TITLE: Logarithms of logarithms of Graham's number, is the result ever handy?
QUESTION [9 upvotes]: The other day I was asked how to represent really big numbers. I half-jokingly replied to just take the logarithm repeatedly: 
$$\log \log \log N$$ makes almost any number $N$ handy. (Assume base 10).
But applying this to Graham's Number probably does zip to make it handy (a handy number is defined as a number less than my or your age in years.) Then just keep applying logarithms. Can anyone estimate or even calculate how often to apply a $\log$ (of base 10, or 3 or $e$ or any handy base) to arrive at a handy number?

REPLY [3 votes]: Can anyone estimate or even calculate how often to apply a log (of
  base 10, or 3 or e or any handy base) to arrive at a handy number?

Graham's number $G$ can be written as an exteremely tall exponential tower of $3$s: 
$$G \ =\ 3\uparrow\uparrow height $$
With $3$ as the base of the logarithms, you're asking for the $height$ of this tower (or rather $height - 2$, for a handy number of $27$). Now, a formula for the exact height can be found using the following property of Knuth arrows:
$$3\uparrow^x y = 3\uparrow^{x-1}(3\uparrow^x(y-1)) \ \ \ \ (x \ge 2, y \ge 2)$$
Applying this repeatedly gives
$$3\uparrow^x 3 \\
=3\uparrow^{x-1}(3\uparrow^{x}2) \\
=3\uparrow^{x-2}(3\uparrow^{x-1}(3\uparrow^{x}2 - 1))\\
=3\uparrow^{x-3}(3\uparrow^{x-2}(3\uparrow^{x-1}(3\uparrow^{x}2 - 1) - 1)) \\
\cdot\\
\cdot\\
=3\uparrow^2( 3\uparrow^3 (3\uparrow^4 ( \ \cdots \ (3\uparrow^{x-1}(3\uparrow^{x}2 - 1) - 1) \cdots  -1 ) ) )
$$
Thus, the handy number 27 is the result of starting with $G$ and applying the base-3 $\log$ exactly $height-2$ times, where 
$$height = 3\uparrow^3 (3\uparrow^4 ( \ \cdots \ (3\uparrow^{g_{63}-1}(3\uparrow^{g_{63}}2 - 1) - 1) \cdots  -1 )) $$
NB: A very crude lower bound on $height$ is given by
$$3\uparrow^{g_{63}} 3 \ = \ 3\uparrow^{g_{63}-1}(3\uparrow^{g_{63}-1}3) \ \ggg \ 3\uparrow^{2}(3\uparrow^{g_{63}-1}3)$$
namely, 
$$height \ \ggg \ 3\uparrow^{g_{63}-1}3 $$ 
which has only one less arrow than $G$ itself!