TITLE: Condition for quartic polynomial coefficients given at least one real root
QUESTION [5 upvotes]: Find the minimum possible value of $a^2+b^2$ where $a$, $b$ are two real numbers such that the polynomial
  $$x^4+ax^3+bx^2+ax+1,$$
  has at least one real root.

My attempt: Let p be a real root. 
Therefore $p^4 + a(p^3) + b(p^2) + ap + 1 = 0$. 
Divide both sides by $p^2$, noting that $p$ cannot be zero since $P(0) = 1$, we get 
$$p^2 + ap + b + a/p + 1/(p^2) = 0.$$
I rearranged this into a quadratic; i.e. 
$$(p+1/p)^2 + a(p+1/p) + (b-2) = 0.$$
If $p$ is real, $p+1/p$ is real, so discriminant is non-negative.
setting discriminant $\geq0$, I get:
$$a^2 - 4(b-2)\geq0,$$
$$a^2 \geq 4b-8,$$
$$a^2 + b^2 \geq b^2 + 4b - 8 = (b+2)^2 - 12 \geq -12$$
But this is useless because it is obvious $a^2 + b^2 \geq 0$. 
I believe this is because I also need to use the fact that $|p+1/p| \geq 2$, however I am unsure how to use this inequality with the discriminant. 
Thanks in advance

REPLY [4 votes]: Hint:
Put $t=x+\frac{1}{x}$ then: 
$x^4+ax^3+bx^2+ax+1=0$ has a real root if and only if $t^2+at+(b-2)=0$ has a real root $t$ such that $|t| \ge 2$, which is equivalent to 
\begin{equation}\tag{*}
\left[\begin{matrix}
\frac{-a-\sqrt{a^2-4(b-2)}}{2} \le -2 \\ 
\frac{-a+\sqrt{a^2-4(b-2)}}{2} \ge 2
\end{matrix}\right.
\end{equation}
Using this:
$$A \le \sqrt{B} \Longleftrightarrow
\left[\begin{matrix}
\left\{\begin{matrix}
B \ge 0 \\ 
A < 0
\end{matrix}\right. \\
\left\{\begin{matrix}
A \ge 0 \\ 
A^2 \le B
\end{matrix}\right. 
\end{matrix}\right.
 $$
After some operations we have $(*)$ is equivalent to
$$\left[\begin{matrix}
(1)\left\{\begin{matrix}
a \ge 4 \\ 
a^2-4(b-2) \ge 0
\end{matrix}\right. \\
(2)\left\{\begin{matrix}
a \le -4 \\ 
a^2-4(b-2) \ge 0
\end{matrix}\right. \\
(3)\left\{\begin{matrix}
a < 4 \\ 
2a -b \ge 2
\end{matrix}\right. \\
(4)\left\{\begin{matrix}
a > -4 \\ 
2a+b \le -2
\end{matrix}\right. 
\end{matrix}\right.$$
For $(1)$ and $(2)$: $a^2+b^2 \ge 4^2+0 =16$. 
For $(3)$: using $5(a^2+b^2) = (2a-b)^2+(a+2b)^2$ we have $a^2+b^2 \ge \frac{4}{5}$, attained when $a=\frac{4}{5},b=-\frac{2}{5}$.
For $(4)$: using $5(a^2+b^2) = (2a+b)^2+(a-2b)^2$ we have $a^2+b^2 \ge \frac{4}{5}$, attained when $a=-\frac{4}{5},b=-\frac{2}{5}$.
Conclusion: the minimum value of $a^2+b^2$ is $\frac{4}{5}$, attained when $(a,b)=\left(\pm\frac{4}{5},-\frac{2}{5}\right)$.