TITLE: Prime number Stone-Weierstrass-looking problem
QUESTION [5 upvotes]: Can you show that if $f \in C[0,1]$, and $\int_{0}^{1} f x^p dx =0$ for all primes $p$, that $f \equiv 0$?

REPLY [9 votes]: The key point is Müntz-Szasz theorem, which states that for a sequence $(\lambda_n)_{n\geqslant 1}$ of positive numbers, the vector space generated by the constant functions and $\{x\mapsto x^{\lambda_n},n\geqslant 1\}$ is dense in $C[0,1]$ endowed with the uniform norm if and only if $\sum_{n\geqslant 1}1/\lambda_n$ is divergent. Then we conclude.