TITLE: Automorphisms of a non-abelian group of order $p^{3}$
QUESTION [6 upvotes]: In the book "Structure of Groups of Prime Power order (Charles Richard Leedham-Green, Susan McKay), there is an exercise (2.1.10), which asks to show that the automorphism group of ($\mathbb{Z}_p \times \mathbb{Z}_p) \rtimes \mathbb{Z}_p$  is ($\mathbb{Z}_p \times \mathbb{Z}_p) \rtimes GL(2,p)$. To prove this, first, it is easy to show that there is a short exact sequence $1 \rightarrow \mathbb{Z}_p \times \mathbb{Z}_p \rightarrow Aut((\mathbb{Z}_p \times \mathbb{Z}_p) \rtimes \mathbb{Z}_p) \rightarrow GL(2,p) \rightarrow 1$. Therefore it remains to show that "this exact sequence is split". How to show it?

REPLY [3 votes]: Here is a new, less coordinated version that motivates some of the correct coordinate changes.
Let V be a vector space, let W = V∧V be the product, and let G be the wedgey group on V⊕W with multiplication (v1,w1)⋅(v2,w2) = (v1+v2, w1+w2 + v1∧v2).  Powers obey the rule (v,w)n = (nv,nw).  Commutators obey the rule [(v1,w1),(v2,w2)] = [0,2(v1∧v2)].  In particular, G always has nilpotency class 2 when 0≠2 (and is abelian otherwise), and has exponent p whenever V is defined over a field of characteristic p.  When V is one-dimensional over the field Z/pZ of p elements, G is the unique non-abelian group of order p3 and exponent p (the group in question).
Consider a block matrix of the form $$M = \begin{bmatrix} A & b \\ . & \Lambda^2(A) \end{bmatrix}$$ where A in End(V) and b in Hom(V,W), with the formal multiplication (v,w)⋅M = ( vA, vb + w⋅Λ2(A) ).  When V is 2-dimensional, W is 1-dimensional and Λ2(A) is just multiplication by det(A).  In general, (v1∧v2)⋅Λ2(A) = (v1⋅A) ∧ (v2⋅A).  When dim(V)=2, then every element of Hom(V,W) can be written as b = ∧u which takes v in V to v∧u in W.
This matrix M defines a homomorphism of G:
$$\begin{array}{l}
(v_1, w_1)M \cdot (v_2, w_2)M \\
= (v_1\cdot A, ~w_1\cdot\Lambda^2(A) + v_1\cdot b) \cdot
(v_2\cdot A, ~w_2\cdot\Lambda^2(A) + v_2 \cdot b) \\
= (v_1\cdot A + v_2\cdot A, ~w_1\cdot\Lambda^2(A) + v_1 \cdot b + w_2\cdot\Lambda^2(A) + v_2 \cdot b + (v_1\cdot A)\wedge(v_2\cdot A) ) \\
= ( (v_1+v_2)\cdot A, ~(w_1 + w_2 + v_1 \wedge v_2)\cdot\Lambda^2(A) + (v_1+v_2)\cdot b ) \\
= (v_1+v_2, ~w_1+w_2+v_1\wedge v_2)M \\
= ( (v_1,w_1)\cdot(v_2,w_2) )M
\end{array}
$$
The composition of homomorphisms M and M′ is given by matrix multiplication:
$$M\cdot M' = \begin{bmatrix} A & b \\ . & \Lambda^2(A) \end{bmatrix}
\cdot \begin{bmatrix} A' & b' \\ . & \Lambda^2(A') \end{bmatrix}
= \begin{bmatrix} A\cdot A' & A\cdot b' + b \cdot \Lambda^2(A') \\ . & \Lambda^2(A\cdot A')\end{bmatrix}
$$
When dim(V)=2, it would be nice to use parameters (A,u) to describe M, but the question is how to multiply in these parameters (A,u)⋅(A′,u′) is not simply (A⋅A′, Au′+u⋅det(A′)).  Here A∧u′ is the element of Hom(V,W) which takes v in V to (vA)∧u′ in W.  We can in fact simplify A∧u′ to just ∧Bu′ for some matrix B related to A.
Unfortunately, A ≠ B in general.  Instead, one gets B = A−T ⋅ det(A), I believe.  In other words, up to a determinant, we get the action of A on its dual module rather than on its natural module.  I'd like a clearer description of this action, since I am pretty certain the real answer has the natural module.  Hopefully, there is another dual I am forgetting that makes everything ok.  At any rate, I have no trouble doing it with coordinates as below:

It is comforting to put coordinates on the group: [x,y,z] = ( x⋅e1 + y⋅e2, z⋅e1∧e2 ).  As matrices, this can be realized as:
$$[x,y,z] = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & x & z + xy \\ . & 1 & 2y \\ . & . & 1 \end{pmatrix}$$
Multiplication follows the rule [a,b,c]⋅[x,y,z] = [a+x,b+y,c+z+ay-bx].
Powers obey the very simple rule [x,y,z]n = [ nx, ny, nz ].
Commutators obey the simple rule [ [a,b,c], [x,y,z] ] = [ 0, 0, 2(ay-bx) ].
Now consider a matrix: $$ A = \begin{pmatrix} a & b & e \\ c & d & f \\ . & . & ad-bc \end{pmatrix}$$
One can check that in these coordinates A is an automorphism.  In particular, the function that takes the row vector [x,y,z] times the matrix A to get a new row vector [x′, y′, z′ ] defines an automorphism of G.  Composition of automorphisms is matrix multiplication.  In this coordinate system everything is perfect.