TITLE: computing $A_2=\sum_{k=1}^{n}\frac{1}{(z_k-1)^2} $ and $\sum_{k=1}^n \cot^2\left( \frac{k\pi}{n+1}\right)$
QUESTION [7 upvotes]: Assume that  $z_1,z_2,...,z_n$ are  roots of the equation $z^n+z^{n-1}+...+z+1=0$.

I was asked  to compute the expressions 
  $$A_1=\sum_{k=1}^{n}\frac{1}{(z_k-1)} ~~~~~~and~~~~~~A_2=\sum_{k=1}^{n}\frac{1}{(z_k-1)^2} $$
  Then deduces  $$B_2=\sum_{k=1}^n \cot^2\left( \frac{k\pi}{n+1}\right)$$ 

I managed with $A_1$ and proved that $$A_1=\sum_{k=1}^{n}\frac{1}{(z_k-1)}=-\frac{n}{2}$$
I  used the fact that $$\frac{z^{n+1}-1}{z-1}=z^n+z^{n-1}+...+z+1$$ 
Actually I couldn't see an apparent link between  $A_1$,  $A_2$ and $B_2$. 
Can anyone help with $A_2$ and $B_2$. k

REPLY [3 votes]: With $A_2$, it is easy to show that if
$$P(z)=\prod\limits_{k=1}^{n}\left(z-z_k\right)$$
then
$$P'(z)=\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}\prod\limits_{k=1,k\ne i}^{n}\left(z-z_k\right)$$
and
$$\frac{P'(z)}{P(z)}=\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}\frac{1}{z-z_i} \Rightarrow -\frac{P'(z)}{P(z)}=\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}\frac{1}{z_i-z} \tag{1}$$
and finally
$$A_1=\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}\frac{1}{z_i-1}=-\frac{P'(1)}{P(1)}=-\frac{n}{2}$$
However, from $(1)$:
$$\left(-\frac{P'(z)}{P(z)}\right)^{'}=\left(\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}\frac{1}{z_i-z}\right)^{'}=\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}\frac{1}{(z_i-z)^2}$$
and 
$$\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}\frac{1}{(z_i-z)^2} = -\frac{P''(z)P(z)-P'(z)^2}{P(z)^2} \tag{2}$$
and 
$$A_2=-\frac{P''(1)P(1)-P'(1)^2}{P(1)^2}$$
where 
$$P''(1)=n(n-1)+(n-1)(n-2)+...+3\cdot2+2\cdot1=\frac{(n-1)n(n+1)}{3}$$
thus
$$A_2=-\frac{\frac{(n-1)n(n+1)}{3}(n+1)-\left(\frac{n(n+1)}{2}\right)^2}{(n+1)^2}=\frac{4n-n^2}{12}$$