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Your Real Estate Lawyers
Efficiency, entrepreneurial thinking and our clients success are our top priorities.
If you would like to become a client, please make an appointment with us for an initial consultation. Either you come to the office or we arrange a video telephone call. In the course of an initial consultation we can usually make a rough legal assessment of your case. The only fee for this is an initial consultation fee according to the German Lawyers' Fees Act.
For further consultation and representation, we conclude a detailed fee agreement with you, to which our fee conditions as well as data protection regulations etc. are attached. As a rule, unless a lump sum has been agreed upon, we charge monthly on an hourly basis.
Please call us on 0211/49 25 90 or send us an e-mail to firstname.lastname@example.org.
In the course of an initial consultation, we will give you an initial legal assessment on the basis of the facts you have usually communicated to us orally. This is very helpful in determining whether and to what extent, based on our decades of experience, it makes sense to pursue this case and if so, how. At the end of the initial consultation you can decide whether you wish to continue to seek legal assistance.
An initial consultation fee is regulated on the basis of the Lawyers' Fees Act and currently amounts to EUR 190.00 net plus VAT.
If you have taken out legal expenses insurance, the initial consultation is generally covered. We recommend that you contact your insurer or your insurance agent prior to an initial consultation.
No great effort is required in advance. If you already have written documents such as plans, contracts or pictures, you are welcome to send them to us by e-mail before the initial consultation. Otherwise, it is also sufficient if you bring these documents to the appointment or briefly explain the facts of the case to us verbally during the initial consultation.
Often clients come to us who can present documents to an administrative authority or a court in which deadlines are specified. In this case, we ask for special care and also for notification to us so that no deadlines are missed. We will then explain to you whether it is possible to extend the deadline or whether the deadline must be met in any case.
If you instruct us as lawyers in a matter, we are at least authorised orally. We can act for you in the external relationship. However, it is advisable to sign a written power of attorney which we can prove to third parties. Both a verbal and a written power of attorney can be revoked at any time.
In addition to initial consulting, our expertise lies in advising clients on various real estate projects over a period of several months or years. We are optimally prepared for this, both in terms of personnel and expertise.
In the case of long-term consulting, the scope of the service must be precisely outlined. Together with the client, we clarify in detail which legal services have to be provided at which point in time during the construction process or during the project. We offer an "extended legal workbench" for the client.
Remuneration can be on an hourly basis. However, lump sums are also possible, payable in equal installments for the duration of the entire project. As a guideline for such a remuneration, it is calculated on the basis of 1-2% of the total investment costs (in case of large construction projects) plus other expenses, etc. Contact us, each case is different. We will make sure that the remuneration is reasonable and satisfactory for both parties.
Long-term consulting means long-term legal support of a real estate project, preferably from the first idea to the final sale or first use of the property.
The client can choose what scope he wants. The so-called "full service" in legal matters is recommended. JR advises the client on any legal issues, e.g. notarial purchase contracts, engineering contracts, architect contracts, land purchase and sale contracts, urban development contracts, contracts with users, lease contracts, etc..
In the case of long-term consulting mandates without knowing the exact scope of the consulting and the time to be spent on it, in most cases a fair hourly settlement is made on a monthly basis. The client has cost control throughout the entire process.
If it is a matter of legal consulting services for concretely defined project developments/construction projects, the remuneration can be calculated on a lump-sum basis. It is usually paid in (equal) installments over time or after the respective milestone has been reached. The client can be sure in his overall calculation that the legal fees will not get out of hand.

domain: law


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Australia's Telstra has announced plans to invest as much as A$3 billion ($2.31 billion) over the next three years on the rollout of next-generation networks and the digital transformation of its business.
The operator plans to retire a number of legacy systems and take advantage of virtualization technologies to automate parts of its operations. Spending will also go towards preparations for 5G and on improving fixed network services, said the company in a statement.
The "digitization" component of the plan will see Telstra Corp. Ltd. (ASX: TLS; NZK: TLS) expand digital sales and service channels to improve the customer experience.
"There are a number of immediate actions that we believe will improve customer experiences," said Telstra CEO Andrew Penn in a statement. "We will simplify products and platforms -- we need to retire old technology and systems that slow down and complicate how customers are served."
The spending plans will mean that capital intensity -- or capex as a percentage of sales -- will rise to 18% in each of the next three financial years, from 15.6% in the 2016 financial year.
Telstra is one of several Tier 1 operators that have announced ambitious plans to "digitize" their operations as usage of data services grows.
The operator believes the $3 billion ($2.31 billion) investment will eventually lead to better capital efficiency, reduced operating costs and an increase in revenues.
Details of the investment program are to be "progressively" revealed over the next few years to ensure that Telstra does not lose any strategic advantage in the Australian market.
The announcement came as Telstra reported a 1.5% increase in revenues for the 2016 financial year, to A$25.9 billion ($20 billion).
Profits rose 36.6%, to A$5.8 billion ($4.5 billion), thanks largely to the $1.8 billion ($1.4 billion) sale of its stake in Chinese website Autohome in June.
— Iain Morris, , News Editor, Light Reading, Editor-in-Chief, Telco Transformation

domain: news


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The Nigeria Police Force (NPF) has paraded eight suspects allegedly linked to the kidnap and murder of Defwan Dariye, father of Joshua Dariye, former governor of Plateau state.
Frank Mba, police spokesman, stated this today during a media briefing in Abuja.
Defwan was abducted in June 2020, after gunmen attacked his house at Bokkos LGA of the Plateau state.
Mba said Defwan was killed after the sum of N10 million was paid as ransom.
According to the force spokesperson, the suspected perpetrators were arrested following operations by the police intelligence response unit and other investigators.
He alleged that the crime was masterminded by one of the suspects, who mobilised others to execute the act.
“Within the last 30 days, the police were able to make tremendous progress that led to the arrest of the eight key suspects that played major roles in the kidnap and murder of the ex-governor’s father,” he said.


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Have you discovered a gap between the income you’d like to have in retirement and the income you think you’ll get based on your investments and current savings rate? It happens to lots of people.
“They have a number in mind about how much they need to save before they can retire,” says Will Larson, Retirement Planning Strategist at Wells Fargo Advisors. “Sometimes they can get there and sometimes they can’t.”
As concerning as it might be to discover a retirement income gap, knowing it’s there is the first step in closing it — usually by increasing your income and assets, reducing retirement spending, or both.
Here are eight ways to help close a gap.
1. Save more while you’re still working. If you haven’t retired yet, then saving more now can mean more assets to draw on later in life. Larson says 15% of income is a commonly used target for the rate of retirement savings, though the exact rate will vary based on individual circumstances. “Having a higher savings rate earlier makes sense,” he says.
2. Plan to spend less. Another way to help close a gap is to scale back your retirement spending plans. Do you really need the beach house and the RV? Larson advises dividing retirement expenses into two categories: fixed and necessary on one hand and discretionary expenses on the other. “You want to be sure you can cover your fixed or necessary expenses,” he says.
3. Work longer. “I’ll work longer” is often the default response to an income gap, Larson explains, as it allows more time to save before dipping into retirement assets. But Larson warns this isn’t an option for everyone, and you shouldn’t assume you’ll be able to work indefinitely. Health problems for you or a loved one, for example, can stop you from working.
4. Delay taking your Social Security benefits. You can earn more Social Security benefits over your lifetime by taking them later. Waiting until age 70 can mean higher monthly payments and greater lifetime benefits.
5. Look at the potential return on your assets. Taking steps to help ensure the money you’ve already invested is appropriately allocated is another strategy to help increase available income during retirement. Ask your Financial Advisor to review your investments, including your risk levels and asset allocation.
6. Create additional lifetime income. Annuities are financial products offered by insurance companies that provide income in the form of benefit payments. People often use certain types of annuities to help ensure that they don’t outlive their assets. Annuities come in different types, so consult your Financial Advisor to determine whether an annuity might be appropriate for you.
7. Consider downsizing. Selling a large house and moving into something smaller as you near or enter retirement can reduce ongoing property maintenance costs and free up money that could be reinvested for retirement income. Moving to a location with lower living costs is a related strategy.
8. Reduce your legacy goal. Many people plan to leave a legacy that will live beyond them. This may include giving assets to charity or leaving your heirs significant assets. These are laudable goals, but if you face a retirement income gap, consider reducing the size of your legacy, freeing up assets that could close that income gap.
Finally, Larson says you shouldn’t assume you’ll live off just the interest or dividends from your investments; taking money from principal is OK — you just need to help ensure your assets last for the rest of your life. Your Financial Advisor can help you determine the appropriate amount to take from your principal.

domain: economics


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domain: artistic


Fender Marine Layer Reverb pedal demo with humbuckers (Zemaitis Guitar). http://www.fender.com at $149 , this pedal gives you all the verb you can imagine...small, classic amp style reverbs, to freaky, huge floating reverb with trails, tails, and all that fun stuff...Highly recommend!
I used my http://www.zemaitisguitar.com Zemaitis metal front, cocked rocked and loaded with http://www.darkmoon.nyc Darkmoon AUROPA custom wound PAF style humbucker pickups, a 1968 Fender Princeton Reverb, and http://www.bulletcable.com Bullet Cable, black straight, and white coily cable of love. YEP!
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Article by Jacquie Miller, Ottawa Citizen
Cannabis companies are intensifying efforts to get attention for their brands even as Health Canada launches another crackdown on the promotion of pot.
There appears to be a game of regulatory chicken emerging. Some companies are seemingly testing the boundaries with billboards, digital ads, websites describing their recreational marijuana, free events and sponsorships.
Health Canada says it has issued five warnings to companies since July, “requiring that they take immediate corrective measures to bring their activities into compliance with the current law.”
The new cannabis law will ban mass advertising, sponsorship, contests, endorsements and promotions that associate cannabis with attractive lifestyles. But that doesn’t go into effect until next week, when Canada legalizes recreational marijuana.
Until then, companies must abide by the Narcotic Control Regulations, which ban advertising cannabis, directly or indirectly, to the general public.
Under those regulations, it’s not entirely clear what is out-of-bounds.
Health Canada officials declined to identify the companies that have been warned, but listed some activities they have engaged in that it considers inappropriate: sponsoring events such as music festivals; engaging in promotional activities at events, booths and pop-up venues; and publishing advertisements about cannabis on company websites and social media platforms.


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Any chance of the Great British Media following up what happened to Miranda and the Snowden revelations fades into the ether when there is the possibility of a baby Panda at Edinburgh Zoo.
Chuck in the ‘will he – wont he?’ Rooney saga; and pics (with accompanying mock outrage) of Ms Cirus gyrating in her skimpies and you have the perfect tableau of garbage to keep the public ignorant. Bread and circuses.
Despite all of the best efforts of our elite to control the media away from the news that we are being spied on in an industrial scale, there is hope that elsewhere in the world folk are waking up to what has been going on. The ripples from the United States, Germany and other European states will wash up on our shores.
In the meantime there is one little ray of sunshine about the Panda story. If there is a successful birth it will mean there are three times more Pandas in Scotland than Tory MPs.
Then there is the small matter of how our MPs are going to vote on Thursday.....
Naah – what about the Panda?


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Walking in the rain can have several surprising benefits for both physical and mental health. Rainwater contains negatively charged ions that boost the immune system, while the fresh air helps improve lung function and aids weight loss. Mentally, the rhythmic sound of rainfall can reduce stress and anxiety, boost mood, and even enhance creativity. Prolonged exposure to cold and wet weather can lower body temperature, so wearing warm, waterproof clothing is crucial. Walking barefoot in the rain can also help ground the body and reduce inflammation. Overall, walking in the rain is a free, rejuvenating experience that we should embrace.
The Surprising Benefits of Walking in the Rain for Your Health and Mind
Rainy days are often associated with gloominess, and most of us prefer to stay indoors when the skies open up. However, there are several benefits of walking in the rain that you might be surprised to learn, both for your physical health and your mental well-being. From boosting your immune system to easing stress and anxiety, walking in the rain can provide a rejuvenating experience that we often overlook.
Physical Health Benefits of Walking in the Rain
Walking in the rain offers several physical health benefits that we might not realize. Here are some of the significant advantages:
Boosts Immune System
Research shows that rainwater contains negatively charged ions that can bind to free radicals and neutralize them, boosting our immune system. So, taking a walk in the rain can strengthen our body’s defense mechanism and keep us healthy.
Improves Lung Function
The air we breathe during the rainy season is fresher and cleaner. Walking in the rain can help flush out pollution and allergens from our lungs, thereby improving our respiratory function.
Helps Lose Weight
Walking in the rain can burn more calories than walking in sunny weather. The low temperature enhances our metabolism, and the resistance of raindrops on our body provides a suitable workout, aiding in weight loss.
Mental Health Benefits of Walking in the Rain
Rainy days have a calming effect on our minds. Even the sound of raindrops hitting the ground can make us feel relaxed. Here are some of the mental health benefits of walking in the rain:
Reduces Stress and Anxiety
Walking in the rain can have a therapeutic effect on our mind. The rhythmic sound of the rain and the fresh forest scent can bring down stress and anxiety levels, making us feel calm and centered.
Rainfall has an effect on our brain, releasing endorphins that improve our mood. Walking in the rain can induce happy feelings and boost our overall mental wellbeing.
A study conducted by the University of California, Santa Barbara, suggests that natural views, such as a walk in the rain, can boost creativity by clearing our minds and sparking new ideas.
FAQs About Walking in the Rain
Is it okay to walk in the rain?
Yes, walking in the rain is perfectly safe as long as you take necessary precautions. Make sure you wear sturdy shoes with good grip to avoid slipping and a waterproof coat with a hood to keep you dry.
Can walking in the rain make you sick?
No, walking in the rain itself does not cause sickness. However, prolonged exposure to cold and wet weather can lower our body’s temperature, making us susceptible to illnesses. So, it is essential to ensure that you wear warm clothing and stay dry.
What are the benefits of walking barefoot in the rain?
Walking barefoot in the rain, also known as earthing, can have several health benefits, such as reducing inflammation and improving sleep quality. It can help in grounding our body to the negatively charged ions from the earth, offering a calming effect on our mind and body.
In conclusion, walking in the rain is an excellent way to enjoy the weather while boosting our physical and mental health. It can provide a refreshing experience that we might be missing out on, and it doesn’t cost anything. So, next time when it rains, put on a raincoat and take a walk outside to reap the benefits.


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- May 31, 2019
7:00 pm - 9:00 pm
Where/When: Laurel Library, Fri., May 31st from 8:00 to 9:00 pm. Learn how to read the night sky and check out the moon and stars up close with the Cincinnati Observatory’s portable telescopes. If you have kids, come at 7 pm to help create a Paper Mache Solar System and decorate a reading rocket. This will be messy, so dress accordingly. Program presented by the Cincinnati Observatory and courtesy of the Friends of the Library.

domain: library


A drag race in the rain brings together the Tesla Model 3 Performance, alongside the BMW M2 Competition and the Alfa Romeo 4C. Basically, an electric car against two, fun, but conventionally-powered sports cars.
What do they have in common though? Not much really. The Tesla Model 3 Performance comes with a dual-motor and 450 horsepower. But it also features an all-wheel drive system.
The BMW M2 Competition is powered by a 3.0 liter six-cylinder turbocharged engine making 405 horsepower. Being a BMW sports car, it send the power only to the rear wheels. And it’s a manual as well.
On the last lane we have the Alfa Romeo 4C with 237 horsepower, but only weighing 2500 lbs. So the power-to-weight ratio is far better than its competitors’.
Yet, the outcome of this drag race is expected. The Model 3 Performance with its 3.2 seconds standard sprint and all-wheel drive is a tough opponent for the BMW and the Alfa. Also the rainy conditions do not play in the favor of the latter.
So in the end, the Tesla comes out ahead.


Updated: Regarding the Cannabis Energy Drink, El Paso DEA Special Agent Laila Rico said, "There are many products made with hemp extracts, as long as it doesn't contain THC, they are legal."
An energy drink that comes in a can and contains hemp seed extract is being sold at a convenience store in Central El Paso.
The product made in Austria, Cannabis Energy Drink, is "Amsterdam's coolest energy drink" and does not contain the prohibited substance found in illegal marijuana, tetrahydrocannabinols (THC), or any narcotics, according to the producer's website.
The drink comes in three versions regular, light and orange-flavored, and sells for $2.29 for each 8.4-ounce can at the Quick Mart on 311 W. Paisano. Spot checks indicated that the 7-Eleven and Circle K convenience stores in the Kern area in West El Paso did not stock the item. Those stores carried other energy drinks like Monster and Red Bull.
Concentrated caffeine is the main ingredient in most energy drinks. Cannabis sets itself apart by including hemp seed extract. The drink advertises the fact on its cans as a "hemp energy beverage." The drink uses aspartame as the sweetener for its light version.
A spokesperson for the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) in El Paso was not immediately available. A special agent with the DEA said he was not familiar with the product.
John Lindsay, director of DARE-America's region that includes Texas and New Mexico, said the energy drink may advertently convey a message that pot is harmless. DARE, which stands for Drug Abuse Resistance Education, is a drug education and prevention program.
Lindsay said he believes that "big marijuana" promoters will benefit the most from the marketing of drinks with the names of drugs.
"It's a serious issue that poses a no-win situation for young people," Lindsay said. "Whenever you create the perception of decreased risk, there is always an increase or spike in use. When kids see this drink, they will think, 'how harmful can it be?' when it comes to marijuana."
A manager for the Quick Mart store was unavailable for comment.
Energy drinks containing THC would be illegal, according to the DEA's national website.
"THC is the hallucinogenic substance in marijuana that causes the psychoactive effect or high," the DEA said.
The marijuana plant contains two parts, part of it contains the prohibited substance and the other contains hemp.
"The marijuana portions of the cannabis plant include the flowering tops (buds), the leaves, and the resin of the cannabis plant," the DEA said.
"The remainder of the plant — stalks and sterilized seeds — is what some people refer to as hemp." However, "hemp" is not a term that is found in federal law."
The Cannabis energy drink's company's section on frequently asked questions addresses the product's legality.
"Question: Is Cannabis Energy Drink legal?"
"Answer: "Absolutely! Although in 2001 the (DEA) announced a worldwide embargo on selling all foodstuffs based on hemp and oils, this decision was reversed in 2004 after a successful appeal to the Ninth US Circuit Court of Appeals in San Francisco," the company said.
"A product that contains a hemp seed extract must have a THC count of 10 ppb (parts per billion) or less. This is such a small amount that it is considered non-measurable."
The address for the company that produces the drink is in the Netherlands.
About eight years ago, the Associated Press reported that another energy drink called "Cocaine" raised a ruckus with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and Connecticut state authorities because of its marketing and packaging schemes. It did not contain any illegal ingredients, and was pulled off the shelves until the changes were made.
Redux Beverages, the Las Vegas-based maker of the "Cocaine" beverage, modified the product's label, and continues to sell online and in some outlets that carry beverages.


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Hey guys this is Sai here! I am bringing you the game review of the week. This week I am rolling out one of my favorite games ever, and also the game that I have by far spent the most time on (other than LoL). It was also one of TNG’s first games that we played together; that is right you guessed it: Killing Floor. According to Steam records I have spent a total of 142 hours on this game, That is just 2 hours shy of being 6 full days that I have spent playing this game. That is a lot of time if you ask me. By I disgress on how much I have spent playing it, let us perhaps look at why I recommend it. IT’S FREAKING AWESOME!
Oh..that is not a very good reason to recommend something I guess. Or perhaps just not detailed enough. Just the basics of Killing Floor: it is a first person shooter, a zombie (or Zed’s as the game refers to them) horror game, with 6 person co-op teams, 6 different classes, endless fun, and plenty of different maps to play. The co-op alone had me when I first stumbled upon KF (killing floor), at the time I had been looking for a game that would allow the entire TNG squad to play together. Well when I saw videos on Rooster Teeth’s channel I knew I absolutely wanted to get this game. It was actually for once a good game choice for me and the crew. Looking at Kano’s Steam stats he has played the 167 hours, even more than I have played, and Jake sits at 103 hours played, (Matt has only put in 45 hours noob). Overall we have played the game together quite a bit. I would say this is quite an achievement for our crew here (goodness knows we’ve probably put twice the number into League of Legends).So a game has got to be good to have people that many hours into it right? Not really, hours alone is not enough, let us look at what else is great about KF.
ACTUAL REVIEW STARTS HERE
Killing Floor is perhaps not he best looking game but there is something appealing about its graphics. The developers over at Tripwire Interactive did a fantastic job of creating a atmosphere within the game with the graphics. The maps are designed to look precisely as if a zombie outbreak was well underway. Many of the maps have a dark ,and horrifying look to them and there has been many of a time I have gotten the shakes out by a map, including a few that i refuse to play. So a job well done to how the graphics add to the atmosphere of the game.
Next we have the perks or classes. There are seven perks within the game: Field Medic, Support Specialist, Sharpshooter, Commando, Berserker, Firebug, and Demolitions. Bet you guys do not know which one I pick!! Okay you probably do, the Field Medic. The perks each bring something different to the table. Different perks/abilities come with being a certain perk, but a player can use the weapons of any of the other perks if they so wish (though they will be more expensive). I think that the perks are a great thing in KF, they bring a good amount of variety and pretty much allow for all types of players. Be it the person who likes to hang back and heal his squad members (me) or the person who likes to be up front slashing away (Berserker). I feel this is one of the strengths of the game, that and the variety of weapons offered in the game.
The game offers from my count on the wiki page about 50 weapons total. Fifty weapons total (counting dlc weapons) but not counting mod weapons for single player. Yes that is right mod weapons. If you get killing Floor through Steam you get to use the awesome modding that Steam has to offer for KF. This just adds even more to the variety of the game, plus not to mention customization. Add to that there also a good amount of DLC skins to buy from Steam in addition to skin you can mod KF with. Oh and you remember I said there were plenty of maps? There area total of 21 maps that Tripwire has rolled out for the game and a endless legion of mod maps you can download for the game (and even play multi-player on).
Honestly the single-player is the only downfall of the game in my opinion. And that is because this game is pretty boring by yourself. Yes that is my only reason for that. The game seems made for co-op (probably was), because who on earth wants to fight against zombies by themselves, not I. Yeah yeah, we all know I am big into the co-op experience but this is not my bias speaking out (maybe a little bit).
So if you are looking for a game that offers variety, customization, an endless amount of modding, and some good ol’ co-op zombie obliterating action Killing Floor is the game for you. You have my guaranteed word on it. All 142 hours spent on that game have been a fun experience. You can find Killing Floor here at Steam or here at Amazon. The $19.99 price tag on Steam is definitely worth it, plus if you go the Amazon route I do not believe you can mod as easily or easily get the DLC’s. Thanks for reading guys!!

domain: entertainment


'Bodico Hand Sanitizer' could be deadly: Health Canada
Health Canada is warning people not to use 'Bodico Hand Sanitizer' after two recent Ontario deaths have been linked to the product.
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Health Canada has released a statement warning people about “Bodico Hand Sanitizer” after two recent deaths in Ontario might have been the result of ingesting the product.
The statement says that initial testing results of Bodico Hand Sanitizer, 8 fluid ounce, Lot B9002 and Bodico Hand Sanitizer with Aloe and Vitamin E, 8 fluid ounce, B9001 have found methanol, which is not identified as an ingredient on the label.
Methanol is highly toxic and if ingested can be fatal, the statement reads. Even if used on the skin it can cause irritation and inflammation.
Health Canada is working with the Chief Coroner of Ontario to determine the cause of death in both cases. It is also working with makers of the Bodico products to recall them.
Ontario’s Centre for Forensic Sciences has found that two bottles of the product associated with the deaths contained methanol, according to the Health Canada statement.
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Turkey’s CTech company is supplying SATCOM On-The-Move (SOTM) terminals for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) from July.
Aerial SOTM terminals will provide Turkish UAVs such as Bayraktar TB2 and Vestel Karayel with satellite communication capabilities. The company delivered 15 terminals in July, Anadolu Agency reported.
The SOTM terminals were developed as part of the project launched by Turkey’s Defense Industries Presidency (SSB) in 2014. Later, the first domestic UAV SATCOM terminal was established in 2017.
The company has provided TAI with 15 terminals and two MiniHUBs for the ANKA-S. he deliveries of 40 mobile terminals, a dozen mobile ground stations equipped with MiniHUBs and one HUB system will be completed by the end of 2021.
The systems will allow dozens of UAV operations to be performed simultaneously. These new and ultra-compact systems also provide satellite communication to armored land vehicles that have only radio and line-of-sight (LOS) communication and to relatively smaller tactical UAVs.


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Background for the proposal of SIOG guidelines for the management of prostate cancer in senior adults.
ABSTRACT The incidence of prostate cancer increases with age, with a median age at diagnosis of 68 years. Owing to increased life expectancy, the management of prostate cancer in senior adult men (i.e., aged 70 years or older) represents an important public health concern and a major challenge for the future. No specific guidelines have previously been published on the management of prostate cancer in older men. The SIOG has developed a proposal of recommendations in this setting.
A systematic bibliographical search focused on screening, diagnostic procedures, treatment options for localised, locally advanced and metastatic prostate cancer in senior adults was performed. Specific aspects of the geriatric approach were emphasised, including evaluation of health status (nutritional, cognitive, thymic, physical and psycho-social) and screening for vulnerability and frailty. Attention was drawn to the consequences of androgen deprivation and complications of local treatment, mainly incontinence. The collected material has been reviewed and discussed by a scientific panel including urologists, radiation oncologists, medical oncologists and geriatricians from both Europe and North America.
The consensus is to use either European Association of Urology or National Comprehensive Cancer Network clinical recommendations for prostate cancer treatment and to adapt them to health status based on instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) and activities daily living (ADL), comorbidity evaluation by Cumulative Illness Scoring Rating-Geriatrics and screening for malnutrition. Patients in Group 1 (no abnormality) are 'fit' and should receive the same treatment as younger patients; patients in Group 2 (one impairment in IADL or one uncontrolled comorbidity or at risk of malnutrition) are 'vulnerable' and should receive standard treatment after medical intervention; patients in Group 3 (one impairment in ADL or more than one uncontrolled comorbidity or severe malnutrition) are 'frail' and should receive adapted treatment; patients in Group 4 (dependent) should receive only symptomatic palliative treatment.
Treatment of prostate cancer in senior adults should be adapted to health status. Specific prospective studies in this setting are warranted.
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ABSTRACT: Introduction Information regarding variability in the type and extent of health services used by elderly patients with advanced prostate cancer (PCa) in the initial period following diagnosis is limited. We evaluated health services utilization among elderly men with stage IV PCa with (M1) and without (M0) distant metastasis during the year following diagnosis. Methods We evaluated patients aged 66 and older with incident stage IV PCa during 2005–2007 using linked Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare database. Measures included skilled nursing facility (SNF) stay, hospice stay, and hospitalization. Multivariable logistic regression models were estimated to determine the association between M1 PCa and each health service. Poisson regression was used to assess hospital length of stay. Results The final sample included 3379 patients (20% M0; 80% M1). In the year following diagnosis, M1 patients had greater use of SNF (M0: 8%; M1: 22%), hospice (M0: 5%; M1: 20%), and hospitalization (M0: 43%; M1: 61%). Compared to M0 patients, M1 patients had statistically significantly higher adjusted odds of SNF use (OR = 1.89; 95% CI = 1.38–2.59), hospice use (OR = 3.22; 95% CI = 2.19–4.72), and hospitalization (OR = 1.45; 95% CI = 1.20–1.75). Among those hospitalized, M1 patients had 24% longer length of stay (p < 0.01). Conclusions There is 2- to 3-fold greater use of SNF and hospice, and higher hospitalization among M1 compared to M0 patients. Elderly patients with advanced PCa face significant clinical burden within the first year after their diagnosis. Greater understanding of the relationship between clinical disease burden and health services utilization can improve healthcare delivery in this population.Journal of Geriatric Oncology 07/2014; · 1.12 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: In 2010, the International Society of Geriatric Oncology (SIOG) developed treatment guidelines for men with prostate cancer who are older than 70 years old. In 2013, a new multidisciplinary SIOG working group was formed to update these recommendations. The consensus of the task force is that older men with prostate cancer should be managed according to their individual health status, not according to age. On the basis of a validated rapid health status screening instrument and simple assessment, the task force recommends that patients are classed into three groups for treatment: healthy or fit patients who should have the same treatment options as younger patients; vulnerable patients with reversible impairment who should receive standard treatment after medical intervention; and frail patients with non-reversible impairment who should receive adapted treatment.The Lancet Oncology 08/2014; 15(9):e404–e414. · 24.73 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The incidence of prostate cancer increases with age. Current evidence suggests that prostate cancer is under treated in patients aged ≥70 years, despite evidence of efficacy and acceptable toxicity. Radical cystectomy and definitive radiotherapy are often denied owing to fears of post-operative complications and radiotherapy-associated gastrointestinal and genitourinary toxicity. However, modern radical prostatectomy techniques provide excellent clinical outcomes with low perioperative morbidity. Moreover, volume-restricted intensity-modulated radiation therapy is a significant improvement over previous 2D conformal radiotherapy with similar efficacy and lower toxicity. Androgen-deprivation therapy is also under-prescribed among the elderly, owing to concerns of increases in cardiac deaths and osteoporosis acceleration. However, prospective trials have not identified any increase in cardiovascular mortality among elderly men receiving androgen-deprivation therapy compared to age-matched controls. Most patients on androgen deprivation eventually progress to a castration-resistant state. At this stage, the disease still responds to newer agents that target the androgen pathway and to chemotherapy. Among the elderly, chemotherapy is under-prescribed even though it has been demonstrated to be palliative and improve survival. We describe the trends in prostate cancer management in the elderly and the importance of assessing comorbidity status, tumour characteristics, and health status, including a complete geriatric evaluation, before making treatment recommendations.Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology 05/2014; · 15.03 Impact Factor

domain: literature


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The series centers on Ryan Atwood, a troubled and gifted young man from a broken home who is adopted by the wealthy and philanthropic Sandy and Kirsten Cohen. Ryan and his foster brother Seth, a socially awkward, quick-witted teenager, deal with life as outsiders in the high-class world of Newport Beach. Ryan and Seth spend much time navigating their relationships with girl-next-door Marissa Cooper, Seth's childhood crush Summer Roberts, and the fast-talking loner Taylor Townsend. Storylines deal with the culture clash between the idealistic Cohen family and the shallow, materialistic, and closed-minded community in which they reside. The series includes elements of postmodernism, and functions as a mixture of melodrama and comedy.
10 years earlier 10 years later 80s 90s action Adaptation adventure aliens Animated Animation Based on Animated Series based on book based on comic based on comic book based on tv series Based on video game batman biopic Black Comedy Book character by name title christmas comedy comic adaptation comic book crime crime fighting superhero Crossover DC DC Comics Disney drama epic family fantasy Game History horror Idea-for-TV kids Live Action live-action martial arts Marvel Marvel Comics Music Musical mystery reboot remake romance Sci Fi sci-fi science fiction scifi Sequel Spy Superhero supervillain suspense teens thriller time travel videogame adaptation war western


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The Effect of Tuning PMSM Torque to Track Engine Torque on Speed Fluctuation of Range Extender
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
Published April 06, 2021 by SAE International in United States
This content contains downloadable datasetsAnnotation ability available
Event: SAE WCX Digital Summit
REEV (Range-Extended Electric Vehicle) can avoid the mileage anxiety of BEV (Battery Electric Vehicle). Nevertheless, RE (Range Extender) for passenger cars prefers to use ICE (Internal Combustion Engine) with smaller displacement and lower cylinder number, which is usually with a worse vibration performance at low speeds. As RE only outputs electricity, it provides the possibility to optimize NVH (Noise, Vibration, and Harshness) of the engine by PMSM (Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor). By real-time control, the electromagnetic torque of PMSM can track the shaft torque fluctuation during engine strokes, especially the combustion stroke. When the instability and rolling torque of RE could be suppressed, NVH performance of RE can be improved.
This paper presents simulation research on speed fluctuation suppression for RE engine based on dynamic torque compensation by controlling a PMSM. First, the simulation models of a three-cylinder ICE, a PMSM, and their control strategies were built and verified by GT-Power and Simulink. Second, a joint simulation was carried out to compare the effects of different PMSM torque patterns on the speed fluctuation of the RE. Then an FFT (Fast Fourier Transformation) analysis of the shaft speed was conducted to analyze the inhibitory effect in the frequency domain. Under 2000r/min and 0.7MPa BMEP (Brake Mean Effective Pressure) condition, the speed fluctuation value (the difference between the maximum and minimum speed in a cycle) of optimized torque patterns is decreased by 25.4% ~ 49.0%, and the speed variance is decreased by 54.2% ~ 79.2% when control frequency of the system is multiple frequency of engine speed fundamental frequency.
CitationDing, W., Li, M., Zeng, X., Yuan, D. et al., "The Effect of Tuning PMSM Torque to Track Engine Torque on Speed Fluctuation of Range Extender," SAE Technical Paper 2021-01-0784, 2021, https://doi.org/10.4271/2021-01-0784.
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- Xu , X. , Wang , H. , Zhang , N. , Liu , Z. et al. Review of the Fault Mechanism and Diagnostic Techniques for the Range Extender Hybrid Electric Vehicle IEEE Access 14234 14244 2017 10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2725298.
- Besch , M. , Covington , A. , Johnson , D. , Fowler , N. et al. Effects of EGR Addition onto Combustion Stability and Alternator Performance Variability of a Small, Single-cylinder Diesel Generator SAE Technical Paper 2016-32-0063 2016 https://doi.org/10.4271/2016-32-0063
- Song , K. , and Zhang , T. Instantaneous Optimization Energy Management for Extended-Range Electric Vehicle Based on Minimum Loss Power Algorithm SAE Technical Paper 2013-24-0073 2013 https://doi.org/10.4271/2013-24-0073
- Trattner , A. , Pertl , P. , Schmidt , S. , and Sato , T. Novel Range Extender Concepts for 2025 with Regard to Small Engine Technologies SAE Int. J. Alt. Power. 1 2 566 583 2012 10.4271/2011-32-0596.
- Pischinger , M. , Tomazic , D. , Wittek , K. , Esch , H. et al. A Low NVH Range-Extender Application with a Small V-2 Engine - Based on a New Vibration Compensation System SAE Technical Paper 2012-32-0081 2012 https://doi.org/10.4271/2012-32-0081
- Ayana , E. , Paul , P. , and Krzysztof , W. Active Torque Cancellation for Transmitted Vibration Reduction of Low Cylinder Count Engines 2009 IEEE Vehicle Power & Propulsion Conference USA Sept. 7-11, 2009 10.1109/VPPC.2009.5289833
- Zhu , D. , and Pritchard , E. NCSU Year Three Final Technical Report SAE Technical Paper 2014-01-2907 2014 https://doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-2907
- Dadam , S.R. , Jentz , R. , Lenzen , T. , and Meissner , H. Diagnostic Evaluation of Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) System on Gasoline Electric Hybrid Vehicle SAE Technical Paper 2020-01-0902 2020 https://doi.org/10.4271/2020-01-0902
- Liu , D. , Rodrigues , L. , Brace , C. , Akehurst , S. et al. A Study on Dynamic Torque Cancellation in a Range Extender Unit SAE Technical Paper 2016-01-1231 2016 https://doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-1231
- Hu , Y. , Yang , F. , Du , L. , Ouyang , M. et al. Simulation Research on Engine Speed Fluctuation Suppression Based on Engine Torque Observer by Using a Flywheel ISG SAE Technical Paper 2019-01-0787 2019 https://doi.org/10.4271/2019-01-0787
- Ding , S. , Cui , Z. , Wu , Q. , Chang , X. et al. Simulation Research of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor FOC Strategy Based on SVPWM Foreign Electronic Measurement Technology 33 06 81 85 2014 10.19652/j.cnki.femt.2014.06.026.
- Wei , Y. , Li , M. , Qiao , Q. , and Liu , G. Variable Frequency Speed Regulating System of Asynchronous Motor Based on Simulink Simulation Electronics Quality 27-32 Sept. 2020
- Zhao , H. , and Hu , R. Space-Vector Pulse Width Modulation and it's Simulation Based on Simulink Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society 30 14 350 353 2015 10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.2015.14.047.
- Yin , X. , Yuan , D. , Zhen , Y. , Shao , Z. et al. Direct Torque Control Technology for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Based on SVPWM Journal of System Simulation 31 11 2535 2542 2019 10.16182/j.issn1004731x.joss.19-fz0279.
- Liu , Y. , Jia , H. , Zhang , P. , and Geng , T. Research of Vector Control System of BLDCM Based on SVPWM Journal of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering 31 09 1177 1181 2014 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4551.2014.09.017.
- Zhang , L. , Kan , Y. , Meng , D. , and Yu , Z. Torsional Vibration Modeling and Analysis of Internal Combustion Engine as a Range Extender Automotive Engineering 40 09 1101 1109 2018 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2018.09.015.


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Time Warner's CEO says AOL not for sale
Talks under way to find partner to boost ad revenue
Published 10:00 pm, Tuesday, December 6, 2005
LOS ANGELES -- Time Warner Inc. is in discussions about finding a partner to boost advertising revenue at its America Online unit -- but AOL is not for sale, Chief Executive Dick Parsons said Tuesday.
"We are not interested in selling AOL," Parsons said at a news briefing before a speech in Los Angeles.
Time Warner is negotiating with different parties about a deal that could help AOL's transition from a business that relies on paid subscriptions to one that makes money based on advertising revenue, Parsons said.
He declined to give further details.
A Time Warner executive involved in the negotiations, who asked not to be identified because discussions are ongoing, said the company is still talking with both Microsoft Corp. and Google Inc. about potential deals involving AOL. Yahoo! removed itself last month as a potential partner.
The discussions with Microsoft and Google have included the potential for one of the firms to take a stake in AOL, but the person said the discussions are now focusing on simpler arrangements that would involve collaborating on online advertising.
- Amazon’s New Cashier-Free Grocery Store Fortune
- Amazon Announces Price Increase For Prime Memberships GeoBeats
- Video: Bill to give more women, minorities marijuana businesses WBAL
- New technology: destroyer or creator of jobs? Euronews
- Giving Vets A Business Boost Fox4
- Tips for Retailers Diving Into Crypto Cheddar TV
- Facebook Shares Dip After News Feed Announcement Wibbitz
- Walmart Boosts Minimum Wage to $11, Gives Out Bonuses to Employees Wibbitz
- Sprint Launches Robot "Pepper" to Boost In-Store Experience Cheddar TV
- Salesforce+Tower+opens+for+business SFChronicle
- America's Top 10 Boomtowns Are Where The Jobs Are Buzz 60
- How Spotify's Listing Could Differ From High-Profile IPOs Cheddar TV
- Watch How This CEO Is Taking a 123-Year Old Company in a New Direction Fortune
- SpaceX Shares Stunning Video Of Falcon Heavy Rocket GeoBeats
- California looks to Colorado as sale of adult-use pot becomes legal KCRA
- Trump: US Post Office Is Becoming 'Dumber And Poorer' While Amazon Is Geting 'Richer' GeoBeats
- Bitcoin's Price Drops Again After South Korea Banned Anonymous Trading Wibbitz
- FOX Business Report - 12/27 Fox7
- Facebook Scraps Old Way of Fighting Fake News Wibbitz
- The Wage Gap FoxLA
Google already has a partnership with AOL to provide search results. That arrangement accounted for 10 percent of Google's revenue in the first nine months of 2005 though that figure has declined from previous years as Google's overall business has expanded.
Google has warned investors that an end to the AOL partnership would be a rare bit of bad news.
The Google-AOL contract runs through part of 2006, but the companies have not given specifics about the time frame.
"AOL is a valued partner and we look forward to continuing to work them," Google spokeswoman Lynn Fox said.
A Microsoft spokesman declined comment.


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Ecological Research, Mar 2016
This study reports the primary production of phytoplankton determined with a 13C tracer, and their related variables, in Lake Kasumigaura, a shallow, hyper-eutrophic lake, and the second largest lake in Japan. Measurements were conducted monthly from August 1981 to December 2013 at four stations within the lake. Monitoring was a component of the Lake Kasumigaura Long-term Environmental Monitoring program, conducted by the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) since 1977. The program collects data on water quality, and plankton and benthic communities. Lake Kasumigaura is registered as a core site of the Japan Long-term Ecological Research Network (JaLTER), which is a member of the International Long-term Ecological Research Network (ILTER). This dataset includes daily primary production (Pzd gC m−2 d−1) and the six parameters required to calculate Pzd: maximum photosynthesis rate (P max gC gC−1 h−1); light irradiance at the junction of the initial slope (α (gC gC−1 h−1) (μmol photon m−2 s−1)−1) and P max of the photosynthesis vs. irradiance (P vs. E) curve (E k μmol photon m−2 s−1); attenuation coefficient of photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) (K PAR m−1); water depth at each sampling station (Z b , m); dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC mgC L−1) and particulate organic carbon concentrations (POC gC m−3); and chlorophyll a amounts (Chl.a μg L−1). Daily primary production was calculated by obtaining a P vs. E curve over a short-term incubation (approximately 1 h) in a water tank using in situ water temperature in the laboratory, based on the field conditions of the sampling date. The dataset has been used for ecological studies as well as for management studies on water quality and ecosystems. This dataset is unique among the available published papers concerning lakes or primary production in various ecosystems, collected over a long period of time and freely available.
This is a preview of a remote PDF: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs11284-016-1347-x.pdf
Noriko Takamura, Megumi Nakagawa. Photosynthesis and primary production in Lake Kasumigaura (Japan) monitored monthly since 1981, Ecological Research, 2016, 287, DOI: 10.1007/s11284-016-1347-x

domain: biology


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In this newest edition of our ongoing coverage of all things related to Macon Music, guest Gatekeeper Jamie from Rock Candy Tours has outlined the most significant dates in the month of September to celebrate Macon's rich music heritage....
Sept. 8, 1973: The Allman Brothers Band’s “Brothers and Sisters” album Reaches #1 - Released in late August of 1973, Brothers and Sisters was the Allman Brothers Band’s fifth album and their first album that did not contain any performances by Allman Brothers Band founder Duane Allman. Ironically, Brothers and Sisters was the Allman Brothers Band’s only album to reach #1 on the Billboard 200 record chart led by the two singles “Jessica” and “Ramblin’ Man,” the latter of which was the Allman Brothers Band’s highest charting single, reaching #2 on the Billboard Hot 100. To reach the #1 spot, Brothers and Sisters took over Jethro Tull’s “A Passion Play” where it remained for five weeks before the Rolling Stone’s “Goats Head Soup” ate the crown.
Sept. 9, 1941: Otis Redding’s birthday – Born in Dawson, Ga. but relocating to Macon with his family at the age of 5, Otis Redding is renowned world-wide as one of the greatest soul singers ever. Had Otis not passed away on Dec. 10, 1967 at the terribly young age of 26, today he would be celebrating his 76th birthday.
Sept. 14, 1955: Little Richard records Tutti Frutti – Skipping out on a scheduled gig with the Hamptones featuring WIBB Radio Dj Hamp Swain, Little Richard snuck off to New Orleans, La. and on a Wednesday recorded Tutti Frutti at Cosimo Matassa’s J&M Studio. It was the success of this song that launched Little Richard into superstardom and as a result of Little Richard’s success, James Brown and the Famous Flames moved to Macon; Phil Walden was inspired to be in the music industry, eventually launching the careers of many musicians and executives still in the music industry today; and Otis Redding was instilled with the confidence that he in fact could be from Macon, Ga. and still make it big. While Tutti Frutti blew the roof off of Rock N’ Roll, it became the foundation of everything great that would happen in the Macon music industry for the next 25 years. This is why Little Richard IS “The Architect of Rock N’ Roll.”
Sept. 16, 1948: Ron Blair’s birthday – Ron Blair is the bass player for Tom Petty and The Heartbreakers. Born to Navy Lt. Commander Byan Blair and his first wife Doris, Ron and his sister Jan (who was married to Gregg Allman from 1973 to 1975) grew up traveling the world in a strong military family. By the time Commander Blair retired from the Navy and settled in Macon, Ron had already struck out on his own to attend college at the University of Florida in Gainesville. As a result, Ron Blair lived in Macon for only a short time in 1974 but his family still owns and operates Blair’s Furniture in downtown Macon and just celebrated their 42nd anniversary September the 1st.
Sept. 27, 19??: I would also like to give a special shout out to my lovely and stunning wife Jessica Walden, co-founder of Rock Candy Tours. I love you Jessica. Thank you for all that you do.
Thanks to Rock Candy Tours for providing these music moments to remember.
ABOUT ROCK CANDY TOURS
See the homes, offices, crash pads, and favorite haunts of some of southern music’s most legendary players, as well as the backstage cast of characters who played a crucial role in their catapult to fame.
Rock Candy Tours offers weekly music history walking tours and opportunities for private walking, group and step-on tours that explore miles of downtown Macon, Georgia historic sites that helped shaped rhythm and blues, southern rock, new wave punk and the global music industry.
More Info >>>
posted 09/26/2017 in


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The Mental Health Crisis Care Concordat is a national agreement between services and agencies involved in the care and support of people in crisis. It sets out how organisations will work together better to make sure that people get the help they need when they are having a mental health crisis. Read more.
In February 2014, many of the national partners also set out specific actions they would take. These are set out in the Annex to the Concordat document.
A year on, in 2015, the Steering Group of national partners agreed an updated plan which sets out the progress that had been made against each of their actions.
The Steering Group agreed a second set of national actions in October 2016.
The Crisis Care Concordat national summits are full-day programmes celebrating progress and improving practice.
The report of the 2014 national summit can be found here.
The 2015 national summit was held on 24 November. The focus was on what more we can all do to ensure that people of all ages who experience mental health crisis receive appropriate, timely and urgent care and support. The report of the 2015 national summit can be found here and photographs from the event are here.
The 2016 national summit was held on 25 October 2016 and a report of the day published here shortly. Presentations from the day are available here.
Problem solving workshops, July 2016
In July, the Crisis Care Concordat co-hosted two problem solving workshops. The first focussed on emergency care pathways and was hosted by the Royal College of Emergency Medicine. The second focussed on alternatives to admission, was hosted by the Royal College of Psychiatry and held at the Department of Health, Richmond House.
Events were attended by over 80 representatives across agencies involved in the care of people experiencing mental health crisis including Commissioners, emergency medics, psychiatric liaison team members, people with lived experience of crisis care, Trust Clinical Directors, GPs, AMHPs, carers, Social Care leads, Police, ambulance team members and paramedics. All contributed greatly to fruitful discussions around some of the current key issues in crisis care.
A summary of these discussions will be produced shortly and made available on this site. In the meantime, we wanted to share the excellent presentations that were delivered on the day covering topics such as information sharing, places of safety, effective patient monitoring, improving the safety of people under the care of Crisis Resolution and Home Treatment Teams, and handover protocols.
In May 2014, Mind commissioned the McPin Foundation, a mental health research charity, to complete an evaluation of the local implementation of the Crisis Care Concordat. Using a combination of case studies in four local areas, and analysis of the Concordat Action Plans, routinely collected data and surveys with service users and carers, the evaluation aims to:
- Assess the progress and impact of rolling out the crisis declarations at a local level
- Develop an understanding of the factors for success as well as the major challenges and obstacles for local areas in signing up to and embedding agreements into their working practices and protocols
- Produce learning and recommendations for how local partners can work together effectively to improve the experience of people in mental health crisis.
The case studies began with observations of a number of meetings in the four areas chosen – London, the Wirral, Gloucestershire, and Cambridgeshire – allowing the evaluation team to identify key themes, for example the challenges and opportunities in partnership working. Another theme was ‘co-production’, or the extent to which people receiving or potentially receiving care in a mental health crisis were involved in the local implementation of the concordat. These themes are currently being followed up in a series of interviews with those involved in developing and implementing the Action Plans. The McPin Foundation are also undertaking an analysis of the Action Plans from across England, identifying among other things areas of innovation and again the involvement of service users and carers in the development of crisis care.
Another important part of the evaluation is to gather the views and experiences of service users and carers. The first of two surveys was undertaken during October and November 2014, primarily online, and provided 399 responses from people with personal experience of a mental health crisis and 153 responses from family or carers of someone with experience of a mental health crisis. The McPin Foundation repeated the survey in 2015, and as before it was advertised through our website, Facebook and twitter.


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|Year : 2022 | Volume
| Issue : 3 | Page : 324-329
Effect of non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma and ErCr:YSGG LASER activation of three fluoride varnishes on surface re-mineralization of enamel: A SEM-EDX analysis
Shreya Arun Bapat, ND Shashikiran, Sachin Gugawad, Namrata Gaonkar, Swapnil Taur, Savita Hadakar, Pradnya Chaudhari
Department of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, School of Dental Sciences, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed-to-be University, Karad, Maharashtra, India
|Date of Submission||08-Mar-2022|
|Date of Decision||24-Aug-2022|
|Date of Acceptance||30-Aug-2022|
|Date of Web Publication||18-Oct-2022|
Shreya Arun Bapat
Department of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, School of Dental Sciences, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed-to-be University, Karad - 415 110, Maharashtra
Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None
| Abstract|| |
Background: Dental remineralization is the process of transporting minerals from the surrounding environment (i.e., saliva and biofilm) into partially demineralized tooth structures. Remineralization can be induced by professional therapies such as fluoride-based treatments that have the highest level of supporting evidence. High-intensity LASER and nonthermal atmospheric pressure plasma therapy have been known to increase the resistance of enamel to demineralization by surface modification. Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the surface remineralization of enamel using ErCr:YSGG LASER and nonthermal atmospheric pressure plasma (NTP) activation with three different fluoride varnishes. Methodology: Sixty-eight extracted premolars were used which were sectioned mesiodistally to obtain 135 specimens and artificial caries were induced on the experimental surface. They were then randomly divided into three groups (n = 45): MI Varnish (GC Japan), Vanish Varnish (3M ESPE), and Embrace Varnish (Pulpdent). After varnish application, these groups were further divided into three subgroups based on the activation therapy used. Fifteen samples from each group were treated with ErCr:YSGG LASER, 15 samples with NTP, and 15 samples were the control that did not undergo activation. After 9 days of pH cycling, the mean ion concentration of the surface calcium and phosphate ions was recorded using FEG-SEM and EDX analysis. The data were statistically analyzed. Results: One-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey test accepting P < 0.05 were performed for comparisons between all analyses groups. Vanish Varnish showed a higher Ca/P ratio in LASER, NTP, and control subgroups, followed by MI Varnish and Embrace Varnish. ErCr:YSGG LASER therapy showed an improved Ca/P ratio in all varnishes than NTP therapy and control. Conclusion: ErCr:YSGG LASER therapy showed positive effects toward improving the Ca/P, followed by NTP therapy as compared to control in all three varnishes indicating their role in enhancing the effects of remineralization. Vanish Varnish showed a higher Ca/P ratio indicating better remineralization post activation.
Keywords: Caries, fluoride, LASER, nonthermal atmospheric pressure plasma, remineralization
|How to cite this article:|
Bapat SA, Shashikiran N D, Gugawad S, Gaonkar N, Taur S, Hadakar S, Chaudhari P. Effect of non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma and ErCr:YSGG LASER activation of three fluoride varnishes on surface re-mineralization of enamel: A SEM-EDX analysis. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2022;40:324-9
|How to cite this URL:|
Bapat SA, Shashikiran N D, Gugawad S, Gaonkar N, Taur S, Hadakar S, Chaudhari P. Effect of non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma and ErCr:YSGG LASER activation of three fluoride varnishes on surface re-mineralization of enamel: A SEM-EDX analysis. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent [serial online] 2022 [cited 2022 Nov 29];40:324-9. Available from: http://www.jisppd.com/text.asp?2022/40/3/324/358805
| Introduction|| |
Dental caries is a transmissible bacterial disease process caused by acids from the bacterial metabolism diffusing into enamel and dentin and dissolving the mineral. The caries process is a continuum resulting from many cycles of demineralization and remineralization. Remineralization is the natural repair process for noncavitated lesions and relies on calcium and phosphate ions assisted by fluoride to rebuild a new surface on existing crystal remnants in subsurface lesions remaining after demineralization. These remineralized crystals are acid resistant, being much less soluble than the original mineral.
The use of fluoride varnishes is considered appropriate for at-risk tooth surfaces in caries susceptible individuals and for moderate and high caries prevalence child populations in community-based preventive programs. The active ingredient of fluoride varnish is usually 5% sodium fluoride (22,600 ppm fluoride). To enhance the remineralization potential of the varnishes, adding agents such as CPP-ACP, tricalcium phosphate, xylitol, nanohydroxyapatite, dicalcium phosphate dehydrate, and bioactive glass which yields additional remineralizing ions are proposed. Intensive application regimens come with its drawbacks of supplementary expenditure, added product usage, and increased number of visits for the dentist and the patient. To overcome these drawbacks, the activation of the varnish in a single sitting is gaining importance. The procedure emphasizes increasing the potency of the varnish as well as enamel surface modification for deeper remineralization. Various means of activation practiced include heat application, LASER irradiation, and more recently, use of nonthermal atmospheric plasma.
High-intensity LASER is known to increase the resistance of enamel to demineralization by surface modification. For caries preventive treatment, LASER irradiation is not intended to ablate the surface but only to change the morphological/chemical composition of enamel instead. This change is known to alter the ability of the enamel to remineralize. The recent enormous progress in the understanding of plasma physics and the development of plasma jet has attracted focus on the application of plasma in medicine and dentistry alike. It has been used widely in the medical field ranging from the treatment of cancer to sterilization. However, its dental application, particularly in the process of remineralization of enamel requires wider and more comprehensive research. According to the limited results of a study by Kim et al., fluoride application with nonthermal atmospheric pressure plasma (NTP) was considerably more effective than fluoride application without NTP in terms of uptake and retention of fluoride to the enamel and resistance to demineralization. In light of these findings, the present study was undertaken with the aim of evaluating and comparing the effect of ErCr:YSGG LASER and NTP activation on surface remineralization of enamel using three different fluoride varnishes.
| Methodology|| |
The teeth samples selected for the study included 68 human premolars that were extracted for orthodontic purposes in patients of the age group of 12–15 years. Teeth with morphologically intact enamel surface not having white spots, cracks, caries, restorations, and hypocalcifications were included in the study. After extraction, the teeth were cleaned to remove blood or any tissue debris and were stored in 0.1% wt/vol thymol solution which acted as an antifungal storage media. The teeth then were decoronated at cementoenamel junction using a diamond disk mounted on a straight handpiece.
The 68 decoronated samples thus obtained were further sliced mesiodistally with the disk and water coolant jet to obtain two enamel surfaces. The buccal and palatal or lingual halves were used as two individual specimens in further procedures.
Thus, 136 specimens were obtained from 68 premolars, respectively, and 1 specimen was discarded to divide the specimens into three groups equally. Specimens thus obtained were mounted in autopolymerizing acrylic resin disk. The dimensions of the disk were standardized to a diameter of 1.2 cm and a height of 0.6 cm.
After mounting the specimens, a label of 3 mm × 4 mm was placed on the center of the tooth surface. The rest of the exposed enamel around the label was covered with nail varnish. After adequate drying of the nail varnish, the label was peeled off the tooth surface to obtain an enamel window of 3 mm × 4 mm which was used further in the study.
The exposed enamel surface was artificially demineralized to induce white spot lesions for the study. To induce these lesions, all the samples were placed in a Modified Ten Cate's demineralizing solution at 37°C for 96 h. After 96 h of demineralization, the samples were removed and washed with distilled water. One hundred and thirty-five samples, after demineralization, were divided randomly into three groups of 45 samples. The groups were labeled as:
- Group A: MI Varnish (5% NaF + CPP-ACP)
- Group B: 3M Vanish Varnish (5% NaF + fTCP)
- Group C: Pulpdent Embrace Varnish (5% NaF + cXp).
Each group (A, B, and C) was further divided into three subgroups. Each subgroup had 15 samples that were randomly selected from the group. The subgroups were based on the activation systems that were used. The subgroups were labeled as:
- Subgroup a: ErCr:YSGG LASER
- Subgroup b: Nonthermal atmospheric pressure plasma (NTP)
- Subgroup c: No activation (control).
All three varnishes were applied using the applicator brush provided with each product, respectively, following the manufacturer's instructions. The samples in subgroup “a” were activated using ErCr:YSGG LASER Biolase Waterlase Turbo MD with 2790-μm wavelength, wherein the output power of 0.75W was maintained with a pulse rate of 15 pps. The activation was carried out for 10 s from a distance of 10 mm from the surface of the sample in noncontact mode and perpendicular to the tooth surface with a swiping motion.
Similar to the LASER group, the samples were activated after the varnish application using an NTP pen. The NTP groups were subjected to activation by plasma device with aluminum electrodes at 230 V AC. Helium was used as the propellant gas, and the gas flow rate was maintained at 100–200 ml/min for 10 s per sample, and the activation was carried out in noncontact mode from a distance of 10 mm. In the control group, after varnish application, the samples were stored in nonionic artificial saliva (Wet Mouth Liquid, ICPA Health products). The samples did not undergo any activation. Twenty-four h after storage in artificial saliva, the varnish was peeled off the surface using the periodontal curette.
To simulate the oral environment after varnish application and activation, all the samples were subjected to a pH cycling process. For 9 days and nights, a pH cycling scheme was performed with 6 h of demineralization, followed by 17.5 h of remineralization at 37°C. The demineralization solution contained 2.0 mmol/L calcium, 2.0 mmol/L phosphate, and 0.075 mol/L acetic acid at pH 4.3. The remineralization solution was supersaturated with calcium phosphate (calcium = 1.5 mmol/L and phosphate = 0.9 mmol/L), with potassium chloride at 150 mmol/L and cacodylate buffer to pH 7.0 (20 mmol/L). An intermediate wash of samples with deionized water was performed before changing the solution. Both the solutions were changed daily. The enamel surface was viewed microscopically for surface modifications and crystal growth under a FEG-SEM (FEI Quanta 200 3D). EDX analysis was carried out on the enamel surface to obtain the Ca/P ratio. The ionic ratio obtained was compared statistically.
| Results|| |
FEG-SEM imaging of the samples was done to visually assess the crystal growth and remineralization on the experimental surface, and the samples were checked for the ratio of calcium and phosphate ions on the treated enamel surface using EDX analysis. FEG-SEM images were obtained, and EDX analysis was done on three standardized points within the experimental enamel window. The mean ion concentration of the surface calcium and phosphate ions was recorded. The elements quantified were Ca (weight %) and P (weight %). Using the Ca and P values obtained, Ca/P stoichiometric ratios were calculated using the following formula: Ca (mol)/P (mol) % = (Ca [weight %]/40.08 [g/mol])/(P [weight %]/30.97 [g/mol]), the molecular masses of Ca and P being 40.08 and 30.97, respectively. The values obtained were tabulated in Microsoft Excel 2016 and analyzed using one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey test. All the statistical tests were carried out using the IBM Corp. Released 2012. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 21.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp. One-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey test accepting P < 0.05 were performed for the comparisons between all analysis groups.
MI Varnish group [Figure 1] showed the formation of crystals on the experimental surface. (a) enamel surface modification after LASER treatment and the formation of calcium fluoride globule can be seen. Vanish Varnish group images (d, e, and f) show distinct layers of crystallization, and a calcium fluoride globule can be seen in image (e). Embrace Varnish group (g, h, and i) show intermittent zone of remineralization and the layer of remineralization appears to be discontinuous.
|Figure 1: FE-SEM images of the enamel surface for the evaluation of surface modification. (a) LASER + MI Varnish; (b) NTP + MI Varnish; (c) control group in MI Varnish; (d) LASER + Vanish Varnish; (e) NTP + Vanish Varnish; (f) Control group in Vanish Varnish; (g) LASER + Embrace Varnish; (h) NTP + Embrace Varnish; (i) Control group in Embrace Varnish|
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A comparison of Ca/P ratio within each varnish showed that Vanish Varnish showed a significantly higher Ca/P ratio on the enamel surface in all three therapy subgroups followed by MI Varnish, and least Ca/P ratio was seen with Embrace Varnish.
The intragroup comparison of three activation therapies within each varnish was done using a one-way ANOVA test [Graph 1].
In the intra-group comparison for MI Varnish, the Ca/P ratio of LASER subgroup (1.47 ± 0.16) was significantly higher than plasma (1.25 ± 0.14) and control (1.03 ± 0.14) subgroup (P = 0.002). For Vanish Varnish, the highest Ca/P ratio was seen in the LASER subgroup (1.77 ± 0.14) followed by plasma (1.46 ± 0.10), and the least Ca/P ratio was seen in the control subgroup (1.12 ± 0.07). The difference between these subgroups was found to be statistically significant (P = 0.001). In the Embrace Varnish group, the difference was statistically significant with the highest Ca/P ratio seen in the LASER subgroup (1.02±0.12), followed by plasma (0.84 ± 0.11) and control (0.72 ± 0.17).
Post hoc analysis was conducted for an exact pairwise comparison of Ca/P ratio of activation therapies within each varnish [Graph 2].
A pairwise comparison of subgroups in MI Varnish showed that there was a statistically significant difference in the LASER and control subgroup (P = 0.001). However, the comparison of control and plasma subgroup (P = 0.095) and LASER and plasma subgroup (P = 0.085) showed a statistically insignificant difference.
The pairwise comparison of subgroups in Vanish Varnish showed a statistically significant difference in the comparison of LASER and plasma subgroup (0.002), LASER and control subgroup (P = 0.001), and plasma and control subgroup (P = 0.001).
A pairwise comparison of subgroups in Embrace Varnish showed that there was a statistically significant difference in the LASER and control subgroups (P = 0.012). However, the comparison of control and plasma subgroup (P = 0.354) and LASER and plasma subgroup (P = 0.151) showed a statistically insignificant difference.
| Discussion|| |
White-spot lesions are the first clinical presentation of caries. The critical balance of remineralization and demineralization is maintained in the oral cavity by the salivary ions and substrate ions. These localized areas of demineralization are a consequence of disturbed equilibrium in the ion exchange of enamel. When the equilibrium shifts toward the acidic conditions, a greater number of ions leach out of the enamel as compared to normal. This results in the dissolution of the hydroxyapatite crystals and weakens the enamel. The refractive index of the demineralized areas changes and the lesions appear chalky white under natural light. They are an esthetic concern and have the potential to progress into carious lesions. The advantage, however, is that this stage of carious process is reversible. If the ion equilibrium is regained at this stage, the caries progression stops and the cavitation of the lesion is prevented. Hence, early detection and interception are of utmost importance in treating white spot lesions.
In vitro demineralization and remineralization can be assessed using various methods. It is wise to measure the changes in the mineral content of the carious lesions quantitatively to provide more promising results in the remineralization process. One of the most common techniques with high accuracy is FEG-SEM with EDX attachment. It is a microanalytical technique that is employed to estimate quantitatively the amounts of minerals in a given tooth sample. FEG-SEM gives the topographical pictures and is used to assess the surface changes seen on enamel. EDX gives quantification of various elements such as calcium, phosphorus, fluoride, magnesium, and sodium in both atomic and weight percentages. In the present study, EDX was used as an elemental analytic method for both Ca and P since the main components of enamel hydroxyapatite are Ca and P. This method permits fast and quantitative microanalysis estimating the number of minerals in a given tooth sample in a nondestructive manner. FE-SEM and EDX were chosen to qualitatively measure the remineralization in our study due to its accuracy, relevancy in terms of ion concentration measurement, and imaging potential to view the modification of enamel after the therapy.
In the present study, all the samples showed the presence of both the ions on the experimental surface which indicated the remineralization of the artificially induced WSLs. The presence of these ions is in accordance with the findings of De Carvalho Filho et al. and Hicks et al. who showed that fluoride application causes the chemical changes in the main component of the enamel hydroxyapatite as calcium fluoride deposition thus inducing chemical stability and remineralization., Vanish Varnish contains functionalized tricalcium phosphate as it is an active ingredient. When tricalcium phosphate in the varnish comes into contact with the tooth surface and is moistened by saliva, the protective barrier breaks down, making calcium and phosphate ions available on the tooth surface in free forms indicating a higher ratio in this group. The results of our study show that the calcium and phosphate ratio on the enamel surface of the samples was the highest in the samples treated with Vanish Varnish irrespective of the activation used. The higher ratio of surface calcium and phosphate ions in our study could be attributed to the fact that 3M Vanish Varnish contains calcium and phosphate ions as its chemically active ingredient.
When comparing the MI Varnish with the Embrace Varnish in the present study, the MI Varnish-treated specimens had a significantly higher Ca/P ratio. The results are consistent with the data presented by Savas et al. who reported that the Ca/P ratio was significantly higher in the remineralization phase of MI Varnish as compared to those of the demineralized surfaces in bovine incisor teeth. This may be due to calcium and phosphate ions being available in the high concentrations in the composition of MI as compared to Embrace Varnish indicating better remineralization capacity.
The activation by LASER showed a significantly superior ratio of calcium and phosphate ions in all three varnish groups as compared to NTP therapy and control in the present study. The ErCr:YSGG power used in the present study was 0.75 W, as studies have revealed that 0.75 W, which is a subablative power, gave the best results toward acid resistance enhancement.,, Our study showed the highest Ca/P ratio in ErCr:YSGG LASER therapy group and is in accordance with the study done by El Mansy et al. who found the highest resistance to demineralization process owing to higher Ca/P ratio in samples treated with ErCr:YSGG LASER. ErCr:YSGG LASER emitted at subablative wavelength of 2780 is well absorbed by water and hydroxyl radical in the hydroxyapatite thus potentially improving enamel acid resistance and preventing mineral loss by inducing chemical and morphological changes in enamel without an excessive increase of heat.
The FE-SEM images of LASER subgroup of Vanish Varnish show calcium fluoride globule formation on the treated surface. This may be due to the clearly visible morphological changes on the enamel surface that occurred after laser application. As a result of the morphological surface roughness, more hydroxyapatite crystals reacted with the varnish and ions from pH cycling solutions, thus increasing the formation and retention of CaF2 globules. The surface of samples of MI Varnish treated with LASER shows uniform crystal growth [Figure 1]. The images of Embrace Varnish show intermittent areas of remineralization. The formation of crystal layer is not uniform [Figure 1]. The samples of three varnishes treated with NTP show uniform layers of remineralization. The enamel surface does not appear to be structurally modified. This is in accordance with the findings of Lehmann et al. who found that no measurable surface modification of enamel was seen after plasma treatment when compared to polished enamel.
| Conclusion|| |
Overall, Vanish Varnish showed a higher Ca/P ratio in LASER, NTP, and control subgroups among the three varnishes studied. ErCr:YSGG LASER therapy group showed an increased Ca/P ratio, followed by NTP therapy group. While NTP therapy showed increased in Ca/P ratio as compared to control in all three varnishes used indicating its role in enhancing remineralization. The paucity of literature in exploring the full scope of NTP as an emerging tool paves the way for clinically oriented research in this direction.
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Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
| References|| |
Featherstone JD. Dental caries: A dynamic disease process. Aust Dent J 2008;53:286-91.
Kim YM, Lee HY, Lee HJ, Kim JB, Kim S, Joo JY, et al.
Retention improvement in fluoride application with cold atmospheric plasma. J Dent Res 2018;97:179-83.
Shaik ZA, Rambabu T, Sajjan G, Varma M, Satish K, Raju VB, et al.
Quantitative analysis of remineralization of artificial carious lesions with commercially available newer remineralizing agents using SEM-EDX – In vitro
study. J Clin Diagn Res 2017;11:C20-3.
Malik A, Parmar G, Bansal P, Bhattacharya A, Joshi N. Effect of laser and fluoride application for prevention of dental caries: A polarized microscope analysis. J Dent Lasers 2015;9:11-15. [Full text]
El Mansy MM, Gheith M, El Yazeed AM, Farag DB. Influence of Er, Cr:YSGG (2780 nm) and nanosecond Nd: YAG laser (1064 nm) irradiation on enamel acid resistance: Morphological and elemental analysis. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2019;7:1828-33.
De Carvalho Filho AC, Sanches RP, Martin AA, Do Espírito Santo AM, Soares LE. Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry study of the protective effects of fluoride varnish and gel on enamel erosion. Microsc Res Tech 2011;74:839-44.
Hicks J, Garcia-Godoy F, Flaitz C. Biological factors in dental caries: Role of remineralization and fluoride in the dynamic process of demineralization and remineralization (part 3). J Clin Pediatr Dent 2004;28:203-14.
Robert LK, Allen CM, Emily RW, Katherine EF, Christabel XF. In vitro
evaluation of eroded enamel treated with fluoride and a prospective tricalcium phosphate agent. J Dent Oral Hyg 2009;1:52-8.
Savas S, Kavrìk F, Kucukyìlmaz E. Evaluation of the remineralization capacity of CPP-ACP containing fluoride varnish by different quantitative methods. J Appl Oral Sci 2016;24:198-203.
Salman NR, El-Tekeya MM, Bakry NS, Soliman S. Remineralization effect of fluoride varnish containing casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate on caries-like lesions in primary teeth (in vitro
study). Alex Dent J 2019;44:13-16.
Kaur T, Tripathi T, Rai P, Kanase A. SEM evaluation of enamel surface changes and enamel microhardness around orthodontic brackets after application of CO2
LASER, Er, Cr:YSGG laser and fluoride varnish: An in vivo
study. J Clin Diagn Res 2017;11:C59-63.
de Oliveira RM, de Souza VM, Esteves CM, de Oliveira Lima-Arsati YB, Cassoni A, Rodrigues JA, et al.
Er, Cr:YSGG laser energy delivery: Pulse and power effects on enamel surface and erosive resistance. Photomed Laser Surg 2017;35:639-46.
de Freitas PM, Rapozo-Hilo M, Eduardo Cde P, Featherstone JD. In vitro
evaluation of erbium, chromium: Yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet laser-treated enamel demineralization. Lasers Med Sci 2010;25:165-70.
Scatolin RS, Colucci V, Lepri TP, Alexandria AK, Maia LC, Galo R, et al.
Er: YAG laser irradiation to control the progression of enamel erosion: An in situ
study. Lasers Med Sci 2015;30:1465-73.
Zamataro CB, Ana PA, Benetti C, Zezell DM. Influence of Er, Cr: YSGG laser on CaF2
-like products formation because of professional acidulated fluoride or to domestic dentifrice application. Microsc Res Tech 2013;76:704-13.
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Modification of enamel and dentin surfaces by non-thermal atmospheric plasma. Plasma Process Polym 2013;10:262-70.

domain: chemistry


text:
Crushed Iron Ore Screen
|Drive Type:||Sub Resonant|
|Support Type||Steel Coil Spring|
|Trough Construction||Mild Steel|
|Cover Type||Quick Release|
|Motor Quantity||2||Support Location||Bottom|
As part of an iron ore crushing circuit, any particle over 12mm was required to return for further processing. The entire system was to be designed so that at certain times, the entire screening section can be bypassed.
Dust suppression and removal was a requirement for this project. There was also a requirement for this unit to be serviced by only a single operator.
A woven wire mesh was chosen as the screening media. This was tensioned using a traditional side clamping system. In this application, the clamps were tightened by bolts instead of hand knobs so that it could be changed by a single person without tools.
Covers were designed so that their weight did not exceed 10kg as to allow a single operator to remove them. They are attached to the trough by a simple quick release system.
Bisalloy liners are located on the bottom of the trough and at the impact deck.
A 200mm extraction spigot is installed on one lid so that all dust can be withdrawn via exhaust.

domain: design


text:
It’s empty in here!
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domain: food


text:
Cooke’s Landscaping and Garden Center
Thank you to everyone who voted for Coastal Virginia Magazine’s Best of 2015. Our garden center was the voted the Best Garden Center on the Peninsula and our Landscaping Division won Best Landscaping Company on the Peninsula. We would have not been here for 25 years without you.
Summer lawn care
With the hot weather upon us, sometimes it is difficult to keep our lawns looking great. Try to water in the morning to allow more water to soak into the ground rather than evaporate. A lot of moisture can be lost during these extremely hot days. Avoid watering in the evening to help prevent fungus and disease. Let your grass grow. Keeping it longer in the summer protects the grass from burning in the hot sun.
If after trying all these tips your lawn still isn’t looking it’s best, contact our experts in the Garden Center to get advice on which lawn treatment is best for your particular situation.

domain: agronomy


text:
Cooper Winslow is an aging star. He was a very successful actor about a decade ago and he still believes that he can play the main role in movies. What he does not realize is that though people still think that he is handsome, they do not want to see him as the antagonist in movies. The story begins with his personal secretary leaving him. His financial problems get almost out of hand but he lives in a dreamworld believing that all will be fine.
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His debts force him to let go of the house staff and rent the guest wing to a divorced middle aged man and the gate house of his beautiful home 'The Cottage' to a young widower.
Even then he refused to face reality and went on living the luxurious life which he believed to be his. The main events of he story start when he falls in love with a rich heiress named Alexon Madison who is thirty years younger than himself.
The review of this Book prepared by Zainab Iqtidar


text:
Fresh off their nomination for the Polaris Music Prize Short List, Young Galaxy’s taking a well-deserved victory lap. They’ll be releasing a deluxe edition of their latest album Ultramarine chock full of awesome remixes, b-sides, and other goodies. Oozing big flashy synths, sweet sweet melodrama, and a Joy Division reference (“Oh, and it’s hard when I’m playing ‘Love Will Tear Us Apart’…”), the track “Crying My Heart Out” is a taste of what to expect from the new single. It’s Young Galaxy at their best.
You can pre-order the Deluxe Edition of Ultramarine from Paper Bag Records now.