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16113306 | Cyclic diguanylate regulates Vibrio cholerae virulence gene expression. | The cyclic dinucleotide second messenger cyclic diguanylate (c-diGMP) has been implicated in regulation of cell surface properties in several bacterial species, including Vibrio cholerae. Expression of genes required for V. cholerae biofilm formation is activated by an increased intracellular c-diGMP concentration. The... |
16113304 | Characterization of genetic and phenotypic diversity of invasive nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae. | The ability of unencapsulated (nontypeable) Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) to cause systemic disease in healthy children has been recognized only in the past decade. To determine the extent of similarity among invasive nontypeable isolates, pared strain R2866 with 16 additional NTHi isolates from blood and spinal fluid,... |
16113307 | Fetuin-A, a hepatocyte-specific protein that binds Plasmodium berghei thrombospondin-related adhesive protein: a potential role in infectivity. | Malaria infection is initiated when the insect vector injects Plasmodium sporozoites into a susceptible vertebrate host. Sporozoites rapidly leave the circulatory system to invade hepatocytes, where further development generates the parasite form that invades and multiplies within erythrocytes. Previous experiments hav... |
16113308 | Francisella tularensis enters macrophages via a novel process involving pseudopod loops. | Intracellular bacterial pathogens employ a variety of strategies to invade their eukaryotic host cells. From an ultrastructural standpoint, the processes that bacteria employ to invade their host cells include conventional phagocytosis, coiling phagocytosis, and ruffling/triggered macropinocytosis. In this paper, we de... |
16113309 | Placental malaria induces variant-specific antibodies of the cytophilic subtypes immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and IgG3 that correlate with adhesion inhibitory activity. | Antibodies targeting variant antigens on the surfaces of chondroitin sulfate A (CSA)-binding malaria-infected erythrocytes have been linked to protection against plications of malaria in pregnancy. We examined the isotype/subtype profiles of antibodies that bound to variant surface antigens expressed by CSA-adherent Pl... |
16113310 | Transforming growth factor beta 1 production by CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy subjects stimulated with Leishmania guyanensis. | Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) has been shown to be a central immunomodulator used by leishmaniae to escape effective mechanisms of protection in human and murine infections with these parasites. However, all the information is derived from studies of established infection, while little is known about TGF-b... |
16113311 | Highly immunogenic and protective recombinant vaccine candidate expressed in transgenic plants. | Vaccine development has been hampered by difficulties in developing new and safe adjuvants, so alternative technologies that offer new avenues forward are urgently needed. The goal of this study was to express a monoclonal binant plex in a transgenic plant. A binant protein consisting of a tetanus toxin C fragment-spec... |
16113312 | Quantitative assessment of protection in experimental syphilis. | Protection in experimental rabbit syphilis has been previously assessed by lesion development following intradermal challenge with Treponema pallidum. We have recently reported that passive immunization using monoclonal antibody M131 conveys partial protection as evidenced by significant lesion delays following intrade... |
16113314 | Merozoite surface protein 1 of Plasmodium vivax induces a protective response against Plasmodium cynomolgi challenge in rhesus monkeys. | The 42-kDa fragment of the merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP-1(42)) is a leading candidate for the development of a vaccine to control malaria. We previously reported a method for the production of Plasmodium vivax MSP-1(42) (PvMSP-1(42)) as a soluble protein (S. Dutta, L. W. Ware, A. Barbosa, C. F. Ockenhouse, and D. E... |
16113313 | Extensive antigenic polymorphism within the repeat sequence of the Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 1 block 2 is incorporated in a minimal polyvalent immunogen. | Polymorphism in pathogen antigens presents plex challenge for vaccine design. A prime example is the N-terminal block 2 region of the Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1), to which allele-specific antibodies have been associated with protection from malaria. In a Zambian population studied here, 49 ... |
16113315 | Humoral and cell-mediated adaptive immune responses are required for protection against Burkholderia pseudomallei challenge and bacterial clearance postinfection. | Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis, is a gram-negative bacillus endemic to areas of southeast Asia and northern Australia. Presently, there is no licensed vaccine for B. pseudomallei and the organism is refractive to antibiotic therapy. The bacterium is known to survive and multiply inside bo... |
16113316 | Sex-dependent susceptibility to Listeria monocytogenes infection is mediated by differential interleukin-10 production. | It is well documented that sex-dependent factors affect susceptibility to infection, with most mouse models demonstrating higher resistance in females. We made the unexpected observation that infection with the intracellular bacterium Listeria monocytogenes showed an opposite pattern in monly used inbred mouse strains:... |
16113317 | Environmental regulation and virulence attributes of the Ysa type III secretion system of Yersinia enterocolitica biovar 1B. | Pathogenic biovars of Yersinia enterocolitica maintain the well-studied plasmid-encoded Ysc type III secretion (TTS) system, which has a definitive role in virulence. Y. enterocolitica biovar 1B additionally has a distinct chromosomal locus, the Yersinia secretion apparatus pathogenicity island (YSA PI) that encodes th... |
16113318 | Immunogenicity of recombinant protective antigen and efficacy against aerosol challenge with anthrax. | Immunization with a binant form of the protective antigen (rPA) from Bacillus anthracis has been carried out with rhesus macaques. Rhesus macaques immunized with 25 mug or more of B. subtilis-expressed rPA bound to alhydrogel had a significantly increased immunoglobulin G (IgG) response to pared with macaques receiving... |
16113319 | Both Corynebacterium diphtheriae DtxR(E175K) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis IdeR(D177K) are dominant positive repressors of IdeR-regulated genes in M. tuberculosis. | The diphtheria toxin repressor (DtxR) is an important iron-dependent transcriptional regulator of known virulence genes in Corynebacterium diphtheriae. The mycobacterial iron-dependent repressor (IdeR) is phylogenetically closely related to DtxR, with high amino acid similarity in the DNA binding and metal ion binding ... |
16113320 | Bordetella pertussis risA, but not risS, is required for maximal expression of Bvg-repressed genes. | Expression of virulence determinants by Bordetella pertussis, the primary etiological agent of whooping cough, is regulated by the BvgAS ponent regulatory system. The role of a second ponent regulatory system, encoded by risAS, in this process is not defined. Here, we show that mutation of B. pertussis risA does not af... |
16113321 | Interaction of enteropathogenic and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli and porcine intestinal mucosa: role of intimin and Tir in adherence. | The ileal in vitro organ culture (IVOC) model using tissues originating from colostrum-deprived newborn piglets has proven to be an effective way to study the attaching and effacing (A/E) phenotype of porcine enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) ex vivo. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of intimin ... |
16113322 | CD8+-T-cell-dependent control of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in a highly susceptible mouse strain after immunization with recombinant proteins based on amastigote surface protein 2. | We previously described that DNA vaccination with the gene encoding amastigote surface protein 2 (ASP-2) protects approximately 65% of highly susceptible A/Sn mice against the lethal Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Here, we explored the possibility that bacterial binant proteins of ASP-2 could be used to improve the effic... |
16113323 | Identification of group A Streptococcus antigenic determinants upregulated in vivo. | Group A Streptococcus (GAS) causes a range of diseases in humans, from mild noninvasive infections to severe invasive infections. The molecular basis for the varying severity of disease remains unclear. We identified genes expressed during invasive disease using in vivo-induced antigen technology (IVIAT), applied for t... |
16113324 | Isolation and partial purification of macrophage- and dendritic cell-activating components from Mycoplasma arthritidis: association with organism virulence and involvement with Toll-like receptor 2. | Mycoplasma arthritidis induces toxicity, arthritis, and dermal necrosis in mice. Virulence factors include a superantigen and membrane adhesins and possibly also a ponent. Here pare the biological properties of Triton X-114 extracts derived from avirulent and virulent M. arthritidis strains. Macrophage cell lines and r... |
16113326 | Synergy in polymicrobial infections in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes. | Human diabetics frequently suffer delayed wound healing, increased susceptibility to localized and systemic infections, and limb amputations as a consequence of the disease. Lower-limb infections in diabetic patients are most often polymicrobial, involving mixtures of aerobic, facultative anaerobic, and anaerobic bacte... |
16113325 | Brucella abortus virB12 is expressed during infection but is not an essential component of the type IV secretion system. | The Brucella abortus virB operon, consisting of 11 genes, virB1 to virB11, and two putative genes, orf12 (virB12) and orf13, encodes a type IV secretion system (T4SS) that is required for intracellular replication and persistent infection in the mouse model. This study was undertaken to determine whether orf12 (virB12)... |
16113327 | Identification of virulence determinants for endocarditis in Streptococcus sanguinis by signature-tagged mutagenesis. | Streptococcus sanguinis is a gram-positive, facultative anaerobe and a normal inhabitant of the human oral cavity. It is also one of the mon agents of infective endocarditis, a serious endovascular infection. To identify virulence factors for infective endocarditis, signature-tagged mutagenesis (STM) was applied to the... |
16113328 | Characterization of the dapA-nlpB genetic locus involved in regulation of swarming motility, cell envelope architecture, hemolysin production, and cell attachment ability in Serratia marcescens. | Swarming migration of Serratia marcescens requires both flagellar motility and cellular differentiation and is a population-density-dependent behavior. While the flhDC and quorum-sensing systems have been characterized as important factors regulating S. marcescens swarming, the underlying molecular mechanisms are curre... |
16113329 | Arginase I induction during Leishmania major infection mediates the development of disease. | In a previous work, we demonstrated that the induction of arginase I favored the replication of Leishmania inside macrophages. Now we have analyzed the differential expression of this enzyme in the mouse model of L. major infection. Ours results show that arginase I is induced in both susceptible and resistant mice dur... |
16113330 | Genome-wide expression profiling in malaria infection reveals transcriptional changes associated with lethal and nonlethal outcomes. | High-density oligonucleotide microarrays are widely used to study gene expression in cells exposed to a variety of pathogens. This study addressed the global genome-wide transcriptional activation of genes in hosts infected in vivo, which result in radically different clinical es. We present an analysis of the gene exp... |
16113331 | Therapeutic efficacy of high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in mice. | Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) is used to treat patients with primary antibody deficiencies and, at high doses, to treat a range of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. With high-dose IVIg (hdIVIg), immunomodulatory mechanisms act on a range of cells, including T cells, B cells, and dendritic cells. Here, we demon... |
16113332 | Anamnestic responses of mice following Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. | The anamnestic response is the property of the immune system that makes vaccine development possible. Although the development of a vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an important global priority, there are many gaps in our understanding of how immunological memory develops following M. tuberculosis infectio... |
16113333 | Hydrophilic domain II of Escherichia coli Dr fimbriae facilitates cell invasion. | Uropathogenic and diarrheal Escherichia coli strains expressing adhesins of the Dr family bind to decay-accelerating factor, invade epithelial cells, preferentially infect children and pregnant women, and may be associated with chronic or recurrent infections. Thus far, no fimbrial domain(s) that facilitates cell invas... |
16113334 | Anti-LcrV antibody inhibits delivery of Yops by Yersinia pestis KIM5 by directly promoting phagocytosis. | LcrV of Yersinia pestis is a major protective antigen proposed for inclusion in subunit plague vaccines. One way that anti-LcrV antibody is thought to protect is by inhibiting the delivery of toxins called Yops to host cells. The present study characterizes the relation between this inhibition and the phagocytosis of t... |
16113335 | Complement receptor 3 binds the Borrelia burgdorferi outer surface proteins OspA and OspB in an iC3b-independent manner. | Persistence of borreliae within the vertebrate host depends on the fate of interactions between the spirochetes and target cells. The present work demonstrates the direct binding of the Borrelia burgdorferi outer surface proteins OspA and OspB to CR3 and that this binding is independent of iC3b. |
16113336 | Paneth cells and antibacterial host defense in neonatal small intestine. | Paneth cells are specialized epithelia in the small bowel that secrete antimicrobial proteins. Paneth cells are vital to the innate immunity of the small bowel in adult mammals, but their role during neonatal infection of the small bowel is not well established. Dithizone selectively damages Paneth cells, and when dith... |
16113337 | Synthesis of melanin pigment by Candida albicans in vitro and during infection. | Melanins are implicated in the pathogenesis of several important human diseases. This study confirmed the presence of melanin particles in Candida albicans in vitro and during infection. Dark particles were isolated from the digestion of C. albicans cultures and from infected tissue, as established by electron microsco... |
16113338 | The Mycobacterium tuberculosis ESAT-6 homologue in Listeria monocytogenes is dispensable for growth in vitro and in vivo. | ESAT-6 is a virulence determinant in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and a member of a conserved group of proteins in a variety of other bacteria. A targeted deletion of the homologous gene in Listeria was generated, and in contrast to that observed for mycobacteria, this locus was not required for Listeria virulence. |
16113339 | CpG oligodeoxynucleotides increase the susceptibility of normal mice to infection by Candida albicans. | Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing CpG motifs trigger an innate immune response that typically increases host resistance to infection. Yet CpG treatment reduces the resistance of normal mice to Candida albicans infection. This effect is mediated by CpG-induced interleukin-12, indicating that CpG-dependent cytok... |
16113341 | Horizontally acquired genes for purine salvage in Borrelia spp. causing relapsing fever. | Unlike Borrelia burgdorferi, the relapsing fever agent Borrelia hermsii and the related Borrelia miyamotoi had purA and purB genes of the purine salvage pathway. These were located among the rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that these genes had a different evolutionary history than those of orthologs in othe... |
16113340 | Role of toll-like receptor 4 in the proinflammatory response to Vibrio cholerae O1 El tor strains deficient in production of cholera toxin and accessory toxins. | Following intranasal inoculation, Vibrio cholerae KFV101 (DeltactxAB DeltahapA DeltahlyA DeltartxA) colonizes and stimulates tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta) in mice, similar to what occurs with isogenic strain P4 (DeltactxAB), but is less virulent and stimulates reduced levels of IL-6, demo... |
16113342 | Gene expression profile analysis of Porphyromonas gingivalis during invasion of human coronary artery endothelial cells. | Microarrays were used to identify genes of Porphyromonas gingivalis W83 differentially expressed during invasion of primary human coronary artery endothelial cells. Analyses of microarray images indicated that 62 genes were differentially regulated. Of these, 11 genes were up-regulated and 51 were down-regulated. The d... |
16113343 | Analysis of cellular phenotypes that mediate genetic resistance to tuberculosis using a radiation bone marrow chimera approach. | Adoptive transfer of bone marrow cells from tuberculosis-resistant (I/St x A/Sn)F(1) donor mice into lethally irradiated susceptible I/St recipients changed their phenotype following infection with virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Compared to I/St-->I/St control animals, F(1)-->I/St chimeras demonstrated (i) prolon... |
16113344 | Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica leukotoxin binding domain lies within amino acids 1 to 291 of bovine CD18. | Previously, we identified bovine CD18 as the receptor for leukotoxin secreted by Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica. In this study, we constructed bovine-murine CD18 chimeras to locate the leukotoxin binding domain on CD18. Leukotoxin specifically lysed transfectants expressing bovine CD18 fragment passing amino acid... |
16113346 | Characterization of FimH adhesins expressed by Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum biovars Gallinarum and Pullorum: reconstitution of mannose-binding properties by single amino acid substitution. | binant FimH adhesins of type 1 fimbriae from Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum biovars Gallinarum and Pullorum, in contrast to those of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, did not bind to high-mannose oligosaccharides or to human colon carcinoma HT-29 cells. However, mutated FimH proteins from biovar Gallinar... |
16113345 | The protective effect of antibody in immunity to murine chlamydial genital tract reinfection is independent of immunoglobulin A. | The resolution of primary and secondary chlamydial genital infection in immunoglobulin A (IgA)-deficient (IgA(-/-)) mice was not different from that in IgA(+/+) mice. Furthermore, depletion of either CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cells prior to reinfection of IgA(+/+) or (-/-) mice had limited impact on immunity to reinfection. T... |
16113348 | Viability of a capsule- and lipopolysaccharide-deficient mutant of Neisseria meningitidis. | Neisseria meningitidis is the only lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-producing gram-negative bacterial species shown to be viable also without LPS. It was thought that the presence of capsular polysaccharide is necessary for this unusual feature. However, we show now that no part of the capsule gene cluster is required for main... |
16113347 | The anti-Candida albicans vaccine composed of the recombinant N terminus of Als1p reduces fungal burden and improves survival in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised mice. | We have previously shown that intraperitoneal vaccination with the binant N terminus of Als1p (rAls1p-N) modestly improves survival during murine disseminated candidiasis. We now report marked efficacy with subcutaneous rAls1p-N vaccination. Efficacy is retained in neutropenic and corticosteroid-treated mice. The rAls1... |
16113352 | Outcomes of high volume cataract surgeries in a developing country. | To analyse the e of high volume cataract surgery in a developing munity based, high volume eye hospital. |
16113353 | Characteristics of trichiasis patients presenting for surgery in rural Ethiopia. | To determine the characteristics of trichiasis patients presenting for surgery in Wolayta Zone of Ethiopia. |
16113354 | Visual acuity in northern China in an urban and rural population: the Beijing Eye Study. | To evaluate prevalence and demographic associations of visual impairment in an urban and rural population in northern China. |
16113355 | Variability in the content of Indian generic ciprofloxacin eye drops. | Under-potent generic antibiotics sold in developing world countries may be contributing to positive selection of resistance organisms and to unpredictability in clinical e, leading to a loss of confidence among physicians locally. The objective of this study was to determine whether reports of unpredictable e for gener... |
16113357 | A new donor cornea harvesting technique for posterior lamellar keratoplasty. | To describe a technique for posterior lamellar keratoplasty donor preparation. |
16113356 | Topical ocular antibiotics induce bacterial resistance at extraocular sites. | pare the prevalence of antibiotic resistance found in nasopharyngeal Streptococcus pneumoniae between villages treated with topical tetracycline or systemic azithromycin as part of a trachoma control programme. |
16113358 | Outcomes of referrals by community optometrists to a hospital glaucoma service. | To determine the es resulting from optometric referrals to a specialist a screening clinic over a 10 year period. |
16113359 | Macular pigment levels following successful macular hole surgery. | Macular pigment (MP) posed of two hydroxycarotenoids contained within the photoreceptors and the axons of the central neurosensory retina, with peak concentrations in the Henle layer. A full thickness macular hole (FTMH) is characterised by absence of all retinal layers in an area centred at the former centre of the fo... |
16113360 | Outcomes after combination photodynamic therapy and immunosuppression for inflammatory subfoveal choroidal neovascularisation. | To report the visual and angiographic es bination photodynamic therapy (PDT) and immunosuppression for inflammatory subfoveal choroidal neovascularisation (CNV). |
16113361 | Comparison of different techniques for purification of triamcinolone acetonide suspension for intravitreal use. | Intravitreal triamcinolone has increasingly been used for the treatment of oedematous and neovascular diseases and purification of triamcinolone suspension may be important in order to avoid the potential toxic effects of the vehicle. The aim was to evaluate different techniques used to reduce the solvent agent benzyl ... |
16113364 | Management of childhood epiphora. | To examine the effectiveness of a management protocol for childhood epiphora using a joint ophthalmological and otolaryngological team approach. |
16113362 | Genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity in pattern dystrophy. | The pattern dystrophies (PD) represent a clinically heterogeneous family of inherited macular diseases frequently caused by mutations in the peripherin/RDS gene. Most previous studies have detailed the clinical findings in single families, making it difficult to derive data from which progression and visual e can be ge... |
16113363 | Intermittent exotropia increasing with near fixation: a "soft" sign of neurological disease. | To examine the association of distance-near disparity with neurological disease in children with intermittent exotropia. |
16113365 | Further validation of the Daily Living Tasks Dependent on Vision: identification of domains. | To examine the Daily Living Tasks Dependent on Vision (DLTV), a visual function questionnaire for domain structure, and redundancy. |
16113366 | Abnormal prion protein in the retina of the most commonly occurring subtype of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. | Involvement of the eye has been reported in patients with variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), but there is disagreement on whether retinal involvement occurs in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD). |
16113367 | Corticosteroid treatment of periorbital haemangioma of infancy: a review of the evidence. | To systematically review the literature for corticosteroid treatment of periorbital haemangioma of infancy (HOI) and determine the relative efficacy and safety of oral, topical and intralesional corticosteroids. |
16113369 | The role of case mix in the relation of volume and outcome in phacoemulsification. | The authors previously demonstrated a decrease plication rate with an increase in volume of cases performed by a surgeon. All studies of volume and e are potentially hampered by the issue of case mix, in that some lower volume surgeons may in fact do fewer cases because they have plex patients. This study was designed ... |
16113368 | Enhanced corneal compensation for scanning laser polarimetry on eyes with atypical polarisation pattern. | To investigate the potential advantage of an enhanced pensation algorithm pared with variable pensation (VCC) in the analysis of scanning laser polarimetric (SLP) images with atypical retardation pattern (ARP). |
16113370 | Minimally invasive, direct, real time measurement of drug concentration in the anterior eye. | To evaluate a corneal contact lens which effectively turns the anterior chamber of the eye into a cuvette, enabling the concentration of a drug to be measured using absorption spectroscopy. |
16113371 | Trypan blue identifies antimetabolite treatment area in trabeculectomy. | Colourless solutions of mitomycin C (MMC) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) are widely used during trabeculectomy to inhibit postoperative scarring. The poor visibility of these agents on the eye has several drawbacks including the inability to accurately assess the area of treatment. This study examined the utility of using t... |
16113372 | Baseline IOP predicts selective laser trabeculoplasty success at 1 year post-treatment: results from a randomised clinical trial. | The efficacy and safety of selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) has been found to be equivalent to argon laser trabeculoplasty (ALT). Since SLT produces significantly less disturbance to the trabecular meshwork and is theoretically more repeatable than ALT, it has potential to replace ALT as the standard procedure to ... |
16113374 | The relation between C reactive protein and age related macular degeneration in the Cardiovascular Health Study. | To test the hypothesis that individuals with age related macular degeneration (AMD) have increased C reactive protein (CRP) levels. |
16113375 | A case control study of age related macular degeneration and use of statins. | Age related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in industrialised countries. Previous studies have suggested that statins may have a protective effect against the disease; however, existing studies have had limited power to reliably detect or exclude an effect and have produced conflicting resu... |
16113376 | Vitrectomy with short term postoperative tamponade using perfluorocarbon liquid for giant retinal tears. | To determine the efficacy and safety of perfluorocarbon liquid as a short term postoperative tamponade in patients with retinal detachment from giant retinal tears. |
16113377 | Vitrectomy and gas tamponade without internal limiting membrane peeling for myopic foveoschisis. | To evaluate the clinical and anatomical es of pars plana vitrectomy and gas tamponade without internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling in symptomatic patients caused by myopic foveoschisis. |
16113378 | Optical coherence tomography guided retreatment of photodynamic therapy. | To evaluate the results of a retreatment modality of photodynamic therapy (PDT) based on optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fluorescein angiography (FA). To quantify the effect of PDT with the help of measurement of the retinal thickness. |
16113379 | Retinal tolerance to dyes. | Dye solutions for intraoperative staining of epiretinal membranes and the internal limiting membrane improve the visualisation of these thin structures and facilitate their removal. In the present study the authors investigated the effects of indocyanine green 0.05%, trypan blue 0.15%, and patent blue 0.48% on bovine r... |
16113380 | Impact of simulated light scatter on scanning laser Doppler flowmetry. | To determine the impact of simulated light scatter on scanning laser Doppler flowmetry (SLDF) assessment of retinal capillary blood flow and retinal image quality. |
16113381 | Monovision slows juvenile myopia progression unilaterally. | To evaluate the acceptability, effectivity, and side effects of a monovision spectacle correction designed to reduce modation and myopia progression in schoolchildren. |
16113382 | Periocular keratoacanthoma: can we always rely on the clinical diagnosis? | To present a series of patients with a clinical diagnosis of periocular keratoacanthoma and assess the incidence of histologically proven invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). |
16113383 | Influence of format on in vitro penetration of antibody fragments through porcine cornea. | Antibody fragments, appropriately formulated, can penetrate through the ocular surface and thus have potential as therapeutic agents. The aim was to investigate the influence of protein fragment format on the kinetics and extent of ocular penetration in vitro. |
16113385 | Effects of celecoxib in human retinoblastoma cell lines and in a transgenic murine model of retinoblastoma. | Celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor and antiangiogenic agent, has demonstrated potent anticancer effects in preclinical studies and in human clinical trials. To evaluate the potential utility of this agent in the treatment of retinoblastoma, the authors investigated the effects of celecoxib in retinoblastoma cell l... |
16113384 | En face optical coherence tomography: a new method to analyse structural changes of the optic nerve head in rat glaucoma. | To investigate en face optical coherence tomography (eOCT) and its use as an effective objective technique for assessing changes in the atous rat optic nerve head (ONH) in vivo, pare it with confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (cSLO). |
16113399 | B7/CD28 costimulation of T cells induces a distinct proteome pattern. | Effective immune strategies for the eradication of human tumors require a detailed understanding of the interaction of tumor cells with the immune system, which might lead to an optimization of T cell responses. To understand the impact of B7-mediated costimulation on T cell prehensive proteome analysis of B7-primed T ... |
16113402 | Integration of sexual and reproductive health services in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. | An integrated sexual and reproductive health package is widely regarded as essential for meeting the needs of both men and women. The practical realities of integration in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, were examined from the perspective of both providers and clients. Only minorities of clients received any assessment of... |
16113403 | Use of multiple opportunities for improving feeding practices in under-twos within child health programmes. | In munity randomized trial, we aimed to promote exclusive breastfeeding and plementary feeding practices in under-twos to ascertain the feasibility of using available channels for nutrition counselling, their relative performance and the relationship between intensity of counselling and behaviour change. We also assess... |
16113400 | Pooled ORF expression technology (POET): using proteomics to screen pools of open reading frames for protein expression. | We have developed a pooled ORF expression technology, POET, that uses binational cloning and proteomic methods (two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry) to identify ORFs that when expressed are likely to yield high levels of soluble, purified protein. Because the method works on pools of ORFs, the pro... |
16113404 | The epithelial sodium channel: activation by membrane-bound serine proteases. | The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) was cloned just 10 years ago. Since that time, the study of human monogenic diseases (pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1 [PHA-1] and Liddle syndrome), as well as mouse models mimicking salt-losing syndromes (PHA-1) or salt-sensitive hypertension (Liddle syndrome), have greatly contribut... |
16113406 | Revisiting cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator structure and function. | The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a channel/enzyme which mediates passive diffusion of chloride and bicarbonate through epithelial cell membranes. It is expressed in many cell types throughout the body, but in the airways it is found mainly in secretory serous cells of the submucosal gla... |
16113405 | Regulation of Na+ channels in lung alveolar type II epithelial cells. | Amiloride-sensitive sodium channels in the lung play an important role in lung fluid balance. Particularly in the alveoli, sodium transport is closely regulated to maintain an appropriate fluid layer on the surface of the alveoli. Alveolar type II cells appear to play an important role in this sodium transport. In alve... |
16113407 | Calcium-activated chloride channels: (un)known, (un)loved? | Calcium-activated chloride channels (CaCCs) participate in many different physiologic processes such as transepithelial transport, excitability of neurons and muscle cells, and oocyte fertilization. Within the airways, they contribute to epithelial fluid secretion. This review focuses on three outstanding questions abo... |
16113408 | The cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator forms macromolecular complexes with PDZ domain scaffold proteins. | Cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR), an epithelial Cl- channel defective in cystic fibrosis, is localized at the apical membrane of epithelial cells. CFTR interacts with a number of ion channels (outwardly rectifying chloride channels, epithelial sodium channels, and inwardly rectifying potassium channels), ... |
16113409 | Local regulation of cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator and epithelial sodium channel in airway epithelium. | Regulation of cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) and epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) in airway epithelia strongly influences the rate of mucociliary clearance (MCC) by determining the volume of airway surface liquid. MCC increases in response to stimuli originating on the airway surface, and CFTR and ENaC ... |
16113410 | The role of claudins in determining paracellular charge selectivity. | Tight junctions create regulated barriers in the paracellular space between epithelial cells, including those of the airway and alveolus. Junctions vary widely throughout the body in their electrical resistance and, to some extent, in their ionic charge selectivity. Paracellular plement transcellular transport to defin... |
16113411 | Regulation of airway surface liquid volume and mucus transport by active ion transport. | Mucus clearance is an ponent of the lung's innate defense against disease, and the ability of the airways to clear mucus is strongly dependent on the volume of liquid on airway surfaces. Whether airway surface liquid (ASL) volume is maintained by passive surface forces or by active ion transport is controversial yet cr... |
16113412 | Submucosal glands and airway defense. | Most airway mucus is produced by submucosal glands in response to neural signals. Gland mucus traps microbes, inhibits their replication, and clears them from the airways. In cystic fibrosis mucus clearance promised, allowing pathogens to persist in static mucus. These trigger an influx of inflammatory cells, but optim... |
16113413 | From mucins to mucus: toward a more coherent understanding of this essential barrier. | Mucus is essential for protection of the airways; however, in chronic airway disease mucus hypersecretion is an important factor in morbidity and mortality. The properties of the mucus gel are dictated in large part by the oligomeric mucins and, over the past decade, we have gained a better understanding of the molecul... |
16113415 | Relationship of airway epithelial ion transport to chronic bronchitis. | Failure to clear mucus normally is a critical event in the pathogenesis of chronic bronchitis (CB). A unifying concept for the failure to clear mucus from airway surfaces has emerged that focuses on an abnormally high mucin-to-airway surface liquid volume ratio. At a certain level, a high mucin-to-volume ratio is assoc... |
16113414 | Effect of inflammatory stimuli on airway ion transport. | The airway epithelium controls the chemical and physical properties of airway surface fluid and consequently mucociliary clearance. The treatment for 24-48 hours of human bronchial epithelial cells with interferon-gamma or interleukin-4 leads to marked changes in transepithelial ion transport properties. Both cytokines... |
16113416 | Similarities and differences in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations. | There is no generally accepted definition of an exacerbation either for asthma or for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. There is little consistency among the symptomatic or functional criteria used in different studies. The most consistent criterion is the introduction of systemic corticosteroids for the acute wor... |
16113417 | Mechanisms of bronchial hyperreactivity in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. | Bronchial hyperreactivity has long been recognized as a hallmark of chronic asthma. Less is known about the prevalence and mechanisms of hyperreactivity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Currently, it is unclear whether the role and mechanisms of hyperreactivity are similar in patients with asthma and CO... |
16113418 | Exacerbations and progression of disease in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. | Exacerbations, characterized by an increase in patients' symptoms above baseline, are characteristic of both chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. Prevention of exacerbations and their expedient treatment are major goals for reducing the morbidity and cost of both conditions. Exacerbations, however, ... |
16113419 | Epithelial-mesenchymal communication in the pathogenesis of chronic asthma. | Although Th-2-mediated inflammation is a key therapeutic target in asthma, its relationship to altered structure and functions of the airways is largely unknown. In addition to inflammation, asthma is a disorder involving the airway epithelium that is more vulnerable to environmental injury and responds to this by impa... |
16113420 | Allergens, viruses, and asthma exacerbations. | In adults and children with asthma, viral infections (rhinovirus [RV] infection being the most prevalent) will often trigger an increase in symptomatology. The mechanisms responsible for viral-induced exacerbations remain uncertain. Proposed mechanisms include direct infection of the lower respiratory tract, the inflam... |
16113422 | Bacteria in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: phenomenon or epiphenomenon? | Our understanding of the pathogenesis and consequences of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has increased considerably in the past decade. Several new lines of evidence support bacterial causation of approximately half of the exacerbations in COPD. Acquisition of new strains of bacteri... |
16113421 | Pharmacologic interventions to reduce the risk of asthma exacerbations. | Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are known to reduce the risk of asthma exacerbations and asthma fatalities. In addition, an increased dose of ICS at the onset of exacerbation can reduce the need for systemic corticosteroids, although this may require a fourfold increase in dose. The overuse of short-acting beta(2)-agonis... |
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