TITLE: Parallel transport along a 2-sphere.
QUESTION [7 upvotes]: I'm currently learning about parallel transport and connections and we were considering the parallel transport of a tangent vector along a sphere as given in the picture below.

From my understanding, by defining a connection on your manifold, you provide a way to identify vectors at one point of the manifold with vectors at another point on the manifold via parallel transporting the vector.
So in the given example, when the initial vector is parallely transported along the closed curve it returns to the same spot as a different vector. Is this because there has not been defined a correct connection on the sphere (that takes into account the curvature of the 2-sphere)? In which case, when a connection is defined on the sphere, (i.e. by the covariant derivative) parallel transport of any vector along a closed curve back to its initial position will result in the same vector?
So this is in fact an example of the need for a connection, and not just the standard derivative?
Thanks in advance!

REPLY [2 votes]: I think you're confusing two distinct concepts. Here's an informal but hopefully intuitive explanation.
The connection accounts for the fact that the coordinate basis vectors in a curvilinear coordinate system change with the coordinates - e.g., in spherical coordinates, $\hat{\mathbf{e}}_r$, $\hat{\mathbf{e}}_\theta$, $\hat{\mathbf{e}}_\phi$ depend on $(\theta,\phi)$.
The regular derivatives $\partial/\partial\xi^i$ aren't sufficient to correctly express the change in a field between neighbouring points because the field values and the coordinate basis vectors change from $\xi^i$ to $\xi^i + d\xi^i$. The covariant derivative includes the connection coefficients to account for that extra change. Note that the connection coefficients are coordinate-system dependent.
On the other hand, the fact that parallel-transporting the tangent vector around a closed curve in a given manifold doesn't always give you the tangent vector you started with is an indication of the local curvature of the manifold in question, and is independent of the coordinate system chosen to cover the manifold with because local curvature is an intrinsic property of the manifold. In fact, looking at the parallel-transport of the tangent vector around a closed curve is one way to define the Riemman tensor.