---
license: cc-by-4.0
language:
  - en
task_categories:
  - other
tags:
  - document-restoration
  - occlusion
  - document-understanding
  - docbank
  - layout-analysis
  - token-classification
pretty_name: OPRB (Occluded Pages Restoration Benchmark)
size_categories:
  - 10K<n<100K
dataset_info:
  splits:
    - name: train
      num_examples: 21078
    - name: test
      num_examples: 9000
---

# OPRB: Occluded Pages Restoration Benchmark

OPRB is a large-scale benchmark dataset for evaluating document page restoration from physical occlusion artifacts. Given a document page that has been partially obscured (by stamps, ink, whitener fluid, dust, scribbles, etc.), the task is to recover the original token-level annotations — restoring the positions, fonts, and semantic categories of words that have been corrupted or hidden by occlusion.

The dataset is derived from [DocBank](https://doc-analysis.github.io/docbank-page/index.html), a weakly-supervised dataset of arXiv papers with fine-grained token-level layout annotations. OPRB adds synthetic occlusion to DocBank pages, providing paired (occluded ↔ ground-truth) annotation files for training and evaluating restoration models.

---

## Dataset Structure

Each sample consists of **four paired files** sharing the same base name:

| File type | Location | Format | Description |
|-----------|----------|--------|-------------|
| Occluded image | `{split}/{category}/img/` | `.jpg` | Page image **after** occlusion is applied |
| Occluded annotation | `{split}/{category}/annots/` | `.txt` | Token-level annotation of the occluded page |
| Ground truth image | `{split}/{category}/img_gt/` | `.jpg` | Original **clean** page image |
| Ground truth annotation | `{split}/{category}/gt/` | `.txt` | Token-level annotation of the clean page |

The two occlusion categories are:
- **`text/`** — occlusions that primarily overlap with text regions
- **`nontext/`** — occlusions that primarily overlap with non-text (figure, table, equation) regions

### Repository layout

Each directory is stored as a gzip-compressed tar archive to keep the repository compact. All archives together total approximately **9 GB** (images are stored as JPEG so they compress minimally; annotations compress ~10:1).

```
OPRB/
├── README.md
├── train/
│   ├── text/
│   │   ├── img.tar.gz      
│   │   ├── img_gt.tar.gz    
│   │   ├── annots.tar.gz   
│   │   └── gt.tar.gz      
│   └── nontext/
│       ├── img.tar.gz         
│       ├── img_gt.tar.gz   
│       ├── annots.tar.gz  
│       └── gt.tar.gz        
└── test/
    ├── text/
    │   ├── img.tar.gz       
    │   ├── img_gt.tar.gz    
    │   ├── annots.tar.gz    
    │   └── gt.tar.gz       
    └── nontext/
        ├── img.tar.gz      
        ├── img_gt.tar.gz    
        ├── annots.tar.gz    
        └── gt.tar.gz       
```

To extract an archive:

```bash
mkdir -p train/text/img
tar -xzf train_text_img.tar.gz -C train/text/img/
```

### Split statistics

| Split | text samples | nontext samples | Total samples |
|-------|-------------|-----------------|---------------|
| train | 17,212      | 3,866           | 21,078        |
| test  | 6,000       | 3,000           | 9,000         |
| **Total** | **23,212** | **6,866**   | **30,078**    |

Each sample = 1 occluded image + 1 clean image + 1 occluded annotation + 1 clean annotation.

---

## File Format

Each annotation file is a **tab-separated text file** where every row represents one token (word or character) on the page.

### Columns

| # | Field | Description |
|---|-------|-------------|
| 1 | `token` | The text token (word, character, or symbol) |
| 2–9 | `x1 y1 x2 y2 x3 y3 x4 y4` | Eight bounding-box coordinates describing the **rotated quadrilateral** enclosing the token (in page pixel space). For axis-aligned boxes, all four corners collapse to a rectangle. |
| 10 | `font_name` | Name of the font used to render the token (e.g., `CMSY10`, `NimbusRomNo9L-Regu`) |
| 11 | `category` | Semantic document-element category. One of: `title`, `author`, `abstract`, `paragraph`, `section`, `equation`, `figure`, `table`, `caption`, `reference`, `footer`, `date`, `email`, `list` |


## File Naming Convention

```
{OcclusionType}__{density}__{batchId}.tar_{arXivId}.gz_{paperName}_{pageIndex}_ori.txt
```

| Part | Example | Meaning |
|------|---------|---------|
| `OcclusionType` | `White_Whitener` | Type of occlusion applied (see table below) |
| `density` | `2p0pct` | Area fraction of the page that is occluded (`2p0pct` = 2.0%) |
| `batchId` | `105` | DocBank source batch identifier |
| `arXivId` | `1804.06143.gz` | arXiv paper ID |
| `paperName` | `MassiveMIMO` | Shortened paper/file name |
| `pageIndex` | `10` | Zero-based page index within the paper |

---

## Occlusion Types

| Type | Category | Description |
|------|----------|-------------|
| `Black_Scribble` | Dark | Handwritten-style black scribble marks overlaid on the page |
| `Black_Ink` | Dark | Solid black ink blotches or strokes |
| `Through_Stamp` | See Through | Stamp-like markings that partially show through (semi-transparent) |
| `Through_Dust` | See Through | Fine dust or speckle texture simulating aged/dirty documents |
| `White_Burnt` | Light | Burnt / bleached white patches obscuring text |
| `White_Whitener` | Light | White correction-fluid (liquid paper) covering text |
| `Sim` | Synthetic Scribble | Simulated scribble artifacts |
| `Mixed` | Combined | A combination of two or more occlusion types on the same page |

---

## How to Load

### Step 1 — Download and extract archives

```python
from huggingface_hub import hf_hub_download
import tarfile, os

def download_and_extract(repo_id, archive_repo_path, extract_to):
    """Download a tar.gz archive from the Hub and extract it locally."""
    os.makedirs(extract_to, exist_ok=True)
    local_path = hf_hub_download(
        repo_id=repo_id,
        filename=archive_repo_path,
        repo_type="dataset",
    )
    with tarfile.open(local_path, "r:gz") as tar:
        tar.extractall(extract_to)

REPO = "kpurkayastha/OPRB"

# Download train text split (images + annotations)
download_and_extract(REPO, "train/text/img.tar.gz",    "data/train/text/img")
download_and_extract(REPO, "train/text/img_gt.tar.gz", "data/train/text/img_gt")
download_and_extract(REPO, "train/text/annots.tar.gz", "data/train/text/annots")
download_and_extract(REPO, "train/text/gt.tar.gz",     "data/train/text/gt")
```

### Step 2 — Load a paired sample

```python
from pathlib import Path
from PIL import Image

def load_annotation(filepath):
    """Load an OPRB annotation file into a list of token dicts."""
    tokens = []
    with open(filepath, encoding="utf-8") as f:
        for line in f:
            parts = line.rstrip("\n").split("\t")
            if len(parts) < 11:
                continue
            tokens.append({
                "token":    parts[0],
                "bbox":     [int(x) for x in parts[1:9]],  # 8 rotated-bbox coords
                "font":     parts[9],
                "category": parts[10],
            })
    return tokens

base = "White_Whitener__2p0pct__105.tar_1804.06143.gz_MassiveMIMO_10_ori"

# Occluded inputs
occluded_img   = Image.open(f"data/train/text/img/{base}.jpg")
occluded_annot = load_annotation(f"data/train/text/annots/{base}.txt")

# Ground truth targets
clean_img   = Image.open(f"data/train/text/img_gt/{base}.jpg")
clean_annot = load_annotation(f"data/train/text/gt/{base}.txt")
```

---

## Provenance

OPRB is built on top of **DocBank** ([Li et al., 2020](https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.01038)), a large-scale dataset for document layout analysis containing 500K document pages from arXiv papers with token-level bounding-box and semantic category annotations. Synthetic occlusions were applied programmatically to DocBank pages to produce the OPRB training and test splits.

```bibtex
@dataset{oprb2026,
  title  = {OPRB: Occluded Pages Restoration Benchmark},
  author = {Purkayastha, Kunal},
  year   = {2026},
  url    = {https://huggingface.co/datasets/kpurkayastha/OPRB},
}

@inproceedings{li2020docbank,
  title     = {DocBank: A Benchmark Dataset for Document Layout Analysis},
  author    = {Li, Minghao and Xu, Yiheng and Cui, Lei and Huang, Shaohan and Wei, Furu and Li, Zhe and Zhou, Ming},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2020},
}
```

---

## License

This dataset is released under the **Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)** license. You are free to share and adapt the material for any purpose, provided appropriate credit is given.

The underlying DocBank annotations are also available under CC BY 4.0.