TITLE: Deriving Maclaurin series for $\frac{\arcsin x}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}$.
QUESTION [13 upvotes]: Intrigued by this brilliant answer from Ron Gordon, I was attempting to find the Maclaurin series for 
$$f(x)=\frac{\arcsin x}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}=g(x)G(x)$$
with $g(x)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}$ and $G(x)$ its primitive. So I attempted to multipy series, which yielded this:
$$f(x)=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}x^{2n+1} (-1)^n\sum_{k=1}^{n}\frac{1}{k+1} { -\frac{1}{2}\choose n-k}{ -\frac{1}{2}\choose k},$$
which I'm unable to simplify further. How to proceed? Or is this approach doomed?

REPLY [3 votes]: Another but similar proof which does not need to use the summation formula above is this one. Start with defining
$$I(t)= \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}\arctan{\frac{x\sin{t}}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}}$$
Then by the Fundamental theorem of calculus
$$\frac{\arcsin{x}}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}=I\left(\frac{\pi}{2}\right)-I(0)=\int_{0}^{\pi/2} \frac{\partial I}{\partial t}\mathrm{d}t=\int_{0}^{\pi/2}\frac{x\cos t}{1-x^2\cos^2 t }\mathrm{d}t$$
Ergo
$$\frac{\arcsin{x}}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}x^{2n+1}\int_0^{\pi/2}\cos^{2n+1}\! t\,\mathrm{d}t$$
Denote $J_n:=\int_0^{\pi/2}\cos^{2n+1}\! t\,\mathrm{d}t$, by per partes we have
$$J_n = \int_0^{\pi/2}\cos^{2n+1}\! t\,\mathrm{d}t = 2n\int_0^{\pi/2}\cos^{2n-1}\sin^2 t\!\,\mathrm{d}t=2n\left(J_{n-1}-J_{n}\right)$$
So $$J_n = \frac{2n}{2n+1}J_{n-1} =\frac{2n}{2n+1}\frac{2n-2}{2n-1}J_{n-2}=\dots = \frac{(2n)!!}{(2n+1)!!}J_0=\frac{(2n)!!}{(2n+1)!!}$$
since $J_0 = \int_0^{\pi/2}\cos\! t\,\mathrm{d}t =1$. Over all we get desired result
$$\frac{\arcsin{x}}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{(2n)!!}{(2n+1)!!}x^{2n+1}$$
Note: Similar integral would have been also...
$$\int_{0}^{\pi/2}\frac{\mathrm{d}t}{1-x\sin t}$$