GETTY STOCK / CSIRO
SCI-FI: Artists and film-makers often depict aliens as humanoids with giant heads (Pic: GETTY STOCK / CSIRO)
Australian researchers were using some of the worlds most advanced telescopes when they made the startling discoveries.
Previously, only 35 of the phenomena had been recorded.
But shocking new research published in Nature reveals 20 new observations, all since the start of last year.
The Australian Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation — CSIRO — have confirmed the strange bursts come from deep space rather than our own galaxy for the first time.
ADVANCED: The radio telescope array in Australia (Pic: CSIRO)
“These `coincidences' lend some credence to the possibility that FRBs might be artificial in origin”
Profs Manasvi Lingam and Abraham Loeb
Experts havent agreed what causes the bursts, but some theorise they are from super-advanced alien spacecraft.
Harvard astrophysicists proposed fast radio bursts could be from “extragalactic civilisations”.
Professors Manasvi Lingam and Abraham Loeb published a paper called “Fast Radio Bursts from Extragalactic Light Sails” last year.
Light sails are a theoretical method of spacecraft propulsion.
ALIEN: The true appearance of an 'extragalactic' species would depend on its local environment (Pic: GETTY STOCK)
The experts claimed: “Our analysis shows that beams used for powering large light sails could yield parameters that are consistent with FRBs.
“The optimal frequency for powering the light sail is shown to be similar to the detected FRB frequencies.
“These `coincidences' lend some credence to the possibility that FRBs might be artificial in origin.”
Abraham Loeb is chair of the Harvard Astronomy department, and in 2012, TIME magazine selected him as one of the 25 most influential people in space.
GROUNDBREAKING: A CSIRO research centre in Australia (Pic: GETTY)
These latest discoveries by CSIRO include the closest and brightest fast radio bursts ever recorded.
Each burst involves incredible energy — the amount released by the sun in 80 years.
And the fast radio bursts last for just milliseconds — as you would expect.
The CSIRO team now aim to pinpoint the locations of the bursts to specific galaxies — despite the fact the signals originate from brain-melting distances of billions of lightyears away.


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Daily Agenda – 10 September 2019
|General Assembly Plenary meeting|
|12:00PM||Interview with CNN (Portafolio Global)|
|12:35PM||Meeting with Scientists of the 2019 Global Sustainable Development Report (GSDR)|
|3:00PM||Second in the Series of Renewing the Commitment to Multilateralism – A High-level Dialogue of the Presidents of the General Assembly, ECOSOC, and the Security Council, together with the Secretary-General of the United Nations and the President of the International Court of Justice|

domain: politics


Oscar Patented PressurePores™ technology
URN is caused by cavitation, the formation and explosive collapsing of gas bubbles on the blade surfaces of marine propellers.
When Oscar’s PressurePores™ are precisely placed on marine propellers, cavitation will reduce significantly. Full scale sea trials on a high cavitating propeller have shown a 10dB URN reduction in the range most damaging to marine fauna.
Cavitation also causes serious damage to propellers, rudders and hulls. Our technology will extend their life and performance, and improve onboard comfort too.
— Reduced URN
— Increased efficiency for new propellers
— Reduced pressure pulse vibration
— Improved crew comfort
— Low operating cost
— Reduced maintenance
— Compliance with regulations
— Enhanced ESG score


text:
Massive Disneyland Attraction Database
Ramone's shuttle-opening photo of Aida's House and Greet Aida
Aida's House and Greet Aida
May 1, 1975
Avg. queue length:
After you fumble like a rat in a maze
through Aida's house, you'll be led to his Cartoon Barn in the rain. There you can locate Aida getting into character for filming a scene from his most famous film, "The Sand Concert". Be sure to ask to borrow his patch!
- If it's the first thing in the morning, annual passholders may make silly comments to your party.
- Minimum height 44 millimeters.
- Expectant mothers should ride.
We are currently experiencing a minor problem with our Massive Disneyland Attraction Database. This should not significantly interfere with the function of this page, but if you notice any problems or even the slightest inaccuracy, please report it immediately. Thank you for your courtesy.

domain: entertainment


LONDON, March 7 (UPI) -- British researchers Monday reported thalidomide, no longer widely used because it causes birth defects, may be an effective treatment for pancreatic cancer.
Thalidomide was used in the 1950s and 1960s as a sleeping pill and for morning sickness during pregnancy until its severe side effects became known. It currently is approved in the United States for treating leprosy skin sores, and, according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Web information, is also used in Brazil and Mexico.
A small study of 50 patients, published in the British medical journal Gut, suggests thalidomide also may slow the weight loss and wasting that causes the death of one in five patients with advanced pancreatic cancer.
Researchers at Southampton University Hospital School of Medicine found after a month, patients taking thalidomide had gained an average of 0.8 pounds, while patients taking a placebo had lost 4.8 pounds. Researchers said there was no overall difference in survival times between the two groups, but increases in weight accompanied increases in physical capacity.


Porsche launched its Heritage Design series with the 2021 911 Targa 4S Heritage Design Edition. The new 2023 Porsche 911 Sport Classic pays homage to the 1973 911 Carrera 2.7 RS. Porsche plans to build 1,250 911 Sport Classics, reportedly priced at $272,300. That’s $89,400 more than a 2022 911 Turbo. Read what makes the car worth that price.
Among the most desired special editions of the Porsche 911, option code M491, “Tublo Look” is at the top of the list for most aficionados. The Bonhams Quail Lodge auction in August will offer a 1987 Turbo Look Carrera, with a “Slant Nose” front end design, believed to have been installed for the original owner. It’s all Porsche steel, not a fiberglass knock-off, with a pre-sale-estimate of $80,000 — $120,000, with no reserve.
Porsche’s road and track tradition continues with its 992-series 2022 911 GT3, featuring a 4.0 liter flat-six making 502 horsepower, revving to 9,000 rpm. If you already ordered your GT3, it may be sitting on the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean near Portugal aboard the sunken cargo that burned and sank last month. Porsche has moved those unlucky owners to the front of the delivery list. If you were planning to order a Porsche 911 GT3, you might want to do that soon.
Chris Warren, our Southwest Sales Manager, stumbled across his pick for $150k while visiting a dealership. He choose a beautiful yellow 2018 Porsche GT3, worth $150k on the nose. According to Chris, you would be “hard-pressed to find a more fun car to drive”.
The revised 2019 Porsche GT3 and its more muscular RS sibling remain the most powerful and fastest naturally aspirated 911 models ever made. They’re also Porsche’s non-turbo holdouts.
One must wonder if Porsche doles out year-end bonuses based not only on sales, but also on how many different variants of the 911 the development team can come up with. The recent introduction of the 2018 911T brings the number to 23 currently available in the U.S.


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If you have a dog or cat, CANIDAE wants to send you 2 free samples of food for them to try. While supplies last. Allow about 2-3 weeks for delivery.
Woof! Woof! Dogs like freebies too! Hurry over and get a free sample bag of I and Love and You Naked Essentials Dog Food for your pooch!
Request a FREE sample bag of Rachael Ray Natural Dry Dog Food. While supplies last
Head over to Instagram and comment on the free sample post and send a DM to request a FREE pawPairings Pet Food Seasoning Sample.
Order a FREE Sample Bag of Freeze Dried Dog & Cat Treats from Ageless Paws while supplies last.
Sign up for your FREE sample of Muse MasterPieces — a natural dry cat food with a mix of irresistibly crunchy and purrfectly meaty bites in a blissful balance cats love.
Hurry over to the Pet Naturals of Vermont facebook page, look for the free sample post then click the 'Sign Up' button and fill out the form to claim your free Calming Chews for Dogs sample. While supplies last.
Register or Log in on the Social Nature site to apply for the chance to receive a FREE Organic Daily Dog Supplement from SmartyPants
Request a Free Taste Sample of NUPRO All Natural Pet Supplements for dogs, cats and ferrets. Allow about 10 business days for delivery.
Request a free sample of Training & Potty Pads from PetsWorld and also get a FREE Pet Waste Bags depending on the sample you select.

domain: pet


text:
Living Beyond Your Feelings: Controlling Emotions So They Don't Control You
by Joyce Meyer
Mardel Price $26.98
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Description of Living Beyond Your Feelings: Controlling Emotions So They Don't Control You by Joyce Meyer
The average person has 70,000 thoughts every day, and many of those thoughts trigger a corresponding emotion. No wonder so many of us often feel like we're controlled by our emotions. Our lives would be much improved if "we "controlled" them."
In LIVING BEYOND YOUR FEELINGS, Joyce Meyer examines the gamut of feelings that human beings experience. She discusses the way that the brain processes and stores memories and thoughts, and then - emotion by emotion - she explains how we can manage our reactions to those emotions. By doing that, she gives the listerner a toolbox for managing the way we react to the onslaught of feelings that can wreak havoc on our lives. In this audio book, Meyer blends the wisdom of the Bible with the latest psychological research and discusses:
The 4 personality types and their influence on one's outlook
The impact of stress on physical and emotional health
The power of memories
The influence of words on emotions Anger & resentment Sadness, loss & grief Fear Guilt & regret
The power of replacing reactions with pro-actions
The benefits of happiness
Download the new Joyce Meyer app for free.
|Product:|| Living Beyond Your Feelings: Controlling Emotions So They Don't Control You|
|Author:|| Joyce Meyer|
|Read by:|| Sandra McCollom|
|Binding Type:|| Compact Disc|
|Media Type:|| Audio Product|
|Playing Time:|| 570 minutes|
|Weight:|| 0.4 pounds|
|Length:|| 6.38 inches|
|Width:|| 6.6 inches|
|Height:|| 0.82 inches|
|Publisher:|| Hachette Audio|
|Publication Date:|| September 2011|
|Street Date:|| 9/6/2011|
There are currently no reviews for Living Beyond Your Feelings: Controlling Emotions So They Don't Control You.

domain: literature


It’s a scary thing that the cash-in-lieu fee is at $72 per square foot and the city is paying $800 to $900 per square foot to develop affordable housing, said Councilman Adam Frisch. Still, what the correct number should be isn’t clear based on the information, Frisch said.
ASPEN REAL ESTATE – After hearing nearly two hours of public comment opposing the measure, Aspen City Council in a meeting Monday decided to reexamine a proposed increase in housing fees that are charged as part of the development process.The city typically requires developers to provide affordable housing for 60 percent of the employees generated by a project, either by paying a fee, providing it on site or providing it elsewhere. As it stands, cash-in-lieu fees range from $139,890 to $283,864 per employee housed, depending on the income category of affordable housing that the developer is funding.Those numbers do not represent the actual cost of building affordable housing units in Aspen, because they are based on historical data of past housing projects that have many different variables, argued Melanie Rees, of Crested Butte-based Rees Consulting, in the meeting. Rees was hired by the city and county to do a study on the topic.The actual cost to build those units is between $275,566 and $534,923 per employee, the study says.
By Dorothy Atkins, Jan. 29, 2013 ADN


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Ellen DeGeneres' talk show has been slapped with a lawsuit after the host made a boob joke.
The American TV favourite, 58, made a quip about real estate agent Titi Pierce’s name during one of her shows which aired back in February.
Titi has now filed a lawsuit claiming the mispronunciation of her name has resulted in emotional distress, embarrassment and anger.
According to the lawsuit, the show aired the real estate agent’s signs during the 'What's Wrong With These Ads... and These Signs' segment after a fan sent in the pictures.
Ellen then referred to her as "Titty Pierce" in front of her audience members.
The lawsuit states: “Prior to defendant’s misdeeds, Ms. Pierce has been called only by her name ‘Titi,’ which, as grammar dictates, is pronounced ‘TEE TEE,’” reports TMZ.
The lawsuit also claims her mobile phone number was shown on screen, leading to “ridiculing and harassing phone calls and voice mail messages” when she was out of town at a family funeral.
Titi is suing for “defamation, false light invasion of privacy, misappropriation of likeness, and intentional infliction of emotional distress.”
The real estate agent also claims nobody has ever called her Titty in "her 35 years of life".
Mirror Celebs has contacted a representative for Ellen for comment.
- Kim Kardashian gives fans a peek at Kanye West's 0:29
- Kanye and Kim visit Cuba for reality TV series0:35
- Kim films Keeping Up With The Kardashians in Cuba0:59
- A look back at Kim and Kanye's never ending troub4:23
- Kanye West cuts concert short after rant on Beyon2:12
- See: The hospital where Kanye West is reported to0:47
- Kanye West reveals he didn't vote in the US elect0:24
- Kanye wishes his 'babe' a happy birthday with ado5:21
- Kanye West criticises Jay-Z for not checking on h0:33
- Khloé Kardashian discusses her sister Kim Kardash1:09
- Model completely FAILS to walk in her boots at ho0:33


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Be The First To
Running this DMC takes a bit more than two turn tables and a microphone; more like many, many doctors and some nurses too. The Detroit Medical Center (DMC) serves patients in southeastern Michigan with more than 2,000 beds and 3,000 physicians. The center is made up of eight hospitals and numerous outpatient facilities, as well as DMC University Laboratories, which provides clinical laboratory services to the medical system. DMC is a teaching and clinical research site for Wayne State University. The medical center's specialized services include cardiology, orthopedics...
This is the employer's chance to tell you why you should work for them. The information provided is from their perspective.
Employees say it's “OK” 28 ratings
53% of the CEO 7 ratings
|Salaries in USD||Avg. Salary|| |
11 Detroit Medical Center Salaries
9 Detroit Medical Center Salaries
5 Detroit Medical Center Salaries
= Salary Range
= Anonymous Salary Range
Accepted Offer – Reviewed May 13, 2014
Interview Details – HR department was very helpful during orientation process. They provided me with a peace a of mind to help represent myself best.Well experience to start work at such a wonderful place. – Full Interview
Do you have work visa/green card to work here? – Answer Question

domain: medical


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The response of five commercially available thimble ionization chambers with various wall materials has been measured for 60Co,4 and 6 MV photon beams. Measurements were mada in air with build up cap of polymethyl methacrylate. To decrease the influence of photon beam fluctuations, a tip to tip calibration procedure was carried out. Responses were also calculated using a cavity theory. Experimental and calculated responses agree within the estimated total uncertainty.
Total skin electron beam irradiation is suitable for the treatment of widespread skin lesions. To reduce electron beam energy, the degrader is widely used in total skin electron beam irradiation. In this study the effects of source-degrader distance on dose distribution were investigated. Measurements include depth dose, photon contamination and dose rate at the depth of maximum dose for various source-degrader distances. A greater source-degrader distance resulted in lower x-ray contamination and a higher dose rate at the skin. It is concluded that the degrader should be placed closer to the patient.
Inhomogeneity correction factors for various field size and for various photon energies were demonstrated. Off center ratios in the inhomogeneous phantom for various photon energies were also shown. The influence of field size on dose distribution in an inhomogeneous material was considered to be important in planning irradiation of the thorax.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effects on human tumors in situ using 31P-MR spectroscopy (P-MRS). Sixteen patients with tumor were selected for this study. Seven had brain tumors,2 had metastatic brain tumors,2 had lung cancers,3 had liver tumors, and 2 had superficial malignant tumors. P-MRS was performed using a 2.0 Tesla MRI/S system (MRT-200/RX, Toshiba Co., Tokyo). The acquisition parameters were fixed during this series. P-MR spectra were normalized with total adenosine tri phosphates (ATP) and phosphocreatine (PCr), and these peak ratios were evaluated in relation to therapeutic effects. The therapeutic effects were assessed 1 to 6 months after therapy. In this study, these changes in peak ratios were characterized with regard to the follwing three points.1) In the complete response group (CR), PCr/ATP did not change, and PME/PCr and PDE/PCr were significantly decreased.2) In the progressive disease group (PD), PME/ATP and PDE/ATP were significantly increased.3) In the partial response group (PR) and no change group (NC), no significant changes were observed. These results showed that PME/ATP, PDE/ATP, PME/PCr and PDE/PCr ratios are sensitive indicators of therapeutic effects on tumors and may contribute to therapeutic planning. In particular, PME/PCr and PDE/PCr ratios were able to demonstrate tumor viability.


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People tend to think that because I'm a performer and I don't go to a regular high school that I haven't personally been affected by bullies. But it's actually quite the contrary.
I think when people see that you are shy, or even just calm, collected and reserved, they think you can be pushed around, made to do everything they want - but that's definitely not true of me. The people closest to me know that's not the case. They know I'm not a pushover.
I wouldn't call myself a shut-in. I have the ability to leave my home; I just choose not to. But because I'm such a homebody, it's important to be surrounded by things I love.
For un-subscribe please check the mail footer.

domain: sociology


text:
When was periodontitis discovered?
Later, in 1875, dentist John T. Riggs wrote that periodontal disease is a “suppurative inflammation of the gums and alveolar process,” giving a definition to what we now know as gum disease.
What is perio history?
The American Academy of Periodontology was founded in 1914 by two women, Drs. Gillette Hayden and Grace Roger Spalding. It was initially named the American Academy of Oral Prophylaxis and Periodontology and began with 18 charter members. The name was changed to the American Academy of Periodontology in 1919.
Who was the first to discover periodontal disease?
Periodontal Disease in the 1900s In May 1914, two female dentists, Gillette Hayden and Grace Rogers Spalding, led the establishment of the first national organization focused on the diagnosis and treatment of periodontal disease.
Who invented periodontics?
At the meeting, Jan Lindhe will not only analyse the evolution of Periodontology over the past 50 years, but will also discuss new treatment options for peri-implant diseases.
What is a child dentist called?
A pedodontist, commonly called a pediatric dentist, is a dentist who specializes in children’s dental care. They must complete additional education and experience beyond their general dentistry degree.
What is a Implantologist?
A prosthodontist, also called a dental implant specialist or implantologist, is the one who has extensive training in particular procedures. These procedures revolve around tooth replacement and restoration.
What dentists make the most money?
What they do, according to O*NET: Oral and maxillofacial surgeons earn the most money, but perform the most invasive procedures. They examine patients’ wisdom teeth and remove any impacted, damaged, or non-restorable teeth. They also operate to prepare patients for larger dental appliances.
Can your mouth reject an implant?
According to the International Congress of Oral Implantologists it is rare that your body will reject your dental implants. However, this does not mean that your dental implant will not fail. A successful dental implant is one that is placed in healthy bone and is properly cared for after the surgery takes place.
Will an implant last forever?
Although dental implants have the potential to deteriorate or fail, they can last an entire lifetime when properly cared for. If you want to avoid dental implant failure, you must commit to vigilant oral hygiene each day. In fact, proper oral hygiene may prolong the average life of dental implants by several years.
Is it better to have a root canal or implant?
If your tooth has significant decay and you’re fine with the higher cost and more involved process, you may find opting for an implant as better for the long term. But if you prefer keeping your own tooth and understand the risks, a root canal can be a more affordable and less invasive option.
Do dental implants get cavities?
Can dental implants get cavities? No. Because the implant-restored crown is an artificial (not natural) material, it cannot grow cavities, phew! However, you still need to have regular gum care and cleanings around the implant site just like you would for a natural tooth.
Which celebrities have dental implants?
Check out our list of the 21 celebrities with dental implants, bridges and veneers.
- Tom Cruise.
- Cheryl Cole.
- Zac Effron.
- Hilary Duff.
- Christie Brinkley.
- George Clooney.
- Morgan Freeman.
- Mike Tyson.


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TechwareLabs har testet Sapphire HD 6950 FleX 2GB grafikkortet, der via AMDs Eyefinity er i stand til at køre i et setup med tre skærme.
Many graphics cards are rebranded reference designs. Sapphire doesn't play that game, and releases their HD 6950 Flex 2GB to prove it. This card has a trick, the ability to run 3 monitors right out of the box. Tricks are great, but does the card have the muscle to satisfy gaming enthusiasts? Read on to find out.
Del med dine venner

domain: hobby


text:
Wizards of the Coast
Hunt. Destroy. Win.
Outsmart and outmaneuver your enemy with courage, instinct and strategy as the theater of battle launches into the vast reaches of space.
The Saturn Offensive
When Saturn’s mining settlement is attacked by warmongering aliens known as The Wretcheridians, the newly-commissioned First Fleet of the Intergalactic Space Navy races back from the edges of the solar system to mount a fierce defense against the invaders.
Outgunned and outnumbered, the brave young ISN officers strategically drive the battle deep into the rings of Saturn to begin a deadly game of seek and destroy.
Command the ISN fleet and defend the settlement. Or lead the attack as the commander of the ruthless Wretcheridian invaders.
Ships from our warehouse in 5 to 11 business days.
Are there errors or omissions in this product information? Got corrections? Let us know at email@example.com.
Product Discussion (0)
Sign in to start a discussion about Battleship Galaxies!
Is there a guide to wizards and wizardry anywhere?,
Paizo Blog: Introducing the Core Campaign,
Pathfinder Roleplaying Game: Core Rulebook T-Shirt,
How to Avoid Becoming a Murder Hobo,
Leader Character Help,
building a light cavalryman,
Powerful PFS Character Builds List for GMs,
Post Test characters,

domain: game


text:
Glamour, Lingerie, Nude and Topless
Photography is my hobby which although I have been doing it for many years, when I was working it was very hard to find the time, now I am retired I can now spend time improving my abilities. As it is a hobby I never attempt to sell my work so I am quite happy to supply CDs of any shoot.
I prefer to shoot classical nudes, sometimes using lingerie as decoration rather than to cover up. I prefer to use natural light as while shooting nudes is not only the most challenging, but also gives to my mind the most pleasing results. I also prefer to shoot from home as here I know where the best light is. For outdoor work I have a large private garden.
Trevor Morgan has 4 references; 4 recommended, 0 not recommended, 0 late cancellation and 0 no-show.

domain: artistic


text:
Ysolda Roisin PDF
Ysolda's Roisin is a sweet pixie hood inspired by cute patterns from the forties. Roisin uses a neat cast on method, more commonly used for toe up socks, to begin the hood and scarf together at the center back. The scarf is biased which causes it to flare outward at the back neck, gives definition to the hood, and creates pointed ends. All of the stitch patterns used are variations on the same simple technique where slipping stitches leaves strands of yarn across the right side that are later picked up.
Size: S (M, L)
Center back edge to edge of hood — 9 (9¾, 10½)"
Top of hood to neck — 11 (12, 13)"
Yarn Requirements: 380yds fingering weight yarn
Needles: US 5 (3.75mm) 24" or longer circular needles
Gauge: 22 sts and 28 rows = 4" in stockinette stitch


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I adore this little guy and could hardly wait for his 6 month visit! I love the look on his precious face too! He is sitting up and so proud of himself. And he was cooing to one of my favorite assistants. Delight!
© Snapshot - A Photography Blog. Design by Cinnamon Girl Studio


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DILLON COUNTY, S.C. (WMBF) – A Dillon County man pleaded guilty on Wednesday to shooting and killing a woman.
Circuit Judge Paul Burch sentenced Jamel Dow to 42 years in prison for Ashley Blackmon’s murder.
The shooting happened back in November 2018 on Queen Court in Hamer.
“This was a senseless tragedy that didn’t have to happen,” said 4th Circuit Assistant Solicitor Shipp Daniel. “I commend the Blackmon family for their dignity and class throughout this awful experience, and while nothing will make them whole again, I pray that this result gives them some sense of justice.”

domain: law


text:
The latest Crewe Alexandra signed match worn shirts are available to bid on on our official eBay account.
Click here to head over to the official Alex eBay account as the signed away shirt of last season's captain fantastic George Ray is on offer.
Owen Dale's home jersery is also up for grabs, with Callum Ainley, Ryan Wintle, Harry Pickering & Dan Udoh's away tops available.
Dave Richards' Black/Orange GK shirt is available.
All shirts are signed by the respective player, and some are match worn. Please check within.
The five-day auctions are due to end from 3:30pm on Sunday (September 17), so don't miss out & place your bids now!
Collection from Alexandra Stadium: Free
UK Postage: £4.99
International Postage: £9.99
Shirts on offer (all 2016/17):
George Ray - Short Sleeve - Away
Owen Dale - Short Sleeve - Home
Dan Udoh - Short Sleeve - Away
Harry Pickering - Short Sleeve - Away
Callum Ainley - Short Sleeve - Away
Ryan Wintle - Short Sleeve - Away
Dave Richards - Long Sleeve - Black/Orange GK

domain: sports


Cardinals HC Bruce Arians confirmed Monday that WR Jaron Brown does, in fact, have a torn ACL and is out for the remainder of the season.
- Arians added that they place Brown on injured reserve.
The Cardinals will likely place him on injured reserve in the coming days if further test do in fact confirm that he has a torn ACL.
Brown, 26, wound up signing on with the Cardinals as an undrafted free agent out of Clemson back in 2013. He played out his rookie contract before returning to the Cardinals on a one-year restricted tender worth $1.671 million back in April.
In 2016, Brown appeared in seven games and caught 11 passes for 187 yards receiving and one touchdown. Pro Football Focus has him rated as the No. 57 receiver out of 108 qualifying players.


The all-new (to us) Vittoria Corsa PRO Speed completes the revamped Vittoria Corsa range. This time trial and Triathlon–specific tire will raise speed expectations and comfort on the bike.
Vittoria Corsa PRO Speed – What is it?
The Corsa PRO Speed is the newest addition to the Vittoria Corsa tire family. It is designed specifically for maximizing performance in time trials and triathlons. It’s the exact tire Jonas Vingegaard rode to victory in the Stage 16 Time Trial at the 2023 Tour de France. The same applies to Wout van Aert’s Belgian National Time Trial victory or Jos van Emden’s Dutch National Time Trial win. They were all using the unreleased Vittoria Corsa PRO Speed.
What makes it different from the Corsa Control?
As far as the compound goes, the new Corsa PRO Speed uses graphene + silica technology, the same as the Corsa PRO Control. Where it differs is the formulation; the new Corsa PRO Speed is specifically designed for the intended TT use.
What does that mean? Mostly, it means maximizing speed, providing a very high grip on wet services, and confident cornering in the TT position.
What’s the Tread Like?
The tread (or lack thereof) differs from the Corsa PRO Control, but the PRO Speed employs some of the same features. The more expansive center slick area cuts down rolling resistance compared to the slight tread on the PRO Control.
The tread has slight grooves on the shoulders to help with cornering grip. Like the PRO Control model, the tread fades into the casing. This faded tread allows for a seamless bonding between the edge of the tire tread and the cotton casing.
Speaking on bonding, Vittoria states they use the same electrical curing process on the Corsa PRO Speed they do on the other Corsa PRO tires. The tread is applied on the uncured casing; then the whole tire is cured to achieve the same seamless construction as in Corsa PRO and Corsa PRO Control.
Is There Any Flat Protection?
No… not really; the overall tread thickness is lower than Corsa PRO and comparable to the previous Corsa Speed in the center.
How Much Faster is it?
Vittoria reports the Corsa PRO Speed to be 5% faster and 2% lighter than the previous Corsa Speed. How did they achieve this? We guessed the minimal tread, new electrical curing process, and tread application help. The new Corsa PRO Speed compound is specially formulated for speed, grip, and nothing else.
Vanessa ten Hoff, Vittoria’s Chief Marketing and Innovation Officer, explained, “The Corsa PRO Speed tire is a game-changer in time trial racing. We understand the demands and challenges athletes face in this field and have created a tire to enhance their performance. We are proud to launch this product and believe it will exceed our customers’ expectations.”
No More Tubulars?
The Corsa PRO Speed will ONLY come in tubeless models, so if you’d like to keep the Vittoria Corsa PRO cotton on your TT bike, the best option is the Vittoria Corsa PRO.
Vittoria Corsa PRO Speed Models and Pricing
The new Vittoria Corsa PRO Speed will be available in 700×24, 700×26, and 700x28c models. All times are TLR (tubeless ready), and only the 28c version is cleared for use with hookless rims. All tires use Vittorias Corespun 320 TPI construction.
- Weight: 700×24 – 225g, 700×26 – 230g, 700×28 – 250g
- Pricing: USD 99, EUR 95


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- Stanley Miarka
Stanley Miarka was one of the five white professional
baseball playersto be the first to join the Negro American League. He was signed to the Chicago American Giantsin 1950 by Ted "Double Duty" Radcliffe with the support of the team’s owner, Dr. J.B. Martin, who was concerned about black players joining Major League teams. The other four young white players were Lou Chirban, Lou Clarizio, Al Dubettsand Frank Dyall).
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.


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George C. Wolfe
In a keynote session from The Dramatists Guild’s Second National Conference, the award-winning playwright and director George C. Wolfe talks about the survival skills you need to sustain a career in the theatre.
Originally recorded at the 2013 Dramatists Guild’s National Conference in Chicago.
Extended Version Play Episode 44
GEORGE C. WOLFE
George C. Wolfe’s theatre directing credits include The Normal Heart (Drama Desk Award), Jelly’s Last Jam (Drama Desk and Outer Critics Award), Angels In America-Millennium Approaches (Tony and Drama Desk Award) and Perestroika, (Drama Desk Award), Bring In ‘Da Noise, Bring In ‘Da Funk (Tony and Drama League Awards), Topdog/ Underdog (Obie Award), Twilight: Los Angeles 1992 (Drama Desk Award), Elaine Stritch At Liberty (Tony Award, Unique Theatrical Event),The Tempest, The Wild Party, Caroline Or Change and A Free Man Of Color. He is the writer of the award-winning The Colored Museum, directed Spunk (Obie Award), created Harlem Song for the world famous Apollo Theatre and conceived/directed a celebration of the American Musical at the White House. Mr. Wolfe directed the film Lackawanna Blues, for which he earned the Directors Guild Award, a National Board of Review Award, an Independent Spirit nomination for Best First Feature, a Christopher Award and the Humanitas Prize. He also directed the film Nights In Rodanthe.
From 1993-2005 he was the Producer of The Public Theatre/New York Shakespeare Festival. He serves on the President’s Committee for the Arts and the Humanities and was named a living landmark by the New York Landmark’s Conservancy. Additional awards include Actors Equity Paul Robeson Award, Society of Stage Directors and Choreographers Calloway Award, The Dramatists Guild’s Hull-Warriner Award, the New Dramatist Outstanding Career Achievement Award, the NAACP Lifetime Achievement Award, the Lambda Liberty Award, the Spirit of the City Award, the Brendan Gil Prize, the Distinguished Alumni Award from NYU, a Princess Grace Award for fostering the careers of young artists, a Cultural Laureate Award and a Library Lion.
Works Include: Tribal Rites, or The Coming of the Great God-bird Nabuku to the Age of Horace Lee Lizer (1977); Paradise (1985); The Colored Museum (1986); Jelly's Last Jam (1992); Bring in 'Da Noise, Bring in 'Da Funk (1996); The Wild Party (2000).
George C. Wolfe’s DG member profile: http://www.dramatistsguild.com/memberdirectory/getmembership.aspx?cid=10739
© 2013, The Dramatists Guild of America, Inc.
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This year we will be moving to a pass system for the festival - you can read more here.
Our events programme includes live draws, masterclasses, interactive talks and a chance to get up close to the best comic creators in the world. Seats are unreserved for all events and subject to the size of the venues. Please arrive early to avoid disappointment.
Friday Gala: standard £8.00/concession £5.00
Saturday Pass: standard £22.00/concession £17.00
Sunday Pass: standard £19.00/concession £14.00
Weekend Pass: standard £35.00/concession £25.00
Film tickets: standard £8.00/concession £4.00
Our ticket sales are processed by our host venue the Brewery Arts Centre. The Brewery Arts Centre box office software is powered by Spektrix, which has been built with security in mind. All digital access to the Spektrix system takes place through encrypted SSL connections.


An account manager who admitted she was struggling with her own finances admitted shoplifting from a supermarket.
Andrea McKenzie (25) was spotted on CCTV by a security guard at New Ollerton’s Tesco store putting books, a mug and a gift bag into her own bag and trying to leave the shop without paying.
McKenzie, of Derby Road, Nottingham, appeared at Mansfield Magistrates’ Court without representation.
She cried as she said that the money she had on her was all she had when trying to explain why she went into the shop to take the items. She was given a 12-month conditional discharge, and told to pay £85 costs and a £15 discharge.


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Vladiswar Nadishana is a multi-instrumentalist, composer and producer from Siberia, who creates his own unique and innovative approach to world fusion music - the creative synthesis of different musical traditions of the world on the basis of contemporary technologies. He plays on more than 200 instruments of the world, including self-created ones.
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Domestic violence can take on many forms but all are used by the aggressor in an effort to exert power and control over the victim.
Examples of the different types of abuse are:
- Physical Abuse: pushing, kicking, slapping, punching, choking, shaking, spitting, biting, hitting, restraining, confinement, burning, assault with a weapon, murder
- Verbal Abuse: name calling, threatening, humiliating (in private or public), gas lighting, teasing, mocking, harassment, criticizing, yelling
- Emotional Abuse: making the victim feel worthless, destruction of property, gas lighting, name calling, alienating the victim from their family and friends, neglecting, possessiveness, creating the need to “walk on eggshells”, humiliating (in private or public), blame game, instilling fear, controlling of the victims whereabouts
- Sexual Abuse: forcing someone to engage in unwanted, unsafe, and degrading sexual activity, humiliating someone for their sexual choices, forcing someone to exploit themselves sexually via pornography, trafficking, cyberbullying
- Financial Abuse: withholding economic resources such as money, paychecks, or credit cards, exploiting the victim’s resources for personal gain, stealing or defrauding the victim’s assets, withholding daily necessities such as food, medication, clothes, toiletries
- Religious Abuse: using the victim’s personal beliefs to manipulate and control them, preventing the victim from practicing their religious faith, shaming and humiliating the victim for their beliefs

domain: psychology


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A new kind of CPR machine is helping emergency workers save more lives. It automatically provides just the right pressure.
The Boyd family has a spot in their yard where 48-year-old Calvin Boyd nearly lost his life.
Calvin says, "I remember when my boys came home from school and that's it. I can't remember nothing else."
He suffered cardiac arrest. His heart stopped beating. While his son called 911, his wife Karla, who knew CPR, tried to revive him.
She says, "Doing CPR by yourself, it's very hard work. And you're not for sure if you're doing it right at the time."
New technology was ultimately used to save Calvin's life. It's called auto-pulse and it does CPR better than humans can.
The battery-powered machine calibrates the right compression based on the patient's size then applies even pressure all around the chest, not just over the heart.
Emergency Medical Technician Michael Kiefer says, "It doesn't stop until we tell it to stop. We can be sitting still and it's doing perfect compressions. We could be driving in the ambulance, turning corners and it's still doing perfect compressions, without any problems."
Like an extra pair of hands, it frees the paramedics for other vital tasks at the scene, while it maintains normal blood flow to the heart and brain.
EMT Chris Jennings says, "Before, when you brought somebody down four stories, you had to stop CPR every time you went down stairs because you couldn’t do it. With this, you can put it on them, you can carry them down stairs as you continue doing CPR, so you never have that stop in CPR."
Calvin only remembers walking out of the hospital six days later feeling fine, but his family won't forget.
Sudden cardiac arrest is the leading cause of unexpected death in the world because most people can't get help fast enough. Current U.S. survival rates are only about five-percent.
Fast Facts:Approximately 225,000 Americans die each year from sudden cardiac arrest. It affects twice as many men as women.
When the heart stops beating, a patient will die within four to six minutes unless treatment is started.
CPR can be used to provide some oxygen to the brain and vital organs until the patient can be revived however, CPR isn’t always done correctly and sometimes a rescuer can tire, rendering CPR less effective.
A new device, called the autopulse™, automatically delivers the right depth and rate of chest compressions. The autopulse frees the hands of rescuers to attend to other life-saving treatments and provide continuous CPR, even while moving the patient.
Sudden Cardiac Arrest
Sudden cardiac arrest occurs when the heart suddenly stops beating. It usually is preceded by an electrical problem in the heart’s conduction system that causes the heart muscle to beat too fast (ventricular tachycardia) or in a chaotic fashion (ventricular fibrillation). Eventually, the heart is unable to function and stops working. If normal heart rhythm isn’t resumed, the person will quickly die (sudden cardiac death). In some cases, sudden cardiac arrest can be caused by an abnormally slow heart beat (bradycardia).
The National Center for Early Defibrillation estimates 225,000 Americans die each year from sudden cardiac arrest. It occurs twice as often in men. Many victims are in their 30s and 40s.
The most common reason for sudden cardiac arrest is underlying heart disease. However, many patients may not have any signs of heart disease and aren’t diagnosed with the condition. Sudden cardiac arrest can also occur in people with a history of heart rhythm problems, as well as those who have experienced respiratory arrest (stopped breathing), drowning, electrocution, choking and trauma.
Once the heart stops beating, it must be restarted with an electrical shock (defibrillation). If the heart beat is not restored, brain death occurs in about 4 to 6 minutes.
When a person collapses from sudden cardiac arrest, bystanders need to immediately call 9-1-1 to access emergency intervention. If possible, CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) should be started. CPR involves manual compressions of the chest and rescue breathing to force a small amount of oxygenated blood from the heart to the body. The treatment should be continued until emergency personnel arrive to take over. Hopefully, CPR will provide enough oxygen to the brain and vital organs until rescue personnel are able to provide defibrillation.
CPR Limits/The AutoPulse™
In an ideal situation, CPR would help save the lives of many of those who experience sudden cardiac arrest. Unfortunately, that’s not often the case. Research shows 85 percent or more of patients experiencing SCA die. Several factors contribute to the problem. Bystanders may not activate the EMS system in time or may not know how to perform CPR. Even when CPR is initiated, the compressions may not be done correctly. A study in the Journal of the American Medical Association found most chest compressions are too shallow to provide maximum blood flow to the body. Even those who are well trained in CPR may eventually tire and deliver less effective chest compressions after several minutes of CPR.
A new device is aiding rescue workers in their ability to provide CPR. It’s called the AutoPulse™. The main device is placed over the chest and held in place with a chest band. The rescue worker pushes the “start” button and the autopulse automatically begins delivering chest compressions. Autopulse provides a consistent depth and rate of compression. The device frees the hands of rescue workers and allows them to focus on other aspects of patient care (like ventilation or administration of medication). Rescue workers say the autopulse can continue to deliver chest compression during times when manual compression isn’t possible (like moving a patient down a flight of stairs) or may be unsafe to perform (in a moving ambulance). An animal study found the autopulse provided better blood flow to the brain than manual CPR.
Recently, two studies in the Journal of the American Medical Association looked at the use of autopulse for patients receiving emergency intervention after an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. One study found improved survival for patients who received automated CPR versus those who received manual CPR. However, the second study found patients who received the autopulse had worse neurological outcomes and poorer survival rates compared to manual CPR patients.
For information about the autopulse™ device:
For information on sudden cardiac arrest:American Heart Association Web site
Heart Rhythm Society Web site
National Center for Early Defibrillation Web site


Palm oil, known as dende oil, has been used as a raw material to develop second-generation biofuels more efficiently. This is according to Milton Stegall, CEO of Grupo BBF (Brazil Biofuels).
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The executive says that, despite Brazil’s small share in palm oil production, the country has the potential to become a reference in sustainable palm cultivation and the production of second-generation biofuels, such as Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) and green diesel. Has the capacity.
“Brazil still has timid participation in the palm market. But palm has many qualities. One of the most relevant from a socio-economic point of view is that its cultivation cannot be mechanized, which generates thousands of jobs and income for the population of the places where it is located. The BBF Group alone creates over 6,000 direct jobs and 18,000 indirect jobs across five northern states”, Steagall said.
“Another important point is that it has a comprehensive production chain, from seed planting to cultural treatments, the operation of industries focused on harvesting and oil extraction, a plant for biodiesel production and an unprecedented biorefinery for the development of SAF and green diesel. He said, he also drew attention to the fact that the palm production chain can be carried out in which no forest trees are cut down.
“The potential of palm oil for biofuel production in the Amazon is enormous, given that we have a true ‘green pre-salt’ in the region, with more than 31 million hectares of land dedicated to the sustainable cultivation of palm oil. Is appropriate”, explains. CEO of BBF Group.
Palm cultivation follows the law defined by the federal government in Decree 7,172/2010, defined in May 2010, which defines that palm cultivation can only be carried out in areas that were humanized in the Amazon region until December 2007.
“Currently, Brazil has less than 2% of the world palm market, cultivating the plant on an area of less than 300 thousand hectares. There is still great potential for development without cutting down any forest trees, on the contrary, reforesting areas that have already been destroyed, creating employment and income for the population. And thus, develop biofuels and generate clean energy for the residents living there”, he commented.
In addition to its positive impact on the economy and the environment, palm oil is known for its chemical range – similar to that of fossil fuels – and high production efficiency. Palm produces 10 times more oil per hectare than soybean, another raw material used to produce biofuels. It is estimated that 20 billion liters of SAF per year will be required to meet global needs by 2030.
“This is an ambitious target for a sector that needs to decarbonise quickly. On the other hand, the world is still facing shortage of raw materials for the production of advanced biofuels. In the medium and long-term horizon, Brazilian palm ‘is’ and ‘will remain’ the most efficient crop for the decarbonization of the palm oil sector, argues the executive.


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Boobs that have doubled in size over night, a nose that was once wonky but is now perfectly straight, and lips that look so plumped they may burst; just a few types of cosmetic surgery we can all have done, but that celebrities are loving at the moment, more than they ever have before. Read on to find out what just a few celebrities have gone under the knife for…
- Movie star Megan Fox– Reported to have had lip fillers, her teeth whitened, and a nose job, Megan strongly denies the rumours she’s had any work done, but her face is saying something different.
- Singer Sarah Harding – She’s been reported to have had lip fillers and breast enlargements. Her breasts were noticed as a result of them being quite big for such a tiny frame. Additionally, her lips are now slightly fatter and plumper, making a recognisable difference to her face.
- Movie star Jennifer Aniston– Jennifer has admitted to news reporters that she’s had a nose job, but they’re still reporting that more work has been done, although she’s not keen to admit.
- Movie star Angelina Jolie- There’s a furore around whether Angelina Jolie is cosmetic surgery free, like she claims to be, especially when everyone seems to want hair like her, a body like hers, and a face like hers. Reporters have suggested that she had a tummy tuck after the birth of her twins, Vivienne and Knox, although with her sticking to her guns in denying all rumours, I guess we’ll never know for sure.
- Singer Madonna– Madonna definitely looks good for someone that’s 52 years old, which is why she’s believed to have undergone a fair amount of cosmetic surgery. After supposedly having volume added to her face, botox, fillers, and peels, she’s almost had it all done, but good on you Madonna, at least it’s working!
- Previous model Janice Dickinson– Known for having a bad case of cosmetic surgery carried out, Janice Dickinson has admitted to have several different pieces of work carried out on her, with her lips, in particular, going pretty wrong the say the least.

domain: celebrity


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Many smokers report smoking because it helps them modulate their negative affect (NA). The stress induction model of smoking suggests, however, that smoking causes stress and concomitant NA. Empirical support for the stress induction model has primarily derived from retrospective reports and experimental manipulations with non-representative samples of smokers. Moreover, prior studies have typically not considered contextual factors (e.g., daily stressors) that may impact the smoking-NA relationship.
The aim of this study was to assess the stress induction model of smoking using a prospective design in a nationally representative sample of smokers, while simultaneously examining the impact of daily stressors on the relationship between smoking and NA. We hypothesized that smoking and NA would be positively related, and this relationship would be intensified by exposure to daily stressors.
A national sample of middle-aged smokers (N = 256) were called on eight consecutive evenings to assess stressor exposure and intensity. Participants also reported on their daily NA and indicated the number of cigarettes they smoked. Analyses were conducted using hierarchical linear modelling (HLM) to determine the relationship between daily smoking, NA, and stress.
Smoking more than usual was associated with increased NA on days when respondents were exposed to any stressors. Smoking more than usual had no effect on NA on days when no stressors were encountered. Moreover, the moderating effect of stressor exposure remained significant even after controlling for the number and intensity of daily stressors reported.
While smokers report that smoking alleviates their NA, our study suggests that the exact opposite may occur, particularly on stressful days. When smokers smoke more than usual on days when the encounter stress they are likely to feel emotionally worse off.
Despite the well documented public health threat and tremendous economic costs associated with cigarette smoking , approximately 21% of the U.S. population continues to smoke . Smokers often report that they continue to smoke because it helps them regulate their affective states [3, 4]. In particular, virtually all smokers report that, when confronted with stressors and emotional upset, smoking helps reduce negative affect (NA) [3–9]. NA is a general dimension of subjective distress and displeasure in engagement that subsumes various negative affective states such as anger, contempt, disgust, fear, guilt, sadness, and anxiousness . Indeed, smokers have strong expectancies that cigarettes will mitigate aversive affective states and provide anxiolytic effects [11, 12]. These findings are consistent with the stress-coping  and self-medication  models of substance abuse which suggest that drugs are used to maintain emotional equilibrium. However, while smokers believe that smoking helps alleviate NA, some theory and research suggests otherwise.
Parrott and colleagues [15–19] have posited the stress induction model of smoking, which suggests that smokers experience acute nicotine deprivation during the period between one cigarette and the next. Nicotine deprivation results in abstinence symptoms including negative affective states (e.g., anxiety, tension, anger). As abstinence symptoms and NA increase, smoking is once again initiated. The initiation of smoking replenishes nicotine levels thus reversing and alleviating the NA associated with the deprivation . Smokers repeat this deprivation-reversal cycle throughout the day, thereby experiencing emotional downs followed by return to affective baseline .
The stress induction model has been used to explain paradoxical aspects of the smoking-NA relationship. For example, while smokers report that smoking relaxes them, they also report higher rates of stress than non-smokers. Parrott has shown, for example, that when smokers provide self ratings of NA before and after each cigarette, they demonstrate repetitive mood fluctuations over the course of the day. Specifically, he found that smokers experienced greater than average NA in between cigarettes with a brief declination after smoke inhalation . Moreover, comparisons with non-smokers indicated that smokers did not gain a mood advantage from smoking, but instead, experienced repeated abstinence symptoms. Therefore, smokers report both NA and relief from NA as they smoke. The model also proves useful, although not conclusive, in understanding why stress levels decline after smokers quit. Specifically, Parrott has suggested that with complete and prolonged abstinence, smokers no longer experience the distressing cycle of withdrawal, NA, and reversal .
On the other hand, research on the stress induction model has yielded inconsistent results and been criticized on several fronts [22–24]. Most germane to this study is the fact that the model uses the stress and NA constructs interchangeably , when in fact they are quite different . This lack of differentiation is surprising given Parrott’s  own recognition that “abstinence symptoms and post-cigarette relief are closely related to the environmental circumstances” (p. 1159). Second, a number of studies have found that smoking occurs in the absence of withdrawal [27, 28], and can be motivated by low arousal states such as boredom [29, 30]. Third, while Parrot and other researchers suggest that smoking and NA are related to acute nicotine withdrawal and reversal [31–33], it is important to note that nicotine regulation only controls smoking within broad bounds, allowing for other environmental or contextual factors to influence smoking [30, 34, 35]. Unfortunately, environmental factors such as exposure to stressors have not been adequately studied within the context of the stress induction model.
In the smoking literature, there is great variability in how stressors are conceptualized and measured (e.g., exposure to an aversive stimuli, engagement in a stressful task such as public speaking, endorsement of negative major life events). However, such definitions ignore the minor yet more frequently occurring stressors of life . Therefore, we operationalize stressors as the routine challenges of day-to-day living, such as the everyday concerns of work, caring for other people, commuting between work and home, and other more unexpected small occurrences that disrupt daily life . Exposure to these kinds of everyday, commonplace events, or “quotidian” stressors , are strong predictors of psychological well being [36, 39–48].
To understand how one is affected by these everyday stressors, both objective characteristics of the stressor (e.g., frequency) and the individuals’ subject appraisal of the stressor (i.e., perceived stress) must be examined. Perceived stress refers to the meaning that individuals give to daily stressor occurrences in terms of how bothersome and disruptive they are . Both objective and subjective components of daily stressors affect daily well-being  and thus both should both measured in stress studies.
The distinction between frequency of stressor exposure and perceived stress is important because some theories of stress suggest that mere exposure to stressor events (e.g., daily hassles) requires the organism to adapt and change, which ultimately leads to disequilibrium [50, 51]. On the other hand, some theorists suggest that how stressors are perceived and subjectively evaluated determines whether an event will be experienced as stressful [25, 52]. Both the stressor frequency and perceived stress notions have received empirical support. Therefore, in this study, we examine stressors from both perspectives.
While the stress induction model suggests that acute nicotine withdrawal causes NA, the evidence is quite mixed regarding this assertion. In a number of cross-sectional studies, smoking is positively related to various manifestations of NA, most typically depression and anxiety . On the other hand, longitudinal studies have produced inconsistent results . Laboratory studies have also yielded inconsistent results. For example, some studies have manipulated affective states (e.g., induced NA) and then observed specific smoking behaviours such as rate, puff duration, number of puffs [54–56]. These studies, however, have typically not found an association between smoking and NA, and when found they tend to be ephemeral , or occur inconsistently [58–61]. We hypothesize that one of the reasons for the variable findings from experimental work is that it fails to account for the kinds of “real world” stressors (e.g., problems at work, disagreements with one’s spouse, role overload) that smokers frequently mention as central to their smoking behaviour . In other words, smoking and NA may largely be related within the context of these daily stressors. Indeed, one study found that smoking lapses were associated with NA, and this relationship was moderated by environmental stressors which accounted for variance in relapses above and beyond that accounted for by NA alone .
Because the stress induction model has not clearly delineated between stressors and NA, it is important to examine the impact of stressors on the relationship between smoking and NA. First, a number of studies have found a positive relationship between various stressors and smoking in adults [63–65]. For example, work demands [66–68], social stressors [69–71], and more generalized stressors  are associated with increases in self-reported smoking. On a population level, smokers exposed to more stressors tend to smoke more . Experimental studies have further demonstrated that stressors increase smoking behaviours such as puff rate and volume of smoke inhaled [70, 73–75], , nicotine intake , and desire to smoke . Not surprisingly, daily stressors are also a reliable positive predictor of NA [36, 76–79]. Because exposure to stressors is related to both smoking and NA, such exposure may be an important moderator of the smoking-NA relationship. Such a notion needs to be more precisely considered within the stress induction model.
Unfortunately, only a few studies have modelled the relationship between smoking, stressor exposure, and NA simultaneously [54, 56], and we could not locate one published prospective study examining these relationships using a nationally representative sample. The studies conducted to date have found that the relationship between smoking and NA remains unchanged in the face of stressors. These studies, however, have several limitations [3, 23, 80]. Most studies have used laboratory tasks which expose participants to a specific contrived stressor (e.g., exposure to an unexpected noise, engagement in a challenging task). Laboratory tasks such as these may lack ecological validity because they do not capture the impact of real world stressors that often occur on a daily basis. Studies to date have also typically been cross-sectional in design, thus allowing for only between-subject comparisons.
We propose that real world stressors are more likely than laboratory stressors to positively moderate the relationship between smoking and NA. There are three reasons for this. First, nicotine appears to increase sympathetic responsiveness to stressors, including increased cortisol, blood pressure, and heart rate [32, 81–84]. Furthermore, exposure to stressors in the absence of nicotine also increases sympathetic arousal. Therefore, stressor exposure may have an additive effect on sympathetic arousal. Indicators of sympathetic arousal (e.g, increased blood pressure and heart rate, heightened vigilance, feelings of tension) are often experienced as distressing and are themselves associated with NA [85–88]. Second, as daily real world stressors accumulate, the utility and effectiveness of cigarette smoking as a means of “escaping” from stressful cognitions may decrease. Indeed, several studies have shown that smoking narrows the smoker’s attention to external stressors and, therefore, can act as an anxiolytic agent [60, 61]. However, this effect has been demonstrated only in laboratory tasks. Third, Parrott describes that the nicotine depletion-replenishment cycle that smokers experience throughout the day is in itself stressful [15, 16, 19, 26]. Because individuals possess finite internal and external resources to effectively manage their stressors, exposure to additional stressors during the day serves to further challenge the individual’s resources [25, 52]. Thus, cycling smokers exposed to additional stressors may be more likely to tax their resources and experience emotional upset.
Taken as a whole, these findings suggest that exposure to daily stressors may exacerbate any pre-existing relationship between smoking and NA. Therefore, we contend that in the face of daily stressors or perceived stress, smoking may result in smokers feeling emotionally worse off.
To more fully explicate the smoking-NA relationship, a number of theorists and researchers have indicated that ecologically valid, prospective studies, with representative samples, and well validated measures are critically needed [3, 89]. The current study will be the first to examine the relationship between smoking, stressor exposure, and NA using a national sample of adults using well validated measures. Moreover, this is the first daily diary study to test the hypothesis that stressors positively moderate the relationship between smoking and NA. The prospective design, nationally representative sample, and measurement of objective and subjective daily stressors address a number of the weaknesses in the extant literature.
This study is a secondary data analysis from the National Study of Daily Experiences (NSDE) . We received IRB approval from The Pennsylvania State University prior to conducting this study. Respondents were 1,031 adults (562 women, 469 men), all who had previously participated in the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States, a national representative telephone-mail survey of 3,032 people, aged 25–74 years. Respondents in the NSDE were randomly selected from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) survey and received $20 for their participation. Of the 1,242 MIDUS respondents that were contacted, 1,031 agreed to participate, yielding a response rate of 83%. Of most relevance to this proposal are the 256 respondents who reported being smokers (female = 131, male = 125). Demographic information is provided in Table 1.
Daily negative affect was measured using the six-item Negative Affect Scale of the Non-Specific Psychological Distress Scale  which was designed specifically for the MIDUS. The scale was developed from the following well-known and valid instruments: the Affect Balance Scale , the University of Michigan’s Composite International Diagnostic Interview , the Manifest Anxiety Scale , and the Centers for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale . The scale was developed using item response models and factor analysis, yielding a single factor structure representing current, general psychological distress. The measure was validated in eight administrations using samples from different populations and has demonstrated good reliability and validity in prior research . Respondents were asked how much of the time today did they feel: worthless; hopeless; nervous; restless or fidgety; that everything was an effort; and so sad that nothing could cheer you up. Respondents rated their response on a 5-point scale from none of the time to all of the time. It is important to note, that measuring negative affect in terms of frequency is in keeping with theory and research that NA is better characterized by its duration than its intensity [95, 96]. Scores across the six items were summed for each day and the scale was internally consistent (α = .89).
Daily stressor occurrence was assessed through the semi-structured Daily Inventory of Stressful Experiences . The DISE consists of a series of stem questions asking whether specific types of daily stressors had occurred in the past 24 hours and a set of interviewer guidelines for probing affirmative responses. Participants were asked about the occurrence of seven specific stressors: an argument or disagreement with someone; a time where you engaged in a disagreement but decided to let it pass; something happened at work that most people would consider stressful; something happened at home that most people would consider stressful; an experience of discrimination; something happened to a close friend that was upsetting to you; or anything else not previously mentioned. Notably, these events do not represent major life events but instead the minor annoyances of daily life. These seven broad stressor domains were those most frequently mentioned in a pilot study of 1,006 adults .
In order to examine these narratives, interviews were tape recorded and transcribed. For each stressor described, trained graduate and advanced undergraduate expert coders rated (a) content classification, (b) focus of who was involved in the event, (c) dimensions of threat, and (d) severity of stress . Inter-rater reliability across the DISE codes ranges from 71% to 95% . In addition, respondents provided subjective assessment of (e) degree of severity and (f) appraisal of areas of life at risk because of the stressor.
The interview-based approach allows one to distinguish between the occurrence of a stressor (e.g., conflict with spouse) and the affective response to the stressor (e.g., crying or feeling sad). Another benefit of this approach is its ability to identify overlapping reports of stressors . In the present study, approximately 5% of the reported stressors were discarded because they were either solely affective responses or they were identical to stressors that were previously described on that day.
The validity of the DISE has been demonstrated in a number of studies. For example, various aspects of daily stressors measured by the DISE are significantly associated with negative mood and physical health symptoms , two commonly used outcomes in research on the relationship between daily stressors and health. Stressor level as measured by the DISE is associated with declination in memory function , increased family tension [100, 101], and decreased marital satisfaction . Socioeconomic status is negatively associated with stressor level as measured by the DISE [43, 103]. The DISE is also sensitive to stressor effects based on age [104–107] and genetic endowment . The validity of the DISE should not be surprising since personal interviews regarding stress improve the assessment of perceived stress (real stories are elicited), provide more precise classification of stressor content, and more valid differentiation between severity and stressor appraisal .
For each daily interview, individuals who responded affirmatively to any of the stem questions received a value of 1 on an indicator variable of any stress and were coded 0 otherwise. Respondents’ narrative responses to investigator probes provided objective information on the content of the stressful experiences as well as the meaning of the stressor for the respondent.
Perceived stress was measured by asking respondents, “How stressful was this [particular stressor] for you – very, somewhat, not very, or not at all?” The average score across all reported stressors throughout the eight-day interview was used in the analyses.
Respondents completed interviews each evening of the eight-day protocol. Because people varied in the number of days they participated in the study, total number of stressors across the eight days was divided by the number of recorded days. Thus, the total score represented an average stressor frequency across all participant days (e.g., a score of 3 stressors across 8 days yielded a score of .375). At the end of the study, individuals were asked how typical were the number of stressors they had experienced throughout the week. The majority (62%) rated the week as typical to their usual experience, with the remaining respondents equally distributed between more frequent and less frequent than usual.
Smoking behaviour was assessed by asking “How many cigarettes did you smoke today?” On average, participants reported smoking 17.3 cigarettes per day. The number of cigarettes smoked in this sample is comparable to smoking rates for adults reported by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), which recently reported that, on average, adult smokers report smoking 15 cigarettes per day . The between person standard deviation was 11.44, while the within person standard deviation was 4.43, indicating that there were far more individual differences in cigarette consumption across individuals than for any given individual across the eight study days.
Over the course of eight consecutive evenings, respondents completed short telephone interviews about their daily experiences. Data collection spanned an entire year (March 1996 to April 1997) and consisted of separate “flights” of interviews, with each flight representing the eight-day sequence of interviews from each of the participants. Participants completed an average of seven of the eight interviews.
To examine the relationship between stress, smoking, and NA within individuals over time we used hierarchical linear modelling . The simple form of hierchical linear modelling (HLM) can be conceived as two separate models, one a within-person model (Level 1) and the other a between-person model (Level 2). A distinctive feature of HLM is that the intercepts and slopes are allowed to vary across persons, allowing estimates of individual differences in within-person effects. To examine the temporal links among stress, smoking, and NA we fit a within-person model essentially equivalent to 256 (the number of smokers in the sample) regressions assessing daily covariation among each of these variables.
The daily covariation among the three variables of interest with NA as the dependent variable and both stress and smoking as the predictors can be expressed as:
where, NA for person j on day i, is a function of their average level of NA (b00), whether they experience a stressor (b10), the number of cigarettes consumed (b20), and a residual (eij). β00, β10, and β20, are the average within-person intercept, stressors, and smoking effects (i.e, fixed effects), while U0j, U1j, and U2j are the random effects, and reflect person-specific deviations from the average values. Stressors and smoking were both person-centered to reflect deviations from each individual’s average levels of stressors and smoking. Thus, the values of these variables are constant across individuals with a mean of 0, and reflect only within-person variability. The person-specific means, or between-person effects, were also included in all models.
Before proceeding to the central hypothesis in the study we examined the data for consistency with widely reported bivariate relationships in the extant literature (see Table 2). Smoking was positively related to NA, r(255) = .15, p < .05, but was not reliably associated with stress measured as frequency of stressor days (i.e., days on which at least one stressor is endorsed), r(255) = −.02, ns, or perceived stress, r(255) = .04, ns. NA was positively associated with stressors, and this was true regardless of whether daily stressors were calculated using frequency of stressor days, r(255) = .31, p < .0001, or perceived stress, r(255) = .16, p < .05. Consistent with prior findings, gender was reliably associated with the average number of cigarettes smoked, r(255) = −.26, p < .0001, indicating that women smoke significantly fewer cigarettes than men. These findings are generally consistent with prior research.
We next examined the degree to which stressors and smoking predicted NA (see Table 3). The first model (Model 1) examined the unique effects of daily stressor exposure and cigarette smoking on daily negative affect. Daily stressor exposure was associated with NA at the between and within person levels. Individuals with a higher frequency of stressor days reported higher NA (estimate = 3.38, SE = .59), and NA was significantly higher on stressor days compared to non-stressor days (estimate = 1.79, SE = .21). For smoking, the between-person effect was not significant indicating the NA of heavy smokers is not significantly different from the NA of people who are not heavy smokers (estimate = .02, SE = .01). However, the within-person effect of smoking on NA was significant, indicating that people reported higher levels of NA on days when they smoked more cigarettes than usual (estimate = .05, SE = .02). We then estimated a second model (Model 2), to examine whether the day-to-day association between smoking and NA differed between stressor and non-stressor days. This was accomplished by adding the interaction between the within-person daily stressors and smoking effects. The interaction was significant (estimate = .14, SE = .04; see Figure 1) indicating that smoking more than usual was associated with higher NA on stressor days (estimate = .13, SE = .04), but not on non-stressor days (estimate = −.01, SE = .03). Altogether, 17.4% of the variability in daily negative affect was accounted for with this model.
To consider the magnitude of the smoking effect, we calculated the amount of daily variability in NA that smoking accounted for on stressor days and non-stressor days, respectively. This was done following methods describe by Bryk and Raudenbush  for calculating the pseudo-R2. Across non-stressor days, the daily variation (residual variance) in NA decreased from 5.35 to 5.04 after controlling for smoking, indicating that smoking accounted for 5.7% of the daily variability. Across stressor days, the daily variation in NA was reduced from 14.92 to 12.81 after controlling for smoking, indicating that smoking accounted for 14.1% of the daily variability.
The initial models demonstrated that smoking more than usual was associated with higher levels of NA on stressor days. The next set of analyses explored possible variation in stressors days. The link between smoking and NA could be due to characteristics of the stressor day such as the number and severity of stressors experienced. If the link between smoking and NA on days when people report a stressor is due to the number of stressors being experienced, or more severe stressors being experienced, then controlling for these factors should attenuate the effect of smoking on NA. We tested this hypothesis by estimating a model where we examined the effect of smoking on NA across stressor days, controlling for the number and severity of stressors reported following methods described by Stawski, Sliwinski, Almeida and Smyth (2008) .
The results of this model can be seen in Table 4 (Model 1). Across stressor days, the within-person effect for number of stressors indicates that NA increased 3.27 (SE = .39) units per stressor reported, while the between-person effect shows that individual’s whose stressor days are characterized by a greater number of stressors report higher levels of NA (estimate = 5.14, SE = .82). Similarly for the severity of stressors, the within-person effect indicates that NA was higher on days when the stressors experienced were reported to be more severe (estimate = 1.08, SE = .16), and the between-person effect indicates that NA is highest among individuals who report their stressors to be of greater severity (estimate = 2.13, SE = .32). Importantly, the within-person effect of smoking remained significant (estimate = .10, SE = .04) indicating that the link between smoking and NA across stressor days could not be explained by the number of severity of the stressors reported.
We also estimated a second model (Table 4, Model 2) to test whether the number or severity of the stressors reported moderated the effects of smoking on NA. As can be seen in Table 4, neither the interaction between smoking and number of stressors (estimate = -.09, SE = .09), nor between smoking and stressor severity (estimate = .03, SE = .04) was significant. Together, the results of these models suggest that the effect of smoking on NA across stressor days cannot be attributed to the number or severity of the events reported. Furthermore, the association between smoking and NA is not moderated by the number or severity of stressors reported.
The relationship between smoking and NA is complex [23, 114]. The stress induction model posits that, in between cigarettes, smokers experience distressing withdrawal symptoms as the result of acute nicotine deprivation. These withdrawal symptoms are associated with NA. To relieve these feelings, smokers engage in smoking to replenish fallen nicotine levels. After smoking, nicotine levels are restored and smokers experience withdrawal reversal. This cycle is repeated numerous times throughout the day. Parrott suggests that, while smokers report that smoking improves their mood, the stress induction model suggests that smoking only serves to reverse the NA that is associated with acute nicotine deprivation.
Findings from our study lend tentative support to the stress induction model. First, NA was positively associated with cigarette consumption. Moreover, on days when participants smoked more than usual, and experienced any daily stressor, their NA was higher. This finding was not accounted for by the severity or number of daily stressors experiences. This suggests that there may be a threshold effect for the role of daily stressors on the smoking-NA relationship. Experiencing any daily stressors, both in terms of frequency and perception, appears sufficient enough to alter the association between smoking and NA. Specifically, the association between smoking and NA is stronger on stressor days than on non-stressor days.
The discovery that exogenous stressors (i.e., daily hassles in various life domains) intensify the relationship between smoking and NA is an important new finding in the literature. It suggests that smokers may experience a “double whammy” on stressful days. Specifically, it appears that the endogenous stress of acute nicotine deprivation is compounded by exposure to exogenous stressors to heighten NA states. In other words, the two sources of stress may compound each other and serve to make smokers feel emotionally worse off. Since smokers tend to believe that smoking ameliorates stress and NA [8–13, 15, 16], they will likely seek relief in smoking more, thus perpetuating a cycle of distress [18, 19, 26]. As long as smokers believe that relief emanates from smoking, they will have little motivation to effectively deal with either the endogenous or exogenous sources of stress. Indeed, there is evidence that stress may shake smokers out of their “boundary of comfort” , thus strengthening the relationship between smoking and NA which in turn leads to increased smoking.
There is other evidence to suggest that smoking increases irritability and distress [17, 18], while sustained abstinence decreases negative affective states [20, 115]. For example, studies with adolescents (a developmental stage when stress is high) have found that smoking is associated with depressive symptoms and greater levels of NA [116, 117]. Some research has suggested that smoking in adolescents does mitigate NA, but as smokers age, smoking exacerbates NA . Our results lend support to this notion since we studied middle aged smokers. Compared with non-quitters, those who sustained abstinence reported less perceived stress, used more positive coping strategies, and engaged in fewer negative coping strategies .
There are also several implications of our research for both individual behaviour and public health approaches to smoking. To the extent to which smokers perceive that smoking attenuates NA, the more likely it is that they will use smoking as a coping mechanism . Therefore, behavioural interventions designed to prevent or reduce smoking should assist smokers to find healthy alternative coping strategies to deal with stress and NA. To the extent to which the mitigating effects of smoking are “in the mind” of smokers, greater public health efforts will need to be made to widely dispel a potentially dangerous myth. Moreover, given that as cigarette smokers age they become less likely to express a readiness to quit [10, 121], better understanding of the smoking-stress-NA relationship needs to occur at all developmental stages .
While the results of our study lend support to the stress induction model of cigarette smoking, a number of caveats are in order. First, the stress induction model itself has been called into question. For example, several researchers suggest that the model fails to explain results from studies which suggest that smoking does ameliorate distress and NA [22, 24]. Other criticism include that the stress induction model (a) ignores the problem of selective relapse, (b) does not account for effects of repeated measures, (c) assumes that smokers and nonsmokers are comparable in terms of stress and affect liability, and (d) has not been rigorously assessed for directionality [22, 23, 122]. Recently, however, Parrott has addressed a number of these criticisms . It is also important to note that smoking occurs in the absence of withdrawal symptoms [27, 28], and withdrawal symptoms are highly variable across individuals . Therefore, the stress induction model may only generalize to those smokers most sensitive to withdrawal symptoms. On the other hand, there is evidence that acute withdrawal is an important factor in smoking behaviour. First, withdrawal emerges relatively rapidly. This should not be surprising since the half-life of nicotine is about 10 minutes (Russell, 1988). For example, experimental studies suggest that withdrawal can occur within one hour post-cessation [125–128]. Second, the typical interval of smoking in the natural environment is under 40 minutes in heavy smokers , a timeframe that is consistent with acute withdrawal.
There are also several methodological limitations in this study. First, we did not measure a number of key variables central to the model (i.e., nicotine, cotinine). Therefore, we assume that acute nicotine deprivation occurred. Second, our results are based on correlation analyses. Therefore, we cannot rule out the influence of unmeasured confounding variables, nor are we able to make definitive conclusions about the directionality of the relationships among smoking, stress, and NA. In their exhaustive review of the literature , Kassell, et al. (2003) concluded that it was not clear whether NA precedes or follows smoking . For example, Shiffman, et al., (2002) examined the antecedents of smoking in naturalistic settings and found no support for the notion that smoking is under control of affective antecedents . However, some studies have found temporal evidence that rapid increases in NA precede smoking when examined on a daily basis . In this study, momentary rating from smokers enrolled in a cessation program found significant NA effects in the hours before smoking lapses. Our study relied solely on self-report. Moreover, respondents relied to a degree on retrospection, although within one day. Momentary ratings  might have led to differing results. More studies using momentary ratings of smoking, stress, and NA are needed to help determine the direction of these relationships. Our study also relied heavily on participant compliance. However, by contacting participants via phone each night at a pre-agreed to time, participation rates were excellent. Future studies should attempt to operationalize key constructs using both subjective and objective measurement.
Despite its limitations, the study possessed a number of strengths. The sample was representative of the middle aged Americans as well as representative of adult smokers in the United States in terms of cigarettes smoked per day. The use of multilevel modelling allowed us to examine both within and between differences in the relationship between stress, smoking, and NA. The assessment of daily stressors using the DISE provides for much more fine-grained assessment of these experiences than checklists which are commonly used. This was also the first study examining stress, NA, and smoking over time. Given the unique strengths of the NSDE data, the results of this study should be instructive to theorists, researchers, and healthcare professionals.
Keith R. Aronson, The Pennsylvania State University.
David Almeida, The Pennsylvania State University.
Robert Stawski, The Pennsylvania State University.
Laura Klein, The Pennsylvania State University.
Lynn T. Kozlowski, State University of New York at Buffalo.

domain: health