TITLE: How should a homotopy theorist think about sheaf cohomology?
QUESTION [32 upvotes]: As a student of homotopy theory or algebraic topology, I have a certain outlook as to how one ought to think of a cohomology theory. There are axioms that help us with rudimentary computations, there are some spectral sequences and then there is Brown representability. This is far away from the starting point of looking at the singular (co)chain complex or a simplicial complex and trying to compute its homology, it seems a bit more refined. Even the ring structure is a bit clearer, it comes from the fact that we are mapping into a ring object.
There are more and more instances where i feel like i would benefit from understanding a bit more of sheaf cohomology than just "it's the derived functor of the global sections functor of a sheaf." This is a tidge helpful, but it does not really help too much with computations from my point of view. It feels like resolutions of sheaves are large hard objects mostly because sheaves contain so much data.
My question is essentially the following:

Are there homotopy theorists out there who have over come these feelings? what advice do you have? In fact any advice that someone might have that understands the uses of sheaf theory in homotopy theory would be helpful.
Are there things resembling the Eilenberg-Steenrod axioms for sheaf cohomology? not directly due to their classification theorem, but things that help you to compute the Sheaf cohomology like a MVS sequence or what have you. I mostly would like help in doing computations in the way that the E-S axioms do? so things like the Grothendieck-Riemann-Roch Theorem, which i am told can be used in such a way.
Is there a book that goes through explicit toy computations of sheaf cohomology? Are there toy examples you would suggest for getting to be more comfortable with these things? Are there examples that live on simpler spaces than schemes? these might help a bit more than others

Some addendums : I think i need to make a few comments. I am not well versed in algebraic geometry. I find this to be a fault of mine and this is an attempt to help bridge the gap. Suggestions for references are appreciated. I really appreciate all of the excellent answers so far!
thanks for your time
EDIT MAIN QUESTION: I think what i am really asking about is the six functor formalism, but i don't really know since i don't know what that is. A friend started explaining it to me and it seemed like what i am looking for, but he said he did not feel confident in writing an answer explaining them. Hopefully someone will see this edit and give a fun answer.

REPLY [5 votes]: This is mostly an answer to 3: 
While I mostly use sheaves arising in topology (and since your question explicitly involves homotopy theory, that might also be your point of view), I think it's a useful learning tool to do some reading about how sheaves come up and are used in complex analysis and Hodge theory. The big benefit there is that most of the sheaves there are already nice (fine, soft,...), so one can do a lot without having to take resolutions by sheaves one has less control over. Wells's book Differential Analysis on Complex Manifolds might be a good starting point, or even Voisin's book on Hodge Theory (which is more advanced). 
In the topological world, I second Bredon and Gelfand/Manin (the second edition of Methods of Homological Algebra is in better shape than the first regarding typos). Also Dimca has a book Sheaves in Topology, which is a nice introduction to the derived category point of view that includes some useful examples and exercises. 
One last note: in doing actual computations, the exact sequences coming from adjunction triangles (see e.g. Section 2.4 of Dimca) are often your best friends :-)