Update README with train + 3 test splits
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README.md
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data_files:
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- split: train
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path: "data/train/*.parquet"
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- split:
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path: "data/
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---
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# Obfuscated ExeBench (AArch64)
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| Property | Value |
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| **
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| **
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| **Architecture** | AArch64 (ARM64) |
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| **Obfuscator** | [Tigress 4.0.11](https://tigress.wtf/) |
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| **Compiler** | `aarch64-linux-gnu-gcc 15.2.0` (`-S -O0 -std=c11 -w`) |
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| **Techniques** | Control-Flow Flattening, Arithmetic Encoding, Combined |
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| **Format** | Parquet with Snappy compression |
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## Columns
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| Column | Type | Description |
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|---|---|---|
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| `fname` | `string` | Function name |
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| `func_def` | `string` | Original C source code of the function |
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| `technique` | `string` | Obfuscation technique applied
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| `clean_asm` | `string` | Clean AArch64 assembly from ExeBench (`angha_gcc_arm_O0`) |
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| `obfuscated_asm` | `string` | Obfuscated AArch64 assembly (after Tigress → GCC) |
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| `clean_ir` | `string` | Clean LLVM IR from ExeBench (`angha_clang_ir_O0`) |
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| `tigress_seed` | `int32` | Random seed used for Tigress (for reproducibility) |
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| `exebench_split` | `string` | Source ExeBench split name |
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##
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Each function is independently obfuscated with one of three Tigress transformation pipelines:
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| Technique | Tigress Flags | Description |
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|---|---|---|
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| `Flatten` | `--Transform=Flatten` | **Control-Flow Flattening (CFF)** — replaces structured control flow with a dispatcher loop and switch statement, obscuring the original program structure. |
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| `EncodeArithmetic` | `--Transform=EncodeArithmetic` | **Arithmetic Encoding** — replaces simple arithmetic and boolean operations with equivalent but complex expressions using Mixed Boolean-Arithmetic (MBA) identities. |
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| `Flatten+EncodeArithmetic` | `--Transform=Flatten --Transform=EncodeArithmetic` | **Combined** — applies both CFF and arithmetic encoding for maximum obfuscation. |
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The techniques are applied in roughly equal proportions (~⅓ each).
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## Intended Uses
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### Primary: Neural Deobfuscation / Lifting
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Train sequence-to-sequence models that translate **obfuscated assembly → clean LLVM IR**:
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- Input: `obfuscated_asm`
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- Target: `clean_ir`
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### Secondary: Obfuscation Detection / Classification
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Build classifiers that identify which obfuscation technique was applied:
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- Input: `obfuscated_asm` or `obfuscated_c`
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- Target: `technique`
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### Other Uses
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- **Source-level deobfuscation**: `obfuscated_c` → `func_def`
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- **Assembly comparison studies**: `clean_asm` vs `obfuscated_asm`
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- **Benchmarking binary analysis tools** against known obfuscation
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- **Understanding Tigress transformations** at the assembly level
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## Quick Start
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```python
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from datasets import load_dataset
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#
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print(sample["clean_ir"][:200])
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break
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```
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```python
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# Load fully into memory (requires ~1 GB RAM)
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ds = load_dataset("leachl/obfuscated-exebench", split="train")
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print(f"Total samples: {len(ds)}")
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```
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##
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ExeBench (C source + synth_deps)
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│
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▼
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┌─────────────────┐
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│ Tigress 4.0.11│ ← Obfuscation at C source level
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│ --Env=aarch64 │
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│ --Transform=… │
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└────────┬────────┘
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│ obfuscated C
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▼
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┌─────────────────────────┐
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│ aarch64-linux-gnu-gcc │ ← Cross-compilation to AArch64 asm
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│ -S -O0 -std=c11 -w │
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└────────┬────────────────┘
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│ obfuscated assembly
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▼
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┌─────────────────────────────────┐
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│ Paired with ExeBench originals │
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│ clean_asm, clean_ir, func_def │
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└─────────────────────────────────┘
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```
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## Tigress Runtime
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A representative copy of the full Tigress runtime is available in [`tigress_runtime.c`](tigress_runtime.c). If you need to recompile the obfuscated C, prepend this runtime to the `obfuscated_c` field.
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## Dataset Statistics
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- **Source split**: `train_synth_compilable` from ExeBench
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- **Technique distribution**: ~⅓ Flatten, ~⅓ EncodeArithmetic, ~⅓ Flatten+EncodeArithmetic
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- **Obfuscated assembly is always different** from clean assembly (verified)
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- **94%** of obfuscated functions produce longer assembly than the original
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- **Clean IR** is valid LLVM IR (100% verified on sampled subset)
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## Limitations
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- Only AArch64 architecture (no x86, RISC-V, etc.)
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- Only `train_synth_compilable` split from ExeBench (not `train_real_compilable`)
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- Only 3 Tigress transformations (Tigress supports many more: Virtualize, JIT, etc.)
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- Compiled at `-O0` only (no optimisation levels)
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- The `obfuscated_c` field contains only the target function — helper functions and the Tigress runtime are stripped
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- ~50% of ExeBench functions fail Tigress processing (complex dependencies, unsupported constructs)
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## Citation
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If you use this dataset, please cite:
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```bibtex
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@misc{obfuscated-exebench-2026,
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title={Obfuscated ExeBench: A Large-Scale Dataset for Neural Deobfuscation},
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author={Leach, L.},
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year={2026},
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howpublished={\url{https://huggingface.co/datasets/leachl/obfuscated-exebench}},
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}
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```
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### Related Work
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- **ExeBench**: Armengol-Estapé, J., et al. (2024). [ExeBench: an ML-scale dataset of executable C functions](https://huggingface.co/datasets/jordiae/exebench).
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- **Tigress**: Collberg, C. (2024). [The Tigress C Diversifier/Obfuscator](https://tigress.wtf/).
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## License
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data_files:
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- split: train
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path: "data/train/*.parquet"
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- split: test_flatten
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path: "data/test_flatten/*.parquet"
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- split: test_encode_arithmetic
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path: "data/test_encode_arithmetic/*.parquet"
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- split: test_combined
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path: "data/test_combined/*.parquet"
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---
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# Obfuscated ExeBench (AArch64)
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| Property | Value |
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| **Training samples** | ~980,000 (from ExeBench `train_synth_compilable`) |
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| **Test samples** | 11,726 (3,909 Flatten / 3,908 EncodeArithmetic / 3,909 Combined) |
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| **Test source** | ExeBench `test_synth` (unseen functions) |
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| **Architecture** | AArch64 (ARM64) |
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| **Obfuscator** | [Tigress 4.0.11](https://tigress.wtf/) |
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| **Compiler** | `aarch64-linux-gnu-gcc 15.2.0` (`-S -O0 -std=c11 -w`) |
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| **Techniques** | Control-Flow Flattening, Arithmetic Encoding, Combined |
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| **Format** | Parquet with Snappy compression |
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## Splits
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| Split | Rows | Source | Techniques |
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| `train` | ~980,000 | ExeBench `train_synth_compilable` | All three (balanced ⅓ each) |
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| `test_flatten` | 3,909 | ExeBench `test_synth` | Flatten only |
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| `test_encode_arithmetic` | 3,908 | ExeBench `test_synth` | EncodeArithmetic only |
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| `test_combined` | 3,909 | ExeBench `test_synth` | Flatten+EncodeArithmetic |
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## Columns
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| Column | Type | Description |
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| `fname` | `string` | Function name |
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| `func_def` | `string` | Original C source code of the function |
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| `technique` | `string` | Obfuscation technique applied |
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| `clean_asm` | `string` | Clean AArch64 assembly from ExeBench (`angha_gcc_arm_O0`) |
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| `obfuscated_asm` | `string` | Obfuscated AArch64 assembly (after Tigress → GCC) |
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| `clean_ir` | `string` | Clean LLVM IR from ExeBench (`angha_clang_ir_O0`) |
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| `tigress_seed` | `int32` | Random seed used for Tigress (for reproducibility) |
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| `exebench_split` | `string` | Source ExeBench split name |
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## Usage
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```python
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from datasets import load_dataset
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# Training data (all techniques)
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train = load_dataset("leachl/obfuscated-exebench", split="train", streaming=True)
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# Test sets (one per technique, from unseen test_synth functions)
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test_flat = load_dataset("leachl/obfuscated-exebench", split="test_flatten")
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test_ea = load_dataset("leachl/obfuscated-exebench", split="test_encode_arithmetic")
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test_comb = load_dataset("leachl/obfuscated-exebench", split="test_combined")
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```
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## Obfuscation Techniques
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Each function is independently obfuscated with one of three Tigress transformations:
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| Technique | Tigress Flag | Description |
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| `Flatten` | `--Transform=Flatten` | Control-flow flattening — replaces structured control flow with a switch-in-a-loop dispatcher |
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| `EncodeArithmetic` | `--Transform=EncodeArithmetic` | Replaces simple arithmetic/boolean expressions with equivalent but complex MBA expressions |
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| `Flatten+EncodeArithmetic` | Both transforms | Combined: flattening + arithmetic encoding applied sequentially |
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## Tigress Runtime
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A representative Tigress runtime (~480 KB, ~7400 lines of C) is stored in `tigress_runtime.c`.
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The `obfuscated_c` column contains **only** the target function body (runtime stripped).
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## License
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MIT — same as the underlying ExeBench dataset.
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