cell wall of land plants is composed of the polysaccharides cellulose and pectin. Other polymers such as lignin, suberin or cutin are anchored to or embedded in plant cell walls. Algae possess cell walls made of glycoproteins and polysaccharides such as carrageenan and agar that are absent from land plants. In bacteria, the cell wall is composed of peptidoglycan; the cell walls of archaea have various compositions, may be formed of glycoprotein S-layers, pseudopeptidoglycan, or polysaccharides.
Fungi possess cell walls made of the N-acetylglucosamine polymer chitin. Unusually, diatoms have a cell wall composed of biogenic silica. A plant cell wall was first observed and named by Robert Hooke in 1665. However, "the dead excrusion product of the living protoplast" was forgotten, for three centuries, being the subject of scientific interest as a resource for industrial processing or in relation to animal or human health. In 1804, Karl Rudolphi and J. H. F. Link proved. Before, it had been thought that fluid passed between them this way; the mode of formation of the cell wall was controversial in the 19th century. Hugo von Mohl advocated the idea. Carl Nägeli believed that the growth of the wall in thickness and in area was due to a process termed intussusception; each theory was improved in the following decades: the apposition theory by Eduard Strasburger, the intussusception theory by Julius Wiesner. In 1930, Ernst Münch coined the term apoplast in order to separate the "living" symplast from the "dead" plant region, the latter of which included the cell wall.
By the 1980s, some authors suggested replacing the term "cell wall" as it was used for plants, with the more precise term "extracellular matrix", as used for animal cells, but others preferred the older term. Cell walls serve similar purposes in those organisms, they may give cells offering protection against mechanical stress. In multicellular organisms, they permit the organism to hold a definite shape. Cell walls limit the entry of large molecules that may be toxic to the cell, they further permit the creation of stable osmotic environments by preventing osmotic lysis and helping to retain water. Their composition and form may change during the cell cycle and depend on growth conditions. In most cells, the cell wall is flexible, meaning that it will bend rather than holding a fixed shape, but has considerable tensile strength; the apparent rigidity of primary plant tissues is enabled by cell walls, but is not due to the walls' stiffness. Hydraulic turgor pressure creates this rigidity, along with the wall structure.
The flexibility of the cell walls is seen when plants wilt, so that the stems and leaves begin to droop, or in seaweeds that bend in water currents. As John Howland explains Think of the cell wall as a wicker basket in which a balloon has been inflated so that it exerts pressure from the inside; such a basket is rigid and resistant to mechanical damage. Thus does the prokaryote cell gain strength from a flexible plasma membrane pressing against a rigid cell wall; the apparent rigidity of the cell wall thus results from inflation of the cell contained within. This inflation is a result of the passive uptake of water. In plants, a secondary cell wall is a thicker additional layer of cellulose which increases wall rigidity. Additional layers may be formed by suberin in cork cell walls; these compounds are rigid and waterproof. Both wood and bark cells of trees have secondary walls. Other parts of plants such as the leaf stalk may acquire similar reinforcement to resist the strain of physical forces.
The primary cell wall of most plant cells is permeable to small molecules including small proteins, with size exclusion estimated to be 30-60 kDa. The pH is an important factor governing the transport of molecules through cell walls. Cell walls evolved independently including within the photosynthetic eukaryotes. In these lineages, the cell wall is related to the evolution of multicellularity, terrestrialization and vascularization; the walls of plant cells must have sufficient tensile strength to withstand internal osmotic pressures of several times atmospheric pressure that result from the difference in solute concentration between the cell interior and external solutions. Plant cell walls vary from 0.1 to several µm in thickness. Up to three strata or layers may be found in plant cell walls: The primary cell wall a thin and extensible layer formed while the cell is growing; the secondary cell wall, a thick layer formed inside the primary cell wall after the cell is grown. It is not found in all cell types.
Some cells, such as the conducting cells in xylem, possess a secondary wall containing lignin, which strengthens and waterproofs the wall. The middle lamella, a layer rich in pectins; this outermost layer
History of botany
The history of botany examines the human effort to understand life on Earth by tracing the historical development of the discipline of botany—that part of natural science dealing with organisms traditionally treated as plants. Rudimentary botanical science began with empirically-based plant lore passed from generation to generation in the oral traditions of paleolithic hunter-gatherers; the first written records of plants were made in the Neolithic Revolution about 10,000 years ago as writing was developed in the settled agricultural communities where plants and animals were first domesticated. The first writings that show human curiosity about plants themselves, rather than the uses that could be made of them, appears in the teachings of Aristotle's student Theophrastus at the Lyceum in ancient Athens in about 350 BC. In Europe, this early botanical science was soon overshadowed by a medieval preoccupation with the medicinal properties of plants that lasted more than 1000 years. During this time, the medicinal works of classical antiquity were reproduced in manuscripts and books called herbals.
In China and the Arab world, the Greco-Roman work on medicinal plants was extended. In Europe the Renaissance of the 14th–17th centuries heralded a scientific revival during which botany emerged from natural history as an independent science, distinct from medicine and agriculture. Herbals were replaced by floras: books; the invention of the microscope stimulated the study of plant anatomy, the first designed experiments in plant physiology were performed. With the expansion of trade and exploration beyond Europe, the many new plants being discovered were subjected to an rigorous process of naming and classification. Progressively more sophisticated scientific technology has aided the development of contemporary botanical offshoots in the plant sciences, ranging from the applied fields of economic botany, to the detailed examination of the structure and function of plants and their interaction with the environment over many scales from the large-scale global significance of vegetation and plant communities through to the small scale of subjects like cell theory, molecular biology and plant biochemistry.
Botany and zoology are the core disciplines of biology whose history is associated with the natural sciences chemistry and geology. A distinction can be made between botanical science in a pure sense, as the study of plants themselves, botany as applied science, which studies the human use of plants. Early natural history divided pure botany into three main streams morphology-classification and physiology – that is, external form, internal structure, functional operation; the most obvious topics in applied botany are horticulture and agriculture although there are many others like weed science, plant pathology, pharmacognosy, economic botany and ethnobotany which lie outside modern courses in botany. Since the origin of botanical science there has been a progressive increase in the scope of the subject as technology has opened up new techniques and areas of study. Modern molecular systematics, for example, entails the principles and techniques of taxonomy, molecular biology, computer science and more.
Within botany there are a number of sub-disciplines that focus on particular plant groups, each with their own range of related studies. Included here are: phycology, pteridology and palaeobotany and their histories are treated elsewhere. To this list can be added mycology, the study of fungi, which were once treated as plants, but are now ranked as a unique kingdom. Nomadic hunter-gatherer societies passed on, by oral tradition, what they knew about the different kinds of plants that they used for food, poisons, for ceremonies and rituals etc; the uses of plants by these pre-literate societies influenced the way the plants were named and classified—their uses were embedded in folk-taxonomies, the way they were grouped according to use in everyday communication. The nomadic life-style was drastically changed when settled communities were established in about twelve centres around the world during the Neolithic Revolution which extended from about 10,000 to 2500 years ago depending on the region.
With these communities came the development of the technology and skills needed for the domestication of plants and animals and the emergence of the written word provided evidence for the passing of systematic knowledge and culture from one generation to the next. During the Neolithic Revolution plant knowledge increased most through the use of plants for food and medicine. All of today's staple foods were domesticated in prehistoric times as a gradual process of selection of higher-yielding varieties took place unknowingly, over hundreds to thousands of years. Legumes were cultivated on all continents but cereals made up most of the regular diet: rice in East Asia and barley in the Middle east, maize in Central and South America. By Greco-Roman times popular food plants of today, including grapes, apples and olives, were being listed as named varieties in early manuscripts. Botanical authority William Stearn has observed that "cultivated plants are mankind's most vital and precious heritage from remote antiquity".
It is from the Neolithic, in about 3000 BC, that we glimpse the first known illustrations of plants and read descript
In vascular plants, the root is the organ of a plant that lies below the surface of the soil. Roots can be aerial or aerating, that is, growing up above the ground or above water. Furthermore, a stem occurring below ground is not exceptional either. Therefore, the root is best defined as the non-nodes bearing parts of the plant's body. However, important internal structural differences between stems and roots exist; the fossil record of roots—or rather, infilled voids where roots rotted after death—spans back to the late Silurian, about 430 million years ago. Their identification is difficult, because casts and molds of roots are so similar in appearance to animal burrows, they can be discriminated using a range of features. The first root that comes from a plant is called the radicle. A root's four major functions are: absorption of inorganic nutrients. In response to the concentration of nutrients, roots synthesise cytokinin, which acts as a signal as to how fast the shoots can grow. Roots function in storage of food and nutrients.
The roots of most vascular plant species enter into symbiosis with certain fungi to form mycorrhizae, a large range of other organisms including bacteria closely associate with roots. When dissected, the arrangement of the cells in a root is root hair, epiblem, endodermis, pericycle and, the vascular tissue in the centre of a root to transport the water absorbed by the root to other places of the plant; the most striking characteristic of roots is that, roots have an endogenous origin, i.e. it originates and develops from an inner layer of the mother axis. Whereas Stem-branching and leaves are exogenous, i.e. start to develop from the cortex, an outer layer. In its simplest form, the term root architecture refers to the spatial configuration of a plant’s root system; this system can be complex and is dependent upon multiple factors such as the species of the plant itself, the composition of the soil and the availability of nutrients. The configuration of root systems serves to structurally support the plant, compete with other plants and for uptake of nutrients from the soil.
Roots grow to specific conditions. For example, a root system that has developed in dry soil may not be as efficient in flooded soil, yet plants are able to adapt to other changes in the environment, such as seasonal changes. Root architecture plays the important role of providing a secure supply of nutrients and water as well as anchorage and support; the main terms used to classify the architecture of a root system are: Branch magnitude: the number of links. Topology: the pattern of branching, including:Herringbone: alternate lateral branching off a parent root Dichotomous: opposite, forked branches Radial: whorl of branches around a rootLink length: the distance between branches. Root angle: the radial angle of a lateral root’s base around the parent root’s circumference, the angle of a lateral root from its parent root, the angle an entire system spreads. Link radius: the diameter of a root. All components of the root architecture are regulated through a complex interaction between genetic responses and responses due to environmental stimuli.
These developmental stimuli are categorised as intrinsic, the genetic and nutritional influences, or extrinsic, the environmental influences and are interpreted by signal transduction pathways. The extrinsic factors that affect root architecture include gravity, light exposure and oxygen, as well as the availability or lack of nitrogen, sulphur and sodium chloride; the main hormones and respective pathways responsible for root architecture development include: Auxin – Auxin promotes root initiation, root emergence and primary root elongation. Cytokinins – Cytokinins regulate root apical meristem size and promote lateral root elongation. Gibberellins -- Together with ethylene they promote elongation. Together with auxin they promote root elongation. Gibberellins inhibit lateral root primordia initiation. Ethylene – Ethylene promotes crown root formation. Early root growth is one of the functions of the apical meristem located near the tip of the root; the meristem cells more or less continuously divide, producing more meristem, root cap cells, undifferentiated root cells.
The latter become the primary tissues of the root, first undergoing elongation, a process that pushes the root tip forward in the growing medium. These cells differentiate and mature into specialized cells of the root tissues. Growth from apical meristems is known as primary growth. Secondary growth encompasses all growth in diameter, a major component of woody plant tissues and many nonwoody plants. For example, storage roots of sweet potato are not woody. Secondary growth occurs at the lateral meristems, namely the vascular cork cambium; the former forms secondary phloem, while the latter forms the periderm. In plants with secondary growth, the vascular cambium, originating between the xylem and the phloem, forms a cylinder of tissue along the stem and root; the vascular cambium forms new cells on both the inside and outside of the cambium cylinder, with those on the inside forming secondary xylem cells, those on the outside forming secondary phloem cells. As
Wood is a porous and fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees and other woody plants. It is an organic material, a natural composite of cellulose fibers that are strong in tension and embedded in a matrix of lignin that resists compression. Wood is sometimes defined as only the secondary xylem in the stems of trees, or it is defined more broadly to include the same type of tissue elsewhere such as in the roots of trees or shrubs. In a living tree it performs a support function, enabling woody plants to grow large or to stand up by themselves, it conveys water and nutrients between the leaves, other growing tissues, the roots. Wood may refer to other plant materials with comparable properties, to material engineered from wood, or wood chips or fiber. Wood has been used for thousands of years for fuel, as a construction material, for making tools and weapons and paper. More it emerged as a feedstock for the production of purified cellulose and its derivatives, such as cellophane and cellulose acetate.
As of 2005, the growing stock of forests worldwide was about 434 billion cubic meters, 47% of, commercial. As an abundant, carbon-neutral renewable resource, woody materials have been of intense interest as a source of renewable energy. In 1991 3.5 billion cubic meters of wood were harvested. Dominant uses were for building construction. A 2011 discovery in the Canadian province of New Brunswick yielded the earliest known plants to have grown wood 395 to 400 million years ago. Wood can be dated by carbon dating and in some species by dendrochronology to determine when a wooden object was created. People have used wood for thousands of years for many purposes, including as a fuel or as a construction material for making houses, weapons, packaging and paper. Known constructions using wood date back ten thousand years. Buildings like the European Neolithic long house were made of wood. Recent use of wood has been enhanced by the addition of bronze into construction; the year-to-year variation in tree-ring widths and isotopic abundances gives clues to the prevailing climate at the time a tree was cut.
Wood, in the strict sense, is yielded by trees, which increase in diameter by the formation, between the existing wood and the inner bark, of new woody layers which envelop the entire stem, living branches, roots. This process is known as secondary growth; these cells go on to form thickened secondary cell walls, composed of cellulose and lignin. Where the differences between the four seasons are distinct, e.g. New Zealand, growth can occur in a discrete annual or seasonal pattern, leading to growth rings. If the distinctiveness between seasons is annual, these growth rings are referred to as annual rings. Where there is little seasonal difference growth rings are to be indistinct or absent. If the bark of the tree has been removed in a particular area, the rings will be deformed as the plant overgrows the scar. If there are differences within a growth ring the part of a growth ring nearest the center of the tree, formed early in the growing season when growth is rapid, is composed of wider elements.
It is lighter in color than that near the outer portion of the ring, is known as earlywood or springwood. The outer portion formed in the season is known as the latewood or summerwood. However, there are major differences, depending on the kind of wood; as a tree grows, lower branches die, their bases may become overgrown and enclosed by subsequent layers of trunk wood, forming a type of imperfection known as a knot. The dead branch may not be attached to the trunk wood except at its base, can drop out after the tree has been sawn into boards. Knots affect the technical properties of the wood reducing the local strength and increasing the tendency for splitting along the wood grain, but may be exploited for visual effect. In a longitudinally sawn plank, a knot will appear as a circular "solid" piece of wood around which the grain of the rest of the wood "flows". Within a knot, the direction of the wood is up to 90 degrees different from the grain direction of the regular wood. In the tree a knot is either the base of a dormant bud.
A knot is conical in shape with the inner tip at the point in stem diameter at which the plant's vascular cambium was located when the branch formed as a bud. In grading lumber and structural timber, knots are classified according to their form, size and the firmness with which they are held in place; this firmness is affected by, among other factors, the length of time for which the branch was dead while the attaching stem continued to grow. Knots materially affect cracking and warping, ease in working, cleavability of timber, they are defects which weaken timber and lower its value for structural purposes where strength is an important consideration. The weakening effect is much more serious when timber is subjected to forces perpendicular to the grain and/or tension than when under load along the grain and/or compression; the extent to which knots affect the strength of a beam depends upon their position, size and condition. A knot on the upper side is compressed. If there is a season check
A sporangium is an enclosure in which spores are formed. It can be multicellular. All plants and many other lineages form sporangia at some point in their life cycle. Sporangia can produce spores by mitosis, but in nearly all land plants and many fungi, sporangia are the site of meiosis and produce genetically distinct haploid spores. In some phyla of fungi, the sporangium plays a role in asexual reproduction, may play an indirect role in sexual reproduction; the sporangium contains haploid nuclei and cytoplasm. Spores are formed in the sporangiophore by encasing each haploid nucleus and cytoplasm in a tough outer membrane. During asexual reproduction, these spores are dispersed via germinate into haploid hyphae. Although sexual reproduction in fungi varies between phyla, for some fungi the sporangium plays an indirect role in sexual reproduction. For Zygomycota, sexual reproduction occurs when the haploid hyphae from two individuals join to form a zygosporangium in response to unfavorable conditions.
The haploid nuclei within the zygosporangium fuse into diploid nuclei. When conditions improve the zygosporangium germinates, undergoes meiosis and produces a sporangium, which releases spores. In mosses and hornworts, an unbranched sporophyte produces a single sporangium, which may be quite complex morphologically. Most non-vascular plants, as well as many lycophytes and most ferns, are homosporous; some bryophytes, most lycophytes, some ferns are heterosporous. These plants produce microspores and megaspores, which give rise to gametophytes that are functionally male or female, respectively. In some cases, both kinds of spores are produced in the same sporangium, may develop together as part of a spore tetrad. However, in most heterosporous plants there are two kinds of sporangia, termed microsporangia and megasporangia. A few ferns and some lycophytes are heterosporous with two kinds of sporangia, as are all the seed plants. Sporangia can associated with leaves. In ferns, sporangia are found on the abaxial surface of the leaf and are densely aggregated into clusters called sori.
Sori may be covered by a structure called an indusium. Some ferns have their sporangia scattered along reduced leaf segments or along the margin of the leaf. Lycophytes, in contrast, bear their sporangia on the adaxial surface of leaves or laterally on stems. Leaves that bear sporangia are called sporophylls. If the plant is heterosporous, the sporangia-bearing leaves are distinguished as either microsporophylls or megasporophylls. In seed plants, sporangia are located within strobili or flowers. Cycads form their microsporangia on microsporophylls. Megasporangia are formed within ovules, which are borne on megasporophylls, which are aggregated into strobili on separate plants. Conifers bear their microsporangia on microsporophylls aggregated into papery pollen strobili, the ovules, are located on modified stem axes forming compound ovuliferous cone scales. Flowering plants contain microsporangia in the anthers of stamens and megasporangia inside ovules inside ovaries. In all seed plants, spores are produced by meiosis and develop into gametophytes while still inside the sporangium.
The microspores become microgametophytes. The megaspores become megagametophytes. Categorized based on developmental sequence and leptosporangia are differentiated in the vascular plants. In a leptosporangium, found only in ferns, development involves a single initial cell that becomes the stalk and spores within the sporangium. There are around 64 spores in a leptosporangium. In a eusporangium, characteristic of all other vascular plants and some primitive ferns, the initials are in a layer. A eusporangium is larger, its wall is multi-layered. Although the wall may be stretched and damaged, resulting in only one cell-layer remaining. A cluster of sporangia that have become fused in development is called a synangium; this structure is most prominent in Psilotum and Marattiaceae such as Christensenia and Marattia. A columella is a sterile structure that supports the sporangium. In fungi, the columella, which may be branched or unbranched, may be of host origin. Secotium species have a simple, unbranched columella, while in Gymnoglossum species, the columella is branched.
In some Geastrum species, the columella appears as an extension of the stalk into the spore mass. Microsporangium Archegonium Antheridium Spore formation

domain: biology


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Annual Benefit Art Auction
- Times: From: 7:00 PM to 10:00 PM
- From: June 11, 2016 to June 11, 2020 Recurring every June 11th
- Admission: Regular Advance Tickets $25 | @ Door $30 Advance | VIP Tickets $100 | VIP @ Door $150
- Location: Gallery Aferro
- Address: 73 Market St, Newark, NJ 07102
Gallery Aferro is excited to announce the 8th Annual Benefit Art Auction and Party! This festive event features an exciting auction of hundreds of artworks by emerging and established artists, music, fun activities including interactive performances, strong signature cocktails and endless icy craft beer from Hunterdon Brewery, fine catering, and dozens of wonderful door and raffle prizes!All proceeds from tickets and purchases make possible Gallery Aferro’s year-round exhibitions, award-winning artist residencies, publications, education program, public art initiatives, and ongoing expansion. NJVIP Preview 6 PM – 7 PM Auction 7PM – 9:30 PM Afterparty 10PM - ??

domain: entertainment


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AUGUSTA, Georgia — With two rounds behind them, the University of Notre Dame men’s golf team is tied for ninth heading into the final day of the Augusta Haskins Award Invitational. Totalling 574 strokes through 36 holes, the Irish sit at two-under par.
Through one round at the Augusta Haskins Award Invitational, the Irish were plus-three and 11th overall. Taichi Kho led through the first 18 holes, registering a four-under par and tied for sixth individually. John Felitto followed tied for 18th with a round of 70 (-2).
Rounding out the team scoring for round one was Miguel Delgado (+3) and Davis Lamb (+5).
The Irish climbed two spots in round two to move to ninth place heading into Sunday’s final round. Only three strokes separate the Irish from a top-seven finish and win over two top-25 opponents.
Notre Dame improved by eight strokes in round two to post a five-under par. Kho remained Notre Dame’s top finisher despite dropping 12 spots in the rankings. Kho shot a second round 73 (+1) to move to three-under par.
Davis Lamb notched the best outing in the afternoon, shooting 32 spots up the leaderboard after round two to move into 38th place. Lamb fired off a round of 67 (-5), which included seven birdies, which resulted in Lamb moving to one-over par for the tournament.
Felitto bounced back after a front nine that featured three bogeys with a birdie on the 11th to card a round of two-over par. Miguel Delgado carded a fairly clean sleet. His only hiccup was a double-bogey on the ninth, in which he rebounded with birdies on the 11th and 18th.
The Irish will conclude their run at the Augusta Haskins Award Invitational with the final round Sunday morning, beginning at 8:45 a.m. ET.

domain: news


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Samoan Islands Measles Outbreak Reports Multiple Fatalities
The Samoan Islands' ongoing measles outbreak has significantly accelerated over the past month.
Press release #4 issued on October 30, 2019, by the Samoan Ministry of Health (MOH), reported 314 suspected measles cases, with 15 confirmed cases. And, there are 146 laboratory test results pending.
However, Radio New Zealand (RNZ) reported on November 13, 2019, that Samoan Director General of Health Leausa Dr. Take Naseri said ‘there have been 7 related fatalities, and most were young children.’
Additionally, RNZ’s reporting indicates the number of suspected measles cases on Samoa had now reached 628, with 48 confirmations.
Samoa’s main islands, Savai'i and Upolu, have a combined population of 190,000 residents. Samoa is located south of the equator, about halfway between Hawaii and New Zealand, in the Polynesian region of the Pacific Ocean.
Separately, health officials in Samoa’s southeastern neighbor American Samoa, said ‘there are 2 children visiting from Samoa who are suspected of having measles. They are being kept in isolation at the LBJ Hospital.’
These children had not been vaccinated for the measles virus.
Saipale Fuimaono, M.D., from American Samoa, told KHJ News ‘to prevent any spread of what the children may have, the host family and the children are being closely monitored. There have not been any confirmed measles cases by American Samoa in 2019.’
Additionally, the Department of Health Epidemiologist Dr. Aifili John Tufa said: “We are doing everything to prevent a locally borne measles case.” He pointed out that American Samoa has a 90 percent immunization coverage and “that gives us good protection.”
The Samoan MOH continues to advise and encourages the public to get vaccinated against measles. Vaccination services are available at TTM Hospital Motootua and MTII Hospital Tuasivi. All hospital emergency plans have been activated with an isolation ward for those requiring admission.
The Samoan population is also reminded to refrain from large gatherings and crowded places, and isolation at home is recommended if you have any of the symptoms in the suspect measles case definition.
Furthermore, Samoan children should stay home from school if they are sick.
For further information on measles, please contact the nearest Health facility in Samoa, Dr. Robert Thomsen on 66503, or Tevaga, Dr. Ponifasio Ponifasio on 66500, or Dr. Sarah Brown on 66723 or your healthcare provider.
This is unfortunate news given the results of a recent study that confirmed ‘measles infections in children can eliminate the immune system’s memory to fight off other illnesses'.
This means an immune system reduction can leave about 40 percent of children who recover from measles infection vulnerable to other pathogens that they might have been protected from, before their bout with measles.
Recently, Auckland Regional Public Health Service (ARPHS) was notified passengers with measles traveled on 2 flights from Samoa to Auckland on November 9th.
ARPHS Medical Officer Dr. Maria Poynter says people who may have exposed on these flights should be vigilant for symptoms of the highly infectious disease.
1st flight - The flight departed Apia, Samoa, on Air New Zealand flight NZ959 at 9.40 pm on Friday 8 November, landing at 12.45 am on Saturday 9 November.
2nd flight - The flight departed Apia, Samoa on Air New Zealand NZ959 at 9.40 pm on Sunday 10 November, landing at Auckland International Airport at 1.00 am on Monday 11 November.
New Zealand's measles outbreak has continued to expand.
As of November 13, 2019, there have been 2,052 confirmed cases of measles, with 1,645 of these cases are in the Auckland region.
And the Fiji Ministry of Health and Medical Services Dr. Aalisha Sahukhan declared an outbreak with 3 measles confirmed for the Serua/Namosi Subdivision, and specifically the Wailali Settlement in Wainadoi.
UPDATE: NZ Foreign Minister Winston Peters announced on November 15th further support for Samoa. Three thousand measles vaccines and a dozen New Zealand nurses are being sent to Samoa to assist in containing a "serious and growing outbreak" gripping the island nation.
Recent Oceania measles news
- Solomon Islands Are Protecting Children From Measles & Rubella
- Independent State of Papua New Guinea Travel Advisory Expanded
- Measles Outbreak Warning Issued For Auckland New Zealand
Measles is a highly contagious virus, measles is a disease that spreads from person to person by breathing, coughing, or sneezing. Signs and symptoms of measles include rash, high fever, and a cough, runny nose, or red, watery eyes.
Additionally, the WHO advises all travelers aged 6 months and older who cannot show proof of vaccination or immunity, to receive the MMR vaccine at least 2-weeks prior to traveling to areas where measles transmission has been documented.
People can spread measles up to 4 days before and 4 days after they have a rash, says the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The CDC has included Samoa in its June 2019 Travel Alert regarding the ongoing spreading of the measles virus.
Additionally, the CDC updated its vaccination suggestions when visiting Samoa on August 2, 2019, to include the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis, varicella, and the annual flu shot. The CDC also suggests Yellow Fever, Hepatitis A, and Typhoid vaccinations for certain Samoa visitors.
Note: The CDC says any vaccine can cause a side effect, which should be reported to a healthcare provider asap.
Pacific Island travel news published by Vax-Before-Travel
- Samoa Declares Measles Outbreak
- Ministry of Health – Measles Epidemic Update 4
- Seven suspected measles deaths in Samoa - health authority
- Two children from Samoa thought to have measles in American Samoa
- Situational Update No. 2 30 October 2019 for Measles cases reported up until 27 October 2019
- Two highly suspected measles cases not immunized
- CDC: Health Information for Travelers to Samoa


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The crew 2 game 2018 APK 5.4.9
Dernière version: 5.4.9
The crew 2 game 2018 is a Action jeu for Android phones and tablets developed by PINWHEEL. The latest APK version of The crew 2 game 2018 is 5.4.9 compatible with Nexus, Sumsung Galaxy, LG, Huawei and Kindle Fire mobile phones and android devices having system version 4.2 and higher. The last mod was released on 22-juil.-2018 and has google play package name com.prabhas47007.cirzu. Please read the details about the jeu below. Easy and fast The crew 2 game 2018 APK download of the android version 5.4.9 is available directly on ApkGain.com. The crew 2 game 2018 APK is the property and trademark from the developer PINWHEEL. Please note that we only provide the original and free apk package installation without any modifications. Check our "safe download" sign to get the latest report from McAfee to see if the The crew 2 game 2018 download is completely secure. Customers who installed and played this jeu gave over 8 user ratings with an average rating 2,0 of 5 stars relating to The crew 2 game 2018. More than 4 people have played this jeu by now. Join them now and download The crew 2 game 2018 jeu APK directly on our ApkGain.com play market!
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Get your daily updates from leading publications and social networks according to your interests and favorite topics.
April 20, 2012
USMC Cake | Oklahoma's Premier Wedding Cake Designer and Sugar Artist
Category: Food & Drink
Other posts from:
Tomato Jam and Mozzarella Panini
Pan-Fried Leek Buns (Shui Jian Bao)
Recipe: Breakfast Polenta Squares with Spinach & Bac...
Recipe: Simple Kale & Potato Soup — Weeknight Dinner...
Moroccan Spiced Grilled Chicken Breasts
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domain: food


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Here are a few of my favorite tracks by Olly Murs;
- Dance With Me Tonight
- Heart Skips A Beat (feat. Rizzle Kicks)
- Oh My Goodness
- What A Buzz
- This One's For The Girls
- Hey You Beautiful
- And of course, Troublemaker (feat. Flo Rida) because it's the first I ever heard of Mr. Murs.
Hopefully, these tracks are the beginning of your Olly Murs collection!
Let me know what you think about Olly Murs and his music below! Who have you had blasting through your headphones recently? Let me know in the comments below! Love you guys.


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Health insurer UnitedHealth Group told investors that it lost 315,000 customers this year due to having ridiculously crappy customer service. In other news, the population of Pittsburgh, PA is only 312,819. Uh, whoops. [WSJ Health Blog]
Founded in 2005, Consumerist is an independent source of consumer news and information published by Consumer Media LLC, a not-for-profit subsidiary of Consumer Reports.


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Main Article Content
Recently Georgia initiated reconstruction of several historic architectural monuments of cultural heritage of the national and local importance. This fact motivated the author of the article to investigate a bigger picture and explore the trends and assessments of reconstruction of historic properties, especially those recognized as the World Heritage Sites under protection of UNESCO. Researchers who carried out the studies of the issue note that assessments and judgements produced by the World Heritage Centre are not always consistent, often become subject to political lobbying and not occasionally follow unclear guidelines. The author argues that Georgia sometimes also comes face-to-face with the described challenges.

domain: history


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Mariah Carey may not been quite the commercial force that she once was but she’s certainly regarded, rightly so, as a legend. Following the critical acclaim for 2014 album Me. I Am Mariah…The Elusive Chanteuse, Mariah is back with a new record deal and a Las Vegas residency. Celebrating her incredible success, Mariah will be performing at Caesars Palace this summer with a setlist featuring all of her 18 number 1 hits. To coincide with that Mariah is releasing new greatest hits collection #1 To Infinity and brand new single Infinity.
Infinity arrived in the early hours today and already it’s got the Internet buzzing proving that Mariah can still command a global audience whenever she wants to. As the sole new track on #1 to Infinity, Infinity has a lot riding on it and long-time Mariah fans will be pleased to hear that the track is the diva at her finest. A break-up song in the vein of We Belong Together and Don’t Forget About Us, Infinity will likely have people speculating that its about Mariah’s estranged husband Nick Cannon.
It’s fair to say that no one does a break-up song like Mariah and like all of her classics, Infinity sees Mariah with a smile on her face as she ends a relationship and prepares to move on with her life. The song is full of cutting lyrics including ‘could it be that you just lost the best you ever had?’ before demanding ‘close the door, lose the key, leave my heart on the mat for me’ before concluding ‘there’s an end to infinity’.
Infinity utilises Mariah’s infamous range to great effect with the trademark whistle at the end and breathy verses transforming into powerful belts at the drop of a hat. During the verses Mariah sings off-beat R&B rhythms before launching into a powerful chorus that includes plenty of classic high notes.
If there’s any justice then Infinity could score Mariah her 19th number one hit on the Billboard Hot 100 in the US. Perfect for radio and ready for the summer months, the song could easily sit amongst her best. We’d go as far as to say that Infinity could have easily been included on Mariah’s classic 2005 album The Emancipation of Mimi.

domain: artistic


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Fair Courts E-Lert: MI Justice Says She Faced “Bullying and Intimidation” Over Redistricting Case; Quotas for Immigration Judges Takes Effect
October 5, 2018
Michigan Justice Says She Faced “Bullying and Intimidation” Over Redistricting Case
Michigan Supreme Court Justice Elizabeth Clement said she faced “bullying and intimidation” while considering a case about whether a voter-initiated redistricting proposal could go on the November ballot.
Clement, appointed by Republican Gov. Rick Snyder, will face challengers to remain on the bench in November. She told The Detroit News that “outside interests” seeking to block the redistricting reform proposal from the ballot pressured her as she was considering the case. Clement ultimately voted with the majority to approve the ballot measure, which was opposed by state Republicans.
According to The Detroit News, following Clement’s decision, “the Michigan Republican Party…left her name and photo off door hangers distributed by volunteers,” although the hangers listed every other statewide Republican candidate. Clement called this decision “unprecedented.” The Michigan Republican Party “would not say whether Clement would be excluded from future literature.”
Michigan Supreme Court Justice David Viviano criticized the pressures Clement faced, arguing, “People are entitled to their own viewpoints on how a case should be decided. But it is inappropriate to direct those views at a member of the court while the case is being decided.”
All Seven Arkansas Supreme Court Justices Face Formal Ethics Charges
On September 20 and October 5th, Arkansas’ judicial ethics commission filed ethics violation charges against all seven justices on the Arkansas Supreme Court -- the first time in the commission’s 30-year history that formal ethics charges have been brought against the state’s Supreme Court justices.
In 2017, Arkansas Circuit Judge Wendell Griffen temporarily blocked state-planned executions. That same day, he participated in an anti-death penalty protest. In response, Arkansas Attorney General Leslie Rutledge asked the Arkansas Supreme Court to vacate Griffen’s order and take him off the case, arguing that Griffen couldn’t be impartial on the death penalty.
After Griffen missed a court-imposed deadline to respond to Rutledge’s request, the court banned him from hearing any death-penalty cases.
Griffen then filed a complaint with the Arkansas Judicial and Disability Commission. The Commission found “probable cause to believe that [the justices] have violated the canons and rules of judicial conduct,” as it did “not find that the notice to Judge Griffen and his ability to respond were sufficient.”
If the Commission concludes the justices violated judicial canons, punishments could include reprimand or removal from the bench.
Common Cause Ohio Report on Contributions to 2018 Ohio Supreme Court Candidates
The report finds that “[m]illions of dollars have poured into campaigns for Ohio’s highest court,” much of which is “dark money.” Major campaign contributors to 2018 Ohio Supreme Court candidates, the report documents, include business and legal interests. The report also tracks 2018 independent expenditures by political parties, and historical independent expenditures by outside special interest groups in Ohio Supreme Court elections.
Despite this spending, “[o]nce elected, judges in Ohio can and do hear the cases of their campaign contributors.” Common Cause makes several recommendations to minimize the risks to judicial independence, including “commonsense recusal rules” that mandate judges not hear cases involving major campaign supporters and “requiring disclosure of independent expenditures in judicial races.”
Quotas for Immigration Judges Takes Effect
On October 1, the Trump Administration’s new numerical and time-based quota system for immigration judges’ performance evaluations went into effect.
Earlier this year, the DOJ announced it would begin evaluating immigration judges’ performance based on how many cases they complete and how quickly they complete certain stages. To receive a “satisfactory” rating, immigration judges must now complete at least 700 cases per year, and meet three of six time “benchmarks,” among other requirements.
Criticsargue quotas undermine independent judicial decision-making and pressure immigration judges to prioritize speed over due process. Ashley Tabaddor, president of the National Association of Immigration Judges, said this policy reflects a “new and dark era.” And on Monday, a group of retired immigration judges and members of the Board of Immigration Appeals argued, “Never before, in our experience, has EOIR so directly and strongly undermined the decisional independence of Immigration Judges.”


Lingenfelter Performance Engineering is raffling off an Eliminator Spec Engine to benefit Make-A-Wish foundation.
Children with critical illnesses need your help to make their life-changing wishes come true! Take part in the Make-A-Wish Ohio, Kentucky & Indiana “Wish for More Horsepower Engine Raffle” presented by Lingenfelter Performance Engineering.
You could be the winner of a Lingenfelter Performance Engineering Eliminator Spec Engine signed by Dave Kindig!
To add to the excitement, the winning raffle ticket will be randomly drawn by Dave Kindig, owner of Kindig-It-Design and the star of the hit TV show Bitchin’ Rides on Saturday, July 30th at the Lingenfelter 21st Annual Blue Suede Cruise.
The Lingenfelter Performance Engineering Eliminator Spec Engine will come with a certificate of authenticity and special work order number. This will be built to the same specifications Lingenfelter Performance Engineering uses to build the engines for the 1953 Chevrolet Kindig-It CF1 Roadsters built by Dave Kindig at Kindig-It-Designs with an MSRP value of $30,000.
Lingenfelter Performance Engineering Eliminator Spec Engine
- 650 Horsepower
- Lingenfelter 427 LS Engine
- Lingenfelter LS3 Ported Heads with LSX Springs
- Borla 8-Stack Injection
- Billet Specialties Tru Trac Front Drive
- Forged & Balanced Rotating Assembly
- Lingenfelter Roller Camshaft
- Lingenfelter Certificate of Authenticity


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New York City will have no shortage of laughter on Nov. 4-8, when the New York Comedy Festival hits town.
The fall festival announced a number of comedians joining its lineup on Wednesday, including Dane Cooke, Andy Samberg, Artie Lange, Mike Epps, Bill Burr, Patton Oswalt and Mike Birbiglia.
The comedy stars will join Ricky Gervais, Bill Maher, Tracy Morgan and other previously announced comics among the fest’s 150-plus acts.
The five-day event will yuk it up in over 10 venues throughout the city. Tickets will be available by venue in the coming days.


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You can’t be wrong if you use black. The elegance and simplicity, along with the symbolic quality of this color, has inspired artists from across a wide range of disciplines for centuries. Be it fine art, applied art, and of course fashion, black color in art has followed us since the birth of time. This time, the focus and reflections concern the black color within abstraction and the new exhibition Blackness in Abstraction at Pace Gallery in New York, considers the use of black as a method, mode and material in the featured works by twenty-nine artists. The international and intergenerational group of artists and their works allow us a glimpse into the art history of black color and emphasize the long tradition of abstract art as well but also provide for us a glimpse into new trends of contemporary art, since over a third of the featured works are newly created.
The Russian painter and theorist Wassily Kandinsky interpreted the black color as ‘a totally dead silence… In music, it is represented by one of those profound and final pauses, after which any continuation of the melody seems the dawn of another world’. For Piet Mondrian, black and white were the only colors next to primary colors, he used for the creation of his non-representational art, which stood to convey the universal aesthetic language. The famous Black Square on White Ground by Kazimir Malevich, the monochrome paintings by Ad Reinhardt and his conceptual framework considering his black paintings as ‘pure abstract, non-objective, timeless, spaceless, changeless, relationless, disinterested’, along with the range of practices spanning Geometrical Abstraction, Minimalism and Conceptualism, the vast range of the black color in art is revisited and commented upon by the featured works in the exhibition.
The featured works in Blackness in Abstraction showcase a new kind of appropriation art, which uses not just the similar materials but is more interested in the re-using of the basic concepts of the past works. Such is the case with paintings by Ellen Gallagher that reference the famous black square by Malevich. The tracing of the evaluation of the black square is also visible in the mixed media works of Turiya Magadlela, bound fabric wall sculpture by Laura Lima, and in the photographs by Jonathas de Andrade, which reference the square from a historic indication to capitalism. The works created specifically for the exhibition, a new site-specific wall painting by Wangechi Mutu takes as its base a black pulp material made from magazine pages, while the new work of Adam Pendleton, draw on the tradition of absurdist poetry, referencing the famous avant-garde movement Dada. Along with much more works are the painted wood and wall sculptures of the early 1960’s by the famous Sol LeWitt that helped to shape the referenced conceptual framework of the exhibition.
Curated by Adrienne Edwards, the exhibition reflects on the persistent practice of the black color in art, with a particular emphasis on monochromes from 1940s to today but it also aims to look beyond the paintings and to explore the ways the black abstract works exist in other media, including sculpture, video, photography and installation. The featured artists in the exhibition include Terry Adkins, Jonathas de Andrade, Rasheed Araeen, Kevin Beasley, Sergio de Camargo, Kōji Enokura, Ellen Gallagher, Robert Irwin, Sui Jianguo, Rashid Johnson, Sol LeWitt, Glenn Ligon, Laura Lima, Turiya Magadlela, Steve McQueen, Ulrike Müller, Oscar Murillo, Wangechi Mutu, Louise Nevelson, Lorraine O’Grady, Adam Pendleton, Pope.L, Robert Rauschenberg, Ad Reinhardt, Fred Sandback, Jack Tworkov, Carrie Mae Weems, Jack Whitten, and Fred Wilson. The versatility of their approaches to black color is available to be viewed at the Pace Gallery in New York from 24th June until 19th August 2016. Intending to prompt a three-way exchange between artist, artwork and viewer the assembly of works raise questions about the meaning and function of the black artwork.
All images courtesy of the artists and Pace Gallery.Featured images in slider: Glenn Ligon - Death of Tom, 2008, 16mm black and white film/video transfer, 23 min.; 4:3 aspect ratio, Edition AP 1 of 1. Courtesy of the artist Photograph by Brian Forrest, Installation view at Regen Projects, Los Angeles, © Glenn Ligon; Louise Nevelson - City-Reflection, 1972, wood painted black, (307.3 cm x 408.9 cm x 29.8 cm), 20 elements plus 2-part base, 22 parts total. Photograph by Al Mozell © 2016 Estate of Louise Nevelson/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York; Ellen Gallagher - Negroes Battling in a Cave, 2016 enamel, ink, rubber and paper on linen, detail. © Ellen Gallagher. Photography by Tom Powel Imaging. Courtesy Gagosian Gallery; Carrie Mae Weems - String Theory, 2016, archival pigment print on textured rag paper, 30" x 40" (76.2 cm x 101.6 cm), paper. Courtesy the artist and Jack Shainman Gallery, New York, Photograph courtesy the artist © Carrie Mae Weems


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While it is quite pricey it is well worth visiting, even just to stroll thorough their shops or walk on one of the trails. Daylesford focuses on organic foods and they are very well presented and quite popular with the people in the area so make a reservation if you plan on having a meal there (weekends are especially busy). We were a little turned off by the prices but the take-away foods and the pre-prepared foods are no too out of line.
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Phoenix is a long-range infrared (IR) stimulator capable of testing aircraft electro-optical sensor suites up to 5 km. Phoenix can operate as an independent IR stimulator and/or can be integrated with our other electro-optical and radio frequency range systems (see GTESS and PRTS™).
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Nakasha hails from the vibrant community of Auburn Gresham on Chicago’s south side, where her deep-rooted connection influences her life’s trajectory. A graduate of the University of Illinois with a degree in Liberal Arts and Science, Nakasha has dedicated her career to fostering positive change.
Her professional journey includes impactful roles such as College Advisor at Crete Monee High School, Organizer at Saint Anthony Hospital, and Community Cultural Specialist for Jencare Medical Center. Notably, while at the hospital, Nakasha spearheaded the development of the Social and Emotional Learning (SEL) Curriculum for multiple schools, showcasing her commitment to educational enhancement.
Passionate about community well-being, Nakasha engaged in organizing workshops for teenage mothers through the Ombudsman program and contributed to the North Lawndale Quality of Life Plan. Her dedication to youth and community empowerment led her to join Educators for Excellence (E4E), where she collaborates with teachers to make a meaningful impact on young lives.
In addition to her professional pursuits, Nakasha is the proud founder and president of Black Excellence Chicago, a non-profit championing black communities. Through strategic initiatives, education, and fundraising, Nakasha actively contributes to the organization’s mission of addressing challenges and celebrating triumphs within Chicago’s black communities. Her integral role reflects her deep pride in fostering positive change at both local and organizational levels.

domain: sociology


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Garden pests are an issue for everyone; from the backyard gardener to industrial-scale agricultural operations.
While the costs of insect destruction and prevention are hard to measure, it’s estimated that 10% of the GNP in large, industrialized countries is spent combating garden pests.
If you have a garden of any size, you’ve probably encountered some of these bugs in the garden that can devastate your crops.
An important first step in eradicating garden bugs is being able to recognize the signs of their presence.
Let’s take a look at seven of the most common garden pests and what you can do to get rid of them.
1. Black Vine Weevil
Also known as the taxus weevil, the black vine weevil feeds on a number of different types of ornamental plants.
It’s considered the most devastating of the root weevils in Canada and the northern U.S.
If you’re looking for an organic means of getting rid of the vine weevil, consider applying nematodes as a soil drench in order to control the vine weevil’s larval stage.
Otherwise, there are a number of different pesticides you can use at the first sign of feeding.
Vine weevils can wreak havoc on both indoor and outdoor plants.
If you’re experiencing vine weevils or any other insect inside your home, it’s important to understand the difference between pest control and extermination.
2. Striped Cucumber Beetle
This yellow and black striped beetle feeds on plants in the cucurbits family, including cucumbers, squash, pumpkin, and watermelons.
While the adults feed on the leaves, the larvae feed on the roots of the plant.
If you see yellowing leaves and holes in the leaves of cucurbits, there are a number of different ways you can get rid of striped cucumber beetles.
Yellow sticky traps are one effective way, though you can also manually remove them from your plants when you see them.
Another option is to use row covers to cover seedlings, but you’ll have to remove the row covers for several hours a day during the flowering stage in order to allow for pollination.
These nocturnal, soil-dwelling creatures can really do a number on young seedlings and bulbs.
Their survival depends on a moist and cool environment, so you won’t see them out and about in the heat of the day.
During this time, they’ll be sheltered in shady, cool spaces under rocks, leaves, and boards.
You can handpick slugs off plants in the early morning or in the evening when they’re feeding.
Another way to deal with slugs is to place boards on the ground around the plants.
You can then collect them midday when many slugs will seek shelter under the board.
Shallow containers of beer also work as slug traps.
4. Leaf Miners
Leaf miner is the name given for the larvae of different types of flies, wasps, and moths.
One of the best ways you can avoid leaf minors is by cultivating the soil in the fall.
This is because they emerge in the spring after overwintering in the soil.
By tilling in the fall, you expose them to predators that will remove them from your garden.
You may find any of the more than 6,000 species of thrips feeding on a number of your garden plants.
Beans, carrots, onions, squash, flowers, and a long list of other garden staples can fall prey to thrips.
Feeding in large groups, the adults are incredibly small. At less than 1/25 inch, you might want a magnifying glass if you suspect their presence.
To get rid of thrips, it’s important to remove green plant debris as well as weeds and grass from around the garden.
Dry mulch is not a problem, but green mulch is in danger of attracting thrips.
It’s important to be mindful that the plants you’re bringing in aren’t already infested with thrips.
Make sure you don’t expose the rest of your plants to a plant that has thrip presence.
You can also use blue sticky traps to deal with adult thrips.
There are also a number of beneficial insects that you can release into your garden to help deal with a thrip problem, such as ladybugs, lacewings, and minute pirate bugs.
6. Flea Beetles
If you notice shiny, oval-shaped insects that jump like fleas and leave small circular holes in leaves, your plant might be infested by flea beetles.
Particularly attracted to eggplants, flea beetles also feed on a long list of garden crops.
To avoid having flea beetles, make sure to vulnerable crops as late as possible.
Flea beetles are most active in the early spring.
You can also transplant sturdy seedlings which will be more able to handle flea beetle damage.
You can also use white sticky traps to both trap and monitor the flea beetles in your garden.
Cultivating in the fall or early spring can also remove crop debris and weeds in which flea beetles would find shelter while overwintering.
Particularly present during the start and finish of a growing season, there are at least 4,000 different species of aphids.
If you notice curled leaves, pale yellow spots on leaves, or distorted blossoms, you might have aphids.
Apids can be avoided by controlling the amount of nitrogen in your garden.
You’ll also want to save pruning for the middle of the growing season, as aphids like to feed in the early spring on fresh growth.
They can also be removed manually by using a cloth or spraying the plants with plain water.
Knowledge Is Power: Understanding Different Garden Pests Is the Key to Eradicating Them
Without dangerous, chemical intervention, it’s impossible to completely avoid garden pests.
By understanding their lifecycle, what they feed on, and how their populations grow, however, you can mitigate the negative effects of pests on plants through garden management practices.
If you found this article on garden bugs useful, be sure to check out the rest of our blog for more informative content!


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The Roscoes are dealt shocking news about uncle Ken. Despite wanting to think the best of her sons, Sandy's suspicions are piqued.
Meanwhile, Vincent is forced to make a difficult decision, but who will he choose - George or Phoebe?
Elsewhere, Sinead is interrogated by the police, but will she reveal too much?
Writer: Steven Fay
Director: Lee Skelly
Digital Spy Soap Scoop video - press play below to watch Amie Parker-Williams reveal gossip on some tragic news in Coronation Street, a horrific car crash in EastEnders, a surprise arrest in Emmerdale and a shocking allegation in Hollyoaks.


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There is nothing more brutal that the injudicious use of Comic Sans. It’s latest victim is this poster, ostensibly from the wall of the Muenster city public planning office.
It’s time to take matters into our own, typographical-enriched hands. To make a poster worthy of the message. Put your design in the comments and tag it “PosterRemix” on Flickr. I’ll send some awesome Firefox schwag to the creator(s) of the most awesome design(s).


text: Bmx Notebook 4x4 Quad Ruled Author : Rengaw Creations Publisher : Createspace Independent Publishing Platform Total Pages : 202 Release : 2018-04-30 ISBN 10 : 1717594867 ISBN 13 : 9781717594860 Language : EN, FR, DE, ES & NL GET BOOK Bmx Notebook 4x4 Quad Ruled Book Description: BMX Notebook 4x4 Quad Ruled Graph Paper 8.5 x 11 200 Pages Great for those who love bmx racing, mountain bikes and riding trails. A great bmx accessory for your backpack. Great for all ages, college, high school, kids, teens or adults. Notebook is great for those who prefer their school supplies to be extraordinary and not boring. Great addition to any book bag or backpack. Great for taking notes, writing thoughts, inspirations, poetry, math and scientific formula writing, to do lists, planning and organizing, writing, doodling, diary, journaling, sketching or drawing.

domain: library


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"What's Your Granny Doing Tonight": Cher Put On A Leggy Display In A Sparkly And Glitter Gown During Her Fabulous Performance
August 9, 2019
Cher's had a career spanning six decades so. The famous musician has graced Hollywood screens and stages around the world and nowadays she shows no signs of slowing down. Cher proves that age is just a number as she is always in great shape. Her musical talent is brilliant, but the way she looks at her age is even more stunning.
Getty Images / Ideal Image
Cher's amazing performance
Let's remember one of her remarkable shows! Cher took her fans for a spin through her hits at Enterprise Center in May 2019. The 90-minute show offered everything fans could have wanted and nothing more.


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The great promise of new media, at least as far as advertisers are concerned, has always been personalisation. But up to now, that promise hasn’t really been kept.
The idea was that by asking people to subscribe to, or register for, online content and services, and by supplementing the data collected in the process with information gleaned by monitoring their online behaviour, it would be possible to deliver precisely targeted advertising. Ads would become so relevant, timely and personal that wastage would be eliminated, along with Lord Leverhulme’s maxim. And because the ads were so relevant, they would become more like a service, meaning consumers would welcome them rather than trying to block them out.
But while there are certainly areas where that is happening – e-mail being the most obvious example – in general, advertisers are still waiting. Last week however, a development came from an unexpected quarter. A number of publishers, including the Financial Times, News International, The Guardian and EMAP, were reported to be considering pooling sensitive information on reader behaviour to address the personalisation problem.
Part of that problem has been a reluctance among people to fall in with the model. Subscription services have proved generally unpopular in the face of free competition. Even fairly basic registration has proved a barrier to people signing up. At the same time, the Web audience often objected to having its online movements tracked on privacy grounds. A few years back the Internet Advertising Bureau fought a long, and ultimately successful, battle to prevent the European Commission outlawing cookies, the software that sites place on your browser to allow such tracking to take place.
The argument for cookies hinged on the question of targeting, the idea that such tracking enabled advertisers to serve you more relevant ads. But some Web experts dismissed this, saying that consumers weren’t seeing the benefits of targeting in the kind of ads being served on the webpages they looked at, that the advertisers weren’t keeping their side of the bargain.
This in turn reflected the inadequacy of the data available. A few registration questions only yielded the most basic demographic information which, although it could be allied to geographical data derived from the browser’s IP address and statistics about how regularly someone was visiting a certain site and how long
they were staying, was far from the depth of detail required for any sort of meaningful personalisation.
The next step, which was particularly attractive to online media owners and operators of advertising networks, was behavioural targeting. This allowed a user to be followed much more closely through a site, or network of sites, thus enabling more data about them to be captured and improving the quality of the targeting of ads.
It also held out the promise of allowing media owners to sell hard-to-shift or non-premium inventory. Ad spaces on the motoring section of your site might command a premium, for example, but if you knew that someone who looked at those pages then went on to other pages that were harder to sell, you could serve them another lucrative car ad when they got there.
Two or three years ago, most of the major publishers started experimenting with behavioural targeting. The moves under discussion increase the number and diversity of sites across which consumers’ movements are tracked. This makes the profiles of those consumers more detailed and increases the potential value of the inventory the networks are selling.
This is already the approach of some online ad networks. When he launched US behavioural targeting-based network Blue Lithium in the UK a couple of years ago, managing director Tim Brown told me he thought it was the only way for such businesses to survive and prosper.
The $64m question raised by the aforementioned publishers’ move is one of attribution. The online advertising industry is already struggling with the question of which message seen by a customer is responsible for the sale. Up to now the assumption has been that “last click wins”, but that approach is under siege as the complexity of the buying process and the many touch points offered by interactive media become clear. And since the participants in the publishers’ discussion are all competitors, the question of attribution of sales could be a sticking point.
In the background is Google. The search giant keeps a record of every click made though its various offerings, building up what industry watcher John Batelle describes in his book The Search as “the database of human desires”. That database dwarfs any held by publishers or ad networks. And while Google’s use of the information it collects is limited at present, in a world where data is the key to personalisation and therefore performance, the person who collects the most is going to be in a very powerful position.


Songs you'll be singing with us Sunday mornings!
New songs we'll be sharing with you soon!
What's on YOUR playlist?
We'd love to know what's on your playlist! Click the image and use the form to suggest a song that you'd like to hear (or hear again) in a Sunday service.


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The UK Space Agency has announced a new £3.9 million grant for low carbon space propulsion technology.
The funding will support the development of a new innovative technology, named SABRE, which is expected to enable low carbon air-breathing space access propulsion technology to be deployed more widely in the space sector.
Developed by the British aerospace manufacturer Reaction Engines, the technology has also the potential of helping to decarbonise the wider transport sector.
It could support the creation of sustainable aviation fuels and prolong battery life for electric vehicles.
Science Minister Amanda Soloway said: “Backed by the government, UK firms are leading the way in developing space technology that can reduce costs, improve sustainability and make space more accessible as we pursue our ambitious plans to grow the sector.”
Mark Thomas, Chief Executive at Reaction Engines, said: “The innovative and disruptive nature of SABRE technology unlocks new ways of accessing space, furthering growth and sustainment of the future space economy.”
Virgin Galactic’s first fully-crewed test space flight is scheduled for this Sunday.