diff --git "a/agxqa-train-2024-06-11.jsonl" "b/agxqa-train-2024-06-11.jsonl"
--- "a/agxqa-train-2024-06-11.jsonl"
+++ "b/agxqa-train-2024-06-11.jsonl"
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@
 {"id": "1120624", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Effects on pollinating corn: Drought stress 7-10 days ahead of silking can result in delayed silk development. When combined with heat stress this delay could result in poor anthesis silking interval (ASI). Water stress during pollination (tasseling through silking) not only delays silking, but also reduces silk elongation, and if severe, impedes embryo development. With temperatures greater than 95oF, low humidity, and low soil moisture level, silks will desiccate or become non-receptive to pollen. Pollen grains may also be damaged from desiccation when they are released for tassel anthers. When temperatures greater than 100oF , pollen grains are killed. Drought stress during pollination ultimately results in poor pollination and fewer kernels per ear.", "question": "What happens when pollen grains are released for tassel anthers?", "answers": {"answer_start": [505], "text": ["Pollen grains may also be damaged from desiccation"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
 {"id": "1080784", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(7) Map your irrigation ideas. Acquire an aerial map of all the land in question for your irrigation projects. Excellent maps and tools are available from Google maps and others or your local USDA Farm Service Agency paper map and a pencil/compass will work. Identify large spaces of land you have available that are adjacent to or may share water sources. Identify major excavation needs such as woodlot or fence line removal. Identify drainage ditch and wet areas that will require modifications for the system to cross.", "question": "What other tools are needed for mapping irrigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [231], "text": ["a pencil"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
 {"id": "1057494", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(5) Irrigation Scheduler: is a simple computerized irrigation scheduling checkbook model from the Agronomy Department of Purdue University. This method can be used throughout Michigan and Indiana. Crop specific E.T. values are estimated using the daily high and low temperatures and rainfall provided by the producer or weather data can be imported from the internet.", "question": "At which locations can you use the Irrigation Scheduler tool? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [175], "text": ["Michigan and Indiana"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
-{"id": "1080817", "category": "Irrigation", "context": [true, "(10) Irrigation economics. Make sure irrigation will pay. Think in terms of increasing your average net income per acre after you have covered the additional irrigation related bills. To receive good outcomes, expect to provide good estimates of increased fixed and variable costs. Figuring this out in advance of the investment is detailed, but is well worth the time. An excellent tool to assist in evaluating the economic feasibility of a proposed project is the \"Capital Investment Model\" developed by MSU Educator xxxxx xxxx."], "question": [false, "What is an excellent tool to assist in evaluating the economic feasibility of a proposed project? "], "answers": {"answer_start": [461], "text": [[false, " the \"Capital Investment Model\""]]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
+{"id": "1080817", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(10) Irrigation economics. Make sure irrigation will pay. Think in terms of increasing your average net income per acre after you have covered the additional irrigation related bills. To receive good outcomes, expect to provide good estimates of increased fixed and variable costs. Figuring this out in advance of the investment is detailed, but is well worth the time. An excellent tool to assist in evaluating the economic feasibility of a proposed project is the \"Capital Investment Model\" developed by MSU Educator xxxxx xxxx.", "question": "What is an excellent tool to assist in evaluating the economic feasibility of a proposed project? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [461], "text": [" the \"Capital Investment Model\""]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
 {"id": "1080940", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(8) Check center pivot sprinkler patterns: With water up to pressure, check sprinkler patterns. This can be easily done on bare earth or when crops are small. Look for sprinklers that have smaller wetted patterns than others. Plugs, no-turns, and watering patterns would indicate damage or obstruction. Check pressure at the pivot point and the last sprinkler and compare to the sprinkler chart, pressure thatdiffers from the chart by more than 10% indicates the need for attention.", "question": "When doing an irrigation inspection, how should you handle sprinkler systems?", "answers": {"answer_start": [4], "text": ["Check center pivot sprinkler patterns"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15 - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
 {"id": "1121868", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table 1. Example corn yield loss estimates when stress occurs for four or more consecutive days. Adapted from Classen and Shaw, 1970; Rhoads and Bennet, 1990; and Shaw, 1988.  The Corn Development stage known as early vegetative (VE - V12) has an estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 1-3. The Corn Development stage known as Late vegetative (V12 to VT) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-5. The Corn Development stage known as Pollination to Blister (R2) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-9. The Corn Development stage known as Milk (R3) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-6. The Corn Development stage known as Dough (R4) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-5. The Corn Development stage known as Dent (R5) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-4. The Corn Development stage known as Maturity (R6) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 0.        ", "question": "What is the sixth development stage of corn? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [766], "text": [" Dent (R5)"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
 {"id": "1121865", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table 1. Example corn yield loss estimates when stress occurs for four or more consecutive days. Adapted from Classen and Shaw, 1970; Rhoads and Bennet, 1990; and Shaw, 1988.  The Corn Development stage known as early vegetative (VE - V12) has an estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 1-3. The Corn Development stage known as Late vegetative (V12 to VT) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-5. The Corn Development stage known as Pollination to Blister (R2) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-9. The Corn Development stage known as Milk (R3) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-6. The Corn Development stage known as Dough (R4) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 3-5. The Corn Development stage known as Dent (R5) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 2-4. The Corn Development stage known as Maturity (R6) has an Estimated Yield Loss per Day of Stress of 0.        ", "question": "What is the third development stage of corn? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [448], "text": ["Pollination to Blister (R2)"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@
 {"id": "1072207", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Instructions for completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form. (4) Center pivots'Starting at the pivot point and progressing to the furthest reaches of the machine, pace or measure 50-foot increments along that line to identify observation points, or identify three equally spaced observation points under each span. Solid set or travelers'Start at one edge of the wetted area and progress to the opposite side, pace or measure 50-foot increments along that line to identify observation points.", "question": "Where should I end when it comes to completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form for center pivot systems? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [139], "text": ["to the furthest reaches of the machine"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
 {"id": "1062795", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(10) Cornering arm hydro valves: Use of hydro valves is the most common method for controlling the irrigation water from individual sprinklers on cornering arms and Z arms that are in their folded back position. If valves are stuck open you are grossly overwatering endrows or other field edges where the arm is not deployed. Valves that are stuck closed will result in under watering corners of the field. While the machine is running, inspect sprinklers in a corner area with the arm fully deployed to make sure all sprinklers come on and in an area with the arm fully folded to see if all valves shut off.", "question": "What is the most common method for controlling the irrigation water from individual sprinklers?", "answers": {"answer_start": [33], "text": ["Use of hydro valves"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15 - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
 {"id": "1069434", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Option to purchase the farm in future: (c) Repayment requirements of the unrecouped portion of the permanent land improvements made by the lessee if contract is prematurely terminated is often view as a form of security from farm land being sold out from their ability to lease. A schedule of repayment is constructed by amortizing the dollar investment over the period of the contract at the current interest rate. The resulting chart allows the landowner to find the agreed upon fee for early termination of the contract. Contract needs to have provisions for early termination upon one of agreed list if situations happen. These may include death of one of the parties, sale of farm or dissolving of the farm business.", "question": "What do repayment requirements of the unrecouped portion of the permanent land improvements made by the lessee often viewed as?", "answers": {"answer_start": [201], "text": ["a form of security from farm land being sold out from their ability to lease."]}, "references": "Specht, J., & Torrion, J. (2015). Optimize Your Irrigation Application Timing with SoyWater.unl.edu | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/optimize-your-irrigation-application-timing-soywaterunledu"}
-{"id": "1080816", "category": "Irrigation", "context": [true, "(10) Irrigation economics. Make sure irrigation will pay. Think in terms of increasing your average net income per acre after you have covered the additional irrigation related bills. To receive good outcomes, expect to provide good estimates of increased fixed and variable costs. Figuring this out in advance of the investment is detailed, but is well worth the time. An excellent tool to assist in evaluating the economic feasibility of a proposed project is the \"Capital Investment Model\" developed by MSU Educator xxxxx xxxx."], "question": [false, " What is the \"Capital Investment Model\" ?"], "answers": {"answer_start": [370], "text": [[false, "An excellent tool to assist in evaluating the economic feasibility of a proposed project"]]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
+{"id": "1080816", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(10) Irrigation economics. Make sure irrigation will pay. Think in terms of increasing your average net income per acre after you have covered the additional irrigation related bills. To receive good outcomes, expect to provide good estimates of increased fixed and variable costs. Figuring this out in advance of the investment is detailed, but is well worth the time. An excellent tool to assist in evaluating the economic feasibility of a proposed project is the \"Capital Investment Model\" developed by MSU Educator xxxxx xxxx.", "question": " What is the \"Capital Investment Model\" ?", "answers": {"answer_start": [370], "text": ["An excellent tool to assist in evaluating the economic feasibility of a proposed project"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
 {"id": "1121817", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Drought symptoms in soybean: Soybean respond to drought stress by flipping their leaves over so the underside of the soybean leaf is turned up. A less obvious sign of drought stress in soybean is diminished vegetative growth which normally occurs prior to leaf flipping. In severe drought conditions, the leaf trifoliates will close or clamp together with the center leaflet being sandwiched between the outside leaflets.  ", "question": "What is a less obvious sign of drought stress in soybean?", "answers": {"answer_start": [196], "text": ["diminished vegetative growth which normally occurs prior to leaf flipping"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
 {"id": "1068706", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "As a permanent improvement to the land the irrigation well is owned by landowner and the liability of its potential impact on neighboring home wells is the responsibility of the landlord. The liability of its potential impact to neighboring home wells is a relatively small risk that can be managed by the rental agreement. These situations are uncommon but since the well belongs to the landowner the responsibility of the well also belongs to the landowner. The rental agreement can assign the responsibility of cost to improving neighbor well to the lessee if needed. Statements in rental agreements may require the lessee to manage the irrigation to prevent negative impact to neighboring wells, with the option to make improvements to neighboring wells to solve problem if they arise.", "question": "What does the rental agreement initiate in order to help neighboring home wells?", "answers": {"answer_start": [603], "text": ["may require the lessee to manage the irrigation to prevent negative impact to neighboring wells, with the option to make improvements to neighboring wells to solve problem"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
 {"id": "1119325", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Plant transpiration increases as corn leaf area increases. Transpiration is the mechanism by which water moves from the soil through the plant into the atmosphere. The greatest water demand for corn occurs from the late vegetative stages through the blister stage and for soybean from the early pod set through the mid seed fill stages. In other words, the greatest demand for transpiration occurs during periods of rapid growth.", "question": "What increases as corn leaf area increases?", "answers": {"answer_start": [0], "text": ["Plant transpiration"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
@@ -449,7 +449,7 @@
 {"id": "1072828", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Michigan has had similar registration and reporting requirements since 2006 requiring the registration of new large volume water withdrawals (greater than 70 gallons/minute capacity). The Assessment tool and registration prior to construction establishes the specific location, owner/operator and rated or baseline capacity of the water withdrawal. Annual reporting then follows, with a monthly breakdown of the actual amount of water used.", "question": "What is considered to be a large volume water withdrawal?", "answers": {"answer_start": [142], "text": ["greater than 70 gallons/minute capacity"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
 {"id": "1011681", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What is river lift system? Excerpt: It is a kind of lift irrigation system where the source of water is rivers. Supplying water to the plants or crops is not done in a natural way rather the river water is lifted by pumps and then supplied to the plants. It is exclusively used in regions where the water from canals, reservoirs is insufficient to water the farmlands.", "question": "Where is a river lift system implemented?", "answers": {"answer_start": [291], "text": ["regions where the water from canals, reservoirs is insufficient to water the farmlands"]}, "references": "AgriFarming. (2023). Frequently Asked Questions about Irrigation (FAQs) | Agri Farming. https://www.agrifarming.in/frequently-asked-questions-about-irrigation-faqs"}
 {"id": "1075902", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Annual operating costs will include an estimate of energy cost and labor attributable to the average operation of the equipment. For calculation purposes an annual use of six 1 inch applications of irrigation was used. A greater number of small applications will favor systems that have low labor costs, where a smaller number of large applications would favor systems with high labor and low investment attributes. Systems with low energy cost primarily from low pumping cost are favored by higher total annual use where low initial cost often compensate for higher energy cost if a low total volume of water is applied annually.", "question": "Why is an annual use of six 1 inch applications of irrigation used when it comes to annual operating costs?", "answers": {"answer_start": [129], "text": ["For calculation purposes"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
-{"id": "1080818", "category": "Irrigation", "context": [true, "(10) Irrigation economics. Make sure irrigation will pay. Think in terms of increasing your average net income per acre after you have covered the additional irrigation related bills. To receive good outcomes, expect to provide good estimates of increased fixed and variable costs. Figuring this out in advance of the investment is detailed, but is well worth the time. An excellent tool to assist in evaluating the economic feasibility of a proposed project is the \"Capital Investment Model\" developed by MSU Educator xxxxx xxxx."], "question": [false, "Who developed the \"Capital Investment Model\" ? "], "answers": {"answer_start": [506], "text": [[true, "MSU Educator xxxxx xxxx."]]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
+{"id": "1080818", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(10) Irrigation economics. Make sure irrigation will pay. Think in terms of increasing your average net income per acre after you have covered the additional irrigation related bills. To receive good outcomes, expect to provide good estimates of increased fixed and variable costs. Figuring this out in advance of the investment is detailed, but is well worth the time. An excellent tool to assist in evaluating the economic feasibility of a proposed project is the \"Capital Investment Model\" developed by MSU Educator xxxxx xxxx.", "question": "Who developed the \"Capital Investment Model\" ? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [506], "text": ["MSU Educator xxxxx xxxx."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
 {"id": "1057467", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(4) SoyWater: an easy to use, irrigation management tool from The University of Nebraska- Lincoln (UNL). The tool is well recognized for its crop development model that helps producer predict when the soybean plant is at a development stage and when irrigation is needed. The online program retrieves data from the USDA soil surveys for the field being irrigated and has been adapted for use in Michigan allowing it to pull in needed daily weather information from the Enviroweather weather network.", "question": "What can I use to predict when the soybean is at a development stage?", "answers": {"answer_start": [4], "text": ["SoyWater"]}, "references": "Specht, J., & Torrion, J. (2015). Optimize Your Irrigation Application Timing with SoyWater.unl.edu | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/optimize-your-irrigation-application-timing-soywaterunledu"}
 {"id": "1094344", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In some situations producers may choose to dribble or broadcast nitrogen on the field by air or Hi- tractor and use the irrigation to incorporate the Nitrogen if dry weather follows. This technique is quick, requiring no irrigation equipment modification, but is dependent on the availability of aerial applicators or in row high clearance application equipment. Detailed information on injection pumps, backflow protection, safety interlocks, and procedures for calibrating an injection system is available in bulletin E-2099 available from the Michigan State University Extension bulletin system or electronically at the irrigation section of the St. Joseph County MSU Extension web page.", "question": "What should I do if there is dry weather and I want to incorporate nitrogen in my field?", "answers": {"answer_start": [112], "text": ["use the irrigation to incorporate the Nitrogen "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013b). Last chance nitrogen application with irrigation - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/last_chance_nitrogen_application_with_irrigation"}
 {"id": "1095030", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In the summer of 2012, daily crop water use (E.T.) for many crops exceeded 0.30 inches per day for several days in early July. Maintaining an adequate reserve of soil moisture is a good insurance policy to help plants manage stress during periods of high temperature. To build in a reserve for extended periods of drought, downtime for repairs, or periods of extreme temperatures and wind, irrigation goals during the peak water use period should be to maintain moisture levels high with enough room to capture a one inch rainfall.", "question": "What is an important strategy when it comes to watering crops?", "answers": {"answer_start": [127], "text": ["Maintaining an adequate reserve of soil moisture"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013a). Efficient irrigation application volumes change throughout crop development. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/efficient_irrigation_application_volumes_change_throughout_crop_development"}
@@ -686,7 +686,7 @@
 {"id": "1062853", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(9) Check solid set system coverage patterns: Coverage from a solid set system is dependent on each individual sprinkler. Inspect the coverage after bringing the system to designed pressure. Visual inspection of each sprinkler while running will often find the major problems. Comparing pressure reading from sprinklers furthest from the source to the design specification will often indicate hidden leaks or under supplied systems.", "question": "What is coverage from a solid set system dependent upon?", "answers": {"answer_start": [95], "text": ["each individual sprinkler"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15 - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
 {"id": "1057439", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(3) MSU Excel Version of Scheduler: allows greater flexibility and adaptability to irrigators who are comfortable using Excel. This method will provide results for all of Michigan and the upper tier counties in Indiana. Reference crop E.T. can be taken from each of the Enviro-weather stations where the program will use crop specific coefficient to adjust for your crop stage of growth. ", "question": "What is the role of the crop-specific coefficient in the MSU Excel Version of Scheduler? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [350], "text": ["adjust for your crop stage of growth. "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
 {"id": "1069268", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Permanent improvements. The annual cost of permanent improvements made by lessee should be viewed as additional income above lease rate by landowners. Wells are always the property of the landowner of the land they are constructed on but many of the other items associated with the irrigation system may be recoverable or moved by the lessee at the end of the agreement. For this reason it is important to list the land improvements in their entirety and include the handling of the item at the termination of the agreement. If the improvement left by the lessee are all but the pivot or distribution system the landowner has a clean separation at the end of the agreement period if needed, with less potential problem locating another lessee to irrigate the farm allowing the landowner to recoup the investment in land improvements.", "question": "What happens if the improvements left by the lessee are all but the pivot or distribution system?", "answers": {"answer_start": [608], "text": ["the landowner has a clean separation at the end of the agreement period"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
-{"id": "1080813", "category": "Irrigation", "context": [true, "(10) Irrigation economics. Make sure irrigation will pay. Think in terms of increasing your average net income per acre after you have covered the additional irrigation related bills. To receive good outcomes, expect to provide good estimates of increased fixed and variable costs. Figuring this out in advance of the investment is detailed, but is well worth the time. An excellent tool to assist in evaluating the economic feasibility of a proposed project is the \"Capital Investment Model\" developed by MSU Educator xxxxx xxxx."], "question": [false, "What should I make sure of when calculating irrigation profits?"], "answers": {"answer_start": [75], "text": [[false, " increasing your average net income per acre after you have covered the additional irrigation related bills"]]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
+{"id": "1080813", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(10) Irrigation economics. Make sure irrigation will pay. Think in terms of increasing your average net income per acre after you have covered the additional irrigation related bills. To receive good outcomes, expect to provide good estimates of increased fixed and variable costs. Figuring this out in advance of the investment is detailed, but is well worth the time. An excellent tool to assist in evaluating the economic feasibility of a proposed project is the \"Capital Investment Model\" developed by MSU Educator xxxxx xxxx.", "question": "What should I make sure of when calculating irrigation profits?", "answers": {"answer_start": [75], "text": [" increasing your average net income per acre after you have covered the additional irrigation related bills"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
 {"id": "1071886", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Determining the irrigation application rate is part of the planning process for new irrigation systems. It is measured by the average irrigation application rate from a particular point along the machine and is expressed as inches per hour. To determine application rate divide the amount of water applied by the elapsed time (from the first drop of water landing at a point in the field to the last drop hitting the point). ", "question": "How is the irrigation application rate measured? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [271], "text": ["divide the amount of water applied by the elapsed time (from the first drop of water landing at a point in the field to the last drop hitting the point)"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
 {"id": "1072033", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Instructions for completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form. (4) Center pivots'Starting at the pivot point and progressing to the furthest reaches of the machine, pace or measure 50-foot increments along that line to identify observation points, or identify three equally spaced observation points under each span. Solid set or travelers'Start at one edge of the wetted area and progress to the opposite side, pace or measure 50-foot increments along that line to identify observation points.", "question": "What is the fourth step in completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [81], "text": ["Center pivots'Starting at the pivot point and progressing to the furthest reaches of the machine, pace or measure 50-foot increments along that line to identify observation points, or identify three equally spaced observation points under each span. Solid set or travelers'Start at one edge of the wetted area and progress to the opposite side, pace or measure 50-foot increments along that line to identify observation points"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
 {"id": "1080832", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(11) Crop rotation and tillage preferences. Among the traditional crops, commercial corn and alfalfa have shown the greatest economic advantage to irrigation. Small grains and soybeans have offered some of the lowest returns from added investment in irrigation. Changes in crop rotations often result from adding irrigation. Although it is not always the case, a smaller proportion of irrigated fields are managed using no till systems then non-irrigated fields. Excessive corn residue produced on irrigated fields might be part of the reason.", "question": "What causes changes in crop rotations?", "answers": {"answer_start": [306], "text": ["adding irrigation"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
@@ -759,7 +759,7 @@
 {"id": "1121807", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "If pollination is good, manage the field as normal. If pollination is poor, those kernels will develop normally with reduced yield potential. These field may be considered for forage or silage harvest. If there is no pollination, there are two options; (1) harvest as near to pollination as possible for the highest quality forage possible or (2) leave the crop as a living cover crop until the fall before mowing or chopping. Continual leaf rolling of the plant in the weeks leading up to pollination can result in a yield loss of 1-5 percent per day. During pollen shed and silking severe stress can reduce yields by up to nine percent per day. In the weeks following pollination drought stress can reduce yield by up to six percent per day.", "question": "What is a consequence of continual leaf rolling of the plant in the weeks leading up to pollination?", "answers": {"answer_start": [515], "text": [" a yield loss of 1-5 percent per day"]}, "references": "Licht, M., & Archontoulis, S. (2017). Influence of Drought on Corn and Soybean | Integrated Crop Management. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2017/07/influence-drought-corn-and-soybean"}
 {"id": "1068686", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "As a permanent improvement to the land the irrigation well is owned by landowner and the liability of its potential impact on neighboring home wells is the responsibility of the landlord. The liability of its potential impact to neighboring home wells is a relatively small risk that can be managed by the rental agreement. These situations are uncommon but since the well belongs to the landowner the responsibility of the well also belongs to the landowner. The rental agreement can assign the responsibility of cost to improving neighbor well to the lessee if needed. Statements in rental agreements may require the lessee to manage the irrigation to prevent negative impact to neighboring wells, with the option to make improvements to neighboring wells to solve problem if they arise.", "question": "Is there a big or small risk posed upon home wells by irrigation wells?", "answers": {"answer_start": [268], "text": ["small risk"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
 {"id": "1069120", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Permanent improvements. A repayment schedule may be included in the agreement for the recovery of investment dollars not recouped if early termination of the agreement is required. An annual cost of permanent improvements to the land needed for irrigation can be found by amortizing the dollar investment over the period of the contract at the current interest rate. The annual cost may be added to the dry land rent rate plus an additional opportunity cost representing the added income opportunity with irrigation to compensate landowner for permanent improvements to the land needed for irrigation.", "question": "What can be included in the agreement for the recovery of investment dollars not recouped?", "answers": {"answer_start": [24], "text": ["A repayment schedule"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
-{"id": "1080815", "category": "Irrigation", "context": [true, "(10) Irrigation economics. Make sure irrigation will pay. Think in terms of increasing your average net income per acre after you have covered the additional irrigation related bills. To receive good outcomes, expect to provide good estimates of increased fixed and variable costs. Figuring this out in advance of the investment is detailed, but is well worth the time. An excellent tool to assist in evaluating the economic feasibility of a proposed project is the \"Capital Investment Model\" developed by MSU Educator xxxxx xxxx."], "question": [false, "What is an excellent tool to assist in evaluating the economic feasibility of a proposed project?"], "answers": {"answer_start": [462], "text": [[true, "the \"Capital Investment Model\" developed by MSU Educator xxxxx xxxx"]]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
+{"id": "1080815", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(10) Irrigation economics. Make sure irrigation will pay. Think in terms of increasing your average net income per acre after you have covered the additional irrigation related bills. To receive good outcomes, expect to provide good estimates of increased fixed and variable costs. Figuring this out in advance of the investment is detailed, but is well worth the time. An excellent tool to assist in evaluating the economic feasibility of a proposed project is the \"Capital Investment Model\" developed by MSU Educator xxxxx xxxx.", "question": "What is an excellent tool to assist in evaluating the economic feasibility of a proposed project?", "answers": {"answer_start": [462], "text": ["the \"Capital Investment Model\" developed by MSU Educator xxxxx xxxx"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
 {"id": "1080834", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(11) Crop rotation and tillage preferences. Among the traditional crops, commercial corn and alfalfa have shown the greatest economic advantage to irrigation. Small grains and soybeans have offered some of the lowest returns from added investment in irrigation. Changes in crop rotations often result from adding irrigation. Although it is not always the case, a smaller proportion of irrigated fields are managed using no till systems then non-irrigated fields. Excessive corn residue produced on irrigated fields might be part of the reason.", "question": "Are more irrigated or non-irrigated fields managed using no-till systems?", "answers": {"answer_start": [441], "text": ["non-irrigated fields"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
 {"id": "1094972", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "By mid-June the crop is near its full rooting depth, increasing the effective water holding capacity and lowering the potential of loss below the roots. At the same time, the potential for rainfall decreases and crop water use increases, allowing producers to increase their application volume to the 0.75 inch per application range. Typical crop water use would be 0.15 inches per day, making one 0.75 inch application last about 5 days. ", "question": "What happens when a crop is near its full rooting depth?", "answers": {"answer_start": [53], "text": ["increasing the effective water holding capacity"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #14  - Irrigation Application Volumes. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/14_IrrigationApplication.pdf"}
 {"id": "1062796", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(10) Cornering arm hydro valves: Use of hydro valves is the most common method for controlling the irrigation water from individual sprinklers on cornering arms and Z arms that are in their folded back position. If valves are stuck open you are grossly overwatering endrows or other field edges where the arm is not deployed. Valves that are stuck closed will result in under watering corners of the field. While the machine is running, inspect sprinklers in a corner area with the arm fully deployed to make sure all sprinklers come on and in an area with the arm fully folded to see if all valves shut off.", "question": "What is the benefit of using hydro valves?", "answers": {"answer_start": [79], "text": ["for controlling the irrigation water from individual sprinklers"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2017). Irrigation Fact Sheet #15 - Irrigation Inspection and Repair. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/factsheets/15_Irriation_Inspection_and_Repair_v2_4.21.17.pdf"}
@@ -953,7 +953,7 @@
 {"id": "1073026", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(1b) Large volume water withdrawals that have not been reported on previously could have been added to the 2008 report due April 1, 2009 to gain their \"grandfathered\" status and avoid the potent $1000/year fine. The 2008 large volume water use report is part of the Agricultural Water Conservation Plan. MDA has also made available it's \"MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE NEW LARGE QUANTITY WATER WITHDRAWAL REGISTRATION FORM\". Contrary to its title this form could be used to register withdrawals that where constructed prior to February 28, 2006 by filling in the date constructed.", "question": "What is the 2008 volume water use report a part of?", "answers": {"answer_start": [262], "text": ["the Agricultural Water Conservation Plan"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
 {"id": "1072712", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (5) Use irrigation to lessen stand loss due to soil crusting. Apply 0.5 inch in most irrigated soil at the appearance of first spike if crusting is hampering emergence. Maintain a moist soil surface with small application till crop emerges. ", "question": "How do I avoid soil crusting?", "answers": {"answer_start": [51], "text": ["Use irrigation"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
 {"id": "1010068", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: How do the drippers work? Excerpt: Drippers are the heart of any drip irrigation system, the conventional 'sprinkler head' if you will. DIG drippers help to deliver the precise amount of water required to the plant's root zone. They are inexpensive, easy to install, reliable and accurate. They may be inserted directly into 1/2 in. poly tubing or extended to the plant with 1/4 in. microtubing. DIG drippers incorporate three different characteristics: pressure compensating, adjustable flow and turbulent flow drippers.Pressure Compensating Drippers'are self-cleaning and utilize a silicone diaphragm, which moves up and down as pressure fluctuates to control the flow. The drippers are designed for long life under the harshest conditions. Ideal use for a PC dripper is in any design when attention to the number of drippers and the total flow capacity of the drip tubing are not followed.Turbulent flow, or button drippers'allow water to move rapidly in irregular random motions. Turbulent flow drippers regulate water flow by dissipating energy in friction against the walls of the water passage. Button drippers are available in flow rates of .5, 1 and 2 GPH at 25 PSI and have extra large water passages to prevent clogging.Adjustable drippers'allow the installer to change the flow for each individual plant. Twisting the dial on the dripper counter clockwise to increase or clockwise to decrease to adjust the flow between 1 GPH and 11 GPH.", "question": "How do you increase the flow of an adjustable dripper?", "answers": {"answer_start": [1327], "text": ["Twisting the dial on the dripper counter clockwise"]}, "references": "DIG Corp. (2024). Drip Irrigation FAQ\u2019s. https://www.digcorp.com/drip-irrigation-faqs/"}
-{"id": "1080814", "category": "Irrigation", "context": [true, "(10) Irrigation economics. Make sure irrigation will pay. Think in terms of increasing your average net income per acre after you have covered the additional irrigation related bills. To receive good outcomes, expect to provide good estimates of increased fixed and variable costs. Figuring this out in advance of the investment is detailed, but is well worth the time. An excellent tool to assist in evaluating the economic feasibility of a proposed project is the \"Capital Investment Model\" developed by MSU Educator xxxxx xxxx."], "question": [false, "How can I make sure to receive good outcomes when calculating irrigation profits?"], "answers": {"answer_start": [210], "text": [[false, "expect to provide good estimates of increased fixed and variable costs"]]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
+{"id": "1080814", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(10) Irrigation economics. Make sure irrigation will pay. Think in terms of increasing your average net income per acre after you have covered the additional irrigation related bills. To receive good outcomes, expect to provide good estimates of increased fixed and variable costs. Figuring this out in advance of the investment is detailed, but is well worth the time. An excellent tool to assist in evaluating the economic feasibility of a proposed project is the \"Capital Investment Model\" developed by MSU Educator xxxxx xxxx.", "question": "How can I make sure to receive good outcomes when calculating irrigation profits?", "answers": {"answer_start": [210], "text": ["expect to provide good estimates of increased fixed and variable costs"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
 {"id": "1069257", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Permanent improvements. The annual cost of permanent improvements made by lessee should be viewed as additional income above lease rate by landowners. Wells are always the property of the landowner of the land they are constructed on but many of the other items associated with the irrigation system may be recoverable or moved by the lessee at the end of the agreement. For this reason it is important to list the land improvements in their entirety and include the handling of the item at the termination of the agreement. If the improvement left by the lessee are all but the pivot or distribution system the landowner has a clean separation at the end of the agreement period if needed, with less potential problem locating another lessee to irrigate the farm allowing the landowner to recoup the investment in land improvements.", "question": "Whose property are wells considered to be?", "answers": {"answer_start": [184], "text": ["the landowner of the land they are constructed on "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
 {"id": "1011535", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Question: What does it cost to setup a new quarter-section center pivot? Excerpt: Irrigation wells tap aquifers and unfortunately, most aquifers in North Dakota contain some level of dissolved iron. The amount of iron may vary from low to high but its presence in the water leaves a rusty color on pumps, pipelines and irrigation systems. The iron in the water provides the energy that iron bacteria need to grow and that process leaves a slimy organic substance on well screens, pump intakes and other parts of the well. It only takes a few years for this organic substance to plug the well screen and reduce well production. The only way to control iron bacteria is by annual chlorination. ", "question": "what is the slimy organic substance on well screens, pump intakes and other parts of the well?", "answers": {"answer_start": [386], "text": ["iron bacteria"]}, "references": "NDSU Agriculture. (2024). Irrigation - Frequently Asked Questions. https://www.ndsu.edu/agriculture/ag-hub/ag-topics/crop-production/irrigation-tiling-drainage/irrigation-frequently-asked-questions"}
 {"id": "1080923", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(13) Match your farming/family goals to your irrigation ideas. If you think you have a difficult time getting away for a summer vacation now, adding irrigation will greatly increase the required summer labor and cut free time. Capable irrigation labor is hard to find. Misjudging your available labor and management time needs towards completing irrigation can lead to a disaster. Good irrigation planning can set your direction for a profitable and efficient irrigation future.", "question": "What can lead to disaster when it comes to irrigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [269], "text": ["Misjudging your available labor and management time needs towards completing irrigation"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
@@ -1171,7 +1171,7 @@
 {"id": "464", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The second reason is to help prevent extended harvest delays because of rain. If the field is kept at field capacity, any rain can cause delays and lead to soil compaction from harvest equipment.", "question": "if the field is kept at field capacity what can cause delays and lead to soil compaction from harvest equipment?", "answers": {"answer_start": [118], "text": ["any rain"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2017). Predicting Late-Season Irrigation Needs. UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/predicting-late-season-irrigation-needs"}
 {"id": "495", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Total dissolved solids and sodium concentrations are uniformly high, but other aspects of water chemistry vary from place to place. Arsenic and uranium concentrations have both been documented to exceed their recommended maximum contaminant levels in places, and Chadron well owners should consider testing their wells for these compounds.", "question": "what elements and concentrations vary from place to place in the aquifer?", "answers": {"answer_start": [132], "text": ["Arsenic and uranium concentrations"]}, "references": "Divine, D. (2017). An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/overview-seondary-aquifers-nebraska"}
 {"id": "429", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table I. Normal water requirements for corn, grain sorghum, soybeans, and dry beans between various stages of growth and maturity in Nebraska. For Corn R2 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as blister, the approximate days to maturity is 45, and the water use to maturity is 10.5 inches. For Corn R4 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as dough, the approximate days to maturity is 34, and the water use to maturity is 7.5 inches. For Corn R4.7 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as beginning dent, the approximate days to maturity is 24, and the water use to maturity is 5.0 inches. For Corn R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as 1/4 milk line, the approximate days to maturity is 19, and the water use to maturity is 3.75 inches. For Corn R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as 1/2 milk line - full dent, the approximate days to maturity is 13, and the water use to maturity is 2.25 inches. For Corn R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as 13/4 milk line, the approximate days to maturity is 7, and the water use to maturity is 1.0 inches. For Corn R6 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as physiological maturity, the approximate days to maturity is 0, and the water use to maturity is 0.0 inches.      ", "question": "what is the approximate days to maturity for corn in the R4 crop stage, the stage of growth that is known as dough?", "answers": {"answer_start": [393], "text": ["34"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Melvin, S., & Eisenhauer, D. E. (2008). Predicting the Last Irrigation of the Season. UNL Extension Publications. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/g1871/html/view"}
-{"id": "44", "category": "Irrigation", "context": [true, "Nebraska Extension has educators and specialist across the state that would be happy to help you develop a plan as well. Feel free to send an email to xxxxx xxxxxx if you would like to set up a time to talk.  "], "question": [false, "who can a grower send an email to get help with developing an irrigation plan?"], "answers": {"answer_start": [151], "text": [[true, "xxxxx xxxxxx"]]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2020). Is It Too Easy to Turn Irrigation Water On? | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2020/it-too-easy-turn-irrigation-water"}
+{"id": "44", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Nebraska Extension has educators and specialist across the state that would be happy to help you develop a plan as well. Feel free to send an email to xxxxx xxxxxx if you would like to set up a time to talk.  ", "question": "who can a grower send an email to get help with developing an irrigation plan?", "answers": {"answer_start": [151], "text": ["xxxxx xxxxxx"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2020). Is It Too Easy to Turn Irrigation Water On? | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2020/it-too-easy-turn-irrigation-water"}
 {"id": "195", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The tendency should not be a surprise, because humans are creatures of habit. We get out of bed every day on the same side, we sit at the same place at the table for breakfast, etc. Farmers are no different - they tend to plant about the same number of seeds per acre each year, they apply about the same amounts of fertilizer each year, they plant the rows the same direction, etc. Well, you get the point, and without any compelling reasons, why make changes, right? However, irrigation scheduling should be an exception to this approach because the rainfall amounts and their timings are different each year.  ", "question": "why should the amount of irrigation a farmer applies each year change?", "answers": {"answer_start": [539], "text": [" because the rainfall amounts and their timings are different each year."]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023c). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
 {"id": "521", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "This article (Barker and others, 2017) investigated the use of soil water sensors for VRI management. If VRI will be used to meet the crop water needs in each part of the field, a combination of soil water sensors and remote sensing will likely be needed.  ", "question": "what will likely be required if VRI is used to meet the crop water needs in each part of a field?", "answers": {"answer_start": [178], "text": ["a combination of soil water sensors and remote sensing will likely be needed"]}, "references": "Heeren, D., Barker, J. B., Lo, T. H., Melvin, S., Martin, D., & Luck, J. (2017). Considerations in Adopting Variable Rate Irrigation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/considerations-adopting-variable-rate-irrigation"}
 {"id": "353", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In a dry year, aerial imagery can be a useful tool to help identify systematic patterns (i.e., rings) within a field as a result of water stress from poor uniformity. However, in high rainfall areas (i.e., low irrigation requirements) aerial imagery may not be able to visually identify differences in the crop canopy. In these instances, it's recommended that catch cans be used to evaluate application uniformity. Evenly distribute cans of equal size across the system, measure the depth of water applied, and compare to identify areas of nonuniform water application.  ", "question": "how can an irrigator use catch cans?", "answers": {"answer_start": [416], "text": ["Evenly distribute cans of equal size across the system, measure the depth of water applied, and compare to identify areas of nonuniform water application"]}, "references": "Rudnick, D. (2016). Sprinkler Irrigation System Maintenance for Improved Uniformity and Application Efficiency | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2016/sprinkler-irrigation-system-maintenance-improved-uniformity-and-application-efficiency"}
@@ -1213,7 +1213,7 @@
 {"id": "233", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.02, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.96. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.03, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.94. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.04, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.92. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.05, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.91. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.06, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.89. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.07, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.87. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.08, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.86. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.09, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.84. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.1, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.83. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.11, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.81. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.12, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.8. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.13, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.78. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.14, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.77. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.15, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.76. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.16, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.74. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.17, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.73. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.18, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.72. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.19, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.71. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.2, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.69. ", "question": "what is the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) when the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.03?", "answers": {"answer_start": [344], "text": ["0.94"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
 {"id": "276", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The key to knowing the correct setting for the chemigation pump is to determine how many acres per hour the pivot will cover at the desired irrigation application depth or rate. Chemigation injection pumps are calibrated in gallons per hour (gph). So, if you know how much product you want to apply per acre -e.g., 10 gallons/acre - and how many acres the pivot will irrigate per hour - e.g., five acres/hour - then you will know how many gallons per hour the pump will need to deliver.  ", "question": "what is key to know when determining the correct setting for the chemigation injection pump?", "answers": {"answer_start": [70], "text": ["determine how many acres per hour the pivot will cover at the desired irrigation application depth or rate"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
 {"id": "224", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "For corn in the V4 crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 0.21 inches and the estimated water use during the week of June 19-25, 2023 is 1.30 inches. For corn in the V6 crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 0.41 inches. For corn in the V8 crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 0.60 inches. ", "question": "what is the estimated water usage for corn in the V8 crop growth stage during June 12-18, 2023?", "answers": {"answer_start": [432], "text": ["0.60 inches"]}, "references": "Stone, G., & Qiao, X. (2023). Estimated Crop Water Use for June 19-25, 2023 | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/estimated-crop-water-use-june-19-25-2023"}
-{"id": "311", "category": "Irrigation", "context": [true, "Once you have your ETgage out, we hope that you will once again post your weekly readings to the NAWMN website at https://nawmn.unl.edu. As a reminder, once you are on the main screen, you can login to your site by entering your site name and password and clicking on 'Login'. Once you have logged in, you will be taken to your weekly data from past weeks, including last year. To enter your weekly data, click on the 'Add new ETgage reading' link which will take you to the data entry page where you can enter your growth stage, rainfall, and ETgage change. If you've forgotten your site name or password, please contact xxxxx xxxxxx at xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx orxxxxxxxxxxxxx.    "], "question": [false, "who should be contacted if you lose your login or password information for the NAWMN website?"], "answers": {"answer_start": [622], "text": [[true, "xxxxx xxxxxx at xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx orxxxxxxxxxxxxx"]]}, "references": "Nygren, A. (2017). Value of Using Sensors to Manage Irrigation and Tips for Proper Installation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/value-using-sensors-manage-irrigation-and-tips-proper-installation"}
+{"id": "311", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Once you have your ETgage out, we hope that you will once again post your weekly readings to the NAWMN website at https://nawmn.unl.edu. As a reminder, once you are on the main screen, you can login to your site by entering your site name and password and clicking on 'Login'. Once you have logged in, you will be taken to your weekly data from past weeks, including last year. To enter your weekly data, click on the 'Add new ETgage reading' link which will take you to the data entry page where you can enter your growth stage, rainfall, and ETgage change. If you've forgotten your site name or password, please contact xxxxx xxxxxx at xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx orxxxxxxxxxxxxx.    ", "question": "who should be contacted if you lose your login or password information for the NAWMN website?", "answers": {"answer_start": [622], "text": ["xxxxx xxxxxx at xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx orxxxxxxxxxxxxx"]}, "references": "Nygren, A. (2017). Value of Using Sensors to Manage Irrigation and Tips for Proper Installation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/value-using-sensors-manage-irrigation-and-tips-proper-installation"}
 {"id": "443", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Differences in Late-Season Irrigation Timing for Corn/Sorghum and Beans: Corn/sorghum and beans are somewhat different in respect to crop water use as they approach maturity. For example, if hot dry windy conditions are experienced in September, daily crop water use will increase. However, since corn/sorghum develop based on heat units, they will use more water per day, but will mature in fewer days using about the average amount of water shown in the chart.  ", "question": "if hot dry windy conditions are experienced in September what is expected to increase?", "answers": {"answer_start": [246], "text": ["daily crop water use "]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2017). Predicting Late-Season Irrigation Needs. UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/predicting-late-season-irrigation-needs"}
 {"id": "23", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Soil Moisture Monitoring In this drought year, many irrigated fields have very little subsoil moisture, while other portions of Nebraska have experienced significant rains over the last month. With irrigation, any grower can can over-irrigate early and create a wet spring. The most reliable method to know when and how much to irrigate is to monitor soil moisture at multiple depths. Keep in mind that when irrigation is applied with a center pivot an inch at a time on the soil surface, the top foot will stay very wet all summer.", "question": "when irrigation is applied with a center pivot an inch at a time on the soil surface how much of the soil surface will stay very wet all summer?", "answers": {"answer_start": [489], "text": ["the top foot"]}, "references": "Melvin, S., Power, C., Daigh, A., & Taghvaeian, S. (2023). Early Season Irrigation During Drought. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/early-season-irrigation-during-drought"}
 {"id": "53", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Now is the time to get the probes in the ground. While other tasks may seem more pressing, early installation of sensors is important to ensure proper operation during the later critical growth phases. Early installation helps to minimize root and leaf damage and makes it easy to get around the field with the pickup or ATV to install the equipment.  ", "question": "what does early installation of soil moisture sensors help minimize?", "answers": {"answer_start": [239], "text": ["root and leaf damage"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023c). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
@@ -1253,7 +1253,7 @@
 {"id": "270", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Both methods require the basic information for the pivot. All the needed details can be found on the sprinkler chart for the center pivot. The sprinkler chart is the documentation that came with the sprinkler package for the pivot and describes the basic layout of the pivot, water flow rate, pressure, size of each sprinkler, etc. If the current sprinklers on the pivot came with the machine when it was new, the pivot dealer should be able to provide a copy. Otherwise, ask the company that sold the current sprinkler package for it. If you do not have the sprinkler chart, then you will need to determine the needed data by measuring the pivot.  ", "question": "who can provide a copy of the sprinkler chart if the current sprinklers on the pivot came with the machine when it was new and the pivot dealer can't provide a copy?", "answers": {"answer_start": [476], "text": ["the company that sold the current sprinkler package for it"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
 {"id": "203", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "For alfalfa in the stage 4 crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 1.22 inches and the estimated water use during the week of June 19-25, 2023 is 2.05 inches. For alfalfa in the maturity crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 1.30 inches. For alfalfa in the full cover crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 1.18 inches.", "question": "what is the estimated water usage for alfalfa during the full cover crop growth stage during the week of June 12-18 in 2023?", "answers": {"answer_start": [460], "text": ["1.18 inches"]}, "references": "Stone, G., & Qiao, X. (2023). Estimated Crop Water Use for June 19-25, 2023 | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/estimated-crop-water-use-june-19-25-2023"}
 {"id": "444", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Differences in Late-Season Irrigation Timing for Corn/Sorghum and Beans: Corn/sorghum and beans are somewhat different in respect to crop water use as they approach maturity. For example, if hot dry windy conditions are experienced in September, daily crop water use will increase. However, since corn/sorghum develop based on heat units, they will use more water per day, but will mature in fewer days using about the average amount of water shown in the chart.  ", "question": "what are two crops that develop based on heat units?", "answers": {"answer_start": [297], "text": ["corn/sorghum"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2017). Predicting Late-Season Irrigation Needs. UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/predicting-late-season-irrigation-needs"}
-{"id": "485", "category": "Irrigation", "context": [true, "To learn more about the secondary aquifers of Nebraska, download the Conservation and Survey Division publication titled 'An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska' available at http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/conservationsurvey/138. Questions regarding western Nebraska aquifers may be directed to xxxxx xxxxxx atxxxxxxxxxxxxx; questions regarding eastern Nebraska aquifers may be directed to xxxx xxxxxx atxxxxxxxxxxxxx.  "], "question": [true, "how can xxxx xxxxxx be contacted?"], "answers": {"answer_start": [411], "text": [[true, "xxxxxxxxxxxx"]]}, "references": "Divine, D. (2017). An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/overview-seondary-aquifers-nebraska"}
+{"id": "485", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "To learn more about the secondary aquifers of Nebraska, download the Conservation and Survey Division publication titled 'An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska' available at http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/conservationsurvey/138. Questions regarding western Nebraska aquifers may be directed to xxxxx xxxxxx atxxxxxxxxxxxxx; questions regarding eastern Nebraska aquifers may be directed to xxxx xxxxxx atxxxxxxxxxxxxx.  ", "question": "how can xxxx xxxxxx be contacted?", "answers": {"answer_start": [411], "text": ["xxxxxxxxxxxx"]}, "references": "Divine, D. (2017). An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/overview-seondary-aquifers-nebraska"}
 {"id": "42", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Getting the crop off to a great start is essential for a successful season. On dry years, it is sometimes necessary to start irrigating in May and June. However, it is critical to monitor soil moisture to balance crop needs with the risk of losing nitrogen and other valuable crop inputs. Monitoring will also help prevent unnecessary irrigation expenses, and if you have a water allocation, avoid using up water that is critical for later growth stages.  ", "question": "if a grower has water allocation what should they avoid doing?", "answers": {"answer_start": [398], "text": ["using up water that is critical for later growth stages"]}, "references": "Melvin, S., Power, C., Daigh, A., & Taghvaeian, S. (2023). Early Season Irrigation During Drought. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/early-season-irrigation-during-drought"}
 {"id": "524", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The description of a static VRI irrigation prescription is that this prescription stays the same or changes only a few times during the season. Considerations include that it is relatively simple to apply. Does not account for change in spatial variability over a season. Example uses include avoiding irrigation on uncrossed areas, mining differences in soil available water capacity, and variable rate chemigation. ", "question": "what is a description for a static VRI irrigation prescription?", "answers": {"answer_start": [69], "text": ["prescription stays the same or changes only a few times during the season"]}, "references": "Barker, J. B. (2017). Considerations in Adopting Variable Rate Irrigation for Center Pivots and Lateral Systems. http://extensionpublications.unl.edu/assets/pdf/ec2000.pdf."}
 {"id": "86", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Percent of fields that became wetter moving from August to Sept. 15. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 fields are much drier than the other years in the fall.  In 2021, 44% of fields with soil in the 15-25 in zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15, 48% of fields with soil in the 25-36 in zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15, and 37% of fields with soil in both zones became wetter moving from August to Sept. 15.", "question": "what percentage of fields with soil in the 15-25 inch zone and 25-36 zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15 in 2021?", "answers": {"answer_start": [339], "text": ["37%"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
@@ -1282,7 +1282,7 @@
 {"id": "64", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Carefully Consider Decisions to Apply Water in May and June. Decisions to irrigate in May and June need to be considered very carefully. Long-term averages show May and June to be two of the highest rainfall months in Nebraska. The rainfall is usually more than needed to refill the soil profile for fields that were irrigated the previous year.  ", "question": "what does the rainfall in May and June do for the fields?", "answers": {"answer_start": [272], "text": ["refill the soil profile for fields that were irrigated the previous year"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
 {"id": "1", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The key to early water management is to apply irrigation only when it is needed to get the crop off to a good start, while keeping in mind over-irrigation enables crop input losses. Precision water and nitrogen management can help guide your early season irrigation decisions.  ", "question": "what is the key to early water management while keeping in mind over-irrigation enables crop input losses?", "answers": {"answer_start": [37], "text": ["to apply irrigation only when it is needed to get the crop off to a good start"]}, "references": "Melvin, S., Power, C., Daigh, A., & Taghvaeian, S. (2023). Early Season Irrigation During Drought. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/early-season-irrigation-during-drought"}
 {"id": "3", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Leave Room for Storing Rainfall Monitoring soil moisture and leaving it moderately dry during the vegetative growth states also leaves room for the soil to store any rainfall that may come. Too wet and you'll lose that rainfall as runoff or deep percolation. Each inch of rainfall you store saves irrigation, input costs and prevents nitrate leaching.  ", "question": "what can leave room for the soil to any rainfall that may come in the future?", "answers": {"answer_start": [32], "text": ["Monitoring soil moisture and leaving it moderately dry during the vegetative growth states "]}, "references": "Melvin, S., Power, C., Daigh, A., & Taghvaeian, S. (2023). Early Season Irrigation During Drought. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/early-season-irrigation-during-drought"}
-{"id": "227", "category": "Irrigation", "context": [true, "June 19,2023  The estimated crop water use for Nebraska Panhandle crops for the previous week and the upcoming week is shown in this table. It is based on data gathered and calculations made by xxxx xxxxx, Nebraska Extension educator, and Dr. xxx xxxx, extension irrigation and water management specialist, both based at the UNL Panhandle Research and Extension Center in Scottsbluff.  "], "question": [false, "where do they work and what two people retrieved data across the Panhandle region in Nebraska to estimate crop water use?"], "answers": {"answer_start": [193], "text": [[true, " xxxx xxxxx, Nebraska Extension educator, and Dr. xxx xxxx, extension irrigation and water management specialist, both based at the UNL Panhandle Research and Extension Center in Scottsbluff"]]}, "references": "Stone, G., & Qiao, X. (2023). Estimated Crop Water Use for June 19-25, 2023 | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/estimated-crop-water-use-june-19-25-2023"}
+{"id": "227", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "June 19,2023  The estimated crop water use for Nebraska Panhandle crops for the previous week and the upcoming week is shown in this table. It is based on data gathered and calculations made by xxxx xxxxx, Nebraska Extension educator, and Dr. xxx xxxx, extension irrigation and water management specialist, both based at the UNL Panhandle Research and Extension Center in Scottsbluff.  ", "question": "where do they work and what two people retrieved data across the Panhandle region in Nebraska to estimate crop water use?", "answers": {"answer_start": [193], "text": [" xxxx xxxxx, Nebraska Extension educator, and Dr. xxx xxxx, extension irrigation and water management specialist, both based at the UNL Panhandle Research and Extension Center in Scottsbluff"]}, "references": "Stone, G., & Qiao, X. (2023). Estimated Crop Water Use for June 19-25, 2023 | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/estimated-crop-water-use-june-19-25-2023"}
 {"id": "231", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.02, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.96. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.03, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.94. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.04, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.92. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.05, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.91. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.06, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.89. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.07, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.87. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.08, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.86. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.09, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.84. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.1, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.83. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.11, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.81. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.12, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.8. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.13, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.78. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.14, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.77. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.15, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.76. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.16, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.74. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.17, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.73. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.18, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.72. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.19, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.71. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.2, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.69. ", "question": "what is considered the variable for the pivot speed with the end gun off?", "answers": {"answer_start": [115], "text": ["S"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
 {"id": "322", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Soil Sensor Install Tips: If you are installing Watermark sensors, remember to check them before installation to ensure that they are reading properly. When dry, sensors should read 199 kPa. After soaking in water for 10-15 minutes, sensors should read between 0-10 kPa. Values higher than this likely indicate that the sensor needs to be replaced. Before you go to the field to install Watermark sensors, be sure to put the sensors in water and install them wet to eliminate air in the sensor.  ", "question": "what should a Watermark sensor read in kPa when dry?", "answers": {"answer_start": [182], "text": ["199 kPa"]}, "references": "Nygren, A. (2017). Value of Using Sensors to Manage Irrigation and Tips for Proper Installation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/value-using-sensors-manage-irrigation-and-tips-proper-installation"}
 {"id": "303", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Internal combustion engines need quite a bit more attention.  Change engine oil and all filters.  Check engine hours and refer to the manufactures service interval on valve adjustments and other service that may be needed.  It would also be a good idea to run the Nebraska Extension App IrrigatePump to see where your well stacks up against the Nebraska Pumping Plant Criteria.  This will give you an idea on the efficiency of the power unit and pump.  In the current economic climate we want to be as efficient as possible.  ", "question": "what will checking the using the Nebraska Extension App IrrigatePump give you a better understanding of?", "answers": {"answer_start": [409], "text": ["the efficiency of the power unit and pump"]}, "references": "Ingram, T. (2017). Is Your Irrigation System Ready For the Season? | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/your-irrigation-system-ready-season"}
@@ -1378,7 +1378,7 @@
 {"id": "328", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Soil Sensor Install Tips: While other tasks may seem more pressing, early installation of sensors is critical to ensure their proper operation during the later critical growth phases. Early installation helps to minimize root damage, allows time for sensors to acclimate to read actual soil water conditions instead of water within the sensor or slurry, and gives a better chance for proper soil contact.  ", "question": "what is critical to ensure soil sensors proper operation during the later critical growth stages?", "answers": {"answer_start": [68], "text": ["early installation of sensors"]}, "references": "Nygren, A. (2017). Value of Using Sensors to Manage Irrigation and Tips for Proper Installation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/value-using-sensors-manage-irrigation-and-tips-proper-installation"}
 {"id": "219", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "For sugarbeets in the 10-30% Cover crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 0.17 inches and the estimated water use during the week of June 19-25, 2023 is 1.20 inches. For sugarbeets in the 30-50% Cover crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 0.25 inches. For sugarbeets in the 50-70% Cover crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 0.40 inches. ", "question": "what is the estimated water usage for sugarbeets in the 30%-50% cover crop growth stage during June 12-18, 2023?", "answers": {"answer_start": [342], "text": ["0.25 inches"]}, "references": "Stone, G., & Qiao, X. (2023). Estimated Crop Water Use for June 19-25, 2023 | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/estimated-crop-water-use-june-19-25-2023"}
 {"id": "508", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Other secondary aquifers in eastern Nebraska include the Niobrara aquifer (230 wells, mostly in Cedar County), the Codell aquifer (70 wells in Knox and Boyd counties), and the Western Interior Plains Aquifer System. Only one active well is currently installed in the Western Interior Plains Aquifer System in Nebraska, but the aquifer system was a historic source of water to the Omaha area, and still supplies huge volumes of water to Iowa and other states to our east.  ", "question": "How many wells are in the Codell aquifer?", "answers": {"answer_start": [131], "text": ["70"]}, "references": "Divine, D. (2017). An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/overview-seondary-aquifers-nebraska"}
-{"id": "482", "category": "Irrigation", "context": [true, "To learn more about the secondary aquifers of Nebraska, download the Conservation and Survey Division publication titled 'An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska' available at http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/conservationsurvey/138. Questions regarding western Nebraska aquifers may be directed to xxxxx xxxxxx atxxxxxxxxxxxxx; questions regarding eastern Nebraska aquifers may be directed to xxxx xxxxxx atxxxxxxxxxxxxx.  "], "question": [false, "who can questions regarding western Nebraska's aquifers be directed to?"], "answers": {"answer_start": [301], "text": [[true, "xxxxx xxxxxx"]]}, "references": "Divine, D. (2017). An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/overview-seondary-aquifers-nebraska"}
+{"id": "482", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "To learn more about the secondary aquifers of Nebraska, download the Conservation and Survey Division publication titled 'An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska' available at http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/conservationsurvey/138. Questions regarding western Nebraska aquifers may be directed to xxxxx xxxxxx atxxxxxxxxxxxxx; questions regarding eastern Nebraska aquifers may be directed to xxxx xxxxxx atxxxxxxxxxxxxx.  ", "question": "who can questions regarding western Nebraska's aquifers be directed to?", "answers": {"answer_start": [301], "text": ["xxxxx xxxxxx"]}, "references": "Divine, D. (2017). An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/overview-seondary-aquifers-nebraska"}
 {"id": "349", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "To identify possible issues developing with pressure regulators and/or sprinklers record and observe your system's flow rate and pressure over time, looking for changes. For further information on irrigation management, visit the Agricultural Irrigation section of Water.unl.edu.    ", "question": "for more information on irrigation management where can an irrigator visit?", "answers": {"answer_start": [226], "text": ["the Agricultural Irrigation section of Water.unl.edu"]}, "references": "Rudnick, D. (2016). Sprinkler Irrigation System Maintenance for Improved Uniformity and Application Efficiency | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2016/sprinkler-irrigation-system-maintenance-improved-uniformity-and-application-efficiency"}
 {"id": "500", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Chadron wells average about 350 feet deep, and the majority (64%) are used for domestic supply, but livestock and irrigation wells account for 15% and 12% of the wells, respectively. The biggest challenge to using the Chadron aquifer is poor water quality. ", "question": "what percentage of wells in the Chadron aquifer are used for irrigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [151], "text": ["12%"]}, "references": "Divine, D. (2017). An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/overview-seondary-aquifers-nebraska"}
 {"id": "340", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "To determine the actual cost, we would recommend the use of the IrrigateCost app. The app, which is available for both Apple and Android products, allows users to input their specific information such as acres irrigated, pumping lift, system PSI, pump and pivot life, and inches applied as well as related costs such as for the well and engine, labor, energy, district fees, and taxes. The app then calculates total irrigation cost as well as total ownership and total operating costs.  It also breaks down costs by irrigation well, pump, gear head, pump base, diesel engine and tank and system and calculates per acre annual cost and per acre-inch annual cost.", "question": "what does the IrrigateCost app calculate using the specific information and related costs?", "answers": {"answer_start": [399], "text": ["calculates total irrigation cost as well as total ownership and total operating costs"]}, "references": "Nygren, A. (2017). Value of Using Sensors to Manage Irrigation and Tips for Proper Installation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/value-using-sensors-manage-irrigation-and-tips-proper-installation"}
@@ -1470,7 +1470,7 @@
 {"id": "123", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Average percent of fields by year fitting into the six categories. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 are different than the other years. In 2022, out of 60 reports, 70% were ranked good, 8% were fair, 3% were wet late, 15% were wet early, 2% were wet all season, and 2% were very wet all season. ", "question": "In 2022 out of 60 reports, what percentage of Nebraska fields were considered wet late?", "answers": {"answer_start": [199], "text": ["3%"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
 {"id": "456", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Determine the average rainfall per week for the remaining weeks of crop growth and add it into the prediction of how much water may be needed from irrigation. This number should be recalculated each week until the crop is mature. Use Figures 2 and 3 to determine the average rainfall per week in August and in September for central Buffalo County. The chart shows that, on average, central Buffalo County gets 0.60 inch of rain per week in August and 0.55 inch per week in September. The crop is expected to continue growing for three weeks in August and two weeks in September. Remaining available water at maturity is 5.25 inches. The you subtract the average august rain for three weeks which is 1.80 inches. Then you subtract the average September rain for 2 weeks which is 1.10 inches. This gives us that the water we need after accounting for average rain is 2.35 inches. The chart predicts that if average rainfall is received over the next five weeks, only 2.35 inches of irrigation would be needed to mature the crop.      ", "question": "to find the amount of water needed for irrigation in inches using the remaining available water at maturity and the average rainfall for September and august what should be done?", "answers": {"answer_start": [637], "text": ["you subtract the average august rain for three weeks which is 1.80 inches. Then you subtract the average September rain for 2 weeks which is 1.10 inches."]}, "references": "Barker, J. B. (2017). Considerations in Adopting Variable Rate Irrigation for Center Pivots and Lateral Systems. http://extensionpublications.unl.edu/assets/pdf/ec2000.pdf."}
 {"id": "120", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Average percent of fields by year fitting into the six categories. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 are different than the other years. In the weighted average normal to wet years, 2017, 2018, 2019, 31% were ranked good, 13% were fair, 17% were wet late, 12% were wet early, 16% were wet all season, and 12% were very wet all season.", "question": "what percentage of Nebraska fields were very wet all season in the normal to wet years of 2017, 2018, and 2019?", "answers": {"answer_start": [254], "text": ["12%"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
-{"id": "310", "category": "Irrigation", "context": [true, "Once you have your ETgage out, we hope that you will once again post your weekly readings to the NAWMN website at https://nawmn.unl.edu. As a reminder, once you are on the main screen, you can login to your site by entering your site name and password and clicking on 'Login'. Once you have logged in, you will be taken to your weekly data from past weeks, including last year. To enter your weekly data, click on the 'Add new ETgage reading' link which will take you to the data entry page where you can enter your growth stage, rainfall, and ETgage change. If you've forgotten your site name or password, please contact xxxxx xxxxxx at xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx orxxxxxxxxxxxxx.    "], "question": [false, "where can an irrigator enter weekly ETgage data after logging into the NAWMN website?"], "answers": {"answer_start": [405], "text": [[false, "click on the 'Add new ETgage reading' link which will take you to the data entry page where you can enter your growth stage, rainfall, and ETgage change"]]}, "references": "Nygren, A. (2017). Value of Using Sensors to Manage Irrigation and Tips for Proper Installation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/value-using-sensors-manage-irrigation-and-tips-proper-installation"}
+{"id": "310", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Once you have your ETgage out, we hope that you will once again post your weekly readings to the NAWMN website at https://nawmn.unl.edu. As a reminder, once you are on the main screen, you can login to your site by entering your site name and password and clicking on 'Login'. Once you have logged in, you will be taken to your weekly data from past weeks, including last year. To enter your weekly data, click on the 'Add new ETgage reading' link which will take you to the data entry page where you can enter your growth stage, rainfall, and ETgage change. If you've forgotten your site name or password, please contact xxxxx xxxxxx at xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx orxxxxxxxxxxxxx.    ", "question": "where can an irrigator enter weekly ETgage data after logging into the NAWMN website?", "answers": {"answer_start": [405], "text": ["click on the 'Add new ETgage reading' link which will take you to the data entry page where you can enter your growth stage, rainfall, and ETgage change"]}, "references": "Nygren, A. (2017). Value of Using Sensors to Manage Irrigation and Tips for Proper Installation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/value-using-sensors-manage-irrigation-and-tips-proper-installation"}
 {"id": "194", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The amount of irrigation applied last year or the year before may have very little to do with the amount needed this year. The long-term average of irrigation application depth and timing is relatively meaningless for the decisions producers need to make on any given day in the current growing season. However, without any additional data, all an irrigator can do is put on about the same amount of water as in the past and make slight adjustments if the weather is dry or wet.  ", "question": "is the long term average irrigation application depth and timing useful to producers for irrigation application decisions?", "answers": {"answer_start": [191], "text": ["relatively meaningless for the decisions producers need to make on any given day in the current growing season"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023c). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
 {"id": "369", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Poor water distribution can result in over- and under-irrigated areas. Insufficient irrigation can reduce total biomass, grain yield, and grain quality; whereas, excessive irrigation can cause runoff, soil erosion, deep percolation of water and nutrients, and anaerobic soil conditions (plant oxygen stress). Consequently, poor water distribution can have a negative effect on a farm's net return as well as lead to potential environmental concerns (Rudnick and Irmak, 2015). Routine maintenance to improve and maintain high system uniformity and application efficiency is desired", "question": "what can have a negative effect on a farm's net return as well as lead to potential environmental concerns?", "answers": {"answer_start": [323], "text": ["poor water distribution"]}, "references": "Rudnick, D. (2016). Sprinkler Irrigation System Maintenance for Improved Uniformity and Application Efficiency | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2016/sprinkler-irrigation-system-maintenance-improved-uniformity-and-application-efficiency"}
 {"id": "32", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Strategies for Early Season Irrigation Last year's irrigation will have left the soil fairly wet compared to dryland fields. On a typical year, a silt loam soil that was reasonably well irrigated the previously year (full yield) may only hold two to four inches of water from precipitation in the non-growing season. Sandy soils will hold even less. This means most years, irrigated fields will be at or above field capacity in May, particularly in the eastern two-thirds of Nebraska.  ", "question": "particularly in the eastern two thirds of Nebraska when will irrigated fields be at or above field capacity?", "answers": {"answer_start": [428], "text": ["May,"]}, "references": "Melvin, S., Power, C., Daigh, A., & Taghvaeian, S. (2023). Early Season Irrigation During Drought. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/early-season-irrigation-during-drought"}