TITLE: Linearizing a power series by conjugation
QUESTION [8 upvotes]: Let $\mathfrak{I}:=\big\{ \, f:=\sum_{k=0}^\infty f_k z^k \in\mathbb{C}[[z]]\; : \text{s.t. }\;  f_0=0  \;\text{ and }\; f_1=1\big\}$. A most basic result about linearization states that, for any $f\in\mathfrak{I}$ and for any $\lambda\in\mathbb{C}$ not a root of unity, there exists a unique  $h\in\mathfrak{I}$ that linearizes $f(\lambda z)$:
$$h(\lambda z)=f(\lambda h(z)).$$
Existence and uniqueness of this conjugation  in the setting of formal power series is indeed easily established, as the coefficients of $h$ can  be determined inductively from the data $(f_1,f_2,\dots) $ expanding the composition: one finds
$$h_1=1$$
$$h_{n+1}={1\over \lambda^{n}-1 } \sum_{k\ge2,\,j}  f_k \lambda^{k-1} h_{j_1}\dots h_{j_k},$$
the latter sum being extended  over all integers $k\ge2$ and multi-indices $j\in\mathbb{Z}_+^k$ of length  $|j|:=j_1+\dots+j_k=n+1$, thus with all components $j_i\le n$.
The above recursion implies that the coefficients $h_n$ should be rational functions of $\lambda$, with denominators in the form $\prod_{k=1}^{n-1}(\lambda^k-1)^{m_{n,k}}$, where the exponents $m_{k,n}$ may be larger than $1$, at least at a first glance. However, after experiments with various $f$ and up to $n=50$ I observed that the form of $h_n$ always shows the simpler denominator, with all $m_{k,n}=1$:
$$h_n={P_n(\lambda)\over (\lambda-1)(\lambda^2-1)\dots(\lambda^{n-1}-1)},$$
for some polynomials $P_n(\lambda)$ of degree at most ${n\choose 2}$.

Is this really a general phenomenon? If so, why? Is there a simpler formula (maybe still recursive) for $h_n$ than the above recursion?

REPLY [6 votes]: You may find useful information in a recent article by D. Sauzin and al. "Explicit linearization of one-dimensional germs through tree-expansions" here, where they use "mould calculus" (introduced by J. Écalle 40 years ago) to write down the coefficients $h_n$ and explore the combinaotrial structure of their family.