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16113198 | Recurrent elbow dislocation--an uncommon presentation. | A 58 year old female attended our A&E department following a fall in the garden with swelling and bruising of the right arm and the elbow. Anteroposterior and lateral radiographs were interpreted as showing a normal elbow joint. A diagnosis of soft tissue injury to the elbow was made and the patient was discharged with... |
16113199 | Right upper lobe consolidation: an unusual complication of an uneventful endotracheal intubation. | A 28 year old fit and healthy Caucasian man had a Bankart's repair of the left shoulder under general anaesthetic for a recurrent dislocation of the shoulder. The operative procedure was uneventful. Following extubation he was tachycardic and saturation dropped in the recovery room. The chest radiograph revealed shadow... |
16113200 | Traumatic atlantoaxial rotatory subluxation. | Atlantoaxial rotatory subluxation should be considered in the presentation of traumatic torticollis. This case report discusses the characteristic radiographic findings and appropriate management. |
16113202 | An unusual presentation of baclofen overdose. | Baclofen has e increasingly popular in the treatment of spasticity disorders. Its availability for misuse has also increased. We report a case of baclofen overdose in a 20-year-old man, who manifested atypical symptoms of baclofen overdose--that is, delirium and rhabdomyolysis. He was treated successfully with full sup... |
16113203 | An unusual swelling in the neck. | Venous thrombosis is a fundamental pathological entity. Our patient provides an opportunity to consider etiology in terms of Virchow's classic triad. We also draw attention to the effort syndrome, in which recurrent, vigorous exertion of an upper extremity is thought to produce venous thrombosis by virtue of local endo... |
16113204 | Butane encephalopathy. | Volatile solvent abuse (VSA) is defined at the "intentional inhalation of a volatile substance for the purpose of achieving a euphoric state". The lifetime prevalence of VSA in the UK remains steady at around 15%, the fourth highest rate in Europe, and VSA is the mon form of drug abuse in the 11-15 year age group in En... |
16113206 | Cardiovascular complications induced by cannabis smoking: a case report and review of the literature. | Cannabis is generally considered a drug of low toxicity. Although attention has focused on its neuropsychiatric effects, little has been given to cardiovascular side effects. Here we report a case of atrial tachyarrhythmias following cannabis use, and review the literature on its cardiovascular effects plications. |
16113208 | An auxilin-like J-domain protein, JAC1, regulates phototropin-mediated chloroplast movement in Arabidopsis. | The ambient-light conditions mediate chloroplast relocation in plant cells. Under the low-light conditions, chloroplasts accumulate in the light (accumulation response), while under the high-light conditions, they avoid the light (avoidance response). In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the accumulation response is ... |
16113209 | The Arabidopsis PEX12 gene is required for peroxisome biogenesis and is essential for development. | Peroxisomes perform diverse and vital functions in eukaryotes, and abnormalities in peroxisomal function lead to severe developmental disorders in humans. Peroxisomes are also involved in a wide array of physiological and metabolic functions unique to plants, yet many aspects of this important organelle are poorly unde... |
16113210 | A comprehensive analysis of the NADP-malic enzyme gene family of Arabidopsis. | The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) genome contains four genes encoding putative NADP-malic enzymes (MEs; AtNADP-ME1-ME4). NADP-ME4 is localized to plastids, whereas the other three isoforms do not possess any predicted organellar targeting sequence and are therefore expected to be cytosolic. The plant NADP-MEs can ... |
16113211 | Differential expression of the Arabidopsis cytochrome c genes Cytc-1 and Cytc-2. Evidence for the involvement of TCP-domain protein-binding elements in anther- and meristem-specific expression of the Cytc-1 gene. | The promoters of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) cytochrome c genes, Cytc-1 and Cytc-2, were analyzed using plants transformed with fusions to the beta-glucuronidase coding sequence. Histochemical staining of plants indicated that the Cytc-1 promoter directs preferential expression in root and shoot meristems an... |
16113212 | Chlorophyll breakdown in senescent Arabidopsis leaves. Characterization of chlorophyll catabolites and of chlorophyll catabolic enzymes involved in the degreening reaction. | During senescence, chlorophyll (chl) is metabolized to colorless nonfluorescent chl catabolites (NCCs). A central reaction of the breakdown pathway is the ring cleavage of pheophorbide (pheide) a to a primary fluorescent chl catabolite. Two enzymes catalyze this reaction, pheide a oxygenase (PAO) and red chl catabolite... |
16113213 | Enhancing Arabidopsis salt and drought stress tolerance by chemical priming for its abscisic acid responses. | Drought and salt stress tolerance of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants increased following treatment with the nonprotein amino acid beta-aminobutyric acid (BABA), known as an inducer of resistance against infection of plants by numerous pathogens. BABA-pretreated plants showed earlier and higher expression of t... |
16113214 | Activation of a novel transcription factor through phosphorylation by WIPK, a wound-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase in tobacco plants. | Wound-induced protein kinase (WIPK) is a tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) mitogen-activated protein kinase known to play an essential role in defense against wounding and pathogens, although its downstream targets have yet to be clarified. This study identified a gene encoding a protein of 648 amino acids, which directly in... |
16113215 | Novel CIPK1-associated proteins in Arabidopsis contain an evolutionarily conserved C-terminal region that mediates nuclear localization. | Environmental stimuli, including light, pathogens, hormones, and abiotic stresses, elicit changes in the cytosolic Ca(2+) signatures of plant cells. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms by which plants sense and transmit the specific cytoplasmic Ca(2+) signal into the nucleus, where gene regulation o... |
16113216 | TPK1 is a vacuolar ion channel different from the slow-vacuolar cation channel. | TPK1 (formerly KCO1) is the founding member of the family of two-pore domain K(+) channels in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), which originally was described following expression in Sf9 insect cells as a Ca(2+)- and voltage-dependent outwardly rectifying plasma membrane K(+) channel. In plants, this channel has been... |
16113217 | Nitrogen deprivation stimulates symbiotic gland development in Gunnera manicata. | Gunnera is the only genus of angiosperms known to host cyanobacteria and the only group of land plants that hosts cyanobacteria intracellularly. Motile filaments of cyanobacteria, known as hormogonia, colonize Gunnera plants through cells in the plant's specialized stem glands. It monly held that Gunnera plants always ... |
16113218 | The mutant of sll1961, which encodes a putative transcriptional regulator, has a defect in regulation of photosystem stoichiometry in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. | In acclimation to changing light environments, photosynthetic organisms modulate the ratio of two photosynthetic reaction centers (photosystem I [PSI] and photosystem II). One mutant, which could not modulate photosystem stoichiometry upon the shift to high light, was isolated from mutants created by random transposon ... |
16113219 | Two FAD3 desaturase genes control the level of linolenic acid in flax seed. | Industrial oil flax (Linum usitatissimum) and edible oil or solin flax differ markedly in seed linolenic acid levels. Despite the economic importance of low-linolenic-acid or solin flax, the molecular mechanism underlying this trait has not been established. Two independently inherited genes control the low-linolenic-a... |
16113220 | The transcribed 165-bp CentO satellite is the major functional centromeric element in the wild rice species Oryza punctata. | Centromeres are required for faithful segregation of chromosomes in cell division. It is not clear what kind of sequences act as functional centromeres and how centromere sequences are organized in Oryza punctata, a BB genome species. In this study, we found that the CentO centromeric satellites in O. punctata share hi... |
16113221 | Differential elicitation of two processing proteases controls the processing pattern of the trypsin proteinase inhibitor precursor in Nicotiana attenuata. | Trypsin proteinase inhibitors (TPIs) of Nicotiana attenuata are major antiherbivore defenses that increase dramatically in leaves after attack or methyl jasmonate (MeJA) elicitation. To understand the elicitation process, we characterized the proteolytic fragmentation and release of TPIs from a multidomain precursor by... |
16113223 | Lateral diffusion of CO2 in leaves is not sufficient to support photosynthesis. | Lateral diffusion of CO(2) was investigated in photosynthesizing leaves with different anatomy by gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence imaging using grease to block stomata. When one-half of the leaf surface of the heterobaric species Helianthus annuus was covered by 4-mm-diameter patches of grease, the response... |
16113222 | A novel plant major intrinsic protein in Physcomitrella patens most similar to bacterial glycerol channels. | A gene encoding a novel fifth type of major intrinsic protein (MIP) in plants has been identified in the moss itrella patens. Phylogenetic analyses show that this protein, GlpF-like intrinsic protein (GIP1;1), is closely related to a subclass of glycerol transporters in bacteria that in addition to glycerol are highly ... |
16113224 | Cosuppression of eukaryotic release factor 1-1 in Arabidopsis affects cell elongation and radial cell division. | The role of the eukaryotic release factor 1 (eRF1) in translation termination has previously been established in yeast; however, only limited characterization has been performed on any plant homologs. Here, we demonstrate that cosuppression of eRF1-1 in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) has a profound effect on plant ... |
16113225 | CML24, regulated in expression by diverse stimuli, encodes a potential Ca2+ sensor that functions in responses to abscisic acid, daylength, and ion stress. | Changes in intracellular calcium (Ca(2+)) levels serve to signal responses to diverse stimuli. Ca(2+) signals are likely perceived through proteins that bind Ca(2+), undergo conformation changes following Ca(2+) binding, and interact with target proteins. The 50-member calmodulin-like (CML) Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis tha... |
16113227 | Dedifferentiation of tobacco cells is associated with ribosomal RNA gene hypomethylation, increased transcription, and chromatin alterations. | Epigenetic changes panying plant cell dedifferentiation and differentiation are reported in 35S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). There was a reduction of CG and CNG methylation in both intergenic and genic regions of the rDNA cistron in fully dedifferentiated callus and pared to leaf. The rDNA hypom... |
16113226 | A plant-specific protein essential for blue-light-induced chloroplast movements. | In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), light-dependent chloroplast movements are induced by blue light. When exposed to low fluence rates of light, chloroplasts accumulate in periclinal layers perpendicular to the direction of light, presumably to optimize light absorption by exposing more chloroplast area to the light... |
16113228 | TANMEI/EMB2757 encodes a WD repeat protein required for embryo development in Arabidopsis. | We identified the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) tanmei/emb2757 (tan) mutation that causes defects in both embryo and seedling development. tan mutant embryos share many characteristics with the leafy cotyledon (lec) class of mutants in that they accumulate anthocyanin, are intolerant of desiccation, form trichomes... |
16113229 | Quantitative statistical analysis of cis-regulatory sequences in ABA/VP1- and CBF/DREB1-regulated genes of Arabidopsis. | We have developed a simple putational approach for objective analysis of cis-regulatory sequences in promoters of coregulated genes. The program, designated MotifFinder, identifies oligo sequences that are overrepresented in promoters of coregulated genes. We used this approach to analyze promoter sequences of Viviparo... |
16113231 | What do microbes encounter at the plant surface? Chemical composition of pea leaf cuticular waxes. | In the cuticular wax mixtures from leaves of pea (Pisum sativum) cv Avanta, cv Lincoln, and cv Maiperle, more than 70 pounds were identified. The adaxial wax was characterized by very high amounts of primary alcohols (71%), while the abaxial wax consisted mainly of alkanes (73%). An aqueous adhesive of gum arabic was e... |
16113230 | Functional conservation of PISTILLATA activity in a pea homolog lacking the PI motif. | Current understanding of floral development is mainly based on what we know from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and Antirrhinum majus. However, we can learn more paring developmental mechanisms that may explain morphological differences between species. A good es from the analysis of genes controlling flower develo... |
16113235 | Cloning, expression and functional characterization of the putative regeneration and tolerance factor (RTF/TJ6) as a functional vacuolar ATPase proton pump regulatory subunit with a conserved sequence of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif. | In an attempt to identify new immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-containing human molecules that may regulate hitherto unknown immune cell functions, we BLAST searched the National Center for Biotechnology Information database for ITAM-containing sequences. A human expressed sequence tag showing part... |
16113236 | Requirement for CD100-CD72 interactions in fine-tuning of B-cell antigen receptor signaling and homeostatic maintenance of the B-cell compartment. | Co-receptors on the B-cell surface regulate B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling; however, it remains unclear how BCR signals are coordinated to maintain immune homeostasis. CD72, a negative regulator of B-cell responses, has immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs within its cytoplasmic region, and the tyro... |
16113237 | A novel HBV DNA vaccine based on T cell epitopes and its potential therapeutic effect in HBV transgenic mice. | DNA vaccination represents a novel therapeutic strategy for chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Recently, some HBV DNA vaccines have been used in the preliminary clinical trials and exhibited exciting results in chronic HBV carriers. But these vaccines only encoded the single viral antigen, the S or the PreS2/S ... |
16113238 | Site-specific biotinylation of RNA molecules by transcription using unnatural base pairs. | Direct site-specific biotinylation of RNA molecules was achieved by specific transcription mediated by unnatural base pairs. Unnatural base pairs between 2-amino-6-(2-thienyl)purine (denoted by s) and 2-oxo(1H)pyridine (denoted by y), or 2-amino-6-(2-thiazolyl)purine (denoted as v) and y specifically function in T7 tra... |
16113239 | Single small-interfering RNA expression vector for silencing multiple transforming growth factor-beta pathway components. | Although RNA interference (RNAi) is a popular technique, no method for simultaneous silencing of multiple targets by small-hairpin RNA (shRNA)-expressing RNAi vectors has yet been established. Although gene silencing can be achieved by synthetic small-interfering RNA (siRNA) duplexes, the approach is transient and larg... |
16113240 | A unique tRNA recognition mechanism of Caenorhabditis elegans mitochondrial EF-Tu2. | Nematode mitochondria expresses two types of extremely truncated tRNAs that are specifically recognized by two distinct elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) species named EF-Tu1 and EF-Tu2. This is unlike the canonical EF-Tu molecule that participates in the standard protein biosynthesis systems, which basically recognizes all... |
16113242 | Isolation of a small molecule inhibitor of DNA base excision repair. | The base excision repair (BER) pathway is essential for the removal of DNA bases damaged by alkylation or oxidation. A key step in BER is the processing of an apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site intermediate by an AP endonuclease. The major AP endonuclease in human cells (APE1, also termed HAP1 and Ref-1) accounts for >95%... |
16113241 | Tolerated wobble mutations in siRNAs decrease specificity, but can enhance activity in vivo. | RNA interference (RNAi) has e an invaluable tool for functional genomics. A critical use of this tool depends on an understanding of the factors that determine the specificity and activity of the active agent, small interfering RNA (siRNA). Several studies have concluded that tolerance of mutations can be considerable ... |
16113244 | Novel sialic acid transporter of Haemophilus influenzae. | Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae is an opportunistic pathogen and mon cause of otitis media in children and of chronic bronchitis and pneumonia in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The lipooligosaccharides, a ponent of the outer membrane of H. influenzae, play an important role in microbial virulen... |
16113245 | Cytotoxic necrotizing factor type 1 production by uropathogenic Escherichia coli modulates polymorphonuclear leukocyte function. | Many strains of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) produce cytotoxic necrotizing factor type 1 (CNF1), a toxin that constitutively activates the Rho GTPases RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42. We previously showed that CNF1 contributes to the virulence of UPEC in a mouse model of ascending urinary tract infection and a rat model... |
16113246 | Helicobacter hepaticus hydrogenase mutants are deficient in hydrogen-supported amino acid uptake and in causing liver lesions in A/J mice. | Helicobacter hepaticus, a causative agent of chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma in mice, expresses a nickel-containing hydrogen-oxidizing hydrogenase enzyme. Growth of a hyaB gene-targeted mutant was unaffected by the presence of hydrogen, unlike the wild-type strain, which showed an enhanced growth rate wh... |
16113247 | Down regulation of virulence factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by salicylic acid attenuates its virulence on Arabidopsis thaliana and Caenorhabditis elegans. | Salicylic acid (SA) is a phenolic metabolite produced by plants and is known to play an important role in several physiological processes, such as the induction of plant defense responses against pathogen attack. Here, using the Arabidopsis thaliana-Pseudomonas aeruginosa pathosystem, we provide evidence that SA acts d... |
16113248 | Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium fimbrial proteins serve as antigens during infection of mice. | The Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium genome contains 13 operons with homology to fimbrial gene sequences. Here we investigated the role of 11 serotype Typhimurium fimbrial proteins, including FimA, AgfA (CsgA), BcfA, StbA, SthA, LpfA, PefA, StdA, StcA, StiA, and StfA, as antigens during the infection of genetic... |
16113250 | Involvement of fractalkine/CX3CL1 expression by dendritic cells in the enhancement of host immunity against Legionella pneumophila. | Legionnaires' disease is clinically manifested as severe pneumonia caused by Legionella pneumophila. However, the dendritic cell (DC)-centered immunological framework of the host defense against L. pneumophila has not been fully delineated. For this study, we focused on a potent chemoattractant for lymphocytes, fractal... |
16113249 | Incomplete activation of macrophage apoptosis during intracellular replication of Legionella pneumophila. | The ability of the intracellular bacterium Legionella pneumophila to cause disease is totally dependent on its ability to modulate the biogenesis of its phagosome and to replicate within alveolar cells. Upon invasion, L. pneumophila activates caspase-3 in macrophages, monocytes, and alveolar epithelial cells in a Dot/I... |
16113251 | Persistence of zinc-binding bacterial superantigens at the surface of antigen-presenting cells contributes to the extreme potency of these superantigens as T-cell activators. | Bacterial superantigen intoxication causes massive overactivation of T cells, which can result in potentially lethal toxic shock. Superantigens fall into two groups: superantigens such as staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) that contain a single generic binding site for major plex class II (MHC-II) and more potent super... |
16113252 | Porphyromonas gingivalis fimbria-dependent activation of inflammatory genes in human aortic endothelial cells. | Epidemiological and pathological studies have suggested that infection with the oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis can potentiate atherosclerosis and human coronary heart disease. Furthermore, infection with invasive, but not noninvasive P. gingivalis has been demonstrated to accelerate atherosclerosis in apolipopr... |
16113253 | Gliding motility leads to active cellular invasion by Cryptosporidium parvum sporozoites. | We examined gliding motility and cell invasion by an early-branching plexan, Cryptosporidium parvum, which causes diarrheal disease in humans and animals. Real-time video microscopy demonstrated that C. parvum sporozoites undergo circular and helical gliding, two of the three stereotypical movements exhibited by Toxopl... |
16113254 | Sequence variation and immunologic cross-reactivity among Babesia bovis merozoite surface antigen 1 proteins from vaccine strains and vaccine breakthrough isolates. | The Babesia bovis merozoite surface antigen 1 (MSA-1) is an immunodominant membrane glycoprotein that is the target of invasion-blocking antibodies. While antigenic variation has been demonstrated in MSA-1 among strains from distinct geographical areas, the extent of sequence variation within a region where it is endem... |
16113256 | Identification, cloning, expression, and characterization of the gene for Plasmodium knowlesi surface protein containing an altered thrombospondin repeat domain. | Proteins present on the surface of malaria parasites that participate in the process of invasion and adhesion to host cells are considered attractive vaccine targets. Aided by the availability of the pleted genome sequence of the simian malaria parasite Plasmodium knowlesi, we have identified a 786-bp DNA sequence that... |
16113255 | Cell surface heparan sulfate promotes replication of Toxoplasma gondii. | Previous work suggests that cell surface heparan sulfate acts as a receptor for the plexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Using Chinese hamster ovary cell mutants defective in heparan sulfate biosynthesis, we show that heparan sulfate is necessary and sufficient for infectivity. Further, we demonstrate that the parasite r... |
16113257 | Correlates of immune protection in chickens vaccinated with Mycoplasma gallisepticum strain GT5 following challenge with pathogenic M. gallisepticum strain R(low). | Colonization of the avian respiratory tract with Mycoplasma gallisepticum results in a profound inflammatory response in the trachea, air sacs, conjunctiva, and lungs. A live attenuated M. gallisepticum vaccine strain, GT5, was previously shown to be protective in chickens upon challenge; however, the mechanisms by whi... |
16113258 | Involvement of toll-like receptor 2 in experimental invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. | Aspergillus fumigatus, an opportunistic fungal pathogen, causes severe and usually fatal invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in promised hosts. Interestingly, Drosophila cells lacking the Toll protein are prone to A. fumigatus infection. In the current study, we looked for the involvement of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) in... |
16113259 | Cable pili and the 22-kilodalton adhesin are required for Burkholderia cenocepacia binding to and transmigration across the squamous epithelium. | Burkholderia cenocepacia strains expressing both cable (Cbl) pili and the 22-kDa adhesin bind to cytokeratin 13 (CK13) strongly and invade squamous epithelium efficiently. It has not been established, however, whether the gene encoding the adhesin is located in the cbl operon or what specific contribution the adhesin a... |
16113260 | Microarray-based detection of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium transposon mutants that cannot survive in macrophages and mice. | DNA microarrays provide an opportunity bine the principles of signature-tagged mutagenesis (STM) with microarray technology to identify potentially important bacterial virulence genes. The scope of DNA microarrays allows for less laborious screening on a much larger scale than possible by STM alone. We have adapted a m... |
16113261 | Sequence variation within botulinum neurotoxin serotypes impacts antibody binding and neutralization. | The botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are category A biothreat agents which have been the focus of intensive efforts to develop vaccines and antibody-based prophylaxis and treatment. Such approaches must take into account the extensive BoNT sequence variability; the seven BoNT serotypes differ by up to 70% at the amino aci... |
16113262 | Examination of the coordinate effects of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ExoS on Rac1. | Exoenzyme S (ExoS) is a bifunctional toxin directly translocated into eukaryotic cells by the Pseudomonas aeruginosa type III secretory (TTS) process. The amino-terminal GTPase-activating (GAP) activity and the carboxy-terminal ADP-ribosyltransferase (ADPRT) activity of ExoS have been found to target but exert opposite... |
16113263 | Concurrent infection with an intestinal helminth parasite impairs host resistance to enteric Citrobacter rodentium and enhances Citrobacter-induced colitis in mice. | Infections with intestinal helminth and bacterial pathogens, such as enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, continue to be a major global health threat for children. To test the hypothesis that intestinal helminth infection may be a risk factor for enteric bacterial infection, a murine model was established by using the in... |
16113264 | Iron acquisition from transferrin by Candida albicans depends on the reductive pathway. | Host-pathogen interactions that alter virulence are influenced by critical nutrients such as iron. In humans, free iron is unavailable, being present only in high-affinity iron binding proteins such as transferrin. The fungal pathogen Candida albicans grows as a saprophyte on mucosal surfaces. Occasionally it invades s... |
16113265 | The Aspergillus fumigatus siderophore biosynthetic gene sidA, encoding L-ornithine N5-oxygenase, is required for virulence. | Aspergillus fumigatus is the leading cause of invasive mold infection and is a serious problem in promised populations worldwide. We have previously shown that survival of A. fumigatus in serum may be related to secretion of siderophores. In this study, we identified and characterized the sidA gene of A. fumigatus, whi... |
16113266 | Mannheimia haemolytica leukotoxin induces apoptosis of bovine lymphoblastoid cells (BL-3) via a caspase-9-dependent mitochondrial pathway. | Mannheimia haemolytica is a key pathogen in the bovine respiratory plex. It produces a leukotoxin (LKT) that is an important virulence factor, causing cell death in bovine leukocytes. The LKT binds to the beta(2) integrin CD11a/CD18, which usually activates signaling pathways that facilitate cell survival. In this stud... |
16113267 | Host immune status influences the development of attaching and effacing lesions in weaned pigs. | Attaching and effacing Escherichia coli (AEEC) has been associated with naturally occurring attaching and effacing (A/E) lesions in weaned pigs, and although A/E lesions have been experimentally reproduced in newborn piglets, such lesions have been much more difficult to induce in older conventional pigs. Hence, the ai... |
16113268 | Identification of a new virulence factor, BvfA, in Brucella suis. | We report the identification of BvfA (for Brucella virulence factor A), a small periplasmic protein unique to the genus Brucella, which is essential for the virulence of Brucella suis. A BvfA knockout mutant was highly attenuated both in in vitro macrophage infection assays and in vivo in the murine model of brucellosi... |
16113269 | Role of FliF and FliI of Listeria monocytogenes in flagellar assembly and pathogenicity. | Flagellar structures have been shown to participate in virulence in a variety of intestinal pathogens. Here, we have identified two potential flagellar genes of Listeria monocytogenes: lmo0713, encoding a protein similar to the flagellar basal ponent FliF, and lmo0716, encoding a protein similar to FliI, the cognate AT... |
16113270 | Characterization of novel staphylococcal enterotoxin-like toxin type P. | We investigated the biological properties of a novel staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE)-like toxin type P (SElP). SElP induced a substantial proliferative response and the production of cytokines interleukin-2, gamma interferon, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin-4 from human T cells when administered at a conce... |
16113271 | Borrelia burgdorferi organisms lacking plasmids 25 and 28-1 are internalized by human blood phagocytes at a rate identical to that of the wild-type strain. | Lyme borreliosis caused by Borrelia burgdorferi is a persistent infection capable of withstanding the host's vigorous immune response. Several reports have shown that the spirochete's linear plasmids 25 and 28-1 are essential for its infectivity. In this context, it was proposed that Borrelia burgdorferi organisms cont... |
16113272 | Unusual genetic organization of a functional type I protein secretion system in Neisseria meningitidis. | Proteins secreted by Neisseria meningitidis are thought to play important roles in the pathogenesis of meningococcal disease. These proteins include the iron-repressible repeat-in-toxin (RTX) exoprotein FrpC. Related proteins in other pathogens are secreted via a type I secretion system (TOSS), but such a system has no... |
16113273 | Rate of inversion of the Salmonella enterica shufflon regulates expression of invertible DNA. | Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and some strains (Vi(+)) of serovar Dublin use type IVB pili to facilitate bacterial self-association, but only when the PilV proteins (potential minor pilus proteins) are not synthesized. Pilus-mediated self-association may be important in the pathogenesis of enteric fever. We have su... |
16113274 | Systematic targeted mutagenesis of Brucella melitensis 16M reveals a major role for GntR regulators in the control of virulence. | In order to identify transcriptional regulators involved in virulence gene control in Brucella melitensis, we generated a collection of 88 mutants in the AraC, ArsR, Crp, DeoR, GntR, IclR, LysR, MerR, RpiR, and TetR families of regulators. This collection was named LiMuR (library of mutants for regulators). We develope... |
16113275 | Salmonella pathogenicity island 2-dependent expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 in macrophages. | Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (SPI-2), which is located at centisome 30.7 on the chromosome of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, is required for growth within macrophages and systemic infection in mice. We recently reported that the infection of macrophages with Salmonella induces the expression of cyclooxyg... |
16113276 | Cholera toxin induces a transient depletion of CD8+ intraepithelial lymphocytes in the rat small intestine as detected by microarray and immunohistochemistry. | Cholera toxin (CT), besides causing intestinal hypersecretion after intragastric administration or during cholera infection, affects a multitude of regulatory mechanisms within the gut mucosal network, including T cells. By use of microarray screening, real-time PCR, and immunohistochemistry, we demonstrate here a rapi... |
16113277 | Experimental infection model for Johne's disease in sheep. | Johne's disease in ruminants results in chronic enteritis caused by the pathogenic bacterium Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. This study examined two M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis strains (JD3 and W), using different doses and routes of infection, to establish the optimal time postchallenge when predicta... |
16113278 | Helicobacter pylori-specific CD4+ T cells home to and accumulate in the human Helicobacter pylori-infected gastric mucosa. | Helicobacter pylori infects the stomach and duodenal mucosa. T cells are ponents of the H. pylori-induced immune response, but little is currently known about how these cells are recruited to the infected mucosa. Here, we have characterized stomach and duodenal T cells isolated from H. pylori-infected and noninfected s... |
16113279 | Bacteroides fragilis-derived lipopolysaccharide produces cell activation and lethal toxicity via toll-like receptor 4. | Bacteroides fragilis, which is part of the normal intestinal flora, is a frequent cause of serious disease, especially in diabetic and surgical patients. In these conditions, B. fragilis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is likely to play a major pathophysiologic role. B. fragilis LPS is structurally different from classical en... |
16113280 | Bovine NK cells can produce gamma interferon in response to the secreted mycobacterial proteins ESAT-6 and MPP14 but not in response to MPB70. | Bovine NK cells have recently been characterized and the present study describes the interaction between NK cells, antigen-presenting cells, and secreted mycobacterial proteins. Gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production by NK cells was seen in approximately 30% of noninfected calves in response to the Mycobacterium plex-... |
16113281 | Postgenomic approach to identify novel Mycobacterium leprae antigens with potential to improve immunodiagnosis of infection. | Early detection of Mycobacterium leprae infection is considered an ponent of strategies aiming at reducing transmission of infection, but currently available diagnostic tools often lack sufficient sensitivity and specificity to reach this goal. parative genomics have revealed the presence of 165 M. leprae genes with no... |
16113283 | Heteropentameric cholera toxin B subunit chimeric molecules genetically fused to a vaccine antigen induce systemic and mucosal immune responses: a potential new strategy to target recombinant vaccine antigens to mucosal immune systems. | Noninvasive mucosal vaccines are attractive alternatives to parenteral vaccines. Although the conjugation of vaccine antigens with the B subunit of cholera toxin (CTB) is one of the most promising strategies for vaccine delivery to mucosal immune systems, the molecule cannot tolerate large-protein fusion, as it severel... |
16113282 | Early cytokine production is associated with protection from murine cerebral malaria. | Cerebral malaria (CM) is an infrequent but plication of Plasmodium falciparum infection in humans. Animal and human studies suggest that the pathogenesis of CM is immune mediated, but the precise mechanisms leading to cerebral pathology are unclear. In mice, infection with Plasmodium berghei ANKA results in CM on day 6... |
16113284 | Optimization of codon usage enhances the immunogenicity of a DNA vaccine encoding mycobacterial antigen Ag85B. | In spite of its many other benefits, DNA vaccine is limited in its application by its insufficient immunogenicity. One promising approach for enhancing its immunogenicity is to maximize its expression in the immunized host. In the current study, we investigated whether codon optimization of the mycobacterial antigen Ag... |
16113285 | Characterization of salivary immunoglobulin A responses in children heavily exposed to the oral bacterium Streptococcus mutans: influence of specific antigen recognition in infection. | The initial infection of children by Streptococcus mutans, the main pathogen of dental caries, depends on the ability of S. mutans to adhere and accumulate on tooth surfaces. These processes involve the adhesin antigen I/II (AgI/II), glucosyltransferases (GTF) and glucan-binding protein B (GbpB), each a target for anti... |
16113287 | Mutations affecting peptidoglycan acetylation in Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis. | Neisseria gonorrhoeae acetylates its cell wall peptidoglycan (PG) at the C-6 position on N-acetylmuramic acid. To understand the effects of PG acetylation on PG metabolism and release of PG fragments, we have made mutations in the genes responsible for PG acetylation. An insertion mutation in a putative PG acetylase ge... |
16113286 | Identification of a protein subset of the anthrax spore immunome in humans immunized with the anthrax vaccine adsorbed preparation. | We identified spore targets of Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed (AVA)-induced immunity in humans by screening binant clones of a previously generated, limited genomic Bacillus anthracis Sterne (pXO1(+), pXO2(-)) expression library of putative spore surface (spore-associated [SA]) proteins with pooled sera from human adults imm... |
16113288 | Characterization of Vibrio cholerae RyhB: the RyhB regulon and role of ryhB in biofilm formation. | Vibrio cholerae encodes a small RNA with homology to Escherichia coli RyhB. Like E. coli ryhB, V. cholerae ryhB is negatively regulated by iron and Fur and is required for repression of genes encoding the superoxide dismutase SodB and multiple tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes. However, V. cholerae RyhB is considerably ... |
16113290 | Interaction of Bartonella henselae with endothelial cells promotes monocyte/macrophage chemoattractant protein 1 gene expression and protein production and triggers monocyte migration. | Bacillary angiomatosis (BA), one of the many clinical manifestations resulting from infection with the facultative intracellular bacterium Bartonella henselae, is characterized by angiogenic lesions. Macrophages have been identified as important effector cells contributing to the angiogenic process during B. henselae i... |
16113289 | Components of the Legionella pneumophila flagellar regulon contribute to multiple virulence traits, including lysosome avoidance and macrophage death. | Legionella pneumophila is a motile intracellular pathogen of macrophages and amoebae. When nutrients e scarce, the bacterium induces expression of transmission traits, some of which are dependent on the flagellar sigma factor FliA (sigma(28)). To test how ponents of the L. pneumophila flagellar regulon contribute to vi... |
16113292 | vpaH, a gene encoding a novel histone-like nucleoid structure-like protein that was possibly horizontally acquired, regulates the biogenesis of lateral flagella in trh-positive Vibrio parahaemolyticus TH3996. | A histone-like nucleoid structure (H-NS) is a ponent of the bacterial nucleoid and plays a crucial role in the global gene regulation of enteric bacteria. Here, we cloned and characterized the gene for the H-NS-like protein VpaH in Vibrio parahaemolyticus. vpaH encodes a protein of 134 amino acids that shows approximat... |
16113291 | Characterization of MtsR, a new metal regulator in group A streptococcus, involved in iron acquisition and virulence. | Group A streptococcus (GAS) is mon pathogen of the human skin and mucosal surfaces capable of producing a variety of diseases. In this study, we investigated regulation of iron uptake in GAS and the role of a putative transcriptional regulator named MtsR (for Mts repressor) with homology to the DtxR family of metal-dep... |
16113293 | Neisseria meningitidis lactate permease is required for nasopharyngeal colonization. | Neisseria meningitidis is a human specific pathogen that is part of the normal nasopharyngeal flora. Little is known about the metabolic constraints on survival of the meningococcus during colonization of the upper airways. Here we show that glucose and lactate, both carbon energy sources for meningococcal growth, are ... |
16113295 | Biochemical characterization and functional studies of Acanthamoeba mannose-binding protein. | Acanthamoebae produce a painful, sight-threatening corneal infection. The adhesion of parasites to the host cells is a critical first step in the pathogenesis of infection. Subsequent to adhesion, the parasites produce a potent cytopathic effect (CPE) leading to target cell death. Recent studies showing that acanthamoe... |
16113294 | Calcineurin is required for Candida albicans to survive calcium stress in serum. | The calcium-activated protein phosphatase calcineurin plays a critical role in the virulence of Candida albicans. Previous studies demonstrated that calcineurin is not required for the yeast-hypha dimorphic transition, host cell adherence, or host cell injury, which are all established virulence attributes of this orga... |
16113296 | Pulmonary interleukin-23 gene delivery increases local T-cell immunity and controls growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the lungs. | Interleukin-23 (IL-23) is a heterodimeric cytokine that shares IL-12 p40 but contains a unique p19 subunit similar to IL-12 p35. Previous studies indicate a greater importance for intact IL-12/23 p40 expression than IL-12 p35 for immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, suggesting a role for IL-23 in host defense. ... |
16113297 | Pathogenicity and immunogenicity of a vaccine strain of Listeria monocytogenes that relies on a suicide plasmid to supply an essential gene product. | Listeria monocytogenes is a bacterial pathogen that elicits a strong cellular immune response and thus has potential use as a vaccine vector. An attenuated strain, L. monocytogenes dal dat, produced by deletion of two genes (dal and dat) used for d-alanine synthesis, induces cytotoxic T lymphocytes and protective immun... |
16113298 | HLA-A2 supertype-restricted cell-mediated immunity by peripheral blood mononuclear cells derived from Malian children with severe or uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria and healthy controls. | Understanding HLA-restricted adaptive host immunity to defined epitopes of malarial antigens may be required for the development of successful malaria vaccines. Fourteen epitopes of preerythrocytic malarial antigens known to mediate cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses against target cells expressing HLA-A2-restricted epit... |
16113299 | Tracking antigen-specific CD8 T lymphocytes in the lungs of mice vaccinated with the Mtb72F polyprotein. | This study used a major plex class I tetramer reagent to track antigen-specific CD8 T cells in the lungs of mice immunized with the tuberculosis vaccine candidate Mtb72F. The results show that CD8 T cells recognizing an immunodominant Mtb32-specific epitope could be detected in significant numbers over the course of in... |
16113300 | Cationic liposomes containing mycobacterial lipids: a new powerful Th1 adjuvant system. | The immunostimulation provided by the mycobacterial cell wall has been exploited for many decades, e.g., in plete adjuvant. Recently, the underlying mechanism behind this adjuvant activity, including Toll receptor signaling, has begun to be unraveled, confirming the potential of mycobacterial constituents to act as adj... |
16113301 | Toward a novel experimental model of infection to study American cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania braziliensis. | Leishmania spp. cause a broad spectrum of diseases collectively known as leishmaniasis. Leishmania braziliensis is the main etiological agent of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. In the present study, we have developed an experimental model of infection that closely resembles ACL c... |
16113302 | Combined conjugate vaccines: enhanced immunogenicity with the N19 polyepitope as a carrier protein. | The N19 polyepitope, consisting of a sequential string of universal human CD4(+)-T-cell epitopes, was tested as a carrier protein in a formulation bined glycoconjugate vaccines containing the capsular polysaccharides (PSs) of Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, C, W-135, and Y. Good antibody responses to all four poly... |
16113303 | Vaccination with the Leishmania infantum acidic ribosomal P0 protein plus CpG oligodeoxynucleotides induces protection against cutaneous leishmaniasis in C57BL/6 mice but does not prevent progressive disease in BALB/c mice. | We have examined the efficacy of the administration in mice of a molecularly defined vaccine based on the Leishmania infantum acidic ribosomal protein P0 (rLiP0). Two different challenge models of murine cutaneous leishmaniasis were used: (i) subcutaneous inoculation of L. major parasites in susceptible BALB/c mice (a ... |
16113305 | Novel role of the lipopolysaccharide O1 side chain in ferric siderophore transport and virulence of Vibrio anguillarum. | From a library of approximately 20,000 transposon mutants, we have identified mutants affected in chromosomal genes involved in synthesis of the siderophore anguibactin, as well as in ferric anguibactin utilization. Genetic and sequence analyses of one such transport-defective mutant revealed that the transposon insert... |
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