TITLE: Prove $\text{Li}_2(e^{-2 i x})+\text{Li}_2(e^{2 i x})=\frac{1}{3} (6 x^2-6 \pi x+\pi ^2)$ when $0<x<\pi$
QUESTION [5 upvotes]: This is an identity I deduced when playing with the initial-boundary value problem of heat conduction equation asked here. It's easy to verify numerically with Mathematica:
Plot[{PolyLog[2, E^(-2 I x)] + PolyLog[2, E^(2 I x)], 
  1/3 (π^2 - 6 π x + 6 x^2)}, {x, -1, 4}, 
 PlotStyle -> {Automatic, {Thick, Dashed}}]


However, Mathematica doesn't know how to simplify $\text{Li}_2(e^{-2 i x})+\text{Li}_2(e^{2 i x})$ to $\frac{1}{3} (6 x^2-6 \pi  x+\pi ^2)$ symbolically, so I'm wondering, how can I prove it by hand?

REPLY [2 votes]: $\newcommand{\bbx}[1]{\,\bbox[15px,border:1px groove navy]{\displaystyle{#1}}\,}
 \newcommand{\braces}[1]{\left\lbrace\,{#1}\,\right\rbrace}
 \newcommand{\bracks}[1]{\left\lbrack\,{#1}\,\right\rbrack}
 \newcommand{\dd}{\mathrm{d}}
 \newcommand{\ds}[1]{\displaystyle{#1}}
 \newcommand{\expo}[1]{\,\mathrm{e}^{#1}\,}
 \newcommand{\ic}{\mathrm{i}}
 \newcommand{\mc}[1]{\mathcal{#1}}
 \newcommand{\mrm}[1]{\mathrm{#1}}
 \newcommand{\pars}[1]{\left(\,{#1}\,\right)}
 \newcommand{\partiald}[3][]{\frac{\partial^{#1} #2}{\partial #3^{#1}}}
 \newcommand{\root}[2][]{\,\sqrt[#1]{\,{#2}\,}\,}
 \newcommand{\totald}[3][]{\frac{\mathrm{d}^{#1} #2}{\mathrm{d} #3^{#1}}}
 \newcommand{\verts}[1]{\left\vert\,{#1}\,\right\vert}$
\begin{align}
&\bbox[10px,#ffd]{\left.\vphantom{\LARGE A}%
\mrm{Li}_{2}\pars{\expo{-2\ic x}} +
\mrm{Li}_{2}\pars{\expo{2\ic x}}\,\right\vert_{\ 0\ <\ x\ <\ \pi}} =
\mrm{Li}_{2}\pars{\exp\pars{2\pi\ic\,{x \over \pi}}} +
\mrm{Li}_{2}\pars{\exp\pars{-2\pi\ic\,{x \over \pi}}}
\\[5mm] = &\
-\,{\pars{2\pi\ic}^{2} \over 2!}\,\mathrm{B}_{2}\pars{x \over \pi}
\end{align}

which is Jonqui$\grave{\mrm{e}}$re Inversion Formula. $\ds{\mrm{B}_{n}}$ is a Bernoulli Polynomial.
  
  Note that $\ds{\mrm{B}_{2}\pars{z} = z^{2} - z + {1 \over 6}}$ such that

\begin{align}
&\bbox[10px,#ffd]{\left.\vphantom{\LARGE A}%
\mrm{Li}_{2}\pars{\expo{-2\ic x}} +
\mrm{Li}_{2}\pars{\expo{2\ic x}}\,\right\vert_{\ 0\ <\ x\ <\ \pi}} =
2\pi^{2}\bracks{\pars{x \over \pi}^{2} - {x \over \pi} + {1 \over 6}}
\\[5mm] = &\
\bbx{2x^{2} - 2\pi x + {\pi^{2} \over 3}}
\end{align}