TITLE: What is a twisted D-Module intuitively?
QUESTION [17 upvotes]: When I think about $\mathcal{D}$-Modules, I find it very often useful to envison them as vectorbundles endowed with a rule that decides whether a given section is flat. Or alternatively a notion of parallel transport. 
Now my question is, what are good ways to think about modules over sheavers of twisted differential operators?

REPLY [10 votes]: Here's another perspective to complement the homogeneous approach given in Ben's and Scott's answers. One can look at twisted $D$-modules as connections with fixed scalar curvature. This is particularly powerful if you think complex-analytically: you can describe all possible twistings as follows:
Suppose $M$ is a complex manifold. In general, twistings of the sheaf of differential operators are parametrized by the hypercohomology of the truncated de Rham complex $$\Omega^1_{hol}\to\Omega^2_{hol}\to\dots.$$
(I use the lower index `hol' to distinguish the sheaf of holomorphic sections from the sheaf
of $C^\infty$-sections.)
If we use Dolbeault's complex to compute the hypercohomology, you see that twistings are represented by a closed 2-form $\omega$ whose $(0,2)$-part vanishes. $\omega$ matters only up to a differential of a $(1,0)$-form.
Let $\omega$ be such a closed 2-form. We can then consider vector bundles $F$ (or, more generally, quasicoherent sheaves) on $M$ equipped with a connection 
$$\nabla:F\to F\otimes\Omega$$ 
whose curvature is $\omega$.
More precisely, suppose $F$ is a holomorphic vector bundle. The sheaf of $C^\infty$-sections of $F$ carries an action of 
$$\overline\partial:F\to F\otimes\Omega^{0,1}.$$ 
An action of the TDO corresponding to $\omega$ on $F$ is the same as extension of $\overline\partial$ to $\nabla$ with prescribed curvature.
Remark. If one works algebraically (for instance, over fields other than ${\mathbb C}$), only some TDO's can be viewed in similar way; namely those whose class belongs to the image of the space $H^0(\Omega^2)$.