|Publication number||US4867165 A|
|Application number||US 07/085,594|
|Publication date||Sep 19, 1989|
|Filing date||Aug 13, 1987|
|Priority date||Jun 3, 1987|
|Also published as||DE3768088D1, EP0293504A1, EP0293504B1|
|Publication number||07085594, 085594, US 4867165 A, US 4867165A, US-A-4867165, US4867165 A, US4867165A|
|Inventors||Friedemann Noller, Klaus Forstner|
|Original Assignee||Hewlett-Packard Company|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (8), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (74), Classifications (14), Legal Events (8)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
The pulsation of arterial blood causes a pulsating volume variation of the arteries. If light emitted by a light source is transmitted through a part of the body being supplied with blood, the light is attenuated in dependence on the pulsation. The resulting variation in intensity of the light received by means of a sensor may, for example, be used for the determination of oxygen saturation of blood. The correlation between light absorption in the tissue and the composition and the thickness of the tissue through which the light passes is provided by Lambert-Beer's Law, and detection of scattering effects is provided by its modifications.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,109,643 discloses an apparatus for measuring the perfusion employing a light emitting diode for a measurement in the region of the fingertip. For this purpose, the light emitting diode is mounted on one side of a finger cap, and photo sensitive sensor is mounted on the opposite side. In this known apparatus, a change of the perfusion trend can be detected by means of electronic evaluation means, but no details may be obtained about the percentage volume change of the arterial blood upon a pulsation. As normal perfusion is not available before operations --e.g. caused by a shock condition of the patient, no exact statement may be provided about the condition of the patient during the operation by way of measuring the change in perfusion. A measurement of the change in perfusion is only useful if a correct reference value for the patient could be established before disturbance of perfusion occurred. In addition, measurement of perfusion may physiologically be used as an indication of the stress condition of a patient.
In accordance with the present invention means and method are provided for determining the amount of perfusion. The volume variation of the arterial blood is accompanied by various small variations in thickness so that the parts of the equation containing a variation in thickness of higher order may be ignored. Therefore, the approximate result is that the volume variation (referred to the measurement volume) corresponds to approximately three times the thickness variation of the medium total cross-section of the arterial vessels (referred to the thickness of the measurement volume supplied with blood). As light absorption is not only dependent on the volume of the tissue supplied with blood, but also on the concentration of the light-absorbing components of the blood, for example the concentration of hemoglobin or oxihemoglobin, the concentration of these components has to be determined in advance in known manner by measurement of the oxygen saturation so that the perfusion can be determined by light absorption by means for measuring at a single wavelength. There is also the possibility of eliminating oxygen saturation as an unknown quantity arithmetically by multiple measurements using different wavelengths.
By multiple measurements, further parameters of the underlying equation may be determined or eliminated. For example, by measurements at three different wavelengths the hemoglobin concentration, the oxygen saturation and the perfusion can be determined. Alternatively, the hemoglobin concentration may be assumed approximately as 140 g/l˜8,7 mMol/l for women and as 160 g/l˜9,94 mMol/l for men. In newborns, the hemoglobin concentration is 200 g/l˜12,42 mMol/l on an average.
FIG. 1 shows a measurement cap put on a fingertip and comprising two light-emitting diodes and a photo receiver;
FIG. 2 shows the basic structure of a tissue with arteries and veins running through it;
FIG. 3 shows part of a tissue being irradiated with light which partially transmits said tissue and partially is reflected by the same;
FIG. 4 shows the current variation occurring at the photo receiver and being influenced by the pulsation of the arterial blood;
FIG. 5 shows the extinction coefficient for different oxygen saturations in dependence of the wavelength of the irradiated light;
FIG. 6 shows a block diagram of an apparatus for measuring the perfusion; and
FIG. 7 shows the analogous receiver electronics for the optical measurement apparatus used in FIG. 6.
According to FIG. 1, a measurement cap 1 comprising two light emitting diodes 2, 3 and a photo receiver 4 is put over a fingertip 5. The arteries 7 and veins 8 running through tissue 6 are indicated schematically by dotted lines. Between arteries 7 and veins 8, capillaries 9 are located. These capillaries have pressure-reducing characteristics so that a pulsation and an associated pulse-dependent volume variation occurs only in the artery 7.
Light emitting diodes 2, 3 emit light of different wavelengths, e.g. 660 nm and 950 nm, to photo receiver 4. Photo receiver 4 converts the received light into a current signal as illustrated in FIG. 4. The current signal is evaluated by evaluation means as exemplarily shown in FIG. 6 to determine the perfusion.
FIG. 2 shows the structure of a part of tissue supplied with blood. Blood flows in through artery 7 and reaches--via capillaries 9 and cells--vein 8 by means of which vein it flows away.
If a part of tissue supplied with blood is irradiated by a light source, the light is subject to absorption in the tissue, said absorption being dependent--in first approximation--on the molecular extinction coefficient E, the concentration c of the dissolved dye and the thickness d of the transmitted layer.
FIG. 3 depicts part of a tissue 10 being irradiated by light corresponding to current ILED, the tissue thereby causing a reflection or a transmission with the intensity
IGEW =ILED x e -Ecd (1),
I.sub. GEW being the intensity after the absorber at the detector,
ILED being the intensity before the or without absorber,
E being the molecular extinction coefficient,
E (λ) [1 /Mol x cm]
c being the molecular concentration of the absorbing
d being the thickness of the absorber [cm]
Equation (1) is Lambert-Beer's Law. For strict validity, parallel monochromatic light with an optically homogenous absorber is required. The real composition of a part of the body supplied with blood (e.g. a fingertip) requires, for example, for the light absorption of the blood that the discrete blood corpuscles be taken into consideration as scattering centers. Therefore, for more accurate reflection, the diffusion of light quantum has to be taken into consideration so that instead of the extinction being a constant quantity it has an effective value of Eeff (λ, CHb, CHb02. . . ) for given wavelengths. The effective extinction depends on other factors such as the hemoglobin concentration.
For the purpose of simplifying the description, equation (1) is assumed to be valid.
For the overall tissue absorption, the following separation in a time-dependent component and a time-independent component is valid for a part of the body supplied with blood in a pulsating manner, corresponding to the principle of pulse oximetry:
Ecd =EHb x cHb x Δd(t) +EHb02 x cHb02 x Δd(t) +EN x cN x dN (2),
EHb02 x cHb02 x d(t) being the time-dependent component of oxihemoglobin,
Δd(t) is the medium overall cross-sectional enlargement of the arterial vessels, and
EN x cN x dN is the time-independent absorption of the remaining part of the body.
For the time-independent component of the intensity at the detector in the form of a photo receiver, the following equation is deduced:
Imax =ILED x e-E N x c N x d N (3)
and for the time-dependent, pulsating component:
I(t)=Imax-IGEW =Imax(1-e- (E Hbx c Hb+E Hb02x c Hb02) xΔd(t)) (4)
A generalization of equation (4) leads for a blood composition consisting of n optically active components to
ln (1-ΔI/Imax/λi)=-(Eli x cl +E2i x c2 +Eni x cn)Δd (5)
Eni being the molecular extinction coefficient of the absorber n upon wavelengthλi,
cn being the molecular concentration of the absorber n in the pulsating volume,
Δd being the medium overall cross-sectional enlargement of the arterial vessels.
For small variations in intensity, the following equation is approximately valid:
ΔI/Imax˜ln (1--ΔI/Imax for ΔI <<Imax (6)
i.e ΔI/Imax is in proportion to the medium overall cross-sectional enlargement Δd and therefore to the perfusion thickness Δd.
Corresponding to the number of unknown quantities in equation (5), a set of equations is defineable with the corresponding number of measuring values with wave lengths λi.
In the case of a two-wavelength system, for instance oxygen saturation can be determined as ##EQU1## being the overall hemoglobin concentration.
As a further quantity, the perfusion thickness Δd may be determined. If the hemoglobin concentration can be assumed or is known or can be determined by a third wavelength. ##EQU2##
If we choose an isobestic point EHb =EHb02, a single measurement value ΔI/Imax is sufficient to determine the perfusion.
The term "isobestic point" refers to the wavelength at which the extinction coefficient of haemoglobin and un-oxygenated haemoglobin are equal. This point occurs at approximately 800 nm and is illustrated in FIG. 5, as the point of intersection between the oxygenated and un-oxygenated haemoglobin curves.
The measurement values ΔI/Imax(1) =0,06 and ΔI/Imax(2) =0,1
yield for the perfusion thickness
Δd =0,046 cm.
Another possible definition of the perfusion is the relative volume variation ΔV/V,ΔV corresponding to the blood volume variation per pulsation and V corresponding to the assigned measurement volume between light source and detector. If the variation in perfusion thickness is Δd <<d, d corresponding to the overall absorber thickness (e.g. the finger), we obtain--assuming generally regular enlargement--
(Vmax - V)/V =ΔV/V˜3 Δd/d for Δd <<d (9)
The thickness of a finger is 1 cm on an average; therefore, equation (9) is sufficiently met.
Equation (3) may be used to determine d if EN x cN and ILED are known. ##EQU3##
The difference, EN x cN (1)-EN x cN (2) once determined for a constant absorber thickness dN remains largely constant for largely homogenous organ composition (e.g. the ear lobe). The same applies to the valuesα1 and α2 once determined from the current/light intensity characteristics and e.g. determined without absorber.
In the case of a point-like light source, in particular when measuring at the fingertip, we obtain with the light intensities ILED and Imax, respectively, for the distance dN as a first-order approximation ##EQU4## in which equation k is determined from the current/light intensity characteristics, which once determined can approximately be regarded as a constant.
Using equations (10) and (11), respectively, the thickness d of the part of the body supplied with blood may also be continuously measured. This may also be used as an indication for correct sensor positioning. Finally, the perfusion according to equation (9) may be determined as a normalized value of blood volume variation per pulsation at the corresponding part of the body.
In the above example, dN =1 cm yields
The block diagram (FIG. 6) depicts the optical measuring means 11, the photo receiver 4 of said means being connected with an evaluation circuit 12. By way of an example, light source 13 could be carried out in the form of three light-emitting diodes of different wavelengths, said diodes being operated by an LED-control circuit 14. Evaluation circuit 12 and LED-control circuit 14 are connected with a computer 15 and among each other.
The signal received by photo receiver 4 is fed to a sample and hold circuit 17 via a pre-amplifier 16, the intensities associated to the different wavelengths being temporarily stored in said sample and hold circuit. A consecutive differential circuit 18 provides subtraction of values of darkness to eliminate environmental light. A further circuit 19 provides offset subtraction for the different wavelengths. The signals processed in such a way reach computer 15, said computer determining the normalized perfusion ΔV/V therefrom.
LED-control circuit 14 contains in particular driver circuits 20 associated with the various light emitting diodes of light source 13 and being controlled by a first stage circuit 21 which is controlled by computer 15. A central clock circuit (not explicitly shown in FIG. 6) provides clock-synchronous operation of controlling and evaluation.
The part shown in FIG. 7 depicts evaluation circuit 12 in detail. A photo diode PD serves as photo receiver 4, said photo diode being operated with a bias voltage UV. The signal of the photo diode is fed to switches S1 to S3 via pre-amplifier 16, said switches being operated at their control inputs 22 to 2 by the LED-control circuit. Switches S1 to S3 are connected with the positive inputs of three operational amplifiers 01 to 03. Circuit 18--used for the subtraction of the value of darkness--contains two differential amplifiers V1, V2, the outputs of these differential amplifiers being connected with further differential amplifiers V3, V4 of circuit 19. The evaluation circuit is connected with computer 15 via low-pass filters T1, T2.
The method according to the invention is not only suited for the determination of perfusion, but it can--for example--also be used as a stress indicator or for the indication of the sensor positions.
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|U.S. Classification||600/328, 600/479, 356/632|
|International Classification||A61B5/026, A61B5/00|
|Cooperative Classification||A61B5/0261, A61B5/6826, A61B5/6838, A61B5/14551, A61B5/14552|
|European Classification||A61B5/68B2J1, A61B5/68B3L, A61B5/1455N, A61B5/026B|
|Mar 3, 1993||FPAY||Fee payment|
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Seven decks are shown in detail with color-coding for cabin type. You or I would have booked one of the sixteen Cabins de Luxe on A and B decks. Unless of course we were financially-hobbled by the Great Depression but still wanted a taste of luxury. In that case we'd book one of the broom-closet sized cabins down on D Deck.
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The seller is "67t-bird" and is located in this country: US. This item can be shipped worldwide.

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Amiri Baraka and Edward Dorn [electronic resource] : the collected letters / edited by Claudia Moreno Pisano
- Recencies: Research and Recovery in Twentieth-Century American Poetics
- Machine generated contents note: Letters.
- "The letters of Amiri Baraka and Edward Dorn offer a vivid picture of American lives connecting around poetry during a tumultuous time of change and immense creativity"--
9780826353917 (cloth : alk. paper)
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- Includes bibliographical references and index.
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ALISO VIEJO, Calif., Nov. 29, 2016 /PRNewswire/ -- Avanir Pharmaceuticals, Inc. today announced that Richard Malamut, MD, has joined the company as senior vice president, research and development, and chief medical officer.
Dr. Malamut will lead a seasoned and experienced team working to expand Avanir from a company with two FDA-approved products – NUEDEXTA® and ONZETRA Xsail® – to a leading CNS company with therapies in several neurological conditions with few, if any treatment options. The company is currently investigating treatments in the areas of agitation in Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia and other neurological conditions.
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About Avanir Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Avanir Pharmaceuticals, Inc. is a biopharmaceutical company focused on bringing innovative medicines to patients with central nervous system disorders of high unmet medical need. As part of our commitment, we have extensively invested in our pipeline and are dedicated to advancing medicines that can substantially improve the lives of patients and their loved ones. For more information about Avanir, please visit http://www.avanir.com.
Avanir is a subsidiary of Otsuka America, Inc. (OAI), a holding company established in the U.S. in 1989. OAI is wholly owned by Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., a global healthcare company with the corporate philosophy: 'Otsuka-people creating new products for better health worldwide.'
Otsuka researches, develops, manufactures and markets innovative and original pharmaceutical products for the treatment of diseases and nutraceutical products for the maintenance of everyday health.
In pharmaceuticals, Otsuka is a leader in the challenging area of mental health and also has research programs on several under-addressed diseases including tuberculosis, a significant global public health issue. These commitments illustrate how Otsuka is a "big venture" company at heart, applying a youthful spirit of creativity in everything it does. Otsuka Pharmaceutical and related companies, employ approximately 31,000 people worldwide. You can visit the company's global website at https://www.otsuka.co.jp/en.

domain: medical


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The Clinical Anatomy Skills Lab (CASL) is a facility of the Institute of Anatomy, which provides infrastructure for teaching, research in clinical anatomy and training of surgical skills. The bodies are supplied by the institute’s body donation program.
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This one plays Beatles classic 'Love Me Do'


text:
In a recent airing of Section TV, Red Velvet made an appearance and spoke on several topics including Joy‘s virtual marriage to BTOB’s Sungjae.
Aired on August 30th, the MC asked Joy, “What do you like the most about Sungjae?”
She replied, “He’s handsome.”
A previous interview with Sungjae was shown to Joy in which he states, “I originally wanted to get married at 25-years old but now I want to get married at 35 years old.”
The MC interviewing him commented, “Since you have experienced the marriage life, did you change your mind?” to which he laughed nervously and said with a smile, “No comment.”
In retaliation, Joy says a little smile, “Then I’ll get married at 40,” making everyone laugh.
Source: X Sports News

domain: celebrity


Minister of Industry, Commerce, Agriculture and Fisheries, Hon Audley Shaw (7th left; Member of Parliament, South Eastern St. Mary, Dr. Norman Dunn (4th left); Member of Parliament, Central St. Mary, Dr. Morais Guy (9th left) and Member of Parliament, St. Thomas Eastern and Opposition Spokesman on Agriculture, Dr. Fenton Ferguson (2nd right back row), pose with the participants of the St. Mary Farm Queen competition. Occasion was the 33rd staging of the St. Mary Agri-Expo under the theme ‘Climate Smart Agriculture, the key to Food Security’, held at Gray’s Inn Sports Complex, Annotto Bay, St. Mary, on April 22, 2019.
25 Apr 2019
Minister of Industry, Commerce, Agriculture and Fisheries, Hon Audley Shaw, says that the Government is committed to working with small farmers across Jamaica to become more productive. He informed that one of the major initiatives that he is working on is putting in place small irrigation systems for use by small farmers across the country. “I am encouraging farmers in need of land to come with a plan, and we will find creative ways to help you, starting with irrigation systems,” Mr. Shaw said. Speaking at the 33rd staging of the St. Mary Agri-Expo 2019, at the Gray’s Inn Sport Complex,...


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In October 1871, a little girl named Bessie Bradwell stumbled through a flame-choked city, clutching photographs of two dead siblings and a book.
This is the story of the only newspaper to make deadline after the Great Chicago Fire.
“… the Legal News is fire-proof, being the only paper in Chicago that never missed a number in consequence of the fire, and appeared on time in its usual dress; as an advertising medium to reach the lawyers it has no superior in the nation; Eastern book houses, miscellaneous as well as law, may use its columns with profit to themselves.”
If Bessie’s mother Myra Bradwell isn’t a legend, she should be.
She was sort of the nation’s first female lawyer (explanation on that “sort of” a bit below). The newspaper she founded and published became an indispensable document for lawyers across the nation and revolutionized legal publishing. She helped free Mary Todd Lincoln from an insane asylum and drafted laws allowing women to run for office and earn some measure of control over their property and earnings.
This is her story too.
The Burning District
No one knows why a fire broke out on the O’Leary farm on Oct. 8, 1871. Stories of Mrs. O’Leary’s cow would later be traced to a newspaper reporter named Michael Ahern and a couple reporter buddies.
Chicago would burn for 36 hours, the flames that first night reaching the offices of the Chicago Legal News, just south of and 40 years prior to the current City Hall.
“It was near midnight when the fiery fiend took possession of the block in which we were. Our little daughter Bessie, twelve years of age, rushed into the office, grasped the Subscription Book and the portraits of a brother and sister who are in the spirit world, and went out into the wild night, and, crowded through the surging mass of humanity until finding her burden too great, she was prevailed upon to resign her pictures into the hands of an acquaintance, and pressed forward. She continued to walk the streets until three o’clock the next day — first going to the North Side, then back to the South Side — and, when found, was near Western Avenue — the extreme western portion of the city.”
After finding their daughter, America’s first female lawyer (sort of) and her husband then rushed “from the burning district” down Washington Street “to the Base-ball Grounds,” where they buried what few possessions they had.
What they buried was worth less than $100 in 1871 dollars, or just shy of $2,000 day.
“We were driven by the flames to the lake, and there, amid smoke and falling cinders, and a heat that was almost stifling, remained until two o’clock the next day, when we made our escape to the West Side, being obliged to go by the way of Twelfth Street, rushing by falling walls and through clouds of smoke.”
Myra Bradwell wrote those lines from “Room 7 Lind’s Block” in Milwaukee, Wisc., in the Chicago Legal News of Oct. 14, 1871, just four days after the Great Chicago Fire puttered out. She sent the issue to every name in the book her daughter had grabbed out of a burning city block.
The world burnt down, but Myra Bradwell’s newspaper hadn’t missed an issue.
A Woman of Law
“The first legal paper edited by a woman — Myra Bradwell — This file is from 1868 & 1869 — It was Mrs. Bradwell whose right to be admitted to the Bar of Illinois was carried up to the United States Supreme Court. Senator Matthew Carpenter made the argument for her.”
Myra Bradwell was the first female lawyer in the United States of America.
On Aug. 2, 1869, Myra Bradwell passed the Illinois bar exam and, in September, applied for a license to practice law. She was denied. On paper it wasn’t because she was a woman, but because she was married.
Under the laws of the time, women couldn’t make binding contracts without their husbands’ consent. This meant Myra Bradwell’s husband James would need to sign off on any contracts she drafted for her clients, rendering her useless as an attorney.
Bradwell’s appeal went up to the U.S. Supreme Court. In a 7-1 decision, SCOTUS sided with the state’s right to ban women from law.
“Man is, or should be, woman’s protector and defender. The natural and proper timidity and delicacy which belongs to the female sex evidently unfits it for many of the occupations of civil life.”
The decision added that unmarried women in law, while avoiding the legal issues Illinois cited, would be against God’s will.
Only Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase dissented, siding with Bradwell. He did not write an opinion explaining his reasons why.
In 1869, the same year Bradwell’s legal battle started in Illinois, Arabella Mansfield had her own fight in Iowa. Mansfield won at the state level, however, becoming the first woman lawyer in the nation. She opted for a career in academia rather than practice.
Although she never again sought it, in 1890, the Illinois Supreme Court granted Bradwell her license to practice law. In 1892, the U.S. Supreme Court followed.
Both licenses were granted retroactively, putting Bradwell ahead of Mansfield. Myra Bradwell became the first lawyer of 1869 in 1890.
A Life in Law
After the high court of the land told her she wasn’t a lawyer, Bradwell’s returned to her life as one of the nation’s most influential legal figures.
The Legal News was not only her tool but her weapon. Along with its position as an indispensable subscription for any lawyer to have (not only did she publish new statutes before the state Legislature did, the General Assembly later deemed it the official publisher of all legal records lost in the fire), she used it as her platform to call for change on topics from civil rights to drunken judges.
She also helped draft statutes like the Illinois Married Women’s Property Act of 1861 and the Earnings Act of 1869, laws that helped women control their own economic destinies. Her husband James, a judge turned state legislator, introduced laws Myra drafted that allowed women to hold school board offices and become notaries, small steps on the way to the burgeoning women’s suffrage and later feminist movements.
They were survived by two children: Thomas and Bessie.
“When I finally reached Mich. Ave., a policeman stopped me saying they were blowing up the buildings and I could not go on. After I left my father he kept on carrying his valuable books downstairs, and they were then beginning to blow up the buildings. No expressman was in sight. He concluded his life was more valuable than his law books and ran down Washington St. to the Lake. There he found my mother and brother. His first words were ‘Where is Bessie?’ Mother said ‘Why, I thought she was with you.’ My father was sure I was dead. My mother, who was always an optimist, said ‘No, I’d trust that girl to go the ends of the earth — she’ll come out all right, don’t you worry.’”
The girl who carried the Legal News records through a city on fire became a lawyer, just like her father, brother and of course her mother.
Bessie Bradwell Helmer ran the fireproof newspaper until 1925.


Some periods are so interesting and distinct that they outlive the decade they’re named after. One of them is unquestionably the 1970s.
It was a period when bell bottoms and disco fever were synonymous, and everyone wanted to bust a move. Things have changed since then, but the excitement and fun-loving attitude of that era have not.
Most notably, 70s music may still be heard every day by turning on the radio.
If you don’t want to go into it and would rather simply skim the surface of that magnificent decade, stick to the music and movies of the period.
“Saturday Night Fever,” starring John Travolta, was one of the most famous films.
Are you ready for a flashback?
The plot centers around Tony, a young working-class man who spends his weekends partying in Brooklyn.
Dancing, which he is surprisingly good at, gives him an outlet and a way to get away from the problems of having a dead-end job, arguing with unsupportive parents every day, and dealing with conflicts between different ethnic groups in the town.
The film brought disco music back into the spotlight.
Naturally, it promoted songs by The Bee Gees in particular.
“Saturday Night Fever,” which combined music, dance, and fashion, was a major commercial success with one of the best-selling soundtracks of all time.
As a result, it’s no wonder that older folks still like revisiting the decade.
Check out this fun-loving gang as they pulled out their finest 70s-inspired dancing steps to The Bee Gees’ “Night Fever.”
They couldn’t have chosen a finer place to dance.
Their selected setting, a quiet street in Rome surrounded by trees, really established the appropriate ambiance for their performance. Everyone in the line dance meets Zumba group seemed at ease.
When you see them dance, you can tell they had a great time at the discotheques.
In fact, if you go to their YouTube page, you’ll see that the majority of their dancing videos include music from the 1970s. What a blast!
Some of them can be heard singing along as they dance to the beat of the music.
Check out some of the clothes as well. This organization understands how to integrate training, music, and fun.
Nothing surpasses friendship, dancing, and simply having fun. Age is just a number, as the saying goes.


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British director Lewis Gilbert, director of three classic James Bond movies, has died at the age of 97. Gilbert got his start as a child actor in 1933 in Dick Turpin and eventually made himself into an accomplished director. During the course of his long career, Gilbert amassed more than 40 credits. Gilbert was remembered by the official James Bond Twitter account following the news of his death.
"British director, producer and screenwriter Lewis Gilbert has passed away at the age of 97. Gilbert directed three Bond films; You Only Live Twice (1967), The Spy Who Loved Me (1977) and Moonraker (1979). Our thoughts are with his family at this sad time."
Lewis Gilbert had been working as a director for more than two decades before tackling his first movie in the James Bond franchise, which came in the form of 1967's You Only Live Twice. The movie is significant, as it was the last of Sean Connery's initial tenure as 007, prior to George Lazenby coming in for just one movie, On Her Majesty's Secret Service. Gilbert initially turned down the job, but franchise producer Albert "Cubby" Broccoli managed to convince him to helm the movie.
Lewis Gilbert also helmed two Roger Moore Bond movies, including 1977's The Spy Who Loved Me, which is generally considered to be one of Moore's best contributions to the franchise. His last movie in the legendary spy franchise came in the form of Moonraker, which is famously considered to be a low-point for the series, but one that has many fans. Moonraker served as a response to the popularity of Star Wars, which was released two years prior. Baby Driver director Edgar Wright took to Twitter to honor the late director. Here's what he had to say.
"RIP Lewis Gilbert, the great British director who, among his 40 plus credits, directed 'Alfie', 'Educating Rita', 'Reach For The Sky', 'Shirley Valentine' and one of my very favourite Bond films: 'The Spy Who Loved Me'. 'Why'd you have to be so good?'"
Outside of the James Bond franchise, Lewis Gilbert directed other notable movies such as Educating Rita and The Adventurers, in addition to a number or war novel adaptations. He also directed the 1966 classic Alfie, which stars Michael Caine and was nominated for five Academy Awards, including Best Picture. Ant-Man director Peyton Reed also took to Twitter to honor the director, revealing that he's actually included a Moonraker homage in the upcoming Ant-Man and the Wasp.
"Lewis Gilbert, director of You Only Live Twice, The Spy Who Loved Me and Moonraker, has passed away. SPY was the first Bond film I saw in the theater. (And I have a tiny homage to Moonraker in Ant-Man and the Wasp.) Rest in Peace."
The director's last movie was 2002's Before We Go, which stars Julie Walters. You can check out a number of social media tributes to the late filmmaker below. RIP Lewis Gilbert. The news of Lewis' passing comes to us courtesy of Deadline.
British director, producer and screenwriter Lewis Gilbert has passed away at the age of 97. Gilbert directed three Bond films; YOU ONLY LIVE TWICE (1967), THE SPY WHO LOVED ME (1977) and MOONRAKER (1979). Our thoughts are with his family at this sad time. pic.twitter.com/FtfipGrx58— James Bond (@007) February 27, 2018
RIP Lewis Gilbert, the great British director who, among his 40 plus credits, directed 'Alfie', 'Educating Rita', 'Reach For The Sky', 'Shirley Valentine' and one of my very favourite Bond films: 'The Spy Who Loved Me'. "Why'd you have to be so good?" pic.twitter.com/cXSItZh6uQ— edgarwright (@edgarwright) February 27, 2018
Thank you #LewisGilbert for all the joy you brought me & millions of others with your 3 classic Bond @007 movies ‘You Only Live Twice’, ‘The Spy Who Loved Me’ & ‘Moonraker’ & so many other classic films... ‘Reach for the Sky’, ‘Alfie’ & ‘Educating Rita’. https://t.co/6y4DPJJNO8— David Walliams (@davidwalliams) February 27, 2018
Lewis Gilbert, director of YOU ONLY LIVE TWICE, THE SPY WHO LOVED ME and MOONRAKER, has passed away. SPY was the first Bond film I saw in the theater. (And I have a tiny homage to MOONRAKER in ANT-MAN AND THE WASP.) Rest in Peace.— Peyton Reed (@MrPeytonReed) February 27, 2018
Rest in peace, Lewis Gilbert - Sir Roger Moore's favourite 007 director and the one that made Bond big, took him to the stars and turned production designer Ken Adam into James Bond's grandest co-star. #LewisGilbert#TheSpyWhoLovedMe#YouOnlyLiveTwice#Moonraker#RIPLewisGilbertpic.twitter.com/qrB8OMHTAq— Mark O'Connell (@Mark0Connell) February 27, 2018
Hearing that Lewis Gilbert - director of You Only Live Twice, The Spy Who Loved Me and Moonraker - has died. Rest in peace you mad genius pic.twitter.com/VNlgPsM7mp— Neil Alcock (@IncredibleSuit) February 27, 2018
The great Lewis Gilbert has died, age 97. 17 years ago I went on the set of his last picture. He kept his actors - Joanne Whalley Kilmer & John Hannah, on their toes. pic.twitter.com/ydx2Wa4TYx— Matthew Sweet (@DrMatthewSweet) February 27, 2018


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By MARK EVANS
STE. GENEVIEVE HERALD
A figure of joy, energy and peace, Sidney Strzelczyk is frequently seen roller skating around the historic district, dressed in bright colors and quick to share a smile with anyone she meets.
“I’m trying to bring joy to people,” she said. “Everyone says they love to see me skating.”
A part-time model for Music, Art Love on North Main, Strzelczyk has fallen in love with her new town.
“I love Ste. Genevieve and I love the people,” she said. “It’s wonderful.”

domain: entertainment


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Table of Contents
As much fun as it can be to dive into Road to the Show and follow one player's journey, those who want full control will head to MLB The Show 24 Franchise Mode in hopes of building a long-term dynasty. With new features added this year on top of an already very customizable experience, there can be a lot for new and even veteran players to consider.
In this MLB The Show 24 Franchise Mode Beginner's Guide, we'll break down each step to consider when beginning a Franchise save. We've also got more details below on the new Custom Game Entry Conditions feature, best settings in Franchise Mode, and tips to keep in mind as your MLB The Show 24 legacy takes shape.
MLB The Show 24 Custom Rosters and Custom Team
The first decision you need to make when kicking off a new Franchise Mode save in MLB The Show 24 is whether or not you'll be using custom rosters. If you're using factors the best budget in Franchise to decide which team you'll begin with, we recommend sticking to default rosters for consistency.
You can use the Roster Vault from the main menu to search for customized versions, some of which are updated with missing players or recent changes while others mix in legends on their historic teams. You can also edit player rosters any way you want, but keep in mind that any major changes will heavily impact the budget and contract challenges of your roster in the first few years.
If you're using a Custom Team, make sure to double and triple check every detail of your uniforms and team specifics. The only thing you'll be able to change after starting your save is the team's Stadium Assignment. All other specifics cannot be altered, and you'll have the starting roster of the team you're replacing based on the default or custom rosters you've chosen.
Best Franchise Settings in MLB The Show 24
If you're not super familiar with Franchise Mode from past versions or iterations in other sports games, it's probably best to stick mostly to default settings in MLB The Show 24. Tinkering with these too much can have ripple effects on the game mode, and these specific settings can't be changed once a save has begun.
If you don't want to bother with finances, turn on Ignore Budgets at save creation. Force Trades and CPU Roster Control will make aspects easier to accomplish, but it can remove too much of the challenge and may make the mode less interesting for some players. Similarly, turning off GM Contracts will give you the safety to stay with a specific team even if things go south but will remove some of the motivation to play as a good manager.
After choosing this initial settings, you can pick your overall amount of control as far as which aspects you want the game to automate without asking for your input. Sticking to the default settings here is a good starting point, but keep in mind that this can be changed at any time. Give yourself control of the aspects that interest you, and feel free to swap that specific part of Franchise to Auto later in your Mode-Specific Settings.
Custom Game Entry Conditions Explained
The biggest addition to Franchise Mode in MLB The Show 24 is the introduction of Custom Game Entry Conditions. For players familiar with March to October, this isn't too far off from that experience with additional levels of customization and control.
If you use Custom Game Entry, your chosen settings will determine when the game decides to pull you into a simulated game and let you take control. You can still choose to play a full game or alter your conditions later on, but this helps streamline some of the larger season in Franchise Mode.
Your simulations will still be interrupted between games as notable dates arrive or events pop up that you've not set the mode to automate. You can often choose a temporary automate option for each decision, but players wanting to remove those interruptions should change the automation in Mode-Specific settings.
MLB The Show 24 Franchise Tips for Beginners
If you're still overwhelmed and unsure of how you'll handle the intricacies of Franchise Mode in MLB The Show 24, the safest option is to jump into a dummy save before you really invest your time in one. Pick any team, use custom rosters, and simply sim forward through seasons and see what pops up.
When your Custom Game Entry Conditions are met, while in a dummy save there's no harm in still choosing to simulate that game. Simulate forward an entire season or two if you want, mess around in scouting and the draft, see if you meet any GM Goals while simulating, just tinker and change things until you feel you'd know how to at least try and do it the right way.
Once you're comfortable with the mode and the kinds of decisions it'll be asking you to make, get rolling and start building your dynasty. If you want to push for major success early on, you'll likely need to play more games to ensure you squeak out the victories in key moments to turn the tide and chart your course to a World Series.
Ultimately, long-term success may hinge more on your ability to scout and develop prospects. Keep an eye on your scouting and training regularly, and don't be afraid to offload older low potential players who don't have the ratings you're in search of.
Generally building a young roster is more effective, just be careful to keep an eye on contracts in later seasons. If you're not sure how the future looks, you can always check the depth chart and tab to upcoming years to see how the current contracts situation will look if you don't re-sign anyone due to becoming a free agent.
Players may also want to check out the following MLB The Show 24 guides:
- Best Young Players in Franchise Mode
- Fastest Players in Franchise Mode
- Sidearm and Submarine Pitchers
- Best Budget in Franchise Mode
- Best Batting Stance
- Best Hitting View & PCI Settings
You're playing the long game in Franchise Mode, so be careful not to hamstring your finances with too many expensive signings or trades. While every aspect of play is important, some players may want to check out our guide to the fastest players in MLB The Show 24 if speed is at the root of your plans.

domain: hobby


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Installing furniture in each space in our home can add a good mood and will look artistic. What does the furniture that suitable for our home? It can be rustic, vintage, farmhouse to modern furniture. All of them has their characteristic. Yet, we can get a piece of unique and intriguing furniture from all those styles.
8 Furniture Ideas to Make Your Home Feel Cozier
Nowadays, plenty of unique furniture we could get easily. With an antique form and shape and the great combination of colors would create such superb furniture. Both indoor and outdoor spaces need something pretty furniture. Here’s I will give you some unique and intriguing furniture that will inspire you.
1. Dining Table
This stylish dining table looks very nice made of rattan and sturdy wood. Looking simple and minimalist, this furniture can be stored in any kitchen design, too. No need to color up these chairs, it is looking incredible with its natural color.
2. Wooden Sofa Bed
With beauty natural color of wood, this wooden sofa bed can adorn your living room or porch. The texture is not like rustic style which is rough and old-fashioned, yet you can install this sofa bed in your rustic living room if you like. It also has a great combination of the black and white pillow.
3. Entryway Table
Looking stylish, unique, and minimalist. This chair can impress your guest while passing your entryway. The color is looking natural and simple too. Store this table in your hallway or entryway and put any decoration you desire; vase, home sign, or greenery season.
4. Backyard Furniture
Does your backyard need any furniture? Exactly, yes! You can install these chairs on your deck. The design fitted in the backyard due to its design is so simple using wood material with natural color.
5. Coffee Table
Do you want something different and unique for your living room? This coffee table is the answer. With a unique form, the table will complete your living room. Brown coffee table and white sofa is a perfect unity. Add greenery season on your coffee table to complete the look.
This not only to store your collection, books, photo album, or any decoration in your room, yet this shelve is really perfect addition to your room too. You can store this shelve on the wall at varying height.
You need this furniture in your office. The first style you think is traditional, this dresser is a good option for your bedroom. Designed in traditional style using wood materials. This dresser is both functional and pretty. Store the book or magazine and plants above.
8. Office Table
If you are bored with the common office table, you can try this one. The floating table such a good choice for you who lacks space. Thus, your room will not look crowded. Simple, unique, and chic design for those like simplicity.

domain: artistic


6-edf by nitro2k01(Gameboy Genius) published on 2009-06-03T22:48:54Z This is a demonstration of a (possibly useless) tuning that I played around with for a bit, which I call 6-EDF (Six equally distanced fifths) or or 6-TET-3/2 (6 tone equal intonation, ratio 3/2) The main feature of the scale is perfectly tuned fifths. (3/2) (And consequently, no true octave interval exists) It could also be seen as 10-EDO scale with a compressed pseudo-octave with a ratio of about 1.966:1, which is the closest octave approximation that this tuning can offer. The semitone ratio is 1.5^(1/6) = 1.069913... The sample consists of three parts. 1) Chords consisting of a base note and 4 consecutive fifths. The chord moves 1 semitone per step. 2) Arpeggio moving a semitone per step. 3) Chords consisting of a base note, its pseudo octave (10 semitones from the base note) and the pseudo octave's perfect fifth (16 semitones from the base note) Left channel plays a sawtooth wave, right channel plays a square wave. Everything generated with Reaktor.


Your dream car is parked in out of the elements, but it's not secure because the garage door won't lock. Most garage doors have two horizontal bars that move out from the center of the door into slots along the side of the door in the door track, effectively locking the door in place. Over time, these bars can shift slightly out of position so that they are no longer correctly aligned with the locking slots. To realign the bars, unscrew the guide brackets on the edges of the door so that they are loose enough to move, and then reposition them so that they smoothly guide the locking bars into the locking slots. Lubricate the lock mechanism with machine oil and you're done.
The torsion springs on steel rolling doors work the same way as other torsion springs in the garage door industry. When the door is closed, the spring is wound. The spring is secured to a spring anchor bracket on one end and to the shaft on the other. When the steel rolling door opens, the spring in the barrel supports most of the door weight. The remainder of this weight is lifted by the chain hoist or the operator.
Repair Garage Door Co
Containment cables. When old extension springs break, the springs and cables become heavy whips that damage cars and even injure people. To solve the whipping problem, manufacturers now offer containment cables that run through the center of side-mounted extension springs. If you have extension springs and don’t plan to replace your door, make sure the springs have these containment cables, or have a professional install them.
Does your garage door squeak or make a lot of noise when opening? There are some specific ways to help reduce the squeaking of your garage door. Many people will lubricate everything, but that actually can cause damage and a huge mess. There are some specific things that you can lubricate to help maintain the life of your garage door and reduce noise levels. This video explains how to lubricate your garage door to reduce noise and increase the life of your garage door.
We've seen many garage doors off the track, and in some cases, on the family car. When the garage door system is not functioning optimally, the rollers and tracks can bend, and you may end up with a mess in the garage. If the garage door is salvageable, let us come and safely reinstall the garage door and make sure it won't happen again. Unfortunately, the damage to the family car will have to go through your auto insurance.
We offer wide range of stainless metal appliqués. Brushed metal effect or painted any RAL colour. Appliqués will suit most demanding design requirements. If you can’t find what you like an option could be your personal design appliqué. Just send a picture or drawing and we will replicate it on your door. Use our recommended designs or create your own:
Garage doors are the largest moving object inside your home. If you have a problematic garage door, it compromises the safety of your family and home. Overhead Door Company of Atlanta is a professional company you can count on. We provide you with quality service at a reasonable price. We offer FREE estimates on replacement garage doors and are spring replacement specialists. 24 hours a day 7 days a week we are your number one garage door repair service.
To make sure the job gets done right, our professional installers are local, licensed and insured. With a 9.7 out of 10 VOC score, our garage installers will exceed your expectations, provide reliable service, and install attractive garage doors that will transform your home’s appearance. All labor, products and installations are 100% backed by The Home Depot. Service you can trust.
While you can certainly redo any security features on your garage door, it is often wise to replace the entire door if in fact that is the way a burglar gained access to your house. A new security code may seem like enough, but you don’t know how the thief figured out the old code in the first place. If the motor was disengaged, the issue might be a design flaw in the door itself. The best way to ensure that the thief doesn’t return or another thief doesn’t take advantage of the same unknown security weakness is to install a new door. Again, doing so with give you access to the kinds of robust security features that are being installed and implemented in the newest garage doors on the market.
Overhead Door® openers and garage doors are built with longevity in-mind. By performing a few routine tasks, you can help ensure your garage door system stays safe and stands the test of time. One important part of garage door system routine maintenance is to make sure the photo-eyes have not gone out of alignment. The photo-eyes are the infrared sensors which monitor whether the space at the bottom of your garage door is clear. When these sensors are not lined up properly they will keep your door from closing. Make sure to occasionally check your photo-eyes’ alignment to ensure they are correctly detecting obstructions to keep your garage door safe and operating properly.
I'm not a professional, but I watched as my garage doors were serviced last year. The tech used a spray lubricant (I had bought a different brand in the garage door section of a home improvement store). He sprayed the inside of the entire track, top and bottom, the rollers that ride along the track, and all hinges on the door. He sprayed each hinge twice -- once on each side. The techs were more generous with the lubricant than I was when I'd done it before, so don't be afraid to give it a good squirt.
My one mild complaint is the seemingly excessive safety measures taken when you close the door. The alarm is, well, alarming. And the flashing lights tend to frighten people who aren't expecting them. I've seen Craftsman smart garages that just close like normal. I'd really prefer to not have a small light show announcing my door is closing every time.
If you haven’t looked at garage doors lately, prepare to be pleasantly surprised. We’ve taken the garage door and made it stylish with designs to complement both classic and contemporary homes while still keeping the functionality you desire. A garage door can represent more than 30% of your home’s curb appeal, which makes choosing the right design especially important – and Home Depot has the widest selection available. With over 1,000 different garage door designs in wood, steel, composite, aluminum and glass, you’re sure to find the perfect style to transform your garage… and your home.
The technician, Robert Helton, was very pleasant, helpful, and professional. He repaired the garage door opener expeditiously and explained why it hadn't worked properly. He also checked the chain mechanism and the door itself and showed me how to manually work the door should I need to do that in the future. I was very pleased with this repair work.
Squealing, screeching, or grinding noises from your garage door are usually indicative of a lack of lubricant or an accumulation of dirt or debris in the tracks. When removing debris, do not use harsh chemicals to clean the tracks. Once the track is clean, coat it with lubricant designed especially for garage doors, if possible. If you do not have access to this special type of lubricant, you can use WD-40 on the tracks and hardware.
That sagging garage door is getting harder and harder to open. Garage doors, especially older, wooden models, are as susceptible to the ravages of time and gravity as the rest of us. If your aging doors are a little saggy, square them up with the tension rods positioned on the back of the door. The rods are placed diagonally from top to bottom corners and can be tightened at a turnbuckle to straighten out the door--do a little at time to allow the door to adjust to the change. If your door isn't already equipped with tension rods, you can buy them at home centers.


High-speed hammer impacts materials to crush materials. There are two ways of crushing (Wet and dry)
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text: In the latest C-Ville Weekly, Will Goldsmith uncovers the existence of what sounds like an accidentally secret grant program for affordable housing, at $250k/year. The Housing Initiatives Fund has been available for organizations that need a grant, and fast, if presented with a chance to buy a property to turn it into affordable housing. It was established by Satyendra Huja during his tenure with the city. The trouble is that the existence of the fund has never been advertised, and there’s no formalized application process. So while Piedmont Housing Alliance and Habitat for Humanity knew about the program, Albemarle Housing Improvement Program had no idea. Even Virginia Land Company (Charlie Hurt’s development firm) took advantage of the program. The organizations that tapped into the money said they figured everybody knew about it. Work began immediately to formalize the process once these problems became known to the city’s housing advisory committee last month.

domain: sociology


text:
Reducing Cost in RMG sector & IE as its importance Of Lithe Group
AuthorHossain, Md. Al Mamun
MetadataShow full item record
This report provides that how to reduce cost in garments industry based on Industrial Engineering, like how IE department will reduce cost, what is the procedure of reducing cost, Capability of this factory and other departments in garments and their capacity. Methods of analysis of this report including practical research and data analysis with the help of department head in this organization, such as knitting capacity, Dyeing, and AOP capacity, cutting, sewing, finishing capacity, and their working procedures, and how to reduce the cost of that department with the help of IE. Results of the data analysis showed that this organization's knitting capacity is 40,000 Kgs where their used machine is Mayer & Cie and Matsuya and this knitting produced Single Jersey, Rib, Pique, Fleece, Terry, Mesh, Double Jersey, Interlock, Waffle/Thermal, etc. The dyeing section used machine is Sclavos, Thies, and Fongs and its capacity is 50 tones solid and 30 tones Yarn dyeing and 20 tones AOP production per day. This organization has also a print and embroidery section where the printing capacity is 70000 pcs, and embroidery capacity is 8,000 to 10,000 pieces. This organization CAD used updated GEMINI software and produced marker for 10 cutting table where Cutting capacity is 170000 where there have 3 updated auto spreader and 1 auto-cutter from FK France and FK Italy. and sewing capacity is 150000 pcs, and these 2 departments completely control IE department, where the manufacturing technology is being gradually transforming to adopting LEAN production after came IE for this department sewing efficiency increased by 8%, and cutting production increased minimum 10000 pcs. Also, an IE of cutting reduces sticker and ink by 30% of its total usage. This organization has worthy buyers such as M&S, Next, HRM, LPP, Zeeman, and Takko. The report has shown that how to decrease product cost and waste reduction of each department. The major area of viii weakness is the textile and dyeing section of this organization, they have capacity but they did not achieve the target as per capacity. Dyeing planning should be adjusted as per colorwise and fabrication wise so that process loss might be reduced ➢ Management should proper monitoring in dyeing and textile section. ➢ Need to sustain LEAN manufacturing system as per IE. The production was sometimes hampered due to accessories inhouse problem for merchandiser. The management of this organization are completely focused in sewing production but need to focused all the department of this organization as like sewing. sometimes department head was less focused on his job responsibility so that some internal problem was arisen.

domain: economics


text:
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text:
I’m a native Californian living in the San Francisco Bay Area. My life path has included Catholic ministry, marriage, children, and a grandchild. The writing bug bit me somewhere along that path, and I’ve published 16 books ranging from spirituality to romantic drama to a trilogy based on Victor Hugo’s Les Misérables.
Please tell us about your book and blurb and any comments about any other of your books:
Inspector Javert: at the Gates of Hell (Book 3 of the Wisdom of Les Misérables Trilogy)
Inspector Javert’s central theme: “What happens in the next instant after the heart beats for the last time.” Javert gazes into the River Seine. What future has he after freeing his enemy Jean Valjean? Rather than face his options, he leaps into the river.
- Book 1… Lessons From the Heart of Jean Valjean (nonfiction)
- Book 2… Bishop Myriel: In His Own Words
Do you write in more than one genre? I write both fiction and nonfiction. Topics range from romance/action to the arts and spiritual themes.
What brought you to writing? After a 20-year career in Catholic ministry, the writing bug bit.
Tell us about your writing process: I am gifted with (a) a love for the craft and (b) the ability to focus on the task at hand and stay with it for long stretches of the day. I don’t set goals about page count; I just stay with the process.
What is the most challenging part of your writing process? Most challenging is never allowing myself to fall in love with the draft I’m working on. Writing Inspector Javert brought that lesson home. At draft 10, I said, “Done!” The final book took 20+ drafts.
Has an association membership helped you or your writing? Without a doubt, my most important association throughout my career has been with the California Writers Club (Mount Diablo Branch). I tell people, “As a writer, it’s the only place I can go where people know what I’m talking about.”
Who’s your favorite author? If I have to pick one, it is Victor Hugo. He was such a complex human being in his personal life. That very complexity fed his mammoth ability to create the most varied and unforgettable characters.
How long did it take you to write your first book? My first three books came out as a series under the name Adult-to-Adult (Christ in Our Lives, Christians and Prayer, and Christians Reconciling, Winston Press). I drew upon material I developed during my ministry years.
How do you come up with character names? When writing fiction, names just seem to come to me. This may sound sappy, but the characters tell me their names.
We hear of strong-willed characters. Do yours behave, or do they run the show? My characters run the show, whether they behave themselves or misbehave. To me, a novel is boring if everyone “does the right thing” all the time. Characters must behave like real people. They can sin and repent—or not. There must always be a measure of growth as the story arcs to the end.
What’s the most challenging thing when writing characters of the opposite sex? As a male writer, it’s always a challenge to climb inside the mind and body of a woman character. In my trilogy (A Love Forbidden, Finding Isabella, and I’ll Paint a Sun), all the main characters are women. As is the protagonist in The Saint of Florenville. I’ve never heard a complaint from female readers that I “didn’t get it right.”
Do you ever kill a popular character? A protagonist, no. Supporting characters might need to die. Hugo modeled this in Les Misérables. At the barricade, the boy Gavroche dies first. Then his sister, Eponine, dies in Marius’s arms. Enjolras, the rebel leader, dies. Everyone dies except Jean Valjean and Marius.
How do you raise the stakes for your protagonist—for the antagonist? Inspector Javert: at the Gates of Hell offers a good example. Javert’s ordered life turns upside down when he allows doubt to creep into his soul. Could a lifelong criminal be capable of goodness? That crack in Javert’s armor demands recognition. He might have gotten it wrong all his life. In an instant, the entire structure of his life falls apart.
Do you outline, or are you a pantser? A hybrid “pantser.” I begin a novel with an idea arc. I don’t create an outline. I count on the characters to surprise me by doing something I didn’t see coming. In my Les Mis trilogy, I had to follow the plotline set by Hugo. E.g., Javert can’t be a warm-hearted, fun-loving cop. Nor could Jean Valjean act out of character. I worked within the parameters of Hugo’s storyline. After Javert’s death, I had complete freedom to do anything I wanted.
What kind of research do you do? Primarily, I focus on getting the historical time, place, weather, etc., as accurate as possible. It helps if I’ve actually visited the places where I set my story. For example, I’ve been to Paris four times over the years and have a feel for the local environment as I experienced it.
Where do you place your settings—real or fictional locations? It depends on the story. Inspector Javert bound me to get the time and place right. In another novel, I built my own world. Whether setting a story in San Francisco (I’ll Paint a Sun) or Peru (Circles of Stone and Down a Narrow Alley), I needed to get it as right as possible, though I’ve never been to Peru.
What is the best book you have ever read? Les Misérables. All 1,200 pages of it.
Do you have any advice for new writers? First, stop talking about writing and just do it. Don’t let your first draft be your last draft. Have faith in yourself and do the work.
Second, find a compatible writing community for moral support and learning the craft of writing. Third, have fun. Writing doesn’t have to be torture—if it is, don’t do it
If none of this appeals to you, find something else you like to do.
How do our readers contact you?
Confessions of a Middle-Aged Runaway is an RV travel adventure about how Heidi sold her house, quit her job, bought a motorhome, and hit the road with her dog for five years. It was a journey that transformed her life.
Heidi Eliason is a freelance writer and an editor for Runaway Publishing. Her past work includes writing for an RV adventure company, producing more than fifty RV travel articles for an online news source, and developing training courses and manuals. Confessions of a Middle-Aged Runaway is her first book. It has been translated into Korean and is selling in six countries. Heidi lives in the San Francisco Bay Area. Find out more about Heidi’s travel and writing adventures at www.HeidiEliason.com.
Do you write in more than one genre? I write in multiple genres. Confessions is a memoir, and I’m currently working on a novel, a thriller. Although many readers have asked for a sequel to my memoir, the thriller is clamoring to be written now. I also have some ideas for a cozy mystery series, so that could be next.
What brought you to writing? I was a robust reader from an early age, but when I took a creative writing class in high school, I discovered I loved to write. I just didn’t think I could make a living at it, so I never seriously pursued it. I always figured I’d write on the side for pleasure. Oddly enough, I did end up making a good living as a writer, but I wrote training courses and manuals, not books.
During my motorhome adventure, I kept a blog to keep my family and friends informed about my journey. I also wrote RV travel articles and web content for an RV touring company. After my motorhome adventure ended, I wrote short pieces about my experience in a writing critique group, some of which were based on my blog posts. The members of that group encouraged me to turn the stories into a book. I never wanted to write a memoir, but it was such an incredible and life-changing experience, I just had to write about it.
How long did it take you to write your first book? It took six years of on and off writing to complete my memoir because there were months at a time when I didn’t work on it at all. I tried writing it as a novel for NaNoWriMo (National Novel Writing Month), but it was awful!
The memoir started in disconnected five-page increments in my writing group, and I organized it into a book at some point along the way. Four years ago, I attended the San Francisco Writers Conference and submitted a chapter to their writing contest. It won runner-up for nonfiction (under my previous name, Heidi Young). That gave me the nudge I needed to complete the book, and it was published in 2019.
What is the most challenging part of your writing process? Finishing something is the most challenging part for me. I get so many ideas for things I want to write that I’m great at starting things, but I struggle to finish the current project I’m working on. I get distracted or want to give up when the writing gets tough and instead work on the shiny new idea that just occurred to me. I’m a pantser, not a plotter, so I don’t always know how I’m going to get to the end of the story or how I’ll keep the reader’s interest along the way. That can cause my writing to stall out sometimes. Most people call that writer’s block, but to me, it feels like a loss of interest. That tells me something needs fixing.
I decided to try writing an outline with my current book to see if that makes the writing faster and easier. I created a rough outline of about eight chapters, and then I couldn’t stand it any longer and had to start writing. The pantser in me took over. I wanted to see what my characters would do and how they would shape the story. I believe what some authors say about how their characters sometimes lead them in unexpected directions because I’ve experienced that feeling when characters take over. It’s a wonderful thing.
Has an association membership helped you or your writing? The California Writers Club Mt. Diablo Branch has been incredibly helpful to me and my writing. I’ve learned so much from the speakers and writers there, found writing critique partners, and made friendships. I also found out about the San Francisco Writers Conference during one of the meetings, and attending that was incredibly educational and inspiring.
I’m also a member of the Nonfiction Authors Association (NFAA), which provides a ton of helpful resources, some of which also apply to fiction writing. The founder of NFAA, Stephanie Chandler, has written some exceptional books about self-publishing and marketing that guided me through the publication of my book.
Looking to the future, what’s in store for you? I retired from my full-time technical writing job this year, but I’ll continue to do book editing through my company, Runaway Publishing. I hope to finish my current novel in 2022, now that I have more time for writing. After that, I’ll get going on one of the many other book ideas I have waiting in the wings. Since I was born with wanderlust and my husband retired at the beginning of this year, we want to do a lot of traveling. Hopefully, the Covid-19 situation will allow us to do international travel again.
Do you have any advice for new writers? Persistence is one of the most important qualities a writer can have. You need to keep going when the rejection letters come, self-doubt settles in, you wonder what the point of it all is, or you just don’t feel like writing. Keep writing, learning your craft, and reading. If you do those things, your work will improve, and you’ll get something published. Make writing one of your first priorities, and avoid the temptation to let other tasks and responsibilities have more importance than your writing. In other words, don’t do what I did! You’ll get something published much faster.
How do our readers find you and your books?
Virgil Alexander was born in his parent’s home in rural Gila County between Globe and Miami, Arizona. His uncles and cousins worked in law enforcement for various agencies. His dad was a volunteer reserve deputy, so he grew up with a lot of cop-talk. His father raised subsistence livestock and kept horses, so as a youth, he spent a lot of time taking care of these. His recreation was camping, hunting, fishing, hiking, and riding. His hot summer afternoons were spent reading at the Miami and Globe public libraries. He enjoyed history, mysteries, westerns, and Arizona geography and nature.
He worked for 42 years in mining jobs, from laborer to corporate management. After retirement, he began consulting with museums on mining and Arizona history, researching and writing papers for the Historical Society, and articles for newspapers, magazines, and webpages. He is a member of the Arizona Historical Society, Public Safety Writer’s Association (PSWA), Western Writers of America, Southwest Writers, and Storymakers. He has won awards from the PSWA in categories: Best Published Fiction Book and Best Non-fiction Published Article.
Alexander’s contemporary rural police series, the Deputy Allred & Apache Officer Victor Series, consists of five mysteries published by Aakenbaaken & Kent. Broken Earth is the 5th book. Alexander’s books are infused with real settings in which the natural and human history of the place is part of the setting. The western lifestyle of ranching, farming, timber, and mining feed into the stories, as does the contemporary Hispanic, Mormon, and Native American cultures.
Broken Earth: Released by Aakenbaaken & Kent on October 6, 2021.
Sergeant Al Victor must walk a thin line between legal ethics and sacred Apache secrets when a fellow medicine man goes bad and flees into the sacred Broken Earth.
My Writing In my pre-retirement career I wrote technical manuals, standard operating procedures, research papers, and training manuals. I also wrote public communications articles and project newsletters. This turned out to be a handicap when I started writing fiction. I sent my first draft of Wham Curse to an editor, and she called me and asked, “Are you an engineer?”
“I’m a technical superintendent.”
“I thought so. You write like an engineer; STOP IT!” She then spent several weeks teaching me not to write like an engineer.
When I’m actually writing my story, I have the general idea in mind. From this, I create a simple outline to refer back to when I start wondering where is this going? But I don’t write to the outline; I let the story flow as it goes. This impromptu style often takes turns I didn’t plan on and often requires adapting earlier parts of the story to make more sense.
I write in vignettes representing one viewpoint, either of a character or the all-knowing narrator. In order to keep track of characters, I maintain a spreadsheet of all my regular and minor characters. So a jeweler, or medical examiner, or rancher from an earlier book might reappear in the book I’m working on when I need one of those people. Likewise, I track all the vignettes and storylines on a spreadsheet. These allow me to control my clues and events in a logical sequence.
Because my books involve two neighboring agencies, I always have multiple storylines. Some of them involve both the Sheriff’s Office and the Tribal Police, and others only involve one of the agencies. So I may have from three to six major storylines, plus quite a few minor ones.
I write several strong women characters in my books, principally Deputy Pat Haley, but also FBI agents, a State Department attorney, ranch women, and Deputy Sanchez’s petit wife, Jennie, who in one of the books shoots a bad guy to save her husband. How do I write my women characters? I think of a man then take away reason and accountability… Wait. No, that was Jack Nicholson. I base my women on women I know or have known. I was fortunate in my career to work with many outstanding and competent women, many in nontraditional roles. The women closest to me, my wife and daughters, are highly accomplished and leaders in their chosen fields.
I generally do a lot of research as I write. Since I really have no idea where my story may take me, about the only preparatory research I do is on the places I plan to use and if I have a particular source of murder I want to pursue. So when I wrote scenes in Chaco Canyon, I researched the place, as well as the organizational structure of the park, the routes that can be used, hotels and restaurants my people would use, etc. Then as I develop the story, I research new items as they pop up.
I use real places for my settings, including towns, streets, specific stores, cafes, wilderness trails, mountains, rivers, hospitals, etc. The only time I use a fictional place is if the place is really bad so that I won’t put a bad light on a real place. If somebody gets food poisoning at a restaurant, it will be a nonexistent place.
Many of my characters are based on real people I have known. I don’t say who I translate as a character because some would be honored, and some would sue. Most are a conglomerate of several people from whom I’ve borrowed their looks, integrity, dark side, or manner of speech.
Looking forward, I will likely write more books in this series. I would also like to get my book on the history of ranching in Gila County finished up. I have been dabbling in writing an epic historical novel using all real people and history to track the western movement of the American frontier, factual but written in novel style.
George, I appreciate the opportunity to appear on your blog. If anyone wants to know more about me, they can go to my webpage to see an expanded bio, all my books, my blog, coming events, photos, and more at: https://virgilalexander.weebly.com/


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text:
11th DMZ Docs(2019)
I AM DOCU
Jennifer BAICHWAL, Edward BURTYNSKY, Nicholas de PENCIER
A cinematic meditation on humanity’s massive reengineering of the planet, it is four years in the making feature documentary film from the multiple-award winning team of a trilogy - Manufactured Landscapes (2006) and Watermark (2013), and this is the third one.
Nicholas de PENCIER