Sure, I can write an article about the "pip command not found" error on macOS, including code examples. Here it is:
If you're using a Mac and have encountered the "pip command not found" error when trying to install Python packages, don't worry! This error is common and can be easily fixed.
Pip is a package manager for Python that allows you to easily install and manage Python packages. However, when you try to use the pip command on a Mac for the first time, you might encounter an error message that says "command not found." This means that your Mac does not recognize the pip command.
The good news is that there are a few simple steps you can follow to fix this error. Let's take a look at some of the common causes of this error and how to solve them.
- Installing Python
The first thing you need to do is make sure that Python is installed on your Mac. You can check if Python is installed by opening the Terminal app and typing the following command:
If Python is installed, you'll see a version number in the output. If not, you can download the latest version of Python from the official Python website.
- Adding Python to your PATH
Once you have Python installed, you need to make sure that it is added to your system's PATH environment variable. This variable tells your Mac where to find executable files, such as the pip command.
To check if Python is in your PATH, type the following command in the Terminal:
If Python is not listed in the output, you need to add it to your PATH. You can do this by editing the .bash_profile file in your home directory. Open the file by typing the following command in the Terminal:
Add the following line to the file:
This assumes that you've installed Python 3.10 in the default location. If you've installed a different version of Python or installed it in a different location, you'll need to modify the path accordingly.
Save the file and exit the editor by pressing Ctrl+X, then Y, and then Enter.
To apply the changes, type the following command in the Terminal:
- Installing pip
Once you've added Python to your PATH, you can install pip by typing the following command in the Terminal:
sudo easy_install pip
This command will install pip and any necessary dependencies.
- Testing pip
To test if pip is working correctly, you can try installing a Python package using pip. For example, to install the NumPy package, type the following command in the Terminal:
pip install numpy
If the installation completes successfully, you should be able to import NumPy in a Python script or in a Jupyter Notebook.
In this article, we've looked at how to fix the "pip command not found" error on a Mac. We've covered the steps to install Python, add it to your PATH, and install pip. By following these steps, you should be able to use pip to install Python packages on your Mac.
Remember, pip is an essential tool for Python development, so it's important to make sure that it is properly installed and configured on your system. If you encounter any issues, be sure to consult the official documentation or seek help from the Python community.Here are some additional code examples to help you troubleshoot common issues that may arise when working with pip on a Mac:
- Upgrading pip
If you're running an older version of pip and want to upgrade to the latest version, you can use the following command:
pip install --upgrade pip
This will upgrade your pip installation to the latest version.
- Installing packages with pip
To install a Python package using pip, you can use the following command:
pip install package_name
For example, to install the requests package, you can use the following command:
pip install requests
This will download and install the requests package, along with any necessary dependencies.
- Installing packages from a requirements file
If you have a list of required packages in a requirements file, you can install them all at once using pip. To do this, navigate to the directory where the requirements file is located and use the following command:
pip install -r requirements.txt
This will read the requirements file and install all of the packages listed in it.
- Uninstalling packages with pip
If you no longer need a Python package that you've installed using pip, you can uninstall it using the following command:
pip uninstall package_name
For example, to uninstall the requests package, you can use the following command:
pip uninstall requests
This will remove the requests package from your system.
In conclusion, the "pip command not found" error on a Mac can be easily fixed by following a few simple steps. By ensuring that Python is installed, adding it to your PATH, and installing pip, you can use this powerful package manager to install and manage Python packages on your Mac. Remember to consult the official documentation or seek help from the Python community if you encounter any issues along the way. Happy coding!
Sure, here are some adjacent topics related to pip and Python development that you may find useful:
- Virtual environments
When working with Python, it's often a good idea to use virtual environments. Virtual environments allow you to create isolated Python environments for each project, which can help you avoid version conflicts and ensure that your code works as expected. You can create a virtual environment using the built-in
venv module, or by using a tool like
Once you've created a virtual environment, you can activate it by running the following command:
This will activate the virtual environment and any Python packages you install will be installed in the environment, rather than globally on your system. To exit the virtual environment, simply run the following command:
- Package management with pipenv
If you're looking for a more streamlined way to manage Python packages and virtual environments, you might consider using pipenv. Pipenv is a package management tool that combines pip and virtual environments into a single workflow. With pipenv, you can create and manage virtual environments, install packages, and track dependencies using a single command-line tool.
To get started with pipenv, you'll need to install it using pip:
pip install pipenv
Once you've installed pipenv, you can create a new virtual environment and install packages using the following commands:
pipenv shell pipenv install package_name
This will create a new virtual environment and install the specified package. You can also install packages from a
Pipfile using the
pipenv install command. Pipenv will automatically create a virtual environment and install the packages listed in the
- Python package repositories
Python packages are typically distributed through package repositories like PyPI (Python Package Index). PyPI is the official repository for Python packages and contains thousands of packages that you can install using pip.
In addition to PyPI, there are also several other package repositories that you might consider using. For example, Anaconda provides a repository of pre-built packages for data science and scientific computing, while conda-forge is a community-led repository that provides a wide range of packages for different platforms and use cases.
- Continuous integration and deployment
If you're working on a larger Python project, you might consider using a continuous integration (CI) and deployment (CD) platform to automate your development workflow. CI/CD platforms like GitHub Actions, Travis CI, and Jenkins can help you automatically build, test, and deploy your code whenever you make changes. This can help you catch errors early, ensure that your code is always in a deployable state, and reduce the time and effort required to release new features or bug fixes.
To set up a CI/CD pipeline for your Python project, you'll typically need to define a set of build and test scripts, configure your environment and dependencies, and define deployment strategies for different environments. You can use tools like Docker and Kubernetes to manage your infrastructure, and Git-based workflows to manage your codebase and releases.5. Debugging and profiling
When developing Python code, you'll likely run into errors and performance issues that you'll need to debug and optimize. Python provides several built-in tools for debugging and profiling, including the
pdb debugger, the
cProfile profiler, and the
memory_profiler memory profiler. These tools can help you identify and fix errors, optimize your code for speed and memory usage, and ensure that your code is performing as expected.
To use the
pdb debugger, you can add the following line to your Python code:
import pdb; pdb.set_trace()
This will start the debugger and allow you to step through your code line by line, inspecting variables and calling functions as needed. You can also use breakpoints and other advanced features to debug more complex issues.
To use the
cProfile profiler, you can add the following lines to your Python code:
import cProfile cProfile.run('my_function()')
This will profile the
my_function() function and provide a detailed report of its performance, including how much time it spends in each function and how many times each function is called. You can use this information to identify performance bottlenecks and optimize your code.
- Python web frameworks
If you're interested in building web applications using Python, there are several popular web frameworks that you can use. Some of the most popular frameworks include Flask, Django, and Pyramid.
Flask is a lightweight and flexible framework that is easy to learn and use. It provides a simple and intuitive API for building web applications and supports a wide range of extensions and plugins for added functionality.
Django is a more comprehensive framework that provides a full-stack solution for building web applications. It includes a powerful ORM (Object-Relational Mapper) for working with databases, an admin interface for managing data, and a robust set of built-in features for handling authentication, security, and scalability.
Pyramid is a highly customizable and extensible framework that allows you to build web applications using a wide range of tools and libraries. It provides a flexible architecture for building complex applications and supports a wide range of templating engines and data storage options.
- Machine learning and data science
Python is also widely used in the fields of machine learning and data science. There are several popular libraries and frameworks for these fields, including TensorFlow, PyTorch, scikit-learn, and pandas.
TensorFlow and PyTorch are deep learning frameworks that allow you to build and train neural networks for a wide range of applications, from image recognition to natural language processing. They provide high-level APIs for building and training models, as well as low-level APIs for fine-tuning models and working with specialized hardware.
scikit-learn is a popular machine learning library that provides a wide range of algorithms and tools for building predictive models. It includes algorithms for classification, regression, clustering, and dimensionality reduction, as well as tools for model selection and evaluation.
pandas is a library for data manipulation and analysis. It provides a powerful and flexible API for working with structured data, including tools for cleaning, transforming, and aggregating data.
In conclusion, Python is a versatile and powerful programming language that can be used for a wide range of applications, from web development to machine learning and data science. By learning about adjacent topics like virtual environments, package management, debugging and profiling, web frameworks, and machine learning libraries, you can take your Python skills to the next level and build even more powerful and complex applications.
Sure, here are five questions related to the "pip command not found" error on macOS, along with their answers:
- What is pip and why is it important for Python development?
Answer: Pip is a package manager for Python that allows you to easily install and manage Python packages. It is an essential tool for Python development because it allows you to easily install and manage dependencies for your projects.
- What does the "pip command not found" error mean on a Mac?
Answer: This error means that your Mac does not recognize the pip command. This can happen if Python is not installed or if Python is not added to your system's PATH environment variable.
- How can you add Python to your PATH on a Mac?
Answer: You can add Python to your PATH on a Mac by editing the .bash_profile file in your home directory and adding the following line:
export PATH="/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.10/bin:$PATH". This assumes that you've installed Python 3.10 in the default location. If you've installed a different version of Python or installed it in a different location, you'll need to modify the path accordingly.
- How can you install packages using pip on a Mac?
Answer: To install a Python package using pip on a Mac, you can use the following command:
pip install package_name. For example, to install the NumPy package, you can use the following command:
pip install numpy.
- What is the purpose of virtual environments in Python development?
Answer: Virtual environments in Python allow you to create isolated Python environments for each project, which can help you avoid version conflicts and ensure that your code works as expected. By using virtual environments, you can create a clean and predictable environment for each project, making it easier to manage dependencies and ensure that your code runs smoothly.Great, here are a few more questions related to the "pip command not found" error and Python development:
- What is the difference between pip and conda?
Answer: Pip and conda are both package managers for Python, but they have different strengths and use cases. Pip is designed primarily for installing and managing Python packages, while conda is designed for managing packages across multiple languages and environments. Conda provides a more comprehensive solution for managing dependencies and virtual environments, while pip is more focused on Python-specific packages.
- How can you create a virtual environment using the
Answer: To create a virtual environment using the
venv module, you can use the following command:
python -m venv /path/to/venv. This will create a new virtual environment in the specified directory. To activate the virtual environment, you can use the following command:
source /path/to/venv/bin/activate. To exit the virtual environment, simply run the
- What is the purpose of continuous integration and deployment in Python development?
Answer: Continuous integration and deployment (CI/CD) is the practice of automating the build, testing, and deployment of software. In Python development, CI/CD can help you catch errors early, ensure that your code is always in a deployable state, and reduce the time and effort required to release new features or bug fixes. By automating your development workflow, you can improve the quality and reliability of your code and accelerate your development process.
- What is the purpose of the
pdbdebugger in Python development?
pdb debugger is a built-in debugging tool in Python that allows you to step through your code line by line, inspect variables, and call functions as needed. The
pdb debugger can help you identify and fix errors in your code, and provides a powerful tool for troubleshooting complex issues.
- What is the purpose of the
cProfileprofiler in Python development?
cProfile profiler is a built-in profiling tool in Python that allows you to profile the performance of your code. The
cProfile profiler can help you identify performance bottlenecks and optimize your code for speed and memory usage. By using profiling tools like
cProfile, you can ensure that your code is performing as expected and optimize it for maximum efficiency.


text: South Korea\' current account surplus rebounded to 3.1 billion U.S. dollars last month after contracting to a 7-month low a month earlier as exports recovered its growing trend, the central bank said Friday. The surplus reached 3.1 billion dollars in September, a turnaround from a revised 292.6 million dollars tallied in the previous month, the Bank of Korea (BOK) said in a statement. For the first nine months of this year, the surplus amounted to a combined 15.3 billion dollars. The September figure was a rebound from the 7-month low tallied a month before, and it has remained in the black for the 19th consecutive month. The current account is the broadest measure of international trade, including goods, services and investment income. The strong turnaround was mainly attributable to recovery in exports, which contracted in August after local firms advanced their export date ahead of summer vacation. STRONG EXPORTS The goods account surplus surged to 2.37 billion dollars in September from 371.5 million dollars a month earlier, according to the BOK. For the first nine months, the accumulated goods surplus reached 20.98 billion dollars. Exports, which account for 50 percent of the Asia\'s No.4 economy, expanded to 47.5 billion dollars last month from 45.6 billion dollars registered in the prior month. Brisk demand for locally-made automobiles, metal products and petroleum products boosted last month\'s exports. \"South Korean exports drew a better picture in September due partly to the Japanese yen that has recently peaked to a record- high level. The October export is expected to continue its growing trend,\" Kim Young-bae, director general of the BOK\'s economic statistics department, told reporters. Kim, however, noted that capital goods imports contracted significantly last month, saying it was due to local firms that delayed facilities investment amid lingering uncertainties caused by Europe\'s debt crisis. The service account, which measures the flow of travel, transport costs and royalties, turned into the black last month with a surplus of 70.6 million dollars from a deficit of 577.9 million dollars a month earlier. A reduction in the travel account deficit contributed to the turnaround in the service account balance, according to the BOK. The primary income account, including monthly salaries and investment income, logged a surplus of 543 million dollars in September, down from 699.6 million dollars a month before. An increase in interest payments led to a falling surplus of the account. FOREIGN DEBT REDUCTION Outflow in the financial account, which gauges cross-border investment, widened to 4.68 billion dollars in September from 1.73 billion dollars a month earlier as banks repaid their foreign debts and increased investment in external assets. Other investment account, including trade credits and foreign debts, shifted to a net outflow of 17.09 billion dollars last month from a net inflow of 4.64 billion dollars the previous month. Local lenders paid back short-term foreign debts, while borrowing long-term funds from overseas. In September, banks repaid a net 7 billion dollars of external debts that mature in one year or less after paying back a net 1.18 billion dollars a month earlier, but they borrowed a net 3.81 billion dollars of long-term debts with a maturity of one year or more, up from a net borrowing of 1.88 billion dollars tallied in August. \"The 17.09-billion dollar outflow from the other investment balance row is the most prominent feature. Short-term external borrowing by banks typically dominates the other investment balance row. The macroprudential measures taken to discourage short-term external borrowing may be bearing fruit,\" said Tim Condon, head of Asia research at ING in Singapore. Portfolio investment, including stock and bond investment, logged a net inflow of 1.77 billion dollars last month from a net outflow of 2.92 billion dollars a month before. Foreign investors reduced sales of local stocks, while keeping their buying streak on local bonds, according to the BOK. Net outflow in the foreign direct investment expanded to 2.1 billion dollars in September from 1.04 billion dollars in August as local residents increased their investments overseas.

domain: finance


text:
This post originally appeared on morgantrinkerblog.com.
Since we’ve been living in Birmingham, we’ve been lucky to meet some really amazing people. Two people we’ve grown particularly close to are Will and Helen. They currently live in Birmingham in an apartment during the week while Helen attends school and Will teaches, but they’ve been making the commute to their house in Hartselle (about an hour north of Birmingham) on the weekends to spend time at their house and on their land. The absolutely crazy part? Will built this house… with his own two hands, and almost no help.
When he originally told us this, I had a hard time believing it. I mean, I can wrap my mind around people being book smart or artistically gifted, but man… someone not just designing and decorating their house, but actually building it, from scratch — just straight up manual labor? Whoa.
Even if you only have a passing interest in Steampunk, Doktor A's studio construction will make you drool. From Edison-style light switches to custom cast... Read more
I was even more blown away when we actually drove up to Hartselle to see it for ourselves. As it turns out, Will and Helen really want to live full time in Birmingham, so they’ve decided to rent out their house to Will’s Aunt Sally, which works out well, because his parents live right down the road on their own amazing piece of land (with chickens and gardens and orchards and porches and the whole nine yards).
I was so impressed with not only the craftsmanship, but with the design and all the finishing touches, which were also chosen by Will and Helen. When we first walked in and I saw that spiral staircase leading up to a loft with skylights… I nearly died. Talk about a dream come true. See for yourself:
The polished concrete countertops, the butcher block island, the cabinets, and yes, even the beer… all made by hand.
Yeah, they’re really cute together.
Will and Helen, you guys are awesome. Thank-you so much for allowing us to barge in. We are so impressed by your mad skills!
Comments on Will and Helen and the house they built — with their own hands
I think I just died a little! The house is just SO gorgeous! This is actually a huge inspiration for me, since one of my biggest dreams is building my own house with my own hands. (I want a tower, how else am I supposed to get that? :D)
I love towers too! With a table for breakfast in the morning and cards at night.
Wow… how stunning! I love handmade anything! <3 So happy!
Wow. Just wow. I love the house, and yes, they built it like a BOSS!
Seeing these pictures just solved a problem for me, we wanted to extend our house by putting another bedroom upstairs but i couldn’t work out what to do about stairs as they take up so much room & we don’t have much of that. Spiral staircase, that’s the answer! Why hadn’t we thought of that? Thank you!!!
Check out spiralstairsofamerica.com
That’s where I purchased this one.
They were great. They sell a full-welded staircase, not a bolt together kit.
Wow! I wish I could do that kind of thing…
How did Will learn the skills he needed to build the house? Is he an architecture major? Skills passed down from dad or granddad?
I MUST KNOW MORE!
I’m with Courtney, would love to know Will’s background or how he came about such awesome knowledge. I recently saw work ads for apprenticeships to cob builders in my area, but it’s the old fashioned basic carpentry I’m interested in.
Me too! I would love to learn how to build houses/furniture, the good old fashioned way.
It’s my dream to build my own house, someday. My great-grandfather and grandfather built my grandparents’ house, and to this day it is one of the most beautiful houses (in my opinion) that I have ever laid eyes on. Something about building it yourself gives it a magical glow.
I almost laughed when I saw that. I’ve never seen an architect actually build a house (I’ve built many).
Yes, I want to know! My grandpa got his woodworking skills from his dad, a cabinetmaker, but I was never interested in learning until it was too late. Damn, now I want to build a house. Or SOMETHING.
The house is beautiful! And I just wanted to say @ the 2nd picture of Will where he’s grinning/smiling….cute!!!!!
Any idea how long it took Will to build the place? What a terrific house.
Thanks for all the great comments. My wife does makes me grin like the village idiot! Small price to pay for being happy I guess!
I am a Civil Engineer by trade (now a school teacher), and I did learn some construction from by Dad and Brother.
I read all the books first. Then I did a short apprenticeship with a timberframer (great experience but not necessary). Then I planned… ALOT.(Its fun though isn’t it?!)
I’d love to answer any questions anybody has, so shoot me an email if you feel so inclined.
i am so completely in love with this. We are still leaning toward building a house in the “country” (mostly because its cheaper and we wont have so many restrictions on how our house has to look) and this post keeps reminding me how doable it really is. i can’t wait.
Wow, GORG-juss house. I’m very impressed by not only his skill as a builder, but as a designer.
This makes me think of my dad, who built our (former) family home with his own two hands. He had a little carpentry experience from high school shop, and has worked as a welder and machinist for his whole career, so he knew how to follow blue prints from his work. The rest he pretty much got from a book called “Building a House.”
The house was built on a former poultry farm that was no longer in operation and had a bunch of empty barns. He and my mom tore down one of the barns, and he designed the house around rafters he salvaged from the barn to save on lumber and labor.
I have one uncle who is an electrician for our local utility. Another uncle used to own a plumbing business, so they both helped with those portions. I believe it took about a year to design and plan and another 18 months or so to actually build. It had a huge wood burning stove in the basement that was connected to the house’s duct system, so in the winter he would go chop wood from our property and we would heat the house with it.
Some of my best memories with my dad involve him teaching me to shingle our roof, use a power drill and a table saw and other “tool” stuff.

domain: artistic


text:
Rare Albumen Photograph Portrait of Civil War General Ulysses S. Grant
Original Albumen Photograph of Civil War General Ulysses S. Grant | ca. 1862 | A Sizable Albumen Photograph Professionally Matted and Housed in a Gilt Wood Frame Under Archival Glass
Original Albumen Portrait Photograph of Civil War General Ulysses S. Grant | ca. 1862 | A Sizable Albumen Photograph Professionally Matted and Housed in a Gilt Wood Frame Under Archival Glass | Measures 16″ H x 13″ W | Provenance: This remarkable civil war collectible is from the estate of a very well-known and well-respected lifetime Civil War collector in Upstate New York | Condition: Very Good, shows very well, with mild age related wear.
The albumen print, also called albumen silver print, was published in January 1847 by Louis Désiré Blanquart-Evrard, and was the first commercially exploitable method of producing a photographic print on a paper base from a negative. It used the albumen found in egg whites to bind the photographic chemicals to the paper and became the dominant form of photographic positives from 1855 to the turn of the 20th century, with a peak in the 1860-90 period. During the mid-19th century, the carte de visite became one of the more popular uses of the albumen method. In the 19th century, E. & H. T. Anthony & Company were the largest makers and distributors of the Albumen photographic prints and paper in the United States.
Books, Maps, Documents and Manuscripts, Collectibles, Ephemera, Memorabilia, Militaria, Photographic Art, Prints
Glass Covering, Matted
American Civil War, Figurative, Historical, Military, Picturesque, Portrait, War
Artist / Maker
General Ulysses S. Grant

domain: history


text:
|Celebrated Name:||Leslie Mann|
|Real Name/Full Name:||Leslie Mann|
|Age:||51 years old|
|Birth Date:||26 March 1972|
|Birth Place:||San Francisco, California, United States|
|Judd Apatow (m. 1997)|
|Children:||Yes ( Maude Apatow, Iris Apatow)|
|Net Worth in 2023:||$25 million|
|Last Updated:||September 2023|
Leslie Mann is a comedian and actress from the United States of America. She has been in the acting industry since the 90s, and her most popular early movie roles were in “The Cable Guy” and “Big Daddy”.
Maybe you know about Leslie Mann very well But do you know how old and tall is she and what is her net worth in 2023? If you do not know, We have prepared this article about details of Leslie Mann’s short biography-wiki, career, professional life, personal life, today’s net worth, age, height, weight, and more facts. Well, if you’re ready, let’s start.
Leslie Mann was born on March 26, 1972, in San Francisco, the hilly city in California, United States. Her parent’s names remain unknown, but her mother worked as a real estate agent, and she had been into three marriages. Leslie Mann said once that she doesn’t really know much about her father and she has been living like she doesn’t even exist. She might have Finnish origins though her maternal grandmother because her grandmother’s parents came from Finland.
Leslie Mann was mostly grown and raised in Newport Beach in California. Her mother mainly raised her, and she has stepbrothers as well as two siblings. Leslie Mann completed her schooling from the Corona del Mar High School, and she later went to a college from where she dropped out before earning a degree in communications. She also studied along with the sketch comedy troupe The Groundlings at the Joanne Baron / D.W. Brown Studio.
For her personal life, marriage and children, Leslie Mann has been married to the comedian, actor, producer, director and writer Judd Apatow since 1997. Leslie and Judd have two daughters who are currently actresses, Iris Apatow and Maude Apatow.
Age, Height, and Weight
Being born on 26 March 1972 , Leslie Mann is 51 years old as of today’s date 24th September 2023. Her height is 1.69 m tall, and her weight is 54 kg.
Leslie Mann first appeared on TV commercials before going into movies. Her first acting roles were in a comedy movie titled “Virgin High” and a couple of guest acting roles in series including “Birdland” and “The Wright Verdicts”.
For her breakthrough career success, Leslie Mann began gaining popularity and attention after starring in the comedy movie “The Cable Guy”. She had a successful acting role in Adam Sandler’s movie “Big Daddy”. Leslie Mann’s most recent popular comedy movies including “The Other Woman” and “How to Be Single”.
Leslie Mann’s 2018 – 2020 credited movie acting roles including a comedy movie titled “Blockers”, a fantasy drama titled “The Women of Marwen”, thriller comedy titled “Motherless Brooklyn” and an animated adventure comedy movie titled “The Croods 2”.
Awards & Achievements
Leslie Mann doesn’t have many award winnings and nominations to mention. She only won the 2014 CinemaCon Award for Comedy Star of the Year and the Golden Schmoes Award for Best Supporting Actress of the Year for “Knocked Up” movie. Leslie Mann was nominated for the Critics Choice Award for Best Actress in a Comedy for “This Is 40”, MTV Movie Award for Best Kiss for “Vacation” and the Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie: Chemistry for “The Other Woman”.
Leslie Mann also has two more nominations for “Knocked Up” movie including the Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress and the Village Voice Film Poll Award for Best Supporting Actress.
Net Worth & Salary of Leslie Mann in 2023
The actress and comedian Leslie Mann net worth is set to $25 million as of September 2023. She made her millions of wealth from her outstanding comedic acting roles in movies. Leslie Mann starred in many high grossing movies such as “The Other Woman” which grossed more than $196 million at the box office.
Leslie Mann is one of the most loved to watch female comedian actresses. She currently has more than 40 credited acting roles, and people have always been waiting for her upcoming movies. Leslie Mann has been happily married and living with her husband Judd Apatow and their children.


text:
17 Feb 2016
Lausanne: The race to host the 2024 Olympic Games gets underway in earnest today with the four bid cities: Budapest, Los Angeles, Paris and Rome, presenting their initial candidature files to the International Olympic Committee (IOC).
08 Oct 2015
Mumbai: Bollywood superstar Salman Khan might have saved many damsels in distress in multiple films, but the actor couldn't protect himself from getting robbed.
07 Dec 2015
Rio de Janeiro: Roger Federer will team up with compatriot Martina Hingis to represent Switzerland at next year's Olympic Games in Rio, according to media reports.
12 Feb 2016
Guwahati: Indian long-distance runner Kavita Raut today qualified for the Rio Olympics in women's marathon after winning the event in the 12th South Asian Games, a perfect end to the country's memorable athletics campaign in the event here today.
05 Dec 2015
New Delhi: Competing for the first time in over a year, Olympic bronze-medallist M C Mary Kom (51kg) assured herself and India of at least a bronze medal by advancing to the semifinals of the International Boxing Association's (AIBA) Olympic Test event in Rio de Janeiro yesterday.
03 Oct 2013
London: Former Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson has said that his one-time star midfielder David Beckham had "lost focus" following his marriage to pop star Victoria Adams of the Spice Girls.
07 Feb 2013
A new cocktail range inspired by former band Spice Girls was launched here in the presence of the bandmates - Emma Bunton, Melanie Brown, Geri Halliwell and Melanie Chisholm.
18 Nov 2015
Melbourne: Former world number one Adam Scott has dented Australia's hopes of a medal when golf returns to the Olympics at Rio next year, saying he is unlikely to make room for it in his schedule.
26 Dec 2015
New Delhi: International referee from India, Ashok Kumar has been selected for officiating in the Rio Olympics next year.
27 Nov 2015
Raipur: Rising from obscurity, Belgium has become one of the European powerhouses in world hockey and they are leaving no stone unturned ahead of next year's Rio Olympics as all the players have taken a break from their studies or work to prepare themselves for the greatest multi-sport event on the earth.

domain: sports


text:
In the bustling streets of your city, where the aroma of spices meets the warmth of traditional cooking, Jo Paji Foods stands as a beacon for food enthusiasts. Catering to a palette that appreciates diversity, we bring to you an experience that’s as rich in flavors as it is in heritage. Our services, spanning from pasta home delivery to offering the best North Indian food in Surajmal Vihar, and not forgetting the mouthwatering kulhad cheese pizza near you in Vaishali, promise not just a meal but a journey of taste.
Pasta at Your Doorstep
Gone are the days when craving Italian meant stepping out. With Jo Paji Foods, your search for “pasta home delivery near me” ends. Our pasta menu is designed to bring the authentic Italian experience right to your doorstep. From the classic Aglio e Olio to the creamy Alfredo, each dish is prepared with the freshest ingredients, promising a delightful experience with every bite.
A North Indian Fiesta in Surajmal Vihar
For those who yearn for the rich and vibrant flavors of the North, Jo Paji Foods offers the best North Indian food in Surajmal Vihar. Our chefs, with their expertise in traditional cooking methods, prepare dishes that are not only a feast for the eyes but also the soul. From succulent kebabs to aromatic biryanis, our menu is a tribute to the culinary legacy of the North.
Kulhad Cheese Pizza – A Fusion Delight
In a unique twist to the Italian classic, we introduce the kulhad cheese pizza near me in Vaishali . This innovative dish combines the earthy flavors of kulhad (a traditional clay pot) with the gooey goodness of cheese, creating a fusion that’s both intriguing and irresistible. It’s an experience that challenges the conventional, inviting you to explore the unexplored.
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At Jo Paji Foods, we believe in delivering not just food, but experiences. Our commitment to quality, combined with our passion for innovation, sets us apart. Whether it’s the convenience of having your favorite pasta delivered to your home, the joy of savoring the best North Indian dishes, or the excitement of trying out the kulhad cheese pizza, we promise an experience that’s memorable.
In a world where food is not just sustenance but an expression of culture and creativity, Jo Paji Foods stands as a testament to the joy of eating. Our diverse menu, attention to quality, and innovative offerings make us not just a food service but a culinary adventure. So, the next time you’re pondering over what to eat, remember, Jo Paji Foods is just an order away, ready to take you on a flavorful journey.

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Lesson Plans and Worksheets
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Manners Teacher Resources
Find teacher approved Manners educational resource ideas and activities
Who cares about manners anyway? According to the New York Times, Mrs. Mason does. Learners read and consider an article which addresses the decline of manners and the impact it has on society. They answer seven critical thinking questions to help them compose a blog response. A very interesting question that is sure to incite many different answers.
Young artists are immersed into the tranformative world of Manneristic Art and Architecture during the Renaissance in this vivid presentation. Providing not only clear and concise charactertistics of Mannerism but examples of many Manneristic pieces, the slideshow is like a walk through an exquisite art museum with a taleted guide. This presentation would be a good companion to an art class, an art history class, a world history class, or a European history class.
Students use picture book content and personal experience to compare and contrast life in the early 20th century with life in the 21st century. In this U.S. history lesson, students listen to the book Mind Your Manners, Alice Roosevelt and complete a T chart comparing the accomplishments of Roosevelt with those of recent presidents. Students create a "then and now" poster showing differences in cultural aspects when comparing the early 20th century with the present.
Students examine behavior. In this polite manners lesson plan, students will determine appropriate responses to different situations they may experience at school. They will listen to the story My Manners Matter by Pat Thomas and contribute to a class word web that correlates with the book. The following day students will role-play using the manners they learned about.


Plan Revamps Mayo Civic Center & Experience Rochester Operations
Rochester, MN (KROC-AM News) - The Rochester City Council is being presented with a plan to radically change the operations of the Mayo Civic Center and Experience Rochester, which was previously known as the Rochester Convention and Visitors Bureau.
City Administrator Steve Rymer has announced he will be recommending the creation of a Convention and Visitor Authority that would be responsible for all of the functions of the two organizations next year. Rymer says he is making the recommendation after concluding the existing model for the operations of the two entities is not financially sustainable.
“It is important for the community to understand that the Mayo Civic Center and Experience Rochester teams work hard and are dedicated to the success of both organizations. This recommendation is not a reflection of their efforts. It is the current system that is not sustainable. If the City Council approves the Authority, the City and Experience Rochester will work closely with employees from both organizations during the coming months as the transition to the new model is implemented.”
The operations of the Mayo Civic Center and Experience Rochester have been under study for several months. Rymer says the boards of both organizations, along with a consultant and the City Administrator's office identified five priorities that are key to the long-term, sustainable success of a new Authority. They include:
- Alignment in Focus
- Clear Goals & Objectives
- Service Delivery
- Deliver Results
Rymer says the transition to the new organization would take 12 to 14 months. The City Council is scheduled to discuss the proposal during a special meeting on November 28th.


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The Children's Atlas Of World History
Written by Simon Adams
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This is a fabulous pictorial guide to the world’s people and events from 10,000 BC to the present. Highly illustrated, it presents a dramatic insight into what the world was like during key historical periods – the Ancient world, Medieval times, Exploration and Empire through to the Modern industrialised world. Packed with information about civilizations, empires, religions, colonization, exploration, kingdoms and famous figures, this Children’s Atlas of World History is a wonderful reference book to dip into whenever the mood takes you.
The Children's Atlas Of World History by Simon Adams
Covers major human civilizations, from the ancient world to modern times, and examines the core curriculum themes of religion, exploration, colonization, industry, technology, war and diplomatic relations.
About the Author
More books by Simon Adams
1st August 2008
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1 travellers traveller
The Amalfi Coast, a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, is located on the Gulf of Salerno, south of Naples. Through the curves of the Coast, you can admire villages nested in the mountains, the deep blue sea, the olive and lemon groves and vineyards. The Amalfi Coast has great cultural and touristic appeal: Amalfi, Ravello, Positano and Vietri are the most visited places by the natural beauty of its beaches, the architecture and the gastronomy.
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domain: travel


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3 edition of Specific Skill Series LOCATING THE ANSWER Booklet K found in the catalog.
Specific Skill Series LOCATING THE ANSWER Booklet K
Richard A. Boning
by Barnell Loft
Written in English
|The Physical Object|
Fountas & Pinnell Guided Reading Levels K and L Books by San Rafael Staff Downtown - a staff-created list: This list contains Fountas & Pinnell Guided Reading Levels K and L books in the San Rafael Public Library's children's collection. Student Books: 30 or more copies of the same book $ each. Teacher’s Guides: $ each FREE with purchase of 25 student books of the same grade Note: To order teacher’s guides, please add the letter “K” before the student book number. Student Answer Booklets: FREE with your order of New York State Science workbooks.
On standardized tests like the SAT, the answers to the rest of the questions can be found in order in the passage. 3. Underline topic sentences in the passage. Most tests allow you to write in your testing booklet. 4. Answer the question in your own words before looking at the answer choices. Then match your answer with an answer choice. 5. The sixth edition of Specific Skills Series for Reading maintains the quality and focus that has distinguished this program for more than 40 years. It varies in content and contains both fiction and nonfiction. Using relevant subject material, the new contemporary look appeals to readers of all ages and the topics are designed to stimulate and.
This Free Cognitive Abilities Practice Test was written by the PreK - 8th grade testing experts at with access to , Practice Questions including Cognitive Abilities Tests. Get Free Practice Questions to get started. For more information on the Cognitive Abilities Test, visit the comprehensive knowledge base available at History Questions and Answers from Chegg. History can be a difficult subject for many students, but luckily we’re here to help. Our history question and answer board features hundreds of history experts waiting to provide answers to your questions. You can ask any history question and get expert answers in as little as two hours.
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SRA's Specific Skill Series instills key comprehension skills through extensive practice in one skill area at a time. Combined with the assessment tools, the program can reinforce those areas where a student requires additional practice. This item: SRA Specific Skill Series: Locating the Answer Book E by Richard A.
Boning Paperback $ Only 1 left in stock - order soon. Ships from and sold by -Book Bargains/5(5). Specific Skill Series DETECTING THE SEQUENCE Booklet B by Richard A. Boning and a Specific Skill Series LOCATING THE ANSWER Booklet K book selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at SRA Specific Skill Series: LOCATING THE ANSWER - BOOK 'A', 5th Edition 2 copies Specific Skill Series FOLLOWING DIRECTIONS Booklet F 2 copies CLOZE CONNECTIONS C Empire Edition & Teacher's Manual 2 copies.
Share this book. Facebook. Twitter. Pinterest. Embed. Edit. Last edited by Clean Up Bot. Locating the answer [v. 5] Getting the facts [v. 6.] Getting the main idea [v.
7.] Drawing conclusions Grade 3. Other Titles Specific skill series. Classifications Dewey Decimal Class Library of Congress LBB ID Numbers Open 5/5(1).
This updated classic, with reading selections and contemporary artwork, builds 9 essential skills: Working Within Words Using the Context Getting the Facts Drawing Conclusions Identifying Inferences Following Directions Locating the Answer Getting the Main Idea Detecting the Sequence Features: Each skill is developed through individual books Reviews: 8.
Inquiry Skills Activity Book 5 Name _____ Date _____ Class _____ SKILLS INTRODUCTION Do not write on this sheet. Read the information.
Work the problems on your own paper. Write your answers on the backs of these sheets or on a separate sheet of paper. A mammal’s teeth are adapted to its diet. Some mammals eat only plants. Many. This book is designed to do just that with a philosophy centered on “learning by doing.” With more than 40 teaching strategies that enhance classroom instruction, Accelerate is a compilation of interactive and student-centered activities that apply content in a practical yet effective manner.
$ 6 7 Proofreading A Correct the mistakes in this story. Capital Letters A Insert the capital letters and full stops. B Insert the capital letters where needed. We use capital letters: l At the beginning of a sentence.
l For the letter “I”. l The names and titles of people, e.g. Dr Mary Smith. l The names of places, months of the year, days of the week and special. Learn how to solve your math, science, engineering and business textbook problems instantly.
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English Skills Answers. 2 3 Contents Reading Rescue4 Activities 5 Cloze 6 Grammar 7 Writing 8 Language 9 Reading UFOs 10 Activities 11 z k g i m j s n d l t o b l a p o o d l e a x e t r l g t q x i r b p i a t e Titles of books, films, plays – Louis Stevenson wrote “Treasure Island”.
Using This Book (For the professional, continued) The Practical Life Skills Workbook contains five separate sections to help participants learn more about themselves and the competencies they possess in many life skills areas.
Participants will learn about the importance of practical life skills. Read reviews of all the Specific Skills Series books and how to read Specific Skills Series in order. Book 1 in the series is Specific Skills Series, Using the Context, Book G. Level D Starter Set includes: one book for each of the 9 skill areas; a Teacher's Manual with answer keys, blackline mas More (0 reviews) Review.
Book Specific Skills Series Set, Topics include locating information, fact and opinion, making inferences, reading for details, finding the main idea, reading to understand, and comparing.
High-interest reading passages are followed by comprehension and logic. Writing With Skill combines time-tested classical techniques with innovative contemporary insights to give every student the necessary tools to write with clarity and confidence.
For students in the middle grades and above, Writing with Skill provides essential training in organization, composition structure, and research methods. Program Features. 2 Student Book Answer Key C PH/P A A P N 2 K DESIGN SERVICES OF Exercise 2, p. (Answers will vary.) 2. (Answers will vary.) 3.
(The earth revolves around the sun.) 4. Sentence 3 is a general truth. Sentence 1 is a daily habit. Sentence 2 is something that is happening right now. Exercise 3, p. Sample sentences.
Buy Sra Specific Skill Series: Locating the Answer Book E by Richard A. Boning online at Alibris. We have new and used copies available, in 0 edition - starting at $ Shop now.
Buy Locating the Answer (Specific Skill Series, Book D) by Richard A. Boning online at Alibris. We have new and used copies available, in 0 edition - starting at $ Shop now.Specific Skills Series, Locating the Answer, Book G For over 25 years, this program from Barnell Loft has been proven to successfully build comprehension skills.
The Specific Skills Series increases the proficiency of all students in all skill areas, although it works especially well for remedial instruction.Specific skills series book set has high-interest reading passages are followed by comprehension and logic activities designed to strengthen students' reading skill.
Remedia® "Specific Skills Series" Book set for grades 4 - 8 features high-interest reading passages that help to develop essential reading skills. Book set of 9 books includes.


The Idan Raichel project http://www.idanraichelproject.com
played live in Timisoara, at the Plai festival.
Idan Raichel (Hebrew: עידן רייכל, IPA: [ʔiˈdan ˈʁeiχel]; b. September 12, 1977) is an Israeli singer-songwriter and a musician, known for his Idan Raichel Project (Hebrew: הפרוייקט של עידן רייכל), distinctive for its fusion of electronics, traditional Hebrew texts, Middle Eastern and Ethiopian music. Prior to the Project, Raichel was a keyboardist, collaborating with artists such as Ivri Lider. He has sold over 300,000 records to date.


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I selected this recipe especially for DH, as he loves his beets and avocadoes. He was quite pleased with this salad and really enjoyed the tartine with it. I made exactly as written for ZWT 8 - France. Thanks for posting Lynn, I will have to make this again for DH he enjoyed it so much.


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The Shenandoah Valley Workforce Development Board has received Rapid Response funding from the Governor, though the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act, to assist employers eligible to remain open during this emergency. Funds are reserved for small businesses (250 employees or less) and may be used to clean facilities, support emergency needs, and for innovative layoff aversion strategies. The grant will support layoff aversion strategies and activities designed to prevent, or minimize the duration of unemployment resulting from layoffs due to COVID-19. Additional information can be found here: Virginia Rapid Response COVID-19 Business Support Initiative. Grant application deadline is Friday, April 10th at 5:00 pm.
Immerge, a division of McClung Companies located in Harrisonburg, has created a free website to showcase local businesses in the Shenandoah Valley. They are inviting any interested businesses to submit information to this website, which will serve as a community resource: https://www.shoplocalshenvalley.com/
As always, we are here to help. Feel free to reach out via email firstname.lastname@example.org or give us a call at (540) 942-6779 if you have any questions.

domain: economics


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GOP Gov. Kevin Stitt signed legislation that will immediately block Oklahoma Children's Hospital at OU Health from providing some gender care to LGBTQ youth. Stitt also called on the Oklahoma legislature to enact during the 2023 legislative session a statewide ban on "irreversible gender transition surgeries and hormone therapies on minors.”
Lawmakers delved into bigotry, genital mutilation and parental choice in passing a bill that would prevent University of Oklahoma medical facilities from providing transition services to transgender children.
After previously indicating he might veto the measure, Democratic Gov. Gavin Newsom signed a new law that will make it easier for California’s agricultural laborers to join unions, a hard-fought win for the United Farm Workers.
Democratic Gov. Gavin Newsom signed 13 abortion protection and reproductive health bills, codifying key parts of California’s campaign to counter the effects of the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision to overturn Roe v. Wade.
The U.S. Department of Justice Environmental and Natural Resources Division sent a letter to the City of Jackson, Mississippi, stating the agency is “prepared to file action” against the city over violations of the federal Safe Water Drinking Act.
Georgia Secretary of State Brad Raffensperger, a Republican, said that he will replace voting equipment in Coffee County after supporters of then-President Donald Trump and their computer analysts copied confidential data following the 2020 election.
The Arkansas Supreme Court overturned a decision by the state Board of Election Commissioners, paving the way for legal recreational marijuana to be included on the ballot for the November general election.
New York Attorney General Letitia James filed a lawsuit against former President Donald Trump, his children and several of his family businesses, alleging widespread fraud. James, a Democrat, said Trump and his family members and associates had inflated his net worth over a period of years to "cheat the system" to induce banks to loan hundreds of millions of dollars to his companies at favorable...
Lawyers for migrants and their advocates filed a federal class action civil rights lawsuit in Massachusetts against Florida officials and others involved in the plan to fly almost 50 Venezuelan immigrants from Texas to Martha’s Vineyard last week with no notice to island officials, court records show.
Seven Midwestern states announced a coalition designed to help develop a hydrogen market in the region, with the goal of creating more jobs and reducing emissions of carbon and other pollutants. They are Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio and Wisconsin.
In Minnesota, 4.6% of children lived in poverty in 2020, compared with 20.9% in 1990, a drop of 78% in the past three decades. It's a trend that some state social service leaders credit to welfare work requirements and a strong social safety net of programs they caution need to be saved for the future.
Patients seeking abortions in Indiana will now likely head to Ohio or Illinois. Planned Parenthood of Illinois announced that it had added abortion services at its clinic in Champaign, just across the Indiana border.
California Attorney General Rob Bonta, a Democrat, announced a lawsuit against Amazon, accusing the Seattle-based e-commerce giant of anti-competitive behavior in its dealings with third-party merchants.
Massachusetts voters will decide this November whether to overturn a new law that makes immigrants lacking permanent legal status eligible for driver's licenses. The act became a law in June after the House and Senate both voted to override Republican Gov. Charlie Baker's veto.
The Michigan Supreme Court has ordered a proposal onto the November ballot that seeks to enshrine abortion rights in the state constitution. The high court overruled a deadlocked Board of State Canvassers, discarding arguments that spacing issues in the petition initiative were enough to disqualify the measure.

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CANTON A meeting between the nations top-ranked power play and one of the top penalty-killing teams in the country was simply no contest.
No. 8 Quinnipiac scored five power-play goals, including four consecutive tallies, en route to blitzing St. Lawrence University, 8-0, in an ECAC Hockey clash before a turnout of 1,850 at Appleton Arena.
The Bobcats (22-8-5, 12-6-3), who entered the night ranked second in the nation in penalty-killing efficiency, shut down the Saints vaunted and nation-leading power play.
Five different players scored a power-play goal for Quinnipiac, which clinched a first-round bye in the ECAC Hockey playoffs.
You dont have many nights like that, Quinnipiac coach Rand Pecknold said of his teams power play. But I thought our penalty kill in the first period was probably more important for us. They have the best power play in the country and had some good looks, but we were fortunate.
Junior center Matthew Peca totaled a single-game, school-record six points, including four assists, to lead the Bobcats.
There were obviously some positives in this game, said Peca, who also recorded his 100th career point. Our penalty killing was awesome and our power play was awesome. After you get one early, you just shoot pucks at the net and kind of start to loosen up as a team.
Freshman goalie Michael Garteig made 24 saves to record his sixth shutout of the season, also a school record, for Quinnipiac.
Senior netminder Matt Weninger stopped 15 of 20 shots for St. Lawrence (12-17-4, 6-11-4).
In these games, it seems like its easy to blame people and point fingers, Saints senior winger Greg Carey said. But you win as a team and you lose as a team and tonight we lost as a team.
The Saints dropped to 4-10-2 at home this season, including just one win in their past 11 games in Canton. However, they remain alive in the hunt to secure home ice for the first round of the playoffs.
We lost 8-0 in our own building and thats unfortunate, Carey said. Thats something you dont ever want to happen and tomorrow well come out with a bit of little fire is us. ... It cant get any lower than this.
For starters, the Saints were held at bay on all three of their power plays in the opening period, including a full two minutes of an early two-man advantage.
Im sure theyre going to say they got some momentum from the (penalty) kill and all that, said St. Lawrence associate coach Mike Hurlbut, who filled in for head coach Greg Carvel, who was out with an illness.
But its early enough in the game and were a good enough team with good enough players to respond to that, Hurlbut added.
The Saints went scoreless on five power plays while allowing a season-high five man-advantage goals on six chances.
It was just one of those games where we had scoring chances and we limited their scoring chances obviously their power play was going pretty good tonight, Hurlbut said. We had some miscommunication on our penalty kill, and theyre one of the top teams in the country for a reason.
Quinnipiac led 1-0 as Peca lifted a shot that hit the bottom of the crossbar and in eight minutes, 12 seconds into the game.
The Bobcats struck again, this time on their first power play, as freshman Sam Anas scored his team-leading 19th goal, one-timing a feed from Kellen Jones at 14:37 for a 2-0 advantage.
The power-play onslaught continued in the second period for Quinnipiac. Zach Tolkinen scored on a long-range blast well out from the slot at 2:24 for a 3-0 lead. After Kellen Jones scored on the man advantage at 12:35, Peca finished off the power-play surge with a tally at 14:18 to push the margin to 5-0 to chase Weninger, who was relieved by Kyle MacDonald.
They just pucks on net and battled, Carey said. Thats ECAC hockey and thats what we want to do and thats what we have to do (tonight). Its a simple game if you do that you win and if you dont you lose.
With one regular-season game left, St. Lawrence is tied for ninth place in the conference with Dartmouth and Harvard, and is still in the hunt to host a first-round playoff series.
The Saints, who will host Princeton at 7 tonight on Senior Night, actually sit in 10th as Dartmouth owns the tiebreaker.
St. Lawrence needs to win tonight and get help from several other teams a Brown loss to Union and a loss or tie by Dartmouth against Colgate in order to secure home ice.
A game is a game and a point is a point, Carey concluded. We just want to win and it doesnt matter if were at home or on the road. We just want to get to a good place with our game (tonight).


What are dioxins and dioxine-like PCBs?
Dioxin is the common term used to refer to a group of chlorinated dioxins and furans of similar chemical structure. The group of dioxins is made up of a total of 75 polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) and 135 polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs). Dioxins occur as mixtures in related compounds (congeners) in varying composition. The most toxic form of dioxin is 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (2,3,7,8 TCDD), which is sometimes referred to as Seveso poison after the chemical accident which polluted the environment in Seveso, Italy, in July 1976. The other 2,3,7,8 chlorinated dioxins and furans which have additional chlorine atoms are also pertinent in a toxicological assessment of dioxins. These 17 compounds (7 dioxins, 10 furans) are used to assess toxicity, which is expressed as a toxic equivalent (TEQ) in relation to 2,3,7,8 TCDD.
What are dioxin-like PCBs?
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are also in the group of chlorinated hydrocarbons. They comprise a substance group that have a varying number of chlorine atoms attached to a biphenyl molecule. A total of 209 possible combinations exist ( c ongeners). Of these 209 PCB congeners 12 which have a spatial and electronic structure similar to PCDD/PCDF (non ortho congeners PCB-Nr. 77, 81, 126, 169, and mono ortho congeners 105, 114, 118, 123, 156, 157, 167, 189), are known as dioxin-like PCBs. The most toxic form of dioxin-like PCB is PCB 126.
How are dioxins formed?
Dioxins were never industrially produced. In fact, they are the undesired by-product of all combustion processes in the presence of chlorine and organic carbon under certain conditions, e.g. certain temperatures. Dioxin is formed at temperatures of 300 °C and above and is destroyed at temperatures of 900°C and higher. Dioxins can also form as a result of forest fires and volcanic eruptions. Dioxins (but not furans) are also present in 200 million-year-old kaolin soils.
Dioxins are also formed in varying volumes in all chemical production processes which apply chlorine, and they may be contained as impurities in the finished products. Chlorophenols, for example, contain high levels of dioxin impurities, notably pentachlorophenol (PCP), which has been banned in Germany since 1989.
Where do dioxine-like PCBs occur?
PCBs were produced until the 1980s as technical mixtures of the 209 congeners and used mainly in transformers, electrical condensers, as hydraulic fluids, as well as a plasticiser in paints, sealing compounds, insulating materials and plastics. There are varying amounts of dioxin-like PCBs in these mixtures. PCBs have been banned in Germany since 1989, yet proper disposal that does not pollute the environment remains a global problem.
What are the main sources of dioxine in the environment?
Up until the 1980s volumes ranging in the kilograms were released to the environment via dioxin-laced chemicals such as pentachlorophenol, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and certain herbicides. In the meantime these substances have been regulated through legislation banning their use. The major sources of air pollution by these substances used to be metal mining and waste incineration systems. Thanks to ambitious limit values and advanced technology, dioxin emissions from waste incineration plants have been reduced dramatically. Today, the thermic processes in metal mining, metalworking and other small sources have become the main actors responsible for dioxin emissions.
Dioxins in the environment
How do dioxins enter the environment?
Dioxins enter the environment through:
- products (chemicals, paper)
- solid residues (ash, slag, sewage sludge)
- wastewater (cellulose pulp mills, landfill leachate)
Even though dioxins were never produced on an industrial scale, they are widespread in the environment and have accumulated in soil. Dioxin enters the soil mainly via the airborne path, as well as through agriculture, e.g. by fertilisation with sewage sludge or other secondary raw material fertilisers. Another major source of localised dioxin concentrations may also be the uncontrolled burning of varnished and treated wood or other wastes. With a half-life of several decades dioxin is very persistent in soil and is scarcely displaced. Tests have shown that, with few exceptions (e.g. courgettes), dioxins are rarely traced in vegetables but are instead attached to them or grass by soil particles. Dioxins in soil are largely transported to the food chain via these adherent soil particles. Use of contaminated soil as pasture or chicken runs is therefore particularly problematic, for dioxins are stored, and can also accumulate, in animal and human fat tissue long-term.
For decades, wastewater and rivers with high concentrations of dioxins have reached the oceans and seas. There, dioxins accumulate in the food chain, especially in the fat tissue of fish, mammals, and birds.
How is dioxin pollution manifested in the environment?
For the sake of public information about the contamination of man and the environment by dioxins, the Federal Environment Agency collects data on the concentrations of dioxins and others POPs in the Federation and Laender cooperation Dioxin Information Portal, which includes information on e.g. sampling site, sampling method, analysis method, laboratory data, etc. An online database with information and evaluation of the data is available. The data on concentrations in the environment and trends in Germany have been published (in German) in the 5th Report by the Government/Laender Working Group on Dioxins.
The introduction of dioxins to the environment has dropped significantly since 1990 thanks to dioxin reduction measures. That decline has slowed down in recent years and has even experienced a slight rise from time to time. Because dioxins are persistent, the issue has shifted from being an emissions problem to being an environmental problem. Therefore, in addition to measures to reduce emissions, other suitable precautionary measures must also be taken to minimise the entry of dioxins from the environment into the food chain.
Fish rich in fat such as some herring and salmon in the eastern region of the Baltic Sea have notably high dioxin contamination as a result of years of wastewater input and deposition. This is the reason why these fish can only be sold on the domestic markets of Finland and Sweden and may not be exported to other EU countries.
Dioxins in humans
How are dioxins transferred to humans?
With 90-95%, nutrition is the main source of dioxins in humans. Nearly two-thirds of this dietary intake stems from consumption of meat and dairy products. Depending on the fat content, fish may also be more or less contaminated with dioxins, but in Germany, fish is consumed in small volumes only.
In contrast to dietary intake, intake via the air path is negligibly low for individuals not normally exposed through their occupation.
Dioxins accumulate primarily in the fatty tissue of organisms and are slow to biodegrade. The half-life of the most toxic dioxin (2,3,7,8 TCDD) in the body fat of a human is about 7 years. It takes nearly 20 years for half of the 2,3,4,7,8 pentachlorodibenzofuran, the slowest to biodegrade, to be eliminated from the body.
Hoe high is the dioxin body burden in Germany?
An adult human in Germany takes in an average of about 0.7 pg (one picogram = one trillionth of a gram) WHO-TEQ per kilogram of body weight and day through dioxins (calculation based on 2000-2003 data). Added to dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls of 1.3 pg WHO-TEQ per kilogram of body weight and day, this results in an average daily intake of 2 pg WHO-TEQ per kilogram of body weight. Assuming that reductions of foodstuff will continue, it is assumed that burdens in Germany are currently somewhat lower. It must be noted that estimated dioxin intake is based on foodstuffs with average levels of contamination given typical human consumption habits. Differing eating habits may lead to considerably different results.
Depending on maternal body burden dioxin absorption before and after birth is very high.. Studies have shown that new born are exposed to dioxins at half level of the mother’s fat concentration. There is also an uptake of pollutants through breast milk in infants. Figures from 1998 show dioxin uptake for an infant who was breasted (first four months) at a daily average of 57 pg I-TEQ per kg body weight. Surveys in Baden Württemberg revealed a 20% higher blood dioxin level in breastfed children than in bottle-fed children until 11th years of age. Nevertheless, the WHO and the National Breastfeeding Committee recommend breastfeeding as its positive effects outweigh any others.
The eating habits of small children are quite different to adults’. Children eat greater amounts in proportion to their body weight than an adult does and consume more dairy products, which are contaminated with organic pollutants in the animal fats. Studies have shown that small children have a dietary intake of dioxins that is twice to three times as high as that of an adult.
Breast milk is considered as an indicator of human body burden through dioxins. Breast milk is high in fat content and thus is a good indicator for dioxin residue in human fat tissue. Time-series studies have demonstrated that the success of reduction initiatives are reflected in breast milk. The breast milk dioxin content in Germany has dropped by 60% since the late 1980s.
Tolerable Daily Intake is an indicator of the amount of a substance that can be taken in daily over a lifetime without appreciable health risk. TDIs are calculated on the basis of laboratory toxicity data to which uncertainty factors are applied. The WHO has derived a tolerable daily intake of 1-4 pg WHO-TEQ/kilogram body weight but has emphasised that a precautionary level of under 1 pg WHO-TEQ/kg body weight per day should be set as a goal. The German position on this is similar. The Scientific Committee on Food (SCF) has derived a figure for a weekly intake of 14 pg WHO-TEQ/ kilogram body weight of dioxin and dioxin-like PCBs, or in other words, a daily intake of 2 pg. The Federal Environment Agency has published a critical comment on this matter.
What impact do dioxins have on humans?
Even the smallest amount of 2,3,7,8 TCDD (Seveso poison) is highly toxic. The acute toxicity of this substance is exceeded only by very few natural substances. In animal tests the diptheria toxin proves to be three times as toxic, tetanus toxin 10,000 times as toxic, and the botulinum toxin A 30,000 as toxic as TCDD. The Seveso dioxin is 10 times more toxic than the mycotoxin produced by fungi, 500 times more toxic than strychnine and curare, 1,000 more toxic than pure nicotine.
A comparison of the dose which produces 50 % mortality in animals (LD 50) reveals widely varying sensitivity among test animals (Data from EPA Report 2000):
- Guinea pig: 0.6 – 2.1 µg/kg body weight
- Rat: 10 - 340 µg/kg body weight
- Rhesus monkey: 70 µg/kg body weight
- Hamster: 1160 - 5050 µg/kg body weight
An acute effect of dioxin on humans is only to be expected upon exposure to very high volumes, e.g. through poisoning. In animal experiments there has been evidence of the so-called wasting syndrome, accompanied by severe weight loss, massive damage to the liver, and metabolic disorders that may be fatal within days’ to weeks’ time. Dioxins can cause skin damage (chloracne), disruption of the immune system, nervous system, endocrine system, reproductive functions, the enzyme systems, and all the associated complications. After the dioxin catastrophe in Seveso, there was a shift in the sex ratio at birth. Men who were very young at the time of the dioxin catastrophe fathered more girls later in life.
The risks posed by dioxins are that they are stored in body fat, where they accumulate and are eliminated at a very slow rate only. 2,3,7,8 TCDD was classified as a human carcinogen by the World Health Organization in February 1997. Other dioxins are also thought to be carcinogenic. Tests on animals have shown that the onset of disruptions of both the immune and reproductive systems already occur at very low dioxin concentrations. Children take in dioxins through the placenta and breast milk. Mother-child studies show that elevated dioxin concentrations in the mother which are still in the ‘normal’ range can lead to a number of developmental disorders or delays in the child.
What are Toxic Equivalents?
It is generally assumed that the various dioxins have the same toxic effect mechanisms, differing only in the degree of their impact. These different degrees are given by a toxic equivalency factor (TEF) that expresses the toxicity of each individual compound in terms of the most toxic form of dioxin, 2,3,7,8 TCDD, which has a reference value of 1.
Toxicity is calculated and summed up on the basis of the contents of the individual compounds and their respective factor, and then expressed as a so-called toxic equivalent (TEQ). The TEQ value corresponds to the toxicity of a comparable volume of 2,3,7,8 TCDD. Toxic equivalency factors (TEF) have been derived from various studies and are updated as new knowledge is gained. Therefore different lists of these factors exist which must be taken into consideration when comparing data. The most common reference framework applied in environmental law to derive an I-TEQ is the 1988 I-TEF List (TEF by NATO/CCMS).
TEF values by the WHO represent a further development of this list. It is a TEF scheme that includes the 12 dioxin-like PCBs, which are similarly toxic as PCDD/PCDF and thus contribute to overall pollution by dioxins and dioxin-like compounds. WHO factors of 1998 are applied in laws governing foodstuffs. The last update of WHO factors was in 2005.
Which meassures are in place to reduce dioxin pollution?
Environmental pollution as well as exposure of foodstuffs and humans to dioxins have declined significantly in Germany since the late 1980s. This owes to a series of technical and legislative measures taken, in particular to limiting emissions in incineration processes and to banning the production of certain chemicals.
Dioxins and PCBs are persistent organic pollutants (POPs), a term used to designate organic chemicals that accumulate in the bodies of humans, animals and plants and that have the potential to be transported across long distances. As a measure to counteract the risk posed by POPs to man and the environment, a number of international environmental treaties have been agreed to in the past. Negotiations on the Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) to the UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP) were concluded on 24 June 1998, and the Protocol entered into force on 23 October 2003. The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) was adopted in May 2001 and entered into force on 17 May 2004. In contrast to the regional UNECE Protocol on POPs, the latter is a global treaty which requires Parties to end or reduce production, application and release of POPs. The Federal Republic of Germany was one of first signatory states to ratify both treaties and to transpose its regulations into national law (Law on the Stockholm Convention of 23 May 2001 on persistent organic pollutants (POPs Treaty) and the Protocol of 24 June 1998 to the 1979 Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (POPs Protocol) of 9 April 2002 - Federal Gazette II p. 803 of 16 April 2002). In the first half of 2004 the European Union created the framework necessary for ratification of both agreements through adaptation and additions to existing Community regulations, (Regulation (EC) No 850/2004 of 29 April 2004 on persistent organic pollutants and amending Directive 79/117/EC). The Regulation is binding and directly applicable in its entirety to all Member States.
Overview of key regulations in Germany
Legislation on emission caps
Federal Immission Control Act (BImSchG)
- Version dated 26.09.2002, last changed: 11.08.2009
- Regulated by the Ordinances on the Implementation of the Federal Immission Control
13th BImSchV : Ordinance on Large Combustion Plants and Gas Turbine Plants
- Emission limit value for dioxins: 0.1 ng I-TEQ/Nm3
17th BImSchV : Ordinance on Waste Incineration and Co-Incineration
- 23.11.1990, last changed: 27.01.2009
- Installations are to be built and operated such that no mean value
determined over the respective sampling period exceeds the emission limit
value of 0.1 ng I-TEQ/Nm³ for the dioxins and furans set out in Annex I,
expressed as total concentration (TE) in accordance with the procedure defined in Annex I.
19th BImSchV Ordinance on Chlorine Compounds and Bromide Compounds as Fuel Additives
- 17.01.1992, last changed: 21.12.2000
- Scavenger Ordinance – leaded petrol Ban on chlorine and bromide additives in petrol
27th BImSchV Crematories
- 19.03.1997, last changed: 03.05.2000
- Limit value for dioxin in waste gas 0.1 ng I-TEQ/Nm3
Technical Instructions on Air Quality Control BImSchG (TA Luft
- Limit for dioxin in waste gas of 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm3
Steel, iron and other metal production installations to seek to achieve concentration of 0.1 ng/Nm3 in waste gas, with 0.4 ng/Nm3 not to be exceeded.
DIRECTIVE 2000/76/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 4 December 2000 on the incineration of waste sets limits to incineration plants which are already regulated in Germany by the Federal Immission Control Acts ordinances listed above. Thanks to these regulations dioxin emissions have been reduced from 1200 g per year in 1990 to below 70 g per year at present.
Legislation on ban of production, sale and application of certain chemicals and products
German Chemicals Act (Chemikaliengesetz - ChemG)
PCB, PCT, Vinyl Chloride Prohibition Ordinance
- Ban on production, sale and application of polychlorinated biphenyls, terphenyls (PCB, PCT) over 50 ppm, and vinyl chloride as aerosol
Pentachlorophenol Prohibition Ordinance (PCP-V)
- Ban on production, sale, and application of PCP, compounds with more than 100 ppm PCP, and individual items with more than 5 ppm PCP
Chemicals Prohibition Ordinance (ChemVerbotsV)
- 13.06.2003, last amended 21.07.2008
- Limits for dioxins and furans, including brominated dioxins and furans, not a TEQ total; instead classified in groups, according to toxicity and persistence, of 1-100 µg/kg substance/product
The ban and limitations set on certain substances, preparations and products by the Chemicals Act has prevented the occurrence of annual volumes ranging in the kilograms of pollution by dioxin-contaminated products.
Legislation and recommendations on soil and sewage sludge
Federal Soil Protection Act (BBodSchG)
- 17.03.1998, amended 09.12.2004
Federal Soil Protection and Contaminated Sites Ordinance (BBodSchV)
- 12.07.1999, amended 23.12.2004
- Action values for dioxins and furans: [ng TEQ/kg dry weight],
for playgrounds: 100
for residential areas: 1,000
for parks and recreational areas: 1,000
for industrial and commercial properties: 10,000
AbfKlärV Sewage Sludge Ordinance
- 15.04.1992, amended 20.10.2006
- Limit on application to soils used for agriculture and horticulture:
100 ng I-TEQ/kg dry weight sewage sludge
The Federal Working Group on Dioxins proposed the following guidelines and recommendations for action in its 2nd report of 1993:
- PCDD/F contamination ng I-TEQ/kg soil dry weight <5: Target value; any application allowed without prior authorisation
- PCDD/F contamination ng I-TEQ/kg soil dry weight 5 - 40: Test orders and recommendations for action for agricultural and horticultural soil applications
- PCDD/F contamination ng I-TEQ/kg soil dry weight > 40: Limitation to certain agricultural and horticultural soil applications; unlimited application on condition of minimal dioxin transfer
Legislation on animal feed and foodstuffs
Maximum limits on dioxin content in citrus pulp have been into force in the European Union since July 1998 (Directive 98/60/EC). Maximum levels of dioxin in other animal feeds have been laid down in Directive 2001/102/EC. Maximum levels of dioxins in foodstuffs and animal feed have been in effect throughout the European Union since July 2002.
The derivation of a maximum level for foodstuffs took into account which concentrations of dioxin and PCBs are normally present in various foods (background contamination). Maximum levels for dioxins and dioxin like PCBs are an appropriate tool to prevent intolerably high exposure of the human population and to prevent the distribution of intolerably heavily contaminated foodstuffs, e.g. from accidental pollution or exposure (see Recital 10 of Regulation (EC) Nr. 2375/2001). Any such maximum level is not an expression of toxicity.
Action levels have also been established in addition to maximum levels, and they are about 25% lower than corresponding maximum levels. If these levels are exceeded, the source of contamination must be detected. Target levels are concentrations at which no health risks are expected when complied with. They were due to be set by the European Commission in late 2008 but are still under debate. The tolerable daily intake (TDI) that was derived includes dioxins and all other substances that have a dioxin-like effect due to their chemical structure. Therefore, dioxin-like PCBs have been taken into consideration to determine a maximum level. Maximum levels for the total content of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in animal feed have been in force since February 2006 (Directive 2006/13/EC). Maximum levels of total dioxin and dioxin-like content in foodstuffs have been into force since December 2006 (Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006).
What needs to happen in the future to further reduce exposure to dioxin?
The dioxin burden on man and the environment must be reduced further as there are still large proportions of the population who have a daily intake of dioxin that is higher than the WHO precautionary value. In Sweden, for example, girls and young women are advised to limit their consumption of fatty fish from the Baltic Sea in order to have a low body burden of dioxins in the event of a pregnancy and so to burden the unborn child as low as possible. In its Strategy on Dioxins, Furans and polychlorinated biphenyls the European Commission has proposed both short-term and long-term reduction measures. Further measures must be taken beyond those which have already met with success so as to identify other dioxin sources and to reduce emissions at the source.
Since the dioxins present in the environment are spread across the globe and are very persistent, preventative measures must be taken to stop these substances from entering the food chain. Dioxin scandals of the past prove that contaminated animal feed has often been the cause of contaminated food, which is why monitoring of the former must be stepped up and production processes regulated in such a way as to minimize the risk of contamination. Limit values in animal feed and foodstuffs must ultimately be reduced to a level that enables the entire population to comply with the precautionary value recommended by the WHO.


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Wanda Foust was looking at titles on Amazon.com when she found my book, The Last Lynching in Northern Virginia. “I had never heard about this case, so it certainly sparked my interest,” she wrote in an email. Soon she was reading this blog and saw the appeal I made for photos from the new lynching memorial in Montgomery, Ala.
A resident of Montgomery, Foust wrote to say that she would take the requested pictures. She had already visited the National Memorial for Peace and Justice soon after its opening and returned on May 5 to take the pictures you see here. Thank you, Wanda.
Her photos include one of a suspended, coffin-like steel monument, inscribed to Fauquier County, Virginia. On the monument are the names of Arthur Jordan, who was lynched in Warrenton in 1880, and Shadrack (Shedrick) Thompson, who was lynched on Rattlesnake Mountain in northern Fauquier in 1932. (I played a small part in the inclusion of Thompson’s name at the memorial. In 2015, I asked the Equal Justice Initiative, the sponsors of the memorial, if he was in their database. They replied that he was not, and they asked for supporting information. They studied the material I sent and decided to include him in their list of lynching victims and to place his name on their memorial.)
There are 800 of these monuments at the memorial, one for each locality in the U.S. where a black person was lynched. More than 4,000 names are inscribed on the monuments, representing the nation’s black lynch victims.
Foust said that the monuments are made of corten steel, which changes color as it is exposed to the weather. “Some are darker, some lighter, and even some of them appear bloodstained due to the rust dripping and pattern,” she wrote.
To me, one of the most intriguing aspects of the memorial is its six-acre field containing 800 duplicate monuments. Organizers have invited localities such as Fauquier to claim the duplicate monument and display it at home. “Over time, the national memorial will serve as a report on which parts of the country have confronted the truth of this terror and which have not,” according to organizers.
I asked Foust to describe herself, and she replied:
I am originally from Vietnam, born to a Vietnamese woman and a black Air Force member. We lived in Vietnam until I was three, and then we were stationed in the Philippines for a year before being stationed at Maxwell AFB in Montgomery. My parents separated about a year or so later. My mom, being from Vietnam, didn’t know the first thing about the U.S. other than what she’d seen or heard from TV and papers. And she definitely knew nothing of the south. Because of this, she couldn’t teach me about black history or culture, so I was raised in Vietnamese culture and traditions. I did eventually start learning about black history once I graduated from high school. Today I consider myself a black Vietnamese woman living in Montgomery.
I told Foust that her pictures were important to me, and I suspect, to members of Thompson’s family. They are confirmation of what I have long believed, that Thompson did not commit suicide on Rattlesnake Mountain, as officials said. Instead, he was murdered, a victim of racial terror.
3 responses to “Fauquier inscriptions pictured at new lynching memorial”
I was more than happy to help out.
More than happy to help out with the pictures.
Where would that marker be placed if it were brought back to Warrenton? Maybe at the cemetery where author Jordan was murdered, along side the biographical signs that highlight the famous Confederates buried there.


This week, spineless House Speaker Kevin McCarthy, in fear of being ousted from his precious leadership position by far-right hostage-takers like Florida’s Rep. Matt Gaetz and Georgia’s Rep. Marjorie Taylor Greene, caved to pressure to mount an impeachment inquiry into President Joe Biden — based on little more than conjecture,... read full story
"I'm not, because she changed the precedent. I warned her not to do it that way in the process. And that's what she did. That's what we did."