TITLE: Difficulties with reading "informal" and "non-rigorous" sections when studying Algebraic topology
QUESTION [15 upvotes]: The words in the title may not be accurate, so I put them in quotes.
Recently I begin reading Hatcher's book on Algebraic topology. I have not studied any "topology" other than basic point set topology. I have much more experience with analysis-related topics (analysis of Banach and Hilbert spaces, for example).
I feel a lot of discomfort when reading sections of geometrical descriptions about how one space is homeomorphic to another. For example, the following paragraph taken from section 1.3 (Van Kampen's Theorem) is causing me some troubles. $K$ is a torus knot, embedded in $\mathbb R^3$. Please ignore $X$; it is not relevant to the discussion below. 

It is very easy to understand why $\partial D^4 = \partial D^2\times D^2\cup  D^2\times \partial D^2$. This is just an exercise of point-set topology. The part after "geometrically" is, however, difficult for me. Although it is quite natural to regard $\partial D^2\times D^2$ as a solid torus, I cannot see any obvious reason why it can be identified with the solid torus bounded by the torus knot $K$. It is also very difficult to see why the complement of this solid torus is homeomorphic to $D^2\times \partial D^2$. (It might be not as difficult as I think, but from time to time, I get stuck on some "obvious" things.) Whenever I come across such descriptions, I struggle a lot, thinking about how to prove those statements.
Also, the sets $D$, $S^3$ and so on in the book are not specifically defined (for example, as $D^2=\{(x,y):x^2+y^2\le 1\}$). Although defining $D^2$ specifically is clearly unnecessary, sometimes, the vague concept of $D^2$ causes me some difficulties. I find it really hard to tell whether the author is making a rigorous statement or a non-rigorous description.
In the end, in this book, I find it much easier to read proofs than to read remarks and other descriptive sections, due to the problems outlined above. Interestingly, when I read analysis books, the opposite is true: remarks are much easier to read than proofs. I am wondering why this is the case.
How can I overcome those problems/difficulties when reading this book?
This is not seeking personal advice - I believe that this might be the feeling of many other people as well. Please ask me to clarify if anything is unclear.

REPLY [6 votes]: The answer of @WoolierThenThou is good for motivation and intuition. I want to explain something a bit different, namely how to read advanced mathematics books, and the hard work that is sometimes (often?) needed.
These books have heavy prerequisites, and you have to know those prerequisites. In the case of Hatcher's textbook, there are very heavy prerequisites in analytic geometry and topology. If you are not good in analytic geometry and/or topology, then you have to be ready to back up and learn what you need to know. What you wrote about your background gives me a clue: "I have not studied any 'topology' other than basic point set topology"; well, then you're going to need to study some topology. Picking up Hatcher knowing only some point set topology is something like picking up a book on Banach and Hilbert spaces knowing only some advanced calculus.
For example, let's take a phrase which comes up on the page preceding the one you are reading: 

... the torus $S^1 \times S^1$ is embedded in $\mathbb R^3$ in the standard way.

The author is definitely assuming a strong prerequisite here: not just that you are familiar with $S^1 \times S^1$ and $\mathbb R^3$ as topological spaces, but that you also know standard embedding of $S^1 \times S^1$ in $\mathbb R^3$. 
If you don't know that embedding, then yes, you're gonna be stuck, confused, etc. So the correct thing for you to do is put down that book and go figure out what embedding the author is referring to. It's an example in topology, so more elementary books on analytic geometry or topology might be a good place to start. 
For instance, you might be able to recall an example from analytic geometry or multivariable calculus: a torus is often depicted as the surface of revolution obtained by revolving a certain circle in the $x,z$ plane around the $z$-axis in $x,y,z$ space, for instance the circle $(x-2)^2 + z^2 = 1$. And now you might be able to use that description, combined with your expertise in analytic geometry, to either write down a parametric formula $x=f(s,t)$, $y=g(s,t)$, $z=h(s,t)$ for the torus, or perhaps to write down an equation $F(x,y,z)=0$ whose solution set is that that torus (cylindrical coordinates help). And now you might be able to use, or develop, your expertise in elementary topology to convince yourself that this torus embedded in $\mathbb R^3$ that you've just specified is indeed homeomorphic to the product space $S^1 \times S^1$.
Now that you've got that settled, read on. Let's turn to something else from your question. You wrote in your post:

Although it is quite natural to regard $\partial D^2\times D^2$ as a solid torus, I cannot see any obvious reason why it can be identified with the solid torus bounded by the torus knot $K$.

Here a big part of the trouble looks like you simply misread the passage from Hatcher's book, which I'll quote:

The first solid torus $S^1 \times D^2$ can be identified with the compact region in $\mathbb R^3$ bounded by the standard torus $S^1 \times S^1$ containing $K$.

Notice, we are not talking about the "solid torus bounded by the torus knot $K$", instead we are talking about "the ...solid torus... in $\mathbb R^3$ ... bounded by the standard torus $S^1 \times S^1$..."
Well, assuming that you have just carefully verified the standard embedding of $S^1 \times S^1$ into $\mathbb R^3$ as just described, you should now have little trouble extending this to an embedding of the solid torus into $\mathbb R^3$: instead of simply revolving the circle $(x-2)^2 + z^2 = 1$, revolve the entire disc $(x-2)^2 + z^2 \le 1$. 
There are plenty of other things you will encounter, one of which is nicely explained in the answer of @WoolierThanThou, namely the standard homeomorphism between $S^3$ and the one-point compactification of $\mathbb R^3$; if you don't know that homeomorphism, stop, put down Hatcher's book, and learn about it. 
Once you know that homeomorphism, then you can continue on to "the second solid torus..."