diff --git "a/data/corpora/academic_tone/train_pos.jsonl" "b/data/corpora/academic_tone/train_pos.jsonl" new file mode 100644--- /dev/null +++ "b/data/corpora/academic_tone/train_pos.jsonl" @@ -0,0 +1,700 @@ +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00000", "text": "to investigate to what degree the presence of hypertension ( htn ) and poor glycemic control ( gc ) influences the likelihood of having microalbuminuria ( mau ) among cuban americans with type 2 diabetes ( t2d).methods : a cross - sectional study conducted in cuban americans ( n = 179 ) with t2d . participants were recruited from a randomly generated mailing list purchased from knowledge - base marketing , inc . blood pressure ( bp ) was measured twice and averaged using an adult size cuff . glycosylated hemoglobin ( a1c ) levels were measured from whole blood samples with the roche tina - quant method . first morning urine samples were collected from each participant to determine mau by a semiquantitative assay ( immunodip).results : mau was present in 26% of cuban americans with t2d . a significantly higher percentage of subjects with ma had htn ( p = 0.038 ) and elevated a1c ( p = 0.002 ) than those with normoalbuminuria . logistic regression analysis showed that after controlling for covariates , subjects with poor gc were 6.76 times more likely to have mau if they had hypertension compared with those without hypertension ( p = 0.004 ; 95% confidence interval [ ci ] : 1.83 , 23.05).conclusion : the clinical significance of these findings emphasizes the early detection of mau in this hispanic subgroup combined with bp and good gc , which are fundamentals in preventing and treating diabetes complications and improving individuals renal and cardiovascular outcomes .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 327, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00001", "text": "organized under the corporation laws of Delaware. Its principal place of business was in Kentucky, and the property mortgaged was located in that state. 3 Under these circumstances the District Court was of the opinion that it must allow the claim for interest on interest if the indenture covenant was valid; that its validity must be determined by the law of New York, because the indenture was signed and the bonds were payable there; and that the covenant was valid there. Accordingly, the first mortgage bondholders were held entitled to interest on interest. Holding that New York prohibited covenants for payment of interest on interest, the Circuit Court of Appeals reversed. 6 Cir., 151 F.2d 470. We granted certiorari because of the importance of the questions raised. 4 The Circuit Court of Appeals thought the bankruptcy court must allow or disallow the claim for interest on interest according to whether the covenant to pay it was valid or invalid as between the parties to that covenant. It considered the covenant invalid and therefore unenforceable in bankruptcy upon two alternative assumptions. First, it assumed that a controlling federal rule required the bankruptcy court to determine validity or invalidity of the contract by looking to the law of New York, the state where the court found that the contract was'made' and primarily payable.3 Second, since the bankruptcy court was sitting in Kentucky, it should determine validity of the covenant as would a Kentucky court. Reviewing Kentucky decisions, the Circuit Court of Appeals concluded that Kentucky courts also would apply New York substantive law. Arriving at New York law by both hypotheses, the Circuit Court of Appeals interpreted that law as rendering the covenant invalid. We agree with the conclusion of the Circuit Court of Appeals that the claim for interest on interest should not be permitted to share in the debtor's assets, but disagree with the reasons given for that conclusion. 5 A purpose of bankruptcy is so to administer an estate as to bring about a ratable distribution of assets among the bankrupt's creditors. What claims of creditors are valid and subsisting obligations against the bankrupt at the time a petition in bankruptcy is filed, is a question which, in the absence of overruling federal law, is to be determined by reference to state law.4 Bryant v. Swofford Bros. Dry Goods Co., 214 U.S. 279, 290, 291, 29 S.Ct. 614, 618, 53 L.Ed. 997; Security Mortgage", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00002", "text": "For positive semidefinite matrices $A$ and $B$, Ando and Zhan proved the inequalities $||| f(A)+f(B) ||| \\ge ||| f(A+B) |||$ and $||| g(A)+g(B) ||| \\le ||| g(A+B) |||$, for any unitarily invariant norm, and for any non-negative operator monotone $f$ on $[0,\\infty)$ with inverse function $g$. These inequalities have very recently been generalised to non-negative concave functions $f$ and non-negative convex functions $g$, by Bourin and Uchiyama, and Kosem, respectively. In this paper we consider the related question whether the inequalities $||| f(A)-f(B) ||| \\le ||| f(|A-B|) |||$, and $||| g(A)-g(B) ||| \\ge ||| g(|A-B|) |||$, obtained by Ando, for operator monotone $f$ with inverse $g$, also have a similar generalisation to non-negative concave $f$ and convex $g$. We answer exactly this question, in the negative for general matrices, and affirmatively in the special case when $A\\ge ||B||$. In the course of this work, we introduce the novel notion of $Y$-dominated majorisation between the spectra of two Hermitian matrices, where $Y$ is itself a Hermitian matrix, and prove a certain property of this relation that allows to strengthen the results of Bourin-Uchiyama and Kosem, mentioned above.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 335, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00003", "text": "We apply the technique of parameter-splitting to existing cosmological data sets, to check for a generic failure of dark energy models. Given a dark energy parameter, such as the energy density Omega_Lambda or equation of state w, we split it into two meta-parameters with one controlling geometrical distances, and the other controlling the growth of structure. Observational data spanning Type Ia Supernovae, the cosmic microwave background (CMB), galaxy clustering, and weak gravitational lensing statistics are fit without requiring the two meta-parameters to be equal. This technique checks for inconsistency between different data sets, as well as for internal inconsistency within any one data set (e.g., CMB or lensing statistics) that is sensitive to both geometry and growth. We find that the cosmological constant model is consistent with current data. Theories of modified gravity generally predict a relation between growth and geometry that is different from that of general relativity. Parameter-splitting can be viewed as a crude way to parametrize the space of such theories. Our analysis of current data already appears to put sharp limits on these theories: assuming a flat universe, current data constrain the difference Omega_Lambda(geom) - Omega_Lambda(grow) to be -0.0044 +/- 0.0058 (68% C.L.); allowing the equation of state w to vary, the difference w(geom) - w(grow) is constrained to be 0.37 +/- 0.37 (68% C.L.). Interestingly, the region w(grow) > w(geom), which should be generically favored by theories that slow structure formation relative to general relativity, is quite restricted by data already. We find w(grow) < -0.80 at 2 sigma. As an example, the best-fit flat Dvali-Gabadadze-Porrati (DGP) model approximated by our parametrization lies beyond the 3 sigma contour for constraints from all the data sets.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 404, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00004", "text": "We present a detailed analysis of the Galaxy Stellar Mass Function of galaxies up to z=2.5 as obtained from the VVDS. We estimate the stellar mass from broad-band photometry using 2 different assumptions on the galaxy star formation history and show that the addition of secondary bursts to a continuous star formation history produces systematically higher (up to 40%) stellar masses. At low redshift (z=0.2) we find a substantial population of low-mass galaxies (<10^9 Msun) composed by faint blue galaxies (M_I-M_K=0.3). In general the stellar mass function evolves slowly up to z=0.9 and more significantly above this redshift. Conversely, a massive tail is present up to z=2.5 and have extremely red colours (M_I-M_K=0.7-0.8). We find a decline with redshift of the overall number density of galaxies for all masses (59+-5% for M>10^8 Msun at z=1), and a mild mass-dependent average evolution (`mass-downsizing'). In particular our data are consistent with mild/negligible (<30%) evolution up to z=0.7 for massive galaxies (>6x10^10 Msun). For less massive systems the no-evolution scenario is excluded. A large fraction (>=50%) of massive galaxies have been already assembled and converted most of their gas into stars at z=1, ruling out the `dry mergers' as the major mechanism of their assembly history below z=1. This fraction decreases to 33% at z=2. Low-mass systems have decreased continuously in number and mass density (by a factor up to 4) from the present age to z=2, consistently with a prolonged mass assembly also at z<1.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 371, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00005", "text": "We present a comprehensive and self-consistent modelling of the D' type symbiotic star (SS) HD330036 from radio to UV. Within a colliding-wind scenario, we analyse the continuum, line and dust spectra by means of SUMA, a code that simulates the physical conditions of an emitting gaseous cloud under the coupled effect of ionization from an external radiation source and shocks. We find that the UV lines are emitted from high density gas between the stars downstream of the reverse shock, while the optical lines are emitted downstream of the shock propagating outwards the system. As regards with the continuum SED, three shells are identified in the IR, at 850K, 320 K and 200 K with radii r = 2.8 10^13 cm, 4 10^14$ cm, and 10^15 cm, respectively, adopting a distance to Earth d=2.3 kpc: interestingly, all these shells appear to be circumbinary. The analysis of the unexploited ISO-SWS spectrum reveals that both PAHs and crystalline silicates coexist in HD330036, with PAHs associated to the internal shell at 850 K, and crystalline silicates stored into the cool shells at 320 K and 200 K. Strong evidence that crystalline silicates are shaped in a disk-like structure is derived on the basis of the relative band strengths. Finally, we suggest that shocks can be a reliable mechanism in activating the annealing and the consequent crystallization processes. We show that a consistent interpretation of gas and dust spectra emitted by SS can be obtained by models which accounts for the coupled effect of the photoionizing flux and of shocks. The VLTI/MIDI proposal recently accepted by ESO aims to verify and better constrain some of our results by means of IR interferometric observations.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 381, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00006", "text": "the goal of this study is to extend the applications of parametric survival models so that they include cases in which accelerated failure time ( aft ) assumption is not satisfied , and examine parametric and semiparametric models under different proportional hazards ( ph ) and aft assumptions.methods:the data for 12,531 women diagnosed with breast cancer in british columbia , canada , during 19901999 were divided into eight groups according to patients ages and stage of disease , and each group was assumed to have different aft and ph assumptions . for parametric models , we fitted the saturated generalized gamma ( gg ) distribution , and compared this with the conventional aft model . using a likelihood ratio statistic , both models were compared to the simpler forms including the weibull and lognormal . for semiparametric models , either cox 's ph model or stratified cox model was fitted according to the ph assumption and tested using schoenfeld residuals . the gg family was compared to the log - logistic model using akaike information criterion ( aic ) and baysian information criterion ( bic).results : when ph and aft assumptions were satisfied , semiparametric and parametric models both provided valid descriptions of breast cancer patient survival . when ph assumption was not satisfied but aft condition held , the parametric models performed better than the stratified cox model . when neither the ph nor the aft assumptions were met , the log normal distribution provided a reasonable fit.conclusions:when both the ph and aft assumptions are satisfied , the parametric and semiparametric models provide complementary information . when ph assumption is not satisfied , the parametric models should be considered , whether the aft assumption is met or not .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 343, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00007", "text": "The peculiar velocity of the Local Group of galaxies manifested in the Cosmic Microwave Background dipole is found to decompose into three dominant components. The three components are clearly separated because they arise on distinct spatial scales and are fortuitously almost orthogonal in their influences. The nearest, which is distinguished by a velocity discontinuity at ~7 Mpc, arises from the evacuation of the Local Void. We lie in the Local Sheet that bounds the void. Random motions within the Local Sheet are small. Our Galaxy participates in the bulk motion of the Local Sheet away from the Local Void. The component of our motion on an intermediate scale is attributed to the Virgo Cluster and its surroundings, 17 Mpc away. The third and largest component is an attraction on scales larger than 3000 km/s and centered near the direction of the Centaurus Cluster. The amplitudes of the three components are 259, 185, and 455 km/s, respectively, adding collectively to 631 km/s in the reference frame of the Local Sheet. Taking the nearby influences into account causes the residual attributed to large scales to align with observed concentrations of distant galaxies and reduces somewhat the amplitude of motion attributed to their pull. On small scales, in addition to the motion of our Local Sheet away from the Local Void, the nearest adjacent filament, the Leo Spur, is seen to be moving in a direction that will lead to convergence with our filament. Finally, a good distance to an isolated galaxy within the Local Void reveals that this dwarf system has a motion of at least 230 km/s away from the void center. Given the velocities expected from gravitational instability theory in the standard cosmological paradigm, the distance to the center of the Local Void must be at least 23 Mpc from our position. The Local Void is large!", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 362, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00008", "text": "In this paper, we deal with a generalization of the geometry of parallelizable manifolds, or the absolute parallelism (AP-) geometry, in the context of generalized Lagrange spaces. All geometric objects defined in this geometry are not only functions of the positional argument $x$, but also depend on the directional argument $y$. In other words, instead of dealing with geometric objects defined on the manifold $M$, as in the case of classical AP-geometry, we are dealing with geometric objects in the pullback bundle $\\pi^{-1}(TM)$ (the pullback of the tangent bundle $TM$ by $ \\pi: T M\\longrightarrow M$). Many new geometric objects, which have no counterpart in the classical AP-geometry, emerge in this more general context. We refer to such a geometry as generalized AP-geometry (GAP-geometry). In analogy to AP-geometry, we define a $d$-connection in $\\pi^{-1}(TM)$ having remarkable properties, which we call the canonical $d$-connection, in terms of the unique torsion-free Riemannian $d$-connection. In addition to these two $d$-connections, two more $d$-connections are defined, the dual and the symmetric $d$-connections. Our space, therefore, admits twelve curvature tensors (corresponding to the four defined $d$-connections), three of which vanish identically. Simple formulae for the nine non-vanishing curvatures tensors are obtained, in terms of the torsion tensors of the canonical $d$-connection. The different $W$-tensors admitted by the space are also calculated. All contractions of the $h$- and $v$-curvature tensors and the $W$-tensors are derived. Second rank symmetric and skew-symmetric tensors, which prove useful in physical applications, are singled out.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 390, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00009", "text": "Using data recorded by the Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI) instrument on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), we have traced 123 pairs of opposite magnetic polarity moving magnetic features (MMFs) in three active regions NOAA ARs 8375, 0330 and 9575. At the time of observation, AR 8375 was young, AR 0330 mature, and AR 9575 decaying. The vertical velocity indicates that the elements of MMF pairs with polarity opposite to that of the sunspot support a downflow of around 50-100 m s$^{-1}$. The average Doppler shift difference between negative and positive elements of an MMF pair is about 150 m s$^{-1}$ in AR 8375, 100 m s$^{-1}$ in AR 0330, and 20 m s$^{-1}$ in AR 9575. These observational results are in agreement with the model that MMF pairs are part of a U-loop emanating from the sunspot's magnetic canopy. According to this model the downflow is caused by the Evershed flow returning below the solar surface. For AR 8375, the horizontal velocity of MMFs ranges from 0.1 km s$^{-1}$ to 0.7 km s$^{-1}$, and on average, the velocity of an MMF pair decreases significantly (from 0.6 km s$^{-1}$ to 0.35 km s$^{-1}$) with increasing distance from the MMF's birth place. This result suggests that the change in MMF flow speed does not reflect the radial structure of the moat flow, but rather is intrinsic to the evolution of the MMF pairs. This result is also in agreement with the U-loop model of MMF pairs. We also find that properties of MMF pairs, most strikingly the lifetime, depend on the evolution stages of the parent sunspot. The mean lifetimes of MMF pairs in ARs 9575 and 0330 are 0.7 hours and 1.6 hours, respectively, which is considerably shorter than the 4 hours lifetime previously found for AR 8375.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 453, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00010", "text": "High-resolution infrared spectroscopy in the 2.3-4.6 micron region is reported for the peculiar A supergiant, single-lined spectroscopic binary HR 4049. Lines from the CO fundamental and first overtone, OH fundamental, and several H2O vibration-rotation transitions have been observed in the near-infrared spectrum. The spectrum of HR 4049 appears principally in emission through the 3 and 4.6 micron region and in absorption in the 2 micron region. The 4.6 micron spectrum shows a rich 'forest' of emission lines. All the spectral lines observed in the 2.3-4.6 micron spectrum are shown to be circumbinary in origin. The presence of OH and H2O lines confirm the oxygen-rich nature of the circumbinary gas which is in contrast to the previously detected carbon-rich material. The emission and absorption line profiles show that the circumbinary gas is located in a thin, rotating layer near the dust disk. The properties of the dust and gas circumbinary disk and the spectroscopic orbit yield masses for the individual stars, M_AI~0.58 Msolar and M_MV~0.34 Msolar. Gas in the disk also has an outward flow with a velocity of $\\gtrsim$ 1 km/s. The severe depletion of refractory elements but near-solar abundances of volatile elements observed in HR 4049 results from abundance winnowing. The separation of the volatiles from the grains in the disk and the subsequent accretion by the star are discussed. Contrary to prior reports, the HR 4049 carbon and oxygen isotopic abundances are typical AGB values: 12C/13C=6^{+9}_{-4} and 16O/17O>200.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 371, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00011", "text": "We report the detection of five Jovian mass planets orbiting high metallicity stars. Four of these stars were first observed as part of the N2K program and exhibited low RMS velocity scatter after three consecutive observations. However, follow-up observations over the last three years now reveal the presence of longer period planets with orbital periods ranging from 21 days to a few years. HD 11506 is a G0V star with a planet of \\msini = 4.74 \\mjup in a 3.85 year orbit. HD 17156 is a G0V star with a 3.12 \\mjup planet in a 21.2 day orbit. The eccentricity of this orbit is 0.67, one of the highest known for a planet with a relatively short period. The orbital period for this planet places it in a region of parameter space where relatively few planets have been detected. HD 125612 is a G3V star with a planet of \\msini = 3.5 \\mjup in a 1.4 year orbit. HD 170469 is a G5IV star with a planet of \\msini = 0.67 \\mjup in a 3.13 year orbit. HD 231701 is an F8V star with planet of 1.08 \\mjup in a 142 day orbit. All of these stars have supersolar metallicity. Three of the five stars were observed photometrically but showed no evidence of brightness variability. A transit search conducted for HD 17156 was negative but covered only 25% of the search space and so is not conclusive.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 336, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00012", "text": "could be measured by a simple time-distance proportion formula.4 For those wells in which the distance to the tubing catcher was unknown, Walker also suggested another idea. The sections of tubing pipe used in a given oil well are generally of equal length. Therefore the shoulders in a given well ordinarily are at equal intervals from each other. But the section length and therefore the interval may vary from well to well. Walker concluded that he could measure the unknown distance to the tubing catcher if he could observe and record the shoulder echo waves. Thus multiplication of the number of shoulders observed by the known length of a pipe section would produce the distance to the tubing catcher. With this distance, he could solve the distance to the fluid surface by the same proportion formula used when the distance to the tubing catcher was a matter of record. The Lehr and Wyatt instrument could record all these echo waves. But the potential usefulness of the echoes from the shoulders and the tubing catcher which their machine recorded had not occurred to Lehr and Wyatt and consequently they had made no effort better to observe and record them. Walker's contribution which he claims to be invention was in effect to add to Lehr and Wyatt's apparatus a well-known device which would make the regularly appearing shoulder echo waves more prominent on the graph and easier to count. 8 The device added was a mechanical acoustical resonator. This was a short pipe which would receive wave impulses at the mouth of the well. Walker's testimony was, and his specifications state, that by making the length of this tubal resonator one-third the length of the tubing joints, the resonator would serve as a tuner, adjusted to the frequency of the shoulder echo waves. It would simultaneously amplify these echo waves and eliminate unwanted echoes from other obstructions thus producing a clearer picture of the shoulder echo waves. His specifications show, attached to the tubal resonator, a coupler, the manipulation of which would adjust the length of the tube to one-third of the interval between shoulders in a particular well. His specifications and drawings also show the physical structure of a complete apparatus, designed to inject pressure impulses into a well, and to receive, note, record and time the impulse waves. 9 The District Court held the claims here in suit valid upon its finding that Walker's 'apparatus differs from and is an improvement over the prior art in the incorporation in such apparatus of a tuned acoustical means which performs the functions of a sound filter * * *.' The circuit court of appeals affirmed", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00013", "text": "backgroundlimbal ring ( also known as circle ) contact lenses are becoming increasingly popular , especially in asian markets because of their eye - enhancing effects . the pigment particles that give the eye - enhancing effects of these lenses can be found on the front or back surface of the contact lens or enclosed within the lens matrix . the purpose of this research was to evaluate the pigment location and surface roughness of seven types of circle contact lenses.methodsscanning electron microscopic ( sem ) analysis was performed using a variable pressure hitachi s3400n instrument to discern the placement of lens pigments . atomic force microscopy ( dimension icon afm from bruker nano ) was used to determine the surface roughness of the pigmented regions of the contact lenses . atomic force microscopic analysis was performed in fluid phase under contact mode using a sharp nitride lever probe ( snl-10 ) with a spring constant of 0.06 n / m . root mean square ( rms ) roughness values were analysed using a generalised linear mixed model with a log - normal distribution . least square means and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals were estimated for each brand , location and pigment combination.resultssem cross - sectional images at 500 and 2,000 magnification showed pigment on the surface of six of the seven lens types tested . the mean depth of pigment for 1-day acuvue define ( 1dad ) lenses was 8.1 m below the surface of the lens , while the remaining lens types tested had pigment particles on the front or back surface . results of the atomic force microscopic analysis indicated that 1dad lenses had significantly lower root mean square roughness values in the pigmented area of the lens than the other lens types tested.conclusionssem and afm analysis revealed pigment on the surface of the lens for all types tested with the exception of 1dad . further research is required to determine if the difference in pigment location influences on - eye performance .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 389, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00014", "text": "Let a and b be two positive integers. A culminating path is a path of Z^2 that starts from (0,0), consists of steps (1,a) and (1,-b), stays above the x-axis and ends at the highest ordinate it ever reaches. These paths were first encountered in bioinformatics, in the analysis of similarity search algorithms. They are also related to certain models of Lorentzian gravity in theoretical physics. We first show that the language on a two letter alphabet that naturally encodes culminating paths is not context-free. Then, we focus on the enumeration of culminating paths. A step by step approach, combined with the kernel method, provides a closed form expression for the generating fucntion of culminating paths ending at a (generic) height k. In the case a=b, we derive from this expression the asymptotic behaviour of the number of culminating paths of length n. When a>b, we obtain the asymptotic behaviour by a simpler argument. When a= b, with no precomputation stage nor non-linear storage required. The choice of the best algorithm is not as clear when a 1.6 Msun) with known planets. All 9 planets orbit at distances a \\geq 0.78 AU, which is significantly different than the semimajor axis distribution of planets around lower-mass stars. We examine the possibility that the observed lack of close-in planets is due to engulfment by their expanding host stars, but we find that this explanation is inadequate given the relatively small stellar radii of K giants (Rstar < 32 Rsun = 0.15 AU) and subgiants (Rstar < 7 Rsun = 0.03 AU). Instead, we conclude that planets around intermediate-mass stars reside preferentially beyond ~0.8 AU, which may be a reflection of different formation and migration histories of planets around A-type stars.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 380, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00020", "text": "We explore the morphology of hard (18-30 keV) X-ray emission from the Coma cluster of galaxies. We analyze a deep (1.1 Ms) observation of the Coma cluster with the ISGRI imager on board the \\emph{INTEGRAL} satellite. We show that the source extension in the North-East to South-West (SW) direction ($\\sim 17'$) significantly exceeds the size of the point spread function of ISGRI, and that the centroid of the image of the source in the 18-30 keV band is displaced in the SW direction compared to the centroid in the 1-10 keV band. To test the nature of the SW extension we fit the data assuming different models of source morphology. The best fit is achieved with a diffuse source of elliptical shape, although an acceptable fit can be achieved assuming an additional point source SW of the cluster core. In the case of an elliptical source, the direction of extension of the source coincides with the direction toward the subcluster falling onto the Coma cluster. If the SW excess is due to the presence of a point source with a hard spectrum, we show that there is no obvious X-ray counterpart for this additional source, and that the closest X-ray source is the quasar EXO 1256+281, which is located $6.1'$ from the centroid of the excess. The observed morphology of the hard X-ray emission clarifies the nature of the hard X-ray \"excess\" emission from the Coma cluster, which is due to the presence of an extended hard X-ray source SW of the cluster core.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 335, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00021", "text": "xpert mtb / rif assay has revolutionized the diagnosis of tuberculosis ( tb ) by simultaneously detecting the bacteria and resistance to rifampicin ( rif ) , a surrogate marker for multidrug - resistant tb ( mdr - tb ) in < 2 h. the rif resistance pattern in malwa region of punjab , india , is not documented . here , we report the epidemiology of rif - resistant tb and mutations in rpob gene of mycobacterium tuberculosis ( mtb).materials and methods : a total of 1612 specimens received between october 2013 and february 2015 were tested by xpert mtb / rif assay following manufacturer 's instructions . the results thus obtained were analyzed using spss version 20.0.0 ( spss inc . , chicago , il , usa ) statistical software.result:rif resistance was statistically higher in previously treated patients in comparison to the new patients ( p = 0.006 ) and in patients with acid fast - bacilli ( afb ) positive smears to afb - negative smears ( p = 0.048 ) . rif resistance mutations in 130 specimens revealed frequency of e 73/130 ( 56% ) , b 28/130 ( 21.5% ) , d 18/130 ( 13.8% ) , a 11/130 ( 8.4% ) , and c 1/130 ( 0.7% ) while in one specimen , mutation combination , i.e. , mutations associated with more than one probe ( a and b both ) was present.conclusion:xpert mtb / rif assay is a user - friendly screening tool for detection of mtb and rif resistance from suspected tb / mdr cases in a shorter period of time . it could also serve as a useful technique to have simultaneous preliminary information regarding the mutation pattern of rif resistance in mtb isolates .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 393, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00022", "text": "Electroweak theory joins electromagnetism with the weak force in a single quantum field theory, ascribing the two fundamental interactions--so different in their manifestations--to a common symmetry principle. How the electroweak gauge symmetry is hidden is one of the most urgent and challenging questions facing particle physics. The provisional answer incorporated in the \"standard model\" of particle physics was formulated in the 1960s by Higgs, by Brout & Englert, and by Guralnik, Hagen & Kibble: The agent of electroweak symmetry breaking is an elementary scalar field whose self-interactions select a vacuum state in which the full electroweak symmetry is hidden, leaving a residual phase symmetry of electromagnetism. By analogy with the Meissner effect of the superconducting phase transition, the Higgs mechanism, as it is commonly known, confers masses on the weak force carriers W and Z. It also opens the door to masses for the quarks and leptons, and shapes the world around us. It is a good story--though an incomplete story--and we do not know how much of the story is true. Experiments that explore the Fermi scale (the energy regime around 1 TeV) during the next decade will put the electroweak theory to decisive test, and may uncover new elements needed to construct a more satisfying completion of the electroweak theory. The aim of this article is to set the stage by reporting what we know and what we need to know, and to set some \"Big Questions\" that will guide our explorations.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 326, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00023", "text": "state and federal taxation. 44 I cannot believe that it was the purpose of the Constitution to let all goods destined for shipment abroad escape uniformly applied state and federal taxes, nor that a state whose resources are depleted is powerless to enforce its sales tax if the depleter sells to customers for immediate shipment for ultimate use in foreign countries. No persuasive evidence has been produced to indicate that those who wrote the Constitution thought in such terms or that they would have handicapped the state and federal taxing power in such a way. And no other sufficiently cogent reasons have been advanced to require a present interpretation which so disarranges, confuses, and handicaps the sales taxes of all the states. 1 In California a valid stipulation is binding upon the parties. McGuire v. Baird, 9 Cal.2d 353, 70 P.2d 915; Webster v. Webster, 216 Cal. 485, 14 P.2d 522; see 23 Cal.Juris. 826. It is available at a second trial unless in terms otherwise limited, Nathan v. Dierssen, 146 Cal. 63, 79 P. 739; Crenshaw v. Smith, 74 Cal.App.2d 255, 168 P.2d 752; see Le Barron v. City of Harvard, 129 Neb. 460, 262 N.W. 26, 100 A.L.R. 775, and will be controlling at the second trial unless the trial court relieves a party from the stipulation. First National Bank of San Pedro v. Stansbury, 118 Cal.App. 80, 5 P.2d 13. Relief from a stipulation may be granted in the sound discretion of the trial court in cases where the facts stipulated have changed, there is fraud, mistake of fact, or other special circumstance rendering it unjust to enforce the stipulation. Sacre v. Chalupnik, 188 Cal. 386, 205 P. 449; Back v. Farnsworth, 25 Cal.App.2d 212, 77 P.2d 295; Sinnock v. Young, 61 Cal.App.2d 130, 142 P.2d 85; see 161 A.L.R. 1163. In the present case there is no intimation in the record or briefs", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00024", "text": "background and objectivesmilrinone is often used in children to treat acute heart failure and prevent low cardiac output syndrome after cardiac surgery . due to the lack of studies on the long - term milrinone use in children , the objective of this study was to assess the safety and efficacy of the current patterns of milrinone use for 3 days in infants and children with heart diseases.subjects and methodswe retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients aged < 13 years who received milrinone for 3 days from january 2005 to december 2012 . patients ' characteristics including age , sex , height , weight , and body surface area were recorded . the following parameters were analyzed to identify the clinical application of milrinone : initial infusion rate , maintenance continuous infusion rate , total duration of milrinone therapy , and concomitantly infused inotropes . the safety of milrinone was determined based on the occurrence of adverse events such as hypotension , arrhythmia , chest pain , headache , hypokalemia , and thrombocytopenia.resultswe assessed 730 admissions ( 684 patients ) during this period . ventricular septal defects were the most common diagnosis ( 42.4% ) in these patients . milrinone was primarily used after cardiac surgery in 715 admissions ( 97.9% ) . the duration of milrinone treatment varied from 3 to 64.4 days ( 7 days in 149 admissions ) . ejection fraction and fractional shortening of the left ventricle improved in patients receiving milrinone after cardiac surgery . dose reduction of milrinone due to hypotension occurred in only 4 admissions ( 0.5% ) . although diverse arrhythmias occurred in 75 admissions ( 10.3% ) , modification of milrinone infusion to manage arrhythmia occurred in only 3 admissions ( 0.4% ) . multivariate analysis indicated that the development of arrhythmia was not influenced by the pattern of milrinone use.conclusionmilrinone was generally administered for 3 days in children with heart diseases . the use of milrinone for 3 days was effective in preventing low cardiac output after cardiac surgery when combined with other inotropes , suggesting that milrinone could be safely employed in pediatric patients with heart diseases .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 480, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00025", "text": "A consistent folding model analysis of the ($\\Delta S=0, \\Delta T=1$) charge exchange \\pn reaction measured with $^{48}$Ca, $^{90}$Zr, $^{120}$Sn and $^{208}$Pb targets at the proton energies of 35 and 45 MeV is done within a two-channel coupling formalism. The nuclear ground state densities given by the Hartree-Fock-Bogoljubov formalism and the density dependent CDM3Y6 interaction were used as inputs for the folding calculation of the nucleon optical potential and \\pn form factor. To have an accurate isospin dependence of the interaction, a complex isovector density dependence of the CDM3Y6 interaction has been carefully calibrated against the microscopic Brueckner-Hatree-Fock calculation by Jeukenne, Lejeune and Mahaux before being used as folding input. Since the isovector coupling was used to explicitly link the isovector part of the nucleon optical potential to the cross section of \\pn reaction exciting the 0$^+$ isobaric analog states in $^{48}$Sc, $^{90}$Nb, $^{120}$Sb and $^{208}$Bi, the newly parameterized isovector density dependence could be well tested in the folding model analysis of the \\pn reaction. The isospin- and density dependent CDM3Y6 interaction was further used in the Hartree-Fock calculation of asymmetric nuclear matter, and a realistic estimation of the nuclear symmetry energy has been made.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 323, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00026", "text": "the United States, not at the instance of the present petitioners. As we have said, there were other issues in the case obscured by the question brought here by the United States and which had not been passed upon below or argued before this Court. Consequently, when we remanded the case for consideration of the remaining issues by the Circuit Court of Appeals, the jury issue was argued. The Circuit Court of Appeals did not hold that it had been waived. That court passed upon the issue, concluding that there was no error in the exclusion of women from the panel. 152 F.2d at page 944, and see dissent at page 953. Under these circumstances we cannot say (and the government does not suggest) that petitioners have lost the right to urge the question here. Moreover, in this case, as in Reynolds v. United States, 98 U.S. 145, 168, 169, 25 L.Ed. 244, the error, though not presented here on the first argument, appears on the face of the record before us. And see Sibbach v. Wilson & Co., 312 U.S. 1, 16, 61 S.Ct. 422, 427, 85 L.Ed. 479. 4 Congress has provided that jurors in a federal court shall have the same qualifications as those of the highest court of law in the State. Judicial Code § 275, 28 U.S. 338; Criminal Code § 37, 18 U.S.C. § 88, C. § 411, 28.S.C.A. § 411. This provision applies to grand as well as petit juries.2 Congress also has prohibited disqualification of citizens from jury service 'on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.'3 It has required that jurors shall be chosen 'without reference to party affiliations'.4 It has provided that jurors shall be returned from such parts of the district as the court may direct'so as to be most favorable to an impartial trial, and so as not to incur an unnecessary expense, or unduly burden the citizens of any part of the district'.5 None of the specific exemptions6 which it has created is along the lines of sex. 5 These provisions reflect a design to make the jury 'a cross-section of the community' and truly representative of it. Glasser v. United States, 315 U.S.", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00027", "text": ", construct, compound, and use the same; and in case of a machine, he shall explain the principle thereof, and the best mode in which he has contemplated applying that principle, so as to distinguish it from other inventions; and he shall particularly point out and distinctly claim the part, improvement, or combination which he claims as his invention or discovery. * * *' 2 Other alleged errors were urged in the application for certiorari and have been argued here, but since we find the question of definiteness of the claim decisive of the controversy, we shall not further advert to the other contentions. 3 This case was previously affirmed by a divided court, 326 U.S. 696, 66 S.Ct. 482, and upon petition for rehearing was restored to the docket for reargument. 327 U.S. 812, 66 S.Ct. 677. 4 The known distance from well top to the tubing catcher is to the unknown distance from well top to the fluid surface as the time an echo requires to travel from the tubing catcher is to the time required for an echo to travel from the fluid surface. Walker's patent emphasizes that his invention solves the velocity of sound waves in wells of various pressures in which sound did not travel at open-air or a uniform speed. Mathematically, of course, his determination of the distance by proportions determines the distance to the fluid surface directly without necessarily considering velocity in feet per second as a factor. 5 See Hailes v. Van Wormer, 20 Wall. 353, 22 L.Ed. 241; Knapp v. Morss, 150 U.S. 221, 227, 228, 14 S.Ct. 81, 83, 84, 37 L.Ed. 1059; Textile Machine Works v. Louis Hirsch Textile Machines, Inc., 302 U.S. 490, 58 S.Ct. 291, 82 L.Ed. 382; Lincoln Engineering Co. of Illinois v. Stewart-Warner Corp., 303 U.S. 545, 549, 550, 58 S.Ct. 662, 664, 665, 82 L.Ed. 1008. 6 Halliburton does not challenge the adequacy of the description of any other features of the 'new combination.' The elements of Walker's apparatus other than the filter are so nearly identical to what", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00028", "text": "We present the results of SiO millimeter-line observations of a sample of known SiO maser sources covering a wide dust-temperature range. A cold part of the sample was selected from the SiO maser sources found in our recent SiO maser survey of cold dusty objects. The aim of the present research is to investigate the causes of the correlation between infrared colors and SiO maser intensity ratios among different transition lines. In particular, the correlation between infrared colors and SiO maser intensity ratio among the J=1-0 v=1, 2, and 3 lines are mainly concerned in this paper. We observed in total 75 SiO maser sources with the Nobeyama 45m telescope quasi-simultaneously in the SiO J=1-0 v=0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and J=2-1 v=1, 2 lines. We also observed the sample in the 29SiO J=1-0 v=0 and J=2-1 v=0, and 30SiO J=1-0 v=0 lines, and the H2O 6(1,6)-5(2,3) line. As reported in previous papers, we confirmed that the intensity ratios of the SiO J=1-0 v=2 to v=1 lines clearly correlate with infrared colors. In addition, we found possible correlation between infrared colors and the intensity ratios of the SiO J=1-0 v=3 to v=1&2 lines. Two overlap lines of H2O (i.e., 11(6,6) nu_2=1 -> 12(7,5) nu_2=0 and 5(0,5) nu_2=2 -> 6(3,4) nu_2=1) might explain these correlation if these overlap lines become stronger with increase of infrared colors, although the phenomena also might be explained by more fundamental ways if we take into account the variation of opacity from object to object.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 427, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00029", "text": "We consider the problem of coloring the vertices of a large sparse random graph with a given number of colors so that no adjacent vertices have the same color. Using the cavity method, we present a detailed and systematic analytical study of the space of proper colorings (solutions). We show that for a fixed number of colors and as the average vertex degree (number of constraints) increases, the set of solutions undergoes several phase transitions similar to those observed in the mean field theory of glasses. First, at the clustering transition, the entropically dominant part of the phase space decomposes into an exponential number of pure states so that beyond this transition a uniform sampling of solutions becomes hard. Afterward, the space of solutions condenses over a finite number of the largest states and consequently the total entropy of solutions becomes smaller than the annealed one. Another transition takes place when in all the entropically dominant states a finite fraction of nodes freezes so that each of these nodes is allowed a single color in all the solutions inside the state. Eventually, above the coloring threshold, no more solutions are available. We compute all the critical connectivities for Erdos-Renyi and regular random graphs and determine their asymptotic values for large number of colors. Finally, we discuss the algorithmic consequences of our findings. We argue that the onset of computational hardness is not associated with the clustering transition and we suggest instead that the freezing transition might be the relevant phenomenon. We also discuss the performance of a simple local Walk-COL algorithm and of the belief propagation algorithm in the light of our results.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 315, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00030", "text": "We study the spectrum, couplings and cosmological and astrophysical implications of the moduli fields for the class of Calabi-Yau IIB string compactifications for which moduli stabilisation leads to an exponentially large volume V ~ 10^{15} l_s^6 and an intermediate string scale m_s ~ 10^{11}GeV, with TeV-scale observable supersymmetry breaking. All K\\\"ahler moduli except for the overall volume are heavier than the susy breaking scale, with m ~ ln(M_P/m_{3/2}) m_{3/2} ~ (\\ln(M_P/m_{3/2}))^2 m_{susy} ~ 500 TeV and, contrary to standard expectations, have matter couplings suppressed only by the string scale rather than the Planck scale. These decay to matter early in the history of the universe, with a reheat temperature T ~ 10^7 GeV, and are free from the cosmological moduli problem (CMP). The heavy moduli have a branching ratio to gravitino pairs of 10^{-30} and do not suffer from the gravitino overproduction problem. The overall volume modulus is a distinctive feature of these models and is an M_{planck}-coupled scalar of mass m ~ 1 MeV and subject to the CMP. A period of thermal inflation can help relax this problem. This field has a lifetime ~ 10^{24}s and can contribute to dark matter. It may be detected through its decays to 2\\gamma or e^+e^-. If accessible the e^+e^- decay mode dominates, with Br(\\chi \\to 2 \\gamma) suppressed by a factor (ln(M_P/m_{3/2}))^2. We consider the potential for detection of this field through different astrophysical sources and find that the observed gamma-ray background constrains \\Omega_{\\chi} <~ 10^{-4}. The decays of this field may generate the 511 keV emission line from the galactic centre observed by INTEGRAL/SPI.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 429, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00031", "text": "The Standard Model indicates the realization of grand unified structures in nature, and can only be viewed as an effective theory below a higher energy cutoff. While the renormalizable Standard Model forbids proton decay mediating operators due to accidental global symmetries, many extensions of the Standard Model introduce such dimension four, five and six operators. Furthermore, quantum gravity effects are expected to induce proton instability, indicating that the higher energy cutoff scale must be above 10^{16}GeV. Quasi-realistic heterotic string models provide the arena to explore how perturbative quantum gravity affects the particle physics phenomenology. An appealing explanation for the proton longevity is provided by the existence of an Abelian gauge symmetry that suppresses the proton decay mediating operators. Additionally, such a low-scale U(1) symmetry should: allow the suppression of the left-handed neutrino masses by a seesaw mechanism; allow fermion Yukawa couplings to the electroweak Higgs doublets; be anomaly free; be family universal. These requirements render the existence of such U(1) symmetries in quasi-realistic heterotic string models highly non-trivial. We demonstrate the existence of a U(1) symmetry that satisfies all of the above requirements in a class of left-right symmetric heterotic string models in the free fermionic formulation. The existence of the extra Z' in the energy range accessible to future experiments is motivated by the requirement of adequate suppression of proton decay mediation. We further show that while the extra U(1) forbids dimension four baryon number violating operators it allows dimension four lepton number violating operators and R-parity violation.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 331, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00032", "text": "We quantify the variability of faint unresolved optical sources using a catalog based on multiple SDSS imaging observations. The catalog covers SDSS Stripe 82, and contains 58 million photometric observations in the SDSS ugriz system for 1.4 million unresolved sources. In each photometric bandpass we compute various low-order lightcurve statistics and use them to select and study variable sources. We find that 2% of unresolved optical sources brighter than g=20.5 appear variable at the 0.05 mag level (rms) simultaneously in the g and r bands. The majority (2/3) of these variable sources are low-redshift (<2) quasars, although they represent only 2% of all sources in the adopted flux-limited sample. We find that at least 90% of quasars are variable at the 0.03 mag level (rms) and confirm that variability is as good a method for finding low-redshift quasars as is the UV excess color selection (at high Galactic latitudes). We analyze the distribution of lightcurve skewness for quasars and find that is centered on zero. We find that about 1/4 of the variable stars are RR Lyrae stars, and that only 0.5% of stars from the main stellar locus are variable at the 0.05 mag level. The distribution of lightcurve skewness in the g-r vs. u-g color-color diagram on the main stellar locus is found to be bimodal (with one mode consistent with Algol-like behavior). Using over six hundred RR Lyrae stars, we demonstrate rich halo substructure out to distances of 100 kpc. We extrapolate these results to expected performance by the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope and estimate that it will obtain well-sampled 2% accurate, multi-color lightcurves for ~2 million low-redshift quasars, and will discover at least 50 million variable stars.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 400, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00033", "text": "IRAM 30m observations reveal that the deeply obscured IR-luminous galaxy NGC4418 has a rich molecular chemistry - including unusually luminous HC3N line emission. We furthermore detect: ortho-H2CO 2-1, 3-2; CN 1-0, 2-1; HCO+, 1-0. 3-2, HCN 3-2, HNC 1-0, 3-2 (and tentatively OCS 12-11). The HCN, HCO+, H2CO and CN line emission can be fitted to densities of n=5 x 10E4 - 10E5 cm-3 and gas temperatures Tk=80-150 K. Both HNC and HC3N are, however, significantly more excited than the other species which requires higher gas densities - or radiative excitation through e.g. mid-IR pumping. The HCN line intensity is fainter than that of HCO+ and HNC for the 3-2 transition, in contrast to previous findings for the 1-0 lines where the HCN emission is the most luminous. We tentatively suggest that the observed molecular line emission is consistent with a young starburst, where the emission can be understood as emerging from dense, warm gas with an additional PDR component. We find that X-ray chemistry is not required to explain the observed mm line emission, including the HCN/HCO+ 1-0 and 3-2 line ratios. The luminous HC3N line emission is an expected signature of dense, starforming gas. A deeply buried AGN can not be excluded, but its impact on the surrounding molecular medium is then suggested to be limited. However, detailed modelling of HC3N abundances in X-ray dominated regions (XDRs) should be carried out. The possibility of radiative excitation should also be further investigated", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 394, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00034", "text": "We present the results of the analysis of an archival 15 ks XMM-Newton observation of the nearby (z=0.057) radio-loud source 3C445, optically classified as a Broad-Line Radio Galaxy. While the RGS data are of insufficient quality to allow a meaningful analysis, the EPIC data show a remarkable X-ray spectrum. The 2-10 keV continuum is described by a heavily absorbed (Nh~ 1e22 - 1e23 cm-2) power law with photon index Gamma ~1.4, and strong (R~2) cold reflection. A narrow, unresolved Fe Kalpha emission line is detected, confirming previous findings, with EW 120eV. A soft excess is present below 2 keV over the extrapolation of the hard X-ray power law, which we model with a power law with the same photon index as the hard power law, absorbed by a column density Nh=6e20 cm-2 in excess to Galactic. A host of emission lines are present below 2 keV, confirming previous indications from ASCA, due to H- and He-like O, Mg, and Si. We attribute the origin of the lines to a photoionized gas, with properties very similar to radio-quiet obscured AGN. Two different ionized media, or a single stratified medium, are required to fit the soft X-ray data satisfactorily. The similarity of the X-ray spectrum of 3C445 to Seyferts underscores that the central engines of radio-loud and radio-quiet AGN similarly host both cold and warm gas.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 330, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00035", "text": "It is known that the dependence of the emission-line luminosity of a typical cloud in the active galactic nuclei broad-line regions (BLRs) upon the incident flux of ionizing continuum can be nonlinear. We study how this nonlinearity can be taken into account in estimating the size of the BLR by means of the \"reverberation\" methods. We show that the BLR size estimates obtained by cross-correlation of emission-line and continuum light curves can be much (up to an order of magnitude) less than the values obtained by reverberation modelling. This is demonstrated by means of numerical cross-correlation and reverberation experiments with model continuum flares and emission-line transfer functions and by means of practical reverberation modelling of the observed optical spectral variability of NGC 4151. The time behaviour of NGC 4151 in the H_alpha and H_beta lines is modelled on the basis of the observational data by Kaspi et al. (1996, ApJ, 470, 336) and the theoretical BLR model by Shevchenko (1984, Sov. Astron. Lett., 10, 377; 1985, Sov. Astron. Lett., 11, 35). The values of the BLR parameters are estimated that allow to judge on the size and physical characteristics of the BLR. The small size of the BLR, as determined by the cross-correlation method from the data of Kaspi et al. (1996, ApJ, 470, 336), is shown to be an artifact of this method. So, the hypothesis that the BLR size varies in time is not necessitated by the observational data.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 346, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00036", "text": "Today, large ground-based instruments, like VISIR on the VLT, providing diffraction-limited (about 0.3 arcsec) images in the mid-infrared where strong PAH features appear enable us to see the flaring structure of the disks around Herbig Ae stars. Although great progress has been made in modelling the disk with radiative transfer models able to reproduce the spectral energy distribution (SED) of Herbig Ae stars, the constraints brought by images have not been yet fully exploited. Here, we are interested in checking if these new observational imaging constraints can be accounted for by predictions based on existing models of passive centrally irradiated hydrostatic disks made to fit the SEDs of the Herbig Ae stars. Methods: The images taken by VISIR in the 8.6 and 11.3 microns aromatic features reveal a large flaring disk around HD97048 inclined to the line of sight. In order to analyse the spatial distribution of these data, we use a disk model which includes the most up to date understanding of disk structure and physics around Herbig Ae stars with grains in thermal equilibrium in addition to transiently-heated PAHs. Results: We compare the observed spatial distribution of the PAH emission feature and the adjacent continuum emission with predictions based on existing full disk models. Both SED and spatial distribution are in very good agreement with the model predictions for common disk parameters. Conclusions: We take the general agreement between observations and predictions as a strong support for the physical pictures underlying our flared disk model.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 314, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00037", "text": "get more money for that paper than the ceiling price established by law.'4 The court also charged that there could be no conviction if Bruno did not sell the waste paper 'with the intent of receiving higher than ceiling price, and did not actually receive higher than ceiling price'. 5 We think it was proper to submit the case to the jury. The evidence seems to us ample to support the conviction. There was false grading in each invoice. The sales were not made at a price to be determined on the customers' inspection of the grade. They were made at specific invoice prices which were above the ceiling. The goods were delivered at those prices; and those were the prices actually paid. In some instances there was a subsequent adjustment of the price to conform to the price ceiling for the grade actually shipped. But in others there was not. And bearing on the integrity of the system were two other facts—(1) the debits made followed the OPA investigation; (2) the inflated prices were not disclosed on Bruno's books. In a seller's market upgrading may be a convenient device for black market operations. As the Circuit Court of Appeals noted, when paper is scarce the seller may send not what is ordered but what he has, on the assumption that manufacturers will be glad to take any kind of paper they can get. In view of the inadequacy of the supply, buyers cannot always be expected to reject upgraded shipments or insist upon price adjustments. The facts of this case sustain that theory, for in two instances no price adjustment was sought or made. In view of all the circumstances, the jury could well conclude that the system adopted by Bruno was designed to bring him more for the goods than was lawful. 6 Reversed. 1 Section 205(b), Emergency Price Control Act of 1942, 56 Stat. 23, 33, 50 U.S.C.App.Supp. III § 925(b), 50 U.S.C.A.Appendix, § 925(b). 2 See 7 Fed.Reg. 9732, 8 Fed.Reg. 13049, 17483. 3 The Circuit Court of Appeals seemed to proceed on the assumption, that in no instance did the ultimate price which was paid exceed the ceiling price. 4 The preceding part of the charge was: 'In order that there may be a crime here, there must have been an intent on the part of this defendant to commit that crime, which was to", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00038", "text": "We use photometric and spectroscopic observations of the detached eclipsing binary V209 omega Cen to derive the masses, radii, and luminosities of the component stars. The system exhibits total eclipses and, based on the measured systemic velocity and the derived distance, is a member of the globular cluster omega Cen. We obtain 0.945 +/- 0.043 Msun, 0.983 +/- 0.015 Rsun and 6.68 +/- 0.88 Lsun for the cooler, but larger and more luminous primary component. The secondary component has 0.144 +/- 0.008 Msun, 0.425 +/- 0.008 Rsun and 2.26 +/- 0.28 Lsun. The effective temperatures are estimated at 9370 K for the primary and at 10866 K for the secondary. On the color-magnitude diagram of the cluster, the primary component occupies a position between the tip of the blue straggler region and the extended horizontal branch while the secondary component is located close to the red border of the area occupied by hot subdwarfs. However, its radius is too large and its effective temperature is too low for it to be an sdB star. We propose a scenario leading to the formation of a system with such unusual properties with the primary component ``re-born'' from a former white dwarf which accreted a new envelope through mass transfer from its companion. The secondary star has lost most of its envelope while starting its ascent onto the sub-giant branch. It failed to ignite helium in its core and is currently powered by a hydrogen burning shell.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 336, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00039", "text": "Late phase nebular spectra and photometry of Type Ib Supernova (SN) 2005bf taken by the Subaru telescope at ~ 270 and ~ 310 days since the explosion are presented. Emission lines ([OI]6300, 6363, [CaII]7291, 7324, [FeII]7155) show the blueshift of ~ 1,500 - 2,000 km s-1. The [OI] doublet shows a doubly-peaked profile. The line luminosities can be interpreted as coming from a blob or jet containing only ~ 0.1 - 0.4 Msun, in which ~ 0.02 - 0.06 Msun is 56Ni synthesized at the explosion. To explain the blueshift, the blob should either be of unipolar moving at the center-of-mass velocity v ~ 2,000 - 5,000 km s-1, or suffer from self-absorption within the ejecta as seen in SN 1990I. In both interpretations, the low-mass blob component dominates the optical output both at the first peak (~ 20 days) and at the late phase (~ 300 days). The low luminosity at the late phase (the absolute R magnitude M_R ~ -10.2 mag at ~ 270 days) sets the upper limit for the mass of 56Ni < ~ 0.08 Msun, which is in contradiction to the value necessary to explain the second, main peak luminosity (M_R ~ -18.3 mag at ~ 40 days). Encountered by this difficulty in the 56Ni heating model, we suggest an alternative scenario in which the heating source is a newly born, strongly magnetized neutron star (a magnetar) with the surface magnetic field Bmag ~ 10^{14-15} gauss and the initial spin period P0 ~ 10 ms. Then, SN 2005bf could be a link between normal SNe Ib/c and an X-Ray Flash associated SN 2006aj, connected in terms of Bmag and/or P0.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 435, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00040", "text": "In this work, we study the isospin-violating decay of $\\phi\\to \\omega\\pi^0$ and quantify the electromagnetic (EM) transitions and intermediate meson exchanges as two major sources of the decay mechanisms. In the EM decays, the present datum status allows a good constraint on the EM decay form factor in the vector meson dominance (VMD) model, and it turns out that the EM transition can only account for about $1/4\\sim 1/3$ of the branching ratio for $\\phi\\to \\omega\\pi^0$. The intermediate meson exchanges, $K\\bar{K}(K^*)$ (intermediate $K\\bar{K}$ interaction via $K^*$ exchanges), $K\\bar{K^*}(K)$ (intermediate $K\\bar{K^*}$ rescattering via kaon exchanges), and $K\\bar{K^*}(K^*)$ (intermediate $K\\bar{K^*}$ rescattering via $K^*$ exchanges), which evade the naive Okubo-Zweig-Iizuka (OZI) rule, serve as another important contribution to the isospin violations. They are evaluated with effective Lagrangians where explicit constraints from experiment can be applied. Combining these three contributions, we obtain results in good agreement with the experimental data. This approach is also extended to $J/\\psi(\\psi^\\prime)\\to \\omega\\pi^0$, where we find contributions from the $K\\bar{K}(K^*)$, $K\\bar{K^*}(K)$ and $K\\bar{K^*}(K^*)$ loops are negligibly small, and the isospin violation is likely to be dominated by the EM transition.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 371, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00041", "text": "We present a comprehensive mass reconstruction of the rich galaxy cluster Cl 0024+17 at z~0.4 from ACS data, unifying both strong- and weak-lensing constraints. The weak-lensing signal from a dense distribution of background galaxies (~120 per square arcmin) across the cluster enables the derivation of a high-resolution parameter-free mass map. The strongly-lensed objects tightly constrain the mass structure of the cluster inner region on an absolute scale, breaking the mass-sheet degeneracy. The mass reconstruction of Cl 0024+17 obtained in such a way is remarkable. It reveals a ringlike dark matter substructure at r~75\" surrounding a soft, dense core at r~50\". We interpret this peculiar sub-structure as the result of a high-speed line-of-sight collision of two massive clusters 1-2 Gyr ago. Such an event is also indicated by the cluster velocity distribution. Our numerical simulation with purely collisionless particles demonstrates that such density ripples can arise by radially expanding, decelerating particles that originally comprised the pre-collision cores. Cl 0024+17 can be likened to the bullet cluster 1E0657-56, but viewed $along$ the collision axis at a much later epoch. In addition, we show that the long-standing mass discrepancy for Cl 0024+17 between X-ray and lensing can be resolved by treating the cluster X-ray emission as coming from a superposition of two X-ray systems. The cluster's unusual X-ray surface brightness profile that requires a two isothermal sphere description supports this hypothesis.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 323, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00042", "text": "abstractthe current study aimed to assess the relationship between the hurling player s fitness profile and integrated training load ( tl ) metrics . twenty - five hurling players performed treadmill testing for vo2max , the speed at blood lactate concentrations of 2 mmoll-1 ( vlt ) and 4 mmoll-1 ( vobla ) and the heart rate - blood lactate profile for calculation of individual training impulse ( itrimp ) . the total distance ( td ; m ) , high speed distance ( hsd ; m ) and sprint distance ( sd ; m ) covered were measured using gps technology ( 4-hz , vx sport , lower hutt , new zealand ) which allowed for the measurement of the external tl . the external tl was divided by the internal tl to form integration ratios . pearson correlation analyses allowed for the assessment of the relationships between fitness measures and the ratios to performance during simulated match play . external measures of the tl alone showed limited correlations with fitness measures . integrated tl ratios showed significant relationships with fitness measures in players . td : itrimp was correlated with aerobic fitness measures vo2max ( r = 0.524 ; p = 0.006 ; 95% ci : 0.224 to 0.754 ; large ) and vobla ( r = 0.559 ; p = 0.003 ; 95% ci : 0.254 to 0.854 ; large ) . hsd : itrimp also correlated with aerobic markers for fitness vlt ( r = 0.502 ; p = 0.009 ; 95% ci : 0.204 to 0.801 ; large ) ; vobla ( r = 0.407 ; p = 0.039 ; 95% ci : 0.024 to 0.644 ; moderate ) . interestingly sd : itrimp also showed significant correlations with vlt ( r = 0.611 ; p = 0.001 ; 95% ci : 0.324 to 0.754 ; large ) . the current study showed that tl ratios can provide practitioners with a measure of fitness as external performance alone showed limited relationships with aerobic fitness measures .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 450, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00043", "text": "backgroundthe complexity of multiple - item criteria in acute respiratory distress syndrome ( ards ) often causes inconvenience for physicians in the management of patients with severe acute pancreatitis ( sap ) . we evaluated whether serum sp - a levels in the presence of diffuse alveolar damage ( dad ) can be qualitatively assessed for diagnosis of sap - induced ards.material/methodseighty rats were randomly divided into 2 groups ( n=40 each ) the sham - operated ( so ) group and the sap group and then randomly subdivided into 4 subgroups in a time - course manner . furthermore , rats in the sap group were subdivided into the sap induced - ards group ( ards group ) and the sap without ards group ( non - ards group ) according to the diagnostic standard of ards . the diagnostic cut - off values of sp - a for sap - induced ards were determined by the receiver operating characteristic curve ( roc).resultsserum sp - a levels in baseline , so group , sap group , ards group , and non - ards group were 43.1514.29 , 51.9116.99 , 193.435.37 , 198.0 + 29.73 , and 185.743.21 ug / ml , respectively . the best cut - off value for the serum sp - a level for the diagnosis of sap - induced ards was 150 ug / ml and the area under the roc curve of sp - a was 0.88 . the sensitivity , specificity , positive predictive value , negative predictive value , and accuracy of sp - a in the diagnosis of sap - induced ards were 100.0% , 81.8% , 71.4% , 100.0% , and 87.5% , respectively.conclusionsserum sp - a levels may allow the detection of sap - induced ards and may help to support the clinical diagnosis of ards . the optimal serum sp - a cut - off value to discriminate sap - induced ards and other groups ( so group and non - ards group ) is around 150 ug / ml .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 440, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00044", "text": "The identification of basaltic asteroids in the asteroid Main Belt and the description of their surface mineralogy is necessary to understand the diversity in the collection of basaltic meteorites. Basaltic asteroids can be identified from their visible reflectance spectra and are classified as V-type in the usual taxonomies. In this work, we report visible spectroscopic observations of two candidate V-type asteroids, (7472) Kumakiri and (10537) 1991 RY16, located in the outer Main Belt (a > 2.85 UA). These candidate have been previously identified by Roig and Gil-Hutton (2006, Icarus 183, 411) using the Sloan Digital Sky Survey colors. The spectroscopic observations have been obtained at the Calar Alto Observatory, Spain, during observational runs in November and December 2006. The spectra of these two asteroids show the steep slope shortwards of 0.70 microns and the deep absorption feature longwards of 0.75 microns that are characteristic of V-type asteroids. However, the presence of a shallow but conspicuous absorption band around 0.65 microns opens some questions about the actual mineralogy of these two asteroids. Such band has never been observed before in basaltic asteroids with the intensity we detected it. We discuss the possibility for this shallow absorption feature to be caused by the presence of chromium on the asteroid surface. Our results indicate that, together with (1459) Magnya, asteroids (7472) Kumakiri and (10537) 1991 RY16 may be the only traces of basaltic material found up to now in the outer Main Belt.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 339, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00045", "text": "Let ${\\cal M}_{g,[n]}$, for $2g-2+n>0$, be the D-M moduli stack of smooth curves of genus $g$ labeled by $n$ unordered distinct points. The main result of the paper is that a finite, connected \\'etale cover ${\\cal M}^\\l$ of ${\\cal M}_{g,[n]}$, defined over a sub-$p$-adic field $k$, is \"almost\" anabelian in the sense conjectured by Grothendieck for curves and their moduli spaces. The precise result is the following. Let $\\pi_1({\\cal M}^\\l_{\\ol{k}})$ be the geometric algebraic fundamental group of ${\\cal M}^\\l$ and let ${Out}^*(\\pi_1({\\cal M}^\\l_{\\ol{k}}))$ be the group of its exterior automorphisms which preserve the conjugacy classes of elements corresponding to simple loops around the Deligne-Mumford boundary of ${\\cal M}^\\l$ (this is the \"$\\ast$-condition\" motivating the \"almost\" above). Let us denote by ${Out}^*_{G_k}(\\pi_1({\\cal M}^\\l_{\\ol{k}}))$ the subgroup consisting of elements which commute with the natural action of the absolute Galois group $G_k$ of $k$. Let us assume, moreover, that the generic point of the D-M stack ${\\cal M}^\\l$ has a trivial automorphisms group. Then, there is a natural isomorphism: $${Aut}_k({\\cal M}^\\l)\\cong{Out}^*_{G_k}(\\pi_1({\\cal M}^\\l_{\\ol{k}})).$$ This partially extends to moduli spaces of curves the anabelian properties proved by Mochizuki for hyperbolic curves over sub-$p$-adic fields.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 414, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00046", "text": "to appropriate it. Accordingly, when the Federal Government thus takes for a federal public use the independently held and controlled property of a state or of a local subdivision, the Federal Government recognizes its obligation to pay just compensation for it and it is conceded in this ca e that the Federal Government must pay must compensation for the land condemned.12 15 The foregoing establishes the principle of the supremacy of a federal public use over all other uses in a clearly designated field such as that of establishing post offices. The Government here contends that the officials designated by Congress have been authorized by Congress to use their best judgment in selecting post office sites. It contends also that if the officials so designated have used such judgment, in good faith, in selecting the proposed park site in spite of its conflicting local public uses, the Federal Works Administrator has express authority to direct the condemnation of that site. We agree with those contentions. We find in the broad terms of the Public Buildings Act authority for the designated officials to select the site they did. We find, in both Acts, authority for them to acquire by condemnation the site thus lawfully selected. The judgment exercised by the designated officials in selecting this site out of 22 sites suggested, and out of two closely balanced alternatives, constituted an administrative and legislative decision not subject to judicial review on its merits. It was within the legislative power of Congress to choose or reject this site by direct action. It would have been within its legislative power to exclude from the consideration of its representatives this or other sites, the selection of which might interfere with local governmental functions. Such an exclusion would have been an act of legislative policy. We find no such express or necessarily implied exclusion in the broad language of these Acts.13 16 In this case, it is unnecessary to determine whether or not this selection could have been set aside by the courts as unauthorized by Congress if the designated officials had acted in bad faith or so 'capriciously and arbitrarily' that their action was without adequate determining principle or was unreasoned.14 The record presents no such issue here. The procedure followed in making the selection of the site showed extraordinary effort to arrive at a fair and reasoned conclusion.15 The site inspector, in his original report, recommended the park site as his second choice and demonstrated the reasonableness of a choice, by his superiors, of either of his first two selections.16 His estimate of divided community sentiment, with apparent community preference for the park site, indicates the absence of capricious", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00047", "text": "We discuss the geometry of the highly quantal nuclear three-body systems composed of a core plus two loosely bound particles. These Borromean nuclei have no single bound two-body subsystem. Correlation plays a prominent role. From consideration of the $B(E1)$ value extracted from electromagnetic dissociation, in conjunction with HBT-type analysis of the two valence-halo particles correlation, we show that an estimate of the over-all geometry can be deduced. In particular we find that the opening angle between the two neutrons in $^{6}$He and $^{11}$Li are, respectively, $\\theta_{nn} = {83^{\\circ}}^{+20}_{-10}$ and ${66^{\\circ}}^{+22}_{-18}$. These angles are reduced by about 12% to $\\theta_{nn} = {78^{\\circ}}^{+13}_{-18}$ and ${58^{\\circ}}^{+10}_{-14}$ if the laser spectroscopy values of the rms charge radii are used to obtain the rms distance between the cores and the center of mass of the two neutrons. The opening angle in the case of $^{11}$Li is more than 20% larger than recently reported by Nakamura \\cite{Nak06}. The analysis is extended to $^{14}$Be and the two-proton Borromean nucleus $^{17}% $Ne where complete data is still not available. Using available experimental data and recent theoretical calculations we find, $\\theta_{nn} = {64^{0}}^{+9}_{-10}$ and $\\theta_{pp} = 110^{0}$, respectively.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 339, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00048", "text": "this study sought to assess symphyseal morphology in adolescents with different mandibular growth patterns ( mgps ) in order to see if a relation exists.materials and methods : in this study the symphyseal parameters ( height , depth , and ratio ) of normal subjects were compared with four groups with malocclusion ( cl iii vertical , cl ii vertical , cl iii horizontal , and cl ii horizontal ) . these groups ( 15 samples each ) were matched ( for sex and cervical maturation stage [ cvms ] ) based on their cephalograms and patient charts . growth patterns were differentiated by seven vertical parameters and the wylie analysis . after confirmation of normality of the groups and similarity of their variances the two - way analysis of variance ( anova ) was used for analysis of data assessed by adjusted chi - square ( p < 0.001 ) . the comparison of cases with the normal group was performed by the dunnett method . intraclass correlation coefficient ( icc ) was used for evaluation of intraobserver reliability.results:we found the symphyseal ratio to have a significant correlation with the mgp ( p < 0.001 ) . the symphyseal ratio ( height / depth ) was small in a mandible with vertical growth pattern cl ii or cl iii . conversely , a horizontal growth pattern of a cl ii or cl iii mandible was associated with a larger ratio of the symphysis in comparison with the normal group . the symphyseal ratio was also found to be greater in females.conclusion:the symphyseal ratio was found to be strongly associated with the mgp .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 334, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00049", "text": "Given a bipartite graph $G = (V_1,V_2,E)$ where edges take on {\\it both} positive and negative weights from set $\\mathcal{S}$, the {\\it maximum weighted edge biclique} problem, or $\\mathcal{S}$-MWEB for short, asks to find a bipartite subgraph whose sum of edge weights is maximized. This problem has various applications in bioinformatics, machine learning and databases and its (in)approximability remains open. In this paper, we show that for a wide range of choices of $\\mathcal{S}$, specifically when $| \\frac{\\min\\mathcal{S}} {\\max \\mathcal{S}} | \\in \\Omega(\\eta^{\\delta-1/2}) \\cap O(\\eta^{1/2-\\delta})$ (where $\\eta = \\max\\{|V_1|, |V_2|\\}$, and $\\delta \\in (0,1/2]$), no polynomial time algorithm can approximate $\\mathcal{S}$-MWEB within a factor of $n^{\\epsilon}$ for some $\\epsilon > 0$ unless $\\mathsf{RP = NP}$. This hardness result gives justification of the heuristic approaches adopted for various applied problems in the aforementioned areas, and indicates that good approximation algorithms are unlikely to exist. Specifically, we give two applications by showing that: 1) finding statistically significant biclusters in the SAMBA model, proposed in \\cite{Tan02} for the analysis of microarray data, is $n^{\\epsilon}$-inapproximable; and 2) no polynomial time algorithm exists for the Minimum Description Length with Holes problem \\cite{Bu05} unless $\\mathsf{RP=NP}$.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 371, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00050", "text": "In the density functional (DF) theory of Kohn and Sham, the kinetic energy of the ground state of a system of noninteracting electrons in a general external field is calculated using a set of orbitals. Orbital free methods attempt to calculate this directly from the electron density by approximating the universal but unknown kinetic energy density functional. However simple local approximations are inaccurate and it has proved very difficult to devise generally accurate nonlocal approximations. We focus instead on the kinetic potential, the functional derivative of the kinetic energy DF, which appears in the Euler equation for the electron density. We argue that the kinetic potential is more local and more amenable to simple physically motivated approximations in many relevant cases, and describe two pathways by which the value of the kinetic energy can be efficiently calculated. We propose two nonlocal orbital free kinetic potentials that reduce to known exact forms for both slowly varying and rapidly varying perturbations and also reproduce exact results for the linear response of the density of the homogeneous system to small perturbations. A simple and systematic approach for generating accurate and weak ab-initio local pseudopotentials which produce a smooth slowly varying valence component of the electron density is proposed for use in orbital free DF calculations of molecules and solids. The use of these local pseudopotentials further minimizes the possible errors from the kinetic potentials. Our theory yields results for the total energies and ionization energies of atoms, and for the shell structure in the atomic radial density profiles that are in very good agreement with calculations using the full Kohn-Sham theory.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 312, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00051", "text": "introductionpolycystic ovary syndrome ( pcos ) is a complex endocrine and metabolic disorder associated with ovulatory dysfunction . presently , little is known about the primary factors that initiate pcos . chamomile flowers are used in alternative medicine for its anti - spasmolytic and anti - inflammatory effects . antispasmodic properties of chamomile ease menstrual cramps and lessen the possibility of premature labor . this medicinal herb also stimulates menstruation . in this study , we evaluated the effects of chamomile alcoholic - extract on the biochemical and clinical parameters in a rat model of pcos.materials and methodsestrous cyclicity of 30 virgin adult cycling rats was monitored by vaginal smears obtained between 0800 and 1200 hours . after about 4 days , each rat received an i.m . injection of estradiol valerate ( aburaihan co. , iran ) , 2 mg in 0.2 ml of corn oil , to induce pco . corn oil was injected to the rats in the control group . all the rats in the experimental group were evaluated for follicular cysts 60 days after the injection . rats with pcos were treated by multiple doses ( 25 , 50 , 75 mg / kg ) of intraperitoneal injections of chamomile alcoholic - extract for ten days . the data were statistically analyzed at a significance level of p<0.05 by anova , followed by the student newman - keuls post hoc test.resultsthe histological and hormonal results showed that chamomile can decrease the signs of pcos in the ovarian tissue and help lh secretion in rats ( p<0.05).conclusionthe alcoholic - extract of dried matricaria chamomilla l. flowers can not only induce recovery from a pco induced state in rats , but also increase dominant follicles . additionally better endometrial tissue arrangements can be regarded as another therapeutic effect of chamomile .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 401, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00052", "text": "the act necessary? The term 'arbitrarily and capriciously' has been defined to mean an act done 'without adequate determining principle; not founded in the nature of things; not done or acting according to reason or judgment'; an unnecessary act. 'That this action was taken by the Joint Committee, with information in their possession with respect to availability of other sites which shows unquestionably that the action of the plaintiff is unnecessary and the site selected is not now, nor was it when selected, the most desirable and available.' (Italics supplied.) United States v. Certain Land Situate in City of Cape Girardeau, Mo., D.C., 55 F.Supp. 555, 557, 563. 19 United States ex rel. T.V.A. v. Welch, 327 U.S. 546, 66 S.Ct. 715; Rindge Co. v. Los Angeles County, 262 U.S. 700, 708 710, 43 S.Ct. 689, 693, 67 L.Ed. 1186; Joslin Mfg. Co. v. City of Providence, 262 U.S. 668, 678, 43 S.Ct. 684, 689, 67 L.Ed. 1167; Bragg v. Weaver, 251 U.S. 57, 58, 40 S.Ct. 62, 63, 64 L.Ed. 135; Sears v. City of Akron, 246 U.S. 242, 251, 38 S.Ct. 245, 248, 62 L.Ed. 688; Adirondack Ry. Co. v. People of State of New York, 176 U.S. 335, 349, 20 S.Ct. 460, 465, 44 L.Ed. 492; Shoemaker v. United States, 147 U.S. 282, 298, 13 S.Ct. 361, 390, 37 L.Ed. 170; Mississippi & Rum River Boom Co. v. Patterson, 98 U.S. 403, 406, 25 L.Ed. 206. See also: 'The federal statute * * * does not require proof of 'necessity,' but makes that question depend solely on the 'opinion' of the federal officer. It is controlling here.' United States v", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00053", "text": "We report a definitive confirmation of a large-scale structure around the super rich cluster CL0016+1609 at z=0.55. We made spectroscopic follow-up observations with FOCAS on Subaru along the large filamentary structure identified in our previous photometric studies. We have confirmed the physical connection of the huge filament extending over 20 Mpc in the N-S direction, and another filament extending from the main cluster to the East. Based on a simple energy argument, we show that it is likely that most of the clumps are bound to the main CL0016 cluster. This structure is surely one of the most prominent confirmed structures ever identified in the distant Universe, which then serves as an ideal laboratory to examine the environmental variation of galaxy properties. We draw star formation histories of galaxies from the composite spectra of red galaxies in field, group, and cluster environments. Combining the results from our previous studies, we find that red galaxies in groups at z~0.8 and red field galaxies at z~0.5 show strong Hd absorption lines for their D4000 indices. These are the environments in which we observed the on-going build-up of the colour-magnitude relation in our previous photometric analyses. The strong Hd absorption lines imply that their star formation is truncated on a relatively short time scale. We suggest that a galaxy-galaxy interaction is the most likely physical driver of the truncation of star formation and thus responsible for the build-up of the colour-magnitude relation since z~1. (Abridged)", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 308, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00054", "text": "A Suzaku observation of the nucleus of the radio-loud AGN Centaurus A in 2005 has yielded a broadband spectrum spanning 0.3 to 250 keV. The net exposure times after screening were: 70 ks per X-ray Imaging Spectrometer (XIS) camera, 60.8 ks for the Hard X-ray Detector (HXD) PIN, and 17.1 ks for the HXD-GSO. The hard X-rays are fit by two power-laws of the same slope, absorbed by columns of 1.5 and 7 * 10^{23} cm^{-2} respectively. The spectrum is consistent with previous suggestions that the power-law components are X-ray emission from the sub-pc VLBI jet and from Bondi accretion at the core, but it is also consistent with a partial covering interpretation. The soft band is dominated by thermal emission from the diffuse plasma and is fit well by a two-temperature VAPEC model, plus a third power-law component to account for scattered nuclear emission, jet emission, and emission from X-ray Binaries and other point sources. Narrow fluorescent emission lines from Fe, Si, S, Ar, Ca and Ni are detected. The Fe K alpha line width yields a 200 light-day lower limit on the distance from the black hole to the line-emitting gas. Fe, Ca, and S K-shell absorption edges are detected. Elemental abundances are constrained via absorption edge depths and strengths of the fluorescent and diffuse plasma emission lines. The high metallicity ([Fe/H]=+0.1) of the circumnuclear material suggests that it could not have originated in the relatively metal-poor outer halo unless enrichment by local star formation has occurred. Relative abundances are consistent with enrichment from Type II and Ia supernovae.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 368, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00055", "text": "The early Solar System contained short-lived radionuclides such as 60Fe (t1/2 = 1.5 Myr) whose most likely source was a nearby supernova. Previous models of Solar System formation considered a supernova shock that triggered the collapse of the Sun's nascent molecular cloud. We advocate an alternative hypothesis, that the Solar System's protoplanetary disk had already formed when a very close (< 1 pc) supernova injected radioactive material directly into the disk. We conduct the first numerical simulations designed to answer two questions related to this hypothesis: will the disk be destroyed by such a close supernova; and will any of the ejecta be mixed into the disk? Our simulations demonstrate that the disk does not absorb enough momentum from the shock to escape the protostar to which it is bound. Only low amounts (< 1%) of mass loss occur, due to stripping by Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities across the top of the disk, which also mix into the disk about 1% of the intercepted ejecta. These low efficiencies of destruction and injectation are due to the fact that the high disk pressures prevent the ejecta from penetrating far into the disk before stalling. Injection of gas-phase ejecta is too inefficient to be consistent with the abundances of radionuclides inferred from meteorites. On the other hand, the radionuclides found in meteorites would have condensed into dust grains in the supernova ejecta, and we argue that such grains will be injected directly into the disk with nearly 100% efficiency. The meteoritic abundances of the short-lived radionuclides such as 60Fe therefore are consistent with injection of grains condensed from the ejecta of a nearby (< 1 pc) supernova, into an already-formed protoplanetary disk.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 373, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00056", "text": "evening and was questioned far into the night. He was taken to an adjoining town, allegedly to avoid mob violence. Twelve days later, on June 12, 1928, he was indicted. It was charged that he 'did then and there unlawfully, and feloniously, with malice aforethought, by shooting, kill' the named individual. On June 15 he was arraigned without the benefit of counsel, it being alleged by petitioner that he was held incommunicado from the time of his arrest. He was handed a copy of the five-page indictment, under which he could have been convicted of first-degree murder, lesser degrees of homicide, voluntary or involuntary manslaughter, assault with a deadly weapon, or lesser degrees of assault. Various considerations of defense, including self-defense, were accordingly raised. Upon being asked how he pleaded, he expressed a desire to plead guilty as charged in the indictment. The trial court's order, which bears striking resemblance to the Illinois statute on the subject (Ill.Rev.Stat., 1945, Ch. 38, par. 732), recited that the judge 'fully explained' to petitioner 'the consequences of such plea' and his rights to counsel and to jury trial, but that petitioner 'persists in his desire to plead guilty' as charged. There is no affirmative evidence that petitioner understood the necessary consequences of his plea or that, fully appreciating all of his legal rights, he intelligently waived his rights to counsel or to jury trial. All that appears is that he 'persisted' in his desire to plead guilty and that the court convicted him of murder, the statutory punishment for which was death by electrocution or imprisonment for any period from fourteen years to life. 27 A further hearing was held on the same day and an attorney was appointed, apparently not at petitioner's request, to represent petitioner at a hearing upon the 'question of mitigation or aggravation of said crime of murder to which defendant has pleaded guilty.' Such a hearing was required by state law (Ill.Rev.Stat., 1945, Ch. 38, par. 732) where a guilty plea has been entered and where the court has discretion as to the extent of the punishment. A hearing on this matter was held three days later, on June 18, petitioner's appointed counsel being present. On June 29, in the absence of counsel, petitioner appeared in court and was sentenced to serve 99 years in prison.", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00057", "text": "The Galactic center (GC) is a dense and chaotic region filled with unusual sources, such as intense star forming regions, dense star clusters, nonthermal radio filaments, and a massive black hole. The proximity of the GC region makes it an ideal place to study the unusual processes that tend to manifest themselves in Galactic nuclei. This thesis uses single-dish and interferometric radio continuum, radio recombination line, polarized radio continuum, and mid-IR observations to study the wide variety of physical processes seen in the GC region on physical scales from 0.1 to 100 parsecs. These observations provide one of the most sensitive studies of the radio continuum emission in the central 500 parsecs. I also study the properties of nonthermal radio filaments, which can constrain their origin and the structure of the magnetic field in the GC region. The presence of massive star clusters and a massive black hole suggest that starburst and AGN phenomena can manifest themselves in our Galaxy. This thesis explores this possibility by studying a 150-pc-tall, shell-like structure called the Galactic center lobe (GCL). Our observations examine the spectral index, dust emission, polarized continuum emission, and ionized gas throughout the GCL. I find strong evidence supporting the idea that the GCL is a true three-dimensional shell located in the GC region with nested layers of ionized, magnetized, and mid-IR--emitting components. I compare the physical conditions of the GCL to proposed models for its origin and find best agreement with starburst outflows seen in other galaxies, yet consistent with the currently observed pressure and star formation rate in the central tens of parsecs of our Galaxy. (abridged)", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 344, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00058", "text": "N-body simulations give us a rough idea of how the shape of a simulated object appears in three-dimensional space. From an observational point of view this may give us a misleading picture. The faint stars may be the most common stars in the system but the morphological information obtained by observations of an object may be dominated by the color properties of the bright stars. Due to dynamical effects, such as energy equipartition, different masses of stars may populate different regions in the object. Since stars are evolving in mass the stellar evolution may also influence the dynamics of the system. Hence, if one is interested in simulating what the morphology will look like through a telescope, one needs to simulate in addition evolving stars and weight them by their luminosity. Therefore we need to combine simulations of the dynamical evolution and a stellar population synthesis at the same time. For the dynamical evolution part we use a parallel version of a direct N-body code, NBODY6++. This code also includes stellar evolution. We link the parameters from this stellar evolution routine to the BaSeL 2.0 stellar library. For isolated clusters we found results assimilable to standard stellar population synthesis codes such as the PEGASE code. For clusters in a tidal field we found that the integrated colors become relatively bluer due to energy equipartition effects. In the time shortly before dissolution of the cluster the stellar M/L ratio becomes lower compared to isolated clusters. We compared the results of our simulations to integrated spectra of galactic globular clusters. For the cluster NGC 1851 we found good agreement between simulation and observation. For extragalactic clusters in M81 and M31 we looked at medium band spectral energy distributions and found for some clusters also a good agreement.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 350, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00059", "text": "to determine the efficacy of povidone - iodine ( p - i ) prophylaxis for ophthalmia neonatorum ( on ) in angola and to document maternal prevalence and mother - to - child transmission rates . methods . endocervical samples from mothers ( n = 317 ) and newborn conjunctival smears ( n = 245 ) were analysed by multiplex polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) for chlamydia trachomatis ( ct ) , neisseria gonorrhoeae ( ng ) , and mycoplasma genitalium ( mg ) . newborns were randomized into a noninterventional group and an interventional group that received a drop of p - i 2.5% bilaterally after conjunctival smear collection . mothers were trained to identify signs of on and attend a follow - up visit . results . forty - two newborns had ocular pathology , and 11 ( 4.4% ) had clinical signs of on at the time of delivery . maternal pcr was positive for mg ( n = 19 ) , ct ( n = 8) , and ng ( n = 2 ) . six newborns were positive for ct ( n = 4 ) , mg ( n = 2 ) , and ng ( n = 1 ) . mother - to - child transmission rates were 50% for ct and ng and 10.5% for mg . only 16 newborns returned for follow - up . conclusions . lack of maternal compliance prevented successful testing of prophylactic p - i efficacy in on prevention . nevertheless , we documented the prevalence and mother - to - child transmission rates for ct , ng , and mg . these results emphasize the need to develop an effective angolan educational and prophylactic on program .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 371, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00060", "text": "We study the interaction of an electromagnetic field with a non-absorbing or absorbing dispersive sphere in the framework of complex angular momentum techniques. We assume that the dielectric function of the sphere presents a Drude-like behavior or an ionic crystal behavior modelling metallic and semiconducting materials. We more particularly emphasize and interpret the modifications induced in the resonance spectrum by absorption. We prove that \"resonant surface polariton modes\" are generated by a unique surface wave, i.e., a surface (plasmon or phonon) polariton, propagating close to the sphere surface. This surface polariton corresponds to a particular Regge pole of the electric part (TM) of the S matrix of the sphere. From the associated Regge trajectory we can construct semiclassically the spectrum of the complex frequencies of the resonant surface polariton modes which can be considered as Breit-Wigner-type resonances. Furthermore, by taking into account the Stokes phenomenon, we derive an asymptotic expression for the position in the complex angular momentum plane of the surface polariton Regge pole. We then describe semiclassically the surface polariton and provide analytical expressions for its dispersion relation and its damping in the non-absorbing and absorbing cases. In these analytic expressions, we more particularly exhibit well-isolated terms directly linked to absorption. Finally, we explain why the photon-sphere system can be considered as an artificial atom (a ``plasmonic atom\" or \"phononic atom\") and we briefly discuss the implication of our results in the context of the Casimir effect.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 314, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00061", "text": "Motivation: Profile hidden Markov Models (pHMMs) are a popular and very useful tool in the detection of the remote homologue protein families. Unfortunately, their performance is not always satisfactory when proteins are in the 'twilight zone'. We present HMMER-STRUCT, a model construction algorithm and tool that tries to improve pHMM performance by using structural information while training pHMMs. As a first step, HMMER-STRUCT constructs a set of pHMMs. Each pHMM is constructed by weighting each residue in an aligned protein according to a specific structural property of the residue. Properties used were primary, secondary and tertiary structures, accessibility and packing. HMMER-STRUCT then prioritizes the results by voting. Results: We used the SCOP database to perform our experiments. Throughout, we apply leave-one-family-out cross-validation over protein superfamilies. First, we used the MAMMOTH-mult structural aligner to align the training set proteins. Then, we performed two sets of experiments. In a first experiment, we compared structure weighted models against standard pHMMs and against each other. In a second experiment, we compared the voting model against individual pHMMs. We compare method performance through ROC curves and through Precision/Recall curves, and assess significance through the paired two tailed t-test. Our results show significant performance improvements of all structurally weighted models over default HMMER, and a significant improvement in sensitivity of the combined models over both the original model and the structurally weighted models.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 309, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00062", "text": "Intermediate resolution spectroscopy of the white dwarf SDSSJ104341.53+085558.2 contains double-peaked emission lines of CaII8498,8542,8662 and identifies this object to be the second single white dwarf to be surrounded by a gaseous disc of metal-rich material, similar to the recently discovered SDSSJ1228+1040. A photospheric Magnesium abundance of 0.3 times the solar value, determined from the observed MgII4481 absorption line, implies that the white dwarf is accreting from the circumstellar material. The absence of Balmer emission lines and of photospheric HeI4471 absorption indicates that the accreted material is depleted in volatile elements and, by analogy with SDSS1228+1040, may be the result of the tidal disruption of an asteroid. Additional spectroscopy of the DAZ white dwarfs WD1337+705 and GD362 does not reveal CaII emission lines. GD362 is one of the few cool DAZ that display strong infrared flux excess, thought to be originating in a circumstellar dust disc, and its temperature is likely too low to sublimate sufficient amounts of disc material to generate detectable CaII emission. WD1337+705 is, as SDSS1228+1040 and SDSS1043+0855, moderately hot, but has the lowest Mg abundance of those three stars, suggesting a possible correlation between the photospheric Mg abundance and the equivalent width of the CaII emission triplet. Our inspection of 7360 white dwarfs from SDSS DR4 fails to unveil additional strong \"metal gas disc\" candidates, and implies that these objects are rather rare.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 343, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00063", "text": "The purpose of this paper is to find optimal estimates for the Green function of a half-space of {\\it the relativistic $\\alpha$-stable process} with parameter $m$ on $\\Rd$ space. This process has an infinitesimal generator of the form $mI-(m^{2/\\alpha}I-\\Delta)^{\\alpha/2},$ where $0<\\alpha<2$, $m>0$, and reduces to the isotropic $\\alpha$-stable process for $m=0$. Its potential theory for open bounded sets has been well developed throughout the recent years however almost nothing was known about the behaviour of the process on unbounded sets. The present paper is intended to fill this gap and we provide two-sided sharp estimates for the Green function for a half-space. As a byproduct we obtain some improvements of the estimates known for bounded sets specially for balls. The advantage of these estimates is a clarification of the relationship between the diameter of the ball and the parameter $m$ of the process. The main result states that the Green function is comparable with the Green function for the Brownian motion if the points are away from the boundary of a half-space and their distance is greater than one. On the other hand for the remaining points the Green function is somehow related the Green function for the isotropic $\\alpha$-stable process. For example, for $d\\ge3$, it is comparable with the Green function for the isotropic $\\alpha$-stable process, provided that the points are close enough.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 310, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00064", "text": "abstractobjective : to identify , characterize , and quantify associations of various factors with quality of life ( qol ) in patients with asthma , according to the pharmacotherapy employed . methods : this was a cross - sectional study involving 49 patients ( 18 years of age ) with severe uncontrolled or refractory asthma treated at a specialized outpatient clinic of the brazilian unified health care system , regularly using high doses of inhaled corticosteroids ( ics ) or other medications , and presenting comorbidities . at a single time point , qol was assessed with the asthma quality of life questionnaire ( aqlq ) . the overall aqlq score and those of its domains were correlated with demographic variables ( gender and age ) ; asthma control questionnaire score ; pharmacotherapy ( initial ic dose , inhaler devices , and polytherapy ) ; and comorbidities . results : better aqlq scores were associated with asthma control - overall ( or = 0.38 ; 95% ci : 0.004 - 0.341 ; p < 0.001 ) , \" symptoms \" domain ( or = 0.086 ; 95% ci : 0.016 - 0.476 ; p = 0.001 ) , and \" emotional function \" domain ( or = 0.086 ; 95% ci : 0.016 - 0.476 ; p = 0.001)-and with ic dose 800 g-\"activity limitation \" domain ( or = 0.249 ; 95% ci : 0.070 - 0.885 ; p = 0.029 ) . worse aqlq scores were associated with polytherapy-\"activity limitation \" domain ( or = 3.651 ; 95% ci : 1.061 - 12.561 ; p = 0.036)-and number of comorbidities 5-\"environmental stimuli \" domain ( or = 5.042 ; 95% ci : 1.316 - 19.317 ; p = 0.015 ) . conclusions : our results , the importance of this issue , and the lack of studies taking pharmacotherapy into consideration warrant longitudinal studies to establish a causal relationship between the identified factors and qol in asthma patients .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 465, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00065", "text": "all over the nation. And Kentucky's interest in having its own laws govern the obligation cannot be minimized. For the property mortgaged was there; the company's business was chiefly there; its products were widely distributed there; and the prices paid by Kentuckians for those products would depend, at least to some extent, on the stability of the company as affected by the carrying charges on its debts. But we need not decide which, if either, of these two states' laws govern the creation and subsistence and validity of the obligation for interest on interest here involved. For assuming, arguendo, that the obligation for interest on interest is valid under the law of New York, Kentucky, and the other states having some interest in the indenture transaction, we would still have to decide whether allowance of the claim would be compatible with the policy of the Bankruptcy Act. Cf. Kuehner v. Irving Trust Co., 299 U.S. 445, 451, 57 S.Ct. 298, 301, 81 L.Ed. 340. 6 In determining what claims are allowable and how a debtor's assets shall be distributed, a bankruptcy court does not apply the law of the state where it sits. Erie R. Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64, 58 S.Ct. 817, 82 L.Ed. 1188, 114 A.L.R. 1487, has no such implication. That case decided that a federal district court acquiring jurisdiction because of diversity of citizenship should adjudicate controversies as if it were only another state court. See Holmberg v. Armbrecht, 327 U.S. 392, 66 S.Ct. 582. But bankruptcy courts must administer and enforce the Bankruptcy Act as interpreted by this Court in accordance with authority granted by Congress to determine how and what claims shall be allowed under equitable principles.5 And we think an allowance of interest on interest under the circumstances shown by this case would not be in accord with the equitable principles governing bankruptcy distributions. 7 When and under what circumstances federal courts will allow interest on claims against debtors' estates being administered by them has long been decided by federal law. Cf. Board of Com'rs of Jackson County v. United States, 308 U.S. 343, 60 S.Ct. 285, 84 L.Ed. 313; Royal Indemnity Co. v", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00066", "text": "We have carried out a survey toward the central regions of 85 starless cores in HCN J = 1-0 to study inward motions in the cores. Sixty-four cores were detected with HCN lines. The infall asymmetry in the HCN spectra is found to be more prevalent, and more prominent than in any other previously used infall tracers such as CS J = 2-1, DCO+ J = 2-1, and N2H+ J = 1-0. We found close relation between the intensities of the HCN and N2H+ lines. This implies that the HCN is not much depleted in the central regions of the cores. In some cores, the HCN spectra show different sign of asymmetry from other molecular lines. A few cores show various signs of asymmetry in individual HCN hyperfine lines. The distribution of the velocity shift dV of the HCN profiles with respect to the systemic velocity of the optically thin tracer is found to be more shifted toward bluer side than those of other infall tracers, indicating that the HCN traces inward motions more frequently. The dV distribution of each HCN hyperfine line for all sources is similar. Moreover the dV values obtained from different HCN hyperfine lines for each source are nearly similar. These may mean that most of starless cores are in similar kinematic states across the layers of the cores. We identify 17 infall candidates using all available indicators such as the velocity shift dV and the blue to red peak intensity ratio of double peaked profiles for HCN J = 1-0, CS J = 2-1, J = 3-2, DCO+ J = 2-1, and N2H+ J = 1-0. Four of them, L63, L492, L694-2, and L1197 are found to show higher blue to red ratio in the HCN hyperfine line along the lower opacity, suggesting that infall speed becomes higher toward the center.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 421, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00067", "text": "888, 88 L.Ed. 1148. 41 The CHIEF JUSTICE and Mr. Justice FRANKFURTER join in this dissent. Mr. Justice JACKSON joins in it except in so far as the final paragraph relates to an affirmance of the convictions. 1 Women have been members of both grand and petit juries in that district since the beginning of the February Term, 1944. See United States v. Chaplin, D.C., 54 F.Supp. 682. 2 Thus Judicial Code § 276, 28 U.S.C. § 412, 28 U.S.C.A. § 412, provides for the drawing of 'All such jurors, grand and petit' from persons 'possessing the qualifications prescribed' in § 411. 3 Judicial Code § 278, 28 U.S.C. § 415, 28 U.S.C.A. § 415. 4 Judicial Code § 276, 28 U.S.C. § 412, 28 U.S.C.A. § 412. 5 Judicial Code § 277, 28 U.S.C. § 413, 28 U.S.C.A. § 413. 6 No person shall serve as a petit juror'more than one term in a year'. Judicial Code § 286, 28 U.S.C. § 423, 28 U.S.C.A. § 423. Artificers and workmen employed in armories and arsenals of the United States are exempted from service as jurors. 50 U.S.C. § 57, 50 U.S.C.A. § 57. Cf. Judicial Code § 288, 28 U.S.C. § 426, 28 U.S.C.A. § 426, dealing with disqualifications of jurors in prosecutions for bigamy, polygamy or unlawful cohabitation. 7 Report to the Judicial Conference of the Committee on Selection of Jurors (1942), p. 23. 8 An earlier indictment (subsequently dismissed) was returned against petitioners who moved to quash because of the exclusion of women from the panel of grand jurors. The motion was denied. United States v. Ballard, D.C., 35 F.Supp. 105. That ruling seems to have been influenced by the thought that California law determined whether the exclusion of women resulted in a proper", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00068", "text": "We present the results from the Suzaku observation of the powerful radio-loud quasar RBS315 (z=2.69), for which a previous XMM-Newton observation showed an extremely flat X-ray continuum up to 10 keV (photon index Gamma=1.26) and indications of strong intrinsic absorption (N_H~10^22 cm^{-2} assuming neutral gas). The instrument for hard X-rays HXD/PIN allows us a detection of the source up to 50 keV. The broad-band continuum (0.5-50 keV) can be well modeled with a power-law with slope Gamma=1.5 (definitively softer than the continuum measured by XMM-Newton) above 1 keV with strong deficit of soft photons. The low-energy cut-off can be well fitted either with intrinsic absorption (with column density N_H~10^22 cm^{-2} in the quasar rest frame) or with a break in the continuum, with an extremely hard (Gamma =0.7) power-law below 1 keV. We construct the Spectral Energy Distribution of the source, using also optical-UV measurements obtained through a quasi-simultaneous UVOT/SWIFT observation. The shape of the SED is similar to that of other Flat Spectrum Radio Quasars (FSRQs) with similar power, making this source an excellent candidate for the detection in gamma-rays by GLAST. We model the SED with the synchrotron-Inverse Compton model usually applied to FSRQs, showing that the deficit of soft photons can be naturally interpreted as due to an intrinsic curvature of the spectrum near the low energy end of the IC component rather than to intrinsic absorption, although the latter possibility cannot be ruled out. We propose that in at least a fraction of the radio-loud QSOs at high redshift the cut-off in the soft X-ray band can be explained in a similar way. Further studies are required to distinguish between the two alternatives.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 412, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00069", "text": "We present absorption line strength maps of a sample of 24 representative early-type spiral galaxies, mostly of type Sa, obtained as part of the SAURON survey of nearby galaxies using our custom-built integral-field spectrograph. Using high-quality spectra, spatially binned to a constant signal-to-noise, we measure several key age, metallicity and abundance ratio sensitive indices from the Lick/IDS system over a contiguous two-dimensional field including bulge and inner disc. We present maps of H beta, Fe 5015 and Mg b, for each galaxy The absorption line maps show that many galaxies contain some younger populations (<= 1 Gyr), distributed in small or large inner discs, or in circumnuclear star forming rings. In many cases these young stars are formed in circumnuclear mini-starbursts, which are dominating the light in the centres of some of the early-type spirals. These mini-starburst cause a considerable scatter in index-index diagrams such as Mg b- H beta and Mg b -Fe 5015, more than is measured for early-type galaxies. We find that the central regions of Sa galaxies display a wide range in ages, even within the galaxies. 50% of the sample show velocity dispersion drops in their centres. All of the galaxies of our sample lie on or below the Mg b- $\\sigma$ relation for elliptical galaxies in the Coma cluster, and above the H beta absorption line - $\\sigma$ relation for elliptical galaxies. If those relations are considered to be relations for the oldest local galaxies we see that our sample of spirals has a considerable scatter in age, with the largest scatter at the lowest $\\sigma$. This is in disagreement with highly inclined samples, in which generally only old stellar populations are found in the central regions. All this can be understood if ... (see paper for rest of abstract)", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 376, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00070", "text": "persistently increasing incident of cancer in human beings has served to emphasize the importance of studies on mechanism of antitumor substances . chlorogenic acid ( ca ) , extracted from folium cortex eucommiae , has been confirmed to have lots of biological activities encompassing inhibition of tumor . however , the anticancer mechanism of ca remains unclear . here , we have utilized a whole mouse genome oligo microarray ( 444k ) to analyze gene expression level of female balb / c mice ( implanted with emt-6 sarcoma cells ) after treatment with low , medium , and high - dose ca ( 5 mg / kg , 10 mg / kg , and 20 mg / kg ) , docetaxel , interferon , and normal saline separately at 6 time points ( 3rd , 6th , 9th , 12th , 15th , and 18th days after administration ) . differentially expressed genes screened out by time - series analysis , go analysis , and pathway analysis , and four immune - related genes were selected for further confirmation using rt - qpcr . the results demonstrated that ca is able to change gene expression and that the responsive genes ( can , nfatc2 , nfatc2ip , and nfatc3 ) involved in immune pathways had been significantly upregulated by ca . expression of immune factors such as il-2r and ifn- can be improved by ca to promote activation and proliferation of t cells , macrophages , and nk cells , thus enhancing their surveillance and killing abilities , further suppressing the growth rate of tumor cells .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 326, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00071", "text": "We show that the globular cluster mass function (GCMF) in the Milky Way depends on cluster half-mass density (rho_h) in the sense that the turnover mass M_TO increases with rho_h while the width of the GCMF decreases. We argue that this is the expected signature of the slow erosion of a mass function that initially rose towards low masses, predominantly through cluster evaporation driven by internal two-body relaxation. We find excellent agreement between the observed GCMF -- including its dependence on internal density rho_h, central concentration c, and Galactocentric distance r_gc -- and a simple model in which the relaxation-driven mass-loss rates of clusters are approximated by -dM/dt = mu_ev ~ rho_h^{1/2}. In particular, we recover the well-known insensitivity of M_TO to r_gc. This feature does not derive from a literal ``universality'' of the GCMF turnover mass, but rather from a significant variation of M_TO with rho_h -- the expected outcome of relaxation-driven cluster disruption -- plus significant scatter in rho_h as a function of r_gc. Our conclusions are the same if the evaporation rates are assumed to depend instead on the mean volume or surface densities of clusters inside their tidal radii, as mu_ev ~ rho_t^{1/2} or mu_ev ~ Sigma_t^{3/4} -- alternative prescriptions that are physically motivated but involve cluster properties (rho_t and Sigma_t) that are not as well defined or as readily observable as rho_h. In all cases, the normalization of mu_ev required to fit the GCMF implies cluster lifetimes that are within the range of standard values (although falling towards the low end of this range). Our analysis does not depend on any assumptions or information about velocity anisotropy in the globular cluster system.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 373, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00072", "text": "Indirect information about the possible scale of supersymmetry (SUSY) breaking is provided by B-physics observables (BPO) as well as electroweak precision observables (EWPO). We combine the constraints imposed by recent measurements of the BPO BR(b -> s gamma), BR(B_s -> mu^+ mu^-), BR(B_u -> tau nu_tau) and Delta M_{B_s} with those obtained from the experimental measurements of the EWPO M_W, sin^2 theta_eff, Gamma_Z, (g-2)_mu and M_h, incorporating the latest theoretical calculations of these observables within the Standard Model and supersymmetric extensions. We perform a chi^2 fit to the parameters of the constrained minimal supersymmetric extension of the Standard Model (CMSSM), in which the SUSY-breaking parameters are universal at the GUT scale, and the non-universal Higgs model (NUHM), in which this constraint is relaxed for the soft SUSY-breaking contributions to the Higgs masses. Assuming that the lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP) provides the cold dark matter density preferred by WMAP and other cosmological data, we scan over the remaining parameter space. Within the CMSSM, we confirm the preference found previously for a relatively low SUSY-breaking scale, though there is some slight tension between the EWPO and the BPO. In studies of some specific NUHM scenarios compatible with the cold dark matter constraint we investigate M_A-tan_beta planes and find preferred regions that have values of chi^2 somewhat lower than in the CMSSM.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 324, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00073", "text": "and calls for discussion. 18 * The Adams case held the Indiana tax now in issue to be invalid when applied, without apportionment, to gross receipts derived from interstate sales of goods made by Indiana manufacturers who sold and shipped them to purchasers in other states. 'The vice of the statute' as thus applied, it was held, was 'that the tax includes in its measure, without apportionment, receipts derived from activities in interstate commerce; and that the exaction is of such a character that if lawful it may in substance be laid to the fullest extent by states in which the goods are sold as well as those in which they are manufactured. Interstate commerce would thus be subjected to the risk of a double tax burden to which intrastate commerce is not exposed, and which the commerce clause forbids.' (Emphasis added.) 304 U.S. 307, 311, 58 S.Ct. 913, 916, 82 L.Ed. 1365, 117 A.L.R. 429.1 19 Today's opinion refuses to rest squarely on the Adams case, although that case would be completely controlling if no change in the law were intended. No basis for distinguishing the cases on the facts or the ultimate questions is found or stated. The Court takes them as identical.2 Yet it places no emphasis upon apportionment, the absence of which the Adams opinion held crucial. The Court also puts to one side as irrelevant the factor there most stressed, namely, the danger of multiple taxation, that is, of similar taxation by other states, if the Indiana tax should be upheld in the attempted application. 20 Those matters were the very essence of the Adams decision. They were in its words 'the vice' of the statute as applied. The Adams opinion gives no reason for believing that the application of the tax would not have been sustained if either of the two elements vitiating it had been absent. On the contrary, the fair, indeed the necessary, inference from the language and reasons given is that the tax would not have been voided if there had been no danger of multiple state taxation or if the tax had been apportioned so as to eliminate that risk. Moreover those groundings were strictly in accord with long lines of previous decisions rendered here,3 were int nded to conform to them and to preserve them unimpaired. 21 Yet now they are put to one side, either as irrelevant or as not controlling and therefore", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00074", "text": "We define angles from-to and between infinite dimensional subspaces of a Hilbert space, inspired by the work of E. J. Hannan, 1961/1962 for general canonical correlations of stochastic processes. The spectral theory of selfadjoint operators is used to investigate the properties of the angles, e.g., to establish connections between the angles corresponding to orthogonal complements. The classical gaps and angles of Dixmier and Friedrichs are characterized in terms of the angles. We introduce principal invariant subspaces and prove that they are connected by an isometry that appears in the polar decomposition of the product of corresponding orthogonal projectors. Point angles are defined by analogy with the point operator spectrum. We bound the Hausdorff distance between the sets of the squared cosines of the angles corresponding to the original subspaces and their perturbations. We show that the squared cosines of the angles from one subspace to another can be interpreted as Ritz values in the Rayleigh-Ritz method, where the former subspace serves as a trial subspace and the orthogonal projector of the latter subspace serves as an operator in the Rayleigh-Ritz method. The Hausdorff distance between the Ritz values, corresponding to different trial subspaces, is shown to be bounded by a constant times the gap between the trial subspaces. We prove a similar eigenvalue perturbation bound that involves the gap squared. Finally, we consider the classical alternating projectors method and propose its ultimate acceleration, using the conjugate gradient approach. The corresponding convergence rate estimate is obtained in terms of the angles. We illustrate a possible acceleration for the domain decomposition method with a small overlap for the 1D diffusion equation.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 342, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00075", "text": "the molecular building block approach was employed effectively to construct a series of novel isoreticular , highly porous and stable , aluminum - based metal organic frameworks with soc topology . from this platform , three compounds were experimentally isolated and fully characterized : namely , the parent al - soc - mof-1 and its naphthalene and anthracene analogues . al - soc - mof-1 exhibits outstanding gravimetric methane uptake ( total and working capacity ) . it is shown experimentally , for the first time , that the al - soc - mof platform can address the challenging department of energy dual target of 0.5 g / g ( gravimetric ) and 264 cm3 ( stp)/cm3 ( volumetric ) methane storage . furthermore , al - soc - mof exhibited the highest total gravimetric and volumetric uptake for carbon dioxide and the utmost total and deliverable uptake for oxygen at relatively high pressures among all microporous mofs . in order to correlate the mof pore structure and functionality to the gas storage properties , to better understand the structure property relationship , we performed a molecular simulation study and evaluated the methane storage performance of the al - soc - mof platform using diverse organic linkers . it was found that shortening the parent al - soc - mof-1 linker resulted in a noticeable enhancement in the working volumetric capacity at specific temperatures and pressures with amply conserved gravimetric uptake / working capacity . in contrast , further expansion of the organic linker ( branches and/or core ) led to isostructural al - soc - mofs with enhanced gravimetric uptake but noticeably lower volumetric capacity . the collective experimental and simulation studies indicated that the parent al - soc - mof-1 exhibits the best compromise between the volumetric and gravimetric total and working uptakes under a wide range of pressure and temperature conditions .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 379, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00076", "text": "We present a new, deep (V ~ 26) study of the Galactic globular cluster NGC 2419 based on B,V,I time-series CCD photometry over about 10 years and extending beyond the cluster published tidal radius. We have identified 101 variable stars of which 60 are new discoveries, doubling the known RR Lyrae stars and including 12 SX Phoenicis stars. The average period of the RR Lyrae stars (=0.662 d, and =0.366 d, for fundamental-mode -RRab- and first-overtone pulsators, respectively), and the position in the period-amplitude diagram both confirm that NGC 2419 is an Oosterhoff II cluster. The average apparent magnitude of the RR Lyrae stars is =20.31 +/- 0.01 (sigma=0.06, 67 stars) and leads to the distance modulus (m-M)o=19.60 +/- 0.05. The Color-Magnitude Diagram, reaching about 2.6 mag below the cluster turn-off, does not show clear evidence of multiple stellar populations. Cluster stars are found until r~ 10.5', and possibly as far as r~15', suggesting that the literature tidal radius might be underestimated. No extra-tidal structures are clearly detected in the data. NGC 2419 has many blue stragglers and a well populated horizontal branch extending from the RR Lyrae stars down to an extremely blue tail ending with the \"blue-hook\", for the first time recognized in this cluster. The red giant branch is narrow ruling out significant metallicity spreads. Our results seem to disfavor the interpretation of NGC 2419 as either having an extragalactic origin or being the relict of a dwarf galaxy tidally disrupted by the Milky Way.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 375, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00077", "text": "to elect the directors of the subholding companies and thus govern selection of the respective managements. Through the managements of the subholding companies it is able to govern selection of the directors and managements of each of the operating company subsidiaries of each of the subholding companies. The latter are in turn responsive to Bond and Share's wishes respecting entry into service contracts with Ebasco Services Incorporated, and the details of the operations of their companies.' 11 S.E.C. at 1203—1204. 5 The record before this Court in the Bond and Share case revealed that more than 31% of the total electric energy generated by Bond and Share subsidiaries is transmitted across state lines, while more than 25% of all the electric energy transmitted across state lines in the United States is handled by Bond and Share companies. Approximately 47% of the gas handled by Bond and Share companies is transported across state lines, this amount constituting more than 20% of all the gas transported across state lines in the United States. 6 United States v. Darby, 312 U.S. 100, 657, 61 S.Ct. 451, 85 L.Ed. 609, 132 A.L.R. 1430; Electric Bond & Share Co. v. S.E.C., 303 U.S. 419, 58 S.Ct. 678, 82 L.Ed. 936, 115 A.L.R. 105. 7 Northern Securities Co. v. United States, 193 U.S. 197, 24 S.Ct. 436, 48 L.Ed. 679; Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States, 221 U.S. 1, 31 S.Ct. 502, 55 L.Ed. 619, 34 L.R.A.,N.S., 834, Ann.Cas.1912D, 734; United States v. American Tobacco Co., 221 U.S. 106, 31 S.Ct. 632, 55 L.Ed. 663. 8 North American Co. v. S.E.C., 327 U.S. 686, 66 S.Ct. 785. 9 Northern Securities Co. v. United States, supra; Standard Oil Co. v. United States, supra; United States v. Reading Co., 253 U.S. 26, 40 S.Ct. 425,", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00078", "text": "various histopathological changes have been observed following neoadjuvant chemotherapy in individual tumors in the literature.aims and objectives : to observe histopathologic changes seen after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast malignancies , squamous cell carcinomas , adenocarcinomas , and wilms tumor using breast cancer predominantly as the model.materials and methods : the present prospective study was carried out on 60 patients including 40 patients with carcinoma breast and 20 patients with other malignancies who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy.results:post neoadjuvant chemotherapy , mastectomy specimens revealed nuclear enlargement , nuclear shrinkage , necrosis , vacuolation of nucleus , vacuolation of cytoplasm , dyscohesion , and shrinkage of tumor cells with nuclear changes of nonviability like karyorrhexis , karyolysis , and pyknosis . stromal reactions manifested as fibrosis , elastosis , collagenization , hyalinization , microcalcification , and neovascularization . areas of necrosis included both vascular and avascular pattern . the stroma also revealed fibrinoid necrosis and mucinous change . hyalinization of the blood vessel wall was a common finding . the most common inflammatory host response observed in the present study was lymphocytic ; others included mixed inflammation , plasmacytic , prominent histiocytic , and giant cell types . giant cell reaction was significantly correlated to all types of tumor responses ( p < 0.05 ) . similar changes were also observed in other malignancies . a detailed review of the literature has also been done and presented.conclusion:the tumor grade decreases and differentiation improves , in addition to the retrogressive changes and increase in stromal component , as a result of chemotherapy in carcinoma breast as well as in other malignancies .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 365, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00079", "text": "actual and potential evils resulting from their continued existence may well be said to outweigh any of their claimed advantages, especially since many of the latter seem impossible of attainment due to the unsound financial structures of the companies. The Commission was thus warranted in feeling that dissolution of these companies is necessary to the attainment of the standards of § 11(b) (2). 44 We are unimpressed, moreover, by the claim that dissolution is so drastic a remedy as to be unreasonable. Elimination of useless holding companies may be carried out by fair and equitable methods so as to destroy nothing of real value. American and Electric, the Commission found, are little more than a set of books and a portfolio of securities. And we cannot say that the Commission was without basis for its belief that dissolution under these circumstances would harm no one. It may well have considered the fact brought out in the argument before us that, so far as Bond and Share and the public security holders are concerned, dissolution would mean little more than the receipt of securities of the operating companies in lieu of their present shares in American and Electric. Any number of benefits might thereafter accrue to these security holders. Their equities in the Bond and Share system would be materially strengthened by the removal of the useless and costly subholding companies and their voting power would tend to be more in proportion to their investment. The financial weaknesses of the various companies remaining in the system would be easier to correct, with numerous benefits to the consumers and the general public as well as the investors.21 'In short, the individual investors should receive the kind of a security he thought he was buying in the first place. The actual clearing up, through clean reorganizations, of the tangle in which holding-company finance has left the industry and those who have invested in it, can reestablish a confident, stable market for good utility securities.' Senate Report No. 621, 74th Cong., 1st Sess., p. 17. These factors lend substance to the Commission's conclusion that 'the dissolution of these companies which not only have never served any useful purpose but have been a medium of much harm, will effectuate the provisions and policies of the Act and will in all respects be beneficial to the public interest and the interest of investors and consumers; and we so find.' 11 S.E.C. at 1215. 45 In view of the rational basis for the Commission's choice, the fact that other solutions might have been selected becomes", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00080", "text": "objectiveexogenous administration of glucagon - like peptide-1 ( glp-1 ) or glp-1 receptor agonists such as an exendin-4 has direct beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system . however , their effects on atherosclerogenesis have not been elucidated . the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of glp-1 on accumulation of monocytes / macrophages on the vascular wall , one of the earliest steps in atherosclerogenesis.research design and methodsafter continuous infusion of low ( 300 pmol kg1 day1 ) or high ( 24 nmol kg1 day1 ) dose of exendin-4 in c57bl/6 or apolipoprotein e deficient mice ( apoe/ ) , we evaluated monocyte adhesion to the endothelia of thoracic aorta and arteriosclerotic lesions around the aortic valve . the effects of exendin-4 were investigated in mouse macrophages and human monocytes.resultstreatment with exendin-4 significantly inhibited monocytic adhesion in the aortas of c57bl/6 mice without affecting metabolic parameters . in apoe/ mice , the same treatment reduced monocyte adhesion to the endothelium and suppressed atherosclerogenesis . in vitro treatment of mouse macrophages with exendin-4 suppressed lipopolysaccharide - induced mrna expression of tumor necrosis factor- and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 , and suppressed nuclear translocation of p65 , a component of nuclear factor-b . this effect was reversed by either mdl-12330a , a camp inhibitor or pki14 - 22 , a protein kinase a specific inhibitor . in human monocytes , exendin-4 reduced the expression of cd11b.conclusionsour data suggested that glp-1 receptor agonists reduced monocyte / macrophage accumulation in the arterial wall by inhibiting the inflammatory response in macrophages , and that this effect may contribute to the attenuation of atherosclerotic lesion by exendin-4 .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 430, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00081", "text": "a study was conducted in order to evaluate the contamination by brucella spp . of meat from animals slaughtered because they had resulted positive for brucellosis at some time during their life . after slaughter and before delivery to market outlets , swab samples were taken from 307 carcasses of infected animals : 40 cattle , 60 sheep and 207 goats . the swabs were subsequently analysed by means of polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) tests . in addition , bacteriological tests were carried out on the lymph nodes and internal organs of the same animals . brucella spp . was detected by means of pcr in 25/307 carcasses ( 8% ) : 1 bovine ( 2.5% ) , 9 sheep ( 15% ) and 15 goats ( 7.2% ) and was isolated by means of a cultural method in 136/307 carcasses ( 44% ) . moreover , additional analysis , performed on lymph nodes from the same carcasses that had proved positive by pcr , allowed highlighting type 3 brucella abortus in the bovine carcass and type 3 brucella melitensis in the sheep and goat carcasses . the study shows that cattle , sheep and goats meat of animals slaughtered because they had tested positive for brucellosis may be contaminated by brucella spp . as this could constitute a real risk of transmission to both butchery personnel and consumers , the meat of animals infected by brucella spp . should be analysed before being marketed . in this respect , pcr technique performed on swabs proved to be more useful , practical and faster than the traditional bacteriological method .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 344, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00082", "text": "background and aims : in an attempt to improve the recovery and early rehabilitation after arthroscopic knee surgery , various medications have been administered via intra - articular route to prolong the duration and improve the quality of postoperative analgesia . among the potentially effective substances , steroids like dexamethasone could be of particular interest.materials and methods : fifty patients undergoing elective knee arthroscopy were randomly assigned to one of the following groups containing 25 patients each . group d patients received 8 mg ( 2 ml ) of dexamethasone added to 18 ml of 0.25% levobupivacaine intra - articularly , ( total volume 20 ml ) . group l patients received 18 ml of 0.25% levobupivacaine and 2 ml of isotonic saline ( 20 ml in total ) intra - articularly . analgesic effect was evaluated by measuring pain intensity visual analogue scale score and duration of analgesia.results:a longer delay was observed between intra - articular injection of study medication and first requirement of supplementary analgesic in group d ( 10.24 2.8 hours ) compared with group l ( 5.48 1.6 h ) . total consumption of diclofenac sodium in first 24 h in postoperative period was significantly less in group d. no significant side effects were noted.conclusion:dexamethasone , used as adjunct to levobupivacaine in patients undergoing arthroscopic knee surgery , improves the quality and prolongs the duration of postoperative analgesia .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 325, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00083", "text": "We present optical spectroscopy of nine cataclysmic binary stars, mostly dwarf novae, obtained primarily to determine orbital periods Porb. The stars and their periods are LX And, 0.1509743(5) d; CZ Aql, 0.2005(6) d; LU Cam, 0.1499686(4) d; GZ Cnc, 0.0881(4) d; V632 Cyg, 0.06377(8) d; V1006 Cyg, 0.09903(9) d; BF Eri, 0.2708804(4) d; BI Ori, 0.1915(5) d; and FO Per, for which Porb is either 0.1467(4) or 0.1719(5) d. Several of the stars proved to be especially interesting. In BF Eri, we detect the absorption spectrum of a secondary star of spectral type K3 +- 1 subclass, which leads to a distance estimate of approximately 1 kpc. However, BF Eri has a large proper motion (100 mas/yr), and we have a preliminary parallax measurement that confirms the large proper motion and yields only an upper limit for the parallax. BF Eri's space velocity is evidently large, and it appears to belong to the halo population. In CZ Aql, the emission lines have strong wings that move with large velocity amplitude, suggesting a magnetically-channeled accretion flow. The orbital period of V1006 Cyg places it squarely within the 2- to 3-hour \"gap\" in the distribution of cataclysmic binary orbital periods.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 353, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00084", "text": "The mysterious high galactic latitude cometary globule CG12 has been observed with the ACIS detector on board the Chandra X-ray Observatory. We detect 128 X-ray sources; half are likely young stars formed within the globule's head. This new population of >50 T-Tauri stars and one new embedded protostar is far larger than the previously reported few intermediate-mass and two protostellar members of the cloud. Most of the newly discovered stars have masses 0.2-0.7Mo, and 9-15% have K-band excesses from inner protoplanetary disks. X-ray properties provide an independent distance estimate consistent with CG12's unusual location >200pc above the Galactic plane. The star formation efficiency in CG12 appears to be 15-35%, far above that seen in other triggered molecular globules. The median photometric age found for the T-Tauri population is ~4Myr with a large spread of <1-20Myr and ongoing star formation in the molecular cores. The stellar age and spatial distributions are inconsistent with a simple radiation driven implosion (RDI) model, and suggest either that CG12 is an atypically large shocked globule, or it has been subject to several distinct episodes of triggering and ablation. We report a previously unnoticed group of B-type stars northwest of CG12 which may be the remnants of an OB association which produced multiple supernova explosions that could have shocked and ablated the cloud over a 15-30Myr period. HD120958 (B3e), the most luminous member of the group, may be currently driving an RDI shock into the CG12 cloud.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 343, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00085", "text": "objectivethe nutritional status of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( copd ) patients is associated with their exercise capacity . in the present study , we have explored the relationship between nutritional risk and exercise capacity in severe male copd patients.methodsa total of 58 severe copd male patients were enrolled in this study . the patients were assigned to no nutritional risk group ( n=33 ) and nutritional risk group ( n=25 ) according to the nutritional risk screening ( nrs , 2002 ) criteria . blood gas analysis , conventional pulmonary function testing , and cardiopulmonary exercise testing were performed on all the patients.resultsresults showed that the weight and bmi of the patients in the nutritional risk group were significantly lower than in the no nutritional risk group ( p<0.05 ) . the pulmonary diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide of the no nutritional risk group was significantly higher than that of the nutritional risk group ( p<0.05 ) . besides , the peak vo2 ( peak oxygen uptake ) , peak o2 pulse ( peak oxygen pulse ) , and peak load of the nutritional risk group were significantly lower than those of the no nutritional risk group ( p<0.05 ) and there were significantly negative correlations between the nrs score and peak vo2 , peak o2 pulse , or peak load ( r<0 , p<0.05).conclusionthe association between exercise capacity and nutritional risk based on nrs 2002 in severe copd male patients is supported by these results of this study .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 305, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00086", "text": ", 61 S.Ct. 422, 427, 85 L.Ed. 479, the District Court sought to punish for contempt action which was specifically exempt from such punishment. Error of a 'fundamental nature' was apparently noticed and pressed by the defendants for the first time when the case came to this Court. And the Court considered the point while the case was before it, not, as here, when it reappears as tail to another issue three years after the record containing the alleged error first came before us. 1 The federal courts, therefore, are bound by state definitions of jurors' qualifications subject to federal constitutional and statutory limitations. It has been argued that the Fifth and Sixth Amendments to the Constitution guarantee the continuance of the exclusively male common law federal juries, but it is now generally agreed that women are qualified to serve on federal juries wherever the states have declared them qualified as jurors of the highest court of law in their respective states. See United States v. Wood, 299 U.S. 123, 145, 57 S.Ct. 177, 185, 81 L.Ed. 78; Tynan v. United States, 9 Cir., 297 F. 177, 178, 179, certiorari denied, 266 U.S. 604, 45 S.Ct. 91, 69 L.Ed. 463; Hoxie v. United States, 9 Cir., 15 F.2d 762, certiorari denied, 273 U.S. 755, 47 S.Ct. 459, 71 L.Ed. 876. 2 It now appears, however, that, beginning in 1943, the practice objected to in the Thiel case has been discontinued. Louis E. Goddman, U.S. District Judge, N.D., Calif., Federal Jury Selections as Affected by Thiel v. Southern Pacific Company, 21 Journal of the State Bar of California 352, 357.", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 414, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00087", "text": "This paper is dedicated to triangulated categories endowed with weight structures (a new notion; D. Pauksztello has independently introduced them as co-t-structures). This axiomatizes the properties of stupid truncations of complexes in $K(B)$. We also construct weight structures for Voevodsky's categories of motives and for various categories of spectra. A weight structure $w$ defines Postnikov towers of objects; these towers are canonical and functorial 'up to morphisms that are zero on cohomology'. For $Hw$ being the heart of $w$ (in $DM_{gm}$ we have $Hw=Chow$) we define a canonical conservative 'weakly exact' functor $t$ from our $C$ to a certain weak category of complexes $K_w(Hw)$. For any (co)homological functor $H:C\\to A$ for an abelian $A$ we construct a weight spectral sequence $T:H(X^i[j])\\implies H(X[i+j])$ where $(X^i)=t(X)$; it is canonical and functorial starting from $E_2$. This spectral sequences specializes to the 'usual' (Deligne's) weight spectral sequences for 'classical' realizations of motives and to Atiyah-Hirzebruch spectral sequences for spectra. Under certain restrictions, we prove that $K_0(C)\\cong K_0(Hw)$ and $K_0(End C)\\cong K_0(End Hw)$. The definition of a weight structure is almost dual to those of a t-structure; yet several properties differ. One can often construct a certain $t$-structure which is 'adjacent' to $w$ and vice versa. This is the case for the Voevodsky's $DM^{eff}_-$ (one obtains certain new Chow weight and t-structures for it; the heart of the latter is 'dual' to $Chow^{eff}$) and for the stable homotopy category. The Chow t-structure is closely related to unramified cohomology.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 439, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00088", "text": "issue before us, namely, whether the mails may be used to obtain money by fraud when the final consists of a false claim of belief touching religion. Dismissal of this indictment does not terminate prosecution for these offenses because Congress by the Act of May 10, 1934, 48 Stat. 772, amended, July 10, 1940, 54 Stat. 747, 18 U.S.C. § 587, 18 U.S.C.A. § 587, has expressly saved this prosecution. By that Act, Congress allowed reindictment where an indictment was found defective but the basis of the prosecution is left untouched. As amended it provides that 27 'Whenever an indictment is found defective or insufficient for any cause, after the period prescribed by the applicable statute of limitations has expired, a new indictment may be returned not later than the end of the next succeeding regular term of such court, following the term at which such indictment was found defective or insufficient, during which a grand jury thereof shall be in session.' 28 Considering the history of this litigation, the reasonable assumption is that the Gove nment will press this prosecution. 29 A conviction was had. The Circuit Court of Appeals reversed and ordered a new trial. On petition of the Government we brought the case here. The Government urged that the judgment of conviction be restored, while the defendants challenged its very foundation by invoking the constitutional guaranty of freedom of religion. In April 1944, we reversed the Circuit Court of Appeals and found that the district court had properly 'withheld from the jury all questions concerning the truth or falsity of the religious beliefs or doctrines of respondents.' 322 U.S. 78, at page 88, 64 S.Ct. 882, at page 887, 88 L.Ed. 1148. But the case was remanded to the Circuit Court of Appeals without considering the question whether the First Amendment affords immunity from criminal prosecution for the procurement of money by false statements as to one's religious experiences. Three Justices concluded that the verdict should stand, and, in an opinion by the late Chief Justice, denied that the First Amendment afforded immunity for fraudulent use of the mails simply because the false statements concerned religious beliefs. A fourth Justice likewise thought this issue had to be met. He concluded that the indictment should be dismissed because it raised issues inextricably bound up with traditional liberty and could not be sustained in view of", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00089", "text": "some foreign country. 5 Heiser v. Woodruff, 327 U.S. 726, 66 S.Ct. 853; American Surety Co. v. Sampsell, 327 U.S. 269, 272, 66 S.Ct. 571, 573; Pepper v. Litton, 308 U.S. 295, 303—306, 60 S.Ct. 238, 243—245, 84 L.Ed. 281. 6 See § 63, sub. a(1) of the Bankruptcy Act, 11 U.S.C. § 103, sub. a(1), 11 U.S.C.A. § 103, sub. a(1); cf. § 63 of the Act of 1898, 30 Stat. 562 and § 19 of the Bankruptcy Act of 1867, 14 Stat. 525. For a discussion of interest claims in bankruptcy see 3 Collier on Bankruptcy, 14th Ed., 281, 1835. 7 Analogous principles have been applied to the liquidation of national banks. White v. Knox, 111 U.S. 784, 786, 787, 4 S.Ct. 686, 687, 28 L.Ed. 603, relied on in Sexton v. Dreyfus, supra, 219 U.S. at page 346, 31 S.Ct. at page 258, 55 L.Ed. 244; Ticonic National Bank v. Sprague, 303 U.S. 406, 412, 413, 58 S.Ct. 612, 615, 82 L.Ed. 926. 8 Section 115 of Chapter X, 11 U.S.C. § 515, 11 U.S.C.A. § 515, authorizes a Chapter X court to exercise 'all the powers, not inconsistent with the provisions of this chapter, which a court of the United States would have if it had appointed a receiver in equity of the property of the debtor * *.' Former § 77B of the Bankruptcy Act, 48 Stat. 912 and § 77, sub. a, 11 U.S.C. § 205, sub. a, 11 U.S.C.A. § 205, sub. a (Railroad Reorganization", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00090", "text": "We analyze the properties of the shallow decay segment with a sample of 53 long Swift GRBs. We show that the distributions of its characteristics are log-normal or normal, and its isotropic X-ray energy (E_{iso,X}) is linearly correlated with the prompt gamma-ray energy, but with a steeper photon spectrum except for some X-ray flashes. No significant spectral evolution is observed from this phase to the follow-up phase, and the follow-up phase is usually consistent with the external shock models, implying that this segment likely due to a refreshed external shock. Within this scenario, the data are generally consistent with a roughly constant injection luminosity up to the end of this phase $t_b$. A positive correlation between E_{iso, X} and t_b also favors this scenario. Among the 13 bursts that have well-sampled optical light curves, 6 have an optical break around t_b and the breaks are consistent with being achromatic. However, the other 7 bursts either do not show an optical break or have a break at a different epoch than t_b. This raises a concern to the energy injection scenario, suggesting that the optical and X-ray emissions may not be the same component at least for a fraction of bursts. There are 4 significant outliers in the sample, and this shallow decau phase in these bursts is immediately followed by a very steep decay after t_b, which is inconsistent with any external shock model. The optical data of these bursts evolve independently from the X-ray data. These X-ray plateaus likely have an internal origin and demand continuous operation of a long-term GRB central engine. We conclude that the observed shallow decay phase likely has diverse physical origins(Abridged).", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 344, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00091", "text": "We present the results of a visible spectroscopic and photometric survey of Jupiter Trojans belonging to different dynamical families carried out at the ESO-NTT telescope. We obtained data on 47 objects, 23 belonging to the L5 swarm and 24 to the L4 one. These data together with those already published by Fornasier et al. (2004a) and Dotto et al. (2006), constitute a total sample of visible spectra for 80 objects. The survey allows us to investigate six families (Aneas, Anchises, Misenus, Phereclos, Sarpedon, Panthoos) in the L5 cloud and four L4 families (Eurybates, Menelaus, 1986 WD and 1986 TS6). The sample that we measured is dominated by D--type asteroids, with the exception of the Eurybates family in the L4 swarm, where there is a dominance of C- and P-type asteroids. All the spectra that we obtained are featureless with the exception of some Eurybates members, where a drop--off of the reflectance is detected shortward of 5200 A. Similar features are seen in main belt C-type asteroids and commonly attributed to the intervalence charge transfer transition in oxidized iron. Our sample comprises fainter and smaller Trojans as compared to the literature's data and allows us to investigate the properties of objects with estimated diameter smaller than 40--50 km. The analysis of the spectral slopes and colors versus the estimated diameters shows that the blue and red objects have indistinguishable size distribution. We perform a statistical investigation of the Trojans's spectra property distributions as a function of their orbital and physical parameters, and in comparison with other classes of minor bodies in the outer Solar System. Trojans at lower inclination appear significantly bluer than those at higher inclination, but this effect is strongly driven by the Eurybates family.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 404, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00092", "text": "chronic hemodialysis patients frequently require vascular access through central venous catheters ( cvcs ) . the most significant complication of these catheters is infection . this risk can be lowered by the use of an antibiotic - heparin lock . this study focuses on hemodialysis patients using tunneled - cuffed catheters ( tcc ) , to assess the rate of catheter - related infections ( cri ) in catheter - restricted filling with cefotaxime and heparin in end stage renal disease patients.methods:a double - blind randomized study was conducted to compare 5000 u / ml heparin plus10 mg / ml cefotaxime ( ce / hs ) as catheter - lock solutions , with heparin ( 5000 u / ml ) alone . a total of 30 patients with end - stage renal disease and different etiologies , were enrolled for chronic hemodialysis with permanent catheters from december 2009 to march 2010 . these patients were randomly assigned to two groups of 15 members . blood samples were collected for culture , sensitivity , and colony count , from the catheter lumen and the peripheral vein . cri was considered as the end point.results:the rate of cri was significantly lower in the cefotaxime group versus control group ( p < 0.001 ) . no exit site infection was occurred in both groups . infection - free survival rates at 180 days were 100% for the ce / hs group , and 56% for the hs group.conclusions:antibiotic lock therapy using cefotaxime reduces the risk of cri in hemodialysis patients .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 339, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00093", "text": "The Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO) is one of a new generation of detectors of gravitational radiation. The existence of gravitational radiation was first predicted by Einstein in 1916, however gravitational waves have not yet been directly observed. One source of gravitation radiation is binary inspiral. Two compact bodies orbiting each other, such as a pair of black holes, lose energy to gravitational radiation. As the system loses energy the bodies spiral towards each other. This causes their orbital speed and the amount of gravitational radiation to increase, producing a characteristic ``chirp'' waveform in the LIGO sensitive band. In this thesis, matched filtering of LIGO science data is used to search for low mass binary systems in the halo of dark matter surrounding the Milky Way. Observations of gravitational microlensing events of stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud suggest that some fraction of the dark matter in the halo may be in the form of Massive Astrophysical Compact Halo Objects (MACHOs). It has been proposed that low mass black holes formed in the early universe may be a component of the MACHO population; some fraction of these black hole MACHOs will be in binary systems and detectable by LIGO. The inspiral from a MACHO binary composed of two 0.5 solar mass black holes enters the LIGO sensitive band around 40 Hz. The chirp signal increases in amplitude and frequency, sweeping through the sensitive band to 4400 Hz in 140 seconds. By using evidence from microlensing events and theoretical predictions of the population an upper limit is placed on the rate of black hole MACHO inspirals in the galactic halo.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 340, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00094", "text": "S255N is a luminous far-infrared source that contains many indications of active star formation but lacks a prominent near-infrared stellar cluster. We present mid-infrared through radio observations aimed at exploring the evolutionary state of this region. Our observations include 1.3mm continuum and spectral line data from the Submillimeter Array, VLA 3.6cm continuum and 1.3cm water maser data, and multicolor IRAC images from the Spitzer Space Telescope. The cometary morphology of the previously-known UCHII region G192.584-0.041 is clearly revealed in our sensitive, multi-configuration 3.6cm images. The 1.3mm continuum emission has been resolved into three compact cores, all of which are dominated by dust emission and have radii < 7000AU. The mass estimates for these cores range from 6 to 35 Msun. The centroid of the brightest dust core (SMA1) is offset by 1.1'' (2800 AU) from the peak of the cometary UCHII region and exhibits the strongest HC3N, CN, and DCN line emission in the region. SMA1 also exhibits compact CH3OH, SiO, and H2CO emission and likely contains a young hot core. We find spatial and kinematic evidence that SMA1 may contain further multiplicity, with one of the components coincident with a newly-detected H2O maser. There are no mid-infrared point source counterparts to any of the dust cores, further suggesting an early evolutionary phase for these objects. The dominant mid-infrared emission is a diffuse, broadband component that traces the surface of the cometary UCHII region but is obscured by foreground material on its southern edge. An additional 4.5 micron linear feature emanating to the northeast of SMA1 is aligned with a cluster of methanol masers and likely traces a outflow from a protostar within SMA1. Our observations provide direct evidence that S255N is forming a cluster of intermediate to high-mass stars.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 424, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00095", "text": "We first present chemodynamical simulations to investigate how stellar winds of massive stars influence early dynamical and chemical evolution of forming globular clusters (GCs). In our numerical models, GCs form in turbulent,high-density giant molecular clouds (GMCs), which are embedded in a massive dark matter halo at high redshifts. We show how high-density, compact stellar systems are formed from GMCs influenced both by physical processes associated with star formation and by tidal fields of their host halos. We also show that chemical pollution of GC-forming GMCs by stellar winds from massive stars can result in star-to-star abundance inhomogeneities among light elements (e.g., C, N, and O) of stars in GCs. The present model with a canonical initial mass function (IMF) also shows a C-N anticorrelation that stars with smaller [C/Fe] have larger [N/Fe] in a GC. Although these results imply that ``self-pollution'' of GC-forming GMCs by stellar winds from massive stars can cause abundance inhomogeneities of GCs, the present models with different parameters and canonical IMFs can not show N-rich stars with [N/Fe] ~ 0.8 observed in some GCs (e.g., NGC 6752). We discuss this apparent failure in the context of massive star formation preceding low-mass one within GC-forming GMCs (``bimodal star formation scenario''). We also show that although almost all stars (~97%) show normal He abundances (Y) of ~0.24 some stars later formed in GMCs can have Y as high as ~0.3 in some models. The number fraction of He-rich stars with Y >0.26 is however found to be small (~10^-3) for most models.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 371, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00096", "text": "We studied response of the Josephson vortex lattice in layered superconductors to the high-frequency c-axis electric field. We found a simple relation connecting the dynamic dielectric constant with the perturbation of the superconducting phase, induced by oscillating electric field. Numerically solving equations for the oscillating phases, we computed the frequency dependences of the loss function at different magnetic fields, including regions of both dilute and dense Josephson vortex lattices. The overall behavior is mainly determined by the c-axis and in-plane dissipation parameters, which is inversely proportional to the anisotropy. The cases of weak and strong dissipation are realized in $\\mathrm{Bi_{2}Sr_{2}CaCu_{2}O_{x}}$ and underdoped $\\mathrm{YBa_{2}Cu_{3} O_{x}}$ correspondingly. The main feature of the response is the Josephson-plasma-resonance peak. In the weak-dissipation case additional satellites appear in the dilute regime mostly in the higher-frequency region due to excitation of the plasma modes with the wave vectors set by the lattice structure. In the dense-lattice limit the plasma peak moves to higher frequency and its intensity rapidly decreases, in agreement with experiment and analytical theory. Behavior of the loss function at low frequencies is well described by the phenomenological theory of vortex oscillations. In the case of very strong in-plane dissipation an additional peak in the loss function appears below the plasma frequency. Such peak has been observed experimentally in underdoped $\\mathrm{YBa_{2}Cu_{3} O_{x}}$. It is caused by frequency dependence of in-plane contribution to losses rather then a definite mode of phase oscillations.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 354, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00097", "text": "342, 348, 349, 64 S.Ct. 582, 586, 88 L.Ed. 788. 'They are by definition arbitrary, and their operation does not discriminate between the just and the unjust claim, or the voidable (avoidable) and unavoidable delay. They have come into the law not through the judicial process but through legislation.' Chase Securities Corp. v. Donaldson, 325 U.S. 304, 314, 65 S.Ct. 1137, 1142, 89 L.Ed. 1628. 8 As statutes of limitation are applied in the field of taxation, the taxpayer sometimes gets advantages and at other times the Government gets them. Both hardships to the taxpayers and losses to the revenues may be pointed out.3 They tempt the equity-minded judge to seek for ways of relief if individual cases. 9 But if we should approve a doctrine of recoupment of the breadth here applied we would seriously undermine the statute of limitations in tax matters. In many, if not most, cases of asserted deficiency the items which occasion it relate to past years closed by statute, at least as closely as does the item involved here. Cf. Hall v. United States, 95 Ct.Cl. 539, 43 F.Supp. 130. The same is true of items which form the basis of refund claims. Every assessment of deficiency and each claim for refund would invite a search of the taxpayer's entire tax history for items to recoup. This cas provides evidence of the extent to which this would go. When this suit was brought in 1943, the claim pleaded as a recoupment was for taxes collected over twenty years before and for over sixteen years barred by the statute. That claims dead so long can be resurrected under this doctrine, is enough to show its menace to the statute of limitations—at least as to those taxpayers whose affairs by accident or design take such shape that they can avail themselves of recoupment remedies. Moreover, we have held that the Tax Court has no jurisdiction to consider recoupment. Gooch Milling and Elevator Co. v. Commissioner, 320 U.S. 418, 64 S.Ct. 184, 88 L.Ed. 139. Hence, the availability of the remedy would depend on diverting the litigation to the district courts. 10 We cannot approve such encroachments on the policy of the statute out of consideration for", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00098", "text": "comparison of the rates of posterior capsule rupture ( pcr ) associated with conventional versus a reverse method of teaching phacoemulsification.methods:trainees were taught conventional ( start - to - finish ) phacoemulsification beginning with an incision ( tunnel construction ) to capsulorhexis , sculpting , nucleus cracking , segment removal , cortex aspiration , intraocular lens implantation , and viscoelastic removal . in the reverse method , after incision and capsulorhexis , the trainees were progressively taught viscoelastic wash , cortex aspiration , segment removal , nucleus cracking , sculpting , and intraocular lens implantation . trainees from a tertiary eye care centre were classified as beginners , for their first 30 cases and then trainees for their next 70 surgeries . data were collected on posterior capsular rent and vitreous loss during each step of training.results:thirty-two ophthalmic surgeons learning phacoemulsification surgery on 609 cataracts cases were supervised by 3 trainers . fifteen beginners performed 287 surgeries using the conventional method , and 17 beginners performed 322 surgeries with the reverse method . the incidence of pcr was 18/287 ( 6.2% ) with the conventional method and 15/322 ( 4.6% ) with the reverse method ( p = 0.38 ) . pcr occurred during cortex aspiration ( 8/287 , 2.8% ) and segment removal ( 5/287 , 1.7% ) in the conventional method . pcr occurred during nucleus cracking , segment removal , and cortex aspiration ( 4/322 surgeries for each step , 1.2% ) . in the follow , 70 cases ( trainees ) there was no difference in pcr with either method ( 4.7% vs. 4.3% , p = 0.705).conclusion : conventional and reverse method for training phacoemulsification were both safe in a supervised setting .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 412, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00099", "text": "We analyze several possibilities for precisely measuring electronic transitions in atomic helium by the direct use of phase-stabilized femtosecond frequency combs. Because the comb is self-calibrating and can be shifted into the ultraviolet spectral region via harmonic generation, it offers the prospect of greatly improved accuracy for UV and far-UV transitions. To take advantage of this accuracy an ultracold helium sample is needed. For measurements of the triplet spectrum a magneto-optical trap (MOT) can be used to cool and trap metastable 2^3S state atoms. We analyze schemes for measuring the two-photon $2^3S \\to 4^3S$ interval, and for resonant two-photon excitation to high Rydberg states, $2^3S \\to 3^3P \\to n^3S,D$. We also analyze experiments on the singlet-state spectrum. To accomplish this we propose schemes for producing and trapping ultracold helium in the 1^1S or 2^1S state via intercombination transitions. A particularly intriguing scenario is the possibility of measuring the $1^1S \\to 2^1S$ transition with extremely high accuracy by use of two-photon excitation in a magic wavelength trap that operates identically for both states. We predict a ``triple magic wavelength'' at 412 nm that could facilitate numerous experiments on trapped helium atoms, because here the polarizabilities of the 1^1S, 2^1S and 2^3S states are all similar, small, and positive.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 326, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00100", "text": "We present a purely theoretical study of the morphological evolution of self-gravitating systems formed through the dissipationless collapse of N-point sources. We explore the effects of resolution in mass and length on the growth of triaxial structures formed by an instability triggered by an excess of radial orbits. We point out that as resolution increases, the equilibria shift, from mildly prolate, to oblate. A number of particles N ~= 100000 or larger is required for convergence of axial aspect ratios. An upper bound for the softening, e ~ 1/256, is also identified. We then study the properties of a set of equilibria formed from scale-free cold initial mass distributions, ro ~ r^-g with 0 <= g <= 2. Oblateness is enhanced for initially more peaked structures (larger values of g). We map the run of density in space and find no evidence for a power-law inner structure when g <= 3/2 down to a mass fraction <~0.1 per cent of the total. However, when 3/2 < g <= 2, the mass profile in equilibrium is well matched by a power law of index ~g out to a mass fraction ~ 10 per cent. We interpret this in terms of less-effective violent relaxation for more peaked profiles when more phase mixing takes place at the centre. We map out the velocity field of the equilibria and note that at small radii the velocity coarse-grained distribution function (DF) is Maxwellian to a very good approximation.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 315, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00101", "text": "If the supermassive black hole (SMBH) at the center of our Galaxy grew adiabatically, then a dense \"spike\" of dark matter is expected to have formed around it. Assuming that dark matter is composed primarily of weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs), a star orbiting close enough to the SMBH can capture WIMPs at an extremely high rate. The stellar luminosity due to annihilation of captured WIMPs in the stellar core may be comparable to or even exceed the luminosity of the star due to thermonuclear burning. The model thus predicts the existence of unusual stars, i.e. \"WIMP burners\", in the vicinity of an adiabatically grown SMBH. We find that the most efficient WIMP burners are stars with degenerate electron cores, e.g. white dwarfs (WD) or degenerate cores with envelopes. If found, such stars would provide evidence for the existence of particle dark matter and could possibly be used to establish its density profile. In our previous paper we computed the luminosity from WIMP burning for a range of dark matter spike density profiles, degenerate core masses, and distances from the SMBH. Here we compare our results with the observed stars closest to the Galactic center and find that they could be consistent with WIMP burners in the form of degenerate cores with envelopes. We also cross-check the WIMP burner hypothesis with the EGRET observed flux of gamma-rays from the Galactic center, which imposes a constraint on the dark matter spike density profile and annihilation cross-section. We find that the EGRET data is consistent with the WIMP burner hypothesis. New high precision measurements by GLAST will confirm or set stringent limits on a dark matter spike at the Galactic center, which will in turn support or set stringent limits on the existence of WIMP burners at the Galactic center.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 382, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00102", "text": "Motivated by recent inelastic neutron scattering (INS) experiments on La-based cuprates and based on the fermiology theories, we study the spin susceptibility for La-based (e.g., La$_{2-x}$Sr$_x$CuO$_4$) and Y-based (e.g., YBa$_2$Cu$_3$O$_y$) cuprates, respectively. The spin excitation in YBa$_2$Cu$_3$O$_y$ is dominated by a sharp resonance peak at the frequency 40 meV in the superconducting state. Below and above the resonance frequency, the incommensurate (IC) peaks develop and the intensity of the peaks decreases dramatically. In the normal state, the resonant excitation does not occur and the IC peaks are merged into commensurate ones. The spin excitation of La$_{2-x}$Sr$_x$CuO$_4$ is significantly different from that of Y-based ones, namely, the resonance peak does not exist due to the decreasing of the superconducting gap and the presence of the possible spin-stripe order. The spectra are only enhanced at the expected resonance frequency (about 18 meV) while it is still incommensurate. On the other hand, another frequency scale at the frequency 55 meV is also revealed, namely the spectra are commensurate and local maximum at this frequency. We elaborate all the results based on the Fermi surface topology and the d-wave superconductivity, and suggest that the spin-stripe order be also important in determining the spin excitation of La-based cuprates. A coherent picture for the spin excitations is presented for Y-based and La-based cuprates.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 349, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00103", "text": "introductionthe long - term use of immunosuppressive agents for prevention of allograft rejection increases the risk of malignancy approximately 100 times as high as that in the general population and kaposi 's sarcoma ( ks ) is a relatively common malignancy after kidney transplantation . the aim of present study was to investigate the frequency of ks in patients with kidney transplantation in 20 years period.material and methodsin this study charts and pathology reports of 1487 recipients for kidney allografts treated at imam reza hospital between 1991 and 2012 were reviewed . the spss software package version 16 ( spss inc . , chicago , illinois , usa ) was used for the statistical analysis.resultsthere were 17 of 1487 incident cases of ks kidney transplant population at our hospital in period of study . there is no significant difference between age and gender of patients . the mean time between transplantation and non - ks malignant tumors was 34.4 21.8 months ( range 12140 months ) , while in ks patients it was 18.7 25.2 months , which was statistically significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) . after detection of ks in 12 patients , we perform serum antibody detection against hhv . among them , 8 ( 66.6% ) were seropositive.conclusionks is a common long - term complication in renal transplant recipients , with an increased incidence compared with the general population . given that candidates for organ transplantation who are seropositive for hhv-8 -and thus at risk for ks- can now be identified , chemoprevention should be available in this high - risk population .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 347, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00104", "text": "Dim radio-quiet neutron star (DRQNS) 1E 1207.4-5209 is one of the most heavily examined isolated neutron stars. Wide absorption lines were observed in its spectrum obtained by both XMM-Newton and Chandra X-ray satellites. These absorption lines can be interpreted as a principal frequency centered at 0.7 keV and its harmonics at 1.4, 2.1 and possibly 2.8 keV. The principal line can be formed by resonant proton cyclotron scattering leading to a magnetic field which is two orders of magnitude larger than the perpendicular component of the surface dipole magnetic field (B) found from the rotation period (P) and the time rate of change in the rotation period (\\.{P}) of 1E 1207.4-5209. Besides, age of the supernova remnant (SNR) G296.5+10.0 which is physically connected to 1E 1207.4-5209 is two orders of magnitude smaller than the characteristic age ($\\tau$=P/2\\.{P}) of the neutron star. These huge differences between the magnetic field values and the ages can be explained based on a B-decay model. If the decay is assumed to be exponential, the characteristic decay time turns out to be several thousand years which is three orders of magnitude smaller than the characteristic decay time of radio pulsars represented in an earlier work. The lack of detection of radio emission from DRQNSs and the lack of point sources and pulsar wind nebulae in most of the observed SNRs can also be partly explained by such a very rapid exponential decay. The large difference between the characteristic decay times of DRQNSs and radio pulsars must be related to the differences in the magnetic fields, equation of states and masses of these isolated neutron stars.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 383, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00105", "text": "cture petitioner lacked the aid and guidance of such a person. In my view, it is a gross miscarriage of justice to condemn a man to death or to life imprisonment in such a manner. See Powell v. State of Alabama, 287 U.S. 45, 53 S.Ct. 55, 77 L.Ed. 158, 84 A.L.R. 527; Williams v. Kaiser, 323 U.S. 471, 65 S.Ct. 363, 89 L.Ed. 398; Rice v. Olson, 324 U.S. 786, 65 S.Ct. 989, 89 L.Ed. 1367. 29 It is said, of course, that petitioner waived his right to counsel. My answer is that such action is immaterial in a capital case of this nature without affirmative evidence of an intelligent waiver. Such evidence is non-existent here, even looking solely at the common law record. Its absence becomes even more emphasized when we view the background of ignorance, racial antagonism and threats of mob violence. When the life of a man hangs in the balance, we should insist upon the fullest measure of due process. Society is here attempting to take away the life or liberty of one of its members. That attempt must be tested by the highest standards of justice and fairness that we know. It is no excuse that the individual is willing to forego certain basic rights unless we are certain that he has a full and intelligent comprehension of what he is doing. Otherwise we take from due process of law a substantial part of its content. 30 Nor is it significant that counsel was appointed for petitioner to represent him at the hearing as to the mitigation of the offense. The error was done, the damage was committed, when petitioner was arraigned, compelled to plead and convicted without the assistance of counsel. The special hearing on mitigation held thereafter, for which counsel was provided, afforded no opportunity for undoing the effect of the unaided arraignment or plea of guilty. Cf. Canizio v. People of State of New York, 327 U.S. 82, 66 S.Ct. 452. The failure to have counsel in regard to those matters permeated the entire proceeding, with indelible effects that could not be removed at the special hearing. Due process of law still was lacking. 31 Insistence upon counsel at all stages of a capital case, where an intelligent waiver is lacking", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00106", "text": "We illustrate through example 1 and 2 that the condition at theorem 1 in [8] dissatisfies necessity, and the converse proposition of fact 1.1 in [8] does not hold, namely the condition Z/M - L/Ak < 1/(2 Ak^2) is not sufficient for f(i) + f(j) = f(k). Illuminate through an analysis and ex.3 that there is a logic error during deduction of fact 1.2, which causes each of fact 1.2, 1.3, 4 to be invalid. Demonstrate through ex.4 and 5 that each or the combination of qu+1 > qu * D at fact 4 and table 1 at fact 2.2 is not sufficient for f(i) + f(j) = f(k), property 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 each are invalid, and alg.1 based on fact 4 and alg.2 based on table 1 are disordered and wrong logically. Further, manifest through a repeated experiment and ex.5 that the data at table 2 is falsified, and the example in [8] is woven elaborately. We explain why Cx = Ax * W^f(x) (% M) is changed to Cx = (Ax * W^f(x))^d (% M) in REESSE1+ v2.1. To the signature fraud, we point out that [8] misunderstands the existence of T^-1 and Q^-1 % (M-1), and forging of Q can be easily avoided through moving H. Therefore, the conclusion of [8] that REESSE1+ is not secure at all (which connotes that [8] can extract a related private key from any public key in REESSE1+) is fully incorrect, and as long as the parameter Omega is fitly selected, REESSE1+ with Cx = Ax * W^f(x) (% M) is secure.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 417, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00107", "text": "context : surgical instruments and materials continue to be retained in the peritoneal cavity despite precautionary measures . even though uncommon it is also under - reported and carries serious medico - legal consequences . gauzes and sponges ( gossypiboma ) are the most commonly retained materials and intra - abdominal retained artery forceps are much rarer but when they do occur lead to chronic abdominal pain and can be a rare cause of intestinal obstruction or strangulation with significant morbidity and mortality.case report : we present a case of intraabdominal retained artery forceps in a 70-years - old lady who underwent laparotomy with splenectomy for a large spleen in a peripheral hospital . upon discharge she continued to complain of intermittent abdominal pain of increasing severity . 12 months later she presented to us with an acute ( surgical ) abdomen requiring another laparotomy . at laparotomy she had strangulated / gangrenous lower jejunual and upper ileal bowel loops , the small bowel mesentery of this area being tightly trapped between the jaws of the retained artery forceps . she had gut resection and enteroanastomosis . unfortunately she died from continuing sepsis on the second post - operative day.conclusion:retained instruments in intra - abdominal surgery can cause serious complication and should be treated surgically . high index of suspicion and appropriate investigations like plain abdominal x - ray , abdominal ultrasound and ct and mri scans should be instituted in patients who develop chronic abdominal symptoms following laparotomy . preventive measures against retained instruments must follow strict laid down protocols for surgical instruments handling in theatre .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 327, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00108", "text": "to quantify the frequency of visual loss after successful retinal detachment ( rd ) surgery in macula - on patients in a multicentric , prospective series of rd . methods . clinical variables from consecutive macula - on rd patients were collected in a prospective multicentric study . visual loss was defined as at least a reduction in one line in best corrected visual acuity ( va ) with snellen chart . the series were divided into 4 subgroups : ( 1 ) all macula - on eyes ( n = 357 ) ; ( 2 ) macula - on patients with visual loss at the third month of follow - up ( n = 53 ) which were further subdivided in ( 3 ) phakic eyes ( n = 39 ) ; and ( 4 ) pseudophakic eyes ( n = 14 ) . results . fifty - three eyes ( 14.9% ) had visual loss three months after surgery ( n = 39 phakic eyes ; n = 14 pseudophakic eyes ) . there were no statistically significant differences between them regarding their clinical characteristics . pars plana vitrectomy ( ppv ) was used in 67.2% of cases , scleral buckle in 57.7% , and scleral explant in 11.9% ( 36.1% were combined procedures ) . conclusions . around 15% of macula - on rd eyes lose va after successful surgery . development of cataracts may be one cause in phakic eyes , but vision loss in pseudophakic eyes could have other explanations such as the effect of released factors produced by retinal ischemia on the macula area . further investigations are necessary to elucidate this hypothesis .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 355, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00109", "text": "Because of its proximity the Virgo Cluster is an excellent target for studying interactions of galaxies with the cluster environment. Both the high-velocity tidal interactions and effects of ram pressure stripping by the intracluster gas can be investigated. Optical and/or \\ion{H}{i} observations do not always show effects of weak interactions between galaxies and their encounters with the cluster medium. For this reason we searched for possible anomalies in the magnetic field structure in Virgo Cluster spirals which could be attributed to perturbations in their gas distribution and kinematics. Five angularly large Virgo Cluster spiral galaxies (NGC 4501, NGC 4438, NGC 4535, NGC 4548 and NGC 4654) were the targets for a sensitive total power and polarization study using the 100-m radio telescope in Effelsberg at 4.85 GHz. For two objects polarization data at higher frequencies have been obtained allowing Faraday rotation analysis. Distorted magnetic field structures were identified in all galaxies. Interaction-induced magnetized outflows were found in NGC 4438 (due to nuclear activity) and NGC 4654 (a combination of tidal tails and ram pressure effects). Almost all objects (except the anaemic NGC 4548) exhibit distortions in polarized radio continuum attributable to influence of the ambient gas. For some galaxies they agree with observations of other species, but sometimes (NGC 4535) the magnetic field is the only tracer of the interaction with the cluster environment. The cluster environment clearly affects the evolution of the galaxies due to ram pressure and tidal effects. Magnetic fields provide a very long-lasting memory of past interactions. Therefore, they are a good tracer of weak interactions which are difficult to detect by other observations.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 347, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00110", "text": "An integral PBW-basis of type $A_1^{(1)}$ has been constructed by Zhang [Z] and Chen [C] using the Auslander-Reiten quiver of the Kronecker quiver. We associate a geometric order to elements in this basis following an idea of Lusztig [L1] in the case of finite type. This leads to an algebraic realization of a bar-invariant basis of $\\uq2$. For any affine symmetric type, we obtain an integral PBW-basis of the generic composition algebra, by using an algebraic construction of the integral basis for a tube in [DDX], an embedding of the module category of the Kronecker quiver into the module category of the tame quiver, and a list of the root vectors of indecomposable modules according to the preprojective, regular, and preinjective components of the Auslander-Reiten quiver of the tame quiver. When the basis elements are ordered to be compatible with the geometric order given by the dimensions of the orbit varieties and the extension varieties, we can show that the transition matrix between the PBW-basis and a monomial basis is triangular with diagonal entries equal to 1. Therefore we obtain a bar-invariant basis. By a orthogonalization for the PBW-basis with the inner product, we finally give an algebraic way to realize the canonical bases of the quantized enveloping algebras of all symmetric affine Kac-Moody Lie algebras.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 308, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00111", "text": "thereon except a public library building. This site was part of a four acre public park and the improvements to be condemned included a building used as the county courthouse and city hall, a memorial fountain, a small memorial monument and a portion of a bandstand. The library building apparently was to be removed by its owners on 30 days' notice from the United States. 3 The petition included as parties defendant the City and County, numerous officials and all known and unknown heirs or others who might claim an interest in this site especially through those who conveyed it, in trust, in 1807 to the Commissioners of the District or, in trust, in 1820 to the inhabitants of the Town of Cape Girardeau. Respondent was the only defendant to file an answer. Finding that she had no interest permitting her to maintain the defenses she asserted, the District Court entered a preliminary decree in favor of the United States. On respondent's appeal the Circuit Court of Appeals remanded the cause for further proceedings consistent with its opinion holding that the respondent had a special interest entitling her to object to the property being taken for a purpose destructive of the public use to which it had been dedicated by her ancestors. Carmack v. United States, 8 Cir., 135 F.2d 196. 4 In 1944, on retrial before a different judge, the District Court recognized the respondent as entitled to contest the condemnation and, at the direction of the Circuit Court of Appeals, heard evidence as to whether or not the officials of the United States acted capriciously and arbitrarily in selecting this site. It held that 'the selection of the site described in the petition, under all the facts re erred to, amounts in law to an arbitrary and unnecessary act' and dismissed the petition. United States v. Certain Land Situate in City of Cape Girardeau, Mo., D.C., 55 F.Supp. 555, 564. The Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the judgment on the ground that the Federal Works Administrator and the Postmaster General did not have sufficient statutory authority 'to take the particular land sought to be condemned.' It then expressly found it unnecessary to consider whether or not the federal officials had acted 'capriciously or arbitrarily.' United States v. Carmack, 151 F.2d 881, 882. Because of the importance of the construction of the statutes authorizing the condemnation of land for federal uses, we granted cert", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00112", "text": "to investigate the anti - ulcerogenic properties of the chloroform extract of flemingia strobilifera root in rats.methods:anti-ulcer effect was evaluated by water immersion induced ulcer in rats . other anti - ulcer related activities of the extract such as the effects on free radicals and antimicrobial activity were also evaluated.results:chloroform extract of flemingia strobilifera root was found to be safe up to 300 mg / kg body weight when administrated orally in female wistar rats . water immersion stress produced characteristic lesions in the glandular portion of the rat stomach . pretreatment with chloroform extract of flemingia strobilifera root reduced the characteristic lesions in a dose dependent manner ( p<0.001 ) when compared with the control . pretreatment with chloroform extract of flemingia strobilifera root at a dose of 15 and 30 mg / kg body wt . increased the gastric mucosal glutathione level , total protein content significantly ( p<0.001 ) as compared to control group . whereas there is significant ( p<0.05 , p<0.001 ) reduction in gastric mucosal malonaldehyde levels when compared to control . free radical scavenging activity of chloroform extract of flemingia strobilifera root was observed in the concentration range tested , the ic50 value was calculated . antimicrobial activity of the chloroform extract of flemingia strobilifera root exhibited activity against both gram positive and negative bacteria at concentration of 10 mg / ml.conclusion : the root extract of flemingia strobilifera possess antiulcerogenic properties could justify folklore uses of the plant in peptic ulcer diseases .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 365, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00113", "text": "Context:A significant fraction of progenitors for long gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are believed to be massive stars. The investigation of long GRBs therefore requires modeling the propagation of ultra-relativistic blastwaves through the circumburst medium surrounding massive stars. We simulate the expansion of an isotropic, adiabatic relativistic fireball into the wind-shaped medium around a massive GRB progenitor. The circumburst medium is composed of a realistically stratified stellar wind zone up to its termination shock, followed by a region of shocked wind characterized by a constant density. Aims: We followed the evolution of the blastwave through all its stages, including the extremely rapid acceleration up to a Lorentz factor 75 flow, its deceleration by interaction with stellar wind, its passage of the wind termination shock, until its propagation through shocked wind. Methods: We used the adaptive mesh refinement versatile advection code to follow the evolution of the fireball. Results: We show that the acceleration from purely thermal to ultra-relativistic kinetic regimes is abrupt and produces an internally structured blastwave. We resolved the structure of this ultra-relativistic shell in all stages, thanks to the adaptive mesh. We comment on the dynamical roles played by forward and reverse shock pairs in the phase of interaction with the free stellar wind and clearly identify the complex shock-dominated structure created when the shell crosses the terminal shock. Conclusion: We show that in our model where the terminal shock is taken relatively close to the massive star, the phase of self-similar deceleration of Blandford-McKee type can only be produced in the constant density, shocked wind zone.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 334, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00114", "text": "affords no defense in a prosecution for bigamy. Reynolds v. United States, supra. Whether an act is immoral within the meaning of the statute is not to be determined by the accused's concepts of morality. Congress has provided the standard. The offense is complete if the accused intended to perform, and did in fact perform, the act which the statute condemns, viz., the transportation of a woman for the purpose of making her his plural wife or cohabiting with her as such. 11 We have considered the remaining objections raised and find them without merit. 12 Affirmed. 13 Mr. Justice BLACK and Mr. Justice JACKSON think that the cases should be reversed. They are of opinion that affirmance requires extension of the rule announced in the Caminetti case and that the correctness of that rule is so dubious that it should at least be restricted to its particular facts. 14 Mr. Justice RUTLEDGE, concurring. 15 I concur in the result. Differences have been urged in petitioners' behalf between these cases and Caminetti v. United States, 242 U.S. 470, 37 S.Ct. 192, 61 L.Ed. 442, L.R.A.1917F, 502, Ann.Cas.1917B, 1168.1 Notwithstanding them, in my opinion it would be impossible rationally to reverse the convictions, at the same time adhering to Caminetti and later decisions perpetuating its ruling.2 16 It is also suggested, though not strongly urged, that Caminetti was wrongly decided and should be overruled. Much may be said for this view. In my opini n that case and subsequent ones following it extended the Mann Act's coverage beyond the congressional intent and purpose, as the dissenting opinion of Mr. Justice McKenna convincingly demonstrated. 242 U.S. at page 496, 37 S.Ct. at page 198.3 Moreover as I also think, this legislation and the problems presented by the cases arising under it are of such a character as does not allow this Court properly to shift to Congress the responsibility for perpetuating the Court's error. 17 Notwithstanding recent tendency, the idea cannot always be accepted that Congress, by remaining silent and taking no affirmative action in repudiation, gives approval to judicial misconstruction of its enactments. See Girouard v. United States, 328 U.S", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00115", "text": "We present a study of the distribution of AGN in clusters of galaxies with a uniformly selected, spectroscopically complete sample of 35 AGN in eight clusters at z = 0.06 to 0.31. We find that the 12 AGN with L_X > 10^42 erg/s in galaxies more luminous than a rest-frame M_R < -20 mag are more centrally concentrated than typical cluster galaxies of this luminosity, although these AGN have comparable velocity and substructure distributions to other cluster members. In contrast, a larger sample of 30 cluster AGN with L_X > 10^41 erg/s do not show evidence for greater concentration than inactive members, nor evidence for a different kinematic or substructure distribution. As we do see clear differences in the spatial and kinematic distributions of the blue Butcher-Oemler and red galaxy populations, any difference in the AGN and inactive galaxy population must be less distinct than that between these two pairs of populations. Comparison of the AGN fraction selected via X-ray emission in this study to similarly-selected AGN in the field indicates that the AGN fraction is not significantly lower in clusters, contrary to AGN identified via visible-wavelength emission lines, but similar to the approximately constant radio-selected AGN fraction in clusters and the field. We also find significant evidence for variation between clusters and explore the dependence of cluster AGN fraction on redshift, velocity dispersion, cluster substructure, and Butcher-Oemler fraction. While we see weak evidence for several trends, correlations between these four parameters in our small sample precludes identification of which one(s) most strongly influence the cluster AGN fraction.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 338, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00116", "text": "objectivebilateral c1 lateral mass and c2 pedicle screw fixation ( c1lm - c2p ) is an ideal technique for correcting atlantoaxial instability ( aai ) . however , the inevitable situation of vertebral artery injury or unfavorable bone structure may necessitate the use of unilateral c1lm - c2p . this study compares the fusion rates of the c1 lateral mass and c2 pedicle screw in the unilateral and bilateral methods.methodsover five years , c1lm - c2p was performed in 25 patients with aai in our institute . preoperative studies including cervical x - ray , three - dimensional computed tomography ( ct ) , ct angiogram , and magnetic resonance imaging were performed . to evaluate bony fusion , measurements of the atlanto - dental interval ( adi ) and ct scans were performed in the preoperative period , immediate postoperative period , and postoperatively at 1 , 3 , 6 , and 12 months.resultsunilateral c1lm - c2p was performed in 11 patients ( 44% ) . the need to perform unilateral c1lm - c2p was due to anomalous course of the vertebral artery in eight patients ( 73% ) and severe degenerative arthritis in three patients ( 27% ) . the mean adi in the bilateral group was 2.09 mm in the immediate postoperative period and 1.75 mm in 12-months postoperatively . the mean adi in the unilateral group was 1.82 mm in the immediate postoperative period and 1.91 mm in 12-months postoperatively . comparison of adi measurements showed no significant differences in either group ( p=0.893 ) , and the fusion rate was 100% in both groups.conclusionalthough bilateral c1lm - c2p is effective for aai from a biomechanical perspective , unilateral screw fixation is a useful alternative in patients with anatomical variations .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 405, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00117", "text": "covered by the patent and license; that Timken was indebted to Alma for royalties thereon; and that other types (generally those denominated T—79), were outside the patent and license. The court indicated that unless the parties could agree on the amount of the royalties so held to be payable, a special master would be appointed to determine the amount. 6 Shortly before this judgment was entered, Congress enacted the Royalty Adjustment Act, which Alma seeks to attack here. The primary purpose of this Act was to reduce royalties for which the United States was ultimately liable on inventions manufactured for it by a licensee, from pre-war rates to rates appropriate to the volume of production in war-time. Whenever during the war a government contractor manufactured under a license, and the royalties seemed excessive to the head of the department concerned, the latter was empowered to stop payments by notice to the licensor and licensee, and after a hearing, to fix by order 'fair and just' royalties, 'taking into account the conditions of wartime production.'3 Thereafter, the licensor could collect royalties from the licensee only at the rate so determined. If the licensor felt that the reduction was unfair, his remedy was by suit against the United States in the Court of Claims, where he could recover 'fair and just compensation * * * taking into account the conditions of wartime production.'4 Whatever reduction was effected by the order was to inure to the benefit of the United States. 7 The notice, stopping payment of royalties from Timken to Alma, was issued by the War Department December 30, 1942. Royalty Adjustment Order No. W—3 followed on July 28, 1943, fixing a 'fair and just' royalty at zero. The basis of this determination was the alleged invalidity of Alma's patent, which the United States claims that the Act permits it to assert.5 8 In the meantime, Alma had taken an appeal from Paragraph 5 of the judgment of the District Court, which held that the T—79 transfer cases were outside the patent. Timken did not appeal. After the Order was promulgated, Timken moved to dismiss the appeal and remand to the District Court with directions to vacate its judgment. The motion was predicated on an affidavit that Timken had manufactured transfer cases for the United States alone, together with the argument that the operation of the Act and Order transferred jurisdiction of the subject matter of the entire case to the Court", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00118", "text": "We compute solutions of the Lagrangian-Averaged Navier-Stokes alpha-model (LANS) for significantly higher Reynolds numbers (up to Re 8300) than have previously been accomplished. This allows sufficient separation of scales to observe a Navier-Stokes (NS) inertial range followed by a 2nd LANS inertial range. The analysis of the third-order structure function scaling supports the predicted l^3 scaling; it corresponds to a k^(-1) scaling of the energy spectrum. The energy spectrum itself shows a different scaling which goes as k^1. This latter spectrum is consistent with the absence of stretching in the sub-filter scales due to the Taylor frozen-in hypothesis employed as a closure in the derivation of LANS. These two scalings are conjectured to coexist in different spatial portions of the flow. The l^3 (E(k) k^(-1)) scaling is subdominant to k^1 in the energy spectrum, but the l^3 scaling is responsible for the direct energy cascade, as no cascade can result from motions with no internal degrees of freedom. We verify the prediction for the size of the LANS attractor resulting from this scaling. From this, we give a methodology either for arriving at grid-independent solutions for LANS, or for obtaining a formulation of a LES optimal in the context of the alpha models. The fully converged grid-independent LANS may not be the best approximation to a direct numerical simulation of the NS equations since the minimum error is a balance between truncation errors and the approximation error due to using LANS instead of the primitive equations. Furthermore, the small-scale behavior of LANS contributes to a reduction of flux at constant energy, leading to a shallower energy spectrum for large alpha. These small-scale features, do not preclude LANS to reproduce correctly the intermittency properties of high Re flow.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 378, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00119", "text": "ee cannot obtain greater coverage by failing to describe his invention than by describing it as the statute commands. 21 It is urged that our conclusion is in conflict with the decision of Continental Paper Bag Co. v. Eastern Paper Bag Co., 210 U.S. 405, 28 S.Ct. 748, 52 L.Ed. 1122. In that case, however, the claims structurally described the physical and operating relationship of all the crucial parts of the novel combination.8 The court there decided only that there had been an infringement of this adequately described invention. That case is not authority for sustaining the claims before us which fail adequately to describe the alleged invention. 22 Reversed. 23 Mr. Justice FRANKFURTER concurs with the Court's opinion in so far as it finds this claim lacking in the definiteness required by Rev.Stat. § 4888, 35 U.S.C. § 33, 35 U.S.C.A. § 33, but reserves judgment as to considerations that may be peculiar to combination patents in satisfying that requirement. 24 Mr. Justice BURTON dissents. 1 '33. Application for Patent; Description; Specification and Claim. Before any inventor or discoverer shall receive a patent for his invention or discovery he shall make application therefor, in writing, to the Commissioner of Patents, and shall file in the Patent Office a written description of the same, and of the manner and process of making, constructing, compounding, and using it, in such full, clear, concise, and exact terms as to enable any person skilled in the art or science to which it appertains, or with which it is most nearly connected, to make, construct, compound, and use the same; and in case of a machine, he shall explain the principle thereof, and the best mode in which he has contemplated applying that principle, so as to distinguish it from other inventions; and he shall particularly point out and distinctly claim the part, improvement, or combination which he claims as his invention or discovery. * * *' 2 Other alleged errors were urged in the application for certiorari and have been argued here, but since we find the question of definiteness of the claim decisive of the controversy, we shall not further advert to the other contentions. 3 This case was previously affirmed by a divided court, 326 U.S. 696, 66 S.Ct. 482", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00120", "text": ". 39 There are ample grounds for distinguishing Thiel v. Southern Pacific Co., 328 U.S. 217, 66 S.Ct. 984, from this case. For example, in the Thiel case, the Court acted in the absence of actual notice that the objectionable practice had been discontinued,2 whereas, here, we have notice that the practice objected to was changed more than two years ago to conform, at least substantially, to the approved practice. Also, in the Thiel case, the procedure complained of consisted of the exclusion of an economic group, thereby detracting from the representative character of the jury list, in a manner contrary to the tradition and purpose of the jury system. Here the exclusion of women, as such, from jury service not only was in accordance with the traditional practice, but is in accordance with the congressionally approved future practice in the federal and state courts of about 40% of the states. This shows that the only objectionable practice here was that, after the State h d established a directory system of eligibility of women for state jury service, the federal court did not at once enlarge that policy into a mandatory requirement that all qualified women be placed upon all federal jury lists. 40 For these reasons, I am unable to concur in the judgment setting aside the indictment and verdict. The convictions in this case should be affirmed, and I concur in the statement by Mr. Chief Justice Stone: 'Certainly none of respondents' constitutional rights are violated if they are prosecuted for the fraudulent procurement of money by false representations as to their beliefs, religious or otherwise.' United States v. Ballard, 322 U.S. 78, 90, 64 S.Ct. 882, 888, 88 L.Ed. 1148. 41 The CHIEF JUSTICE and Mr. Justice FRANKFURTER join in this dissent. Mr. Justice JACKSON joins in it except in so far as the final paragraph relates to an affirmance of the convictions. 1 Women have been members of both grand and petit juries in that district since the beginning of the February Term, 1944. See United States v. Chaplin, D.C., 54 F.Supp. 682. 2 Thus Judicial Code § 276, 28 U.S.C. § 412, 28 U.S.C.A. § 412, provides for the drawing of 'All such jurors, grand and petit", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00121", "text": "The notion of {\\em $p$-adic multiresolution analysis (MRA)} is introduced. We discuss a ``natural'' refinement equation whose solution (a refinable function) is the characteristic function of the unit disc. This equation reflects the fact that the characteristic function of the unit disc is a sum of $p$ characteristic functions of mutually disjoint discs of radius $p^{-1}$. This refinement equation generates a MRA. The case $p=2$ is studied in detail. Our MRA is a 2-adic analog of the real Haar MRA. But in contrast to the real setting, the refinable function generating our Haar MRA is 1-periodic, which never holds for real refinable functions. This fact implies that there exist infinity many different 2-adic orthonormal wavelet bases in ${\\cL}^2(\\bQ_2)$ generated by the same Haar MRA. All of these bases are described. We also constructed multidimensional 2-adic Haar orthonormal bases for ${\\cL}^2(\\bQ_2^n)$ by means of the tensor product of one-dimensional MRAs. A criterion for a multidimensional $p$-adic wavelet to be an eigenfunction for a pseudo-differential operator is derived. We proved also that these wavelets are eigenfunctions of the Taibleson multidimensional fractional operator. These facts create the necessary prerequisites for intensive using our bases in applications.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 303, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00122", "text": "We study the quantum Hall effect in graphene at filling factors \\nu = 0 and \\nu = \\pm, concentrating on the quantum Hall ferromagnetic regime, within a non-perturbative bosonization formalism. We start by developing a bosonization scheme for electrons with two discrete degrees of freedom (spin-1/2 and pseudospin-1/2) restricted to the lowest Landau level. Three distinct phases are considered, namely the so-called spin-pseudospin, spin, and pseudospin phases. The first corresponds to a quarter-filled (\\nu =-1) while the others to a half-filled (\\nu = 0) lowest Landau level. In each case, we show that the elementary neutral excitations can be treated approximately as a set of n-independent kinds of boson excitations. The boson representation of the projected electron density, the spin, pseudospin, and mixed spin-pseudospin density operators are derived. We then apply the developed formalism to the effective continuous model, which includes SU(4) symmetry breaking terms, recently proposed by Alicea and Fisher. For each quantum Hall state, an effective interacting boson model is derived and the dispersion relations of the elementary excitations are analytically calculated. We propose that the charged excitations (quantum Hall skyrmions) can be described as a coherent state of bosons. We calculate the semiclassical limit of the boson model derived from the SU(4) invariant part of the original fermionic Hamiltonian and show that it agrees with the results of Arovas and co-workers for SU(N) quantum Hall skyrmions. We briefly discuss the influence of the SU(4) symmetry breaking terms in the skyrmion energy.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 357, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00123", "text": "We study models in which supersymmetry breaking appears at an intermediate scale, M_{in}, below the GUT scale. We assume that the soft supersymmetry-breaking parameters of the MSSM are universal at M_{in}, and analyze the morphology of the constraints from cosmology and collider experiments on the allowed regions of parameter space as M_{in} is reduced from the GUT scale. We present separate analyses of the (m_{1/2},m_0) planes for tan(beta)=10 and tan(beta)=50, as well as a discussion of non-zero trilinear couplings, A_0. Specific scenarios where the gaugino and scalar masses appear to be universal below the GUT scale have been found in mirage-mediation models, which we also address here. We demand that the lightest neutralino be the LSP, and that the relic neutralino density not conflict with measurements by WMAP and other observations. At moderate values of M_{in}, we find that the allowed regions of the (m_{1/2},m_0) plane are squeezed by the requirements of electroweak symmetry breaking and that the lightest neutralino be the LSP, whereas the constraint on the relic density is less severe. At very low M_{in}, the electroweak vacuum conditions become the dominant constraint, and a secondary source of astrophysical cold dark matter would be necessary to explain the measured relic density for nearly all values of the soft SUSY-breaking parameters and tan(beta). We calculate the neutralino-nucleon cross sections for viable scenarios and compare them with the present and projected limits from direct dark matter searches.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 336, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00124", "text": "—was prohibited from occurring by order of the court. That order issued for a good cause, we may assume: to preserve and protect the debtor's estate pending a ratable distribution among all the creditors according to their interests as of the date the receivership began. The extra interest covenant may be deemed added compensation for the creditor or, what is more likely, something like a penalty to induce prompt payment of simple interest. In either event, first mortgage bondholders would have been enriched and subordinate creditors would have suffered a corresponding loss, because of a failure to pay when payment had been prohibited by a court order entered for the joint benefit of debtor, creditors, and the public. Such a result is not consistent with equitable principles. For legal suspension of an obligation to pay is an adequate reason why no added compensation or penalty should be enforced for failure to pay. 11 Affirmed. 12 Mr. Justice REED took no part in the consideration or decision of this case. 13 Mr. Justice FRANKFURTER, with whom Mr. Justice JACKSON joins, concurring; Mr. Justice BURTON having concurred in the opinion of the Court also joins in this opinion. 14 In 1928 the Inland Gas Corporation, chartered by Delaware, floated a first mortgage bond issue covering property located in Kentucky where it had its principal place of business. The mortgage indenture was executed in New York, designated a New York corporation as trustee, and made the bonds and coupons payable in New York, or, at the option of the holder, in Chicago where the debtor had a paying agent. By an explicit clause in the indenture the debtor agreed to pay interest on defaulted coupons at the rate which applied to the bonds themselves before maturity. The bonds were sold to the public in many States. 15 The debt r defaulted on coupons and also on the bonds when they became due. Reorganization proceedings under § 77 of the Bankruptcy Act were begun by creditors in the District Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky. Subsequently Chapter X of that Act was made applicable. In these proceedings a claim, based on the covenant in the indenture, was made by mortgage bondholders for interest on the defaulted interest coupons. The bankruptcy court allowed the claim, apparently because it concluded that the covenant is valid by the law of New York. The Circuit Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit reversed. 151 F.2d 470. That court, apparently deeming itself ultimately", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00125", "text": "mean that the Government obligated itself to exercise the highest degree of diligence and the utmost good faith in efforts to make the runways promptly available, the facts of this case would show no breach of such an undertaking. For the Court of Claims found that the Government's representatives did this work 'with great, if not unusual, diligence,' and that 'no fault is or can be attributed to them.' Consequently, the Government cannot be held liable unless the contract can be interpreted to imply an unqualified warranty to make the runways promptly available. 5 We can find no such warranty if we are to be consistent with our Crook and Rice decisions, supra. The pertinent provisions in the instant contract are, in every respect here material, substantially the same as those which were held in the former cases to impose no obligation on the Government to pay damages for delay. Here, as in the former cases, there are several contract provisions which showed that the parties not only anticipated that the Government might not finish its work as originally planned, but also provided in advance to protect the contractor from the consequences of such governmental delay, should it occur. The contract reserved a governmental right to make changes in the work which might cause interruption and delay, required respondent to coordinate his work with the other work being done on the site, and clearly contemplated that he would take up his work on the runway sections as they were intermittently completed and paved. Article 9 of the contract entitled 'Delays-Damages,' set out a procedure to govern both parties in case of respondent's delay in completion, whether such delay was caused by respondent, the Govern ent, or other causes. If delay were caused by respondent, the Government could terminate the contract, take over the work, and hold respondent and its sureties liable. Or, in the alternative, the Government could collect liquidated damages. If, on the other hand, delay were due to 'acts of the government' or other specified events, including 'unforeseeable causes,' procedure was outlined for extending the time in which respondent was required to complete its contract, and relieving him from the penalties of contract termination or liquidated damages. 6 In the Crook and Rice cases we held that the Government could not be held liable for delay in making its work available to contractors unless the terms of the contract imposed such liability. Those contracts, practically identical with the one here, were held to impose none. See also United States v. Blair, supra. The distinction", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00126", "text": "We address the problem of constructing high-accuracy, faithful analytic waveforms describing the gravitational wave signal emitted by inspiralling and coalescing binary black holes. We work within the Effective-One-Body (EOB) framework and propose a methodology for improving the current (waveform)implementations of this framework based on understanding, element by element, the physics behind each feature of the waveform, and on systematically comparing various EOB-based waveforms with ``exact'' waveforms obtained by numerical relativity approaches. The present paper focuses on small-mass-ratio non-spinning binary systems, which can be conveniently studied by Regge-Wheeler-Zerilli-type methods. Our results include: (i) a resummed, 3PN-accurate description of the inspiral waveform, (ii) a better description of radiation reaction during the plunge, (iii) a refined analytic expression for the plunge waveform, (iv) an improved treatment of the matching between the plunge and ring-down waveforms. This improved implementation of the EOB approach allows us to construct complete analytic waveforms which exhibit a remarkable agreement with the ``exact'' ones in modulus, frequency and phase. In particular, the analytic and numerical waveforms stay in phase, during the whole process, within $\\pm 1.1 %$ of a cycle. We expect that the extension of our methodology to the comparable-mass case will be able to generate comparably accurate analytic waveforms of direct use for the ground-based network of interferometric detectors of gravitational waves.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 308, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00127", "text": "(Abridged) We present deep, sub-horizontal branch, multi-colour photometry of the Andromeda II dwarf spheroidal (And II dSph) taken with Subaru Suprime-Cam. We identify a red clump population in this galaxy, the first time this feature has been detected in a M31 dSph, which are normally characterized as having no significant intermediate age populations. We construct radial profiles for the various stellar populations and show that the horizontal branch has a nearly constant density spatial distribution out to large radius, whereas the reddest red giant branch stars are centrally concentrated in an exponential profile. We argue that these populations trace two distinct structural components in And II and show that this assumption provides a good match to the overall radial profile of this galaxy. The extended component dominates the stellar populations at large radius, whereas the exponential component dominates the inner few arcminutes. We show that the two components have very different stellar populations; the exponential component has an average age of $\\sim 7 - 10$ Gyrs old, is relatively metal-rich ([Fe/H] $\\sim -1$) but with a significant tail to low metallicities, and possesses a red clump. The extended component, on the other hand, is ancient ($\\sim 13$ Gyrs), metal-poor ([Fe/H] $\\sim -1.5$) with a narrower dispersion $\\sigma_{\\rm [Fe/H]} \\simeq 0.28$, and has a well developed blue horizontal branch. The extended component contains approximately three-quarters of the light of And II and its unusual density profile is unique in Local Group dwarf galaxies. This suggests that its formation and/or evolution may have been quite different to other dwarf galaxies.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 351, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00128", "text": "We construct an analytic model for the rate of gas accretion onto a planet embedded in a protoplanetary disk as a function of planetary mass, disk viscosity, disk scale height, and unperturbed surface density in order to study the long-term accretion and final masses of gas giant planets. We first derive an analytical formula for surface density profile near the planetary orbit from considerations of the balance of force and the dynamical stability. Using it in the empirical formula linking surface density with gas accretion rate that is derived based on hydrodynamic simulations of Tanigawa and Watanabe (2002, ApJ 586, 506), we then simulate the mass evolution of gas giant planets in viscously-evolving disks. We finally determine the final mass as a function of semi-major axis of the planet. We find that the disk can be divided into three regions characterized by different processes by which the final mass is determined. In the inner region, the planet grows quickly and forms a deep gap to suppress the growth by itself before disk dissipation. The final mass of the planet in this region is found to increase with the semi-major axis in a similar way to the mass given by the viscous condition for gap opening, but the former is larger by a factor of approximately 10 than the latter. In the intermediate region, viscous diffusion of the disk gas limits the gas accretion before the planet form a deep gap. The final mass can be up to the disk mass, when disk viscous evolution occurs faster than disk evaporation. In the outer region, planets capture only tiny amounts of gas within the lifetime of the disk to form Neptune-like planets. We derive analytic formulae for the final masses in the different regions and the locations of the boundaries, which are helpful to gain a systematic understanding of the masses of gas giant planets.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 373, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00129", "text": "We serendipitously find a new nearby Low Surface Brightness (LSB) galaxy from SDSS database. We estimate oxygen abundance of its H II region SDSS J121811.0+465501.2 from electron temperature, as well as for another H II region, SDSS J135440.5+535309.6, located in irregular LSB galaxy UGC 8837. These two extragalactic H II regions were classified as stars in the SDSS-DR4 database, and were found occasionally by us in the automatic recognition and classification on stellar spectra.Their optical spectra show obvious emission lines, i.e., strong [O III]4959, 5007, Balmer emission lines, but very weak [N II]6548,6583 and [S II]6317,6731, which could indicate that they are metal-poor star-forming regions. The derived oxygen abundances of the two objects are 12+log(O/H) ~ 7.88+-0.30 and 7.70+-0.30, respectively. The host of the H II region SDSS J121811.0+465501.2 is identified as a new nearly edge-on LSB disc galaxy (almost without bulge) with the B-band central surface brightness mu_0(B) as 23.68 mag arcsec^{-2} and inclination angle as ~75 degree by using the GIM2D software to analyze its g- and r-band images independently. It is a nearby dwarf galaxy with redshift z~0.00157, disk scale-length ~0.40 kpc and B-band absolute magnitude M_B ~ -13.51 mag. The very low oxygen abundances of these two objects confirm the low metallicities of LSB galaxies.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 365, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00130", "text": "Electrons in solids have been conventionally classified as either band-like itinerant ones or atomic-like localized ones depending on their properties. For heavy Fermion (HF) compounds, however, the f electrons show both itinerant and localized behaviours depending on temperature. Above the characteristic temperature T*, which is typically of the order of few K to few tens K, their magnetic properties are well described by the ionic f-electron models, suggesting that the f-electrons behave as 'localized' electrons. On the other hand, well below T*, their Fermi surfaces (FS's) have been observed by magneto-oscillatory techniques, and generally they can be explained well by the 'itinerant' f-electron model. These two models assume totally different natures of felectrons, and how they transform between localized and itinerant state as a function of temperatures has never been understood on the level of their electronic structures. Here we have studied the band structure of the HF antiferromagnetic superconductor UPd2Al3 well below and above T* by angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (ARPES), and revealed the temperature dependence of the electronic structure. We have found that the f-bands, which form the FS's at low temperatures are excluded from FS's at high temperatures. The present results demonstrate how the same f-electrons show both itinerant and localized behaviours on the level of electronic structure, and provide an important information for the unified description of the localized and itinerant nature of HF compounds.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 312, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00131", "text": "the aim of the study was to investigate the effects of different interface materials and curing units on color changes in a resin cement material.materials and methods : three interface materials and different curing systems , quartz - tungsten - halogen and polywave and monowave light - emitting diode ( led ) light curing units , were studied at two - time intervals . polystyrene strip was used as a control group . all measurements were made on a white background for standard color measurement . according to the cie l*a*b * color space , the baseline color values of each specimen were measured . differences between the measurements were calculated as e , l , a , and b . data were analyzed using analysis of variance ( anova ) and duncan 's tests ( = 0.05 ) with spss 20.0 software ( spss inc . , chicago , il , usa ) . anova revealed significance for interface materials and curing units and time for e ( p < 0.05).results : interaction between polymerizing units , material and time was not significant ( p > 0.05 ) . monowave led exhibited significantly higher color changes than the other units ( [ p < 0.05 ] [ e 2.94 0.44 ] ) . qth promoted composite specimens significantly less color change ( [ p < 0.05 ] [ e 0.87 0.41]).conclusion : this study concluded that color of resin cement used in the adhesion of indirect restorations was affected by curing device light and indirect restoration material type .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 324, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00132", "text": "A confluence of numerical and theoretical results leads us to conjecture that the Hilbert-Schmidt separability probabilities of the 15- and 9-dimensional convex sets of complex and real two-qubit states (representable by 4 x 4 density matrices rho) are 8/33 and 8/17, respectively. Central to our reasoning are the modifications of two ansatze, recently advanced (quant-ph/0609006), involving incomplete beta functions B_{nu}(a,b), where nu= (rho_{11} rho_{44})/(rho_{22} rho_{33}). We, now, set the separability function S_{real}(nu) propto B_{nu}(nu,1/2},2) =(2/3) (3-nu) sqrt{nu}. Then, in the complex case -- conforming to a pattern we find, manifesting the Dyson indices (1, 2, 4) of random matrix theory-- we take S_{complex}(nu) propto S_{real}^{2} (nu). We also investigate the real and complex qubit-qutrit cases. Now, there are two Bloore ratio variables, nu_{1}= (rho_{11} rho_{55})(rho_{22} rho_{44}), nu_{2}= (rho_{22} rho_{66})(rho_{33} rho_{55}), but they appear to remarkably coalesce into the product, eta = nu_1 nu_2 = rho_{11} \\rho_{66}}{\\rho_{33} \\rho_{44}}, so that the real and complex separability functions are again univariate in nature.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 342, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00133", "text": "In this paper we consider the representing measures $\\mu_{x},x\\in \\QTR{Bbb}{R}^{d}$, and $\\nu_{y},y\\in \\QTR{Bbb}{R}^{d}$, of the Dunkl intertwining operator and of its dual. When the multiplicity function is positive, we prove that for all $x\\in \\QTR{Bbb}{R}_{\\QTO{mbox}{reg}}^{d}$ we have $d\\mu_{x}(y)=\\QTR{cal}{K}(x,y)dy$ and for almost all $y\\in \\QTR{Bbb}{R}^{d}$ we have $d\\nu_{y}(x)=\\QTR{cal}{K}(x,y)\\omega_{k}(x)dx,$ where $\\QTR{cal}{K}(x,.)$ is a positive integrable function on $\\QTR{Bbb}{R}^{d}$ with support in $\\{y\\in \\QTR{Bbb}{R}^{d}/\\Vert y\\Vert \\leq \\Vert x\\Vert \\}$ and the function $\\QTR{cal}{K}(.,y)$ is locally integrable on $\\QTR{Bbb}{R}^{d}$ with respect to the measure $\\omega_{k}(x)dx$ and with support in $\\{x\\in \\QTR{Bbb}{R}^{d}/\\Vert x\\Vert \\geq \\Vert y\\Vert \\}$. Next we present some applications of this result.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 333, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00134", "text": "A quantum system composed of two or more subsystems can be in an entangled state, i.e. a state in which the properties of the global system are well defined but the properties of each subsystem are not. Entanglement is at the heart of quantum physics, both for its conceptual foundations and for applications in information processing and quantum communication. Remarkably, entanglement can be \"swapped\": if one prepares two independent entangled pairs A1-A2 and B1-B2, a joint measurement on A1 and B1 (called a \"Bell-State Measurement\", BSM) has the effect of projecting A2 and B2 onto an entangled state, although these two particles have never interacted or shared any common past[1,2]. Experiments using twin photons produced by spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) have already demonstrated entanglement swapping[3-6], but here we present its first realization using continuous wave (CW) sources, as originally proposed[2]. The challenge was to achieve sufficiently sharp synchronization of the photons in the BSM. Using narrow-band filters, the coherence time of the photons that undergo the BSM is significantly increased, exceeding the temporal resolution of the detectors. Hence pulsed sources can be replaced by CW sources, which do not require any synchronization[6,7], allowing for the first time the use of completely autonomous sources. Our experiment exploits recent progress in the time precision of photon detectors, in the efficiency of photon pair production by SPDC with waveguides in nonlinear crystals[8], and in the stability of narrow-band filters. This approach is independent of the form of entanglement; we employed time-bin entangled photons[9] at telecom wavelengths. Our setup is robust against thermal or mechanical fluctuations in optical fibres thanks to cm-long coherence lengths.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 369, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00135", "text": "parasite lactate dehydrogenase ( pldh ) is extensively employed as malaria rapid diagnostic tests ( rdts ) . moreover , it is a well - known drug target candidate . however , the genetic diversity of this gene might influence performance of rdt kits and its drug target candidacy . this study aimed to determine polymorphism of pldh gene from iranian isolates of p. vivax and p. falciparum.methods:genomic dna was extracted from whole blood of microscopically confirmed p. vivax and p. falciparum infected patients . pldh gene of p. falciparum and p. vivax was amplified using conventional pcr from 43 symptomatic malaria patients from sistan and baluchistan province , southeast iran from 2012 to 2013.results:sequence analysis of 15 p. vivax ldh showed fourteen had 100% identity with p. vivax sal-1 and belem strains . two nucleotide substitutions were detected with only one resulted in amino acid change . analysis of p. falciparum ldh sequences showed six of the seven sequences had 100% homology with p. falciparum 3d7 and mzr-1 . moreover , pfldh displayed three nucleotide changes that resulted in changing only one amino acid . pvldh and pfldh showed 75%76% nucleotide and 90.4%90.76% amino acid homology.conclusion:pldh gene from iranian p. falciparum and p. vivax isolates displayed 98.8100% homology with 13 nucleotide substitutions . this indicated this gene was relatively conserved . additional studies can be done weather this genetic variation can influence the performance of pldh based rdts or not .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 374, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00136", "text": "factors influencing poly(3-hydroxybutyrate ) p(3hb ) production by cupriavidus necator ccug52238 t utilizing oil palm frond ( opf ) juice were clarified in this study . effects of initial medium ph , agitation speed , and ammonium sulfate ( nh4)2so4 concentration on the production of p(3hb ) were investigated in shake flasks experiments using opf juice as the sole carbon source . the highest p(3hb ) content was recorded at ph 7.0 , agitation speed of 220 rpm , and ( nh4)2so4 concentration at 0.5 g / l . by culturing the wild - type strain of c. necator under the aforementioned conditions , the cell dry weight ( cdw ) and p(3hb ) content obtained were 9.31 0.13 g / l and 45 1.5 wt.% , respectively . this accounted for 40% increment of p(3hb ) content compared to the nonoptimized condition . in the meanwhile , the effect of dissolved oxygen tension ( dot ) on p(3hb ) production was investigated in a 2-l bioreactor . highest cdw ( 11.37 g / l ) and p(3hb ) content ( 44 wt.% ) were achieved when dot level was set at 30% . p(3hb ) produced from opf juice had a tensile strength of 40 mpa and elongation at break of 8% demonstrated that p(3hb ) produced from renewable and cheap carbon source is comparable to those produced from commercial substrate .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 335, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00137", "text": "We consider the Kalman - Yakubovich - Popov (KYP) inequality \\[ \\begin{pmatrix} X-A^* XA-C^*C & -A^*X B- C^*D\\cr -B^*X A-D^* C & I- B^*X B-D^*D \\end{pmatrix} \\ge 0 \\] for contractive operator matrices $ \\begin{pmatrix} A&B\\cr C &D \\end{pmatrix}:\\begin{pmatrix}\\mathfrak{H}\\cr\\mathfrak{M} \\end{pmatrix}\\to\\begin{pmatrix}\\mathfrak{H}\\cr\\mathfrak{N} \\end{pmatrix}, $ where $\\mathfrak{H},$ $\\mathfrak{M}$, and $\\mathfrak{N}$ are separable Hilbert spaces. We restrict ourselves to the solutions $X$ from the operator interval $[0, I_\\mathfrak{H}]$. Several equivalent forms of KYP are obtained. Using the parametrization of the blocks of contractive operator matrices, the Kre\\u{\\i}n shorted operator, and the M\\\"obius representation of the Schur class operator-valued function we find several equivalent forms of the KYP inequality. Properties of solutions are established and it is proved that the minimal solution of the KYP inequality satisfies the corresponding algebraic Riccati equation and can be obtained by the iterative procedure with the special choice of the initial point. In terms of the Kre\\u{\\i}n shorted operators a necessary condition and some sufficient conditions for uniqueness of the solution are established.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 353, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00138", "text": "words of § 1(3)(a), 'engaged in such transportation or transmission as aforesaid as common carriers for hire', do 'not affect the generality of the first clause as to pipe line companies.' Valvoline Oil Co. v. United States, 308 U.S. 141, 146, 60 S.Ct. 160, 162, 84 L.Ed. 151. 1 49 U.S.C. § 1, 49 U.S.C.A. § 1: '(1) * * * The provisions of this chapter shall apply to common carriers engaged in— '(b) The transportation of oil or other commodity, except water and except natural or artificial gas, by pipe line, or partly by pipe line and partly by railroad or by water; '(3) (a) The term 'common carrier' as used in this chapter shall include all pipe-line companies; * * * express companies; sleeping-car companies; and all persons, natural or artificial, engaged in such transportation as aforesaid as common carriers for hire. * * *' 49 U.S.C. § 19a, 49 U.S.C.A. § 19a: '* * * The Commission shall * * * investigate, ascertain, and report the value of all the property owned or used by every common carrier subject to the provisions of this chapter. * * * The Commission shall * * * make an inventory which shall list the property of every common carrier subject to the provisions of this chapter in detail, and show the value thereof as hereinafter provided, and shall classify the physical property, as nearly as practicable, in conformity with the classification of expenditures for road and equipment, as prescribed by the Interstate Commission.' 2 234 U.S. at pages 558, 559, 34 S.Ct. at page 958, 58 L.Ed. 1459: 'By the before-mentioned and subordinate lines the Standard Oil Company had made itself master of the only practicable oil transportation between the oil fields east of California and the Atlantic Ocean, and carried much the greater part of the oil between those points.'", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 443, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00139", "text": "We present new results from our ongoing multiplicity study of exoplanet host stars, carried out with the infrared camera SofI at ESO-NTT. We have identified new low mass companions to the planet host stars HD101930 and HD65216. HD101930AB is a wide binary systems composed of the planet host star HD101930A and its companion HD101930B which is a M0 to M1 dwarf with a mass of about 0.7Msun separated from the primary by ~73arcsec (2200AU projected separation). HD65216 forms a hierarchical triple system, with a projected separation of 253AU (angular separation of about 7arcsec) between the planet host star HD65216A and its close binary companion HD65216BC, whose two components are separated by only ~0.17arcsec (6AU of projected separation). Two VLT-NACO images separated by 3 years confirm that this system is co-moving to the planet host star. The infrared photometry of HD65216B and C is consistent with a M7 to M8 (0.089Msun), and a L2 to L3 dwarf (0.078Msun), respectively, both close to the sub-stellar limit. An infrared spectrum with VLT-ISAAC of the pair HD65216BC, even though not resolved spatially, confirms this late spectral type. Furthermore, we present H- and K-band ISAAC infrared spectra of HD16141B, the recently detected co-moving companion of the planet host star HD16141A. The infrared spectroscopy as well as the apparent infrared photometry of HD16141B are both fully consistent with a M2 to M3 dwarf located at the distance of the planet host star.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 362, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00140", "text": "Whether the last would be a duty on exports, it is not necessary to determine. But certainly, where a general tax is laid on all property alike, it cannot be construed as a duty on exports when falling upon goods not then intended for exportation though they should happen to be exported afterwards.' 16 In Coe v. Town of Errol, 116 U.S. 517, 6 S.Ct. 475, 29 L.Ed. 715, the Court had before it a case under the Commerce Clause. Logs, cut in New Hampshire, were being held on a river there for transportation to Maine. New Hampshire's non-discriminatory tax on them was sustained. What the Court said concerning commerce is what we deem to be the correct principle governing exports: '* * * goods do not cease to be part of the general mass of property in the state, subject, as such, to its jurisdiction, and to taxation in the usual way, until they have been shipped, or entered with a common carrier for transportation, to another state, or have been started upon such transportation in a continuous route or journey.' Page 527 of 116 U.S., page 478 of 6 S.Ct., 29 L.Ed. 715. 17 That view has been followed in cases involving Article I, Section 9, Clause 5 of the Constitution, which, as we have noted, prohibits Congress from laying any tax on 'Articles exported from any state.' In Turpin v. Burgess, 117 U.S. 504, 6 S.Ct. 835, 29 L.Ed. 988, the Court sustained a federal excise tax on manufactured tobacco. The tax was laid upon the goods before they left the factory. The Court said, 117 U.S. at page 507, 6 S.Ct. at page 837, 29 L.Ed. 988, 'They were not in course of exportation; they might never be exported; whether they would be or not would depend altogether on the will of the manufacturer.' The same result was reached in Cornell v. Coyne, 192 U.S. 418, 24 S.Ct. 383, 48 L.Ed. 504, where a federal manufacturing tax on filled cheese was sustained against the claim that it was a tax levied by Congress on exports. The cheese was manufactured under contract for export. The Court said, 'The true construction of the constitutional", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00141", "text": "The chemical composition of Earth's atmosphere has undergone substantial evolution over the course of its history. It is possible, even likely, that terrestrial planets in other planetary systems have undergone similar changes; consequently, the age distribution of nearby stars is an important consideration in designing surveys for Earth-analogues. Valenti & Fischer (2005) provide age and metallicity estimates for 1039 FGK dwarfs in the Solar Neighbourhood. Using the Hipparcos catalogue as a reference to calibrate potential biases, we have extracted volume-limited samples of nearby stars from the Valenti-Fischer dataset. Unlike other recent investigations, our analysis shows clear evidence for an age-metallicity relation in the local disk, albeit with substantial dispersion at any epoch. The mean metallicity increases from -0.3 dex at a lookback time of ~10 Gyrs to +0.15 dex at the present day. Supplementing the Valenti-Fischer measurements with literature data to give a complete volume-limited sample, the age distribution of nearby FGK dwarfs is broadly consistent with a uniform star-formation rate over the history of the Galactic disk. In striking contrast, most stars known to have planetary companions are younger than 5 Gyrs; however, stars with planetary companions within 0.4 AU have a significantly flatter age distribution, indicating that those systems are stable on timescales of many Gyrs. Several of the older, lower metallicity host stars have enhanced [alpha/Fe] ratios, implying membership of the thick disk. If the frequency of terrestrial planets is also correlated with stellar metallicity, then the median age of such planetary system is likely to be ~3 Gyrs. We discuss the implications of this hypothesis in designing searches for Earth analogues among the nearby stars.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 357, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00142", "text": "background and objectives : there is a wide variation of reported incidence of small bowel obstruction ( sbo ) after laparoscopic roux - en - y gastric bypass ( lgb ) . there is also wide variation in technique , not only in placement of the roux limb , but also regarding closure or nonclosure of the mesenteric defects . the objective of this study was to examine the incidence and characteristics of sbo after antecolic antegastric bypass with nonclosure of the mesenteric defect of the jejunojejunal anastomosis.methods:this is a retrospective review of a series of consecutive lgbs over a 3-year period . all procedures were performed by the same surgeon using the same technique . in no case was the mesenteric defect closed . a prospectively maintained database was used for data collection . patients who returned with an sbo were the study group , and those who underwent revisional bariatric surgery or conversion to open operation were excluded.results:there were 249 primary lgbs performed during the study period ; 15 of the operations were followed by sbo , for an incidence of 6.0% . four cases were caused by an internal hernia ( ih ) , for an incidence of 1.6% , and 11 were caused by adhesions , which accounted for 73% of the sbos.conclusions:sbo after lgb is a relatively common complication . the incidence of sbo from ih with nonclosure of the mesenteric defect is similar to that in other series where the defect is closed . regardless of the cause of the sbo , operative treatment of the patient who has a gastric bypass remains the definitive standard and should not be delayed .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 346, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00143", "text": "We study the processes $e^+ e^-\\to K^+ K^- \\pi^+\\pi^-\\gamma$, $K^+K^-\\pi^0\\pi^0\\gamma$ and $K^+ K^- K^+ K^-\\gamma$, where the photon is radiated from the initial state. About 34600, 4400 and 2300 fully reconstructed events, respectively, are selected from 232 \\invfb of \\babar data. The invariant mass of the hadronic final state defines the effective \\epem center-of-mass energy, so that the $K^+ K^- \\pi^+\\pi^-\\gamma$ data can be compared with direct measurements of the $e^+ e^-\\to K^+K^- \\pipi$ reaction; no direct measurements exist for the $e^+ e^-\\to K^+ K^- \\pi^0\\pi^0$ or $\\epem\\to K^+ K^- K^+ K^-$ reactions. Studying the structure of these events, we find contributions from a number of intermediate states, and we extract their cross sections where possible. In particular, we isolate the contribution from $e^+ e^-\\to\\phi(1020) f_{0}(980)$ and study its structure near threshold. In the charmonium region, we observe the $J/\\psi$ in all three final states and several intermediate states, as well as the $\\psi(2S)$ in some modes, and measure the corresponding branching fractions. We see no signal for the Y(4260) and obtain an upper limit of $\\BR_{Y(4260)\\to\\phi\\pi^+\\pi^-}\\cdot\\Gamma^{Y}_{ee}<0.4 \\ev$ at 90% C.L.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 379, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00144", "text": "We discuss the link between dark matter halos hosting the first PopIII stars and the rare, massive, halos that are generally considered to host bright quasars at high redshift z~6. The main question that we intend to answer is whether the super-massive black holes powering these QSOs grew out from the seeds planted by the first intermediate massive black holes created in the universe. This question involves a dynamical range of 10^13 in mass and we address it by combining N-body simulations of structure formation to identify the most massive halos at z~6 with a Monte Carlo method based on linear theory to obtain the location and formation times of the first light halos within the whole simulation box. We show that the descendants of the first ~10^6 Msun virialized halos do not, on average, end up in the most massive halos at z~6, but rather live in a large variety of environments. The oldest PopIII progenitors of the most massive halos at z~6, form instead from density peaks that are on average one and a half standard deviations more common than the first PopIII star formed in the volume occupied by one bright high-z QSO. The intermediate mass black hole seeds planted by the very first PopIII stars at z>40 can easily grow to masses m_BH>10^9.5 Msun by z=6 assuming Eddington accretion with radiative efficiency \\epsilon~0.1. Quenching of the black hole accretion is therefore crucial to avoid an overabundance of supermassive black holes at lower redshift. This can be obtained if the mass accretion is limited to a fraction \\eta~6*10^{-3} of the total baryon mass of the halo hosting the black hole. The resulting high end slope of the black hole mass function at z=6 is \\alpha ~ -3.7, a value within the 1\\sigma error bar for the bright end slope of the observed quasar luminosity function at z=6.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 423, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00145", "text": "We report the serendipitous findings of 13 faint meteors and 44 artificial space objects by Subaru SuprimeCam imaging observations during 11-16 August 2004. The meteors, at about 100km altitude, and artificial satellites/debris in orbit, at 500km altitude or higher, were clearly discriminated by their apparent defocused image sizes. CCD photometry of the 13 meteors, including 1 Perseid, 1 Aquarid, and 11 sporadic meteors, was performed. We defined a peak video-rate magnitude by comparing the integrated photon counts from the brightest portion of the track traversed within 33ms to those from a 0-mag star during the same time duration. This definition gives magnitudes in the range 4.0< V_{vr} <6.4 and 4.1< I_{vr}<5.9 for these 13 meteors. The corresponding magnitude for virtual naked-eye observers could be somewhat fainter especially for the V-band observation, in which the [OI] 5577 line lasting about 1 sec as an afterglow could contribute to the integrated flux of the present 5-10 min CCD exposures. Although the spatial resolution is insufficient to resolve the source size of anything smaller than about 1 m, we developed a new estimate of the collisionally excited column diameter of these meteors. A diameter as small as a few mm was derived from their collisionally excited photon rates, meteor speed, and the volume density of the oxygen atoms at the 100km altitude. The actual column diameter of the radiating zone, however, could be as large as few 100m because the excited atoms travel that distance before they emit forbidden lines in 0.7 sec of its average lifetime. Among the 44 artificial space objects, we confirmed that 17 were cataloged satellites/space debris.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 394, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00146", "text": "329 U.S. 187 67 S.Ct. 261 91 L.Ed. 181 BALLARD et al.v.UNITED STATES. No. 37. Argued Oct. 15, 1946. Decided Dec. 9, 1946. Messrs. Roland Rich Woolley and Ralph C. Curren, both of Los Angeles, Cal., for petitioners. Miss Beatrice Rosenberg, of Washington, D.C., for respondent. Mr. Justice DOUGLAS delivered the opinion of the Court. 1 This case is here for the second time. It involves the indictment and conviction of respondents for using, and conspiring to use, the mails t defraud. Criminal Code s 215, 18 U.S.C. § 338, 18 U.S.C.A. § 338.; Criminal Code § 37, 18 U.S.C. § 88, 18 U.S.C.A. § 88. The fraudulent scheme charged was the promotion of the I Am movement, which was alleged to be a fraudulent religious organization, through the use of the mails. The nature of the movement and the facts surrounding its origin and growth are summarized in our prior opinion. 322 U.S. 78, 64 S.Ct. 882, 88 L.Ed. 1148. It is sufficient here to say that petitioners were found guilty on a charge by the trial judge which withheld from the jury all questions concerning the truth or falsity of their religious beliefs or doctrines. The Circuit Court of Appeals reversed and granted a new trial, holding it was error to withhold those questions from the jury. 9 Cir., 138 F.2d 540. We in turn, reversed the Circuit Court of Appeals and sustained the District Court in that ruling. Petitioners argued, however, that even though the Circuit Court of Appeals erred in reversing the judgment of conviction on that ground, its action was justified on other distinct grounds. But the Circuit Court of Appeals had not passed on those other questions; and we did not have the benefit of its views on them. We accordingly deemed it more appropriate to remand the cause to that court so that it might first pass on the questions reserved. 2 On the remand the Circuit Court of Appeals, one judge dissenting, affirmed the judgment of conviction without discussion of the issues raised. On a petition for rehearing, which was denied, the Circuit Court of", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00147", "text": "944; Coverdale v. Arkansas-Louisiana Pile Line Co., 303 U.S. 604, 58 S.Ct. 736, 82 L.Ed. 1043; Department of Treasury of State of Indiana v. Ingram-Richardson Mfg. Co., 313 U.S. 252, 61 S.Ct. 866, 85 L.Ed. 1313. 30 Compare McGoldrick v. Berwind-White Co., 309 U.S. 33, 60 S.Ct. 388, 84 L.Ed. 565, 128 A.L.R. 876, with McLeod v. J. E. Dilworth, 322 U.S. 327, 64 S.Ct. 1023, 88 L.Ed. 1304. See Powell, New Light on Gross Receipts Taxes (1940) 53 Harv.L.Rev. 909. 31 See McGoldrick v. Berwind-White Co., 309 U.S. 33, 58, 60 S.Ct. 388, 398, 84 L.Ed. 565, 128 A.L.R. 876, quoted infra Part VI. 32 As a matter of minimal due process requirements. Cf. text infra at notes 24 to 27. 33 The danger of an impending burden or barrier from multiple state taxation could be real and substantial in a particular case if the threat of such taxation were actual or probable or if its threatened incidence were involved in such actual uncertainty that this uncertainty itself would constitute, in practical effect a substantial clog. 34 The Indiana tax was only one per cent of the proceeds of the sales. The record indicates, too, that the New York Stock Transfer tax was collected from the proceeds of the sale in New York. The amount of the tax was three cents per share sold for less than twenty dollars, and four cents per share sold for more than twenty dollars. Tax Law §§ 270, 270a; O'Kane v. State of New York, 283 N.Y. 439, 28 N.E.2d 905. The tax did not apply to the transfer of bonds. Cf. Op.Atty.Gen.N.Y.1939, p. 208. 35 Cf. note 31. Whether such a tax would in fact produce the forbidden results or not would depend upon the incidence or", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00148", "text": "summarybackgroundcarpal tunnel syndrome ( cts ) is the most common complication of dialysis - related amyloidosis ( dra ) developing in patients on long - term dialysis therapy . the aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of cts and identify factors influencing the development of cts in patients on maintenance hemodialysis , as well as results of its surgical treatment.material/methodsthe study included 386 patients , among whom cts was diagnosed in 40 patients ( 10.4% ) on the basis of signs and physical symptoms , as well as by nerve conduction . the group of patients with cts and the group of patients without cts were compared according to age ( mean 54.50 vs. 56.48 years ) and duration of dialysis treatment . initial analysis of cts incidence by sex , presence of anti - hcv antibodies , and location of arterio - venous fistula ( av fistula ) was undertaken.resultsduration of dialysis treatment was the statistically significant risk factor for the development of cts ( 16.05 vs. 4.51 years ; p<0.0001 ) . among patients treated for a long period on hemodialysis ( 2030 years ) , 100% required surgical release procedures , while 66.66% of those treated for 1519 years , 42.1% of those treated for 1014 years , and 1.6% of those treated for less than 10 years . cts was diagnosed more often in anti - hcv - positive patients as compared with anti - hcv - negative patients ( 47.5 vs. 6.9% ; p<0.0001 ) . no significant differences were found when comparing cts incidence by sex or between the development of cts requiring surgical release intervention and location of the av fistula.conclusionssurgical release procedure of the carpal tunnel gave good treatment results in patients with cts .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 400, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00149", "text": ". While these permitted taxes may in an ultimate sense, come out of interstate commerce, they are not, as would be a tax on gross receipts, a direct imposition on that very freedom of commercial flow which for more than a hundred and fifty years has been the ward of the Commerce Clause. 10 It is suggested, however, that the validity of a gross sales tax should depend on whether another State has also sought to impose its burden on the transactions. If another State has taxed the same interstate transaction, the burdensome consequences to interstate trade are undeniable. But that, for the time being, only one State has taxed is irrelevant to the kind of freedom of trade which the Commerce Clause generated. The immunities implicit in the Commerce Clause and the potential taxing power of a State can hardly be made to depend, in the world of practical affairs, on the shifting incidence of the varying tax laws of the various States at a particular moment. Courts are not possessed of instruments of determination so delicate as to enable them to weigh the various factors in a complicated economic setting which, as to an isolated application of a State tax, might mitigate the obvious burden generally created by a direct tax on commerce. Nor is there any warrant in the constitutional principles heretofore applied by this Court to support the notion that a State may be allowed one single tax-worth of direct interference with the free flow of commerce. An exaction by a State from interstate commerce falls not because of a proven increase in the cost of the product. What makes the tax invalid is the fact that there is interference by a State with the freedom of interstate commerce. Such a tax by the seller State alone must be judged burdensome in the context of the circumstances in which the tax takes effect. Trade being a sensitive plant, a direct tax upon it to some extent at least deters trade even if its effect is not precisely calculable. Many States, for instance, impose taxe on the consumption of goods and such taxes have been sustained regardless of the extra-State origin of the goods, or whether a tax on their sale had been imposed by the seller State. Such potential taxation by consumer States is but one factor pointing to the deterrent effect on commerce by a superimposed gross receipts tax. 11 It has been urged that the force of the decision in the Adams case has been sapped by McGoldrick v. Berwind-White Coal Mining Co., 309 U.S. 33, 60 S.Ct. 388,", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00150", "text": "a 'labor dispute' within the meaning of § 5(d) of the Alaska Act. Respondents urge that the term must be narrowl construed to require a strike or leaving of employment which, in turn, calls for a presently-existing employment relation at the time the dispute arises.8 According to this view, the term would not cover a situation, such as presented here, where the controversy precedes the employment. Respondents would justify this restricted construction on the ground that the Unemployment Compensation Law is remedial legislation, and any provision limiting benefits under the Act should be narrowly interpreted. 9 The term 'labor dispute', is not defined in the statute. The term appears in the Act in one other connection, however. Section 5(c)(2)(A) provides that benefits under the Act will not be denied any individual, otherwise eligible, who refuses to accept new work 'if the position offered is vacant due directly to a strike, lockout, or other labor dispute.' The Social Security Act of 19359 requires that the state or territorial law contain a provision to this effect before the legislation can be approved by the Social Security Board. Obviously, for the purposes of § 5(c)(2)(A), the term, 'labor dispute,' has a broader meaning than that attributed to it by respondents. Unless the Territorial Legislature intended to give a different meaning to the same language appearing in another subdivision of the same section, the term must be given a broader meaning than that contended for by the respondents, for the purposes of § 5(d) as well. We need not determine whether 'labor dispute' must in all cases be construed as broadly as it is defined in the Norris-LaGuardia Act,10 and the National Labor Relations Act.11 But here there was full-scale controversy. Companies engaged in carrying on a seasonal business were ranged against a union representing seasonal workers who had been employed by the companies in the previous year. Dispute there certainly was; and the subject of that dispute consisted of matters usually contested in labor disputes as that term is normally understood.12 Since we find nothing to indicate that the Territorial Legislature intended a contrary result, we conclude that the Commission might properly find a 'labor dispute' here presented within the meaning of § 5(d) of the Alaska Act. 10 We think that there is evidence in the record to support the Commission's conclusion that respondents' unemployment was 'due' to a labor", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00151", "text": "This paper studies two high-pollution episodes over Greater Tokyo: 9 and 10 December 1999, and 31 July and 1 August 2001. Results obtained with the chemistry-transport model (CTM) Polair3D are compared to measurements of inorganic PM2.5. To understand to which extent the aerosol processes modeled in Polair3D impact simulated inorganic PM2.5, Polair3D is run with different options in the aerosol module, e.g. with/without heterogeneous reactions. To quantify the impact of processes outside the aerosol module, simulations are also done with another CTM (CMAQ). In the winter episode, sulfate is mostly impacted by condensation, coagulation, long-range transport, and deposition to a lesser extent. In the summer episode, the effect of long-range transport largely dominates. The impact of condensation/evaporation is dominant for ammonium, nitrate and chloride in both episodes. However, the impact of the thermodynamic equilibrium assumption is limited. The impact of heterogeneous reactions is large for nitrate and ammonium, and taking heterogeneous reactions into account appears to be crucial in predicting the peaks of nitrate and ammonium. The impact of deposition is the same for all inorganic PM2.5. It is small compared to the impact of other processes although it is not negligible. The impact of nucleation is negligible in the summer episode, and small in the winter episode. The impact of coagulation is larger in the winter episode than in the summer episode, because the number of small particles is higher in the winter episode as a consequence of nucleation.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 336, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00152", "text": "smoking is a major risk factor for a variety of diseases . electronic cigarettes are battery - operated devices that deliver nicotine to the lungs by evaporation of a liquid . chronic idiopathic neutrophilia is a condition characterized by elevated white blood cell and neutrophil counts without any underlying disease ; smoking has been implicated as a potential cause.case presentation : a male caucasian patient , born in 1977 , presented in september 2005 with asymptomatic elevation of white blood cell and neutrophil count , and mildly - elevated c - reactive protein levels . he was a smoker since 1996 and was treated with 20 mg / day of simvastatin since 2003 due to hyperlipidemia . clinical examination , and laboratory and imaging investigations ruled out any infectious , haematological , rheumatological , or endocrine conditions . he was followed - up regularly and was advised to stop smoking . he had 2 unsuccessful attempts to quit smoking ; one was unassisted and the second was performed with the use of both varenicline and nicotine replacement therapy ( patches ) . during the subsequent 6.5 years , his leukocyte and c - reactive protein levels were repeatedly elevated ; the condition was consistent with chronic idiopathic neutrophilia . in february 2012 , he started using electronic cigarettes and he managed to quit smoking within 10 days . after 6 months , laboratory examination showed normalized leukocyte count and c - reactive protein levels , confirmed immediately by a second laboratory and by repeated tests after 1 and 2 months.conclusion:smoking cessation with the use of electronic cigarette led to reversal of chronic idiopathic neutrophilia . the daily use of electronic cigarette may help preserve the beneficial effects of smoking cessation .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 355, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00153", "text": "478, 479, 72 L.Ed. 868; General Electric Co. v. Wabash Appliance Corporation, supra. We understand that the circuit court of appeals held that the same rigid standards of description required for product claims is not required for a combination patent embodying old elements only. We have a different view. 13 Rev.Stat. § 4888 pointedly provides that 'in the case of a machine, he (the patentee) shall explain the principle thereof, and the best mode in which he has contemplated applying that principle, so as to distinguish it from other inventions; and he shall particularly point out and distinctively claim the part, improvement, or combination which he claims as his invention or discovery.' It has long been held that the word'machine' includes a combination. Corning et al. v. Burden, 15 How. 252, 267, 14 L.Ed. 683. We are not persuaded that the public and those affected by patents should lose the protection of this statute merely because the patented device is a combination of old elements. 14 Patents on machines which join old and well-known devices with the declared object of achieving new results, or patents which add an old element to improve a preexisting combination, easily lend themselves to abuse. And to prevent extension of a patent's scope beyond what was actually invented, courts have viewed claims to combinations and improvements or additions to them with very close scrutiny. Cf. Lincoln Engineering Co. of Illinois v. Stewart Warner Corporation, 303 U.S. 545, 549—551, 58 S.Ct. 662, 82 L.Ed. 1008. For the same reason, courts have qualified the scope of what is meant by the equivalent of an ingredient of a combination of old elements. Gill v. Wells, 22 Wall. 1, 28, 29, 22 L.Ed. 699. Fuller v. Yentzer, 94 U.S. 288, 297, 298, 24 L.Ed. 103. It is quite consistent with this strict interpretation of patents for machines which combine old elements to require clear description in combination claims. This view, clearly expressed in Gill v. Wells, supra, is that 15 'Where the ingredients are all old the invention * * * consists entirely in the combination, and the requirement of the Patent Act that the invention shall be fully and exactly described applies with as", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00154", "text": ", why close the door to proof of such corruption or mistake when it operates against an anti-union group, because it has not been challenged by one of the parties to it: to wit, the employer? In the usual election, it may be desirable to put an end to challenges at the time when the ballots become intermingled and indistinguishable. But to justify cutting off inquiry, it should appear that all persons interested in the election have had adequate opportunity to question the ballots cast. As long as no such provision is made for employees who are opposed to organization, I would protect their rights by allowing post-election challenges on such grounds as are urged here. 29 Of course the protection this gives is far from satisfactory. The challenge must be initiated by the parties the Board recognizes, the employer or the union. But there will be some instances in which their interest coincides with that of the anti-union employees. On the other hand, I can scarcely think of a more perfect device for encouraging unscrupulousness, than to invest it with finality against all inquiry either by the Board or the courts. Here half the employees are forced to accept union representation as the result of an election in which they were not allowed to protect the ballot, and those who were, failed to do so. If I really wanted to discourage fraud, collusion, and mistakes, and protect the integrity of elections and the rights of both minority and majority, I should hold that such elections can be looked into whenever irregularity appears to have affected the result. 1 49 Stat. 449, 29 U.S.C. § 151 et seq., 29 U.S.C.A. § 151 et seq. 2 Among the ineligible persons were those who had quit or been discharged for cause and had not been rehired or reinstated prior to the date of the election. 3 It was unnecessary to rule on the challenged ballot since it could not affect the result of the election, even though the ballot proved to be agaifnst the union 4 The letter recited that 'it has nov come to their attention, however that or April 28, 1944, Mrs. Kane filed with the Division of Employment Security of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts a claim for unemployment benefits stating, in connection with that claim, that she had left the employ of the A. J. Tower Company in March, 1944, and that her reason for leaving was that she 'could not", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00155", "text": "From observations of almost 500 RGB stars in 29 Galactic open and globular clusters, we have investigated the behaviour of the infrared Ca II triplet (8498, 8542 and 8662 \\AA) in the age range 13$\\leq$Age/Gyr$\\leq$0.25 and the metallicity range $-2.2\\leq$ [Fe/H] $\\leq$+0.47. These are the widest ranges of ages and metallicities in which the behaviour of the Ca II triplet lines has been investigated in a homogeneous way. We report the first empirical study of the variation of the CaII triplet lines strength, for given metallicities, with respect to luminosity. We find that the sequence defined by each cluster in the Luminosity-$\\Sigma$Ca plane is not exactly linear. However, when only stars in a small magnitude interval are observed, the sequences can be considered as linear. We have studied the the Ca II triplet lines on three metallicities scales. While a linear correlation between the reduced equivalent width ($W'_V$ or $W'_I$) versus metallicity is found in the \\citet{cg97} and \\citet{ki03} scales, a second order term needs to be added when the \\citet{zw84} scale is adopted. We investigate the role of age from the wide range of ages covered by our sample. We find that age has a weak influence on the final relationship. Finally, the relationship derived here is used to estimate the metallicities of three poorly studied open clusters: Berkeley 39, Trumpler 5 and Collinder 110. For the latter, the metallicity derived here is the first spectroscopic estimate available.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 355, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00156", "text": "backgroundspironolactone , the only aldosterone antagonist available in china , improves outcomes in acute myocardial infarction ( ami ) among patients with systolic dysfunction and either diabetes or heart failure ( hf ) . however , national practice patterns in the use of spironolactone in china are unknown.methods and resultsfrom a nationally representative sample of ami patients from in 2001 , 2006 , and 2011 , we identified 6906 patients with either diabetes or hf and classified them into 1 of 4 groups according to their eligibility for spironolactoneideal(left ventricular ejection fraction [ lvef ] 40% and without contraindications ) , contraindicated , not indicated ( neither ideal nor contraindicated ) , and unknown indications ( lvef unmeasured)to determine how frequently patient eligibility for this drug is assessed in the hospital , how it is used in several groups , and to identify factors associated with the use in these groups . from 2001 to 2011 , the proportion of patients whose eligibility for spironolactone was not assessed decreased ( 66.9% in 2001 to 32.8% in 2011 ) . spironolactone use significantly increased among ideal patients over this period ( 28.6% to 72.4% ; p<0.001 for trend ) , but also in contraindicated patients ( 11.4% to 27.5% ; p=0.002 for trend ) and in other patients groups ( not indicated : 27.5% to 38.3% ; unknown indications : 21.3% to 35.1% ; both p<0.01 for trend ) . in all 4 groups , patients presenting with hf on admission were more likely to receive spironolactone.conclusionsalthough the appropriate use of spironolactone and assessment of eligibility increased in china over the past decade , there remains marked opportunities for improvement.clinical trial registrationurl : http://www.clinicaltrials.gov unique identifier : nct01624883 .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 440, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00157", "text": "We performed interferometric observations of a high-mass protostellar candidate IRAS 18566+0408 in the \\nh3 (J,K)=(1,1), (2,2) and (3,3) inversion transitions, the SiO J=2-1 and HCN J=1-0 lines, and the 43 and 87 GHz continuum emission using the VLA and OVRO. The 87 GHz continuum emission reveals two continuum peaks MM-1 and MM-2 along a molecular ridge. The dominant peak MM-1 coincides with a compact emission feature at 43 GHz, and arises mostly from the dust emission. For dust emissivity index $\\beta$ of 1.3, the masses in the dust peaks amount to 70 \\msun for MM-1, and 27 \\msun for MM-2. Assuming internal heating, the central luminosities of MM-1 and MM-2 are $6 \\times 10^4$ and $8 \\times 10^3$ \\lsun, respectively. The SiO emission reveals a well collimated outflow emanating from MM-1. The jet-like outflow is also detected in \\nh3 at velocities similar to the SiO emission. The outflow, with a mass of 27 \\msun, causes significant heating in the gas to temperatures of 70 K, much higher than the temperature of $\\lsim 15$ K in the extended core. Compact ($< 3''$) and narrow line ($<1.5$ \\kms-1) \\nh3 (3,3) emission features are found associated with the outflow. They likely arise from weak population inversion in \\nh3 similar to the maser emission. Toward MM-1, there is a compact \\nh3 structure with a linewidth that increases from 5.5 \\kms-1 FHWM measured at 3$''$ resolution to 8.7 \\kms-1\\ measured at 1$''$ resolution. This linewidth is much larger than the FWHM of $<$ 2 \\kms-1 in the entire core, and does not appear to originate from the outflow. This large linewidth may arise from rotation/infall, or relative motions of unresolved protostellar cores.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 477, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00158", "text": "In the context of Free Probability Theory, we study two different constructions that provide new examples of factors of type ${\\rm II_1}$ with prescribed fundamental group. First we investigate state-preserving group actions on the almost periodic free Araki-Woods factors satisfying both a condition of mixing and a condition of free malleability in the sense of Popa. Typical examples are given by the free Bogoliubov shifts. Take an ICC $w$-rigid group $G$ such that $\\mathcal{F}(L(G)) = \\{1\\}$ (e.g. $G = \\Z^2 \\rtimes \\SL(2, \\Z)$). For any countable subgroup $S \\subset \\R^*_+$, we show that there exists an action of $G$ on $L(\\F_\\infty)$ such that $L(\\F_\\infty) \\rtimes G$ is a type ${\\rm II_1}$ factor and its fundamental group is $S$. The second construction is based on a free product. Take $(B(H), \\psi)$ any factor of type ${\\rm I}$ endowed with a faithful normal state and denote by $\\Gamma \\subset \\R^*_+$ the subgroup generated by the point spectrum of $\\psi$. We show that the centralizer $(L(G) \\ast B(H))^{\\tau \\ast \\psi}$ is a type ${\\rm II_1}$ factor and its fundamental group is $\\Gamma$. Our proofs rely on Popa's deformation/rigidity strategy using his intertwining-by-bimodules technique.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 327, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00159", "text": "A novel method to estimate the pixels simultaneous detection probability and the spatial resolution of pixelized detectors is proposed, which is based on the determination of the statistical correlations between detector neighbor pixels. The correlations are determined by means of noise variance measurement for a isolated pixels and the difference between neighbor pixels. The method is validated using images from the two different GE Senographe 2000D mammographic units. The pixelized detector has been irradiated using x-rays along its entire surface. It is shown that the pixel simultaneous detection probabilities can be estimated within accuracy 0.001 - 0.003, where the systematic error is estimated to be smaller than 0.005. The presampled two-dimensional point-spread function (PSF0) is determined using a single Gaussian and a sum of two Gaussian approximations. The obtained results for the presampled PSF0 show that the single Gaussian approximation is not appropriate, and the sum of two Gaussian approximations providing the best fit predicts the existence of a large (~50%) narrow component. Another proof of this fact is the latest simulation study of columnar indirect digital detectors by A. Badano et al. The sampled two-dimensional PSF is determined using Monte Carlo simulation for the L-shape uniform distributed acceptance function for different values of fill factors. The detector spatial resolution is estimated using sampled PSF and has values 54 and 58 mkm for two different units. The calculation of the presampled modulation transfer function based on the PSF0 estimation shows that the existing data can only be reproduced using a single Gaussian approximation and the usage of the sum of two Gaussian show significantly larger values in the higher frequency region for both units.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 337, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00160", "text": "In the equilibrium statistical mechanics of classical Coulomb fluids, the long-range tail of the Coulomb potential gives rise to the Stillinger-Lovett sum rules for the charge correlation functions. For the jellium model of mobile particles of charge $q$ immersed in a neutralizing background, the fixing of one of the $q$-charges induces a screening cloud of the charge density whose zeroth and second moments are determined just by the Stillinger-Lovett sum rules. In this paper, we generalize these sum rules to the screening cloud induced around a pointlike guest charge $Z q$ immersed in the bulk interior of the 2D jellium with the coupling constant $\\Gamma=\\beta q^2$ ($\\beta$ is the inverse temperature), in the whole region of the thermodynamic stability of the guest charge $Z>-2/\\Gamma$. The derivation is based on a mapping technique of the 2D jellium at the coupling $\\Gamma$ = (even positive integer) onto a discrete 1D anticommuting-field theory; we assume that the final results remain valid for all real values of $\\Gamma$ corresponding to the fluid regime. The generalized sum rules reproduce for arbitrary coupling $\\Gamma$ the standard Z=1 and the trivial Z=0 results. They are also checked in the Debye-H\\\"uckel limit $\\Gamma\\to 0$ and at the free-fermion point $\\Gamma=2$. The generalized second-moment sum rule provides some exact information about possible sign oscillations of the induced charge density in space.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 319, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00161", "text": "We propose a model based on SU(5) x {}^{(d)}T which successfully gives rise to near tri-bimaximal leptonic mixing as well as realistic CKM matrix elements for the quarks. The Georgi-Jarlskog relations for three generations are also obtained. Due to the {}^{(d)}T transformation property of the matter fields, the b-quark mass can be generated only when the {}^{(d)}T symmetry is broken, giving a dynamical origin for the hierarchy between m_{b} and m_{t}. There are only nine operators allowed in the Yukawa sector up to at least mass dimension seven due to an additional Z_{12} x Z'_{12} symmetry, which also forbids, up to some high orders, operators that lead to proton decay. The resulting model has a total of nine parameters in the charged fermion and neutrino sectors, and hence is very predictive. In addition to the prediction for \\theta_{13} \\simeq \\theta_{c}/3 \\sqrt{2}, the model gives rise to a sum rule, \\tan^{2}\\theta_{\\odot} \\simeq \\tan^{2} \\theta_{\\odot, \\mathrm{TBM}} - {1/2} \\theta_{c} \\cos\\beta, which is a consequence of the Georgi-Jarlskog relations in the quark sector. This deviation could account for the difference between the experimental best fit value for the solar mixing angle and the value predicted by the tri-bimaximal mixing matrix.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 325, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00162", "text": "the acyl - coa thioesterase gene ( acot ) family encodes enzymes that catalyse the hydrolysis of acyl - coa thioester compounds , also known as activated fatty acids , to their corresponding non - esterified ( free ) fatty acid and coenzyme a ( coash ) . these enzymes play a very important role in lipid metabolism by maintaining cellular levels and proper ratios of free and activated fatty acids , as well as coash . within the acyl - coa family there are two distinct subgroups , type i and type ii . despite catalysing the same reaction , the two groups are not structurally similar and do not share sequence homology , strongly suggesting convergent evolution . this suggestion is further supported if one compares the human with the mouse and rat acot gene families . to date , four human type i acots have been identified which belong to the /-hydrolase fold enzyme superfamily . type ii acots fall into the ' hot dog ' fold superfamily . there are currently six human type ii genes ; however , two homologous proteins , thioesterase superfamily members 4 ( them4 ) and 5 ( them5 ) share common type ii structural features and , in the case of them4 , acyl - coa thioesterase activity -- suggesting that the family may be larger than previously realised . although recent studies have greatly expanded the current understanding of these proteins and their physiological importance , there are a number of members whose functions are relatively unexplored and which warrant further investigation .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 320, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00163", "text": "we compared serum polychlorinated dibenzo - p - dioxins ( pcdds ) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans ( pcdfs ) among residents of two homes to levels among age- and sex - matched comparison subjects . the residents of the two homes consumed contaminated eggs and beef from animals raised at the homes . the animals had greater soil contact than those raised with conventional commercial husbandry practices . the comparison subjects were from a similar rural area , but did not consume home - produced beef and eggs . serum levels of 2,3,7 , 8-substituted tetra- , penta- , and hexacdds and penta- , hexa- , and heptacdfs were increased between 2- and 6-fold in residents from one home ; contaminated eggs and beef were consumed by residents for 2 - 15 years . elevations were less for those in the other index home , where only home - produced eggs were consumed for 2 years ; a 3-fold elevation of 1,2,3,7,8,9-hexacdd as compared to controls was most apparent . very strong bivariate correlations among all of the 2,3,7 , 8 penta- and hexacdds / cdfs were observed . the elevations observed verify that pcdd / pcdf - contaminated food contributed to the body burden of these compounds . the blood levels among the highest exposed participants are generally higher than those observed in other studies of u.s . contaminated - fish consumers and higher than average adipose tissue levels observed in u.s . urban populations . there are sufficient animal toxicologic and human epidemiologic data to recommend that exposures be reduced . in the study area , pentachlorophenol and pentachlorophenol incineration sources have been identified , and the animal contamination and blood elevations probably reflect these sources . soil reference values and site - specific risk assessments should include estimates of exposures to contamination in home - produced animal products . such estimates can be verified with limited pcdd / pcdf sampling of animals and humans.imagesfigure 1figure 2", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 433, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00164", "text": "We jointly model 22 early-type gravitational lens galaxies with stellar dynamical measurements using standard CDM halo models. The sample is inhomogeneous in both its mass distributions and the evolution of its stellar populations unless the true uncertainties are significantly larger than the reported measurement errors. In general, the individual systems cannot constrain halo models, in the sense that the data poorly constrains the stellar mass fraction of the halo. The ensemble of systems, however, strongly constrains the average stellar mass represented by the visible galaxies to $0.026\\pm0.006$ of the halo mass if we neglect adiabatic compression, rising to $0.056\\pm0.011$ of the halo mass if we include adiabatic compression. Both estimates are significantly smaller than the global baryon fraction, corresponding to a star formation efficiency for early-type galaxies of $10%-30%$. In the adiabatically compressed models, we find an average local B-band stellar mass-to-light ratio of $(M/L)_0 = (7.2\\pm0.5)(M_{\\sun}/L_{\\sun})$ that evolves by $d\\log(M/L)/dz = -0.72\\pm0.08$ per unit redshift. Adjusting the isotropy of the stellar orbits has little effect on the results. The adiabatically compressed models are strongly favored if we impose either local estimates of the mass-to-light ratios of early-type galaxies or the weak lensing measurements for the lens galaxies on 100 kpc scales as model constraints.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 317, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00165", "text": "The focusing performance of X-ray optics (conveniently expressed in terms of HEW, Half Energy Width) strongly depend on both mirrors deformations and photon scattering caused by the microroughness of reflecting surfaces. In particular, the contribution of X-ray Scattering (XRS) to the HEW of the optic is usually an increasing function H(E) of the photon energy E. Therefore, in future hard X-ray imaging telescopes of the future (SIMBOL-X, NeXT, Constellation-X, XEUS), the X-ray scattering could be the dominant problem since they will operate also in the hard X-ray band (i.e. beyond 10 keV). [...] Several methods were proposed in the past years to estimate the scattering contribution to the HEW, dealing with the surface microroughness expressed in terms of its Power Spectral Density (PSD), on the basis of the well-established theory of X-ray scattering from rough surfaces. We faced that problem on the basis on the same theory, but we tried a new approach: the direct, analytical translation of a given surface roughness PSD into a H(E) trend, and - vice versa - the direct translation of a H(E) requirement into a surface PSD. This PSD represents the maximum tolerable microroughness level in order to meet the H(E) requirement in the energy band of a given X-ray telescope. We have thereby found a new, analytical and widely applicable formalism to compute the XRS contribution to the HEW from the surface PSD, provided that the PSD had been measured in a wide range of spatial frequencies. The inverse problem was also solved, allowing the immediate evaluation of the mirror surface PSD from a measured function H(E). The same formalism allows establishing the maximum allowed PSD of the mirror in order to fulfill a given H(E) requirement. [...]", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 374, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00166", "text": "A theory of chiral lipid membranes is proposed on the basis of a concise free energy density which includes the contributions of the bending and the surface tension of membranes, as well as the chirality and orientational variation of tilting molecules. This theory is consistent with the previous experiments [J.M. Schnur \\textit{et al.}, Science \\textbf{264}, 945 (1994); M.S. Spector \\textit{et al.}, Langmuir \\textbf{14}, 3493 (1998); Y. Zhao, \\textit{et al.}, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA \\textbf{102}, 7438 (2005)] on self-assembled chiral lipid membranes of DC$_{8,9}$PC. A torus with the ratio between its two generated radii larger than $\\sqrt{2}$ is predicted from the Euler-Lagrange equations. It is found that tubules with helically modulated tilting state are not admitted by the Euler-Lagrange equations, and that they are less energetically favorable than helical ripples in tubules. The pitch angles of helical ripples are theoretically estimated to be about 0$^\\circ$ and 35$^\\circ$, which are close to the most frequent values 5$^\\circ$ and 28$^\\circ$ observed in the experiment [N. Mahajan \\textit{et al.}, Langmuir \\textbf{22}, 1973 (2006)]. Additionally, the present theory can explain twisted ribbons of achiral cationic amphiphiles interacting with chiral tartrate counterions. The ratio between the width and pitch of twisted ribbons is predicted to be proportional to the relative concentration difference of left- and right-handed enantiomers in the low relative concentration difference region, which is in good agreement with the experiment [R. Oda \\textit{et al.}, Nature (London) \\textbf{399}, 566 (1999)].", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 421, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00167", "text": "to examine risk factors for false positive hiv enzyme immunoassay ( eia ) testing at delivery . study design . a review of pregnant women who delivered at parkland hospital between 2005 and 2008 was performed . patients routinely received serum hiv eia testing at delivery , with positive results confirmed through immunofluorescent testing . demographics , hiv , hepatitis b surface antigen ( hbsag ) , and rapid plasma reagin ( rpr ) results were obtained . statistical analyses included pearson 's chi - square and student 's t - test . results . of 47,794 patients , 47,391 ( 99% ) tested negative , 145 ( 0.3% ) falsely positive , 172 ( 0.4% ) positive , and 86 ( 0.2% ) equivocal or missing hiv results . the positive predictive value of eia was 54.3% . patients with false positive results were more likely nulliparous ( 43% versus 31% , p < 0.001 ) and younger ( 23.9 5.7 versus 26.2 5.9 years , p < 0.001 ) . hiv positive patients were older than false positive patients and more likely positive for hbsag and rpr . conclusion . false positive hiv testing at delivery using eia is associated with young maternal age and nulliparity in this population .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 301, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00168", "text": "Pores are one of the various features forming in the photosphere by the emergence of magnetic field onto the solar surface. They lie at the border between tiny magnetic elements and larger sunspots. Light bridges, in such structures, are bright features separating umbral areas in two or more irregular regions. Commonly, light bridges indicate that a the merging of magnetic regions or, conversely, the breakup of the area is underway. We investigate the velocity structure of a solar pore (AR10812) with light bridge, and of the quiet solar photosphere nearby, analyzing high spatial and spectral resolution images. The pore area has been observed with the Interferometric BI-dimensional Spectrometer (IBIS) at the Dunn Solar Telescope, acquiring monochromatic images in the Ca II 854.2 nm line and in the Fe I 709.0 nm line as well as G-band and broad-band images. We also computed the Line of Sight (LoS) velocity field associated to the Fe I and Fe II photospheric lines. The amplitude of the LoS velocity fluctuations, inside the pore, is smaller than that observed in the quiet granulation near the active region. We computed the azimuthal average LoS velocity and derived its radial profile. The whole pore is characterized by a downward velocity -200 m/s and by an annular downflow structure with an average velocity of -350 m/s with respect to the nearby quiet sun. The light bridge inside the pore, when observed in the broad-band channel of IBIS and in the red wing of Ca II 854.2 nm line, shows an elongated dark structure running along its axis, that we explain with a semi-analytical model. In the highest resolution LoS velocity images the light bridge shows a profile consistent with a convective roll: a weak upflow, 50-100m/s, in correspondence of the dark lane, flanked by a downflow, -(200-300) m/s.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 396, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00169", "text": "by imposing upon a private carrier the obligations of a conventional common carrier for hire is too premature and hypothetical to warrant consideration on this record. The appellant in its entire period of operation has never been asked to carry the products of another and may never be. So far, the Commission has made no order which changes the appellant's obligations to any other company or person. If it does, it will be timely to consider concrete requirements and their specific effects on appellant. At present, appellant is asked only to provide information about a subject within the power possessed by Congress and delegated to the Commission, and that cannot be considered a taking of property even if it arouses appellant's premonitions. 11 We hold that the order before us is authorized by statute and that in this respect the statute is within the commerce power and does not offend the Fifth Amendment. 12 Affirmed. 13 Mr. Justice REED, with whom Mr. Justice FRANKFURTER, Mr. Justice DOUGLAS and Mr. Justice BURTON join dissenting. 14 This appeal brings into question the extent to which the Interstate Commerce Act covers pipe lines by virtue of the provisions of § 1 and § 19a.1 Acting under the authority of these sections, the Interstate Commerce Commission called upon the appellant, Champlin Refining Company, for reports deemed appropriate for it to make, if it is a common carrier under the act. The appellant challenged the Commission's order on the ground that it was not covered by the sections. 15 Champlin owns a pipe line for the carriage of oil or other similar commodity from its refinery in Oklahoma to various distributing points in other states. It carries no commodities except its own produced in its own refinery and delivered at the ends of the pipe line into its own storage or holding tanks for sale to its customers. It also is sole owner of the stock of the Cimarron Valley Pipe Line Company, admittedly an intrastate common carrier, that supplies the Champlin refinery with its crude oil. The Commission's orders for valuation reports do not treat Champlin and Cimarron as a unitary operation. The Commission, at this bar, disclaimed expressly any intention to test the subjection of Champlin's distributing pipe line to Commission power by Champlin's ownership of the Cimarron stock. As the Court treats the situation as though Champlin's distributing pipe line, between the refinery and the sale tanks only", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00170", "text": "to compare the levels of glutathione ( gsh ) , both oxidized and reduced forms in patients with and without chronic periodontitis in gingival crevicular fluid ( gcf).materials and methods : twenty gcf samples from maxillary quadrants were collected using capillary micropipettes from the chronic periodontitis patients ( test group ) at baseline before treatment , at 1-month , 3 months , and 6 months after scaling and root planing and samples from 20 patients without chronic periodontitis ( control group ) from maxillary quadrants were also collected . gsh , oxidized glutathione ( gssg ) levels and gsh : gssg ratios were determined using the spectrophotometric method.statistical analysis : results were concluded for the test over control groups using paired student 's t-test.results:lower concentrations of gsh ( p < 0.001 ) and gssg ( p < 0.001 ) were detected in gcf in patients with chronic periodontitis ( test group ) than patients without chronic periodontitis ( control group ) at baseline . treatment had a significant effect in improving the gsh and reducing gssg levels postscaling and root planing at 1-month and 3 months but not significant effect at 6 months . scaling and root planing increased the gsh : gssg ratio ( p < 0.001 ) in the test group as compared to the control group ( p < 0.001).conclusions : the concentrations of gsh within gcf are reduced in chronic periodontitis patients . scaling and root planing ( nonsurgical therapy ) restores gsh concentration in gcf post 1-month and 3 months along with redox balance ( gsh : gssg ratio ) , but at 6 months the balance is not maintained . adjunctive use of micronutritional supplements to boost antioxidant concentration in tissues by preserving gsh or by elevating its level at the inflamed sites is recommended , as nonsurgical periodontal therapy alone is not able to maintain redox balance for longer duration .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 432, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00171", "text": "frequency of mood disorders in patients with chronic diseases , especially diabetes and its effects on life quality are dramatically increasing.objectives:this study aimed to investigate the relation between depression and quality of life in patients with diabetes.patients and methods : this is a cross sectional survey . subjects were selected from 330 eligible people referred to the only diabetes clinic in gorgan city during 6 months , using systematic random sampling . beak depression questionnaire and the brief questioner with 26 questions recommended by the world health organization ( whoqol - bref ) were used to measure depression and quality of life , respectively . data were analyzed through descriptive methods , chi - square , independent t test and linear regression model using spss16 ; moreover , p value < 0.05 was considered as significant.results:in total , 330 patients with diabetes ( 35.5 % male and 64.5% women ) were studied . the mean and standard deviation of their age and years involved with diabetes were 50.6 9.0 and 5.4 4.5 years , respectively . range of age was 25 - 75 years , as well . the prevalence of depression in all patients with diabetes was 58.2% ( 124 mild , 56 medium , and 12 with severe depression ) . hypertension was 13.9% more in diabetic patients with depression ( p value < 0.001 ) and physical activity in 24.7% of the cases was less with a meaningful difference ( p value = 0.01 ) . the mean and standard deviation of quality of life in diabetic patients with and without depression was 50.7 14 and 60.5 13.3 , respectively that was significant in two groups ( p < 0.0001).conclusions : the prevalence of depression is high in patients with diabetes and has a considerable impact on the consequences of diabetes and quality of life too .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 394, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00172", "text": "We present the results of our investigation of the intermediate-age star cluster BS 90, located in the vicinity of the HII region N 66 in the SMC, observed with HST/ACS. The high-resolution data provide a unique opportunity for a very detailed photometric study performed on one of the rare intermediate-age rich SMC clusters. The complete set of observations is centered on the association NGC 346 and contains almost 100,000 stars down to V ~28 mag. In this study we focus on the northern part of the region, which covers almost the whole stellar content of BS 90. We construct its stellar surface density profile and derive structural parameters. Isochrone fits on the CMD of the cluster results in an age of about 4.5 Gyr. The luminosity function is constructed and the present-day mass function of BS 90 has been obtained using the mass-luminosity relation, derived from the isochrone models. We found a slope between -1.30 and -0.95, comparable or somewhat shallower than a typical Salpeter IMF. Examination of the radial dependence of the mass function shows a steeper slope at larger radial distances, indicating mass segregation in the cluster. The derived half-mass relaxation time of 0.95 Gyr suggests that the cluster is mass segregated due to its dynamical evolution. From the isochrone model fits we derive a metallicity for BS 90 of [Fe/H]=-0.72, which adds an important point to the age-metallicity relation of the SMC. We discuss our findings on this relation in comparison to other SMC clusters.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 330, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00173", "text": "ureterosciatic herniation , the protrusion of the hernia sac through the sciatic foramen , is an extremely rare cause of ureteral obstruction . we describe a case revealed by severe left back pain in a 72-year - old female . she was referred to our hospital for urological assessment of left hydronephrosis observed by ultrasonography . intravenous ureterography ( ivu ) showed findings compatible with a left sciatic ureter , a dilated ureter with a fixed kinking , which is known as the curlicue sign . we decided to attempt recovery of the herniated ureter using a retrograde approach . ureteral stent placement was performed to decompress the dilated upper urinary tract . the ureterosciatic hernia was relieved with the passage of a flexible guide wire and a double - pigtail stent . three months after ureteral stenting , she refused continuing to have an indwelling stent and the stent was removed . thereafter , ivu revealed recurrent ureterosciatic hernia ; however , there was no hydroureter or hydronephrosis . the patient is currently being under observation for 6 years after stenting and continues to be without hydronephrosis or symptoms . placement of an internal stent possibly provides the rigidity to the ureter , thereby reducing the hernia and urinary obstruction . in the previous reports , most symptomatic patients have been treated surgically , with conservative therapy reserved for asymptomatic patients . for the patient who is elderly or a poor surgical candidate , retrograde stenting may provide safe reduction and efficacious treatment . this endourological approach provides a minimally invasive means for the management of urinary obstruction caused by ureterosciatic herniation .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 359, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00174", "text": "We study scaling relations of compressible strongly magnetized turbulence. We find a good correspondence of our results with the Fleck (1996) model of compressible hydrodynamic turbulence. In particular, we find that the density-weighted velocity, i.e. $u \\equiv \\rho^{1/3} v$, proposed in Kritsuk et al. (2007) obeys the Kolmogorov scaling, i.e. $E_{u}(k)\\sim k^{-5/3}$ for the high Mach number turbulence. Similarly, we find that the exponents of the third order structure functions for $u$ stay equal to unity for the all the Mach numbers studied. The scaling of higher order correlations obeys the She-Leveque (1994) scalings corresponding to the two-dimensional dissipative structures, and this result does not change with the Mach number either. In contrast to $v$ which exhibits different scaling parallel and perpendicular to the local magnetic field, the scaling of $u$ is similar in both directions. In addition, we find that the peaks of density create a hierarchy in which both physical and column densities decrease with the scale in accordance to the Fleck (1996) predictions. This hierarchy can be related ubiquitous small ionized and neutral structures (SINS) in the interstellar gas. We believe that studies of statistics of the column density peaks can provide both consistency check for the turbulence velocity studies and insight into supersonic turbulence, when the velocity information is not available.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 306, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00175", "text": "objectivea cost comparison of the surgical clipping and endovascular coiling of unruptured intracranial aneurysms ( uias ) , and the identification of the principal cost determinants of these treatments.methodsthis study conducted a retrospective review of data from a series of patients who underwent surgical clipping or endovascular coiling of uias between january 2011 and may 2014 . the medical records , radiological data , and hospital cost data were all examined.resultswhen comparing the total hospital costs for surgical clipping of a single uia ( n=188 ) and endovascular coiling of a single uia ( n=188 ) , surgical treatment [ meanstandard deviation ( sd ) : 8,280,0001,490,000 ] resulted in significantly lower total hospital costs than endovascular treatment ( meansd : 11,700,0003,050,000 , p<0.001 ) . in a multi regression analysis , the factors significantly associated with the total hospital costs for endovascular treatment were the aneurysm diameter ( p<0.001 ) and patient age ( p=0.014 ) . for the endovascular group , a pearson correlation analysis revealed a strong positive correlation ( r=0.77 ) between the aneurysm diameter and the total hospital costs , while a simple linear regression provided the equation , y ( )=6,658,630 + 855,250x ( mm ) , where y represents the total hospital costs and x is the aneurysm diameter.conclusionin south korea , the total hospital costs for the surgical clipping of uias were found to be lower than those for endovascular coiling when the surgical results were favorable without significant complications . plus , a strong positive correlation was noted between an increase in the aneurysm diameter and a dramatic increase in the costs of endovascular coiling .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 391, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00176", "text": "Let $S =\\{x\\in \\re^n: g_1(x)\\geq 0, ..., g_m(x)\\geq 0\\}$ be a semialgebraic set defined by multivariate polynomials $g_i(x)$. Assume $S$ is convex, compact and has nonempty interior. Let $S_i =\\{x\\in \\re^n: g_i(x)\\geq 0\\}$, and $\\bdS$ (resp. $\\bdS_i$) be the boundary of $S$ (resp. $S_i$). This paper discusses whether $S$ can be represented as the projection of some LMI representable set. Such $S$ is called semidefinite representable or SDP representable. The contributions of this paper: {\\bf (i)} Assume $g_i(x)$ are all concave on $S$. If the positive definite Lagrange Hessian (PDLH) condition holds, i.e., the Hessian of the Lagrange function for optimization problem of minimizing any nonzero linear function $\\ell^Tx$ on $S$ is positive definite at the minimizer, then $S$ is SDP representable. {\\bf (ii)} If each $g_i(x)$ is either sos-concave ($-\\nabla^2g_i(x)=W(x)^TW(x)$ for some possibly nonsquare matrix polynomial $W(x)$) or strictly quasi-concave on $S$, then $S$ is SDP representable. {\\bf (iii)} If each $S_i$ is either sos-convex or poscurv-convex ($S_i$ is compact convex, whose boundary has positive curvature and is nonsingular, i.e. $\\nabla g_i(x) \\not = 0$ on $\\bdS_i \\cap S$), then $S$ is SDP representable. This also holds for $S_i$ for which $\\bdS_i \\cap S$ extends smoothly to the boundary of a poscurv-convex set containing $S$. {\\bf (iv)} We give the complexity of Schm\\\"{u}dgen and Putinar's matrix Positivstellensatz, which are critical to the proofs of (i)-(iii).", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 471, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00177", "text": "In this paper we address the problem of finding the sensing capacity of sensor networks for a class of linear observation models and a fixed SNR regime. Sensing capacity is defined as the maximum number of signal dimensions reliably identified per sensor observation. In this context sparsity of the phenomena is a key feature that determines sensing capacity. Precluding the SNR of the environment the effect of sparsity on the number of measurements required for accurate reconstruction of a sparse phenomena has been widely dealt with under compressed sensing. Nevertheless the development there was motivated from an algorithmic perspective. In this paper our aim is to derive these bounds in an information theoretic set-up and thus provide algorithm independent conditions for reliable reconstruction of sparse signals. In this direction we first generalize the Fano's inequality and provide lower bounds to the probability of error in reconstruction subject to an arbitrary distortion criteria. Using these lower bounds to the probability of error, we derive upper bounds to sensing capacity and show that for fixed SNR regime sensing capacity goes down to zero as sparsity goes down to zero. This means that disproportionately more sensors are required to monitor very sparse events. Our next main contribution is that we show the effect of sensing diversity on sensing capacity, an effect that has not been considered before. Sensing diversity is related to the effective \\emph{coverage} of a sensor with respect to the field. In this direction we show the following results (a) Sensing capacity goes down as sensing diversity per sensor goes down; (b) Random sampling (coverage) of the field by sensors is better than contiguous location sampling (coverage).", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 318, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00178", "text": "in addition to its anti - inflammatory activity , meriva , a proprietary lecithin formulation of curcumin , has been anecdotally reported to decrease acute pain in patients with various chronic diseases . given that curcumin can desensitize transient receptor potential a1 , a nociceptor seemingly also mediating the analgesic effect of acetaminophen , as well as inhibiting and downregulating the expression of cyclo - oxygenase 2 , the selective target of nimesulide , a nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory agent , we carried out a pilot comparative study of the acute pain - relieving properties of these three agents . at a dose of 2 g ( corresponding to 400 mg of curcumin ) , meriva showed clear analgesic activity , comparable with that of a standard dose ( 1 g ) of acetaminophen , but lower than that of a therapeutic ( 100 mg ) dose of nimesulide . the analgesic activity of lower ( 1.5 g ) doses of meriva was less satisfactory , and the onset of activity was longer than that of nimesulide for both doses . on the other hand , gastric tolerability was significantly better than that of nimesulide and comparable with that of acetaminophen . taken together , our results show that the preclinical analgesic properties of curcumin have clinical relevance , at least at a dose of 2 g as the meriva formulation . while this dose is significantly higher than that used to relieve chronic inflammatory conditions ( 11.2 g / day ) , its pain - relieving activity could benefit from the general downregulation of the inflammatory response induced by curcumin , considering that the transient receptor potential channel - mediated mechanisms of analgesia are magnified by attenuation of inflammation . in patients on treatment with meriva , this would also translate into better control of acute pain , providing a rationale for the analgesic properties associated with this curcumin formulation .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 411, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00179", "text": "The measurement of the scale of the baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) in the galaxy power spectrum as a function of redshift is a promising method to constrain the equation-of-state parameter of the dark energy w. To measure the scale of the BAO precisely, a substantial volume of space must be surveyed. We test whether light-cone effects are important and whether the scaling relations used to compensate for an incorrect reference cosmology are in this case sufficiently accurate. We investigate the degeneracies in the cosmological parameters and the benefits of using the two-dimensional anisotropic power spectrum. Finally, we estimate the uncertainty with which w can be measured by proposed surveys at redshifts of about z=3 and z=1, respectively. In the simulated survey we find that light-cone effects are small and that the simple scaling relations used to correct for the cosmological distortion work fairly well even for large survey volumes. The analysis of the two-dimensional anisotropic power spectra enables an independent determination to be made of the apparent scale of the BAO, perpendicular and parallel to the line of sight. This is essential for two-parameter w-models, such as the redshift-dependent dark energy model w=w_0+(1-a)w_a. Using Planck priors for the matter and baryon density and Delta(H_0)=5% for the Hubble constant, we estimate that the BAO measurements of future surveys around z=3 and z=1 will be able to constrain, independently of other cosmological probes, a constant w to ~ 12% and ~ 11% (68% c.l.), respectively.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 331, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00180", "text": "There is currently a great deal of interest in the theoretical and practical possibility of cloaking objects from the observation by electromagnetic waves. The basic idea of these invisibility devices \\cite{glu1, glu2, le},\\cite{pss1} is to use anisotropic {\\it transformation media} whose permittivity and permeability $\\var^{\\lambda\\nu}, \\mu^{\\lambda\\nu}$, are obtained from the ones, $\\var_0^{\\lambda\\nu}, \\mu^{\\lambda\\nu}_0$, of isotropic media, by singular transformations of coordinates. In this paper we study electromagnetic cloaking in the time-domain using the formalism of time-dependent scattering theory. This formalism allows us to settle in an unambiguous way the mathematical problems posed by the singularities of the inverse of the permittivity and the permeability of the {\\it transformation media} on the boundary of the cloaked objects. We write Maxwell's equations in Schr\\\"odinger form with the electromagnetic propagator playing the role of the Hamiltonian. We prove that the electromagnetic propagator outside of the cloaked objects is essentially self-adjoint. Moreover, the unique self-adjoint extension is unitarily equivalent to the electromagnetic propagator in the medium $\\var_0^{\\lambda\\nu}, \\mu^{\\lambda\\nu}_0$. Using this fact, and since the coordinate transformation is the identity outside of a ball, we prove that the scattering operator is the identity. Our results give a rigorous proof that the construction of \\cite{glu1, glu2, le}, \\cite{pss1} perfectly cloaks passive and active devices from observation by electromagnetic waves. Furthermore, we prove cloaking for general anisotropic materials. In particular, our results prove that it is possible to cloak objects inside general crystals.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 379, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00181", "text": "the origin of novelty is a critical subject for evolutionary biologists . early geneticists speculated about the sudden appearance of new species via special macromutations , epitomized by goldschmidt s infamous hopeful monster . although these ideas were easily dismissed by the insights of the modern synthesis , a lingering fascination with the possibility of sudden , dramatic change has persisted . recent work on hybridization and gene exchange suggests an underappreciated mechanism for the sudden appearance of evolutionary novelty that is entirely consistent with the principles of modern population genetics . genetic recombination in hybrids can produce transgressive phenotypes , monstrous phenotypes beyond the range of parental populations . transgressive phenotypes can be products of epistatic interactions or additive effects of multiple recombined loci . we compare several epistatic and additive models of transgressive segregation in hybrids and find that they are special cases of a general , classic quantitative genetic model . the dobzhansky - muller model predicts hopeless monsters , sterile and inviable transgressive phenotypes . the bateson model predicts hopeful monsters with fitness greater than either parental population . the complementation model predicts both . transgressive segregation after hybridization can rapidly produce novel phenotypes by recombining multiple loci simultaneously . admixed populations will also produce many similar recombinant phenotypes at the same time , increasing the probability that recombinant hopeful monsters will establish true - breeding evolutionary lineages . recombination is not the only ( or even most common ) process generating evolutionary novelty , but might be the most credible mechanism for sudden appearance of new forms .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 313, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00182", "text": "initial surgical management is commonly accepted to date as paramount in the treatment of women presenting with epithelial ovarian cancer and permits the assessment of the disease ( staging ) , the histological confirmation of disease type and grade , and the practice of maximal debulking preceding platinum - based chemotherapy . many studies have shown that the volume of residual disease after initial surgical cytoreduction inversely correlates with survival . thus , women with optimal debulking performed by a trained specialist have improved median survival . in this review , we will focus on the answers gleaned from clinical trials on primary and interval surgery , which prompts the question on the timing of surgery in respect to chemotherapy . interval debulking surgery ( ids ) is secondary cytoreduction following primary debulking and is carried out in between the courses of chemotherapy . the major clinical trials and the latest systematic reviews seem unable to give any definitive guidance or recommendation for clinical practice . the choice of aggressive primary cytoreduction or upfront chemotherapy followed by second line surgical cytoreduction seems among others to have to be individualized according to tumour load , prediction of its resectability , and response to chemotherapy . the role of tumour biology must also be kept in mind . finally , concrete answers are awaited on the timing of surgery from the ongoing prospective randomized control trials ( chorus and eortc 55971 ) though preliminary data from the latter have already been presented at major meetings ( igcs 2008 ; sgo 2009 ) and ignited strong debate .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 300, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00183", "text": "abstractthis article is a historiographical exploration of the special forms of knowledge generation and knowledge transmission that occur along local cultural boundaries in the modern neurosciences . following the inauguration of the so - called law on the re - establishment of a professional civil service in nazi germany on april 7 , 1933 , hundreds of jewish and oppositional neurologists , neuropathologists , and psychiatrists were forced out of their academic positions , having to leave their home countries and local knowledge economies and traditions for canada and the united states . a closer analysis of their living and working conditions will create an understanding of some of the elements and factors that determined the international forced migration waves of physicians and clinical neuroscientists in the twentieth century from a historiographical perspective . while i am particularly looking here at new case examples regarding the forced migration during the national socialist period in germany , the analysis follows german - speaking migr neurologists and psychiatrists who found refuge and settled in canada . these individuals form an understudied group of refugee medical professionals , despite the fact that the subsegments of refugee neurologists and clinical psychoanalysts in the united states , for example , have been a fairly well - investigated population , as the works of grob ( 1983 ) , lunbeck ( 1995 ) , or ash and soellner ( 1996 ) have shown . this article is primarily an exploration of the adjustment and acculturation processes of several highly versatile and well - rounded german - speaking physicians , who had received their prior education in neurology , psychiatry , and basic brain research . they were forced out of their academic home institutions and had to leave their clinical research fields as well as their disciplinary self - understanding behind on the other side of the atlantic .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 357, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00184", "text": "Using a semi-analytical model for galaxy formation, combined with a large N-body simulation, we investigate the origin of the dichotomy among early-type galaxies. We find that boxy galaxies originate from mergers with a progenitor mass ratio $n < 2$ and with a combined cold gas mass fraction $F_{\\rm cold} < 0.1$. Our model accurately reproduces the observed fraction of boxy systems as a function of luminosity and halo mass, for both central galaxies and satellites. After correcting for the stellar mass dependence, the properties of the last major merger of early-type galaxies are independent of their halo mass. This provides theoretical support for the conjecture of Pasquali et al (2007) that the stellar mass of an early-type galaxy is the main parameter that governs its isophotal shape. We argue that the observed dichotomy of early-type galaxies has a natural explanation within hierarchical structure formation, and does not require AGN feedback. Rather, we argue that it owes to the fact that more massive systems (i) have more massive progenitors, (ii) assemble later, and (iii) have a larger fraction of early-type progenitors. Each of these three trends causes the cold gas mass fraction of the progenitors of more massive early-types to be lower, so that their last major merger was dryer. Finally, our model predicts that (i) less than 10 percent of all early-type galaxies form in major mergers that involve two early-type progenitors, (ii) more than 95 percent of all boxy early-type galaxies with $M_* < 2 \\times 10^{10} h^{-1} \\Msun$ are satellite galaxies, and (iii) about 70 percent of all low mass early-types do not form a supermassive black hole binary at their last major merger. The latter may help to explain why low mass early-types have central cusps, while their massive counterparts have cores.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 400, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00185", "text": "due to their unique structural and functional properties , subplate cells are ideally suited to function as important amplifying units within the developing neocortical circuit . subplate neurons have extensive dendritic and axonal ramifications and relatively mature functional properties , i.e. their action potential firing can exceed frequencies of 40 hz . at earliest stages of corticogenesis subplate cells receive functional synaptic inputs from the thalamus and from other cortical and non - cortical sources . glutamatergic and depolarizing gabaergic inputs arise from cortical neurons and neuromodulatory inputs arise from the basal forebrain and other sources . activation of postsynaptic metabotropic receptors , i.e. muscarinic receptors , elicits in subplate neurons oscillatory burst discharges which are transmitted via electrical and chemical synapses to neighbouring subplate cells and to immature neurons in the cortical plate . the tonic non - synaptic release of gaba from gabaergic subplate cells facilitates the generation of burst discharges . these cellular bursts are amplified by prominent gap junction coupling in the subplate and cortical plate , thereby eliciting 1020 hz oscillations in a local columnar network . thus , we propose that neuronal networks are organized at earliest stages in a gap junction coupled columnar syncytium . we postulate that the subplate does not only serve as a transient relay station for afferent inputs , but rather as an active element amplifying the afferent and intracortical activity .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 300, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00186", "text": "first choice was to enlarge the present post office site; his second, to acquire the site here in controversy; his third, to acquire a site between the two. Further studies were made in Cape Girardeau or in Washington by the Associate Architect for the Federal Works Agency, the Fiscal Manager of the Public Buildings Administration and the Superintendent of the Division of Post Office Quarters in the Post Office Department. All wishing to be heard were heard. February 11, 1941, the City Council passed an ordinance proposing an exchange of the park site for the present post office site and submitting this proposal to a special election. March 4, 1941, a majority of those voting in 8 of the 10 wards approved the exchange, the city wide vote being 1612 to 1344. May 26, 1941, the Acting Commissioner of Public Buildings notified the Mayor of the Government's acceptance of the proposed exchange. September 25, 1941, the Actin Administrator of the Federal Works Agency advised the Attorney General that, under authority of the Public Buildings Act, the Agency had contracted for the exchange. After referring to his failure to secure title by voluntary conveyance from the City in spite of the willingness of the City officials to make the exchange if they had legal authority to do so, he asked the Attorney General to file this condemnation proceeding. It was done November 22, 1941. In accordance with the opinion of the Circuit Court of Appeals after the first trial, the Government, on June 10, 1943, secured evidence of a formal joint action, signed personally by the Federal Works Administrator and the Postmaster General, expressly selecting the site in suit. This was included in the record of the second trial. The actions of June 12, 1940, and June 10, 1943, refer to the project as one for a post office and courthouse, whereas the petition for condemnation refers to it as one for a post office and customhouse. This variation was not pressed in the litigation and is not material to the main issue of statutory construction. The foregoing narration of the steps taken in this instance in not intended as an indication that all or any of them are essential to the exercise of the statutory authority to select sites in other cases. They are set forth to help demonstrate that, in the face of them, the selection here cannot be classed as 'capricious and arbitrary,' under any appropriate definition of those words", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00187", "text": "This paper focuses on supergravity duals of BPS states in N=4 super Yang-Mills. In order to describe these duals, we begin with a sequence of breathing mode reductions of IIB supergravity: first on S^3, then S^3 x S^1, and finally on S^3 x S^1 x CP^1. We then follow with a complete supersymmetry analysis, yielding 1/8, 1/4 and 1/2 BPS configurations, respectively (where in the last step we take the Hopf fibration of S^3). The 1/8 BPS geometries, which have an S^3 isometry and are time-fibered over a six-dimensional base, are determined by solving a non-linear equation for the Kahler metric on the base. Similarly, the 1/4 BPS configurations have an S^3 x S^1 isometry and a four-dimensional base, whose Kahler metric obeys another non-linear, Monge-Ampere type equation. Despite the non-linearity of the problem, we develop a universal bubbling AdS description of these geometries by focusing on the boundary conditions which ensure their regularity. In the 1/8 BPS case, we find that the S^3 cycle shrinks to zero size on a five-dimensional locus inside the six-dimensional base. Enforcing regularity of the full solution requires that the interior of a smooth, generally disconnected five-dimensional surface be removed from the base. The AdS_5 x S^5 ground state corresponds to excising the interior of an S^5, while the 1/8 BPS excitations correspond to deformations (including topology change) of the S^5 and/or the excision of additional droplets from the base. In the case of 1/4 BPS configurations, by enforcing regularity conditions, we identify three-dimensional surfaces inside the four-dimensional base which separate the regions where the S^3 shrinks to zero size from those where the S^1 shrinks.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 422, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00188", "text": "We consider the possibility that the dark matter, which is required to explain the dynamics of the neutral hydrogen clouds at large distances from the galactic center, could be in the form of a Bose-Einstein condensate. To study the condensate we use the non-relativistic Gross-Pitaevskii equation. By introducing the Madelung representation of the wave function, we formulate the dynamics of the system in terms of the continuity equation and of the hydrodynamic Euler equations. Hence dark matter can be described as a non-relativistic, Newtonian Bose-Einstein gravitational condensate gas, whose density and pressure are related by a barotropic equation of state. In the case of a condensate with quartic non-linearity, the equation of state is polytropic with index $n=1$. To test the validity of the model we fit the Newtonian tangential velocity equation of the model with a sample of rotation curves of low surface brightness and dwarf galaxies, respectively. We find a very good agreement between the theoretical rotation curves and the observational data for the low surface brightness galaxies. The deflection of photons passing through the dark matter halos is also analyzed, and the bending angle of light is computed. The bending angle obtained for the Bose-Einstein condensate is larger than that predicted by standard general relativistic and dark matter models. Therefore the study of the light deflection by galaxies and the gravitational lensing could discriminate between the Bose-Einstein condensate dark matter model and other dark matter models.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 309, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00189", "text": "CO observations have been so far the best way to trace molecular gas in external galaxies, but at low metallicity the gas mass deduced could be largely underestimated. At present, the kinematic information of CO data cubes are used to estimate virial masses and trace the total mass of the molecular clouds. Millimeter dust emission can also be used as a dense gas tracer and could unveil H2 envelopes lacking CO. These different tracers must be compared in different environments. This study compares virial masses to masses deduced from millimeter emission, in two GMC samples: the local molecular clouds in our Galaxy and their equivalents in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), one of the nearest low metallicity dwarf galaxy. In our Galaxy, mass estimates deduced from millimeter emission are consistent with masses deduced from gamma ray analysis and trace the total mass of the clouds. Virial masses are systematically larger (twice on average) than mass estimates from millimeter dust emission. This difference decreases toward high masses and has already been reported in previous studies. In the SMC however, molecular cloud masses deduced from SIMBA millimeter observations are systematically higher (twice on average for conservative values of the dust to gas ratio and dust emissivity) than the virial masses from SEST CO observations. The observed excess can not be accounted for by any plausible change of dust properties. Taking a general form for the virial theorem, we show that a magnetic field strength of ~15 micro Gauss in SMC clouds could provide additional support to the clouds and explain the difference observed. Masses of SMC molecular clouds have therefore been underestimated so far. Magnetic pressure may contribute significantly to their support.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 339, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00190", "text": "In a previous paper (Gavignaud et al. 2006), we presented the type-1 Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) sample obtained from the first epoch data of the VIMOS-VLT Deep Survey (VVDS). The sample consists of 130 faint, broad-line AGN with redshift up to z=5 and 17.5< I <24.0, selected on the basis of their spectra. In this paper we present the measurement of the Optical Luminosity Function up to z=3.6 derived from this sample, we compare our results with previous results from brighter samples both at low and at high redshift. Our data, more than one magnitude fainter than previous optical surveys, allow us to constrain the faint part of the luminosity function up to high redshift. By combining our faint VVDS sample with the large sample of bright AGN extracted from the SDSS DR3 (Richards et al., 2006b) and testing a number of different evolutionary models, we find that the model which better represents the combined luminosity functions, over a wide range of redshift and luminosity, is a luminosity dependent density evolution (LDDE) model, similar to those derived from the major X-surveys. Such a parameterization allows the redshift of the AGN space density peak to change as a function of luminosity and explains the excess of faint AGN that we find at 1.0< z <1.5. On the basis of this model we find, for the first time from the analysis of optically selected samples, that the peak of the AGN space density shifts significantly towards lower redshift going to lower luminosity objects. This result, already found in a number of X-ray selected samples of AGN, is consistent with a scenario of \"AGN cosmic downsizing\", in which the density of more luminous AGN, possibly associated to more massive black holes, peaks earlier in the history of the Universe, than that of low luminosity ones.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 416, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00191", "text": "In the paper we check whether the contribution of $(-)(1+z)^6$ type in the Friedmann equation can be tested. We consider some astronomical tests to constrain the density parameters in such models. We describe different interpretations of such an additional term: geometric effects of Loop Quantum Cosmology, effects of braneworld cosmological models, non-standard cosmological models in metric-affine gravity, and models with spinning fluid. Kinematical (or geometrical) tests based on null geodesics are insufficient to separate individual matter components when they behave like perfect fluid and scale in the same way. Still, it is possible to measure their overall effect. We use recent measurements of the coordinate distances from the Fanaroff-Riley type IIb (FRIIb) radio galaxy (RG) data, supernovae type Ia (SNIa) data, baryon oscillation peak and cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) observations to obtain stronger bounds for the contribution of the type considered. We demonstrate that, while $\\rho^2$ corrections are very small, they can be tested by astronomical observations -- at least in principle. Bayesian criteria of model selection (the Bayesian factor, AIC, and BIC) are used to check if additional parameters are detectable in the present epoch. As it turns out, the $\\Lambda$CDM model is favoured over the bouncing model driven by loop quantum effects. Or, in other words, the bounds obtained from cosmography are very weak, and from the point of view of the present data this model is indistinguishable from the $\\Lambda$CDM one.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 329, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00192", "text": "capitalization of $270,000,000. Through this investment, Bond and Share controls not only American but also American's 21 subsidiaries with a total capitalization of $29,000,000. An investment of $10,000,000 thus controls $729,000,000, a ratio of 1 to 73. 32 Bond and Share also holds 46.8% of Electric's total voting stock; the book equity of this holding amounts to $17,500,000 or 9.14% of Electric's total capitalization of $192,000,000. Bond and Share is thereby enable to control not only Electric but also Electric's 11 direct and 11 indirect subsidiaries with a total capitalization of $654,000,000. An investment of $17,500,000 thus controls $654,000,000, a ratio of 1 to 37. 33 The Commission, however, made alternative calculations which gave American and Electric the benefit of a more favorable assumption. It adjusted upward the book figures for Bond and Share's common stock interests in these companies to reflect the amount by which the values on the books of the subsidiaries exceeded corresponding values at which American and Electric carried their stock interest in those subsidiaries. But even after such adjustments, Bond and Share's investment equals only 8.2% of American's capitalization and only 3.42% of the book values of American's subsidiaries; and its investment in Electric is the equivalent of only 22.25% of Electric's capitalization and 8.72% of the book values of Electric's subsidiaries.16 34 This disproportion between Bond and Share's investment and the value of the property controlled is even more acute if further adjustments are made to reflect the unconscionable write-ups and inadequate depreciation which the Commission found in the book figures of the various operating companies. American and Electric disagree with many of these adjustments and urge that the book values can be justified; and complaint is made that the Commission refused to consider certain valuation testimony offered by American in this respect. We deem it unnecessary, however, to enter into these disputed matters. Even with the use of the book values, the attenuated investment ratio is such as to justify the Commission's conclusion that Bond and Share's control of the operating companies is achieved 'through disproportionately small investment.' On that basis, over 96% of the investment in American's subsidiaries is without effective voting representation, while over 91", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00193", "text": "acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous follicles and one of the most common skin diseases . the peeling method has been recently found to be effective for acne treatment . this study aimed to compare the efficacy of pyruvic acid 50% and salicylic acid 30% peeling in the treatment of mild to moderate acne.materials and methods : in a prospective single - blinded clinical trial , 86 patients with acne were randomly assigned into two groups . in both groups , the routine treatment of acne ( topical solution of erythromycin 4% , triclorocarban soap , and sunscreen ) were used twice a day for 8 weeks . in addition , salicylic acid 30% for the control group and pyruvic acid 50% for the case group were used . in both groups , acne severity index ( asi ) was calculated before and at week 2 , 4 , 6 , and 8 of the treatment . patient satisfaction was assessed at the end of the treatment . side effects were recorded using a checklist.results:in both groups , the reduction in the number of comedones , papules , and asi were statistically significant ( p < 0.001 ) in the course of treatment . however , it was not significant regarding the number of pustules ( p = 0.09 ) . none of the number of comedone , papules , pustules , and asi was statistically different between study groups . both treatment groups had similar side effects except for scaling in the fifth session , which was significantly lower in salicylic acid treated patients ( p = 0.015).conclusion : both pyruvic acid 50% and salicylic acid 30% are effective in the improvement of mild to moderate acne with no significant difference in efficacy and side effects .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 378, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00194", "text": "Let $\\g_1$ and $\\g_2$ be two dg Lie algebras, then it is well-known that the $L_\\infty$ morphisms from $\\g_1$ to $\\g_2$ are in 1-1 correspondence to the solutions of the Maurer-Cartan equation in some dg Lie algebra $\\Bbbk(\\g_1,\\g_2)$. Then the gauge action by exponents of the zero degree component $\\Bbbk(\\g_1,\\g_2)^0$ on $MC\\subset\\Bbbk(\\g_1,\\g_2)^1$ gives an explicit \"homotopy relation\" between two $L_\\infty$ morphisms. We prove that the quotient category by this relation (that is, the category whose objects are $L_\\infty$ algebras and morphisms are $L_\\infty$ morphisms modulo the gauge relation) is well-defined, and is a localization of the category of dg Lie algebras and dg Lie maps by quasi-isomorphisms. As localization is unique up to an equivalence, it is equivalent to the Quillen-Hinich homotopical category of dg Lie algebras [Q1,2], [H1,2]. Moreover, we prove that the Quillen's concept of a homotopy coincides with ours. The last result was conjectured by V.Dolgushev [D].", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 302, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00195", "text": "objectivesingle nucleotide polymorphisms ( snps ) in intron 1 of fat mass and obesity - associated gene ( fto ) are strongly associated with human adiposity , whereas fto/ mice are lean and fto+/ mice are resistant to diet - induced obesity . we aimed to determine whether fto mutations are disproportionately represented in lean or obese humans and to use these mutations to understand structure - function relationships within fto.research design and methodswe sequenced all coding exons of fto in 1,433 severely obese and 1,433 lean individuals . we studied the enzymatic activity of selected nonsynonymous variants.resultswe identified 33 heterozygous nonsynonymous variants in lean ( 2.3% ) and 35 in obese ( 2.4% ) individuals , with 8 mutations unique to the obese and 11 unique to the lean . two novel mutations replace absolutely conserved residues : r322q in the catalytic domain and r96h in the predicted substrate recognition lid . r322q was unable to catalyze the conversion of 2-oxoglutarate to succinate in the presence or absence of 3-methylthymidine . r96h retained some basal activity , which was not enhanced by 3-methylthymidine . however , both were found in lean and obese individuals.conclusionsheterozygous , loss - of - function mutations in fto exist but are found in both lean and obese subjects . although intron 1 snps are unequivocally associated with obesity in multiple populations and murine studies strongly suggest that fto has a role in energy balance , it appears that loss of one functional copy of fto in humans is compatible with being either lean or obese . functional analyses of fto mutations have given novel insights into structure - function relationships in this enzyme .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 378, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00196", "text": "The relation between tidal interactions, starbursts, and the onset and/or fueling of active galactic nuclei (AGN) is a matter of debate. I Zw 1 is considered as the prototypical narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy (NLS1) and as one of the closest quasi-stellar objects (QSOs). With a clear spiral host and a small companion galaxy to the west, I Zw 1 is a possible example of minor-merger-related nuclear activity. This study investigates possible signs of a relation between merger process, star formation activity, and AGN properties in the case of I Zw 1. The morphology of I Zw 1 and nearby sources is investigated via high-resolution NIR images. Color trends in the host galaxy of I Zw 1 are discussed by means of optical-to-NIR color composites. Long-slit spectra of the QSO nucleus of I Zw 1 and of the two nearby sources to the north and the west of the I Zw 1 disk are analyzed. The data support the scenario of a tidal interaction between I Zw 1 and the small companion galaxy to the west. A concentration of blue color in the western part of the I Zw 1 host galaxy might be the manifestation of merger-induced star formation activity. Previous findings that the likely companion has an old evolved stellar population are substantiated by the new data. An extension to the west of the putative companion emerges as a separate source. The source to the north of the I Zw 1 disk is reconfirmed as a late-type foreground star. Lines in the nuclear K-band spectrum of I Zw 1 are discussed in comparison to data prior to this article and line fluxes are reported.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 346, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00197", "text": "We prove that if $A \\subset {\\Bbb F}_q$ is such that $$|A|>q^{{1/2}+\\frac{1}{2d}},$$ then $${\\Bbb F}_q^{*} \\subset dA^2=A^2+...+A^2 d \\text{times},$$ where $$A^2=\\{a \\cdot a': a,a' \\in A\\},$$ and where ${\\Bbb F}_q^{*}$ denotes the multiplicative group of the finite field ${\\Bbb F}_q$. In particular, we cover ${\\Bbb F}_q^{*}$ by $A^2+A^2$ if $|A|>q^{{3/4}}$. Furthermore, we prove that if $$|A| \\ge C_{size}^{\\frac{1}{d}}q^{{1/2}+\\frac{1}{2(2d-1)}},$$ then $$|dA^2| \\ge q \\cdot \\frac{C^2_{size}}{C^2_{size}+1}.$$ Thus $dA^2$ contains a positive proportion of the elements of ${\\Bbb F}_q$ under a considerably weaker size assumption.We use the geometry of ${\\Bbb F}_q^d$, averages over hyper-planes and orthogonality properties of character sums. In particular, we see that using operators that are smoothing on $L^2$ in the Euclidean setting leads to non-trivial arithmetic consequences in the context of finite fields.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 334, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00198", "text": "auchery do violence to the anthropological factors involved. Even etymologically, the words 'polygyny' and 'polygamy' are quite distinct from 'prostitution,' 'debauchery' and words of that ilk. There is thus no basis in fact for including polygyny within the phrase 'any other immoral purpose' as used in this statute. 30 One word should be said about the Court's citation of United States v. Bitty, 208 U.S. 393, 28 S.Ct. 396, 52 L.Ed. 543, and the statement that the interpretation of the statute there involved is a forceful precedent for the construction of the White Slave Traffic Act. The thought apparently is that the phrase 'any other immoral purpose' appearing in the White Slave Traffic Act, was derived from the identical phrase used in the statute regulating the immigration of aliens into the United States, the statute which was under consideration in the Bitty case. 34 Stat. 898. That case concerned itself with the portion of the immigration statute forbidding 'the importation into the United States of any alien woman or girl for the purpose of prostitution, or for any other immoral purpose.' Significantly, however, the statute made separate provision for the exclusion of 'polygamists, or persons who admit their belief in the practice of polygamy.' Thus the phrase 'any other immoral purpose,' following the reference to prostitution, certainly did not comprehend polygamy. And if that statute, or the interpretation given it in the Bitty case, is to be any authority here, the conclusion t be drawn is inconsistent with the result reached by the Court today. As a matter of fact, Congress has always referred to polygamy by name when it desired to deal with that subject, as distinguished from immoralities in the nature of prostitution. See, for example, 8 U.S.C. § 364, 8 U.S.C.A. § 364; 18 U.S.C. § 513, 18 U.S.C.A. § 513. 31 The result here reached is but another consequence of this Court's long-continued failure to recognize that the White Slave Traffic Act, as its title indicates, is aimed solely at the diabolical interstate and international trade in white slaves, 'the business of securing white women and girls and of selling them outright, or of exploiting them for immoral purposes.' H.Rep.", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00199", "text": "Using the BATSE survey data I find that quite small fraction of GRBs numbering 37 sources seems to emit the radiation similar to thermal bremsstrahlung in the range 20 to 300 keV. I suggest that these bursts may perhaps occur from collision of stars with primordial black holes (PBH). These objects are relic of a hot matter in the early Universe. PBH in the vicinity of stars may be found in consequence of incorporation processes during the formation of stars from interstellar clouds. At present they can form the gravitationally captured haloes around stars like the family of solar comets. The comet paradigm has been used to understand various aspects of PBH. Comet collisions with the Sun and planets are ordinary events in solar system history. On the analogy, one can support the view that PBH collisions with the parent star may be quite frequent events in its history, too. PBHs are the engines driving gamma-ray bursts when collide with the stars. Entering a stellar atmosphere, PBH is supposed to produce the gamma-ray burst due to accretion with duration from a few tenths of second to a few seconds. It can exhibit the main qualitative features of some GRBs. Their masses are estimated in the range from thousandths to hundredths of the solar mass. I found that these burst sources are isotropically distributed on the sky and are seen from a distance up to 50 ps. In this context one may expect that some short GRBs are observable signatures of primordial black holes in the Universe.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 311, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00200", "text": "We obtained comprehensive sets of elemental abundances for eleven damped Ly-alpha systems (DLAs) at z_DLA=1.7-2.5. In Paper I of this series, we showed for three DLA galaxies that we can derive their star formation histories and ages from a detailed comparison of their intrinsic abundance patterns with chemical evolution models. We determine in this paper the star formation properties of six additional DLA galaxies. The derived results confirm that no single star formation history explains the diverse sets of abundance patterns in DLAs. We demonstrate that the various star formation histories reproducing the DLA abundance patterns are typical of local irregular, dwarf starburst and quiescent spiral galaxies. Independent of the star formation history, the DLAs have a common characteristic of being weak star forming galaxies; models with high star formation efficiencies are ruled out. All the derived DLA star formation rates per unit area are moderate or low, with values between -3.2 < log SFR < -1.1 M_sol yr^{-1} kpc^{-2}. The DLA abundance patterns require a large spread in ages ranging from 20 Myr up to 3 Gyr. The oldest DLA in our sample is observed at z_DLA=1.864 with an age estimated to more than 3 Gyr; it nicely indicates that galaxies were already forming at z_f>10. But, most of the DLAs show ages much younger than that of the Universe at the epoch of observation. Young galaxies thus seem to populate the high redshift Universe at z>2, suggesting relatively low redshifts of formation (z~3) for most high-redshift galaxies. The DLA star formation properties are compared with those of other high-redshift galaxies identified in deep imaging surveys with the aim of obtaining a global picture of high-redshift objects.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 372, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00201", "text": "file. The first objection carries little weight. These laymen were prominent citizens of the Jewish faith. There is no showing that they were of a sect hostile to Horowitz. There is nothing to impeach their integrity or to suggest that they were not qualified to serve in the expert role assigned to them. 11 The fact that their report was marked confidential is given great emphasis. It is argued that although the use of a theological panel may be authorized, there is no warrant for clothing its action in such secrecy. 12 The regulations, indeed, prescribe that no information in a registrant's file shall be confidential as to him or any one having written authority from him. Section 605.32(a), 8 Fed.Reg. 2641, 9 Fed.Reg. 9190. But the difficulty here is that it is not shown that the panel's report was in fact treated as confidential by the local board. It is not shown that Horowitz sought and was denied access to the report. Nor is it shown that when Horowitz examined the file the report was not made available to him. If those were the facts, we do not doubt that Horowitz' counsel would have established them at the habeas corpus hearing. We find no command to the local board to keep the report confidential. We cannot presume that the board violated the regulations. Yet that is in effect what we are asked to hold. Horowitz, like Samuels, points to possibilities of abuse in the use of the panel. But like Samuels he fails to establish prejudice in his case. The judgment below must therefore be reversed. 13 Reversed. 1 The approach of the panel to the question is shown as follows in its statement: 'Orthodox tradition has always encouraged advanced study of talmudic literature, both privately and at academies instituted for that purpose, irrespective of the specific occupational objective of those engaged in such study, and all courses offered by these academies are open to qualified students without regard to the individual student's specific intention to prepare for a career of service in the rabbinate. 'Thus, a student ultimately intending to enter business or a profession, or some non-rabbinic activity in the field of religion, may be enrolled in the same courses attended by other students who are specifically concerned with preparation for the rabbinate. It is, therefore, essential for purposes of Selective Service classification to determine in each individual case the purpose which the registrant has in mind", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00202", "text": "hospitalization is an important outcome in pulmonary arterial hypertension ( pah ) , shown previously to correlate with survival . using the registry to evaluate early and long - term pah disease management ( reveal registry ) , we sought to characterize first - time hospitalizations and their effect on subsequent hospitalization and survival in patients with newly diagnosed disease.methods:patients with newly diagnosed pah ( n = 862 , world health organization group 1 ) were evaluated for first - time hospitalization . the hospitalizations were categorized as pah related or pah unrelated based on the case report form . categories for pah - related and pah - unrelated hospitalization were defined before independent review . patient demographics and disease characteristics are described as well as freedom from hospitalization and survival.results:of 862 patients , 490 ( 56.8% ) had one or more hospitalizations postenrollment : 257 ( 52.4% ) pah related , 214 ( 43.7% ) pah unrelated , and 19 ( 3.9% ) of undetermined causes . the most common causes of pah - related hospitalization were congestive heart failure and placement / removal of a central venous catheter . patients with pah - related hospitalizations were more likely to receive parenteral therapy , be in functional class iii / iv , and have higher risk scores before hospitalization at enrollment . following discharge , 25.4% 3.2% and 31.0% 4.0% of patients with pah - related and pah - unrelated first hospitalization , respectively , remained hospitalization - free for 3 years ( p = .11 ) . survival estimates at 3 years postdischarge were 56.8% 3.5% and 67.8% 3.6% ( p = .037 ) for patients with pah - related and pah - unrelated hospitalization , respectively.conclusions:in the reveal registry , pah - related hospitalization was associated with relatively more rehospitalizations and worse survival at 3 years.trial registry : clinicaltrials.gov ; no . : nct00370214 ; url : www.clinicaltrials.gov", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 450, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00203", "text": "The Debye-H\\\"uckel theory describes rigorously the thermal equilibrium of classical Coulomb fluids in the high-temperature $\\beta\\to 0$ regime ($\\beta$ denotes the inverse temperature). It is generally believed that the Debye-H\\\"uckel theory and the systematic high-temperature expansion provide an adequate description also in the region of small {\\em strictly positive} values of $\\beta>0$. This hypothesis is tested in the present paper on a two-dimensional Coulomb gas of pointlike $+/-$ unit charges interacting via a logarithmic potential which is equivalent to an integrable sine-Gordon field model. In particular, we apply a form factor method to obtain the exact asymptotic large-distance behavior of particle correlation functions, considered in the charge and number density combinations. We first determine the general forms of the leading and subleading asymptotic terms at strictly positive $\\beta>0$ and then evaluate their high-temperature $\\beta\\to 0$ forms. In the case of the {\\em charge} correlation function, the leading asymptotic term at a strictly positive $\\beta>0$ is also the leading one in the high-temperature $\\beta\\to 0$ regime. On the contrary, the $\\beta\\to 0$ behavior of the {\\em number density} correlation function is accompanied by an interference between the first two asymptotic terms. Consequently, the large-distance behavior of this function exhibits a discontinuity when going from strictly positive values of $\\beta>0$ to the Debye-H\\\"uckel limit $\\beta\\to 0$. This is the crucial conclusion of the paper: the large-distance asymptotics and the high-temperature limit do not commute for the density correlation function of the two-dimensional Coulomb gas.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 353, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00204", "text": "Using mappings to computer-science problems and by applying sophisticated algorithms, one can study numerically many problems much better compared to applying standard approaches like Monte Carlo simulations. Here, using calculations of ground states of suitable perturbed systems, droplets are obtained in two-dimensional +-J spin glasses, which are in the focus of a currently very lifely debate. Since a sophisticated matching algorithm is applied here, exact ground states of large systems up to L^2=256^2 spins can be generated. Furthermore, no equilibration or extrapolation to T=0 is necessary. Three different +-J models are studied here: a) with open boundary conditions, b) with fixed boundary conditions and c) a diluted system where a fraction p=0.125 of all bonds is zero. For large systems, the droplet energy shows for all three models a power-law behavior E_D L^\\theta'_D with \\theta'_D<0. This is different from previous studies of domain walls, where a convergence to a constant non-zero value (\\theta_dw=0) has been found for such models. After correcting for the non-compactness of the droplets, the results are likely to be compatible with \\theta_D= -0.29 for all three models. This is in accordance with the Gaussian system where \\theta_D=-0.287(4) (\\nu=3.5 via \\nu=-1/\\theta_D). Nevertheless, the disorder-averaged spin-spin correlation exponent \\eta is determined here via the probability to have a non-zero-energy droplet, and \\eta~0.22$ is found for all three models, this being in contrast to the behavior of the model with Gaussian interactions, where exactly \\eta=0.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 353, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00205", "text": "Using high-resolution UV spectra of 16 low-z QSOs, we study the physical conditions and statistics of O VI absorption in the IGM at z < 0.5. We identify 51 intervening (z_{abs} << z_{QSO}) O VI systems comprised of 77 individual components, and we find 14 \"proximate\" systems (z_{abs} ~ z_{QSO}) containing 34 components. For intervening systems [components] with rest-frame equivalent width W_{r} > 30 mA, the number of O VI absorbers per unit redshift dN/dz = 15.6(+2.9/-2.4) [21.0(+3.2/-2.8)], and this decreases to dN/dz = 0.9(+1.0/-0.5) [0.3(+0.7/-0.3)] for W_{r} > 300 mA. The number per redshift increases steeply as z_{abs} approaches z_{QSO}, and some proximate absorbers have substantially lower H I/O VI ratios. The lower proximate ratios could be partially due to ionization effects but also require higher metallicities. We find that 37% of the intervening O VI absorbers have velocity centroids that are well-aligned with corresponding H I absorption. If the O VI and the H I trace the same gas, the relatively small differences in line widths imply the absorbers are cool with T < 10^{5} K. Most of these well-aligned absorbers have the characteristics of metal-enriched photoionized gas. However, the O VI in the apparently simple and cold systems could be associated with a hot phase with T ~ 10^{5.5} K if the metallicity is high enough to cause the associated broad Ly alpha absorption to be too weak to detect. We show that 53% of the intervening O VI systems are complex multiphase absorbers that can accommodate both lower metallicity collisionally-ionized gas with T > 10^{5} K and cold photoionzed gas.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 431, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00206", "text": "This paper develops a cosmological hypothesis based on the following propositions: 1. Zero-point radiation derives from quantic fluctuations in space, and the wavelength of its photons with the greatest energy is inversely proportional to the curvature of space. 2. The Universe began as the breaking in of photons of extremely high energy contained in the 3-dimensional surface: $w^2+x^2+y^2+z^2=R^2_i$, whose radius has continued to expand at the speed of ligth since its origin at $t=0$. 3. The wavelength of the photons is quantized and the quantum of wavelength is invariable. These propositions imply that the value of the total energy of the zero-point radiation in the Universe remains constant and the condition $w^2 + x^2 + y^2 + z^2 = (R_i + ct)^2 = R_u^2$ determines that every point in our space is subject to a tension whose intensity $i$ is proportional to the curvature $1/R_u$. Any increase of $R_u$ implies a decrease in $i$ and consequently an energy flow which translates into an expansive force. Therefore, the Universe will expand indefinitely: no Big Crunch is possible. If the initial radius of the Universe $R_i$ has been smaller than the Schwarzschild radius, $R_s$, which corresponds to the total mass of the Universe, $M_u$, the generation of matter would have lasted for thousands of millions of years. Generation of matter over short periods would have required values for $R_i$ of thousands of millions of light years.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 326, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00207", "text": "The origin of the ultrahigh-energy (UHE) cosmic rays (CRs) from the second knee ($\\sim6\\times10^{17}$eV) above in the CR spectrum is still unknown. Recently, there has been growing evidence that a peculiar type of supernovae, called hypernovae, are associated with sub-energetic gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), such as SN1998bw/GRB980425 and SN2003lw/GRB031203. Such hypernovae appear to have high (up to mildly relativistic) velocity ejecta, which may be linked to the sub-energetic GRBs. Assuming a continuous distribution of the kinetic energy of the hypernova ejecta as a function of its velocity $E_k\\propto (\\Gamma\\beta)^{-\\alpha}$ with $\\alpha\\sim 2$, we find that 1) the external shock wave produced by the high velocity ejecta of a hypernova can accelerate protons up to energies as high as $10^{19} {\\rm eV}$; 2) the cosmological hypernova rate is sufficient to account for the energy flux above the second knee; and 3) the steeper spectrum of CRs at these energies can arise in these sources. In addition, hypernovae would also give rise to a faint diffuse UHE neutrino flux, due to $p\\gamma$ interactions of the UHE CRs with hypernova optical-UV photons.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 302, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00208", "text": ", 61 S.Ct. 334, 85 L.Ed. 275; Nippert v. Richmond, 327 U.S. 416, 66 S.Ct. 586, 162 A.L.R. 844. 10 It seems clear that we cannot write any such qualifications into the Import-Export Clause. It prohibits every State from laying 'any' tax on imports or exports without the consent of Congress. Only one exception is created—'except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection Laws'. The fact of a single exception suggests that no other qualification of the absolute prohibition was intended. It would entail a substantial revision of the Import-Export Clause to substitute for the prohibition against 'any' tax a prohibition against 'any discriminatory' tax. As we shall see, the question as to what is exportation is somewhat entwined with the question as to what is interstate commerce. But the two clauses, though complementary, serve different ends. And the limitations of one cannot be read into the other. 11 It is suggested, however, that the history of the Import-Export Clause shows that it was designed to prevent discriminatory taxes and not to preclude the levy of general taxes applicable alike to all goods. Support for that is found in the fact that this provision was defended in the Convention2 and later in the debates3 on the ground that it protected the inland States from levies by the coastal States through the taxation of expo ts. Yet that function was only a phase of a larger design. The Import-Export Clause was considered in connection with Article I, Section 9, Clause 5, which provides that 'No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State.'4 The purpose was to withhold from Congress the power to tax exports,5 and to deprive any State of the power except with the consent of Congress and even then, it seems, to require the net proceeds to be paid into the federal treasury. A proposal was made to prohibit the States 'from taxing the produce of other States exported from their harbours.'6 But that suggestion was not followed. The language adopted was supported by Madison 'as preventing all State imposts'.7 The qualified interpretation urged upon us has therefore no substantial support in the history of the Import-Export Clause. Moreover, to infer qualifications does not comport with the standards for expounding the Constitution. As stated by Chief Justice Marshall in Sturges v. Crowninshield, 4 Wheat", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00209", "text": "An extension of the Standard Model by three singlet fermions with masses smaller than the electroweak scale allows to explain simultaneously neutrino oscillations, dark matter and baryon asymmetry of the Universe. We discuss the properties of neutral leptons in this model and the ways they can be searched for in particle physics experiments. We establish, in particular, a lower and an upper bound on the strength of interaction of neutral leptons coming from cosmological considerations and from the data on neutrino oscillations. We analyse the production of neutral leptons in the decays of different mesons and in $pp$ collisions. We study in detail decays of neutral leptons and establish a lower bound on their mass coming from existing experimental data and Big Bang Nucleosynthesis. We argue that the search for a specific missing energy signal in kaon decays would allow to strengthen considerably the bounds on neutral fermion couplings and to find or definitely exclude them below the kaon threshold. To enter into cosmologically interesting parameter range for masses above kaon mass the dedicated searches similar to CERN PS191 experiment would be needed with the use of intensive proton beams. We argue that the use of CNGS, NuMI, T2K or NuTeV beams could allow to search for singlet leptons below charm in a large portion of the parameter space of the nuMSM. The search of singlet fermions in the mass interval 2-5 GeV would require a considerable increase of the intensity of proton accelerators or the detailed analysis of kinematics of more than 10^{10} B-meson decays.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 329, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00210", "text": "We re-discuss the evolutionary state of upper main sequence magnetic stars using a sample of Ap and Bp stars with accurate Hipparcos parallaxes and definitely determined longitudinal magnetic fields. We confirm our previous results obtained from the study of Ap and Bp stars with accurate measurements of the mean magnetic field modulus and mean quadratic magnetic fields that magnetic stars of mass M < 3 M_sun are concentrated towards the centre of the main-sequence band. In contrast, stars with masses M > 3 M_sun seem to be concentrated closer to the ZAMS. The study of a few known members of nearby open clusters with accurate Hipparcos parallaxes confirms these conclusions. Stronger magnetic fields tend to be found in hotter, younger and more massive stars, as well as in stars with shorter rotation periods. No evidence is found for any loss of angular momentum during the main-sequence life. The magnetic flux remains constant over the stellar life time on the main sequence. An excess of stars with large obliquities beta is detected in both higher and lower mass stars. The obliquity angle distribution as inferred from the distribution of r-values appears random at the time magnetic stars become observable on the H-R diagram. After quite a short time spent on the main sequence, the obliquity angle beta tends to reach values close to either 90 deg or 0 deg for M < 3 M_sun. The evolution of the obliquity angle beta seems to be somewhat different for low and high mass stars. While we find a strong hint for an increase of beta with the elapsed time on the main sequence for stars with M > 3 M_sun, no similar trend is found for stars with M < 3 M_sun. However, the predominance of high values of beta at advanced ages in these stars is notable.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 365, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00211", "text": "if the door were once opened and, if adopted and applied to interstate sales by all or many of the states, would result generally in bringing such sales within the incidence of multiple state taxation of that nature. Rather than incur this risk, with the anticipated consequent widespread creation of multiple levies, the Court in effect forestalled them at the source. Its action was prophylactic and the prophylaxis was made absolute. 43 By thus relieving interstate commerce from liability to pay taxes in either state, without any showing that both had laid them, the effect was, not simply to relieve that commerce from multiple burden, but to give it exemption from taxes all other trade must bear.37 Local trade was thus placed at disadvantage with interstate trade, by the amount of the tax, and the commerce clause thereby became a refuge for tax exemption, not simply a means of protection against unequal or undue taxation. Certainly its object was not to create for interstate trade such a specially privileged p sition. 44 But the alternatives to such a ruling were not themselves free from difficulty, they may be stated shortly. But preliminarily, I accept the view frequently declared38 that a state runs afoul the commerce clause when it singles out interstate commerce for special taxation not applied to other trade or otherwise discriminates against it or treats it invidiously. Moreover, all other things being equal, multiple state taxation of gross receipts, although by nondiscriminatory taxes of general applicability, does compel the latter to bear a heavier tax burden than local trade in either state. The cumulative tax burden is in effect discriminatory, involving in any practical view the exact effects of a single discriminatory tax. Although the difference in total tax load may not be sufficient actually to block or impede the free flow of interstate trade,39 discrimination alone, without regard to showing or further consequences, has been held consistently to be sufficient for outlawing the tax. 45 This too I accept. For discrimination not only is ordinarily itself invidious treatment, but has an obvious tendency toward blocking or impeding the commerce, if not always the actual effect of doing so. Nor is the discriminatory tendency or effect lessened because it results from cumulation of tax burdens rather than from a single tax producing the same consequence. To allow both states to tax 'to the fullest extent' would produce the invidious sort of barrier or impediment the commerce clause was designed to stop. But the bare power of another state to tax unexerc", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00212", "text": "purposeto evaluate the association between the size of peripheral retinal nonperfusion and the number of intravitreal ranibizumab injections in patients with treatment - nave central retinal vein occlusion ( crvo).methodsfifty - four patients with treatment - nave crvo and macular edema were included . each patient underwent a full ophthalmologic examination including optical coherence tomography imaging and ultrawide - field fluorescein angiography . monthly intravitreal ranibizumab injections were applied according to the recommendations of the german ophthalmologic society . two ophthalmologists quantified the areas of peripheral retinal nonperfusion ( group 1= less than five disc areas , group 2= more than five disc areas ) . correlation analyses between the size of nonperfusion with best - corrected visual acuity , central subfield thickness , and the number of intravitreal injections were performed.resultsbest-corrected visual acuity improved significantly after intravitreal injections ( p<0.001 , both groups ) . final central subfield thickness after treatment did not significantly differ between both groups ( p=0.92 , p=0.96 , respectively ) . mean number of injections in group 1 and group 2 was 4.122.73 and 9.323.84 , respectively ( p<0.001 ) . there was a significant positive correlation between areas of nonperfusion and the number of injections in each group . ( r=0.97 , p<0.001 ; r=0.94 , p<0.001 , respectively).conclusionperipheral retinal nonperfusion in patients with crvo correlates significantly with the number of needed intravitreal ranibizumab injections . ultrawide - field fluorescein angiography is a useful tool for detection of peripheral retinal ischemia , which may have direct implications in the diagnosis , follow - up , and treatment of these patients .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 398, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00213", "text": "According to a recent proposal [S. Takayama et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 061107 (2005)], the triangular lattice of triangular air holes may allow to achieve a complete photonic band gap in two-dimensional photonic crystal slabs. In this work we present a systematic theoretical study of this photonic lattice in a high-index membrane, and a comparison with the conventional triangular lattice of circular holes, by means of the guided-mode expansion method whose detailed formulation is described here. Photonic mode dispersion below and above the light line, gap maps, and intrinsic diffraction losses of quasi-guided modes are calculated for the periodic lattice as well as for line- and point-defects defined therein. The main results are summarized as follows: (i) the triangular lattice of triangular holes does indeed have a complete photonic band gap for the fundamental guided mode, but the useful region is generally limited by the presence of second-order waveguide modes; (ii) the lattice may support the usual photonic band gap for even modes (quasi-TE polarization) and several band gaps for odd modes (quasi-TM polarization), which could be tuned in order to achieve doubly-resonant frequency conversion between an even mode at the fundamental frequency and an odd mode at the second-harmonic frequency; (iii) diffraction losses of quasi-guided modes in the triangular lattices with circular and triangular holes, and in line-defect waveguides or point-defect cavities based on these geometries, are comparable. The results point to the interest of the triangular lattice of triangular holes for nonlinear optics, and show the usefulness of the guided-mode expansion method for calculating photonic band dispersion and diffraction losses, especially for higher-lying photonic modes.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 360, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00214", "text": "Translation from the Latin of \"Annotationes in locum quendam Cartesii ad circuli quadraturam spectantem\" (1763). The passage Euler is referring to is the \"Excerpta\" in part 6, p. 6 of Descartes' 1701 \"Opuscula posthuma\". Before reading this paper I had not heard of the \"quadratrix\" before, and I recommend learning a bit about it before reading this. I found Thomas Heath, \"A history of Greek mathematics\", vol. I, chapter VII to be helpful, in particular pp. 226-230. The quadratrix is a \"mechanical curve\" that can be used to rectify the circle. The usual problem of squaring the circle is to construct a square with the same area (or perimeter) as a given circle, in a finite number of steps using compass and straightedge. Descartes worked in the reverse direction: from a given square he constructed the radius of a circle with the same perimeter, but in an infinite number of steps. In this paper Euler reconstructs Descartes' argument and develops some consequences of it. Euler finds that \\[ \\sum_{n=0}^\\infty \\frac{1}{2^n} \\tan \\frac{1}{2^n}\\phi = \\frac{1}{\\phi} - 2\\cot 2\\phi. \\] Integrating this yields \\[ \\prod_{n=1}^\\infty \\sec \\frac{1}{2^n} \\phi = \\frac{2\\phi}{\\sin 2\\phi}. \\] I'd like to thank Davide Crippa from the University of Paris 7 for some helpful back and forth about this paper. One of the only citations to this paper that I have found is in Pietro Ferroni, De calculo integralium exercitatio mathematica, Allegrini, Florence, 1792, pp. xxi--xxiii. The full text of it is available on Google Books.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 426, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00215", "text": "purposeto compare the clinical characteristics of unilaterally progressing glaucoma ( upg ) and simultaneously bilaterally progressing glaucoma ( bpg ) in medically treated cases.methodsprimary open angle glaucoma patients were classified as having upg or bpg according to an assessment of optic disc and retinal nerve fiber layer photographs and visual field analysis . risk factors including the presence of systemic diseases ( hypertension , diabetes , cerebrovascular accident , migraine , and dyslipidema ) were compared between the upg and bpg groups . baseline characteristics and pre- and post - treatment intraocular pressure ( iop ) were compared between the progressing eye ( pe ) and the non - progressing eye ( npe ) within the same patient in the upg group and between the faster progressing eye and the slower progressing eye in the bpg group.resultsamong 343 patients ( average follow - up period of 4.2 years ) , 43 were categorized into the upg group and 31 into the bpg group . the prevalence of all analyzed systemic diseases did not differ between the two groups . pes in the upg group had more severe pathology in terms of baseline visual field parameters than npes ( mean deviation -6.9 5.7 vs. -2.9 3.9 db , respectively ; p < 0.001 ) . however , baseline iop , mean follow - up iop , and other clinical characteristics were not significantly different between the pe and the npe in the upg group . the progression rate was significantly higher in the faster progressing eye in patients with bpg than in the pe for patients with upg ( -3.43 3.27 vs. -0.70 1.26 db / yr , respectively ; p = 0.014).conclusionsthere were no significant differences in the prevalence of systemic diseases between the upg and bpg groups . simultaneously bilaterally progressing patients showed much faster progression rates than those with a unilaterally progressing eye .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 409, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00216", "text": "the contamination of seafood by bacteria of fecal origin , especially escherichia coli , is a widely documented sanitary problem . the objective of the present study was to isolate e. coli strains from the gills , muscle , and body surface of farmed nile tilapias ( oreochromis niloticus ) fresh - marketed in supermarkets in fortaleza ( cear , brazil ) , to determine their susceptibility to antibiotics of different families ( amikacin , gentamicin , imipenem , cephalothin , cefotaxime , ciprofloxacin , aztreonam , ampicillin , nalidixic acid , tetracycline , and sulfametoxazol - trimetoprim ) , and to determine the nature of resistance by plasmid curing . forty - four strains ( body surface = 25 , gills = 15 , muscle = 4 ) were isolated , all of which were susceptible to amikacin , aztreonam , cefotaxime , ciprofloxacin , gentamicin , and imipenem . gill and body surface samples yielded 11 isolates resistant to ampicillin , tetracycline , and sulfametoxazol - trimetoprim , 4 of which of plasmidial nature . the multiple antibiotic resistance index was higher for strains isolated from body surface than from gills . the overall high antibiotic susceptibility of e. coli strains isolated from fresh - marketed tilapia was satisfactory , although the occasional finding of plasmidial resistance points to the need for close microbiological surveillance of the farming , handling , and marketing conditions of aquaculture products .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 345, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00217", "text": "Significant alignment and signed-intensity anomalies of local features of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) are detected on the three-year WMAP data, through a decomposition of the signal with steerable wavelets on the sphere. Firstly, an alignment analysis identifies two mean preferred planes in the sky, both with normal axes close to the CMB dipole axis. The first plane is defined by the directions toward which local CMB features are anomalously aligned. A mean preferred axis is also identified in this plane, located very close to the ecliptic poles axis. The second plane is defined by the directions anomalously avoided by local CMB features. This alignment anomaly provides further insight on recent results (Wiaux et al. 2006). Secondly, a signed-intensity analysis identifies three mean preferred directions in the southern galactic hemisphere with anomalously high or low temperature of local CMB features: a cold spot essentially identified with a known cold spot (Vielva et al. 2004), a second cold spot lying very close to the southern end of the CMB dipole axis, and a hot spot lying close to the southern end of the ecliptic poles axis. In both analyses, the anomalies are observed at wavelet scales corresponding to angular sizes around 10 degress on the celestial sphere, with global significance levels around 1%. Further investigation reveals that the alignment and signed-intensity anomalies are only very partially related. Instrumental noise, foreground emissions, as well as some form of other systematics, are strongly rejected as possible origins of the detections. An explanation might still be envisaged in terms of a global violation of the isotropy of the Universe, inducing an intrinsic statistical anisotropy of the CMB.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 350, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00218", "text": "We have been monitoring Supernova (SN) 1987A with {\\it Chandra X-Ray Observatory} since 1999. We present a review of previous results from our {\\it Chandra} observations, and some preliminary results from new {\\it Chandra} data obtained in 2006 and 2007. High resolution imaging and spectroscopic studies of SN 1987A with {\\it Chandra} reveal that X-ray emission of SN 1987A originates from the hot gas heated by interaction of the blast wave with the ring-like dense circumstellar medium (CSM) that was produced by the massive progenitor's equatorial stellar winds before the SN explosion. The blast wave is now sweeping through dense CSM all around the inner ring, and thus SN 1987A is rapidly brightening in soft X-rays. At the age of 20 yr (as of 2007 January), X-ray luminosity of SN 1987A is $L_{\\rm X}$ $\\sim$ 2.4 $\\times$ 10$^{36}$ ergs s$^{-1}$ in the 0.5$-$10 keV band. X-ray emission is described by two-component plane shock model with electron temperatures of $kT$ $\\sim$ 0.3 and 2 keV. As the shock front interacts with dense CSM all around the inner ring, the X-ray remnant is now expanding at a much slower rate of $v$ $\\sim$ 1400 km s$^{-1}$ than it was until 2004 ($v$ $\\sim$ 6000 km s$^{-1}$).", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 337, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00219", "text": "this report describes that a regular positive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry ( ms ) analysis of terpendoles often causes unexpected oxygen additions to form [ m + h + o]+ and [ m + h + 2o]+ , which might be a troublesome in the characterization of new natural analogues . the intensities of [ m + h + o]+ and [ m + h + 2o]+ among terpendoles were unpredictable and fluctuated largely . simple electrochemical oxidation in electrospray ionization was insufficient to explain the phenomenon . so we studied factors to form [ m + h + o]+ and [ m + h + 2o]+ using terpendole e and natural terpendoles together with some model indole alkaloids . similar oxygen addition was observed for 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocyclopent[b]indole , which is corresponding to the substructure of terpendole e. in tandem ms experiments , a major fragment ion at m / z 130 from protonated terpendole e was assigned to the substructure containing indole . when the [ m + h + o]+ was selected as a precursor ion , the ion shifted to m / z 146 . the same 16 da shift of fragments was also observed for 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocyclopent[b]indole , indicating that the oxygen addition of terpendole e took place at the indole portion . however , the oxygen addition was absent for some terpendoles , even whose structure resembles terpendole e. the breakdown curves characterized the tandem ms features of terpendoles . preferential dissociation into m / z 130 suggested the protonation tendency at the indole site . terpendoles that are preferentially protonated at indole tend to form oxygen addition peaks , suggesting that the protonation feature contributes to the oxygen additions in some degrees . 2014 the authors . journal of mass spectrometry published by john wiley & sons , ltd .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 415, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00220", "text": "We quantify the effect of supernova Type Ia peculiar velocities on the derivation of cosmological parameters. The published distant and local Ia SNe used for the Supernova Legacy Survey first-year cosmology report form the sample for this study. While previous work has assumed that the local SNe are at rest in the CMB frame (the No Flow assumption), we test this assumption by applying peculiar velocity corrections to the local SNe using three different flow models. The models are based on the IRAS PSCz galaxy redshift survey, have varying beta = Omega_m^0.6/b, and reproduce the Local Group motion in the CMB frame. These datasets are then fit for w, Omega_m, and Omega_Lambda using flatness or LambdaCDM and a BAO prior. The chi^2 statistic is used to examine the effect of the velocity corrections on the quality of the fits. The most favored model is the beta=0.5 model, which produces a fit significantly better than the No Flow assumption, consistent with previous peculiar velocity studies. By comparing the No Flow assumption with the favored models we derive the largest potential systematic error in w caused by ignoring peculiar velocities to be Delta w = +0.04. For Omega_Lambda, the potential error is Delta Omega_Lambda = -0.04 and for Omega_m, the potential error is Delta Omega_m < +0.01. The favored flow model (beta=0.5) produces the following cosmological parameters: w = -1.08 (+0.09,-0.08), Omega_m = 0.27 (+0.02,-0.02) assuming a flat cosmology, and Omega_Lambda = 0.80 (+0.08,-0.07) and Omega_m = 0.27 (+0.02,-0.02) for a w = -1 (LambdaCDM) cosmology.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 388, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00221", "text": "to compare the impact of prognostic factors of patients treated with definitive radio(chemo)therapy versus patients treated with surgery and postoperative radiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the oro- and hypopharynx . patients and methods . 162 patients treated with definitive radiotherapy and 126 patients treated with postoperative radiotherapy were retrospectively analysed . the impact of the prognostic factors gender , age , total tumor volume ( ttv ) , pre - radiotherapy hemoglobin level ( hb - level ) , tumor site , t- and n - classification , radiotherapy interruptions > 5 days , radiotherapy versus simultaneous radiochemotherapy , r - status and time interval between surgery and radiotherapy were investigated . results . the median follow - up time for the censored patients treated with definitive radio(chemo)therapy was 28.5 months and for postoperative radiotherapy 36.5 months . on univariate analysis , the ttv , hb - level , and simultaneous radiochemotherapy had a significant impact on the survival of patients treated with definitive radio(chemo)therapy . for patients treated with postoperative radiotherapy , only the ttv showed a statistical trend for the survival ( p = 0.13 ) . on multivariate analysis , the ttv and simultaneous radiochemotherapy maintained their statistical significance for patients treated with definitive raditherapy , and the ttv , the statistical trend for patients treated with postoperative radiotherapy ( p = 0.19 ) . conclusions . the ttv was the predominant prognostic factor for both , patients treated with definitive or postoperative radiotherapy .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 329, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00222", "text": "We present new multicolor photo-polarimetry of stars behind the Southern Coalsack. Analyzed together with multiband polarization data from the literature, probing the Chamaeleon I, Musca, rho Opiuchus, R CrA and Taurus clouds, we show that the wavelength of maximum polarization (lambda_max) is linearly correlated with the radiation environment of the grains. Using Far-Infrared emission data, we show that the large scatter seen in previous studies of lambda_max as a function of A_V is primarily due to line of sight effects causing some A_V measurements to not be a good tracer of the extinction (radiation field strength) seen by the grains being probed. The derived slopes in lambda_max vs. A_V, for the individual clouds, are consistent with a common value, while the zero intercepts scale with the average values of the ratios of total-to-selective extinction (R_V) for the individual clouds. Within each cloud we do not find direct correlations between lambda_max and R_V. The positive slope in consistent with recent developments in theory and indicating alignment driven by the radiation field. The present data cannot conclusively differentiate between direct radiative torques and alignment driven by H_2 formation. However, the small values of lambda_max(A_V=0), seen in several clouds, suggest a role for the latter, at least at the cloud surfaces. The scatter in the lambda_max vs. A_V relation is found to be associated with the characteristics of the embedded Young Stellar Objects (YSO) in the clouds. We propose that this is partially due to locally increased plasma damping of the grain rotation caused by X-rays from the YSOs.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 341, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00223", "text": "the coupling of cryo - light microscopy ( cryo - lm ) and cryo - electron microscopy ( cryo - em ) poses a number of advantages for understanding cellular dynamics and ultrastructure . first , cells can be imaged in a near native environment for both techniques . second , due to the vitrification process , samples are preserved by rapid physical immobilization rather than slow chemical fixation . third , imaging the same sample with both cryo - lm and cryo - em provides correlation of data from a single cell , rather than a comparison of \" representative samples \" . while these benefits are well known from prior studies , the widespread use of correlative cryo - lm and cryo - em remains limited due to the expense and complexity of buying or building a suitable cryogenic light microscopy stage . here we demonstrate the assembly , and use of an inexpensive cryogenic stage that can be fabricated in any lab for less than $ 40 with parts found at local hardware and grocery stores . this cryo - lm stage is designed for use with reflected light microscopes that are fitted with long working distance air objectives . for correlative cryo - lm and cryo - em studies , we adapt the use of carbon coated standard 3-mm cryo - em grids as specimen supports . after adsorbing the sample to the grid , previously established protocols for vitrifying the sample and transferring / handling the grid are followed to permit multi - technique imaging . as a result , this setup allows any laboratory with a reflected light microscope to have access to direct correlative imaging of frozen hydrated samples .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 317, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00224", "text": "Addition theorems are principal tools that express a function $f (\\bm{r} \\pm \\bm{r}')$ in terms of products of other functions that only depend on either $\\bm{r}$ or $\\bm{r}'$. The best known example of such an addition theorem is the Laplace expansion of the Coulomb potential which possesses a characteristic two-range form. Guseinov [Chem. Phys. {\\bf 309}, 209 - 213 (2005)] derived one-range addition theorems for the Coulomb potential via the limit $\\beta \\to 0$ in previously derived one-range addition theorems for the Yukawa potential $\\exp \\bigl(-\\beta | \\bm{r}-\\bm{r}'| \\bigr) /| \\bm{r}-\\bm{r}'|$. At first sight, this looks like a remarkable achievement, but from a mathematical point of view, Guseinov's work is at best questionable and in some cases fundamentally flawed. One-range addition theorems are expansions in terms of functions that are complete and orthonormal in a given Hilbert space, but Guseinov replaced the complete and orthonormal functions by nonorthogonal Slater-type functions and rearranged the resulting expansions. This is a dangerous operation whose validity must be checked. It is shown that the one-center limit $\\bm{r}' = \\bm{0}$ of Guseinov's rearranged Yukawa addition theorems as well as of several other addition theorems does not exist. Moreover, the Coulomb potential does not belong to any of the Hilbert spaces implicitly used by Guseinov. Accordingly, one-range addition theorems for the Coulomb potential diverge in the mean. Instead, these one-range addition theorems have to interpreted as expansions of generalized functions in the sense of Schwartz that converge weakly in suitable functionals.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 396, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00225", "text": "retinal vein occlusion ( rvo ) is an obstruction of the retinal venous system , and macular edema ( me ) is a complication of rvo that can lead to blindness . the canadian incidence of visual impairment ( vi ) due to me secondary to rvo is unknown . this observational , retrospective study used records from the southwestern ontario database to observe the annual incidence , demographics , and comorbidity characteristics of patients with vi due to me secondary to rvo . from 47,166 patients , 73 with rvo ( > 40 years old ) were identified : 53 with branch retinal vein occlusion ( brvo ) , 20 with central retinal vein occlusion ( crvo ) . the annual incidence of vi ( visual acuity < 20/40 in snellen equivalent ) due to me secondary to brvo was ( mean ( 95%ci ) ) 0.056% ( 0.0110.072 ) , and to crvo was 0.021% ( 0.0080.081 ) . furthermore , a greater proportion of rvo patients had hypertension ( 68% versus 14% ) or dyslipidemia ( 16% versus 10% ) , when compared to a healthy control cohort of 76,077 subjects ( p < 0.05 ) . this study presents a description of the characteristics of patients with vi due to me secondary to rvo in a real - world canadian setting . the results demonstrate that brvo was more frequent than crvo , and that rvo in this patient population was associated with several vascular comorbidities .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 333, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00226", "text": "We present the clustering properties of 151 Lyman alpha emitting galaxies at z ~ 4.5 selected from the Large Area Lyman Alpha (LALA) survey. Our catalog covers an area of 36' x 36' observed with five narrowband filters. We assume that the angular correlation function w(theta) is well represented by a power law A_w = Theta^(-beta) with slope beta = 0.8, and we find A_w = 6.73 +/- 1.80. We then calculate the correlation length r_0 of the real-space two-point correlation function xi(r) = (r/r_0)^(-1.8) from A_w through the Limber transformation, assuming a flat, Lambda-dominated universe. Neglecting contamination, we find r_0 = 3.20 +/- 0.42 Mpc/h. Taking into account a possible 28% contamination by randomly distributed sources, we find r_0 = 4.61 +/- 0.6 Mpc/h. We compare these results with the expectations for the clustering of dark matter halos at this redshift in a Cold Dark Matter model, and find that the measured clustering strength can be reproduced if these objects reside in halos with a minimum mass of 1-2 times 10^11 Solar masses/h. Our estimated correlation length implies a bias of b ~ 3.7, similar to that of Lyman-break galaxies (LBG) at z ~ 3.8-4.9. However, Lyman alpha emitters are a factor of ~ 2-16 rarer than LBGs with a similar bias value and implied host halo mass. Therefore, one plausible scenario seems to be that Lyman alpha emitters occupy host halos of roughly the same mass as LBGs, but shine with a relatively low duty cycle of 6-50%.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 385, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00227", "text": "In this paper, we investigate the diameter in preferential attachment (PA-) models, thus quantifying the statement that these models are small worlds. The models studied here are such that edges are attached to older vertices proportional to the degree plus a constant, i.e., we consider affine PA-models. There is a substantial amount of literature proving that, quite generally, PA-graphs possess power-law degree sequences with a power-law exponent \\tau>2. We prove that the diameter of the PA-model is bounded above by a constant times \\log{t}, where t is the size of the graph. When the power-law exponent \\tau exceeds 3, then we prove that \\log{t} is the right order, by proving a lower bound of this order, both for the diameter as well as for the typical distance. This shows that, for \\tau>3, distances are of the order \\log{t}. For \\tau\\in (2,3), we improve the upper bound to a constant times \\log\\log{t}, and prove a lower bound of the same order for the diameter. Unfortunately, this proof does not extend to typical distances. These results do show that the diameter is of order \\log\\log{t}. These bounds partially prove predictions by physicists that the typical distance in PA-graphs are similar to the ones in other scale-free random graphs, such as the configuration model and various inhomogeneous random graph models, where typical distances have been shown to be of order \\log\\log{t} when \\tau\\in (2,3), and of order \\log{t} when \\tau>3.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 336, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00228", "text": "We present the first results of a large spectroscopic survey of candidate globular clusters located in the extreme outskirts of the nearby M31 galaxy. We obtained low resolution spectra of 48 targets selected from the XSC of 2MASS, as in Galleti et al. (2005). The observed candidates have been robustly classified according to their radial velocity and by verifying their extended/point-source nature from ground-based optical images. Among the 48 observed candidates clusters we found 5 genuine remote globular clusters. One of them has been already identified independently by Mackey et al. (2007), their GC1; the other four are completely new discoveries: B516, B517, B518, B519. The newly discovered clusters lie at projected distance 40 kpc<~R_p<~100 kpc from the center of M31, and have absolute integrated magnitude -9.5 40 kpc. At odds with the Milky Way, M31 appears to have a significant population of very bright globular clusters in its extreme outskirts.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 346, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00229", "text": "absolute and complete title in the Indians. 40 '* * * Conquest gives a title which the courts of the conqueror cannot deny, whatever the private and speculative opinions of individuals may be, respecting the original justice of the claim which has been successfully asserted. * * * 41 'The title by conquest is acquired and maintained by force. The conqueror prescribes its limits. * * * Where this incorporation is practicable, humanity demands, and a wise policy requires, that the rights of the conquered to property should remain unimpaired; that the new subjects should be governed as equitably as the old, and that confidence in their security should gradually banish the painful sense of being separated from their ancient connections, and united by force to strangers. 42 '* * * the tribes of Indians inhabiting this country were fierce savages, whose occupation was war, and whose subsistence was drawn chiefly from the forest. To leave them in possession of their country, was to leave the country a wilderness; to govern them as a distinct people was impossible, because they were as brave and as high spirited as they were fierce, and were ready to repel by arms every attempt on their independence. 43 'What was the inevitable consequence of this state of things? The Europeans were under the necessity either of abandoning the country, and relinquishing their pompous claims to it, or of enforcing those claims by the sword, and by the adoption of principles adapted to the condition of a people with whom it was impossible to mix, and who could not be governed as a distinct society, or of remaining in their neighborhood, and exposing themselves and their families to the perpetual hazard of being massacred. 44 'Frequent and bloody wars, in which the whites were not always the aggressors, unavoidably ensued. European policy, numbers, and skill, prevailed. As the white population advanced, that of the Indians necessarily receded. The country in the immediate neighborhood of agriculturists became unfit for them. The game fled into thicker and more unbroken forests, and the Indians followed. The soil, to which the crown originally claimed title, being no longer occupied by its ancient inhabitants, was parcelled out according to the will of the sovereign power, and taken possession of by persons who claimed immediately from the crown, or mediately, through its grantees or deputies.' 8 Wheat. 587—591, 5 L.Ed. 681. 45 It is unnecessary for", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00230", "text": "Recently, the iterative approach named linear tabling has received considerable attention because of its simplicity, ease of implementation, and good space efficiency. Linear tabling is a framework from which different methods can be derived based on the strategies used in handling looping subgoals. One decision concerns when answers are consumed and returned. This paper describes two strategies, namely, {\\it lazy} and {\\it eager} strategies, and compares them both qualitatively and quantitatively. The results indicate that, while the lazy strategy has good locality and is well suited for finding all solutions, the eager strategy is comparable in speed with the lazy strategy and is well suited for programs with cuts. Linear tabling relies on depth-first iterative deepening rather than suspension to compute fixpoints. Each cluster of inter-dependent subgoals as represented by a top-most looping subgoal is iteratively evaluated until no subgoal in it can produce any new answers. Naive re-evaluation of all looping subgoals, albeit simple, may be computationally unacceptable. In this paper, we also introduce semi-naive optimization, an effective technique employed in bottom-up evaluation of logic programs to avoid redundant joins of answers, into linear tabling. We give the conditions for the technique to be safe (i.e. sound and complete) and propose an optimization technique called {\\it early answer promotion} to enhance its effectiveness. Benchmarking in B-Prolog demonstrates that with this optimization linear tabling compares favorably well in speed with the state-of-the-art implementation of SLG.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 304, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00231", "text": "New HI images from the VLA Galactic Plane Survey (VGPS) show clear absorption features associated with the supernova remnant (SNR) G18.8+0.3. High-resolution $^{13}$CO images reveal that molecular clouds overlap the radio filaments of G18.8+0.3. The $^{13}$CO emission spectrum over the full velocity range in the direction of G18.8+0.3 shows two molecular components with high brightness-temperatureand three molecular components with low brightness-temperature, all with respective HI absorption. This implies that these clouds are in front of G18.8+0.3. In the HI images, the highest velocity absorption feature seen against the continuum image of G18.8+0.3 is at 129 km s$^{-1}$, which corresponds to the tangent point in this direction. This yields a lower distance limit of 6.9 kpc for G18.8+0.3. Absence of absorption at negative velocities gives an upper distance limit of 15 kpc. The broadened profile at 20$\\pm$5 km s$^{-1}$ in the $^{13}$CO emission spectra is a strong indicator of a possible SNR/CO cloud interaction. Thus, G18.8+0.3 is likely to be at the distance of about 12 kpc. The upper mass limit and mean density of the giant CO cloud at 20$\\pm$5 km s$^{-1}$ are \\sim 6 \\times 10^{5} M_{\\odot} and \\sim 2 \\times 10^{2} cm^{-3}. We find an atomic hydrogen column density in front of G18.8+0.3 of $N_{HI}$ \\sim 2 \\times 10^{22} cm^{-2}. The ROSAT PSPC observations show a diffuse X-ray enhancement apparently associated with part of the radio shell of G18.8+0.3. Assuming an association, the unabsorbed flux is 2.2 \\times10^{-12} erg cm^{-2} s^{-1}, suggesting an intrinsic luminosity of 3.6 \\times 10^{34} erg s^{-1} for G18.8+0.3.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 473, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00232", "text": "We study the boundedness problem for maximal operators $\\M$ associated to smooth hypersurfaces $S$ in 3-dimensional Euclidean space. For $p>2,$ we prove that if no affine tangent plane to $S$ passes through the origin and $S$ is analytic, then the associated maximal operator is bounded on $L^p(\\RR^3)$ if and only if $p>h(S),$ where $h(S)$ denotes the so-called height of the surface $S.$ For non-analytic finite type $S$ we obtain the same statement with the exception of the exponent $p=h(S).$ Our notion of height $h(S)$ is closely related to A. N. Varchenko's notion of height $h(\\phi)$ for functions $\\phi$ such that $S$ can be locally represented as the graph of $\\phi$ after a rotation of coordinates. Several consequences of this result are discussed. In particular we verify a conjecture by E.M. Stein and its generalization by A. Iosevich and E. Sawyer on the connection between the decay rate of the Fourier transform of the surface measure on $S$ and the $L^p$-boundedness of the associated maximal operator $\\M$, and a conjecture by Iosevich and Sawyer which relates the $L^p$-boundedness of $\\M$ to an integrability condition on $S$ for the distance function to tangential hyperplanes, in dimension three. In particular, we also give ess. sharp uniform estimates for the Fourier transform of the surface measure on $S,$ thus extending a result by V.N. Karpushkin from the analytic to the smooth setting and implicitly verifying a conjecture by V.I. Arnol'd in our context.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 363, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00233", "text": "An extensive set of optical and NIR photometry and low-resolution spectra the Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) 2003du was obtained using a number of facilities. The observations started 13 days before B-band maximum light and continued for 480 days with exceptionally good time sampling. The optical photometry was calibrated through the S-correction technique. The UBVRIJHK light curves and the color indices of SN 2003du closely resemble those of normal SNe Ia. SN 2003du reached a B-band maximum of 13.49 (+/-0.02) mag on JD2452766.38 (+/-0.5). We derive a B-band stretch parameter of 0.988 (+/-0.003), which corresponds to dM15=1.02 (+/-0.05), indicative of a SN Ia of standard luminosity. The reddening in the host galaxy was estimated by three methods, and was consistently found to be negligible. We estimate a distance modulus of 32.79 (+/-0.15) mag to the host galaxy, UGC 9391. The peak UVOIR bolometric luminosity of 1.35(+/-0.20) 10^43 erg/s and Arnett's rule implies that M(Ni56)=0.68 (+/-0.14)M_sun of Ni56 was synthesized during the explosion. Modeling of the UVOIR bolometric light curve also indicates M(Ni56) in the range 0.6-0.8 M_sun. The spectral evolution of SN 2003du at both optical and NIR wavelengths also closely resembles normal SNe Ia. In particular, the Si II ratio at maximum R(Si II)=0.22 (+/-0.02) and the time evolution of the blueshift velocities of the absorption line minima are typical. The pre-maximum spectra of SN 2003du showed conspicuous high-velocity features in the Ca II H&K doublet and infrared triplet, and possibly in Si II 6355, lines. We compare the time evolution of the profiles of these lines with other well-observed SNe Ia and we suggest that the peculiar pre-maximum evolution of Si II 6355 line in many SNe Ia is due to the presence of two blended absorption components.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 479, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00234", "text": "prior to the election respondent received by mail a notice of Mrs. Kane's claim for unemployment compensation; that respondent's observers at the polls had not challenged Mrs. Kane when she voted in their presence; and that these observers certified before the ballots were counted that the election had been properly conducted. The regional director also found that the evidence was conflicting as to Mrs. Kane's actual status.5 But he concluded that under the circumstances the respondent had waived its right to challenge her vote or to object to the election on this ground. This determination made it unnecessary for him to rule on the ballot previously challenged by the union, since it could not affect the result. He thus found that the union had received a majority of the valid votes cast and was the exclusive representative of the employees in the appropriate unit. 7 The respondent thereafter refused to bargain with the union in question. Upon a complaint issued by the Board, the respondent admitted its refusal but denied that the union had ever been designated by a majority of the employees in the appropriate unit. It asserted that the election of May 5 was inconclusive on the subject because if Mrs. Kane's ballot were subtracted from the union's total and if the ballot challenged by the union were opened upon overruling the challenge and proved to be against the union, the outcome of the election would be a tie vote. The Board, after the usual proceedings, held that it would not disturb the rulings of a regional director on questions arising out of a consent election 'unless such rulings appear to be unsupported by substantial evidence or are arbitrary or capricious' and that no such grounds for disturbing the ruling were present in the instant case. As an alternative ground for its action, the Board held that the regional director's refusal under the Circumstances to permit an attack on Mrs. Kane's status as a voter after the results of the election had been announced 'is in complete accord with the extablished principles and policy of the Board'—which excluded post-election challenges 'because of our belief that otherwise an election could be converted from a definitive resolution of preference into a protracted resolution of objections disregarded or suppressed against the contingency of an adverse result.' See also Matter of Norris, Inc., 63 N.L.R.B. 502, 512. The Board accordingly ordered respondent to cease and desist from its unfair labor practice and to take the affirmative action of bargaining collectively with the union. 60 N.L.R.B. 1414. 8", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00235", "text": "within the power of Congress to withhold from judicial scrutiny has now been submitted to the courts. If, as has many times been said,14 the manner of extinguishing Indian title is usually a political question and presents a non-justiciable issue, Congress has expressly and effectively directed otherwise by seeking in the 1935 Act judicial disposition of claims arising from original Indian title. 'By consenting to be sued, and submitting the decision to judicial action, they have considered it as a purely judicial question, which we are now bound to decide, as between man and man. * * *' United States v. Arredondo, 1832, 6 Pet. 691, 711, 8 L.Ed. 547. 10 It has long been held that by virtue of discovery the title to lands occupied by Indian tribes vested in the sovereign.15 This title was deemed subject to a right of occupancy in favor of Indian tribes, because of their original and previous possession. It is with the content of this right of occupancy, this original Indian title, that we are concerned here. 11 As against any but the sovereign, original Indian title was accorded the protection of complete ownership;16 but it was vulnerable to affirmative action by the sovereign, which possessed exclusive power to extinguish the right of occupancy at will. Termination of the right by sovereign action was complete and left the land free and clear of Indian claims. Third parties could not question the justness or fairness of the methods used to extinguish the right of occupancy.17 Nor could the Indians themselves prevent a taking of tribal lands or forestall a termination of their title. However, it is now for the first time asked whether the Indians have a cause of action for compensation arising out of an involuntary taking of lands held by original Indian title. 12 We cannot but affirm the decision of the Court of Claims. Admitting the undoubted power of Congress to extinguish original Indian title compels no conclusion that compensation need not be paid. In speaking of the original claims of the Indians to their lands, Marshall had this to say: 'It is difficult to comprehend the proposition * * * that the discovery * * * should give the discoverer rights in the country discovered which annulled the pre-existing rights of its ancient possessors. * * * It gave the exclusive right to purchase, but did not found that right on a denial of the right of the possessor to sell. * * * The king purchased", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00236", "text": "In a previous work, we showed that the differentially rotating equatorial disk in the pulsar's electrosphere is diocotron unstable in the non-relativistic regime. In this paper, we extend these results and study the relativistic and electromagnetic stabilisation effects by including the magnetic field perturbation and allow for relativistic speeds of the guiding centre, in a self-consistent manner. We use the electric drift approximation, valid for low-density plasmas. We linearise the coupled relativistic cold-fluid and Maxwell equations in the electric drift approximation. The non-linear eigenvalue problem for the perturbed azimuthal electric field is solved numerically with standard technics for boundary value problems like the shooting method. The spectrum of the relativistic diocotron instability in a non-neutral plasma column confined between two cylindrically conducting walls is computed. For low-speed motions, we recover the eigenfunctions and eigenspectra of the non-relativistic diocotron instability. Our algorithm is also checked in the relativistic planar diode geometry for which an analytical expression of the dispersion relation is known. As expected, when the relativistic and electromagnetic effects become significant, the diocotron instability tends to stabilise. In cylindrical geometry, for some special rotation profile, all azimuthal modes $l$ are completely suppressed for sufficiently relativistic flows. However, for the profile relevant to the electrosphere, depending on the exact rotation curves, the growth rates can either significantly decrease till they vanish or persist for moderate $l$.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 308, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00237", "text": "for the diagnosis of systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases ( sard ) , patients are screened for anti - nuclear antibodies ( ana ) . ana , as assessed by indirect immunofluorescence ( iif ) , have a poor specificity . this hampers interpretation of positive results in clinical settings with low pretest probability of sard . we hypothesized that the utility of positive ana iif results increases from primary to tertiary care . we retrospectively determined ana , anti - ena , and anti - dsdna antibody prevalence in patient cohorts from primary ( n = 1453 ) , secondary ( n = 1621 ) , and tertiary ( n = 1168 ) care settings . results reveal that from primary care to tertiary care , ana prevalence increases ( 6.2 , 10.8 , and 16.0% , resp . ) . moreover , in primary care low titres ( 70% versus 51% and 52% in secondary and tertiary care , resp . ) are more frequent and anti - ena / dsdna reactivities are less prevalent ( 21% versus 39% in secondary care ) . typically , in tertiary care the prevalence of anti - ena / dsdna reactivities ( 21% ) is lower than expected . from this descriptive study we conclude that positive ana iif results are more prone to false interpretation in clinical settings with low pretest probabilities for sard , as in primary care . whether alternative approaches , that is , immunoadsorption of anti - dfs70 antibodies or implementation of anti - ena screen assays , perform better , needs to be determined .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 328, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00238", "text": "We calculate exactly the von Neumann and topological entropies of the toric code as a function of system size and temperature. We do so for systems with infinite energy scale separation between magnetic and electric excitations, so that the magnetic closed loop structure is fully preserved while the electric loop structure is tampered with by thermally excited electric charges. We find that the entanglement entropy is a singular function of temperature and system size, and that the limit of zero temperature and the limit of infinite system size do not commute. From the entanglement entropy we obtain the topological entropy, which is shown to drop to half its zero-temperature value for any infinitesimal temperature in the thermodynamic limit, and remains constant as the temperature is further increased. Such discontinuous behavior is replaced by a smooth decreasing function in finite-size systems. If the separation of energy scales in the system is large but finite, we argue that our results hold at small enough temperature and finite system size, and a second drop in the topological entropy should occur as the temperature is raised so as to disrupt the magnetic loop structure by allowing the appearance of free magnetic charges. We interpret our results as an indication that the underlying magnetic and electric closed loop structures contribute equally to the topological entropy (and therefore to the topological order) in the system. Since each loop structure \\emph{per se} is a classical object, we interpret the quantum topological order in our system as arising from the ability of the two structures to be superimposed and appear simultaneously.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 310, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00239", "text": "The stationary hydrodynamic equations for the transonic accretion disks and flows around rotating black holes are presented by using the Kerr-Schild coordinate where there is no coordinate singularity at the event horizon. We use two types of the causal viscosity prescription, and the boundary conditions for the transonic accretion flows are given at the sonic point. For one type of the causal viscosity prescription we also add the boundary conditions at the viscous point where the accreting radial velocity is nearly equal to the viscous diffusion velocity. Based on the formalism for the transonic accretion disks, after we present the calculation method of the transonic solutions, the horizon-penetrating transonic solutions which smoothly pass the event horizon are calculated for several types of the accretion flow models: the ideal isothermal flows, the ideal and the viscous polytropic flows, the advection dominated accretion flows (ADAFs) with the relativistic equation of state, the adiabatic accretion disks, the standard accretion disks, the supercritical accretion disks. These solutions are obtained for both non-rotating and rotating black holes. The calculated accretion flows plunge into black hole with finite three velocity smaller than the speed of light even at the event horizon or inside the horizon, and the angular velocities of the accretion flow at the horizon are generally different from the angular velocity of the frame-dragging due to the black hole's rotation. These features contrast to the results obtained by using the Boyer-Lindquist coordinate with the coordinate singularity at the horizon.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 326, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00240", "text": "Corp. v. United States, 287 U.S. 12, 24, 25, 53 S.Ct. 45, 48, 77 L.Ed. 138; Yakus v. United States, 321 U.S. 414, 419-427, and cases cited, 64 S.Ct. 660, 665-669, 88 L.Ed. 834. 17 The judicial approval accorded these 'broad' standards for administrative action is a reflection of the necessities of modern legislation dealing with complex economic and social problems. See Sunshine Anthracite Coal Co. v. Adkins, 310 U.S. 381, 398, 60 S.Ct. 907, 914, 84 L.Ed. 1263. The legislative process would frequently bog down if Congress were constitutionally required to appraise before-hand the myriad situations to which it wishes a particular policy to e applied and to formulate specific rules for each situation. Necessity therefore fixes a point beyond which it is unreasonable and impracticable to compel Congress to prescribe detailed rules; it then becomes constitutionally sufficient if Congress clearly delineates the general policy, the public agency which is to apply it, and the boundaries of this delegated authority. Private rights are protected by access to the courts to test the application of the policy in the light of these legislative declarations. Such is the situation here. 18 Under these circumstances, it is of no constitutional significance that the Commission, in executing the policies of § 11(b)(2), also has discretion to fashion remedies of a civil nature necessary for attaining the desired goals. See Phelps Dodge Corp. v. National Labor Relations Board, 313 U.S. 177, 194, 61 S.Ct. 845, 85 L.Ed. 1271, 133 A.L.R. 1217. The legislative policies and standards being clear, judicial review of the remedies adopted by the Commission safeguards against statutory or constitutional excesses. 19 Nor is there any constitutional requirement that the legislative standards be translated by the Commission into formal and detailed rules of thumb prior to their application to a particular case. If that agency wishes to proceed by the more flexible case-by-case method, the Constitution offers no obstacle. All that can be required is that the Commission's actions conform to the statutory language and policy. III. 20 Our decision in North American Co. v. S.E.C., supra", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00241", "text": "27 A further hearing was held on the same day and an attorney was appointed, apparently not at petitioner's request, to represent petitioner at a hearing upon the 'question of mitigation or aggravation of said crime of murder to which defendant has pleaded guilty.' Such a hearing was required by state law (Ill.Rev.Stat., 1945, Ch. 38, par. 732) where a guilty plea has been entered and where the court has discretion as to the extent of the punishment. A hearing on this matter was held three days later, on June 18, petitioner's appointed counsel being present. On June 29, in the absence of counsel, petitioner appeared in court and was sentenced to serve 99 years in prison. 28 I do not believe that these facts add up to due process of law. Petitioner, an uneducated, bewildered layman, was allegedly held incommunicado for fifteen days and was the called upon to make a vital decision upon the basis of his unintelligent understanding of the indictment—a legalistic, verbose document of five pages which would doubtless mean many things to many learned lawyers in light of the particular facts involved. Petitioner's very life and liberty depended upon his ability to comprehend the variety of crimes covered by the indictment and which one, if any, applied to the facts of his case. He was compelled to weigh the factors involved in a guilty plea against those resulting from the submission of his case to a jury. He was forced to judge the chances of setting up a successful defense. These are all complicated matters that only a man versed in the legal lore could hope to comprehend and to decide intelligently. Petitioner obviously was not of that type. Yet at this crucial juncture petitioner lacked the aid and guidance of such a person. In my view, it is a gross miscarriage of justice to condemn a man to death or to life imprisonment in such a manner. See Powell v. State of Alabama, 287 U.S. 45, 53 S.Ct. 55, 77 L.Ed. 158, 84 A.L.R. 527; Williams v. Kaiser, 323 U.S. 471, 65 S.Ct. 363, 89 L.Ed. 398; Rice v. Olson, 324 U.S. 786, 65 S.Ct. 989, 89 L.Ed. 1367. 29 It is said, of course, that", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00242", "text": "We considered diffusion-driven processes on small-world networks with distance-dependent random links. The study of diffusion on such networks is motivated by transport on randomly folded polymer chains, synchronization problems in task-completion networks, and gradient driven transport on networks. Changing the parameters of the distance-dependence, we found a rich phase diagram, with different transient and recurrent phases in the context of random walks on networks. We performed the calculations in two limiting cases: in the annealed case, where the rearrangement of the random links is fast, and in the quenched case, where the link rearrangement is slow compared to the motion of the random walker or the surface. It has been well-established that in a large class of interacting systems, adding an arbitrarily small density of, possibly long-range, quenched random links to a regular lattice interaction topology, will give rise to mean-field (or annealed) like behavior. In some cases, however, mean-field scaling breaks down, such as in diffusion or in the Edwards-Wilkinson process in \"low-dimensional\" small-world networks. This break-down can be understood by treating the random links perturbatively, where the mean-field (or annealed) prediction appears as the lowest-order term of a naive perturbation expansion. The asymptotic analytic results are also confirmed numerically by employing exact numerical diagonalization of the network Laplacian. Further, we construct a finite-size scaling framework for the relevant observables, capturing the cross-over behaviors in finite networks. This work provides a detailed account of the self-consistent-perturbative and renormalization approaches briefly introduced in two earlier short reports.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 326, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00243", "text": "Of the fourteen transiting extrasolar planetary systems for which radii have been measured, at least three appear to be considerably larger than theoretical estimates suggest. It has been proposed by Bodenheimer, Lin & Mardling that undetected companions acting to excite the orbital eccentricity are responsible for these oversized planets, as they find new equilibrium radii in response to being tidally heated. In the case of HD 209458, this hypothesis has been rejected by some authors because there is no sign of such a companion at the 5 m/s level, and because it is difficult to say conclusively that the eccentricity is non-zero. Transit timing analysis [...]. Whether or not a companion is responsible for the large radius of HD 209458b, almost certainly some short-period systems have companions which force their eccentricities to nonzero values. This paper is dedicated to quantifying this effect. The eccentricity of a short-period planet will only be excited as long as its (non-resonant) companion's eccentricity is non-zero. Here we show that the latter decays on a timescale which depends on the structure of the interior planet, a timescale which is often shorter than the lifetime of the system. This includes Earth-mass planets in the habitable zones of some stars. We determine which configurations are capable of sustaining significant eccentricity for at least the age of the system, and show that these include systems with companion masses as low as a fraction of an Earth mass. The orbital parameters of such companions are consistent with recent calculations which show that the migration process can induce the formation of low mass planets external to the orbits of hot Jupiters. Systems with inflated planets are therefore good targets in the search for terrestrial planets.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 351, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00244", "text": "Context: How planet properties depend on stellar mass is a key diagnostic of planetary formation mechanisms. Aims: This motivates planet searches around stars which are significantly more massive or less massive than the Sun, and in particular our radial velocity search for planets around very-low mass stars. Methods: As part of that program, we obtained measurements of GJ 674, an M2.5 dwarf at d=4.5 pc, which have a dispersion much in excess of their internal errors. An intensive observing campaign demonstrates that the excess dispersion is due to two superimposed coherent signals, with periods of 4.69 and 35 days. Results: These data are well described by a 2-planet Keplerian model where each planet has a ~11 Mearth minimum mass. A careful analysis of the (low level) magnetic activity of GJ 674 however demonstrates that the 35-day period coincides with the stellar rotation period. This signal therefore originates in a spot inhomogeneity modulated by stellar rotation. The 4.69-day signal on the other hand is caused by a bona-fide planet, GJ 674b. Conclusion: Its detection adds to the growing number of Neptune-mass planets around M-dwarfs, and reinforces the emerging conclusion that this mass domain is much more populated than the jovian mass range. We discuss the metallicity distributions of M dwarf with and without planets and find a low 11% probability that they are drawn from the same parent distribution. Moreover, we find tentative evidence that the host star metallicity correlates with the total mass of their planetary system.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 324, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00245", "text": "We report on the AAT-AAOmega LRG Pilot observing run to establish the feasibility of a large spectroscopic survey using the new AAOmega instrument. We have selected Luminous Red Galaxies (LRGs) using single epoch SDSS riz-photometry to i<20.5 and z<20.2. We have observed in 3 fields including the COSMOS field and the COMBO-17 S11 field, obtaining a sample of ~600 redshift z>=0.5 LRGs. Exposure times varied from 1 - 4 hours to determine the minimum exposure for AAOmega to make an essentially complete LRG redshift survey in average conditions. We show that LRG redshifts to i<20.5 can measured in approximately 1.5hr exposures and present comparisons with 2SLAQ and COMBO-17 (photo-)redshifts. Crucially, the riz selection coupled with the 3-4 times improved AAOmega throughput is shown to extend the LRG mean redshift from z=0.55 for 2SLAQ to z=0.681+/- 0.005 for riz-selected LRGs. This extended range is vital for maximising the S/N for the detection of the baryon acoustic oscillations (BAOs). Furthermore, we show that the amplitude of LRG clustering is s_0 = 9.9+/-0.7 h^-1 Mpc, as high as that seen in the 2SLAQ LRG Survey. Consistent results for the real-space amplitude are found from projected and semi-projected correlation functions. This high clustering amplitude is consistent with a long-lived population whose bias evolves as predicted by a simple ``high-peaks'' model. We conclude that a redshift survey of 360 000 LRGs over 3000deg^2, with an effective volume some 4 times bigger than previously used to detect BAO with LRGs, is possible with AAOmega in 170 nights.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 417, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00246", "text": "In object-oriented or object-relational databases such as multimedia databases or most XML databases, access patterns are not static, i.e., applications do not always access the same objects in the same order repeatedly. However, this has been the way these databases and associated optimisation techniques such as clustering have been evaluated up to now. This paper opens up research regarding this issue by proposing a dynamic object evaluation framework (DOEF). DOEF accomplishes access pattern change by defining configurable styles of change. It is a preliminary prototype that has been designed to be open and fully extensible. Though originally designed for the object-oriented model, it can also be used within the object-relational model with few adaptations. Furthermore, new access pattern change models can be added too. To illustrate the capabilities of DOEF, we conducted two different sets of experiments. In the first set of experiments, we used DOEF to compare the performances of four state of the art dynamic clustering algorithms. The results show that DOEF is effective at determining the adaptability of each dynamic clustering algorithm to changes in access pattern. They also led us to conclude that dynamic clustering algorithms can cope with moderate levels of access pattern change, but that performance rapidly degrades to be worse than no clustering when vigorous styles of access pattern change are applied. In the second set of experiments, we used DOEF to compare the performance of two different object stores: Platypus and SHORE. The use of DOEF exposed the poor swapping performance of Platypus.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 300, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00247", "text": "The Grassmann manifold G_{n,p}(L) is the set of all p-dimensional planes (through the origin) in the n-dimensional Euclidean space L^{n}, where L is either R or C. This paper considers an unequal dimensional quantization in which a source in G_{n,p}(L) is quantized through a code in G_{n,q}(L), where p and q are not necessarily the same. It is different from most works in literature where p\\equiv q. The analysis for unequal dimensional quantization is based on the volume of a metric ball in G_{n,p}(L) whose center is in G_{n,q}(L). Our chief result is a closed-form formula for the volume of a metric ball when the radius is sufficiently small. This volume formula holds for Grassmann manifolds with arbitrary n, p, q and L, while previous results pertained only to some special cases. Based on this volume formula, several bounds are derived for the rate distortion tradeoff assuming the quantization rate is sufficiently high. The lower and upper bounds on the distortion rate function are asymptotically identical, and so precisely quantify the asymptotic rate distortion tradeoff. We also show that random codes are asymptotically optimal in the sense that they achieve the minimum achievable distortion with probability one as n and the code rate approach infinity linearly. Finally, we discuss some applications of the derived results to communication theory. A geometric interpretation in the Grassmann manifold is developed for capacity calculation of additive white Gaussian noise channel. Further, the derived distortion rate function is beneficial to characterizing the effect of beamforming matrix selection in multi-antenna communications.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 337, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00248", "text": "A cascade model is described based on multiplier distributions determined from 3D direct numerical simulations (DNS) of turbulent particle laden flows, which include two-way coupling between the phases at global mass loadings equal to unity. The governing Eulerian equations are solved using pseudo-spectral methods on up to 512**3 computional grid points. DNS results for particle concentration and enstrophy at Taylor microscale Reynolds numbers in the range 34 - 170 were used to directly determine multiplier distributions (PDFs) on spatial scales 3 times the Kolmogorov length scale. The width of the PDFs, which is a measure of intermittency, decreases with increasing mass loading within the local region where the multipliers are measured. The functional form of this dependence is not sensitive to Reynolds numbers in the range considered. A partition correlation probability is included in the cascade model to account for the observed spatial anticorrelation between particle concentration and enstrophy. Joint probability distribution functions of concentration and enstrophy generated using the cascade model are shown to be in excellent agreement with those derived directly from our 3D simulations. Probabilities predicted by the cascade model are presented at Reynolds numbers well beyond what is achievable by direct simulation. These results clearly indicate that particle mass loading significantly reduces the probabilities of high particle concentration and enstrophy relative to those resulting from unloaded runs. Particle mass density appears to reach a limit at around 100 times the gas density. This approach has promise for significant computational savings in certain applications.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 302, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00249", "text": "despite broad research in neurotrauma and shock , little is known on systemic inflammatory effects of the clinically most relevant combined polytrauma . experimental investigation in an animal model may provide relevant insight for therapeutic strategies . we describe the effects of a combined injury with respect to lymphocyte population and cytokine activation . methods . 45 male c57bl/6j mice ( mean weight 27 g ) were anesthetized with ketamine / xylazine . animals were subjected to a weight drop closed traumatic brain injury ( wd - tbi ) , a femoral fracture and hemorrhagic shock ( fx - sh ) . animals were subdivided into wd - tbi , fx - sh and combined trauma ( co - tx ) groups . subjects were sacrificed at 96 h. blood was analysed for cytokines and by flow cytometry for lymphocyte populations . results . mortality was 8% , 13% and 47% for fx - sh , wd - tbi and co - tx groups ( p < 0.05 ) . tnf ( 11/13/139 for fx - sh / wd - tbi / co - tx ; p < 0.05 ) , ccl2 ( 78/96/227 ; p < 0.05 ) and il-6 ( 16/48/281 ; p = 0.05 ) showed significant increases in the co - tx group . lymphocyte populations results for fx - sh , wd - tbi and co - tx were : cd-4 ( 31/21/22 ; p = n.s . ) , cd-8 ( 7/28/34 , p < 0.05 ) , cd-4-cd-8 ( 11/12/18 ; p = n.s . ) , cd-56 ( 36/7/8 ; p < 0.05 ) . conclusion . this study shows that a combination of closed tbi and femur - fracture/ shock results in an increase of the humoral inflammation . more attention to combined injury models in inflammation research is indicated .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 427, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00250", "text": "We re-analyze the age distribution (dN/dt) of star clusters in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) using age determinations based on the Magellanic Cloud Photometric Survey. For ages younger than 3x10^9 yr the dN/dt distribution can be approximated by a power-law distribution, dN/dt propto t^-beta, with -beta=-0.70+/-0.05 or -beta=-0.84+/-0.04, depending on the model used to derive the ages. Predictions for a cluster population without dissolution limited by a V-band detection result in a power-law dN/dt distribution with an index of ~-0.7. This is because the limiting cluster mass increases with age, due to evolutionary fading of clusters, reducing the number of observed clusters at old ages. When a mass cut well above the limiting cluster mass is applied, the dN/dt distribution is flat up to 1 Gyr. We conclude that cluster dissolution is of small importance in shaping the dN/dt distribution and incompleteness causes dN/dt to decline. The reason that no (mass independent) infant mortality of star clusters in the first ~10-20 Myr is found is explained by a detection bias towards clusters without nebular emission, i.e. cluster that have survived the infant mortality phase. The reason we find no evidence for tidal (mass dependent) cluster dissolution in the first Gyr is explained by the weak tidal field of the SMC. Our results are in sharp contrast to the interpretation of Chandar et al. (2006), who interpret the declining dN/dt distribution as rapid cluster dissolution. This is due to their erroneous assumption that the sample is limited by cluster mass, rather than luminosity.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 367, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00251", "text": "Point-contact (PC) spectroscopy measurements on antiferromagnetic (AF) (T_N=5.2K) HoNi2B2C single crystals in the normal and two different superconducting (SC) states (T_c=8.5K and $T_c^*=5.6K) are reported. The PC study of the electron-boson(phonon) interaction (EB(P)I) spectral function reveals pronounced phonon maxima at 16, 22 and 34meV. For the first time the high energy maxima at about 50meV and 100meV are resolved. Additionally, an admixture of a crystalline-electric-field (CEF) excitations with a maximum near 10meV and a `magnetic` peak near 3meV are observed. The contribution of the 10-meV peak in PC EPI constant \\lambda_PC is evaluated as 20-30%, while contribution of the high energy modes at 50 and 100meV amounts about 10% for each maxima, so the superconductivity might be affected by CEF excitations. The SC gap in HoNi2B2C exhibits a standard single-band BCS-like dependence, but vanishes at $T_c^*=5.6K 10^12) and informs on the cosmic star formation history and the time-scales for mass build-up. We firstly present the faint galaxy counts at 12um derived from the catalogue of the ISO-ESO-Sculptor Survey (ISO-ESS) in a companion paper (Seymour et al. 2007) which go down to 0.24 mJy after corrections for incompleteness. We check that they are consistent with ISO number counts at 15um. Secondly we show that the ``normal'' scenarios which fit the deep UV-optical-near-IR counts with PEGASE.2 (Fioc et al. 1999), are unsuccessful in modelling the strong excess simultaneously observed in the cumulative and differential counts at 12um, 15um and 24um. Based on observed 12mu and 25mu IRAS luminosity functions and optical/mid-IR colors, we finally succeed in modelling cumulative and differential counts by only changing 9% of normal galaxies (1/3 of the ellipticals) into ultra-bright dusty elliptical galaxies, interpreted as ULIRGs. This ULIRG population has similarities with high-z radio-galaxy hosts. No number density evolution is included. The Herschel observatory will hopefully confirm these results.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 338, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00274", "text": "We present 2D multi-group flux-limited diffusion magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) simulations of the Accretion-Induced Collapse (AIC) of a rapidly-rotating white dwarf. We focus on the dynamical role of MHD processes after the formation of a millisecond-period protoneutron star. We find that including magnetic fields and stresses can lead to a powerful explosion with an energy of a few Bethe, rather than a weak one of at most 0.1 Bethe, with an associated ejecta mass of ~0.1Msun, instead of a few 0.001Msun. The core is spun down by ~30% within 500ms after bounce, and the rotational energy extracted from the core is channeled into magnetic energy that generates a strong magnetically-driven wind, rather than a weak neutrino-driven wind. Baryon loading of the ejecta, while this wind prevails, precludes it from becoming relativistic. This suggests that a GRB is not expected to emerge from such AICs during the early protoneutron star phase, except in the unlikely event that the massive white dwarf has sufficient mass to lead to black hole formation. In addition, we predict both negligible 56Ni-production (that should result in an optically-dark, adiabatically-cooled explosion) and the ejection of 0.1Msun of material with an electron fraction of 0.1-0.2. Such pollution by neutron-rich nuclei puts strong constraints on the possible rate of such AICs. Moreover, being free from ``fallback,'' such highly-magnetized millisecond-period protoneutron stars may later become magnetars, and the magnetically-driven winds may later transition to Poynting-flux-dominated, relativistic winds, eventually detectable as GRBs at cosmological distances. However, the low expected event rate of AICs will constrain them to be, at best, a small subset of GRB and/or magnetar progenitors.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 414, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00275", "text": "We present Spitzer IRS low resolution, mid-IR spectra of a sample of 25 high luminosity QSOs at 20.1, sugesting that the iron line technique may be most reliable in extemely thin disks. We caution that these results have been obtained with a viscous hydrodynamic model and need to be confirmed with MHD simulations of radiatively cooled thin disks.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 350, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00285", "text": "We review and study the duality between string theory formulated on a curved exact background (the two dimensional black hole) and string theory in flat space with a tachyon-like potential. We generalize previous results in this subject by discussing a twisted version of the Fateev-Zamolodchikov-Zamolodchikov conjecture. This duality is shown to hold at the level of N-point correlation functions on the sphere topology, and connects tree-level string amplitudes in the Euclidean version of the 2D black hole (x time) to correlation functions in a non-linear sigma-model in flat space but in presence of a tachyon wall potential and a linear dilaton. The dual CFT corresponds to the perturbed 2D quantum gravity coupled to c<1 matter (x time), where the operator that describes the tachyon-like potential can be seen as a n=2 momentum mode perturbation, while the usual sine-Liouville operator would correspond to the vortex sector n =1. We show how the sine-Liouville interaction term arises through a twisting of the marginal deformation introduced here, and discuss such 'twisting' as a non-trivial realization of the symmetries of the theory. After briefly reviewing the computation of correlation functions in sine-Liouville CFT, we give a precise prescription for computing correlation functions in the twisted model. To show the new version of the correspondence we make use of a formula recently proven by S. Ribault and J. Teschner, which connects the correlation functions in the Wess-Zumino-Witten theory to correlation functions in the Liouville theory. Conversely, the duality discussed here can be thought of as a free field realization of such remarkable formula.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 354, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00286", "text": "The addition of metals to any gas can significantly alter its evolution by increasing the rate of radiative cooling. In star-forming environments, enhanced cooling can potentially lead to fragmentation and the formation of low-mass stars, where metal-free gas-clouds have been shown not to fragment. Adding metal cooling to numerical simulations has traditionally required a choice between speed and accuracy. We introduce a method that uses the sophisticated chemical network of the photoionization software, Cloudy, to include radiative cooling from a complete set of metals up to atomic number 30 (Zn) that can be used with large-scale three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations. Our method is valid over an extremely large temperature range (10 K < T < 10^8 K), up to hydrogen number densities of 10^12 cm^-3. At this density, a sphere of 1 Msun has a radius of roughly 40 AU. We implement our method in the adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) hydrodynamic/N-body code, Enzo. Using cooling rates generated with this method, we study the physical conditions that led to the transition from Population III to Population II star formation. While C, O, Fe, and Si have been previously shown to make the strongest contribution to the cooling in low-metallicity gas, we find that up to 40% of the metal cooling comes from fine-structure emission by S, when solar abundance patterns are present. At metallicities, Z > 10^-4 Zsun, regions of density and temperature exist where gas is both thermally unstable and has a cooling time less than its dynamical time. We identify these doubly unstable regions as the most inducive to fragmentation. At high redshifts, the CMB inhibits efficient cooling at low temperatures and, thus, reduces the size of the doubly unstable regions, making fragmentation more difficult.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 373, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00287", "text": "We study the supersymmetric particle spectra and LHC collider observables for the large-volume string models with a fundamental scale of 10^{11} GeV that arise in moduli-fixed string compactifications with branes and fluxes. The presence of magnetic fluxes on the brane world volume, required for chirality, perturb the soft terms away from those previously computed in the dilute-flux limit. We use the difference in high-scale gauge couplings to estimate the magnitude of this perturbation and study the potential effects of the magnetic fluxes by generating many random spectra with the soft terms perturbed around the dilute flux limit. Even with a 40% variation in the high-scale soft terms the low-energy spectra take a clear and predictive form. The resulting spectra are broadly similar to those arising on the SPS1a slope, but more degenerate. In their minimal version the models predict the ratios of gaugino masses to be M_1 : M_2 : M_3=(1.5 - 2) : 2 : 6, different to both mSUGRA and mirage mediation. Among the scalars, the squarks tend to be lighter and the sleptons heavier than for comparable mSUGRA models. We generate 10 fb^{-1} of sample LHC data for the random spectra in order to study the range of collider phenomenology that can occur. We perform a detailed mass reconstruction on one example large-volume string model spectrum. 100 fb^{-1} of integrated luminosity is sufficient to discriminate the model from mSUGRA and aspects of the sparticle spectrum can be accurately reconstructed.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 334, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00288", "text": "By 2D hydrodynamic simulations including a detailed equation of state and neutrino transport, we investigate the interplay between different non-radial hydrodynamic instabilities that play a role during the postbounce accretion phase of collapsing stellar cores. The convective mode of instability, which is driven by negative entropy gradients caused by neutrino heating or by time variations of the shock strength, can be identified clearly by the development of typical Rayleigh-Taylor mushrooms. However, in cases where the gas in the postshock region is rapidly advected towards the gain radius, the growth of such a buoyancy instability can be suppressed. In such a situation the shocked flow nevertheless can develop non-radial asymmetry with an oscillatory growth of the amplitude. This phenomenon has been termed ``standing accretion shock instability'' (SASI). It is shown here that the SASI oscillations can trigger convective instability and like the latter they lead to an increase of the average shock radius and of the mass in the gain layer. Both hydrodynamic instabilities in combination stretch the advection time of matter through the neutrino-heating layer and thus enhance the neutrino energy deposition in support of the neutrino-driven explosion mechanism. A rapidly contracting and more compact nascent NS turns out to be favorable for explosions, because the accretion luminosity and neutrino heating are larger and the growth rate of the SASI is higher. Moreover, we show that the oscillation period of the SASI and a variety of other features in our simulations agree with estimates for the advective-acoustic cycle (AAC), in which perturbations are carried by the accretion flow from the shock to the neutron star and pressure waves close an amplifying global feedback loop. (abridged)", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 355, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00289", "text": "Any color singlet or octet ccbar pair is created at short distances and then expands to a full size of J/psi. Such a dynamical evolution process is included here in calculations for the J/psi number distribution as a function of transverse momentum and rapidity in central Au-Au collisions at both RHIC and LHC energies. The ccbar pairs are produced in the initial collision and in the partonic system during the prethermal and thermal stages through the partonic channels ab to ccbar [{2S+1}L_J] and ab to ccbar [{2S+1}L_J]x, and then they dissociate in the latter two stages. Dissociation of ccbar in the medium occurs via two reactions: (a) color singlet ccbar plus a gluon turns to color octet ccbar, (b) color octet ccbar plus a gluon persists as color octet. There are modest yields of ccbar in the prethermal stage at RHIC energy and through the reactions ab to ccbar [{2S+1}L_J] at LHC energy for partons with large average momentum in the prethermal stage at both collider energies and in the thermal stage at LHC energy. Production from the partonic system competes with the suppression of the initial yield in the deconfined medium. Consequently, a bulge within -1.53.3E03 km/s at the 90% confidence level, similar to the velocity limits estimated indirectly for the \"bullet\" cluster (1E0657-56). The probability that the velocity gradient is generated by standard random gain fluctuations with Chandra and XMM is <0.1%. The regions of maximum velocity gradient are in CCD zones that have the lowest temporal gain variations. It is unlikely that the velocity gradient is due to Hubble distance differences between projected clusters (probability<~0.01%). We mapped the distribution of elemental abundance ratios across the cluster and detected a strong chemical discontinuity using the abundance ratio of silicon to iron, equivalent to a variation from 100% SN Ia iron mass fraction in the West-Northwest regions to 32% in the Eastern region. The \"center\" of the cluster is located at the chemical discontinuity boundary, which is inconsistent with the radially symmetric chemical gradient found in some regular clusters, but consistent with a cluster merging scenario. We predict that the velocity gradient as measured will produce a variation of the CMB temperature towards the East of the core of the cluster that will be detectable by current and near-future bolometers. The measured velocity gradient opens for the possibility that this cluster is passing through a near line-of-sight merger stage where the cores have recently crossed.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 355, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00300", "text": "plasma d - dimer levels are directly related to the intra- and extra - vascular coagulation that occurs in acute and chronic lung damage in patients with community - acquired pneumonia ( cap).objectives : this study examines the relationship between the severity of community - acquired pneumonia and d - dimer levels . in addition , the study examines the correlations among community - acquired pneumonia , the radiological extent of the disease and mortality.methods:the pneumonia severity index was used to classify patients into five groups . patients were treated at home or in the hospital according to the guidelines for community - acquired pneumonia . blood samples were taken from the antecubital vein with an injector and placed into citrated tubes . after they were centrifuged , the samples were evaluated with the quantitative latex method.results:the study included 60 patients who had been diagnosed with community - acquired pneumonia ( mean age 62.5 11.7 ) and 24 healthy controls ( mean age 59.63 6.63 ) . the average plasma d - dimer levels were 337.3 195.1ng / ml in the outpatient treatment group , 691.0 180.5 in the inpatient treatment group , 1363.2 331.5 ng / mlin the intensive care treatment group and 161.3 38.1ng / ml in the control group ( p<0.001 ) . the mean d - dimer plasma level was 776.1 473.5ng / ml in patients with an accompanying disease and 494.2 280.1 ng / ml in patients without an accompanying disease ( p<0.05).conclusions : plasma d - dimer levels were increased even in community - acquired pneumonia patients who did not have an accompanying disease that would normally cause such an increase .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 371, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00301", "text": "There exist many observational evidences implying the expansion of our universe is undergoing a late-time acceleration, the mechanism of this acceleration is yet unknown. In the so-called thick brane model this phenomena is attributed to the thickness of the brane along the extra dimension. In this study we mainly rely to the consistency of this model with most recent observational data related to the background evolution. The new Supernova Type Ia (SNIa) Gold sample and Supernova Legacy Survey (SNLS) data, the position of the acoustic peak at the last scattering surface from the WMAP observations and the baryon acoustic oscillation peak found in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) are used to constrain the free parameter of the thick codimension 1 brane model. To infer its consistency with age of our universe, we compare the age of old cosmological objects with what computed using the best fit values for the model parameters. When the universe is matter dominated, $w=0$, at 68% level of confidence, the combination of Gold sample SNIa, CMB shift parameter and SDSS databases provides $\\Omega_m=0.31_{-0.02}^{+0.02}$, $\\Omega_{\\cal{C}}=0.05_{-0.01}^{+0.01}$, $w_r=-1.40_{-0.20}^{+0.20}$, hence a spatially open universe with $\\Omega_k=0.21_{-0.08}^{+0.08}$. The same combination with SNLS supernova observation gives $\\Omega_m=0.28_{-0.02}^{+0.03}$, $\\Omega_{\\cal{C}}=0.037_{-0.004}^{+0.003}$, $w_r=-2.05_{-0.15}^{+0.15}$ consequently provides a spatially open universe $\\Omega_k=0.11_{-0.07}^{+0.10}$. These results obviously seem to be in contradiction with the most recent WMAP results indicating a flat universe.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 437, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00302", "text": "The transition between the low density groups of T Tauri stars and the high density clusters around massive stars occurs in the intermediate-mass (IM) range (M$_*$$\\sim$2--8 M$_\\odot$). High spatial resolution studies of IM young stellar objects (YSO) can provide important clues to understand the clustering in massive star forming regions. Aims: Our aim is to search for clustering in IM Class 0 protostars. The high spatial resolution and sensitivity provided by the new A configuration of the Plateau de Bure Interferometer (PdBI) allow us to study the clustering in these nearby objects. Methods: We have imaged three IM Class 0 protostars (Serpens-FIRS 1, IC 1396 N, CB 3) in the continuum at 3.3 and 1.3mm using the PdBI. The sources have been selected with different luminosity to investigate the dependence of the clustering process on the luminosity of the source. Results: Only one millimeter (mm) source is detected towards the low luminosity source Serpens--FIRS 1. Towards CB 3 and IC1396 N, we detect two compact sources separated by $\\sim$0.05 pc. The 1.3mm image of IC 1396 N, which provides the highest spatial resolution, reveal that one of these cores is splitted in, at least, three individual sources.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 301, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00303", "text": "December, 1940. The last over act alleged to have been committed by any of petitioners was the filing by Mayer of his registration statement on December 23, 1940. 4 Of the 31 indicted, only the three petitioners were convicted after a jury trial.3 Fiswick and Rudolph were sentenced to imprisonment for 18 months each. Mayer was sentenced to imprisonment for a year and a day. The judgments of conviction were affirmed by the Circuit Court of Appeals, one judge dissenting. 3 Cir., 153 F.2d 176. The case is here on a petition for a writ of certiorari which we granted because the rulings of the lower courts on the continuing nature of the conspiracy were apparently in conflict with decisions of this Court. See United States v. Irvine, 98 U.S. 450, 25 L.Ed. 193; United States v. Kissel, 218 U.S. 601, 31 S.Ct. 124, 54 L.Ed. 1168. 5 First. The nature and duration of the conspiracy assumed great importance at the trial for the following reason. Each petitioner after he was apprehended made damaging statements to agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Mayer, in November, 1943, stated that he had applied for membership in the Nazi party and had not disclosed the fact because Vogel told him not to. Fiswick's statement made in April, 1944, was to the same effect. Rudolph made substantially the same admissions in November, 1943 and then in September, 1944, retracted them insofar as he had said that in registering under the Act and in failing to disclose his Nazi party affiliation he had followed instructions. His later reason for non-disclosure was his asserted desire to protect his family. Each of these statements was admitted at the trial. At first, each was admitted only as against the maker. At the close of the government's case, however, the District Court ruled that each of these statements was admissible against each of the other coconspirators. It so charged the jury. Later the jury returned to the courtroom for further instructions. One of the questions on which the foreman stated that they desired instruction related to that part of the charge 'where you said something about all of the defendants were bound by the act of one or something, something as a group, and the other said the individuals.'", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00304", "text": "one of the latter type, that is where, despite those connections, there were equally close and important ones in another state, New York; and therefore, as the Adams case declared, the risk of multiple state taxation would be incurred, unless one or the other or both states were forbidden to tax the transaction as such, or were required to apportion the tax. Not the 'directness' of the tax in its bearing upon the commerce, but this danger is the crucial issue in this case, as it was in the Adams case. In other words, but for the possibility that more states than one would levy the same or a similar tax, such an application as was made of Indiana's tax in the Adams case and here would be no more burdensome or objectionable than other applications of the same tax this Court has sustained or of other taxes likewise held valid.28 36 This Court has gone far in sustaining state taxes laid upon local incidents of interstate transactions by both the state of origin and the state of the market in recent years.29 Perhaps it may be said, in view of such decisions, that it has more clearly sustained such taxes at the marketing end than by the state of origin,30 although this may be matter for debate. In any event, the factual connections of the taxing state with the interstate transaction in the cases where the tax has been sustained hardly can be regarded as greater or more important than those of Indiana with the transactions involved in the Adams case and here. Nor could it be shown in fact that in some of them, at any rate, the danger of multiple state taxation was appreciably less, if it be assumed that the forwarding state has the same power to tax the transaction, by pegging the tax upon a local incident, as has been recognized for the state of market. 37 Such taxes, whether in one state or the other, may in fact block or impede interstate commerce as much as, or more than, one placed directly upon the commerce itself. They have been sustained, nevertheless, not simply because of their bearing upon a local incident, but because in the circumstances of their application they were considered to have neither discriminatory effects upon interstate trade as compared with local commerce nor to impose upon it the blocking or impeding effects which the commerce clause was taken to forbid.31 38 This in my judgment is the appropriate criterion to be applied, rather than any mere question of 'direct' or 'indirect' incidence upon a 'local incident.'", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00305", "text": "law'. National Labor Relations Board v. Hearst Publications, Inc., supra; Rochester Telephone Corporation v. United States, 1939, 307 U.S. 125, 59 S.Ct. 754, 83 L.Ed. 1147. 13 Applying these tests, we are unable to say that the Commission's construction was irrational or without support in the record. The Commission apparently views a dispute as 'active' during the continuance of a work stoppage induced by a labor dispute. That agency might reasonably conclude that the unemployment resulting from such work stoppage is not of the 'involuntary' nature which the statute was designed to alleviate, as indicated by the statement of public policy incorporated in the Act by the Territorial Legislature.13 We see nothing in such a view to require our substituting a different construction from that made by the Commission entrusted with the responsibility of administering the statute.14 14 Nor can we accept the argument of the majority of the Court of Appeals that since negotiations between the companies and the workers were carried on in San Francisco and Seattle, the dispute could not be said to be 'at' the Alaskan establishments as required by the statute. So far as we are able to determine, this issue was injected for the first time by the opinion of the majority of the Court of Appeals. The contention does not seem to have been raised or pressed by respondents up to that point. The responsibility of applying the statutory provisions to the facts of the particular case was given in the first instance to the Commission. A reviewing court usurps the agency's function when it sets aside the administrative determination up n a ground not theretofore presented and deprives the Commission of an opportunity to consider the matter, make its ruling, and state the reasons for its action.15 Nor do we find the argument advanced below convincing on its merits. It is clear that the subject matter of the dispute related to the operation of the Alaskan establishments. As a result of the dispute the normal activities involved in catching and canning salmon were not carried on throughout the 1940 season at any of those establishments. We do not consider significant the fact that the companies and the union did not negotiate at the canneries or on the ships in Alaskan waters. A legislature familiar with the nature of seasonal operations carried on in the Territory could hardly have been unaware of the fact that companies and workers customarily carried on negotiations far distant from the Alaskan establishments. It seems", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00306", "text": "(Abridged) We present a search for the progenitor star of the Type Ic Supernova 2002ap in deep, high quality pre-explosion observations taken with the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT). Aligning high-resolution Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations of the supernova itself with the archival CFHT images allowed us to pinpoint the location of the progenitor site on the ground based observations. We find that a source visible in the B and R band pre-explosion images close to the position of the SN is (1) not coincident with the SN position within the uncertainties of our relative astrometry, and (2) is still visible ~ 4.7 yrs post-explosion in late-time observations taken with the William Herschel Telescope. We therefore conclude that it is not the progenitor of SN 2002ap. Comparing our luminosity limits with stellar models of single stars at appropriate metallicity (Z=0.008) we conclude that any single star progenitor must have experienced at least twice the standard mass loss rates during pre-Wolf-Rayet evolution, been initially > 30-40M(Sun) and exploded as a Wolf-Rayet star of final mass 10-12M(Sun). Alternatively an initially less massive progenitor may have evolved in an interacting binary system. We constrain any possible binary companion to a main sequence star of < 20M(Sun), a neutron star or a black hole. By combining the pre-explosion limits with the ejecta mass estimates and constraints from X-ray and radio observations we conclude that any binary interaction most likely occurred as Case B mass transfer, either with or without a subsequent common envelope evolution phase.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 347, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00307", "text": "X-ray surveys facilitate investigations of the environment of AGNs. Deep Chandra observations revealed that the AGNs source surface density rises near clusters of galaxies. The natural extension of these works is the measurement of spatial clustering of AGNs around clusters and the investigation of relative biasing between active galactic nuclei and galaxies near clusters.The major aims of this work are to obtain a measurement of the correlation length of AGNs around clusters and a measure of the averaged clustering properties of a complete sample of AGNs in dense environments. We present the first measurement of the soft X-ray cluster-AGN cross-correlation function in redshift space using the data of the ROSAT-NEP survey. The survey covers 9x9 deg^2 around the North Ecliptic Pole where 442 X-ray sources were detected and almost completely spectroscopically identified. We detected a >3sigma significant clustering signal on scales s<50 h70^-1 Mpc. We performed a classical maximum-likelihood power-law fit to the data and obtained a correlation length s_0=8.7+1.2-0.3 h_70-1 Mpc and a slope gamma=1.7$^+0.2_-0.7 (1sigma errors). This is a strong evidence that AGNs are good tracers of the large scale structure of the Universe. Our data were compared to the results obtained by cross-correlating X-ray clusters and galaxies. We observe, with a large uncertainty, that the bias factor of AGN is similar to that of galaxies.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 317, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00308", "text": "summarybackgroundcelecoxib has a positive effect on human osteoarthritic cartilage , but the mechanisms remain unclear . the aim of this study was to test whether celecoxib could inhibit the apoptosis of chondrocyte and ameliorate type ii collagen synthesis to relieve symptoms of oa ( osteoarthritis).material / methods130 wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups as celecoxib ( ce ) , ibuprofen ( ibp ) , indomethacin ( in ) and normal saline group ( ns ) . the osteoarthritis was induced by the excision of the left achilles tendon . at the 3th , 6th , 9th month of treatment , the histological structure of articular cartilage was observed using he staining . type ii collagen was examined using immunohistochemistry . chondrocyte apoptosis was detected by tunel staining , and the change of ultra - microstructure of chondrocyte was examined through a transmission electron microscope.resultsce reduced the oa - like histological changes and suppressed chondrocyte apoptosis . however , in or ibp had deleterious effects on articular cartilage and enhanced the chondrocyte apoptosis . ibp promoted the expression of type ii collagen , and in inhibited its expression , but had no effect in the ce group.conclusionsce had favorable action on oa progression , and may be the ideal choice in the treatment of chronic destructive joint disease where anti - inflammatory drugs need to be used for a prolonged period .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 312, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00309", "text": "This review presents the elastic theory of low-dimensional (one- and two-dimensional) continua and its applications in bio- and nano-structures. First, the curve and surface theory, as the geometric representation of the low-dimensional continua, is briefly described through Cartan moving frame method. The elastic theory of Kirchhoff rod, Helfrich rod, bending-soften rod, fluid membrane, and solid shell is revisited. Secondly, the application and availability of the elastic theory of low-dimensional continua in bio-structures, including short DNA rings, lipid membranes, and cell membranes, are discussed. The kink stability of short DNA rings is addressed by using the theory of Kirchhoff rod, Helfrich rod, and bending-soften rod. The lipid membranes obey the theory of fluid membrane. A cell membrane is simplified as a composite shell of lipid bilayer and membrane skeleton, which is a little similar to the solid shell. It is found that the membrane skeleton enhances highly the mechanical stability of cell membranes. Thirdly, the application and availability of the elastic theory of low-dimensional continua in nano-structures, including graphene and carbon nanotubes, are discussed. A revised Lenosky lattice model is proposed based on the local density approximation. Its continuum form up to the second order terms of curvatures and strains is the same as the free energy of 2D solid shells. Several typical mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes are revisited and investigated based on this continuum form. It is possible to avoid introducing the controversial concepts, the Young's modulus and thickness of graphene and single-walled carbon nanotubes, with this continuum form.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 333, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00310", "text": "in law to an arbitrary and unnecessary act' appears, from the context, to have been a finding largely of the comparative undesirability and lack of necessity for the selection of that site and not to have been a finding that the selection had been made without adequate determining principle and without reason.18 The comparative desirability and necessity for the site were matters for legislative or administrative determination rather than for a judicial finding.19 Even if the word 'arbitrary', as used by the District Court, was intended by it to have the ordinary meaning which that word has when used alone, we are unable to conclude on the record before us that the selection of the park site for a post office in Cape Girardeau, was, as a matter of law, capricious and arbitrary in any sense that, under any construction of the Acts before us, would invalidate the selection here made. 18 The judgment of the Circuit Court of Appeals, therefore, is reversed and the cause remanded to the District Court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. 19 Reversed. 20 Mr. Justice DOUGLAS concurs in the result and substantially agrees with the opinion of the Court. But he reserves judgment as to the circumstances under which authority to condemn land owned by a city or a state should be inferred from a general condemnation statute, if the local government challenged the taking. 1 '* * * in every case in which the Secretary of the Treasury or any other officer of the Government has been, or hereafter shall be, authorized to procure real estate for the erection of a public building or or other public uses he shall be, and hereby is, authorized to acquire the same for the United States by condemnation, under judicial process, whenever in his opinion it is necessary or advantageous to the Government to do so, * * *.' Sec. 1, Condemnation Act of August 1, 1888, 25 Stat. 357, 40 U.S.C. § 257, 40 U.S.C.A. § 257. 'To enable the Federal Works Administrator to provide suitable accommodations * * * for courthouses, post offices, immigration stations, customhouses, marine hospitals, quarantine stations, and other public buildings of the classes under the control of the Federal Works Agency in the States, Territories, and possessions of the United States, he is hereby authorized and directed to acquire, by purchase, condemnation, or otherwise, such sites and additions to sites as he", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00311", "text": "Cell colonies of bacteria, tumour cells and fungi, under nutrient limited growth conditions, exhibit complex branched growth patterns. In order to investigate this phenomenon we present a simple hybrid cellular automaton model of cell colony growth. In the model the growth of the colony is limited by a nutrient that is consumed by the cells and which inhibits cell division if it falls below a certain threshold. Using this model we have investigated how the nutrient consumption rate of the cells affects the growth dynamics of the colony. We found that for low consumption rates the colony takes on a Eden-like morphology, while for higher consumption rates the morphology of the colony is branched with a fractal geometry. These findings are in agreement with previous results, but the simplicity of the model presented here allows for a linear stability analysis of the system. By observing that the local growth of the colony is proportional to the flux of the nutrient we derive an approximate dispersion relation for the growth of the colony interface. This dispersion relation shows that the stability of the growth depends on how far the nutrient penetrates into the colony. For low nutrient consumption rates the penetration distance is large, which stabilises the growth, while for high consumption rates the penetration distance is small, which leads to unstable branched growth. When the penetration distance vanishes the dispersion relation is reduced to the one describing Laplacian growth without ultra-violet regularisation. The dispersion relation was verified by measuring how the average branch width depends on the consumption rate of the cells and shows good agreement between theory and simulations.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 305, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00312", "text": "The character ring \\CGL of covariant irreducible tensor representations of the general linear group admits a Hopf algebra structure isomorphic to the Hopf algebra \\Sym$ of symmetric functions. Here we study the character rings \\CO and \\CSp of the orthogonal and symplectic subgroups of the general linear group within the same framework of symmetric functions. We show that \\CO and \\CSp also admit natural Hopf algebra structures that are isomorphic to that of \\CGL, and hence to \\Sym. The isomorphisms are determined explicitly, along with the specification of standard bases for \\CO and \\CSp analogous to those used for \\Sym. A major structural change arising from the adoption of these bases is the introduction of new orthogonal and symplectic Schur-Hall scalar products. Significantly, the adjoint with respect to multiplication no longer coincides, as it does in the \\CGL case, with a Foulkes derivative or skew operation. The adjoint and Foulkes derivative now require separate definitions, and their properties are explored here in the orthogonal and symplectic cases. Moreover, the Hopf algebras \\CO and \\CSp are not self-dual. The dual Hopf algebras \\CO^* and \\CSp^* are identified. Finally, the Hopf algebra of the universal rational character ring \\CGLrat of mixed irreducible tensor representations of the general linear group is introduced and its structure maps identified.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 302, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00313", "text": "The GLIMPSE archive was used to obtain 3.6--8.0micron, point source photometry and images for 381 massive protostellar candidates lying in the Galactic mid-plane. The colours, magnitudes and spectral indicies of sources in each of the 381 target fields were analysed and compared with the predictions of 2D radiative transfer model simulations. Although no discernable embedded clusters were found in any targets, multiple sources or associations of redenned young stellar objects were found in many sources indicating multiplicity at birth. The spectral index ($\\alpha$) of these point sources in 3.6--8.0mum bands display large values of $\\alpha$=2--5. A color-magnitude analog plot was used to identify 79 infrared counterparts to the HMPOs. Compact nebulae are found in 75% of the detected sources with morphologies that can be well described by core-halo, cometary, shell-like and bipolar geometries similar to those observed in ultra-compact HII regions. The IRAC band SEDs of the IR counterparts of HMPOs are best described to represent YSOs with a mass range of 8--20\\msun in their Class I stages when compared with 2D radiative transfer models. They also suggest that the high $\\alpha$ values represent reprocessed star/star+disk emission that is arising in the dense envelopes. Thus we are witnessing the luminous envelopes around the protostars rather than their photospheres or disks. We argue that the compact infrared nebulae likely reflect the underlying physical structure of the dense cores and are found to imitate the morphologies of known UCHII regions. Our results favour models of continuuing accretion involving both molecular and ionised accretion components to build the most massive stars rather than purely molecular rapid accretion flows.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 384, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00314", "text": "Programs to observe evolution in the Mbh-sigma or Mbh-L relations typically compare black-hole masses, Mbh, in high-redshift galaxies selected by nuclear activity to Mbh in local galaxies selected by luminosity L, or stellar velocity dispersion sigma. Because AGN luminosity is likely to depend on Mbh, selection effects are different for high-redshift and local samples, potentially producing a false signal of evolution. This bias arises because cosmic scatter in the Mbh-sigma and Mbh-L relations means that the mean log(L) or log(sigma) among galaxies that host a black hole of given Mbh, may be substantially different than the log(L) or log(sigma) obtained from inverting the Mbh-L or Mbh-sigma relations for the same nominal Mbh. The bias is particularly strong at high Mbh, where the luminosity and dispersion functions of galaxies are falling rapidly. The most massive black holes occur more often as rare outliers in galaxies of modest mass than in the even rarer high-mass galaxies, which would otherwise be the sole location of such black holes in the absence of cosmic scatter. Because of this bias, Mbh will typically appear to be too large in the distant sample for a given L or sigma. For the largest black holes and the largest plausible cosmic scatter, the bias can reach a factor of 3 in Mbh for the Mbh-sigma relation and a factor of 9 for the Mbh-L relation. Unfortunately, the actual cosmic scatter is not known well enough to correct for the bias. Measuring evolution of the Mbh and galaxy property relations requires object selection to be precisely defined and exactly the same at all redshifts.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 341, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00315", "text": "constitutional nature, and a decision of the non-constitutional question would make unnecessary a decision of the constitutional question, the former will be decided.8 This same rule should guide the lower courts as well as this one. We believe that the structure of the problems before the Circuit Court of Appeals required the application of the rule to this case. 14 At the outset that court was confronted with the merits of the appeal, which involved simply the coverage by the patent and license of the T—79 transfer cases. Later, however, it was confronted also with a problem of jurisdictional nature. This involved the effect wrought by the Act and Order on its power to proceed to an adjudication on the merits. If for any reason, the Act and Order had no applicability in the case, the court should proceed to the merits. If, however, they were controlling, Alma was relegated to its statutory remedy against the United States, and the court would be required to dismiss the appeal, and to vacate Paragraph 5 of the judgment in the District Court. 15 In the determination of this jurisdictional problem, we are of the opinion that the Circuit Court of Appeals erred. It assumed that this problem involved only the question of the constitutionality of the Act and Order. But the Act and Order whether or not constitutional, do not control the disposition of this case unless they were intended to apply to it. The question of their applicability is a non-constitutional question, the decision of which might have made unnecessary any consideration of constitutionality. 16 Were the Act and Order intended to apply? Their terms seem to make that depend upon whether the subject-matter of the appeal—the T—79 transfer cases—were covered by the patent and license. The Act provides that it is only 'whenever an invention * * * shall be manufactured * * * for the United States, with license from the owner thereof * * *.' and the department head believes the stipulated royalties to be unreasonable, that the latter shall give 'written notice of such fact to the licensor and to the licensee.' It is only after such notice that the department head may fix 'fair and just' royalties, and only'such licensee' who is forbidden to pay additional amounts as royalties, and only'such licensor' who is relegated to the Court of Claims.9 Conversely, if the putative invention is manufactured without license, or if the putative patentee is not actually the owner, these powers and", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00316", "text": "We present the studies of the decays $B\\to a_1(1260) \\pi$ and $a_1(1260) K$ within the framework of QCD factorization. Due to the G-parity, unlike the vector meson, the chiral-odd two-parton light-cone distribution amplitudes of the $a_1$ are antisymmetric under the exchange of quark and anti-quark momentum fractions in the SU(2) limit. The branching ratios for $a_1 \\pi$ modes are sensitive to tree--penguin interference. The resultant ${\\cal B}(B^0 \\to a_1^\\pm \\pi^\\mp)$ are in good agreement with the data. However, using the current Cabibbo--Kobayashi--Maskawa angles, $\\beta=22.0^\\circ$ and $\\gamma=59.0^\\circ$, our results for the mixing-induced parameter $S$ and $\\alpha_{\\rm eff}$ differ from the measurements of the time-dependent CP asymmetries in the decay $B^0\\to a_1^\\pm \\pi^\\mp$ at about the $3.7\\sigma$ level. This puzzle may be resolved by using a larger $\\gamma \\gtrsim 80^\\circ$. For $a_1 K$ modes, the annihilation topologies give sizable contributions and are sensitive to the first Gegenbauer moment of the leading-twist tensor (chiral-odd) distribution amplitude of the $a_1$ meson. The $B\\to a_1 K$ amplitudes resemble the corresponding $B\\to \\pi K$ ones very much. Taking the ratios of corresponding CP-averaged $a_1 K$ and $\\pi K$ branching ratios, we can extract information relevant to the electroweak penguins and annihilations. The existence of new-physics in the electroweak penguin sector and final state interactions during decays can thus be explored.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 416, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00317", "text": "NGC 7679 is a nearby luminous infrared Sy2 galaxy in which starburst and AGN activities co-exist. The ionization structure is maintained by both the AGN power-law continuum and starburst. The galaxy is a bright X-ray source possessing a low X-ray column density N_H < 4 x 10^20 cm^{-2}. The Compton-thin nature of such unabsorbed objects infers that the simple formulation of the Unified model for SyGs is not applicable in their case. The main goal of this article is to investigate both gas distribution and ionization structure in the circumnuclear region of NGC 7679 in search for the presence of a hidden Sy1 nucleus, using the [O III] 5007 luminosity as a tracer of AGN activity. The [O III] 5007 image of the NGC 7679 shows elliptical isophotes extended along the PA ~ 80 deg in the direction to the counterpart galaxy NGC 7682. The maximum of ionization by the AGN power-law continuum traced by [O III] 5007/Halpha ratio is displaced by ~ 13 arcsec eastward from the nucleus. We conclude that the dust and gas in the high ionization direction has a direct view to the central AGN engine. This possibly results in dust/star-formation decay. A large fraction of the unabsorbed Compton-thin Sy2s with [O III] luminosity > 10^41 erg s^{-1} possesses a hidden AGN source (abridged).", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 319, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00318", "text": "Recently in \\cite{jss1}, the authors have given a method for calculation of the effective resistance (resistance distance) on distance-regular networks, where the calculation was based on stratification introduced in \\cite{js} and Stieltjes transform of the spectral distribution (Stieltjes function) associated with the network. Also, in Ref. \\cite{jss1} it has been shown that the resistance distances between a node $\\alpha$ and all nodes $\\beta$ belonging to the same stratum with respect to the $\\alpha$ ($R_{\\alpha\\beta^{(i)}}$, $\\beta$ belonging to the $i$-th stratum with respect to the $\\alpha$) are the same. In this work, an algorithm for recursive calculation of the resistance distances in an arbitrary distance-regular resistor network is provided, where the derivation of the algorithm is based on the Bose-Mesner algebra, stratification of the network, spectral techniques and Christoffel-Darboux identity. It is shown that the effective resistance on a distance-regular network is an strictly increasing function of the shortest path distance defined on the network. In the other words, the two-point resistance $R_{\\alpha\\beta^{(m+1)}}$ is strictly larger than $R_{\\alpha\\beta^{(m)}}$. The link between the resistance distance and random walks on distance-regular networks is discussed, where the average commute time (CT) and its square root (called Euclidean commute time (ECT)) as a distance are related to the effective resistance. Finally, for some important examples of finite distance- regular networks, the resistance distances are calculated. {\\bf Keywords: resistance distance, association scheme, stratification, distance-regular networks, Christoffel-Darboux identity} {\\bf PACs Index: 01.55.+b, 02.10.Yn}", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 386, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00319", "text": "We have observed several emission lines of two Nitrogen-bearing (C2H5CN and C2H3CN) and two Oxygen-bearing (CH3OCH3 and HCOOCH3) molecules towards a sample of well-known hot molecular cores (HMCs) in order to check whether the chemical differentiation seen in the Orion-HMC and W3(H_2O) between O- and N-bearing molecules is a general property of HMCs. With the IRAM-30m telescope we have observed 12 HMCs in 21 bands, centered at frequencies from 86250 to 258280 MHz. The rotational temperatures obtained range from ~100 to ~150 K in these HMCs. Single Gaussian fits performed to unblended lines show a marginal difference in the line peak velocities of the C2H5CN and CH3OCH3 lines, indicating a possible spatial separation between the region traced by the two molecules. On the other hand, neither the linewidths nor the rotational temperatures and column densities confirm such a result. By comparing the abundance ratio of the pair C2H5CN/C2H3CN with the predictions of theoretical models, we derive that the age of our cores ranges between 3.7 and 5.9x10^{4} yrs. The abundances of C2H5CN and C2H3CN are strongly correlated, as expected from theory which predicts that C2H3CN is formed through gas phase reactions involving C2H5CN. A correlation is also found between the abundances of C2H3CN and CH3OCH3, and C2H5CN and CH3OCH3. In all tracers the fractional abundances increase with the H_2 column density while they are not correlated with the gas temperature.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 370, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00320", "text": "the multimorbidity ( mm ) index predicts the prognosis of patients from their diagnostic history . in contrast to existing approaches with broad diagnostic categories , it treats each diagnosis as a separate independent variable using individual international classification of disease , revision 9 ( icd-9 ) codes.objective:this paper describes the mm index , reviews the published data on its accuracy , and provides procedures for implementing the index within electronic health record ( ehr ) systems . methods : the mm index was tested on various patient populations by using data from the united states department of veterans affairs data warehouse and claims data within the healthcare cost and utilization project of the agency for health care research and quality.results:in cross - validated studies , the mm index outperformed prognostic indices based on physiological markers , such as cd4 cell counts in hiv / aids , hbalc levels in diabetes , ejection fractions in heart failure , or the 13 physiological markers commonly used for patients in intensive care units . when predicting the prognosis of nursing home patients by using the cross - validated area under a receiver operating characteristic ( roc ) curve , the mm index was 15 percent outperformed the quan variant of the charlson index , 27 percent more accurate than the deyo variant of the charlson index , and 22 percent more accurate than the von walraven variant of the elixhauser index . for patients in intensive care units , the mm index was 13 percent outperformed the cross - validated area under roc associated with elixhauser s categories . the mm index also demonstrated greater accuracy than a number of commercially available measures of illness severity ; including a fivefold greater accuracy than the all patient refined diagnosis - related groups and a threefold greater accuracy than all payer severity - adjusted diagnosis - related groups.conclusion:the mm index is statistically more accurate than many existing measures of prognosis . the magnitude of improvement is large and may lead to a clinically meaningful difference in patient care . given the large improvements in accuracy , the use of the mm index for policy and comparative effectiveness analysis is recommended .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 419, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00321", "text": "196, 6 L.Ed. 23. 9 Since the mandates of § 11(b)(2) are directed solely to public utility holding company systems that use the channels of interstate commerce, the validity of that section under the commerce clause becomes apparent. It is designed to prevent the use of those channels to propagate and disseminate the evils which had been found to flow from unduly complicated systems and from inequitable distributions of voting power among security holders of the systems. Such evils are so inextricably entwined around the interstate business of the holding company systems as to present no serious question as to the power of Congress under the commerce clause to eradicate them. 10 In the extensive studies which preceded the passage of the Public Utility Holding Company Act, 15 U.S.C.A. § 79 et seq., it had been found that 'The most distinctive characteristic, and perhaps the most serious defect of the present holding-company organization is the pyramided structure which is found in all of the important holding-company groups examined.'10 The pyramiding device in its most common form consisted of interposing one or more subholding companies between the holding company and the operating companies and issuing, at each level of the structure, different classes of stock with unequal voting rights. Most of the financing of the various companies in the structure occurred through the sale to the public of bonds and preferred stock having low fixed returns and generally carrying no voice in the managements. Under such circumstances, a relatively small but strategic investment in common stock (with voting privileges) in the higher levels of a pyramided structure often resulted in absolute control of underlying operating companies with assets of hundreds of millions of dollars.11 A tremendous 'leverage' in relation to that stock was thus produced; the earnings of the top holding company were greatly magnified by comparatively small changes in the earnings of the operating companies. The common stock of the top holding company might quickly rise in value and just as quickly fall, making it a natural object for specul tion and gambling. In many instances this created financially irresponsible managements and unsound capital structures.12 Public investors in such stock found themselves the innocent victims, while those who supplied most of the capital through the purchase of bonds and preferred stock likewise suffered in addition to being largely disfranchised. Prudent management of the operating companies became a minor consideration, with pressure being placed on them to sustain the excessive capitalization to the detriment of their service to consumers. Reduction of rates", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00322", "text": "Context. The most recent determination of the solar chemical composition, using a time-dependent, 3D hydrodynamical model of the solar atmosphere, exhibits a significant decrease of C, N, O abundances compared to their previous values. Solar models that use these new abundances are not consistent with helioseismological determinations of the sound speed profile, the surface helium abundance and the convection zone depth. Aims. We investigate the effect of changes of solar abundances on low degree p-mode and g-mode characteristics which are strong constraints of the solar core. We consider particularly the increase of neon abundance in the new solar mixture in order to reduce the discrepancy between models using new abundances and helioseismology. Methods. The observational determinations of solar frequencies from the GOLF instrument are used to test solar models computed with different chemical compositions. We consider in particular the normalized small frequency spacings in the low degree p-mode frequency range. Results. Low-degree small frequency spacings are very sensitive to changes in the heavy-element abundances, notably neon. We show that by considering all the seismic constraints, including the small frequency spacings, a rather large increase of neon abundance by about (0.5 +/- 0.05)dex can be a good solution to the discrepancy between solar models that use new abundances and low degree helioseismology, subject to adjusting slightly the solar age and the highest abundances. We also show that the change in solar abundances, notably neon, considerably affects g-mode frequencies, with relative frequency differences between the old and the new models higher than 1.5%", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 328, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00323", "text": ", 64 S.Ct. 967, 972—973, 88 L.Ed. 1227, 152 A.L.R. 1072. State taxation falling on interstate commerce, on the other hand, can only be justified as designed to make such commerce bear a fair share of the cost of the local government whose protection it enjoys. But revenue serves as well no matter what its source. To deny to a State a particular source of income because it taxes the very process of interstate commerce does not impose a crippling limitation on a State's ability to carry on its local function. Moreover, the burden on interstate commerce involved in a direct tax upon it is inherently greater, certainly less uncertain in its consequences, than results from the usual police regulations. The power to tax is a dominant power over commerce. Because the greater or more threatening burden of a direct tax on commerce is coupled with the lesser need to a State of a particular source of revenue, attempts at such taxation have always been more carefully scrutinized and more consistently resisted than police power regulations of aspects of such commerce. The task of scrutinizing is a task of drawing lines. This is the historic duty of the Court so long as Congress does not undertake to make specific arrangements between the national government and the States in regard to revenues from interstate commerce. See Act of July 3, 1944, 58 Stat. 723, 49 U.S.C.A. § 425 note; H.Doc. 141, 79th Cong., 1st Sess., 'Multiple Taxation of Air Commerce'; and compare 54 Stat. 1059, 4 U.S.C. § 13 et seq., 4 U.S.C.A. § 13 et seq. (permission to State to extend taxing power to Federal areas). Considerations of proximity and degree are here, as so often in the law, decisive. 7 It has been suggested that such a tax is valid when a similar tax is placed on local trade, and a specious appearance of fairness is sought to be imparted by the argument that interstate commerce should not be favored at the expense of local trade. So to argue is to disregard the life of the Commerce Clause. Of course a State is not required to give active advantage to interstate trade. But it cannot aim to control that trade even though it desires to control its own. It cannot justify what amounts to a levy upon the very process of commerce across State lines by pointing to", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00324", "text": "although the association between episodic migraine and psychiatric comorbidities is well documented , few studies have focused on the comorbidity with chronic migraine ( cm ) and discrepancies exist between population - based and clinic - based data . the objective of this study is to compare demographic and psychiatric comorbidity correlates between cm samples drawn from the community and tertiary care . all inhabitants from a city borough were interviewed for the presence of headaches occurring 15 or more days per month . cm was diagnosed after subjects had been interviewed and examined by a headache doctor . participants were also assessed with a structured interview by a psychiatrist , who assigned diagnoses based on the dsm - iv . the same investigators assessed all patients consecutively seen in a university - based outpatient headache center over a 4-month period . the samples consist of 41 individuals from the community and 43 from the headache center . sociodemographic profiles were similar between groups with the exception of the mean number of years of formal education . among individuals from the community , psychiatric diagnoses were present in 65.9 % of cases , relative to 83.7 % in those from the headache center ( p = 0.06 ) . phobias ( 41.9 vs. 29.3 % ) and depression ( 32.6 vs. 29.3 % ) were more frequent in patients from the headache center , but this difference did not reach statistical significance . thus the frequency of psychiatric disorders in patients with cm was elevated in both settings , being higher in the specialty care clinic .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 310, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00325", "text": "bladder reconstruction in the pediatric population is challenging for many reasons , including perioperative complications and readmissions.objectives:on a national scale , determine readmission rates at 30 , 60 and 90 days after bladder reconstruction in a pediatric population over a 7-year period , evaluating the influence of hospital and patient - specific variables.patients and methods : using the pediatric health information system database , we identified patients 0 - 17 years of age , from 2004 - 2010 , undergoing bladder reconstruction using icd-9 procedure codes . descriptive statistics characterized demographics , prevalence of surgeries , and readmission rates . surgery prevalence over time was examined using linear regression . readmission rates were compared using the chi2 test . regression was used to evaluate the influence of variables on readmission risk.results:we identified 1,985 patients for inclusion , of which 52.7% were female . median age was 9 years . there has been no change in the prevalence of bladder reconstruction surgeries ( p = 0.327 ) . there was no change in 30-day ( p = 0.272 ) , 60-day ( p = 0.788 ) or 90-day readmission rates ( p = 0.924 ) . despite surgical volume adjustment , 90-day readmission rates did not significantly vary among the majority of hospitals . initial los > 7 days ( p < 0.001 ) and complex chronic condition males ( p < 0.001 ) were significantly associated with 90-day readmission.conclusions:no improvement in readmission rates after pediatric bladder reconstruction was observed during the study period . nearly all centers have a similar readmission rate despite volume adjustment .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 342, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00326", "text": "might result from the concurrent Seattle negotiations. 4 On April 3, the companies notified the union that if operations were to be carried on in Karluk and Chignik during the 1940 season, an agreement with respect to the former would have to be reached by April 10 and with respect to the latter by April 12. Although negotiations proceeded up to the deadlines, the parties arrived at no understanding, and on April 22 Alaska Salmon Industry, Inc., formally announced that no operations would be carried on in Karluk and Chignik during 1940. Meetings continued, however, in an effort to come to an understanding with respect to Bristol Bay before the arrival of the May 3d deadline which had been set for those operations. Although federal mediators intervened in an attempt to d scover a suitable compromise, the deadline date passed without agreement. It appears that after May 3, negotiations continued in Seattle where a contract affecting only canners and workers operating out of ports other than San Francisco was finally executed on May 29. The companies and union which are involved in this case were specifically excluded from the terms of the 1940 Seattle agreement. 5 Shortly after May 3, the individual respondents filed claims for unemployment benefits with the Alaska Unemployment Compensation Commission. The Commission, acting through an examiner, held that respondents were disqualified from receiving payments for the statutory period of eight weeks under the provisions of § 5(d) of the Alaska law. At the time this case arose, that section stated in part: 'An individual shall be disqualified for benefits * * * (d) For any week with respect to which the Commission finds that his total or partial unemployment is due to a labor dispute which is in active progress at the factory, establishment or other premises at which he is or was last employed; provided, that such disqualification shall not exceed the 8 weeks immediately following the beginning of such dispute * * *' 6 In pursuance of the appeal provisions of the statute,4 respondents asked for a review of the examiner's determination. The Commission, in response to this application, appointed a Referee to pass on the disputed claims. The scope of the hearings was confined to the issue of whether the unemployment of the claimants was caused by the existence of a labor dispute. At the end of the proceedings, the Referee came to the conclusion that although there was a labor dispute in existence initially, the dispute was no longer 'in active progress", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00327", "text": "registered holding company and each subsidiary thereof, after notice and opportunity for hearing, to take such steps as the Commission shall find necessary to ensure 'that the corporate structure or continued existence of any company in the holding-company system does not unduly or unnecessarily complicate the structure, or unfairly or inequitably distribute voting power among security holders, of such holding-company system.' 49 Stat. 803, 821, 15 U.S.C.A. § 79k(b)(2). If this section stood alone and unqualified in the Act, the Commission's power would be unquestionable to require the necessary steps to be taken to accomplish the section's stated purposes without reference to voluntary plans submitted by the companies affected. 59 But § 11(b)(2) does not stand alone or unqualified in this respect. Section 11(e)1 expressly provides for the submission of plans to effectuate the objects of § 11(b)(2) by 'any registered holding company or any subsidiary company of a registered holding company.' This is to be done 'in accordance with such rules and regulations or order as the Commission may deem necessary or appropriate in the public interest or for the protection of investors or consumers.' Moreover, 'if, after notice and opportunity for hearing, the Commission shall find such plan, as submitted or as modified, necessary to effectuate the provisions of subsection (b) and fair and equitable to the persons affected by such plan, the Commission shall make an order approving such plan * * *.' (Emphasis added.) 60 I do not think that § 11(e) simply provides a procedure alternative to that of § 11(b) which the Commission is free to follow or disregard at its pleasure. Both the terms of the Act and the legislative history show that the purpose of § 11(e) was to allow companies affected 'to work out a plan of reorganization to make unnecessary the issuance of an involuntary order for its reorganization * * *,' which could only be issued under § 11(b). S.Rep.No.621, 74th Cong., 1st Sess., 33; Commonwealth & Southern Corp. v. S.E.C., 3 Cir., 134 F.2d 747, 751. In my opinion this purpose, together with the provision for voluntary plans to be submitted 'in accordance with such rules and regulations or order as the Commission may deem necessary or appropriate in the public interest or for the protection of", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00328", "text": "we reviewed a cohort of patients with previously untreated locoregional advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma ( hnscc ) who received a uniform chemoradiotherapy regimen . methods . retrospective review was performed of 105 patients with stage iii or iv hnscc treated at greater baltimore medical center from 2000 to 2007 . radiation included 125 cgy twice daily for a total 70 gy to the primary site . chemotherapy consisted of cisplatin ( 12 mg / m2/h ) daily for five days and 5-fluorouracil ( 600 mg / m2/20 h ) daily for five days , given with weeks one and six of radiation . all but seven patients with n2 or greater disease received planned neck dissection after chemoradiotherapy . primary outcomes were overall survival ( os ) , locoregional control ( lrc ) , and disease - free survival ( dfs ) . results . median followup of surviving patients was 57.6 months . five - year os was 60% , lrc was 68% , and dfs was 56% . predictors of increased mortality included age 55 , female gender , hypopharyngeal primary , and t3/t4 stage . twelve patients developed locoregional recurrences , and 16 patients developed distant metastases . eighteen second primary malignancies were diagnosed in 17 patients . conclusions . the crt regimen resulted in favorable outcomes . however , locoregional and distant recurrences cause significant mortality and highlight the need for more effective therapies to prevent and manage these events .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 326, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00329", "text": "Using a 2.5D time-dependent axisymmetric numerical code we recently developed, we solve the full compressible Navier-Stokes equations (including an alpha-viscosity prescription) to determine the structure of the boundary layer between the white dwarf and the accretion disk in non-magnetic cataclysmic varia ble systems. In this preliminary work, our numerical approach does not include radiation. In the energy equation, we either take the dissipation function (Phi) into account or we assumed that the energy is instantly radiated away (Phi). For a slowly rotating non magnetized accreting white dwarf, the accretion disk e xtends all the way to the stellar surface. There, the matter impacts and spread s towards the poles as new matter continuously piles up behind it. We carried out numerical simulations for different values of the alpha viscosity parameter (alpha), corresponding to different mass accretion rates. In the high viscosity cases (alpha=0.1), the spreading boundary layer sets off a gravity wave in the s urface matter. The accretion flow moves supersonically over the cusp making it s usceptible to the rapid development of gravity wave and/or Kelvin-Helmholtz shea ring instabilities. This BL is optically thick and extends more than 30 degrees to either side of the disk plane after only 3/4 of a Keplerian rotation period (19s). In the low viscosity cases (alpha=0.001), the spreading boundary layer does not set off gravity waves and it is optically thin.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 318, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00330", "text": "The recent HESS detections of supernova remnant shells in TeV gamma-rays confirm the theoretical predictions that supernova remnants can operate as powerful cosmic ray accelerators. If these objects are responsible for the bulk of galactic cosmic rays, then they should accelerate protons and nuclei to 10^15 eV and beyond, i.e. act as cosmic PeVatrons. The model of diffusive shock acceleration allows, under certain conditions, acceleration of particles to such high energies and their gradual injection into the interstellar medium, mainly during the Sedov phase of the remnant evolution. The most energetic particles are released first, while particles of lower energies are more effectively confined in the shell, and are released at later epochs. Thus the spectrum of nonthermal paticles inside the shell extends to PeV energies only during a relatively short period of the evolution of the remnant. For this reason one may expect spectra of secondary gamma-rays and neutrinos extending to energies beyond 10 TeV only from T \\lesssim 1000 yr old supernova remnants. On the other hand, if by a chance a massive gas cloud appears in the \\lesssim 100 pc vicinity of the supernova remnant, ``delayed'' multi-TeV signals of gamma-rays and neutrinos arise when the most energetic partices emerged from the supernova shell reach the cloud. The detection of such delayed emission of multi-TeV gamma-rays and neutrinos allows indirect identification of the supernova remnant as a particle PeVatron.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 308, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00331", "text": "We present optical spectroscopy of EX Hya during its 1991 outburst. This outburst is characterised by strong irradiation of the front face of the secondary star by the white dwarf, an overflowing stream which is seen strongly in HeII and by a dip in the light curves, which extends from 0.1-0.6 in the binary and spin phases. Strong irradiation of the accretion curtain and that of the inner regions of the disc led to strong emission of HeII and to the suppression of the Hg and Hb emission. Disc overflow was observed in quiescence in earlier studies, where the overflow stream material was modulated at high velocities close to 1000 km/s. In outburst, the overflowing material is modulated at even higher velocities (~1500 km/s). These are streaming velocities down the field lines close to the white dwarf. Evidence for material collecting near the outer edge of the disc and corotating with the accretion curtain was observed. In decline, this material and the accretion curtain obscured almost all the emission near binary phase 0.4, causing a dip. The dip minimum nearly corresponds with spin pulse minimum. This has provided additional evidence for an extended accretion curtain, and for the corotation of material with the accretion curtain at the outer edge of the disc. From these observations we suggest that a mechanism similar to that of Spruit & Taam, where outbursts result due to the storage and release of matter outside the magnetosphere, triggers the outbursts of EX Hya. This is followed by the irradiation of the secondary star due to accretion induced radiation.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 341, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00332", "text": "We provide a new estimate of the local supermassive black hole mass function using (i) the empirical relation between supermassive black hole mass and the Sersic index of the host spheroidal stellar system and (ii) the measured (spheroid) Sersic indices drawn from 10k galaxies in the Millennium Galaxy Catalogue. The observational simplicity of our approach, and the direct measurements of the black hole predictor quantity, i.e. the Sersic index, for both elliptical galaxies and the bulges of disc galaxies makes it straightforward to estimate accurate black hole masses in early- and late-type galaxies alike. We have parameterised the supermassive black hole mass function with a Schechter function and find, at the low-mass end, a logarithmic slope (1+alpha) of ~0.7 for the full galaxy sample and ~1.0 for the early-type galaxy sample. Considering spheroidal stellar systems brighter than M_B = -18 mag, and integrating down to black hole masses of 10^6 M_sun, we find that the local mass density of supermassive black holes in early-type galaxies rho_{bh, early-type} = (3.5+/-1.2) x 10^5 h^3_{70} M_sun Mpc^{-3}, and in late-type galaxies rho_{bh, late-type} = (1.0+/-0.5) x 10^5 h^3_{70} M_sun Mpc^{-3}. The uncertainties are derived from Monte Carlo simulations which include uncertainties in the M_bh-n relation, the catalogue of Sersic indices, the galaxy weights and Malmquist bias. The combined, cosmological, supermassive black hole mass density is thus Omega_{bh, total} = (3.2+/-1.2) x 10^{-6} h_70. That is, using a new and independent method, we conclude that (0.007+/-0.003) h^3_{70} per cent of the universe's baryons are presently locked up in supermassive black holes at the centres of galaxies.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 441, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00333", "text": "The abundance evolution of interstellar dust species originating from stellar sources and from condensation in molecular clouds in the local interstellar medium of the Milky Way is studied and the input of dust material to the Solar System is determined. A one-zone chemical evolution model of the Milky Way for the elemental composition of the disk combined with an evolution model for its interstellar dust component similar to that of Dwek (1998) is developed. The dust model considers dust-mass return from AGB stars as calculated from synthetic AGB models combined with models for dust condensation in stellar outflows. Supernova dust formation is included in a simple parameterized form which is gauged by observed abundances of presolar dust grains with supernova origin. For dust growth in the ISM a simple method is developed for coupling this with disk and dust evolution models. The time evolution of the abundance of the following dust species is followed in the model: silicate, carbon, silicon carbide, and iron dust from AGB stars and from SNe as well as silicate, carbon, and iron dust grown in molecular clouds. It is shown that the interstellar dust population is dominated by dust accreted in molecular clouds; most of the dust material entering the Solar System at its formation does not show isotopic abundance anomalies of the refractory elements, i.e., inconspicuous isotopic abundances do not point to a Solar System origin of dust grains. The observed abundance ratios of presolar dust grains formed in SN ejecta and in AGB star outflows requires that for the ejecta from SNe the fraction of refractory elements condensed into dust is 0.15 for carbon dust and is quite small ($\\sim10^{-4}$) for other dust species.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 355, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00334", "text": "Data from {\\it Chandra} observations of thirty nearby galaxies were analyzed and 365 X-ray point sources were chosen whose spectra were not contaminated by excessive diffuse emission and not affected by photon pile up. The spectra of these sources were fitted using two spectral models (an absorbed power-law and a disk blackbody) to ascertain the dependence of estimated parameters on the spectral model used. It was found that the cumulative luminosity function depends on the choice of the spectral model, especially for luminosities $> 10^{40}$ ergs/s. In accordance with previous results, a large number ($\\sim 80$) of the sources have luminosities $> 10^{39}$ ergs/s (Ultra-Luminous X-ray sources) with indistinguishable average spectral parameters (inner disk temperature $\\sim 1$ keV and/or photon index $\\Gamma \\sim 2$) with those of the lower luminosities ones. After considering foreground stars and known background AGN,we identify four sources whose minimum luminosity exceed $10^{40}$ ergs/s, and call them Extremely Luminous X-ray sources (ELX). The spectra of these sources are in general better represented by the disk black body model than the power-law one. These ELX can be grouped into two distinct spectral classes. Two of them have an inner disk temperature of $< 0.5$ keV and hence are called ``supersoft'' ELX, while the other two have temperatures $\\gtrsim 1.3$ keV and are called ``hard'' ELX. The estimated inner disk temperatures of the supersoft ELX are compatible with the hypothesis that they harbor intermediate size black holes, which are accreting at $\\sim 0.5$ times their Eddington Luminosity. The radiative mechanism for hard ELX, seems to be Inverse Comptonization, which in contrast to standard black holes systems, is probably saturated.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 400, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00335", "text": "By combining the REFLEX and NORAS cluster datasets with the NVSS radio catalogue, we obtain a sample of 145, z<0.3, X-ray selected clusters brighter than 3 10^(-12) erg/s/cm^2 that show a central radio emission above 3 mJy. For virial masses M_vir<~10^(14.5) M_sun, 11 clusters out of 12 (corresponding to 92% of the systems) are inhabited by a central radio source. This fraction decreases with higher masses as M_vir^(-0.4) and suggests that the majority of X-ray selected clusters host in their centre a radio source brighter than about 10^(20) W/Hz/sr. A division of the sample into clusters harbouring either point-like or an extended radio-loud AGN reveals that the steepening of the L_X-T relation for low-temperature clusters is strongly associated with the presence of central radio objects with extended jets and/or lobe structures. In the latter case, L_X\\propto T^(4) while for point-like sources one recovers an approximately self-similar relation L_X\\propto T^(2.3). Monte Carlo simulations show that the steepening of the L_X-T relation is not caused by clusters being under-luminous in the X-ray band, but rather by overheating, most likely caused by the interplay between the extended radio structures and the intracluster medium. In the case of low-mass systems, we also find a tight correlation between radio luminosity and cluster temperature. The effects of the central radio source on the thermal state of a cluster become less important with increasing cluster mass. (Abridged) The luminosity distribution of the cluster radio population differs from that of all radio sources, as there is a deficit of low-luminosity (L_R<~10^(22) W/Hz/sr) objects, while the number of high-luminosity ones is boosted. The net effect on the radio luminosity function is of a flattening at all luminosities L_R<~ 10^(24) W/Hz/sr.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 443, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00336", "text": "We present results of the HST Advanced Camera for Surveys spectroscopic ground-based redshift survey in the field of A1689. We measure 98 redshifts, increasing the number of spectroscopically confirmed objects by sixfold. We present two spectra from this catalog of the Sextet Arcs, images which arise from a strongly-lensed Lyman Break Galaxy (LBG) at a redshift of z=3.038. Gravitational lensing by the cluster magnifies its flux by a factor of ~16 and produces six separate images with a total r-band magnitude of r_625=21.7. The two spectra, each of which represents emission from different regions of the LBG, show H I and interstellar metal absorption lines at the systemic redshift. Significant variations are seen in Ly-alpha profile across a single galaxy, ranging from strong absorption to a combination of emission plus absorption. A spectrum of a third image close to the brightest arc shows Ly-alpha emission at the same redshift as the LBG, arising from either another spatially distinct region of the galaxy, or from a companion galaxy close to the LBG. Taken as a group, the Ly-alpha equivalent width in these three spectra decreases with increasing equivalent width of the strongest interstellar absorption lines. We discuss how these variations can be used to understand the physical conditions in the LBG. Intrinsically, this LBG is faint, ~0.1L*, and forming stars at a modest rate, ~4 solar masses per year. We also detect absorption line systems toward the Sextet Arcs at z=2.873 and z=2.534. The latter system is seen across two of our spectra.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 345, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00337", "text": "ala - al - din abu al - hassan ali ibn abi - hazm al - qarshi al - dimashqi , known as ibn al - nafis ( 1210 - 1288 ad ) , was a muslim syrian physician primarily famous for being the first to describe the pulmonary circulation of the blood . the most voluminous of his books is alshamel fi sanaat tebbiat , which is a comprehensive medical encyclopedia . it comprised 300 volumes of notes , from which only 80 volumes are published . his writings are cataloged in many libraries around the world . the aim of this review article , as a tribute to ibn al - nafis , was to introduce his valuable but neglected encyclopedia of materia medica.methods:ibn al - nafis traditional approach in his alshamel fi sanaat tebbiat book is studied in the present article.results:alshamel fi sanaat tebbiat covers three branches of knowledge . the first category is devoted to theoretical traditional medicine . the second is in four sections where much of it is not available yet . the third category is on materia medica covering the aspect of unani medicine , from which only 28 volumes of the comprehensive book on the traditional medicine have been found so far . the latter , introduces mono - ingredient medications in alphabetical order . each chapter , in several parts , is dedicated to the botanical characteristics and nature of each mono - ingredient medication . in addition , this book explains traditional pharmacokinetic of every single medication for each human body organs.conclusion:based on pharmaco - mechanistic perspective on alshamel fi sanaat tebbiat , it could be considered as the main reference book on traditional medicine and pharmacy , worthy of revival .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 359, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00338", "text": "We test the theory that lenticular (S0) galaxies form from spirals whose star formation has been shut down. We use the globular cluster specific frequency S_N, defined as the number of globular clusters normalised by the galaxy luminosity as a diagnostic. NTT/EMMI long-slit spectroscopic observations of 11 S0 galaxies at z < 0.006 are used to measure the absorption-line indices, Hdelta, Hgamma, Mgb, Fe5270 and Fe5335 within the central r_e/8. By inverting single-stellar population models, luminosity-weighted mean ages, metallicities and alpha-element abundance ratios are derived. We estimate the amount of fading a galaxy has undergone by comparing each galaxy's S_N with its deviation from the mean spiral S_N. Galaxies with higher S_N have older stellar populations. Moreover, we find that the zero-point and amount of fading is consistent with a scenario where lenticulars are formed by the quenching of star formation in spiral galaxies. Our data also rule out any formation method for S0s which creates a large number of new globular clusters. We confirm that previous results showing a relationship between S_N and color are driven by the S_N - Age relation. Five galaxies show detectable Hbeta, [OIII], Halpha or [NII] emission lines. However, only in the two youngest galaxies is this emission unambiguously from star formation. Our results are consistent with the theory that S0 galaxies are formed when gas in normal spirals is removed, possibly as a result of a change in environment. The on-going star formation in the youngest galaxies hints that the timescale of quenching is ~< 1 Gyr. We speculate, therefore, that the truncation of star formation is a rather gentle process unlikely to involve a rapid burst of star formation.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 384, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00339", "text": "to evaluate the outcomes of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation ( coh)-in vitro fertilization ( ivf ) such as clinical pregnancy rate ( cpr ) , implantation rate ( ir ) and live birth rate ( lbr ) for infertile patients with borderline ovarian tumor ( bot ) after conservative treatment , 10 ivf cycles in five patients from january 1999 to july 2005 were analyzed . at the time of diagnosis with bot , the mean age of patients was 30.0 yr ( range , 22 - 40 ) . for 8 cycles out of 10 attempted ivf cycles , except for 2 cancellation cycles , the mean number of oocytes retrieved was 5.6 ( range , 2 - 16 ) with a mean fertilization rate of 74.4% . the cpr , ir , and lbr were 50.0% ( 4/8 cycles ) , 31.6% ( 6/19 ) and 50.0% ( 4/8 cycles ) respectively . the mean follow - up period after coh - ivf initiation was 29.6 ( range , 14 - 61 ) months . a gynecological oncologist followed all patients every 3 months during the first year and every 6 months thereafter . there was no recurrence during the follow - up period . our results suggest that coh - ivf may be acceptable for infertile patients with bot , especially in patients with early - stage bot after conservative treatment .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 310, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00340", "text": "We first reported evidence for differential rotation of Kappa1 Ceti in Paper I. In this paper we demonstrate that the differential rotation pattern closely matches that for the Sun. This result is based on additional MOST (Microvariability & Oscillations of STars) observations in 2004 and 2005, to complement the 2003 observations discussed in Paper I. Using StarSpotz, a program developed specifically to analyze MOST photometry, we have solved for k, the differential rotation coefficient, and P_{EQ}, the equatorial rotation period using the light curves from all three years. The spots range in latitude from 10 to 75 degrees and k = 0.090^{+0.006}_{-0.005} -- less than the solar value but consistent with the younger age of the star. k is also well constrained by the independent spectroscopic estimate of vsini. We demonstrate independently that the pattern of differential rotation with latitude in fact conforms to solar. Details are given of the parallel tempering formalism used in finding the most robust solution which gives P_{EQ} = 8.77^{+0.03}_{-0.04} days -- smaller than that usually adopted, implying an age < 750 My. Our values of P_{EQ} and k can explain the range of rotation periods determined by others by spots or activity at a variety of latitudes. Historically, Ca II activity seems to occur consistently between latitudes 50 and 60 degrees which might indicate a permanent magnetic feature. Knowledge of k and P_{EQ} are key to understanding the dynamo mechanism and rotation structure in the convective zone as well assessing age for solar-type stars. We recently published values of k and P_{EQ} for epsilon Eri based on MOST photometry and expect to analyze MOST light curves for several more spotted, solar-type stars.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 379, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00341", "text": "to report a comparative prospective long - term functional analysis after riboflavin uv a corneal cross - linking ( cxl ) in three different age groups of patients affected by progressive keratoconus ( kc ) . methods . functional analysis comprised paediatric patients ( 18 years ) included 152 eyes ( 29.5% ) ; intermediate group ( 1926 years ) 286 eyes ( 55.4% ) , and adults ( 27 years ) 78 eyes ( 15.1% ) . cxl was performed according to the siena protocol by using the vega cbm ( caporossi - baiocchi - mazzotta ) x linker ( cso , florence , italy ) at siena university by the same authors . pre- and post - op examinations included ucva , bscva , corneal topography , and surface aberrometry ( cso eye top , florence , italy ) , at 48 months followup . results . at 48 months followup paediatrics , intermediate , and adult patients showed a mean gain in ucva of + 0.2 , + 0.14 and + 0.12 snellen lines . bscva gained by a mean of + 0.21 , + 0.2 , and + 0.1 snellen lines . kmax was reduced by a mean value of 0.9 d , 0.6 d , and 0.5 d , respectively . coma values improved by a mean of 0.45 m , 0.91 m , and 0.19 m , respectively . treatment ensured a long - term keratoconus stabilization in over 90% of treated patients . conclusion . according to our long - term comparative results , epithelium - off riboflavin uv a cross - linking should be the first choice therapy of progressive kc , particularly in paediatric age and patients under 26 years .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 408, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00342", "text": "rest upon some 'local incident' of the interstate transaction can be used as a criterion or, many times, as a consideration of first importance in determining the validity of a state tax bearing upon or affecting interstate commerce. Not the words 'direct' and 'indirect' or 'local incident' can fulfill the function of judgment in deciding whether the tax brings the forbidden results. See the dissenting opinion of Mr. Justice Stone in Di Santo v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 273 U.S. 34, 44, 47 S.Ct. 267, 271, 71 L.Ed. 524, quoted in note 11. That can be done only by taking account of the specific effects of state legislation the clause was intended to outlaw, and of the consequences actual or probable of the legislation called in question to create them. IV 32 Judgments of this character and magnitude cannot be made by labels or formulae. They require much more than pointing to a word. It is for this reason that increasingly with the years emphasis has been placed upon practical consequences and effects, either actual or threatened, of questioned legislation to block or impede interstate commerce or place it at practical disadvantage with the local trade.23 Formulae and adjectives have been retained at times in intermixture with the effective practical considerations. But proportionately the stress upon them has been greatly reduced, until the present decision; and the trend of recent decisions to sustain state taxes formerly regarded as invalid has been due in large part to this fact. 33 The commerce clause was not designed or intended to outlaw all state taxes bearing 'directly' on interstate commerce. Its design was only to exclude those having the effects to block or impede it which called it and the Constitution itself into being. Not all state taxes, nor indeed all direct state taxes, can be said to produce those effects. On the other hand, many 'indirect' forms of state taxation, that is, 'indirect' as related to 'incidence,' do in fact produce such consequences and for that reason are invalid. 34 It is for this reason that selection of a 'local incident' for hanging the tax will not save it, if also the exaction does not in fact avoid the outlawed interferences w th the free flow of commerce. Selection of a local incident for pegging the tax has two functions relevant to determination of its validity. One is to make plain that the state has sufficient factual connections with the transaction", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00343", "text": "The multi-frequency Sedentary Survey is a flux limited, statistically well-defined sample of highly X-ray dominated BL Lacertae objects (HBLs) which includes 150 sources. In this paper, the third of the series, we report the results of a dedicated optical spectroscopy campaign that, together with results from other independent optical follow up programs, led to the spectroscopic identification of all sources in the sample. We carried out a systematic spectroscopic campaign for the observation of all unidentified objects of the sample using the ESO 3.6m, the KPNO 4m, and the TNG optical telescopes. We present new identifications and optical spectra for 76 sources, 50 of which are new BL Lac objects, 18 are sources previously referred as BL Lacs but for which no redshift information was available, and 8 are broad emission lines AGNs. We find that the multi-frequency selection technique used to build the survey is highly efficient (about 90%) in selecting BL Lacs objects. We present positional and spectroscopic information for all confirmed BL Lac objects. Our data allowed us to determined 36 redshifts out of the 50 new BL Lacs and 5 new redshifts for the previously known objects. The redshift distribution of the complete sample is presented and compared with that of other BL Lacs samples. For 26 sources without recognizable absorption features, we calculated lower limits to the redshift using a method based on simulated optical spectra with different ratios between jet and galaxy emission. For a subsample of 38 object with high-quality spectra, we find a correlation between the optical spectral slope, the 1.4 GHz radio luminosity, and the Ca H&K break value, indicating that for powerful/beamed sources the optical light is dominated by the non-thermal emission from the jet.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 374, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00344", "text": "the Federal Government.6 7 While in its early days the Federal Government filed its condemnation cases in the State courts, this Court, in Kohl v. United States, 91 U.S. 367, 23 L.Ed. 449, disposed of the idea that this was necessary. In that case, which has become the leading case on the federal power of eminent domain, Mr. Justice Strong also said: 8 'It has not been seriously contended during the argument that the United States government is without power to appropriate lands or other property within the States for its own uses, and to enable it to perform its proper functions. Such an authority is essential to its independent existence and perpetuity. These cannot be preserved if the obstinacy of a private person, or if any other authority, can prevent the acquisition of the means or instruments by which alone governmental functions can be performed. The powers vested by the Constitution in the general government demand for their exercise the acquisition of lands in all the States. These are needed for forts, armories, and arsenals, for navy-yards and light-houses for custom-houses, post-offices, and court-houses, and for other public uses. If the right to acquire property for such uses may be made a barren right by the unwillingness of property-holders to sell, or by the action of a State prohibiting a sale to the Federal government, the constitutional grants of power may be rendered nugatory, and the government is dependent for its practical existence upon the will of a State, or even upon that of a private citizen. This cannot be. No one doubts the existence in the State governments of the right of eminent domain,—a right distinct from and paramount to the right of ultimate ownership. It grows out of the necessities of their being, not out of the tenure by which lands are held. It may be exercised, though the lands are not held by grant from the government, either mediately or immediately, and independent of the consideration whether they would escheat to the government in case of a failure of heirs. The right is the offspring of political necessity; and it is inseparable from sovereignty, unless denied to it by its fundamental law. * * * But it is no more necessary for the exercise of the powers of a State government than it is for the exercise of the conceded powers of the Federal government. That government is as sovereign within its sphere as the States are within theirs. True, its sphere", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00345", "text": "We carried out a wide-field V, I imaging survey of the Local Group dwarf spheroidal galaxy Leo II using the Subaru Prime Focus Camera on the 8.2-m Subaru Telescope. The survey covered an area of 26.67 x 26.67 arcmin^2, far beyond the tidal radius of Leo II (8.63 arcmin), down to the limiting magnitude of V ~26, which is roughly 1 mag deeper than the turn-off point of the main sequence stars of Leo II. Radial number density profiles of bright and faint red giant branch (RGB) stars were found to change their slopes at around the tidal radius, and extend beyond the tidal radius with shallower slopes. A smoothed surface brightness map of Leo II suggests the existence of a small substructure of globular cluster luminosity beyond the tidal radius. We investigated the properties of the stellar population by means of the color-magnitude diagram. The horizontal branch (HB) morphology index shows a radial gradient in which red HB stars are more concentrated than blue HB stars, which is common to many Local Group dwarf spheroidal galaxies. The color distribution of RGB stars around the mean RGB sequence shows a larger dispersion at the center than in the outskirts, indicating a mixture of stellar populations at the center and a more homogeneous population in the outskirts. Based on the age estimation using subgiant branch (SGB) stars, we found that although the major star formation took place ~8 Gyr ago, a considerable stellar population younger than 8 Gyr is found at the center; such a younger population is insignificant in the outskirts.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 324, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00346", "text": "We describe the results of an extremely deep, 0.28 deg^2 survey for z = 3.1 Ly-alpha emission-line galaxies in the Extended Chandra Deep Field South. By using a narrow-band 5000 Anstrom filter and complementary broadband photometry from the MUSYC survey, we identify a statistically complete sample of 162 galaxies with monochromatic fluxes brighter than 1.5 x 10^-17 ergs cm^-2 s^-1 and observers frame equivalent widths greater than 80 Angstroms. We show that the equivalent width distribution of these objects follows an exponential with a rest-frame scale length of w_0 = 76 +/- 10 Angstroms. In addition, we show that in the emission line, the luminosity function of Ly-alpha galaxies has a faint-end power-law slope of alpha = -1.49 +/- 0.4, a bright-end cutoff of log L^* = 42.64 +/- 0.2, and a space density above our detection thresholds of 1.46 +/- 0.12 x 10^-3 h70^3 galaxies Mpc^-3. Finally, by comparing the emission-line and continuum properties of the LAEs, we show that the star-formation rates derived from Ly-alpha are ~3 times lower than those inferred from the rest-frame UV continuum. We use this offset to deduce the existence of a small amount of internal extinction within the host galaxies. This extinction, coupled with the lack of extremely-high equivalent width emitters, argues that these galaxies are not primordial Pop III objects, though they are young and relatively chemically unevolved.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 336, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00347", "text": "neurolinguistic programming ( nlp ) refers to the science and art of reaching success and perfection . it is a collection of the skills based on human beings psychological characteristics through which the individuals obtain the ability to use their personal capabilities as much as possible . this study aimed to investigate the efficacy of nlp training on mental health in nursing and midwifery students in islamic azad university tehran medical sciences branch.materials and methods : in this quasi - experimental study , the study population comprised all nursing and midwifery students in islamic azad university , tehran medical branch , of whom 52 were selected and assigned to two groups through random sampling . data collection tool was goldberg general health questionnaire ( 28-item version ) . after primary evaluation , nlp training was given in five 120-min sessions and the groups were re - evaluated . the obtained data were analyzed.results:in the nursing group , paired t - test showed a significant difference in the scores of mental health ( with 39 points decrease ) , physical signs ( with 7.96 scores decrease ) , anxiety ( with 10.75 scores decrease ) , social function ( with 7.05 scores decrease ) and depression ( with 9.38 scores decrease ) . in the midwifery group , it showed a significant difference in mental health ( with 22.63 scores decrease ) , physical signs ( with 6.54 scores decrease ) , anxiety ( with nine scores decrease ) , and depression ( with 8.38 scores decrease).conclusions : this study showed that nlp strategies are effective in the improvement of general health and its various dimensions . therefore , it is essential to conduct structured and executive programs concerning nlp among the students .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 356, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00348", "text": "progress at the factory, establishment or other premises at which he is or was last employed; provided, that such disqualification shall not exceed the 8 weeks immediately following the beginning of such dispute * * *' 6 In pursuance of the appeal provisions of the statute,4 respondents asked for a review of the examiner's determination. The Commission, in response to this application, appointed a Referee to pass on the disputed claims. The scope of the hearings was confined to the issue of whether the unemployment of the claimants was caused by the existence of a labor dispute. At the end of the proceedings, the Referee came to the conclusion that although there was a labor dispute in existence initially, the dispute was no longer 'in active progress' after the passing of the dates fixed by the companies for consummation of the working agreements. Consequently, the disqualification under § 5(d) with respect to each of the localities was held no longer to attach after the passage of the respective deadline dates.5 7 The Commission, on appeal,6 reversed the Referee's decision and held that within the meaning of the Alaska law, a labor dispute was in active progress throughout the entire eight week statutory period of disqualification beginning with the opening of the season in each locality. Consequently, no benefits were payable until the expiration of the disqualification period. The United States District Court affirmed the Commission's decision in all particulars.7 The Circuit Court of Appeals, with one judge dissenting, reversed, however, on the ground that the labor dispute was not physically at the Alaska canneries where the individual respondents had been last employed. 8 We are met at the outset with the contention that the facts of this case do not present a 'labor dispute' within the meaning of § 5(d) of the Alaska Act. Respondents urge that the term must be narrowl construed to require a strike or leaving of employment which, in turn, calls for a presently-existing employment relation at the time the dispute arises.8 According to this view, the term would not cover a situation, such as presented here, where the controversy precedes the employment. Respondents would justify this restricted construction on the ground that the Unemployment Compensation Law is remedial legislation, and any provision limiting benefits under the Act should be narrowly interpreted. 9 The term 'labor dispute', is not defined in the statute. The term appears in the Act in one other connection, however. Section", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00349", "text": "(Abridged) We have obtained radial velocities of a sample of 18 ultracool dwarfs (M6.5-T8) using high-resolution, near-infrared spectra obtained with NIRSPEC and the Keck II telescope. We have confirmed that the radial velocity of Gl 570 D is coincident with that of the K-type primary star Gl 570 A, thus providing additional support for their true companionship. The presence of planetary-mass companions around 2MASS J05591914-1404488 (T4.5V) has been analyzed using five NIRSPEC radial velocity measurements obtained over a period of 4.37 yr. We have computed UVW space motions for a total of 21 L and T dwarfs within 20 pc of the Sun. This population shows UVW velocities that nicely overlap the typical kinematics of solar to M-type stars within the same spatial volume. However, the mean Galactic (44.2 km/s) and tangential (36.5 km/s) velocities of the L and T dwarfs appear to be smaller than those of G to M stars. A significant fraction (~40%) of the L and T dwarfs lies near the Hyades moving group (0.4-2 Gyr), which contrasts with the 10-12% found for earlier-type stellar neighbors. Additionally, the distributions of all three UVW components (sigma_{UVW} = 30.2, 16.5, 15.8 km/s) and the distributions of the total Galactic (sigma_{v_tot} = 19.1 km/s) and tangential (sigma_{v_t} = 17.6 km/s) velocities derived for the L and T dwarf sample are narrower than those measured for nearby G, K, and M-type stars, but similar to the dispersions obtained for F stars. This suggests that, in the solar neighborhood, the L- and T-type ultracool dwarfs in our sample (including brown dwarfs) is kinematically younger than solar-type to early M stars with likely ages in the interval 0.5-4 Gyr.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 435, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00350", "text": "The scenario that some first-order phase transitions may have taken place in the early Universe offers us one of the most intriguing and fascinating questions in cosmology. Indeed, the role played by the latent \"heat\" or energy released in the phase transition is highly nontrivial and may lead to some surprising, important results. In this paper, we take the wisdom that the cosmological QCD phase transition, which happened at a time between 10^(-5) sec and 10^(-4) sec or at the temperature of about 150 MeV and accounts for confinement of quarks and gluons to within hadrons, would be of first order. To get the essence out of the scenario, it is sufficient to approximate the true QCD vacuum as one of degenerate theta-vacua and when necessary we try to model it effectively via a complex scalar field with spontaneous symmetry breaking. We examine how and when \"pasted\" or \"patched\" domain walls are formed, how long such walls evolve in the long run, and we believe that the significant portion of dark matter could be accounted for in terms of such domain-wall structure and its remnants. Of course, the cosmological QCD phase transition happened in the way such that the false vacua associated with baryons and many other color-singlet objects did not disappear (that is, using the bag-model language, there are bags of radius 1.0 fermi for the baryons) - but the amount of the energy remained in the false vacua is negligible. The latent energy released due to the conversion of the false vacua to the true vacua, in the form of \"pasted\" or \"patched\" domain walls in the short run and their numerous evolved objects, should make the concept of the \"radiation-dominated\" epoch, or of the \"matter-dominated\" epoch to be re-examined.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 384, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00351", "text": "The spectrum of meson and diquark excitations of dense quark matter is considered in the framework of the Nambu -- Jona-Lasinio model with three types of massless quarks in the presense of a quark number chemical potential $\\mu$. We investigate the effective action of meson- and diquark fields both at sufficiently large values of $\\mu>\\mu_c\\approx 330$ MeV, where the color--flavor locked (CFL) phase is realized, and in the chirally broken phase of quark matter ($\\mu<\\mu_c$). In the last case all nine pseudoscalar mesons are Nambu -- Goldstone (NG) bosons, whereas the mass of the scalar meson nonet is twice the dynamical quark mass. In the chirally broken phase the pseudoscalar diquarks are not allowed to exist as stable particles, but the scalar diquarks might be stable only at a rather strong interaction in the diquark channel. In the case of the CFL phase, all NG bosons of the model are realized as scalar and pseudoscalar diquarks. Moreover, it turns out that massive diquark excitations are unstable for this phase. In particular, for the scalar and pseudoscalar octets of diquark resonances a mass value around 230 MeV was found numerically. In contrast, mesons are stable particles in the CFL phase. Their masses lie in the interval 400$\\div$500 MeV for not too large values of $\\mu>\\mu_c$.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 325, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00352", "text": "The study of the innermost circumstellar layers around AGB stars is crucial to understand how these envelopes are formed and evolve. The SiO maser emission occurs at a few stellar radii from the central star, providing direct information on the stellar pulsation and on the chemical and physical properties of these regions. Our data also shed light on several aspects of the SiO maser pumping theory that are not well understood yet. We aim to determine} the relative spatial distribution of the 43 GHz and 86 GHz SiO maser lines in the oxygen-rich evolved star R Leo. We have imaged with milliarcsecond resolution, by means of Very Long Baseline Interferometry, the 43 GHz (28SiO v=1, 2 J=1-0 and 29SiO v=0 J=1-0) and 86 GHz (28SiO v=1 J=2-1 and 29SiO v=0 J=2-1) masing regions. We confirm previous results obtained in other oxygen-rich envelopes. In particular, when comparing the 43 GHz emitting regions, the 28SiO v=2 transition is produced in an inner layer, closer to the central star. On the other hand, the 86 GHz line arises in a clearly farther shell. We have also mapped for the first time the 29SiO v=0 J=1-0 emission in R Leo. The already reported discrepancy between the observed distributions of the different maser lines and the theoretical predictions is also found in R Leo.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 318, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00353", "text": "Star-formation within galaxies appears on multiple scales, from spiral structure, to OB associations, to individual star clusters, and often sub-structure within these clusters. This multitude of scales calls for objective methods to find and classify star-forming regions, regardless of spatial size. To this end, we present an analysis of star-forming groups in the local group spiral galaxy M33, based on a new implementation of the Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) method. Unlike previous studies which limited themselves to a single spatial scale, we study star-forming structures from the effective resolution limit (~20pc) to kpc scales. We find evidence for a continuum of star-forming group sizes, from pc to kpc scales. We do not find a characteristic scale for OB associations, unlike that found in previous studies, and we suggest that the appearance of such a scale was caused by spatial resolution and selection effects. The luminosity function of the groups is found to be well represented by a power-law with an index, -2, similar to that found for clusters and GMCs. Additionally, the groups follow a similar mass-radius relation as GMCs. The size distribution of the groups is best described by a log-normal distribution and we show that within a hierarchical distribution, if a scale is selected to find structure, the resulting size distribution will have a log-normal distribution. We find an abrupt drop of the number of groups outside a galactic radius of ~4kpc, suggesting a change in the structure of the star-forming ISM, possibly reflected in the lack of GMCs beyond this radius. (abridged)", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 324, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00354", "text": "objectiveto re - evaluate the relationship between glycemia and diabetic retinopathy.research design and methodswe conducted a data - pooling analysis of nine studies from five countries with 44,623 participants aged 2079 years with gradable retinal photographs . the relationship between diabetes - specific retinopathy ( defined as moderate or more severe retinopathy ) and three glycemic measures ( fasting plasma glucose [ fpg ; n = 41,411 ] , 2-h post oral glucose load plasma glucose [ 2-h pg ; n = 21,334 ] , and a1c [ n = 28,010 ] ) was examined.resultswhen diabetes - specific retinopathy was plotted against continuous glycemic measures , a curvilinear relationship was observed for fpg and a1c . diabetes - specific retinopathy prevalence was low for fpg < 6.0 mmol / l and a1c < 6.0% but increased above these levels . based on vigintile ( 20 groups with equal numbers ) distributions , glycemic thresholds for diabetes - specific retinopathy were observed over the range of 6.46.8 mmol / l for fpg , 9.810.6 mmol / l for 2-h pg , and 6.36.7% for a1c . thresholds for diabetes - specific retinopathy from receiver - operating characteristic curve analyses were 6.6 mmol / l for fpg , 13.0 mmol / l for 2-h pg , and 6.4% for a1c.conclusionsthis study broadens the evidence based on diabetes diagnostic criteria . a narrow threshold range for diabetes - specific retinopathy was identified for fpg and a1c but not for 2-h pg . the combined analyses suggest that the current diabetes diagnostic level for fpg could be lowered to 6.5 mmol / l and that an a1c of 6.5% is a suitable alternative diagnostic criterion .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 412, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00355", "text": "329 U.S. 296 67 S.Ct. 271 91 L.Ed. 296 ROTHENSIES, Collector of Internal Revenue,v.ELECTRIC STORAGE BATTERY CO. No. 48. Argued Nov. 15—18, 1946. Decided Dec. 16, 1946. Mr.Arnold Raum, of Washington, D.C., for petitioner. Mr. Laurence H. Eldredge, of Philadelphia, Pa., for respondent. Mr. Justice JACKSON, delivered the opinion of the Court. 1 This case represents an effort, thus far successful, to obtain advantage by way of recoupment of a claim for tax refund long since barred by the statute of limitations. The facts of this singular situation are not in dispute. From April 1919 to April 1926 the Electric Storage Battery Company paid excise taxes on the sale of storage batteries in the belief, shared by the Government, that such sales were subject to tax. In July of 1926 the company asserted otherwise and filed a refund claim. It asked refund only of the part of the taxes which it had paid between 1922 and 1926. Refund of the taxes paid earlier which the company now seeks to recoup were then barred by the statute of limitations and no claim ever has been filed for their refund and no action ever was begun for their recovery. Suit was brought, however, against the Collector for refund of the taxes paid after July 1922; judgment therefor was obtained in the district court, Electric Storage Battery Co. v. McCaughn, 52 F.2d 205; 54 F.2d 814, and affirmed by the Circuit Court of Appeals, 3 Cir., 63 F.2d 715. The Government finally settled by refund of $1,395,515.35, of which $825,151.52 represented tax and the balance interest. 2 During the years that the refunded excise tax was being collected, the taxpayer deducted it from income before calculation of its income tax, thereby deriving substantial benefits. The Commissioner, therefore, treated the refund as income for 1935, the year in which it was received, and because of it assessed additional income and excess profits taxes which with interest thereon totaled 229,805.34. The taxpayer paid the deficiency, filed claim for refund, and after it was rejected sued the Collector. It cont", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00356", "text": "Recent rapid localizations of short, hard gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) by the Swift and HETE satellites have led to the observation of the first afterglows and the measurement of the first redshifts from this type of burst. Detection of >100 GeV counterparts would place powerful constraints on GRB mechanisms. Seventeen short duration (< 5 s) GRBs detected by satellites occurred within the field of view of the Milagro gamma-ray observatory between 2000 January and 2006 December. We have searched the Milagro data for >100 GeV counterparts to these GRBs and find no significant emission correlated with these bursts. Due to the absorption of high-energy gamma rays by the extragalactic background light (EBL), detections are only expected for redshifts less than ~0.5. While most long duration GRBs occur at redshifts higher than 0.5, the opposite is thought to be true of short GRBs. Lack of a detected VHE signal thus allows setting meaningful fluence limits. One GRB in the sample (050509b) has a likely association with a galaxy at a redshift of 0.225, while another (051103) has been tentatively linked to the nearby galaxy M81. Fluence limits are corrected for EBL absorption, either using the known measured redshift, or computing the corresponding absorption for a redshift of 0.1 and 0.5, as well as for the case of z=0.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 308, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00357", "text": "We analyze the transmitted flux in a sample of 17 QSOs spectra at 5.7411 Myr. The observed widths of the peaks are found to be systematically larger than the simulated ones. Reasons for such discrepancy might reside either in the photoionization equilibrium assumption or in radiative transfer effects.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 317, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00358", "text": "We have observed the BL Lac object 1ES2344+514 (z = 0.044) in Very High Energy (VHE) gamma-ray and near-infrared wavelength bands with TACTIC and MIRO telescopes respectively. The observations were made from 18th October to 9th December 2004 and 27th October 2005 to 1st January 2006. Detailed analysis of the TACTIC data indicates absence of a statistically significant gamma-ray signal both in overall data and on a nightly basis from the source direction. We estimate an upper limit of I($\\geq$1.5 TeV)$\\leq 3.84 \\times 10^{-12}$ photons cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ at a 3$\\sigma$ confidence level on the integrated $\\gamma$-ray flux. In addition, we have also compared TACTIC TeV light curves with those of the RXTE ASM (2-12keV) for the contemporary period and find that there are no statistically significant increases in the signal strengths from the source in both these energy regions. During 2004 IR observations, 1ES2344+514 shows low level (~0.06 magnitude) day-to-day variation in both, J & H bands. However, during 2005 observation epoch, the source brightens up by about 0.41 magnitude from its October 2005 level J magnitude= 12.64 to J = 12.23 on December 6, 2005. It then fades by about 0.2 magnitude during 6 to 10 December, 2005. The variation is seen in both, J & H, bands simultaneously. The light travel time arguments suggest that the emission region size is of the order of $10^{17}$ cms.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 375, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00359", "text": "We investigate the evolution of dust that formed at Population III supernova (SN) explosions and its processing through the collisions with the reverse shocks resulting from the interaction of the SN ejecta with the ambient medium. In particular, we investigate the transport of the shocked dust within the SN remnant (SNR), and its effect on the chemical composition, the size distribution, and the total mass of dust surviving in SNR. We find that the evolution of the reverse shock, and hence its effect on the processing of the dust depends on the thickness of the envelope retained by the progenitor star. Furthermore, the transport and survival of the dust grains depend on their initial radius, a_{ini}, and composition: For Type II SNRs expanding into the interstellar medium (ISM) with a density of n_{H,0}=1 cm^{-3}, small grains with a_{ini} < ~ 0.05 micron are completely destroyed by sputtering in the postshock flow, while grains with a_{ini}= 0.05--0.2 micron are trapped into the dense shell behind the forward shock. Very large grains of a_{ini} > ~ 0.2 micron are ejected into the ISM without decreasing their sizes significantly. We find that the total mass fraction of dust that is destroyed by the reverse shock ranges from 0.2 to 1.0, depending on the energy of the explosion and the density of the ambient ISM. The results of our calculations have significant impact on the abundance pattern of subsequent generation of stars that form in the dense shell of primordial SNRs.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 325, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00360", "text": "28 U.S.C.A. following section 354. The fact that he has been so enlarged does not render the appeal of the custodian moot. Carr v. Zaja, 283 U.S. 52, 53, 51 S.Ct. 360, 75 L.Ed. 836.3 In such a case the release is obtained through the assertion of judicial power. It is the propriety of the exercise of that power which is in issue in the appellate court, whether the prisoner is discharged or remanded to custody. Though the writ has been granted and the prisoner released, the appellate court by what it does is not rendering an opinion and issuing an order which cannot affect the litigants in the case before it. Cf. St. Pierre v. United States, 319 U.S. 41, 42, 63 S.Ct. 910, 911, 87 L.Ed. 1199, and cases cited. Affirmance makes the prisoner's release final and unconditional. Reversal undoes what the habeas corpus court did and makes lawful a resumption of the custody. Knewel v. Egan, 268 U.S. 442, 448, 45 S.Ct. 522, 525, 69 L.Ed. 1036; Haddox v. Richardson, 4 Cir., 168 F. 635; James v. Amrine, 157 Kan. 397, 140 P.2d 362; State ex rel. Bond v. Langum, 135 Minn. 320, 160 N.W. 858. 6 Second. On the merits the case involves primarily the use by the Selective Service System in New York City of advisory panels on theological classifications. Under the Act the President is authorized to establish 'Civilian local boards, civilian appeal boards, and such other agencies, including agencies of appeal, as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of this Act.' Section 10(a)(2), 57 Stat. 597, 598, 50 U.S.C.App.Supp. III, § 310(a)(2), 50 U.S.C.A.Appendix, § 310(a)(2). With exceptions not material here, the President is authorized to delegate to the Director of Selective Service any authority vested in him under the Act. Section 10(b), 57 Stat. 597, 598", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00361", "text": "329 U.S. 1 67 S.Ct. 6 91 L.Ed. 3 HALLIBURTON OIL WELL CEMENTING CO.v.WALKER, et al. No. 24. Argued Oct. 23, 24, 1946. Decided Nov. 18, 1946. Mr.Earl Babcock, of Duncan, Okl. (Harry C. Robb, of Washington, D.C., on the brief), for petitioner. Mr. Harold W. Mattingly, of Los Angeles, Cal., for respondents. Mr. Justice BLACK delivered the opinion of the Court. 1 Cranford P. Walker, owner of Patent No. 2,156,519, and the other respondents, licensees under the patent, brought this suit in a federal district court alleging that petitioner, Halliburton Oil Well Cementing Company, had infringed certain of the claims of the Walker patent. The district court held the claims in issue valid and infringed by Halliburton. The circuit court of appeals affirmed, 9 Cir., 146 F.2d 817, and denied Halliburton's petition for rehearing. 149 F.2d 896. Petitioner's application to this Court for certiorari urged, among other grounds, that the claims held valid failed to make the 'full, clear, concise, and exact' description of the alleged invention required by Rev.Stat. § 4888, 35 U.S.C. § 33, 35 U.S.C.A. § 33,1 as that statute was interpreted by us in General Electric Co. v. Wabash Appliance Corporation, 304 U.S. 364, 58 S.Ct. 899, 82 L.Ed. 1402.2 This statutory requirement of distinctness and certainty in claims is important in patent law. We granted certiorari to consider whether it was correctly applied in this case. 326 U.S. 705, 66 S.Ct. 90.3 2 The patent in suit was sustained as embodying an improvement over a past patent of Lehr and Wyatt (No. 2,047,974) upon an apparatus designed to facilitate the pumping of oil out of wells which do not have sufficient natural pressures to force the oil to gush. An outline of the background and setting of these patents is helpful to an understanding of the problem presented.", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00362", "text": "6 Timken-Detroit Axle Co. v. Alma Motor Co. (United States, Intervenor), 3 Cir., 1944, 144 F.2d 714. 7 The word 'again' was deleted by an order of October 2, 1944. 8 Siler v. Louisville & Nashville R. Co., 213 U.S. 175, 193, 29 S.Ct. 451, 455, 53 L.Ed. 753; Light v. United States, 220 U.S. 523, 538, 31 S.Ct. 485, 488, 55 L.Ed. 570; Spector Motor Co. v. McLaughlin, 323 U.S. 101, 105, 65 S.Ct. 152, 154, 89 L.Ed. 101. See Brandeis, J., concurring in Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority, 297 U.S. 288, 347, 56 S.Ct. 466, 483, 80 L.Ed. 688. 9 35 U.S.C.Supp. V, § 89, 35 U.S.C.A. § 89. 10 'The district courts shall have original jurisdiction * * * where the matter in controversy exceeds * * * the sum or value of $3,000, and (a) arises under the Constitution or laws of the United States * * *.' 28 U.S.C. § 41, 28 U.S.C.A. § 41. 11 Act of June 25, 1910, as amended by the Act of July 1, 1918, 36 Stat. 851, 40 Stat. 705, 35 U.S.C. § 68, 35 U.S.C.A. § 68, provides in part: 'Whenever an invention described in and covered by a patent of the United States shall hereafter be used or manufactured by or for the United States without license of the owner thereof or lawful right to use or manufacture the same, such owner's remedy shall be by suit against the United States in the Court of Claims for the recovery of his reasonable and entire compensation for such use and manufacture * * *.' 12 Crozier v. Fried Krupp, 224 U.S. 290, 32 S.Ct. 488, 56", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00363", "text": "The morphological and spectroscopic properties of the giant (>60 kpc) Ly-alpha nebulae associated with three radio galaxies at z~2.5 (MRC 1558-003, MRC 2025-218 and MRC 0140-257) have been investigated using integral field spectroscopic data obtained with VIMOS on VLT. The morphologies are varied. The nebula of one source has a centrally peaked, rounded appearance. In the other two objects, it consists of two spatial components. The three nebulae are aligned with the radio axis within <30 deg. The total Ly-alpha luminosities are in the range (0.3-3.4) x 1e44 erg s-1. The Ly-alpha spectral profile shows strong variation through the nebulae, with FWHM values in the range ~400-1500 km s-1 and velocity shifts V~120-600 km s-1. We present an infall model which can explain successfully most Ly-alpha morphological and spectroscopic properties of the nebula associated with MRC 1558-003. This adds further support to our previous conclusion that the _quiescent_ giant nebulae associated with this and other high redshift powerful radio galaxies are in infall. A problem for this model is the difficulty to reproduce the large Ly-alpha FWHM values. We have discovered a giant (~85 kpc) Ly-alpha nebula associated with the radio galaxy MRC 0140-257 at z=2.64. It shows strikingly relaxed kinematics (FWHM< 300 km s-1 and V<120 km s-1), unique among high z (>2) radio galaxies.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 353, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00364", "text": "Let $\\mathcal{E}_{f}:y^2=x^3+f(t)x$, where $f\\in\\Q[t]\\setminus\\Q$, and let us assume that $\\op{deg}f\\leq 4$. In this paper we prove that if $\\op{deg}f\\leq 3$, then there exists a rational base change $t\\mapsto\\phi(t)$ such that on the surface $\\cal{E}_{f\\circ\\phi}$ there is a non-torsion section. A similar theorem is valid in case when $\\op{deg}f=4$ and there exists $t_{0}\\in\\Q$ such that infinitely many rational points lie on the curve $E_{t_{0}}:y^2=x^3+f(t_{0})x$. In particular, we prove that if $\\op{deg}f=4$ and $f$ is not an even polynomial, then there is a rational point on $\\cal{E}_{f}$. Next, we consider a surface $\\cal{E}^{g}:y^2=x^3+g(t)$, where $g\\in\\Q[t]$ is a monic polynomial of degree six. We prove that if the polynomial $g$ is not even, there is a rational base change $t\\mapsto\\psi(t)$ such that on the surface $\\cal{E}^{g\\circ\\psi}$ there is a non-torsion section. Furthermore, if there exists $t_{0}\\in\\Q$ such that on the curve $E^{t_{0}}:y^2=x^3+g(t_{0})$ there are infinitely many rational points, then the set of these $t_{0}$ is infinite. We also present some results concerning diophantine equation of the form $x^2-y^3-g(z)=t$, where $t$ is a variable.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 401, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00365", "text": "We analyze the effect of gravitational radiation reaction on generic orbits around a body with an axisymmetric mass quadrupole moment Q to linear order in Q, to the leading post-Newtonian order, and to linear order in the mass ratio. This system admits three constants of the motion in absence of radiation reaction: energy, angular momentum, and a third constant analogous to the Carter constant. We compute instantaneous and time-averaged rates of change of these three constants. For a point particle orbiting a black hole, Ryan has computed the leading order evolution of the orbit's Carter constant, which is linear in the spin. Our result, when combined with an interaction quadratic in the spin (the coupling of the black hole's spin to its own radiation reaction field), gives the next to leading order evolution. The effect of the quadrupole, like that of the linear spin term, is to circularize eccentric orbits and to drive the orbital plane towards antialignment with the symmetry axis. In addition we consider a system of two point masses where one body has a single mass multipole or current multipole. To linear order in the mass ratio, to linear order in the multipole, and to the leading post-Newtonian order, we show that there does not exist an analog of the Carter constant for such a system (except for the cases of spin and mass quadrupole). With mild additional assumptions, this result falsifies the conjecture that all vacuum, axisymmetric spacetimes posess a third constant of geodesic motion.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 308, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00366", "text": "The study of the observational properties of uncommonly long bursts from low luminosity sources with extended decay times up to several tens of minutes is important when investigating the transition from a hydrogen-rich bursting regime to a pure helium regime and from helium burning to carbon burning as predicted by current burst theories. IGR J17254-3257 is a recently discovered X-ray burster of which only two bursts have been recorded: an ordinary short type I X-ray burst, and a 15 min long burst. An upper limit to its distance is estimated to about 14.5 kpc. The broad-band spectrum of the persistent emission in the 0.3-100 keV energy band obtained using contemporaneous INTEGRAL and XMM-Newton data indicates a bolometric flux of 1.1x10^-10 erg/cm2/s corresponding, at the canonical distance of 8 kpc, to a luminosity about 8.4x10^35 erg/s between 0.1-100 keV, which translates to a mean accretion rate of about 7x10^-11 solar masses per year. The low X-ray persistent luminosity of IGR J17254-3257 seems to indicate the source may be in a state of low accretion rate usually associated with a hard spectrum in the X-ray range. The nuclear burning regime may be intermediate between pure He and mixed H/He burning. The long burst is the result of the accumulation of a thick He layer, while the short one is a prematurate H-triggered He burning burst at a slightly lower accretion rate.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 326, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00367", "text": "We describe results of a narrow band search for ultra-strong emission line galaxies (USELs) with EW(H beta) > 30 A. 542 candidate galaxies are found in a half square degree survey using two ~100 Angstrom 8150 A and 9140 A filters with Subaru/SuprimeCam. Followup spectroscopy for randomly selected objects in the sample with KeckII/DEIMOS shows they consist of [OIII] 5007, [OII] 3727, and H alpha selected strong-emission line galaxies at intermediate redshifts (z < 1), and Ly alpha emitting galaxies at high-redshift (z >> 5). We determine the H beta luminosity functions and the star formation density of the USELs, which is 5-10% of the value found from ultraviolet continuum objects at z=0-1, suggesting they correspond to a major epoch in galaxy formation at these redshifts. Many USELs show the temperature-sensitive [OIII] 4363 auroral lines and about a dozen have oxygen abundances characteristic of eXtremely Metal Poor Galaxies (XMPGs). These XMPGs are the most distant known today. Our high yield rate of XMPGs suggests this is a powerful method for finding such populations. The lowest metallicity measured in our sample is 12+log(O/H) = 7.06 (6.78-7.44), close to the minimum metallicity found in local galaxies. The luminosities, metallicities and star formation rates of USELs are consistent with the strong emitters being start-up intermediate mass galaxies and suggest that galaxies are still forming in relatively chemically pristine sites at z < 1.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 356, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00368", "text": ". The exclusion of women was not even mentioned. And this Court, with the full record before it, took no notice of this question which now is found to undermine the entire proceedings. When we remanded the case to the Circuit Court of Appeals we plainly did so to have that court decide questions argued here which it had left undecided. We would hardly have invited its decision on questions which had been abandoned and not argued before it. If a procedural point can ever be abandoned, objection to the jury panels was here abandoned. 24 With the Glasser opinion before them and with the point properly preserved in their appeal papers, the abandonment of the issue by the petitioners, when the case came before the Circuit Court of Appeals and later before us, can mean only that they had no confidence in the claim, and that, in any event, they had not been hur by what is now deemed a fatal error. It hardly helps the proper administration of criminal justice to allow the defendants to resurrect a point which they had dropped four years earlier.* 25 Even now, this Court does not find that the exclusion of women constitutes an inroad on the vital safeguards for a criminal trial so as to involve a denial of due process. The Court orders dismissal of an indictment because of a past practice pursued in good faith under misapprehension of relevant law. But that misconception has been corrected and the proper practice has been enforced since 1944. The Court's order cannot serve as a means of ensuring a charge in federal practice when that change has already taken place. 26 Dismissal of this indictment will not put an end to prosecution for the offenses which it charges. And so it cannot in any event relieve the Court from the duty of deciding the central issue before us, namely, whether the mails may be used to obtain money by fraud when the final consists of a false claim of belief touching religion. Dismissal of this indictment does not terminate prosecution for these offenses because Congress by the Act of May 10, 1934, 48 Stat. 772, amended, July 10, 1940, 54 Stat. 747, 18 U.S.C. § 587, 18 U.S.C.A. § 587, has expressly saved this prosecution. By that Act, Congress allowed reindictment where an indictment was found defective but the basis of the prosecution is left untouched. As amended it provides that 27 'Whenever an indictment is found defective or insufficient", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00369", "text": "In this work we show that for every $d < \\infty$ and the Ising model defined on $G(n,d/n)$, there exists a $\\beta_d > 0$, such that for all $\\beta < \\beta_d$ with probability going to 1 as $n \\to \\infty$, the mixing time of the dynamics on $G(n,d/n)$ is polynomial in $n$. Our results are the first polynomial time mixing results proven for a natural model on $G(n,d/n)$ for $d > 1$ where the parameters of the model do not depend on $n$. They also provide a rare example where one can prove a polynomial time mixing of Gibbs sampler in a situation where the actual mixing time is slower than $n \\polylog(n)$. Our proof exploits in novel ways the local treelike structure of Erd\\H{o}s-R\\'enyi random graphs, comparison and block dynamics arguments and a recent result of Weitz. Our results extend to much more general families of graphs which are sparse in some average sense and to much more general interactions. In particular, they apply to any graph for which every vertex $v$ of the graph has a neighborhood $N(v)$ of radius $O(\\log n)$ in which the induced sub-graph is a tree union at most $O(\\log n)$ edges and where for each simple path in $N(v)$ the sum of the vertex degrees along the path is $O(\\log n)$. Moreover, our result apply also in the case of arbitrary external fields and provide the first FPRAS for sampling the Ising distribution in this case. We finally present a non Markov Chain algorithm for sampling the distribution which is effective for a wider range of parameters. In particular, for $G(n,d/n)$ it applies for all external fields and $\\beta < \\beta_d$, where $d \\tanh(\\beta_d) = 1$ is the critical point for decay of correlation for the Ising model on $G(n,d/n)$.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 415, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00370", "text": "the microflora - sparing properties of fidaxomicin were examined during the conduct of a randomized clinical trial comparing vancomycin 125 mg 4 times per day versus fidaxomicin 200 mg twice per day for 10 days as treatment of clostridium difficile infection ( cdi ) . fecal samples were obtained from 89 patients ( 45 received fidaxomicin , and 44 received vancomycin ) at study entry and on days 4 , 10 , 14 , 21 , 28 , and 38 for quantitative cultures for c. difficile and cytotoxin b fecal filtrate concentrations . additionally , samples from 10 patients , each receiving vancomycin or fidaxomicin , and 10 samples from healthy controls were analyzed by quantitative real - time polymerase chain reaction with multiple group - specific primers to evaluate the impact of antibiotic treatment on the microbiome . compared with controls , patients with cdi at study entry had counts of major microbiome components that were 23-log10 colony - forming units ( cfu)/g lower . in patients with cdi , fidaxomicin allowed the major components to persist , whereas vancomycin was associated with a further 24-log10 cfu reduction of bacteroides / prevotella group organisms , which persisted to day 28 of the study , and shorter term and temporary suppression of both clostridium coccoides and clostridium leptum group organisms . in the posttreatment period , c. difficile counts similarly persisted in both study populations , but reappearance of toxin in fecal filtrates was observed in 28% of vancomycin - treated patient samples ( 29 of 94 ) , compared with 14% of fidaxomicin - treated patient samples ( 13 of 91 ; p = .03 ) . similarly , 23% of vancomycin - treated patients ( 10 of 44 ) and 11% of fidaxomicin - treated patients ( 5 of 44 ) had recurrence of cdi . whereas vancomycin and fidaxomicin are equally effective in resolving cdi symptoms , preservation of the microflora by fidaxomicin is associated with a lower likelihood of cdi recurrence.clinical trials registration . ntc00314951 .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 474, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00371", "text": ". Mitchel v. United States, 1835, 9 Pet. 711, 746, 9 L.Ed. 283; Worcester v. Georgia, 1832, 6 Pet. 515, 543—548, 8 L.Ed. 483; Johnson v. McIntosh, 1823, 8 Wheat. 543, 573, 574, 5 L.Ed. 681. 31 Duwamish et al. Indians v. United States, 1934, 79 Ct.Cl. 530. 32 45 Stat. 1256, as amended in respects immaterial here, 47 Stat. 307. 33 'The decade from 1930 to 1939 is as notable in the history of Indian legislation as that of the 1830's or the 1880's.' Cohen, Handbook of Federal Indian Law (1945) 83. 34 Stephens v. Cherokee Nation, 1899, 174 U.S. 445, 478, 19 S.Ct. 722, 734, 43 L.Ed. 1041. 1 See Indian Claims Commission Act, approved August 13, 1946, Pub. No. 726, 79th Cong., 2d Sess.: 'Sec. 2. The Commission shall hear and determine the following claims against the United States on behalf of any Indian tribe, band, or other identifiable group of American Indians residing within the territorial limits of the United States or Alaska: (1) Claims in law or equity arising under the Constitution, laws, treaties of the United States, and Executive orders of the President; (2) all other claims in law or equity, including those sounding in tort, with respect to which the claimant would have been entitled to sue in a court of the United States if the United States was subject to suit; (3) claims which would result if the treaties, contracts, and agreements between the claimant and the United States were revised on the ground of fraud, duress, unconscionable consideration, mutual or unilateral mistake, whether of law or fact, or any other ground cognizable by a court of equity; (4) claims arising from the taking by the United States, whether as the result of a treaty of cession or otherwise, of lands owned or occupied by the claimant without the payment for such lands of compensation agreed to", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00372", "text": "The Katz-Sarnak density conjecture states that, in the limit as the conductors tend to infinity, the behavior of normalized zeros near the central point of families of L-functions agree with the N -> oo scaling limits of eigenvalues near 1 of subgroups of U(N). Evidence for this has been found for many families by studying the n-level densities; for suitably restricted test functions the main terms agree with random matrix theory. In particular, all one-parameter families of elliptic curves with rank r over Q(T) and the same distribution of signs of functional equations have the same limiting behavior. We break this universality and find family dependent lower order correction terms in many cases; these lower order terms have applications ranging from excess rank to modeling the behavior of zeros near the central point, and depend on the arithmetic of the family. We derive an alternate form of the explicit formula for GL(2) L-functions which simplifies comparisons, replacing sums over powers of Satake parameters by sums of the moments of the Fourier coefficients lambda_f(p). Our formula highlights the differences that we expect to exist from families whose Fourier coefficients obey different laws (for example, we expect Sato-Tate to hold only for non-CM families of elliptic curves). Further, by the work of Rosen and Silverman we expect lower order biases to the Fourier coefficients in families of elliptic curves with rank over Q(T); these biases can be seen in our expansions. We analyze several families of elliptic curves and see different lower order corrections, depending on whether or not the family has complex multiplication, a forced torsion point, or non-zero rank over Q(T).", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 332, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00373", "text": "501 et seq., 11 U.S.C.A. § 501 et seq. Section 276 of Chapter X, 11 U.S.C. § 676, 11 U.S.C.A. § 676, authorized continuance of the § 77B proceedings under Chapter X. See Youn v. Higbee Co., 324 U.S. 204, 205, n. 1, 65 S.Ct. 594, 595, 89 L.Ed. 890. 2 The claims for interest on interest amount to some $500,000. 3 The Circuit Court of Appeals thought a reference to New York law was authorized by the following cases: Cromwell v. County of Sac, 96 U.S. 51, 24 L.Ed. 681; Scudder v. Union National Bank, 91 U.S. 406, 412, 23 L.Ed. 245; Liverpool & G. W. Steam Co. v. Phenix Ins. Co., 129 U.S. 397, 453, 9 S.Ct. 469, 476, 32 L.Ed. 788. None of these cases nor any cited by petitioner here, e.g., Seeman v. Philadelphia Warehouse Co., 274 U.S. 403, 47 S.Ct. 626, 71 L.Ed. 1123, involve questions of distribution of a debtor's assets in receivership, bankruptcy or reorganization to meet claims for interest on interest said to have accrued after a court took possession of a debtor's estate. 4 Of course, there might be instances where the validity of the obligation would be determined by reference to the law of some foreign country. 5 Heiser v. Woodruff, 327 U.S. 726, 66 S.Ct. 853; American Surety Co. v. Sampsell, 327 U.S. 269, 272, 66 S.Ct. 571, 573; Pepper v. Litton, 308 U.S. 295, 303—306, 60 S.Ct. 238, 243—245, 84 L.Ed. 281. 6 See § 63, sub. a(1) of the Bankruptcy Act, 11 U.S.C. § 103, sub. a(1), 11 U.S.C.A. § 103, sub", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00374", "text": "abstractnephrolithiasis is highly prevalent and has been associated with vascular diseases such as cardiovascular events . few studies have comprehensively associated renal stones with stroke.this study explored whether patients with renal stones were at a higher stroke risk than those without renal stones . a national insurance claim dataset of 22 million enrollees in taiwan was used to identify 53,659 patients with renal stones , and 214,107 were selected as age- , sex- , and comorbidity - matched controls for a 13-year follow-up.the relative stroke risk for the rs cohort was 1.06-fold higher than that for the non - rs group ( 95% confidence interval [ ci ] = 1.011.11 ) . age - specific analysis revealed that the adjusted stroke risk for the rs cohort increased as age decreased , with the highest risk of 1.47-fold ( 95% ci = 1.101.96 ) in patients aged 20 to 34 years , followed by a 1.12-fold risk ( 95% ci = 1.001.25 ) in patients aged 35 to 50 years . sex - specific analysis clarified that women in the rs group had a 1.12-fold stroke risk compared with women in the non - rs group ( 95% ci = 1.031.21 ) . patients who had undergone > 4 surgeries had up to 42.5-fold higher risk of stroke ( 95% ci = 33.853.4).the study utilized the national database and demonstrated that patients , particularly women and the younger population , with nephrolithiasis have an increased risk of ischemic stroke development . patients treated with medication or through surgery for rss showed steady and higher risks of stroke than those without surgical or medical intervention .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 367, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00375", "text": "The Hubble Ultra Deep Field source JD2 presented in Mobasher et al. (2005) is an unusual galaxy that is very faint at all wavelengths shortward of 1.1 micron. Photometric redshift fits to data at 0.4 to 8 microns yield a significant probability that it is an extremely massive galaxy at z~6.5. In this paper we present new photometry at 16 microns and 22 micron from Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph (IRS) peak-up imaging of the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey (GOODS) fields. We find that the spectral energy distribution shows a factor of ~4 rise in flux density between the 16 micron and 22 micron bandpass which is most likely due to the entrance of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emission features into the 22 micron and 24 micron passbands. The flux ratio between these bandpasses can be best fit by a z~1.7 luminous infrared galaxy with a bolometric luminosity of (2-6)\\times10^{11} L_sun corresponding to a star-formation rate of 80 M_sun/yr. The predicted flux density values at other longer wavelengths are below the detection limits of current instrumentation but such sources could potentially be detected in lensed submillimeter surveys. Re-evaluation of the optical/near-infrared photometry continues to favor z>6 photometric redshift solutions, but we argue that the consistency of the multiwavelength parameters of this galaxy with other dusty starbursts favor the z~2 mid-infrared photometric redshift. The data presented here provide evidence that optically undetected near-infrared sources which are detected at 24 microns are most likely dusty, starburst galaxies at a redshift of z~2 with stellar masses >10^{10} M_sun.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 374, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00376", "text": "A significant fraction of Lyman Alpha (Lya) emitting galaxies (LAEs) at z> 5.7 have rest-frame equivalent widths (EW) greater than ~100 Angstrom. However only a small fraction of the Lya flux produced by a galaxy is transmitted through the IGM, which implies intrinsic Lya EWs that are in excess of the maximum allowed for a population-II stellar population having a Salpeter mass function. In this paper we study characteristics of the sources powering Lya emission in high redshift galaxies. We propose a simple model for Lya emitters in which galaxies undergo a burst of very massive star formation that results in a large intrinsic EW, followed by a phase of population-II star formation with a lower EW. We confront this model with a range of high redshift observations and find that the model is able to simultaneously describe the following eight properties of the high redshift galaxy population with plausible values for parameters like the efficiency and duration of star formation: i-iv) the UV and Lya luminosity functions of LAEs at z=5.7 and 6.5, v-vi) the mean and variance of the EW distribution of Lya selected galaxies at z=5.7, vii) the EW distribution of i-drop galaxies at z~6, and viii) the observed correlation of stellar age with EW. Our modeling suggests that the observed anomalously large intrinsic equivalent widths require a burst of very massive star formation lasting no more than a few to ten percent of the galaxies star forming lifetime. This very massive star formation may indicate the presence of population-III star formation in a few per cent of i-drop galaxies, and in about half of the Lya selected galaxies.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 350, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00377", "text": "Using Monte Carlo simulations we study jamming and percolation processes upon the random sequential adsorption of dimers on binary alloys with different degrees of structural order. We obtain the equimolar mixtures used as substrates by applying the isomorphism between an alloy and the Ising model (conserved order parameter). The annealing temperature $T$ of the mixture then is a continuous parameter that characterizes the different sets of substrates, shaping the deposition process. As the alloy undergoes an order-disorder phase transition at the Onsager critical temperature ($T_{c}$), the jamming and percolating properties of the dimers deposited over the substrate are subjected to non-trivial changes. These are reflected in a density-temperature phase diagram with three well-defined regions. We find that for $T < T^* = 1.22 T_{c}$ the occurrence of jamming prevents the onset of percolating clusters, while percolation is possible for $T > T^{*}$. Particular attention is focused close to $T^{*}$, where the interplay between jamming and percolation restricts fluctuations, forcing exponents seemingly different from the standard percolation universality class. By analogy with a thermal transition, we study the onset of percolation by using the {\\it temperature} (in this case, the substrate annealing temperature) as a control parameter. By proposing thermal scaling Ansatzes we analyze the behavior of the percolation threshold and its thermally induced fluctuations. Also, the fractal dimension of the percolating cluster is determined. Based on these measurements and the excellent data collapsing, we conclude that the universality class of standard percolation is preserved for all temperatures.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 354, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00378", "text": "A SST survey in the NOAO Deep-Wide Field in Bo\\\"otes provides a complete, 8-micron-selected sample of galaxies to a limiting (Vega) magnitude of 13.5. In the 6.88 deg$^2$ field sampled, 79% of the 4867 galaxies have spectroscopic redshifts, allowing an accurate determination of the local (z<0.3) galaxy luminosity function. Stellar and dust emission can be separated on the basis of observed galaxy colors. Dust emission (mostly PAH) accounts for 80% of the 8 micron luminosity, stellar photospheres account for 19%, and AGN emission accounts for roughly 1 %. A sub-sample of the 8 micron-selected galaxies have blue, early-type colors, but even most of these have significant PAH emission. The luminosity functions for the total 8 micron luminosity and for the dust emission alone are both well fit by Schechter functions. For the 8 micron luminosity function, the characteristic luminosity is \\nu L_{\\nu}^*(8.0 \\micron) = 1.8 \\times 10^{10}$ \\Lsun while for the dust emission alone it is 1.6 x 10^{10}$ \\Lsun\\null. The average 8 \\micron luminosity density at z<0.3 is 3.1 x 10^7 \\Lsun Mpc^{-3}, and the average luminosity density from dust alone is 2.5 x 10^7 \\Lsun Mpc^{-3}. This luminos ity arises predominantly from galaxies with 8 \\micron luminosities ($\\nu L_{\\nu}$) between $2\\times 10^9$ and $2 x 10^{10}$ \\Lsun, i.e., normal galaxies, not LIRGs or ULIRGs.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 394, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00379", "text": "Supermassive black hole binary (SMBHB) is expected with the hierarchical galaxy formation model. Currently, physics processes dominating the evolution of a SMBHB are unclear. An interesting question is whether we could observationally determine the evolution of SMBHB and give constraints on the physical processes. Jet precession have been observed in many AGNs and generally attributed to disk precession. In this paper we calculate the time variation of jet precession and conclude that jet precession is accelerated in SMBHB systems but decelerated in others. The acceleration of jet precession $dP_{\\rm pr} / dt$ is related to jet precession timescale $P_{\\rm pr}$ and SMBHB evolution timescale $\\tau_{\\rm a}$, ${dP_{\\rm pr} \\over dt} \\simeq - \\Lambda {P_{\\rm pr} \\over \\tau_{\\rm a}}$. Our calculations based on the models for jet precession and SMBHB evolution show that $dP_{\\rm pr} / dt$ can be as high as about $- 1.0$ with a typical value -0.2 and can be easily detected. We discussed the differential jet precession for NGC1275 observed in the literature. If the observed rapid acceleration of jet precession is true, the jet precession is due to the orbital motion of an unbound SMBHB with mass ratio $q\\approx 0.76$. When jets precessed from the ancient bubbles to the currently active jets, the separation of SMBHB decrease from about $1.46 {\\rm Kpc}$ to $0.80 {\\rm Kpc}$ with an averaged decreasing velocity $da/dt \\simeq - 1.54 \\times 10^6 {\\rm cm/s}$ and evolution timescale $\\tau_{\\rm a} \\approx 7.5\\times 10^7 {\\rm yr}$. However, if we assume a steady jet precession for many cycles, the observations implies a hard SMBHB with mass ratio $q\\approx 0.21$ and separation $a\\approx 0.29 {\\rm pc}$.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 445, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00380", "text": "We make a further study of the very deep Chandra observation of the X-ray brightest galaxy cluster, A426 in Perseus. We examine the radial distribution of energy flux inferred by the quasi-concentric ripples in surface brightness, assuming they are due to sound waves, and show that it is a significant fraction of the energy lost by radiative cooling within the inner 75-100 kpc, where the cooling time is 4-5 Gyr, respectively. The wave flux decreases outward with radius, consistent with energy being dissipated. Some newly discovered large ripples beyond 100 kpc, and a possible intact bubble at 170 kpc radius, may indicate a larger level of activity by the nucleus a few 100 Myr ago. The distribution of metals in the intracluster gas peaks at a radius of about 40 kpc and is significantly clumpy on scales of 5 kpc. The temperature distribution of the soft X-ray filaments and the hard X-ray emission component found within the inner 50 kpc are analysed in detail. The pressure due to the nonthermal electrons, responsible for a spectral component interpreted as inverse Compton emission, is high within 40 kpc of the centre and boosts the power in sound waves there; it drops steeply beyond 40 kpc. We find no thermal emission from the radio bubbles; in order for any thermal gas to have a filling factor within the bubbles exceeding 50 per cent, the temperature of that gas has to exceed 50 keV.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 308, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00381", "text": "We introduce a method to constrain general cosmological models using Baryon Acoustic Oscillation (BAO) distance measurements from galaxy samples covering different redshift ranges, and apply this method to analyse samples drawn from the SDSS and 2dFGRS. BAO are detected in the clustering of the combined 2dFGRS and SDSS main galaxy samples, and measure the distance--redshift relation at z=0.2. BAO in the clustering of the SDSS luminous red galaxies measure the distance--redshift relation at z=0.35. The observed scale of the BAO calculated from these samples and from the combined sample are jointly analysed using estimates of the correlated errors, to constrain the form of the distance measure D_V(z)=[(1+z)^2D_A^2cz/H(z)]^(1/3). Here D_A is the angular diameter distance, and H(z) is the Hubble parameter. This gives r_s/D_V(0.2)=0.1980+/-0.0058 and r_s/D_V(0.35)=0.1094+/-0.0033 (1sigma errors), with correlation coefficient of 0.39, where r_s is the comoving sound horizon scale at recombination. Matching the BAO to have the same measured scale at all redshifts then gives D_V(0.35)/D_V(0.2)=1.812+/-0.060. The recovered ratio is roughly consistent with that predicted by the higher redshift SNLS supernovae data for Lambda cosmologies, but does require slightly stronger cosmological acceleration at low redshift. If we force the cosmological model to be flat with constant w, then we find Om_m=0.249+/-0.018 and w=-1.004+/-0.089 after combining with the SNLS data, and including the WMAP measurement of the apparent acoustic horizon angle in the CMB.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 405, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00382", "text": ". 985. 1 49 Stat. 801. The pertinent section in full provides: 'That jurisdiction is hereby conferred on the Court of Claims with the right of appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States by either party, as in other cases, to hear, examine, adjudicate, and render final judgment * * * (b) any and all legal and equitable claims arising under or growing out of the original Indian title, claim, or rights in, to, or upon th whole or any part of the lands and their appurtenances occupied by the Indian tribes and bands described in the unratified treaties published in Senate Executive Document Numbered 25, Fifty-third Congress, first session (pp. 8 to 15), at and long prior to the dates thereof, except the Coos Bay, Lower Umpqua, and Siuslaw Tribes, it being the intention of this Act to include all the Indian tribes or bands and their descendants, with the exceptions named, residing in the then Territory of Oregon west of the Cascade Range at and long prior to the dates of the said unratified treaties, some of whom, in 1855, or later, were removed by the military authorities of the United States to the Coast Range, the Grande Ronde, and the Siletz Reservations in said Territory.' 2 The remaining seven plaintiff tribes failed to state a cause of action under the jurisdictional act and the rules of the Court of Claims. 3 'Original Indian title' is used to designate the Indian right of occupancy based upon aboriginal possession. 4 9 Stat. 323. The Act created a territorial government and declared: 'That nothing in this act contained shall be construed to impair the rights of person or property now pertaining to the Indians in said Territory, so long as such rights shall remain unextinguished by treaty between the United States and such Indians, or to affect the authority of the government of the United States to make any regulation respecting such Indians, their lands, property, or other rights, by treaty, law, or otherwise, which it would have been competent to the government to make if this act had never passed.' 5 9 Stat. 323. 6 9 Stat. 437. 7 28 Stat. 286, 323. 8 28 Stat. 286, 323. 9 In 1851 Dart and Palmer negotiated treaties with nineteen tribes", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00383", "text": "the aim of this study was to summarize the interactions between hepatitis c virus ( hcv ) infection and iron overload , and to understand the mechanisms of iron overload in chronic hepatitis c ( chc ) and the role iron plays in hcv life cycle.data sources : this review was based on data in articles published in the pubmed databases up to january 28 , 2017 , with the keywords hepatitis c virus , iron overload , iron metabolism , hepcidin , translation , and replication.study selection : articles related to iron metabolism , iron overload in patients with chc , or the effects of iron on hcv life cycle were selected for the review.results:iron overload is common in patients with chc . the mechanisms involve decreased hepcidin levels caused by hcv through signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 , mitogen - activated protein kinase , or bone morphogenetic protein / smad signaling pathways , and the altered expression of other iron - metabolism - related genes . some studies found that iron increases hcv replication , while other studies found the opposite result . most of the studies suggest the positive role of iron on hcv translation , the mechanisms of which involve increased expression levels of factors associated with hcv internal ribosome entry site - dependent translation , such as eukaryotic initiation factor 3 and la protein.conclusion:the growing literature demonstrates that chc leads to iron overload , and iron affects the hcv life cycle in turn . further research should be conducted to clarify the mechanism involved in the complicated interaction between iron and hcv .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 317, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00384", "text": "with respect to a definite area of about 175 x 215 within the park grounds and with respect to improvements in surrounding approaches, removal of trees and fountain, and demolition of present city building. The mayor and city council verbally agreed to favor any reasonable counter-offer to be made by the Government. It is my opinion that the government-owned site is valued at approximately $225 per front foot, whereas the park site has a value of about $100 per front foot, and this must be taken into consideration in submitting a counter-offer. The question of the City Council's authority to make an exchange of this property is in dispute, but this could no doubt be settled by friendly condemnation proceedings, as the city officials are willing and desirous for the trade.' 17 '* * * the city park property, is actively favored by the City Council, and almost unanimously favored by the business men on Main Street. * * * 'Because of the divergence of opinion, the Chamber of Commerce in a recent meeting decided not to make any official comment as to a certain location. * * * 'The postmaster, who has no financial or personal interest in any of the locations, but who is conscientiously interested in civic development, regards the government-owned site as an outstanding location but recommends the city park as first choice because this trade would allow the city to retain a good improvement and allow the Federal Government to secure a site with attractive surroundings.' 18 The District Court said: 'The right of plaintiff to condemn the land must stand or fall on the determination by this court of the question, Did the Acting Administrator of Federal Works Agency and the Postmaster General, under the circumstances here presented, act arbitrarily and capriciously in selecting the site—was the act necessary? The term 'arbitrarily and capriciously' has been defined to mean an act done 'without adequate determining principle; not founded in the nature of things; not done or acting according to reason or judgment'; an unnecessary act. 'That this action was taken by the Joint Committee, with information in their possession with respect to availability of other sites which shows unquestionably that the action of the plaintiff is unnecessary and the site selected is not now, nor was it when selected, the most desirable and available.' (Italics supplied.) United States v. Certain Land Situate in City of Cape Girardeau, Mo., D.C., 55 F.Supp. 555, 557, 563.", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00385", "text": "We aim at estimating the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) and the physical parameters related to the black holes harbored in eight high X-ray-to-optical (F_X/F_R>10) obscured quasars at z>0.9 selected in the 2--10 keV band from the HELLAS2XMM survey. Methods: We use IRAC and MIPS 24 micron observations, along with optical and Ks-band photometry, to obtain the SEDs of the sources. The observed SEDs are modeled using a combination of an elliptical template and torus emission (using the phenomenological templates of Silva et al. 2004) for six sources associated with passive galaxies; for two point-like sources, the empirical SEDs of red quasars are adopted. The bolometric luminosities and the M_BH-L_K relation are used to provide an estimate of the masses and Eddington ratios of the black holes residing in these AGN. Results: All of our sources are detected in the IRAC and MIPS (at 24 micron) bands. The SED modeling described above is in good agreement with the observed near- and mid-infrared data. The derived bolometric luminosities are in the range ~10^45-10^47 erg s^-1, and the median 2--10 keV bolometric correction is ~25, consistent with the widely adopted value derived by Elvis et al. (1994). For the objects with elliptical-like profiles in the K_s band, we derive high stellar masses (0.8-6.2)X10^11 Mo, black hole masses in the range (0.2-2.5)X10^9 Mo, and Eddington ratios L/L_Edd<0.1, suggesting a low-accretion phase.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 379, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00386", "text": "Young open clusters are likely sites of cosmic ray acceleration as indicated by recent detections of the TeV gamma-ray sources in the directions of two open clusters (Cyg OB2 and Westerlund 2) and their directional proximity to some unidentified EGRET sources. In fact, up to now a few different scenarios for acceleration of particles inside open clusters have been considered, i.e. shocks in massive star winds, pulsars and their nebulae, supernova shocks, massive compact binaries. Here we consider in detail the radiation processes due to both electrons and hadrons accelerated inside the open cluster. As a specific scenario, we apply the acceleration process at the shocks arising in the winds of WR type stars. Particles diffuse through the medium of the open cluster during the activity time of the acceleration scenario defined by the age of the WR star. They interact with the matter and radiation, at first inside the open cluster and, later in the dense surrounding clouds. We calculate the broad band spectrum in different processes for three example open clusters (Berk 87, Cyg OB2, Westerlund 2) for which the best observational constraints on the spectra are at present available. It is assumed that the high energy phenomena, observed from the X-ray up to the GeV-TeV gamma-ray energies, are related to each other. We conclude that the most likely description of the radiation processes in these objects is achieved in the hybrid (leptonic-hadronic) model in which leptons are responsible for the observed X-ray and GeV gamma-ray emission and hadrons are responsible for the TeV gamma-ray emission, which is produced directly inside and in dense clouds surrounding the open cluster.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 339, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00387", "text": "introduction of neoadjuvant chemotherapy ( nact ) has dramatically changed the management of locally advanced breast cancer ( labc ) . however , very few randomized trials of nact have been carried out specifically in labc patients in our country . in this retrospective analysis , we presented our experience with nact in labc patients.materials and methods : medical records of 148 patients of stage iii labc patients treated with nact , followed by surgery and radiotherapy from january 2006 to december 2010 were reviewed . clinical and pathological responses to different chemotherapy regimens were assessed according to world health organization criteria . various factors influencing response to nact and clinical outcome were identified and analyzed.results:a total of 90 ( 60.8% ) patients received anthracycline - based chemotherapy and 52 ( 35.1% ) patients received mixed anthracycline and taxane - based chemotherapy.119 patients ( 80.4% ) responded to nact either in the form of complete or partial response ( pr ) . complete response was seen in 27 ( 18.2% ) patients and 92 ( 62.2% ) patients showed pr after nact . pathological complete response was seen in 24 ( 16.2% ) patients- . at a median follow - up period of 44 months 36 patients ( 24.3% ) developed relapse of which six patients developed locoregional recurrence , while 28 ( 18.9% ) patients developed distant metastasis . nodal status , response to chemotherapy , pathological tumor size <3 cm and extracapsular extension ( ece ) came out to be important prognostic factors in this study.conclusion:neoadjuvant chemotherapy is a reasonable alternative to upfront surgery in the management of labc . clinicopathological variables such as nodal status , response to chemotherapy , pathological tumor size and presence of ece had significant impact on disease free survival .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 401, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00388", "text": "We have conducted a high-resolution ``3D'' imaging survey of the CO(1--0), HCN(1--0), and HCO$^+$(1--0) lines toward the central a few kpc regions of the Seyfert and starburst galaxies in the local universe using the Nobeyama Millimeter Array. We detected luminous HCN(1--0) emissions toward a considerable fraction of these Seyfert galaxies (10 of 12 in our sub-sample), which indicated that some of these Seyfert galaxies, such as NGC 3079, NGC 3227, NGC 4051, NGC 6764, and NGC 7479, are indeed accompanied with compact nuclear starburst, given the tight correlation between the HCN(1--0) luminosity and the star formation rate among star-forming galaxies. However, we suggest that the elevated HCN(1--0) emission from some of these Seyfert galaxies, including NGC 1068, NGC 1097, NGC 5033, and NGC 5194, does not signify the presence of massive starbursts there. This is because these Seyfert nuclei show abnormally high HCN(1--0)/HCO$^+$(1--0) ratios (2--3), which were never observed in the starburst nuclei in our sample. This could be attributed to the overabundance of HCN molecules in the X-ray dominated regions (XDRs) at the centers of these Seyfert galaxies.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 315, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00389", "text": "We study Gauge-Higgs unification model on the orbifold $S^{1}/Z_{2}$ based on the extended SM gauge group $G_{SM}^{ex}=SU(2)_{L} \\times U(1)_{Y} \\times SO(3)_{F}$. The group $SO(3)_{F}$ is treated as a chiral gauged flavour symmetry. Electroweak-, flavour- and Higgs interactions are unified in one single gauge group SU(7) which is broken again down to $G_{SM}^{ex}$ by orbifolding and imposing additional boundary conditions. The compactification scale is O(1) TeV. The orbifold $S^{1}/Z_{2}$ is put on a lattice. This setting gives a staring point for RG-transformations. As a result the bulk is integrated out and the extra dimension consist of only two points: the orbifold fixed points. Parallel transporters (PT) in the extra dimension become nonunitary as a result of the blockspin transformations. In addition, a Higgs potential emerges naturally. The PTs can be written as a product $e^{A_{y}} e^{\\eta} e^{A_{y}}$ of unitary factors $e^{A_{y}}$ and a selfadjoint factor $e^{\\eta}$. The reduction $48 \\to 35 + 6 + \\bar{6} + 1$ of the adjoint reps of SU(7) with respect to $SU(6) \\supset G_{SM}^{ex}$ leads to three $SU(2)_{L}$ Higgs doublets: one for each flavour. Their zero modes serve as a substitute for the SM Higgs. When $G_{SM}^{ex}$ is spontaneously broken down to $U(1)_{em}$, an exponential gauge boson mass splitting occurs naturally. This breaking leads to $SO(3)_{F}$ flavour gauge boson masses much above the compactification scale. Thus tree-level FCNC are naturally suppressed. Making some simplifying assumptions we also calculate fermion masses and CKM mixing angles. As for the gauge bosons an exponential fermion mass splitting occurs naturally. The model predicts a large Higgs sector consisting of 30 Higgs particles and in its simplest form the weak mixing angle $\\theta=0.125$.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 493, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00390", "text": "[ABRIDGED] We recently presented evidence of a connection between the brightness profiles of nearby early-type galaxies and the properties of the AGN they host. The radio loudness of the AGN appears to be univocally related to the host's brightness profile: radio-loud nuclei are only hosted by ``core'' galaxies while radio-quiet AGN are only found in ``power-law'' galaxies. We extend our analysis here to a sample of 42 nearby (V < 7000 km/s) Seyfert galaxies hosted by early-type galaxies. We used the available HST images to study their brightness profiles. Having excluded complex and highly nucleated galaxies, in the remaining 16 objects the brightness profiles can be successfully modeled with a Nuker law with a steep nuclear cusp characteristic of ``power-law'' galaxies (with logarithmic slope 0.51 - 1.07). This result is what is expected for these radio-quiet AGN based on our previous findings, thus extending the validity of the connection between brightness profile and radio loudness to AGN of a far higher luminosity. We explored the robustness of this result against a different choice of the analytic form for the brightness profiles, using a Sersic law. In no object could we find evidence of a central light deficit with respect to a pure Sersic model, the defining feature of ``core'' galaxies in this modeling framework. We conclude that, regardless of the modeling strategy, the dichotomy of AGN radio loudness can be univocally related to the host's brightness profile. Our general results can be re-phrased as ``radio-loud nuclei are hosted by core galaxies, while radio-quiet AGN are found in non-core galaxies''.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 355, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00391", "text": "A mesh is a graph that divides physical space into regularly-shaped regions. Meshes computations form the basis of many applications, e.g. finite-element methods, image rendering, and collision detection. In one important mesh primitive, called a mesh update, each mesh vertex stores a value and repeatedly updates this value based on the values stored in all neighboring vertices. The performance of a mesh update depends on the layout of the mesh in memory. This paper shows how to find a memory layout that guarantees that the mesh update has asymptotically optimal memory performance for any set of memory parameters. Such a memory layout is called cache-oblivious. Formally, for a $d$-dimensional mesh $G$, block size $B$, and cache size $M$ (where $M=\\Omega(B^d)$), the mesh update of $G$ uses $O(1+|G|/B)$ memory transfers. The paper also shows how the mesh-update performance degrades for smaller caches, where $M=o(B^d)$. The paper then gives two algorithms for finding cache-oblivious mesh layouts. The first layout algorithm runs in time $O(|G|\\log^2|G|)$ both in expectation and with high probability on a RAM. It uses $O(1+|G|\\log^2(|G|/M)/B)$ memory transfers in expectation and $O(1+(|G|/B)(\\log^2(|G|/M) + \\log|G|))$ memory transfers with high probability in the cache-oblivious and disk-access machine (DAM) models. The layout is obtained by finding a fully balanced decomposition tree of $G$ and then performing an in-order traversal of the leaves of the tree. The second algorithm runs faster by almost a $\\log|G|/\\log\\log|G|$ factor in all three memory models, both in expectation and with high probability. The layout obtained by finding a relax-balanced decomposition tree of $G$ and then performing an in-order traversal of the leaves of the tree.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 419, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00392", "text": "New information on short/hard gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) is being gathered thanks to the discovery of their optical and X-ray afterglows. However, some key aspects are still poorly understood, including the collimation level of the outflow, the duration of the central engine activity, and the properties of the progenitor systems. We want to constrain the physical properties of the short GRB 050724 and of its host galaxy, and make some inferences on the global short GRB population. We present optical observations of the afterglow of GRB 050724 and of its host galaxy, significantly expanding the existing dataset for this event. We compare our results with models, complementing them with available measurements from the literature. We study the afterglow light curve and spectrum including X-ray data. We also present observations of the host galaxy. The observed optical emission was likely related to the large flare observed in the X-ray light curve. The apparent steep decay was therefore not due to the jet effect. Available data are indeed consistent with low collimation, in turn implying a large energy release, comparable to that of long GRBs. The flare properties also constrain the internal shock mechanism, requiring a large Lorentz factor contrast between the colliding shells. This implies that the central engine was active at late times, rather than ejecting all shells simultaneously. The host galaxy has red colors and no ongoing star formation, consistent with previous findings on this GRB. However, it is not a pure elliptical, and has some faint spiral structure. GRB 050724 provides the most compelling case for association between a short burst and a galaxy with old stellar population. It thus plays a pivotal role in constraining progenitors models, which should allow for long delays between birth and explosion.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 360, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00393", "text": "Modern text retrieval systems often provide a similarity search utility, that allows the user to find efficiently a fixed number k of documents in the data set that are most similar to a given query (here a query is either a simple sequence of keywords or the identifier of a full document found in previous searches that is considered of interest). We consider the case of a textual database made of semi-structured documents. Each field, in turns, is modelled with a specific vector space. The problem is more complex when we also allow each such vector space to have an associated user-defined dynamic weight that influences its contribution to the overall dynamic aggregated and weighted similarity. This dynamic problem has been tackled in a recent paper by Singitham et al. in in VLDB 2004. Their proposed solution, which we take as baseline, is a variant of the cluster-pruning technique that has the potential for scaling to very large corpora of documents, and is far more efficient than the naive exhaustive search. We devise an alternative way of embedding weights in the data structure, coupled with a non-trivial application of a clustering algorithm based on the furthest point first heuristic for the metric k-center problem. The validity of our approach is demonstrated experimentally by showing significant performance improvements over the scheme proposed in Singitham et al. in VLDB 2004. We improve significantly tradeoffs between query time and output quality with respect to the baseline method in Singitham et al. in in VLDB 2004, and also with respect to a novel method by Chierichetti et al. to appear in ACM PODS 2007. We also speed up the pre-processing time by a factor at least thirty.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 341, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00394", "text": "We apply a recently developed perturbative formalism which describes the evolution under their self-gravity of particles displaced from a perfect lattice to quantify precisely, up to shell crossing, the effects of discreteness in dissipationless cosmological N-body simulations. We give simple expressions, explicitly dependent on the particle density, for the evolution of power in each mode as a function of red-shift. For typical starting red-shifts the effect of finite particle number is to {\\it slow down} slightly the growth of power compared to that in the fluid limit (e.g. by about ten percent at half the Nyquist frequency), and to induce also dispersion in the growth as a function of direction at a comparable level. In the limit that the initial red-shift tends to infinity, at fixed particle density, the evolution in fact diverges from that in the fluid limit (described by the Zeldovich approximation). Contrary to widely held belief, this means that a simulation started at a red-shift much higher than the red-shift of shell crossing actually gives a worse, rather than a better, result. We also study how these effects are modified when there is a small-scale regularization of the gravitational force. We show that such a smoothing may reduce the anisotropy of the discreteness effects, but it then {\\it increases} their average effect. This behaviour illustrates the fact that the discreteness effects described here are distinct from those usually considered in this context, due to two-body collisions. Indeed the characteristic time for divergence from the collisionless limit is proportional to $N^{2/3}$, rather than $N/ \\log N$ in the latter case.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 332, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00395", "text": "This paper investigates the many-to-one throughput capacity (and by symmetry, one-to-many throughput capacity) of IEEE 802.11 multi-hop networks. It has generally been assumed in prior studies that the many-to-one throughput capacity is upper-bounded by the link capacity L. Throughput capacity L is not achievable under 802.11. This paper introduces the notion of \"canonical networks\", which is a class of regularly-structured networks whose capacities can be analyzed more easily than unstructured networks. We show that the throughput capacity of canonical networks under 802.11 has an analytical upper bound of 3L/4 when the source nodes are two or more hops away from the sink; and simulated throughputs of 0.690L (0.740L) when the source nodes are many hops away. We conjecture that 3L/4 is also the upper bound for general networks. When all links have equal length, 2L/3 can be shown to be the upper bound for general networks. Our simulations show that 802.11 networks with random topologies operated with AODV routing can only achieve throughputs far below the upper bounds. Fortunately, by properly selecting routes near the gateway (or by properly positioning the relay nodes leading to the gateway) to fashion after the structure of canonical networks, the throughput can be improved significantly by more than 150%. Indeed, in a dense network, it is worthwhile to deactivate some of the relay nodes near the sink judiciously.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 302, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00396", "text": "The astrometric signature imposed by a planet on its primary increases substantially towards longer periods (proportinal to P^2/3), so that long-period planets can be more easily detected, in principle. For example, a one Solar-mass (M_Sun) star would be pulled by roughly 1 mas by a one Jupiter-mass (M_J) planet with a period of one-hundred years at a distance of 20 pc. Such position accuracies can now be obtained with both ground-based and space-based telescopes. The difficulty was that it often takes many decades before a detectable position shift will occur. However, by the time the next generation of astrometric missions such as SIM will be taking data, several decades will have past since the first astrometric mission, HIPPARCOS. Here we propose to use a new astrometric method that employs a future, highly accurate SIM Quick-Look survey and HIPPARCOS data taken twenty years prior. Using position errors for SIM of 4 muas, this method enables the detection and characterization of Solar-system analogs (SOSAs) with periods up to 240 (500) years for 1 (10) M_J companions. Because many tens of thousands nearby stars can be surveyed this way for a modest expenditure of SIM time and SOSAs may be quite abundant, we expect to find many hundreds of extra-solar planets with long-period orbits. Such a data set would nicely complement the short-period systems found by the radial-velocity method. Brown dwarfs and low-mass stellar companions can be found and characterized if their periods are shorter than about 500 years. This data set will provide invaluable constraints on models of planet formation, as well as a database for systems where the location of the giant planets allow for the formation of low-mass planets in the habitable zone. [Abridged]", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 382, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00397", "text": "This is the second of two papers reporting observations and analysis of the unusually bright (m_b=14.4), luminous (M_B=-25.5), nearby (z=0.192) narrow-line quasar PHL 1811. The first paper reported that PHL 1811 is intrinsically X-ray weak, and presented a spectral energy distribution (SED). Here we present HST STIS optical and UV spectra, and ground-based optical spectra. The optical and UV line emission is very unusual. There is no evidence for forbidden or semiforbidden lines. The near-UV spectrum is dominated by very strong FeII and FeIII, and unusual low-ionization lines such as NaID and CaII H&K are observed. High-ionization lines are very weak; CIV has an equivalent width of 6.6A, a factor of ~5 smaller than measured from quasar composite spectra. An unusual feature near 1200A can be deblended in terms of Ly\\alpha, NV, SiII, and CIII* using the blueshifted CIV profile as a template. Photoionization modeling shows that the unusual line emission can be explained qualitatively by the unusually soft SED. Principally, a low gas temperature results in inefficient emission of collisionally excited lines, including the semiforbidden lines generally used as density diagnostics. The emission resembles that of high-density gas; in both cases this is a consequence of inefficient cooling. PHL 1811 is very unusual, but we note that quasar surveys are generally biased against finding similar objects.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 325, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00398", "text": "We present a systematic study of the spectral consequences of departures from chemical equilibrium in the atmospheres of L and T dwarfs, and for even cooler dwarfs. The temperature/pressure profiles of the non-equilibrium models are fully consistent with the non-equilibrium chemistry. Our grid of non-equilibrium models includes spectra for effective temperatures from 200 K to 1800 K, three surface gravities, four possible values of the coefficient of eddy diffusion in the radiative zone, and three different CO/CH$_4$ chemical reaction prescriptions. We find that the non-equilibrium overabundance of CO translates into flux suppressions in the M ($\\sim4-$5 $\\mu$m) band of at most $\\sim$40% between effective temperatures of 600 and 1800 K. The effect is largest around $T_{\\rm eff} \\approx 1100$ K. The underabundance of ammonia due to non-equilibrium chemistry translates into flux enhancements of no more than $\\sim$20% for the $T_{\\rm eff}$ range from 300 to 1800 K, with the largest effects at the lowest values of $T_{\\rm eff}$. The magnitude of the departure from chemical equilibrium increases with decreasing gravity, with increasing eddy diffusion coefficient, and with decreasing speed of the CO/CH$_4$ reaction. Though these effects are modest, they lead to better fits with the measured T dwarf spectra. Furthermore, the suppression in the M band due to non-equilibrium enhancements in the CO abundance disappears below $\\sim$500 K, and is only partial above $\\sim$500 K, preserving the M band flux as a useful diagnostic of cool atmospheres and maintaining its importance for searches for brown dwarfs cooler than T dwarfs.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 360, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00399", "text": "It is now an accepted fact that the size at which dunes form from a flat sand bed as well as their `minimal size' scales on the flux saturation length. This length is by definition the relaxation length of the slowest mode toward equilibrium transport. The model presented by Parteli, Duran and Herrmann [Phys. Rev. E 75, 011301 (2007)] predicts that the saturation length decreases to zero as the inverse of the wind shear stress far from the threshold. We first show that their model is not self-consistent: even under large wind, the relaxation rate is limited by grain inertia and thus can not decrease to zero. A key argument presented by these authors comes from the discussion of the typical dune wavelength on Mars (650 m) on the basis of which they refute the scaling of the dune size with the drag length evidenced by Claudin and Andreotti [Earth Pla. Sci. Lett. 252, 30 (2006)]. They instead propose that Martian dunes, composed of large grains (500 micrometers), were formed in the past under very strong winds. We show that this saltating grain size, estimated from thermal diffusion measurements, is not reliable. Moreover, the microscopic photographs taken by the rovers on Martian aeolian bedforms show a grain size of 87 plus or minus 25 micrometers together with hematite spherules at millimetre scale. As those so-called ``blueberries'' can not be entrained by reasonable winds, we conclude that the saltating grains on Mars are the small ones, which gives a second strong argument against the model of Parteli et al.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 336, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00400", "text": "The Infrared Camera (IRC) is one of two focal-plane instruments on the AKARI satellite. It is designed for wide-field deep imaging and low-resolution spectroscopy in the near- to mid-infrared (1.8--26.5um) in the pointed observation mode of AKARI. IRC is also operated in the survey mode to make an all-sky survey at 9 and 18um. It comprises three channels. The NIR channel (1.8--5.5um) employs a 512 x 412 InSb array, whereas both the MIR-S (4.6--13.4um) and MIR-L (12.6--26.5um) channels use 256 x 256 Si:As impurity band conduction arrays. Each of the three channels has a field-of-view of about 10' x 10' and are operated simultaneously. The NIR and MIR-S share the same field-of-view by virtue of a beam splitter. The MIR-L observes the sky about $25' away from the NIR/MIR-S field-of-view. IRC gives us deep insights into the formation and evolution of galaxies, the evolution of planetary disks, the process of star-formation, the properties of interstellar matter under various physical conditions, and the nature and evolution of solar system objects. The in-flight performance of IRC has been confirmed to be in agreement with the pre-flight expectation. This paper summarizes the design and the in-flight operation and imaging performance of IRC.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 307, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00401", "text": ". 1 'In accordance with such rules and regulations or order as the Commission may deem necessary or appropriate in the public interest or for the protection of investors or consumers, any registered holding company or any subsidiary company of a registered holding company may, at any time after January 1, 1936, submit a plan to the Commission for the divestment of control, securities, or other assets, or for other action by such company or any subsidiary company thereof for the purpose of enabling such company or any subsidiary company thereof to comply with the provisions of subsection (b). If, after notice and opportunity for hearing, the Commission shall find such plan, as submitted or as modified, necessary to effectuate the provisions of subsection (b) and fair and equitable to the persons affected by such plan, the Commission shall make an order approving such plan; and the Commission, at the request of the company, may apply to a court, in accordance with the provisions of subsection (f) of section 18, to enforce and carry out the terms and provisions of such plan * * *.' 49 Stat. 801, 822, 15 U.S.C.A. § 79k(e). (Emphasis added.) 2 The requirement obviously is not a permission to the Commission to dispense altogether with such rules, regulations or order in its discretion. It is rather a statutory direction to make them in accordance with the standards prescribed. Any other view would contradict the stated purpose of the section and make of it, in effect, a dead letter. 3 The application stated in part: 'It is obvious from the nature of the proceeding * * * that the matters to be dealt with at the hearing are of vital import to the respondents and their subsidiaries, as well as to the hundreds of thousands of investors in securities of companies in the Electric Bond and Share Company system and the millions of consumers presently receiving necessary public utility service from the operating companies in said system. In the circumstances, respondents believe, first, that they should be given adequate time not only to check and verify the numerous factual allegations contained in the order, but also to develop and correlate for presentation all other facts having a bearing upon the problems and issues presented by the notice and order. * * *' 4 At the same time American, which previously had filed its plan with the Commission, sought to introduce the plan as an exhibit into the § 11(b)(2) hearing. The company's attorney stated, '", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00402", "text": "We present an initial analysis of AKARI 18um-selected galaxies using all 9 photometric bands at 2-24um available in the InfraRed Camera (IRC), in order to demonstrate new capabilities of AKARI cosmological surveys. We detected 72 sources at 18um in an area of 50.2 arcmin^2 in the AKARI/IRC monitor field towards the North Ecliptic Pole (NEP). From this sample, 25 galaxies with probable redshifts z>~ 0.5 are selected with a single colour cut (N2-N3>0.1) for a detailed SED analysis with ground-based BVRi'z'JK data. Using an SED radiative transfer model of starbursts covering the wavelength range UV -- submm, we derive photometric redshifts from the optical-MIR SEDs of 18um-selected galaxies. From the best-fit SED models, we show that the IRC all-band photometry is capable of tracing the steep rise in flux at the blue side of the PAH 6.2um emission feature. This indicates that the IRC all-band photometry is useful to constrain the redshift of infrared galaxies, specifically for dusty galaxies with a less prominent 4000A break. Also, we find that the flux dip between the PAH 7.7 and 11.2um emission feature is recognizable in the observed SEDs of galaxies at z~1. By using such a colour anomaly due to the PAH and silicate absorption features, unique samples of ULIRGs at z~1, `silicate-break' galaxies, can be constructed from large cosmological surveys of AKARI towards the NEP, i.e. the NEP-Deep and NEP-Wide survey. This pilot study suggests the possibility of detecting many interesting galaxy properties in the NEP-Deep and Wide surveys, such as a systematic difference in SEDs between high- and low-z ULIRGs, and a large variation of the PAH inter-band strength ratio in galaxies at high redshifts. [abridged]", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 433, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00403", "text": "is well known that taxation of exports was primarily forbidd n by the Constitution at the insistence of inland states which feared that seaboard states would exact a tribute from all goods sold in the interior which were thereafter transported through ports en route to foreign destinations. It was not intended to bestow a bounty of blanket tax immunity upon all those who engaged in the production, processing, purchase, or sale of goods shipped abroad. There was no broad purpose of encouraging foreign commerce by making all these preliminary steps tax free. The motivation of this tax and its economic consequences plainly are not those which the writers of the Constitution condemned. This was no tax on goods from an inland state which came through California in transit after severance, processing, and sale had been completed. Nor was it a disguised tax on a product of California soil or manufacture imposed solely because the oil was intended for a foreign destination. The tax was nothing more than an effort of California to defray a part of the state's expenses by a uniform sales tax on all those businesses, including Richfield, which enjoyed California's natural resources, the labor of its people, and the services and protection of its government. 43 True, the tax would impose a burden on export commerce to the extent that it increased the export price of Richfield oil. But if a tax on export sales be unconstitutional for imposing such a burden, so is a property tax or a severance tax applied to Richfield's oil anywhere from well to consumer. For all these types of taxes would likely be reflected in the price of Richfield's oil. But the history and the evolution of the constitutional prohibition against taxation of exports manifest that there was no intention to subsidize either export businesses or foreign purchasers by any such broad immunity from state and federal taxation. 44 I cannot believe that it was the purpose of the Constitution to let all goods destined for shipment abroad escape uniformly applied state and federal taxes, nor that a state whose resources are depleted is powerless to enforce its sales tax if the depleter sells to customers for immediate shipment for ultimate use in foreign countries. No persuasive evidence has been produced to indicate that those who wrote the Constitution thought in such terms or that they would have handicapped the state and federal taxing power in such a way. And no other sufficiently cogent reasons have been advanced to require a present interpretation which so disarranges, confuses, and handicaps the sales taxes of all the states. 1 In California a valid stipulation is binding upon the", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00404", "text": "329 U.S. 156 67 S.Ct. 237 91 L.Ed. 162 VANSTON BONDHOLDERS PROTECTIVE COMMITTEEv.GREEN et al. SAME v. EARLY et al. VANHORN BONDHOLDERS PROTECTIVE COMMITTEE v. GREEN et al. SAME v. EARLY et al. Nos. 42, 44, 43, 45. Argued Oct. 22, 1946. Decided Dec. 9, 1946. Rehearing Denied Jan. 13, 1947. See 329 U.S. 833, 67 S.Ct. 497. [Syllabus from pages 156-158 intentionally omitted] Mr.George W. Jaques, of New York City, for petitioner Vanston Bondholders Protective Committee. Mr. Robert J. Bulkley, of Washington, D.C., for petitioner Vanhorn Bondholders Protective Committee. Mr. Charles I. Dawson, of Louisville, Ky., for respondents Carl B. Early et al. Mr. Jay Raymond Levinson, of New York City, for respondents, Green Committee et al. Mr. Roger S. Foster, of Philadelphia, Pa., for Securities and Exchange Commission. Mr. Justice BLACK delivered the opinion of the Court. 1 December 2, 1930, a Kentucky District Court appointed an equity receiver of Inland Gas Corporation to take complete and exclusive control, possession, and custody of all of inland's properties, and enjoined Inland's officers from paying its debts. At that time there was no interest unpaid on Inland's first mortgage bonds. February 1, 1931, semiannual interest coupons fell due on these bonds. The debtor could not pay; the court did not direct the receiver to pay. The indenture trustee, acting under the terms of the indenture, promptly declared the entire principal due and payable despite the previous assumption of custody of the estate by the federal court. In 1935, the same District Court approved a creditor's petition for reorganization under § 77B of the Bankruptcy Act, 11 U.S.C.A. § 207, and at a subsequent date the reorganization was continued as a Chapter X proceeding.1 The indenture provides for payment of interest on unpaid interest. Inland is insolvent, but its assets are sufficient to pay the first mortgage bondholders in full, including the interest on interest", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00405", "text": "(Abridged) We present numerical hydrodynamical simulations of the formation, evolution and gravitational collapse of isothermal molecular cloud cores. A compressive wave is set up in a constant sub-Jeans density distribution of radius r = 1 pc. As the wave travels through the simulation grid, a shock-bounded spherical shell is formed. The inner shock of this shell reaches and bounces off the center, leaving behind a central core with an initially almost uniform density distribution, surrounded by an envelope consisting of the material in the shock-bounded shell, with a power-law density profile that at late times approaches a logarithmic slope of -2 even in non-collapsing cases. The resulting density structure resembles a quiescent core of radius < 0.1 pc, with a Bonnor-Ebert-like (BE-like) profile, although it has significant dynamical differences: it is initially non-self-gravitating and confined by the ram pressure of the infalling material, and consequently, growing continuously in mass and size. With the appropriate parameters, the core mass eventually reaches an effective Jeans mass, at which time the core begins to collapse. Thus, there is necessarily a time delay between the appearance of the core and the onset of its collapse, but this is not due to the dissipation of its internal turbulence as it is often believed. These results suggest that pre-stellar cores may approximate Bonnor-Ebert structures which are however of variable mass and may or may not experience gravitational collapse, in qualitative agreement with the large observed frequency of cores with BE-like profiles.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 317, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00406", "text": "There are two promising scenarios that explain the ankle, which is a dip in the spectrum of cosmic rays at $\\sim 10^{19}$ eV. A scenario interprets the ankle as the transition from Galactic to extragalactic cosmic rays ({\\it ankle-transition scenario}), while the other is that the dip caused by pair production on the cosmic microwave background radiation ({\\it proton-dip scenario}). In this paper, we consider whether cosmogenic neutrinos can be a clue to judge which scenario is favored. We calculated the fluxes of cosmogenic neutrinos following these scenarios with plausible physical parameter sets, and found several important features as follows. First of all, the neutrino flux at $\\sim 10^{20}$ eV becomes much higher in the ankle-transition scenario as long as the maximum energy of the cosmic rays at sources is sufficiently high. On the other hand, the neutrino spectrum has a characteristic peak at $\\sim 10^{16}$ eV in the proton-dip scenario on the condition that extragalactic protons significantly contribute to the observed cosmic rays down to $10^{17}$ eV. Thus, we conclude cosmogenic neutrinos should give us a clue to judge which scenario is favored, unless these features are masked by the neutrino background coming from possible, powerful neutrino sources such as AGNs and GRBs. We also found an interesting feature that the neutrino flux at $\\sim 10^{18}$ eV depends only on the cosmological evolution of the cosmic ray sources. That means cosmogenic neutrinos with the energy bring us information on the cosmological evolution of the sources of ultra-high energy cosmic rays. Finally, we compare the fluxes of cosmogenic neutrinos with the expected sensitivity curves of several neutrino detectors, and conclude the detection of cosmogenic neutrinos in the near future is promising.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 372, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00407", "text": "We report on the transport and magnetic properties of hybrid trilayers and bilayers that consist of low spin-polarized Ni80Fe20 exhibiting in-plane but no uniaxial anisotropy and low-Tc Nb. We reveal a magnetoresistance effect that is pronounced. In our trilayers the magnetoresistance exhibits an increase of two orders of magnitude when the superconducting state is reached: from the conventional normal-state values 0.6 % it goes up to 1000 % for temperatures below Tc. In contrast, in the bilayers the effect is only minor since from 3% in the normal state increases only to 70 % for temperatures below Tc. Magnetization data of both the longitudinal and transverse magnetic components are presented. Most importantly, we present data not only for the normal state of Nb but also in its superconducting state. Strikingly, these data show that below its Tc SC the Nb interlayer under the influence of the outer Ni80Fe20 layers attains a magnetization component transverse to the external field. By comparing the transport and magnetization data we propose a candidate mechanism that could motivate the pronounced magnetoresistance effect observed in the trilayers. Adequate magnetostatic coupling of the outer Ni80Fe20 layers is motivated by stray fields that emerge naturally in their whole surface due to the multidomain magnetic structure that they attain near coercivity. Atomic force microscopy is employed in order to examine the possibility that such magnetostatic coupling could be promoted by interface roughness. Referring to the bilayers, although out-of-plane rotation of the magnetization of the single Ni80Fe20 layer is still observed, in these structures magnetostatic coupling does not occur due to the absence of a second Ni80Fe20 one so that the observed magnetoresistance peaks are only modest.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 377, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00408", "text": "The contribution of a spin-rich $qqq$ force (in conjunction with pairwise $qq$ forces) to the analytical structure of the $qqq$ wave function is worked out in the high momentum regime of QCD where the confining interaction may be ignored, so that the dominant effect is $Coulombic$. A distinctive feature of this study is that the spin-rich $qqq$ force is generated by a $ggg$ vertex (a genuine part of the QCD Lagrangian) wherein the 3 radiating gluon lines end on as many quark lines, giving rise to a (Mercedes-Benz type) $Y$-shaped diagram. The dynamics is that of a Salpeter-like equation (3D support for the kernel) formulated covariantly on the light front, a la Markov-Yukawa Transversality Principle (MYTP) which warrants a 2-way interconnection between the 3D and 4D Bethe-Salpeter (BSE) forms for 2 as well as 3 fermion quarks. With these ingredients, the differential equation for the 3D wave function $\\phi$ receives well-defined contributions from the $qq$ and $qqq$ forces. In particular a $negative$ eigenvalue of the spin operator $i \\sigma_1.\\sigma_2\\times \\sigma_3$ which is an integral part of the $qqq$ force, causes a characteristic singularity in the differential equation, signalling the dynamical effect of a spin-rich $qqq$ force not yet considered in the literature. The potentially crucial role of this interesting effect vis-a-vis the so-called `spin anomaly' of the proton, is a subject of considerable physical interest.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 357, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00409", "text": "A comparison of the 2MASS flux dipole to the CMB dipole can serve as a method to constrain a combination of the cosmological parameter Omega_m and the luminosity bias of the 2MASS survey. For this constraint to be as tight as possible, it is necessary to maximize the correlation between the two dipoles. This can be achieved by optimizing the survey window through which the flux dipole is measured. Here we explicitly construct such a window for the 2MASS survey. The optimization in essence reduces to excluding from the calculation of the flux dipole galaxies brighter than some limiting magnitude K_min of the near-infrared K_s band. This exclusion mitigates nonlinear effects and shot noise from small scales, which decorrelate the 2MASS dipole from the CMB dipole. Under the assumption of negligible shot noise we find that the optimal value of K_min is about five. Inclusion of shot noise shifts the optimal K_min to larger values. We present an analytical formula for shot noise for the 2MASS flux dipole, to be used in follow-up work with 2MASS data. The misalignment angle between the two dipoles is a sensitive measure of their correlation: the higher the correlation, the smaller the expectation value of the angle. A minimum of the misalignment is thus a sign of the optimal gravity window. We model analytically the distribution function for the misalignment angle and show that the misalignment estimated by Maller et al. is consistent with the assumed underlying model (though it is greater than the expectation value). We predict with about 90% confidence that the misalignment will decrease if 2MASS galaxies brighter than K_min = 5 mag are excluded from the calculation of the flux dipole. This prediction has been indirectly confirmed by the results of Erdogdu et al. (ABRIDGED)", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 383, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00410", "text": "In this paper we extend the work synthetically presented in Ref.[1] and give theoretical details and complete tables of numerical results. We exploit calculations within a Bethe-Salpeter (BS) formalism adjusted for QCD, in order to extract an ``experimental'' strong coupling \\alpha_s^{exp}(Q^2) below 1 GeV by comparison with the meson spectrum. The BS potential follows from a proper ansatz on the Wilson loop to encode confinement and is the sum of a one-gluon-exchange and a confinement terms. Besides, the common perturbative strong coupling is replaced by the ghost-free expression \\alpha_E(Q^2) according to the prescription of Analytic Perturbation Theory (APT). The agreement of \\alpha_s^{exp}(Q^2) with the APT coupling \\alpha_E(Q^2) turns out to be reasonable from 1 GeV down to the 200 MeV scale, thus confirming quantitatively the validity of the APT prescription. Below this scale, the experimental points could give a hint on the vanishing of \\alpha_s(Q^2) as Q approaches zero. This infrared behaviour would be consistent with some lattice results and a ``massive'' generalization of the APT approach. As a main result, we claim that the combined BS-APT theoretical scheme provides us with a rather satisfactory correlated understanding of very high and rather low energy phenomena from few hundreds MeV to few hundreds GeV.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 300, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00411", "text": "diabetes mellitus ( dm ) is one of the primary causes of premature death and disability worldwide . we performed a systematic review and meta - analysis of the published literature regarding the trends in prevalence , awareness , treatment , and control of diabetes mellitus in mainland china . pubmed , embase , chinese biomedical database , china national infrastructure database , chinese wan fang database , and chongqing vip database were searched . fifty - six eligible studies were included . increasing trends in the prevalence , treatment , and control of diabetes in mainland china from 1979 to 2012 were observed . the pooled prevalence , awareness , treatment , and control of diabetes mellitus were 6.41% , 45.81% , 42.54% , and 20.87% , respectively . a higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus was found in urban ( 7.48% , 95%ci = 5.45~9.50 ) than rural ( 6.53% , 95%ci = 4.30~8.76 ) areas . furthermore , an increasing chronological tendency was shown in different subgroups of age with regard to the prevalence of diabetes . a higher awareness of dm was found in urban ( 44.25% , 95%ci = 32.60~55.90 ) than rural ( 34.27% , 95%ci = 21.00~47.54 ) populations , and no significant differences were found in the treatment , and control of diabetes among the subgroups stratified by gender and location . from 1979 to 2012 , the prevalence , treatment , and control of diabetes mellitus increased ; nevertheless , there was no obvious improvement in the awareness of diabetes .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 353, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00412", "text": "We construct an exactly soluble spin-$\\frac{1}2$ model on a honeycomb lattice, which is a generalization of Kitaev model. The topological phases of the system are analyzed by study of the ground state sector of this model, the vortex-free states. Basically, there are two phases, A phase and B phase. The behaviors of both A and B phases may be studied by mapping the ground state sector into a general p-wave paired states of spinless fermions with tunable pairing parameters on a square lattice. In this p-wave paired state theory, the A phase is shown to be the strong paired phase, an insulating phase. The B phase may be either gapped or gapless determined by the generalized inversion symmetry is broken or not. The gapped B is the weak pairing phase described by either the Moore-Read Pfaffian state of the spinless fermions or anti-Pfaffian state of holes depending on the sign of the next nearest neighbor hopping amplitude. A phase transition between Pfaffian and anti-Pfaffian states are found in the gapped B phase. Furthermore, we show that there is a hidden SU(2) gauge symmetry in our model. In the gapped B phase, the ground state has a non-trivial topological number, the spectral first Chern number or the chiral central charge, which reflects the chiral anomaly of the edge state. We proved that the topological number is identified to the reduced eta-invariant and this anomaly may be cancelled by a bulk Wess-Zumino term of SO(3) group through an index theorem in 2+1 dimensions.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 334, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00413", "text": "In performing a Bayesian analysis of astronomical data, two difficult problems often emerge. First, in estimating the parameters of some model for the data, the resulting posterior distribution may be multimodal or exhibit pronounced (curving) degeneracies, which can cause problems for traditional MCMC sampling methods. Second, in selecting between a set of competing models, calculation of the Bayesian evidence for each model is computationally expensive. The nested sampling method introduced by Skilling (2004), has greatly reduced the computational expense of calculating evidences and also produces posterior inferences as a by-product. This method has been applied successfully in cosmological applications by Mukherjee et al. (2006), but their implementation was efficient only for unimodal distributions without pronounced degeneracies. Shaw et al. (2007), recently introduced a clustered nested sampling method which is significantly more efficient in sampling from multimodal posteriors and also determines the expectation and variance of the final evidence from a single run of the algorithm, hence providing a further increase in efficiency. In this paper, we build on the work of Shaw et al. and present three new methods for sampling and evidence evaluation from distributions that may contain multiple modes and significant degeneracies; we also present an even more efficient technique for estimating the uncertainty on the evaluated evidence. These methods lead to a further substantial improvement in sampling efficiency and robustness, and are applied to toy problems to demonstrate the accuracy and economy of the evidence calculation and parameter estimation. Finally, we discuss the use of these methods in performing Bayesian object detection in astronomical datasets.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 315, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00414", "text": "objectivewe examined the independent associations between objectively measured free - living physical activity energy expenditure ( paee ) and the metabolic syndrome in adults in rural and urban cameroon.research design and methodspaee was measured in 552 rural and urban dwellers using combined heart rate and movement sensing over 7 continuous days . the metabolic syndrome was defined using the national cholesterol education program - adult treatment panel iii criteria.resultsurban dwellers had a significantly lower paee than rural dwellers ( 44.2 21.0 vs. 59.6 23.7 kj / kg / day , p < 0.001 ) and a higher prevalence of the metabolic syndrome ( 17.7 vs. 3.5% , p < 0.001 ) . in multivariate regression models adjusted for possible confounders , each kj / kg / day of paee was associated with a 2.1% lower risk of prevalent metabolic syndrome ( odds ratio 0.98 , p = 0.03 ) . this implies a 6.5 kj / kg / day difference in paee , equivalent to 30 min / day of brisk walking , corresponds to a 13.7% lower risk of prevalent metabolic syndrome . the population attributable fraction of prevalent metabolic syndrome due to being in the lowest quartile of paee was 26.3% ( 25.3% in women and 35.7% in men).conclusionsurban compared with rural residence is associated with lower paee and higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome . paee is strongly independently associated with prevalent metabolic syndrome in adult cameroonians . modest population - wide changes in paee may have significant benefits in terms of reducing the emerging burden of metabolic diseases in sub - saharan africa .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 358, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00415", "text": "recently , sms 201 - 995 , a long acting somatostatin analogue , has been used in successful therapy for inhibition of growth hormone ( gh ) levels in acromegaly . but , it was reported that inhibitory and clinical effects in the individual patient were different in many cases . therefore , to find the predictive factor for patients with effective inhibition of gh , we investigated the paradoxical response to thyrotropin releasing hormone ( trh ) , growth hormone releasing hormone ( ghrh ) and diurnal variation of gh secretion between responders and non - responders to sms 201-995.the results were as follows;1 ) responders , patients with suppressive response to sms 201 - 995 , totalled 4 of 8 patients.2 ) the paradoxical response of gh to trh was observed in 3 of 4 responders and 3 of 4 non - responders.3 ) the response of gh to ghrh was not noted in either of the groups.4 ) the diurnal variation of gh secretion showed in one of the responders and in 3 of the non - responders . these results suggested that the absence of diurnal variation of gh secretion was a characteristic feature of responders to sms 201 - 995 and thus diurnal variation of gh secretion could be used as a predictive factor for sms 201 - 995 therapy , and the pathogenetic mechanism of acromegaly might be dependent on the controlled regulation of ghrh and endogenous somatostatin .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 306, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00416", "text": "We report the conjectures on the three-dimensional (3D) Ising model on simple orthorhombic lattices, together with the details of calculations for a putative exact solution. Two conjectures, an additional rotation in the fourth curled-up dimension and the weight factors on the eigenvectors, are proposed to serve as a boundary condition to deal with the topologic problem of the 3D Ising model. The partition function of the 3D simple orthorhombic Ising model is evaluated by spinor analysis, by employing these conjectures. Based on the validity of the conjectures, the critical temperature of the simple orthorhombic Ising lattices could be determined by the relation of KK* = KK' + KK'' + K'K'' or sinh 2K sinh 2(K' + K'' + K'K''/K) = 1. For a simple cubic Ising lattice, the critical point is putatively determined to locate exactly at the golden ratio xc = exp(-2Kc) = (sq(5) - 1)/2, as derived from K* = 3K or sinh 2K sinh 6K = 1. If the conjectures would be true, the specific heat of the simple orthorhombic Ising system would show a logarithmic singularity at the critical point of the phase transition. The spontaneous magnetization and the spin correlation functions of the simple orthorhombic Ising ferromagnet are derived explicitly. The putative critical exponents derived explicitly for the simple orthorhombic Ising lattices are alpha = 0, beta = 3/8, gamma = 5/4, delta = 13/3, eta = 1/8 and nu = 2/3, showing the universality behavior and satisfying the scaling laws. The cooperative phenomena near the critical point are studied and the results obtained based on the conjectures are compared with those of the approximation methods and the experimental findings. The 3D to 2D crossover phenomenon differs with the 2D to 1D crossover phenomenon and there is a gradual crossover of the exponents from the 3D values to the 2D ones.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 464, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00417", "text": "We present optical and X-ray data for a sample of serendipitous XMM-Newton sources that are selected to have 0.5-2 keV vs 2-4.5 keV X-ray hardness ratios which are harder than the X-ray background. The sources have 2-4.5 keV X-ray flux >= 10^-14 cgs, and in this paper we examine a subsample of 42 optically bright (r < 21) sources; this subsample is 100 per cent spectroscopically identified. All but one of the optical counterparts are extragalactic, and we argue that the single exception, a Galactic M star, is probably a coincidental association. The X-ray spectra are consistent with heavily absorbed power laws (21.8 < log NH < 23.4), and all of them appear to be absorbed AGN. The majority of the sources show only narrow emission lines in their optical spectra, implying that they are type-2 AGN. Only a small fraction of the sources (7/42) show broad optical emission lines, and all of these have NH < 10^23 cm^-2. This implies that ratios of X-ray absorption to optical/UV extinction equivalent to > 100 times the Galactic gas-to-dust ratio are rare in AGN absorbers (at most a few percent of the population), and may be restricted to broad absorption-line QSOs. Seven objects appear to have an additional soft X-ray component in addition to the heavily absorbed power law. We consider the implications of our results in the light of the AGN unified scheme. We find that the soft components in narrow-line objects are consistent with the unified scheme provided that > 4 per cent of broad-line AGN have ionised absorbers that attenuate their soft X-ray flux by >50 per cent. In at least one of the X-ray absorbed, broad-line AGN in our sample the X-ray spectrum requires an ionised absorber, consistent with this picture.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 411, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00418", "text": "(Abridged) We compare recent results from X-ray, strong lensing, weak lensing, and optical observations with numerical simulations of the merging galaxy cluster 1E0657-56. X-ray observations reveal a bullet-like subcluster with a prominent bow shock, while lensing results show that the positions of the total mass peaks are consistent with the centroids of the collisionless galaxies (and inconsistent with the X-ray brightness peaks). Previous studies, based on older observational datasets, have placed upper limits on the self-interaction cross-section of dark matter per unit mass, sigma/m, using simplified analytic techniques. In this work, we take advantage of new, higher-quality observational datasets by running N-body simulations of 1E0657-56 that include the effects of self-interacting dark matter, and comparing the results with observations. Furthermore, the recent data allow for a new independent method of constraining sigma/m, based on the non-observation of an offset between the bullet subcluster mass peak and galaxy centroid. This new method places an upper limit (68% confidence) of sigma/m < 1.25 cm^2/g. If we make the assumption that the subcluster and the main cluster had equal mass-to-light ratios prior to the merger, we derive our most stringent constraint of sigma/m < 0.7 cm^2/g, which comes from the consistency of the subcluster's observed mass-to-light ratio with the main cluster's, and with the universal cluster value, ruling out the possibility of a large fraction of dark matter particles being scattered away due to collisions. Our limit is a slight improvement over the previous result from analytic estimates, and rules out most of the 0.5 - 5cm^2/g range invoked to explain inconsistencies between the standard collisionless cold dark matter model and observations.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 367, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00419", "text": "A time series delta(n), the fluctuation of the nth unfolded eigenvalue was recently characterized for the classical Gaussian ensembles of NxN random matrices (GOE, GUE, GSE). It is investigated here for the beta-Hermite ensemble as a function of beta (zero or positive) by Monte Carlo simulations. The fluctuation of delta(n) and the autocorrelation function vary logarithmically with n for any beta>0 (1<1.5$, the cross section increases with $\\sqrt s$.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 303, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00426", "text": "We employ X-ray stacking techniques to examine the contribution from X-ray undetected, mid-infrared-selected sources to the unresolved, hard (6-8 keV) cosmic X-ray background (CXB). We use the publicly available, 24 micron Spitzer Space Telescope MIPS catalogs from the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey (GOODS) - North and South fields, which are centered on the 2 Ms Chandra Deep Field-North and the 1 Ms Chandra Deep Field-South, to identify bright (S_24 > 80 microJy) mid-infrared sources that may be powered by heavily obscured AGNs. We measure a significant stacked X-ray signal in all of the X-ray bands examined, including, for the first time, a significant (3.2 sigma) 6-8 keV stacked X-ray signal from an X-ray undetected source population. We find that the X-ray-undetected MIPS sources make up about 2% (or less) of the total CXB below 6 keV, but about 6% in the 6-8 keV band. The 0.5-8 keV stacked X-ray spectrum is consistent with a hard power-law (Gamma = 1.44 +/- 0.07), with the spectrum hardening at higher X-ray energies. Our findings show that these bright MIPS sources do contain obscured AGNs, but are not the primary source of the unresolved 50% of 6-8 keV CXB. Our study rules out obscured, luminous QSOs as a significant source of the remaining unresolved CXB and suggests that it most likely arises from a large population of obscured, high-redshift (z > 1), Seyfert-luminosity AGNs.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 362, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00427", "text": "if further adjustments are made to reflect the unconscionable write-ups and inadequate depreciation which the Commission found in the book figures of the various operating companies. American and Electric disagree with many of these adjustments and urge that the book values can be justified; and complaint is made that the Commission refused to consider certain valuation testimony offered by American in this respect. We deem it unnecessary, however, to enter into these disputed matters. Even with the use of the book values, the attenuated investment ratio is such as to justify the Commission's conclusion that Bond and Share's control of the operating companies is achieved 'through disproportionately small investment.' On that basis, over 96% of the investment in American's subsidiaries is without effective voting representation, while over 91% of the book values of Electric's subsidiaries is similarly disfranchised.17 35 Such evidence is more than enough to support the finding that American and Electric are but paper companies without legitimate functional purpose. They serve merely as the mechanism by which Bond and Share maintains a pyramided structure containing the seeds of all the attendant evils condemned by the Act. It was reasonable, therefore, for the Commission to conclude that American and Electric are undue and unnecessary complexities in the Bond and Share system and that their existence unfairly and inequitably distributes voting power among the security holders of the system. V. 36 The major objection raised by American and Electric relates to the Commission's choice of dissolution as 'necessary to ensure' that the evils would be corrected and the standards of § 11(b)(2) effectuated. Emphasis is placed upon alternative plans which are less drastic in nature and which allegedly would meet the statutory standards. 37 It is a fundamental principle, however, that where Congress has entrusted an administrative agency with the responsibility of selecting the means of achieving the statutory policy 'the relation of remedy to policy is peculiarly a matter for administrative competence.' Phelps Dodge Corp. v. National Labor Relations Board, supra, 313 U.S. 194, 61 S.Ct. 852, 85 L.Ed. 1271, 133 A.L.R. 1217. In dealing with the complex problem of adjusting holding company systems in accordance with the legislative standards, the Commission here has accumulated experience and knowledge which no court can hope to attain. Its judgment is entitled to the greatest weight, while recognizing that the Commission's discretion must square with its responsibility. Only if the remedy chosen is unwarranted in law or is without justification", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00428", "text": "abstractproteinuria in hypertension is an early marker of renal disease and a predictor for the progression of end stage renal disease , and cardiovascular diseases . this study was designed to determine the prevalence of proteinuria and its association with cardiovascular risk factors among adult hypertensive patients in afghanistan . five hundred fifty - five patients with a high blood pressure recorded in an outpatient clinic in andkhoy , afghanistan from december 2014 to may 2015 , were included in this study . data obtained from each patient , included demographic characteristics , body mass index , blood pressure patterns , cardiovascular history , cardiovascular risk factors , comorbidity , and current drug - therapy . dipstick screening for proteinuria was performed with reagent test strips . the mean age of the patients was 57.9 13.3 years , and a female predominance was observed ( n = 333 , 60% ) . the prevalence of proteinuria was 67.2% . the predictors of proteinuria were found to be age 65 years ( odds ratio [ or ] 1.02 , 95% confidence interval [ ci ] 1.001.04 ) , smoking ( or 1.88 , 95% ci 1.173.02 ) , heart failure ( or 2.23 , 95% ci 1.134.41 ) , and diabetes mellitus ( or 3.41 , 95% ci 1.497.81 ) . in conclusion , this study shows that proteinuria is highly prevalent among hypertensive outpatients in an outpatient clinic in andkhoy , afghanistan , especially in those with high cardiovascular risk .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 335, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00429", "text": ", Nebraska, a part of South Dakota, and ends in Iowa. It is used only to convey the company's own refinery products to its own terminal stations at Hutchinson, Kansas; Superior, Nebraska, and Rock Rapids, Iowa, at each of which the line connects with storage facilities from which deliveries are made. 3 The statute, so far as relevant, says that it shall apply 'to common carriers engaged in,' 'transportation of oil or other commodity' by pipe line from one state to another. It provides also, that 'common carrier' includes 'all pipe-line companies.'4 This language on its face would seem to cover the appellant's operation. 4 Champlin contends, however, that the 'transportation' mentioned in the Act does not refer to the carriage of one's own goods. The District Court has found that Champlin is the sole owner of the products transported through its pipe line; it has never transported, offered to transport, or been asked to transport any products belonging to any other company or person; its pipe line does not connect with any other pipe line but only with storage tanks at the three terminal points; there are no facilities for putting any petroleum product into the line other than at the Enid refinery; delivery of the products at the three terminal points is made from Champlin's storage tanks by means of truck racks or railroad tank car racks and is not made directly from the pipe line in any instance; no tariffs stating transportation charges have been filed with the Interstate Commerce Commission or with any State commission or regulatory body. 5 Because of these facts the appellant suggests that the language and holding of this Court concerning the Uncle Sam Oil Company in The Pipe Line Cases, 234 U.S. 548, 34 S.Ct. 956, 58 L.Ed. 1459, approved in Valvoline Oil Company v. United States, 308 U.S. 141, 60 S.Ct. 160, 84 L.Ed. 151, govern this case. The Uncle Sam Company operation is described as'simply drawing oil from its own wells across a state line to its own refinery, for its own use, and that is all, * * *.' The Pipe Line Cases, 234 U.S. 548, 562, 34 S.Ct. 956, 959, 58 L.Ed. 1459. The Court considered this was not 'transportation' within the meaning of the", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00430", "text": "The free convolution is the binary operation on the set of probability measures on the real line which allows to deduce, from the individual spectral distributions, the spectral distribution of a sum of independent unitarily invariant square random matrices or of a sum of free operators in a non commutative probability space. In the same way, the rectangular free convolution allows to deduce, from the individual singular distributions, the singular distribution of a sum of independent unitarily invariant rectangular random matrices. In this paper, we consider the regularization properties of these free convolutions on the whole real line. More specifically, we try to find continuous semigroups $(\\mu_t)$ of probability measures such that $\\mu_0$ is the Dirac mass at zero and such that for all positive $t$ and all probability measure $\\nu$, the free convolution of $\\mu_t$ with $\\nu$ (or, in the rectangular context, the rectangular free convolution of $\\mu_t$ with $\\nu$) is absolutely continuous with respect to the Lebesgue measure, with a positive analytic density on the whole real line. In the square case, we prove that in semigroups satisfying this property, no measure can have a finite second moment, and we give a sufficient condition on semigroups to satisfy this property, with examples. In the rectangular case, we prove that in most cases, for $\\mu$ in a continuous rectangular-convolution-semigroup, the rectangular convolution of $\\mu$ with $\\nu$ either has an atom at the origin or doesn't put any mass in a neighborhood of the origin, thus the expected property does not hold. However, we give sufficient conditions for analyticity of the density of the rectangular convolution of $\\mu$ with $\\nu$ except on a negligible set of points, as well as existence and continuity of a density everywhere.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 371, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00431", "text": "Abridged... Blue stragglers (BSS) are thought to be the product of either primordial or collisional binary systems. In the context of dwarf spheroidal galaxies it is hard to firmly disentangle a genuine BSS population from young main sequence (MS) stars tracing a ~1-2 Gyr old star forming episode. Assuming that their blue plume populations are made of BSS, we estimate the BSS frequency for 8 Local Group non star-forming dwarf galaxies, using a compilation of ground and space based photometry. Our results can be summarized as follows: (i) The BSS frequency in dwarf galaxies, at any given Mv, is always higher than that in globular clusters of similar luminosities; (ii) the BSS frequency for the lowest luminosity dwarf galaxies is in excellent agreement with that observed in the Milky Way halo; and most interestingly (iii) derive a statistically significant anti-correlation between the BSS frequency and the galaxy Mv. The low density, almost collision-less, environments of our dwarf galaxy sample allow us to infer (i) their very low dynamical evolution; (ii) a negligible production of collisional BSS; and consequently (iii) that their blue plumes are mainly made of primordial binaries. The dwarf galaxies anti-correlation can be used as a discriminator: galaxies obeying the anti-correlation are more likely to possess genuine primordial BSS rather than young main sequence stars.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 301, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00432", "text": "Phenomenologically viable and interesting regions of parameter space in the minimal super-gravity (mSUGRA) model with small $m_0$ and small $m_{1/2}$ consistent with the WMAP data on dark matter relic density and the bound on the mass of the lightest Higgs scalar $ m_h>$ 114 GeV from LEP2 open up if the rather adhoc assumption $A_0$=0, where $A_0$ is the common trilinear soft breaking parameter, employed in most of the existing analyses is relaxed. Since this region corresponds to relatively light squarks and gluinos which are likely to be probed extensively in the very early stages of the LHC experiments, the consequences of moderate or large negative values of $A_0$ are examined in detail. We find that in this region several processes including lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP) pair annihilation, LSP - lighter tau slepton (${\\tilde \\tau}_1$) coannihilation and LSP - lighter top squark (${\\tilde t}_1$) coannihilation contribute to the observed dark matter relic density. %\\sout{The possibility that a relic density producing ${\\tilde t}_1$ can be %observed at the current experiments at the Tevatron is wide open.} The possibility that a ${\\tilde t}_1$ that can participate in coannihilation with the lightest neutralino to satisfy the WMAP bound on relic density and at the same time be observed at the current experiments at the Tevatron is wide open. At the LHC a large number of squark - gluino events lead to a very distinctive semi-inclusive signature $\\tau^\\pm$+X$_\\tau$ (anything without a tau lepton) with a characteristic size much larger than $e^\\pm$+X$_e$ or $\\mu^\\pm$+X$_\\mu$ events.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 404, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00433", "text": "We present the results of a high-resolution X-ray imaging study of the stellar population in the Galactic massive star-forming region RCW49 and its central OB association Westerlund 2. We obtained a 40 ks X-ray image of a 17'x17' field using the Chandra X-ray Observatory and deep NIR images using the Infrared Survey Facility in a concentric 8'3x8'3 region. We detected 468 X-ray sources and identified optical, NIR, and Spitzer Space Telescope MIR counterparts for 379 of them. The unprecedented spatial resolution and sensitivity of the X-ray image, enhanced by optical and infrared imaging data, yielded the following results: (1) The central OB association Westerlund 2 is resolved for the first time in the X-ray band. X-ray emission is detected from all spectroscopically-identified early-type stars in this region. (2) Most (86%) X-ray sources with optical or infrared identifications are cluster members in comparison with a control field in the Galactic Plane. (3) A loose constraint (2--5 kpc) for the distance to RCW49 is derived from the mean X-ray luminosity of T Tauri stars. (4) The cluster X-ray population consists of low-mass pre--main-sequence and early-type stars as obtained from X-ray and NIR photometry. About 30 new OB star candidates are identified. (5) We estimate a cluster radius of 6'--7' based on the X-ray surface number density profiles. (6) A large fraction (90%) of cluster members are identified individually using complimentary X-ray and MIR excess emission. (7) The brightest five X-ray sources, two Wolf-Rayet stars and three O stars, have hard thermal spectra.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 366, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00434", "text": "objectiveto examine the relation of fatty acid binding protein ( fabp)4 and nonesterified fatty acids ( nefas ) to diabetes in older adults.research design and methodswe ascertained incident diabetes among 3,740 cardiovascular health study participants ( 19922007 ) based on the use of hypoglycemic medications , fasting glucose 126 mg / dl , or nonfasting glucose 200 mg / dl . fabp4 and nefa were measured on specimens collected between 1992 and 1993.resultsmean age of the 3,740 subjects studied was 74.8 years . for each sd increase in log fabp4 , hazard ratios ( hrs ) for diabetes were 1.35 ( 95% ci 1.101.65 ) for women and 1.45 ( 1.131.85 ) for men controlling for age , race , education , physical activity , cystatin c , alcohol intake , smoking , self - reported health status , and estrogen use for women ( p for sex - fabp4 interaction 0.10 ) . bmi modified the fabp4-diabetes relation ( p = 0.009 overall ; 0.02 for women and 0.135 for men ) , in that statistically significant higher risk of diabetes was mainly seen in men with bmi < 25 kg / m2 ( hr per sd : 1.78 [ 95% ci 1.132.81 ] ) . there was a modest and nonsignificant association of nefa with diabetes ( ptrend = 0.21 ) . however , when restricted to the first 5 years of follow - up , multivariable - adjusted hrs for diabetes were 1.0 ( ref . ) , 1.68 ( 95% ci 1.122.53 ) , and 1.63 ( 1.072.50 ) across consecutive tertiles of nefa ( ptrend = 0.03).conclusionsplasma fabp4 was positively associated with incident diabetes in older adults , and such association was statistically significant in lean men only . a significant positive association between plasma nefa and incident diabetes was observed during the first 5 years of follow - up .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 455, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00435", "text": "A new model for the explanation of the high frequency quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) in pulsars, black holes and white dwarfs is presented. Three circular tori are assumed to be present around the star: an inner torus with charge $Q_i$, an outer torus with charge $Q_o$ and a torus with electrically neutral mass $m_m$ in the middle, whereas the star bears a charge $Q_s$ ($Q_o$ and $Q_s$ have the same sign, $Q_i$ the opposite one). The frequency $\\nu_m$ of the mass current is approximately given by the Kepler frequency, whereas the frequencies of $Q_i$ and $Q_o$, $\\nu_i$ and $\\nu_o$, respectively, are calculated from classical mechanics and Coulomb's law. For the explanation of the low frequency QPOs in pulsars and black holes a special interpretation of the gravitomagnetic theory may be essential. From the latter theory four new gravitomagnetic precession frequencies are deduced, which may be identified with the observed low frequency QPOs. Predictions of the presented model are compared with observed high frequency and low frequency QPOs of the pulsars SAX J1808.4--3658, XTE J1807--294, IGR J00291+5934, SGR 1806--20 and the black hole XTE J1550--564. In addition, charge flow near the pole of pulsars may explain frequency drift of burst oscillations. Moreover, charge flow at the equator of SAX J1808.4--3658 may be the cause of the enigmatic 410 kHz QPO. Furthermore, the Lense-Thirring frequency is discussed and a modified formula is compared with data of the pulsars. Contrary to pulsars and black holes, the low frequency QPOs of white dwarfs might be attributed to electromagnetic precession frequencies, deduced in this work. Predictions are compared with data of the dwarf nova VW Hyi.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 418, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00436", "text": "Classical population genetics a priori assigns fitness to alleles without considering molecular or functional properties of proteins that these alleles encode. Here we study population dynamics in a model where fitness can be inferred from physical properties of proteins under a physiological assumption that loss of stability of any protein encoded by an essential gene confers a lethal phenotype. Accumulation of mutations in organisms containing Gamma genes can then be represented as diffusion within the Gamma dimensional hypercube with adsorbing boundaries which are determined, in each dimension, by loss of a protein stability and, at higher stability, by lack of protein sequences. Solving the diffusion equation whose parameters are derived from the data on point mutations in proteins, we determine a universal distribution of protein stabilities, in agreement with existing data. The theory provides a fundamental relation between mutation rate, maximal genome size and thermodynamic response of proteins to point mutations. It establishes a universal speed limit on rate of molecular evolution by predicting that populations go extinct (via lethal mutagenesis) when mutation rate exceeds approximately 6 mutations per essential part of genome per replication for mesophilic organisms and 1 to 2 mutations per genome per replication for thermophilic ones. Further, our results suggest that in absence of error correction, modern RNA viruses and primordial genomes must necessarily be very short. Several RNA viruses function close to the evolutionary speed limit while error correction mechanisms used by DNA viruses and non-mutant strains of bacteria featuring various genome lengths and mutation rates have brought these organisms universally about 1000 fold below the natural speed limit.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 308, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00437", "text": "(Abridged) We present R~600, 10-37um spectra of 53 ULIRGs at z<0.32, taken using the IRS on board Spitzer. All of the spectra show fine structure emission lines of Ne, O, S, Si and Ar, as well as molecular Hydrogen lines. Some ULIRGs also show emission lines of Cl, Fe, P, and atomic Hydrogen, and/or absorption features from C_2H_2, HCN, and OH. We employ diagnostics based on the fine-structure lines, as well as the EWs and luminosities of PAH features and the strength of the 9.7um silicate absorption feature (S_sil), to explore the power source behind the infrared emission in ULIRGs. We show that the IR emission from the majority of ULIRGs is powered mostly by star formation, with only ~20% of ULIRGs hosting an AGN with a comparable or greater IR luminosity than the starburst. The detection of the 14.32um [NeV] line in just under half the sample however implies that an AGN contributes significantly to the mid-IR flux in ~42% of ULIRGs. The emission line ratios, luminosities and PAH EWs are consistent with the starbursts and AGN in ULIRGs being more extincted, and for the starbursts more compact, versions of those in lower luminosity systems. The excitations and electron densities in the NLRs of ULIRGs appear comparable to those of lower luminosity starbursts, though there is evidence that the NLR gas in ULIRGs is more dense. We show that the combined luminosity of the 12.81um [NeII] and 15.56um [NeIII] lines correlates with both IR luminosity and the luminosity of the 6.2 micron and 11.2 micron PAH features in ULIRGs, and use this to derive a calibration between PAH luminosity and star formation rate. Finally, we show that ULIRGs with 0.8 < S_sil < 2.4 are likely to be powered mainly by star formation, but that ULIRGs with S_sil < 0.8, and possibly those with S_sil > 2.4, contain an IR-luminous AGN.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 491, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00438", "text": "power or the method used by the sovereign to convey Indian lands. Beecher v. Wetherby, 1877, 95 U.S. 517, 525, 24 L.Ed. 440; Buttz v. Northern Pacific Railroad, 1886, 119 U.S. 55, 66, 7 S.Ct. 100, 104, 30 L.Ed. 330; Martin v. Waddell's Lessee, 1842, 16 Pet. 367, 409, 10 L.Ed. 997; Clark v. Smith, 1839, 13 Pet. 195, 201, 10 L.Ed. 123. And in other cases, the issue was not the right of Indian tribes to be compensated for an extinguishment of original Indian title by the United States. Northwestern Bands of Shoshone Indians v. United States, 1945, 324 U.S. 335, 65 S.Ct. 690, 89 L.Ed. 985; United States v. Santa Fe Pacific R. Co., 1941, 314 U.S. 339, 62 S.Ct. 248, 86 L.Ed. 260; Conley v. Ballinger, 1910, 216 U.S. 84, 30 S.Ct. 224, 54 L.Ed. 393; Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock, 1903, 187 U.S. 553, 23 S.Ct. 216, 47 L.Ed. 299; Cherokee Nation v. Hitchcock, 1902, 187 U.S. 294, 23 S.Ct. 115, 47 L.Ed. 183. 28 Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock, 1903, 187 U.S. 553, 566, 23 S.Ct. 216, 221, 47 L.Ed. 299; Beecher v. Wetherby, 1877, 95 U.S. 517, 525, 24 L.Ed. 440. The Lone Wolf case was properly assessed in Shoshone Tribe of Indians of the Wind River Reservation in Wyoming v. United States, 1937, 299 U.S. 476, 497, 57 S.Ct. 244, 251, 81 L.Ed. 360: 'Power to control and manage the", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00439", "text": "35 L.Ed. 613; Wisconsin & Michigan Ry. v. Powers, 191 U.S. 379, 24 S.Ct. 107, 48 L.Ed. 229; United States Express Co. v. State of Minnesota, 223 U.S. 335, 32 S.Ct. 211, 56 L.Ed. 459; Ficklen v. Taxing District, 145 U.S. 1, 12 S.Ct. 810, 36 L.Ed. 601. (b) Those which have been justified on a 'local incidence' theory. See, e.g., Western Live Stock v. Bureau of Revenue, 303 U.S. 250, 58 S.Ct. 546, 82 L.Ed. 823, 115 A.L.R. 944, with which compare Fisher's Blend Station v. Tax Comm., 297 U.S. 650, 56 S.Ct. 608, 80 L.Ed. 956; McGoldrick v. Berwind-White Coal Mining Co., 309 U.S. 33, 60 S.Ct. 388, 84 L.Ed. 565, 128 A.L.R. 876; American Mfg. Co. v. City of St. Louis, 250 U.S. 459, 39 S.Ct. 522, 63 L.Ed. 1084. See also cases cited in note 21. In many cases apportioned gross receipts taxes have been sustained not on the ground that they were apportioned but that they were local in nature. See, e.g., State of Maine v. Grand Trunk Ry., 142 U.S. 217, 12 S.Ct. 163, 35 L.Ed. 994; New York, L. Erie & U. Railroad v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 158 U.S. 431, 15 S.Ct. 896, 39 L.Ed. 1043; Wisconsin & Michigan Ry. v. Powers, supra; United States Express Co. v. State of Minnesota, supra. Gross receipts taxes which have not been sustained fall into the following groups: (a) Those which were not fairly apportioned. See, e.g., Meyer v. Wells Fargo Co., 223 U.S. 298, 32 S.Ct. 218, 56 L.Ed. 445. (b)", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00440", "text": "We present optical photometry and spectroscopy of the afterglow and host galaxy of gamma-ray burst 040924. This GRB had a rather short duration of T90 ~2.4s, and a well sampled optical afterglow light curve. We aim to use this dataset to find further evidence that this burst is consistent with a massive star core-collapse progenitor. We combine the afterglow data reported here with data taken from the literature and compare the host properties with survey data. We find that the global behaviour of the optical afterglow is well fit by a broken power-law, with a break at ~0.03 days. We determine the redshift z = 0.858 +/- 0.001 from the detected emission lines in our spectrum. Using the spectrum and photometry we derive global properties of the host, showing it to have similar properties to long GRB hosts. We detect the [Ne III] emission line in the spectrum, and compare the fluxes of this line of a sample of 15 long GRB host galaxies with survey data, showing the long GRB hosts to be comparable to local metal-poor emission line galaxies in their [Ne III] emission. We fit the supernova bump accompanying this burst, and find that it is similar to other long GRB supernova bumps, but fainter. All properties of GRB 040924 are consistent with an origin in the core-collapse of a massive star: the supernova, the spectrum and SED of the host and the afterglow.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 312, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00441", "text": "Using deep NIR VLT/ISAAC and optical HST/WFPC2 imaging in the fields of the HDFS and MS1054-03, we study the rest-frame UV-to-optical colors and magnitudes of galaxies to z~3. While there is no evidence for a red sequence at z~3, there does appear to be a well-defined color-magnitude relation (CMR) for blue galaxies at all redshifts, with more luminous galaxies having redder U-V colors. The slope of the blue CMR is independent of redshift d(U-V)/dMV = -0.09 (0.01) and can be explained by a correlation of dust-reddening with luminosity. The average color at fixed luminosity reddens strongly \\Delta(U-V) = 0.75 from z~3 to z=0, much of which can be attributed to aging of the stars. The color scatter of the blue sequence is relatively small sigma(U-V) = 0.25 (0.03) and constant to z~3, but notably asymmetrical with a sharp blue ridge and a wing towards redder colors. We explore sets of star formation histories to study the constraints placed by the shape of the scatter at z=2-3. One particular set of models, episodic star formation, reproduces the detailed properties very well. For a two-state model with high and low star formation, the duty cycle is constrained to be > 40% and the contrast between the states must be a factor > 5 (or a scatter in log(SFR) of > 0.35 dex around the mean). However, episodic models do not explain the observed tail of very red galaxies, primarily Distant Red Galaxies (DRGs), which may have ceased star formation altogether or are more heavily obscured. Finally, the relative number density of red, luminous MV < -20.5 galaxies increases by a factor of ~ 6 from z = 2.7 to z = 0.5, as does their contribution to the total rest-frame V-band luminosity density. We are likely viewing the progressive formation of red, passively evolving galaxies.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 445, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00442", "text": "United States to the States and the courts of the States is a very delicate matter. See Ex parte Royall, 117 U.S. 241, 251, 6 S.Ct. 734, 740, 29 L.Ed. 868. When a defendant, as here, invokes a remedy provided by the State of Illinois the decision of the local court must be judged on the basis of the scope of the remedy provided and what the court properly had before it in such a proceeding. Woods v. Nierstheimer, 328 U.S. 211, 66 S.Ct. 996. The only thing before the Illinois Supreme Court was what is known under Illinois practice as the common law record. That record, as certified in this case, included only the indictment, the judgment on plea of guilty, the minute entry bearing on sentence, and the sentence. And so the very narrow question now before us is whether this common law record establishes that the defendant's sentence is void because in the proceedings that led to it he was denied the assistance of counsel. 6 This case is quite different from a case like Rice v. Olson, 324 U.S. 786, 65 S.Ct. 989, 89 L.Ed. 1367. In that case the record properly before this Court contained specific allegations bearing on the disabilities of the defendant to stand prosecution without the aid of counsel. There was not, as we have here, an unchallenged finding by the trial court that the accused was duly apprised of his rights and, in awareness of them, chose to plead guilty. The judgment against Carter explicitly states: 7 'And the said defendant Harice Leroy Carter commonly known as Roy Carter having been duly arraigned and being called upon to plead expresses a desire to plead guilty to the crime of murder as charged in the indictment. Thereupon the Court fully explained to the Defendant Harice Leroy Carter commonly known as Roy Carter the consequence of such plea and of all his rights in the premises including the right to have a lawyer appointed by the Court to defend him and also of his right to a trial before a jury of twelve jurors sworn in open Court and of the degree of proof that would be required to justify a verdict of guilty against him under the plea of not guilty but the defendant Harice Leroy Carter commonly known as Roy Carter persists in his desire to plead guilty and for a plea says he is guilty in manner and form", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00443", "text": "to assess visual function using optical quality analysis system ( oqas ) at varying levels of contrast in pseudophakic eyes . methods . the study included patients admitted to seoul st . mary 's hospital between january and february 2012 : 143 pseudophakic eyes with one of five intraocular lens types , examined 26 months after cataract surgery , and 93 normal eyes ( enhanced visual acuity ( va ) < 0.1 logmar ) in age - matched controls . subjects were examined at three contrast levels using the oqas . results . at 100% , 20% , and 9% contrast , simulated mean va was 0.16 0.18 logmar , 0.30 0.18 logmar , and 0.52 0.17 logmar , in normal eyes , and 0.16 0.12 logmar , 0.33 0.20 logmar , and 0.56 0.21 logmar , respectively , in pseudophakic eyes . simulated va decreased significantly when contrast was reduced , regardless of ocular status , age group , and lens type ( p < 0.05 ) . there were no significant differences between normal and pseudophakic eyes among subjects aged 5069 ( p > 0.05 ) . among subjects aged 7079 , pseudophakic eyes showed improved simulated va ( p = 0.000 ) and objective scattering index values ( p = 0.008 ) . conclusions . patients with intraocular lenses have similar or superior visual function when compared to those with normal eyes at 26 months after cataract surgery , even under low - contrast conditions .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 356, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00444", "text": "OH 231.8+4.2 is a well studied preplanetary nebula (pPN) around a binary stellar system that shows a remarkable bipolar outflow. To study the structure and kinematics of the inner 10-80 AU nebular regions we performed high-resolution observations of the H$_2$O 6$_{1,6}$--5$_{2,3}$ and $^{28}$SiO $v$=2, $J$=1--0 maser emissions with the Very Long Baseline Array. The absolute position of both emission distributions were recovered using the phase referencing technique, and accurately registered in HST optical images. H$_2$O maser clumps are found to be distributed in two areas of 20 mas in size spatially displaced by $\\sim$60 milli-arcseconds along an axis oriented nearly north-south. SiO masers are tentatively found to be placed between the two H$_2$O maser emitting regions, probably indicating the position of the Mira component of the system. The SiO maser emission traces an inner equatorial component with a diameter of 12 AU, probably a disk rotating around the M-type star. Outwards, we detect in the H$_2$O data a pair of polar caps, separated by 80 AU. We believe that the inner regions of the nebula probably have been altered by the presence of the companion, leading to an equator-to-pole density contrast that may explain the lack of H$_2$O masers and strong SiO maser emission in the denser, equatorial regions.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 332, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00445", "text": "Using a widely used stellar population synthesis model, we study the ability of using pairs of AB system colours to break the well-known stellar age--metallicity degeneracy and give constraints on the two stellar-population parameters (age and metallicity). The relative age and metallicity sensitivities of AB system colours that relate to u, B, g, V, r, R, i, I, z, J, H, and K bands are presented, and the abilities of various colour pairs for breaking the age--metallicity degeneracy are quantified by an uncertainty parameter (UP) method. Our results suggest that a few pairs of colours can be used to constrain the two above stellar-population parameters. This will be very useful for exploring the stellar populations of distant galaxies. In detail, colour pairs [(r-K), (u-R)] and [(r-K), (u-r)] are shown to be the best pairs for estimating stellar ages and metallicities. They can constrain two stellar-population parameters on average with age uncertainties less than 3.89 Gyr and metallicity uncertainties less than 0.34 dex for typical uncertainties in colours. Some other colour pairs, such as [(R-K), (u-R)], [(I-K), (u-R)], [(R-K), (u-r)] and [(i-J), (u-R)], can possibly be used for constraining the two parameters, too. As a whole, our results suggest that colours relating to both UBVRIJHK and ugriz magnitudes are much better than either UBVRIJHK colours or ugriz colours for breaking the well-known degeneracy. The results also show that the stellar ages and metallicities of galaxies observed by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and the Two-Micron All-Sky Survey (2MASS) can be estimated via photometry data. It is also shown that the colours can be used in conjunction with line indices to measure stellar-population parameters.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 402, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00446", "text": "oxidative stress triggers dna and lipid peroxidation , leading to the formation of electrophiles that react with dna to form adducts . a product of this pathway , ( 3-(2-deoxy--d - erythro - pentofuranosyl)-pyrimido[1,2-]purine-10(3h)-one ) , or m1dg , is mutagenic in bacterial and mammalian cells and is repaired by the nucleotide excision repair pathway . in vivo , m1dg is oxidized to a primary metabolite , ( 3-(2-deoxy--d - erythro - pentofuranosyl)-pyrimido[1,2-]purine-6,10(3h,5h)-dione , or 6-oxo - m1dg , which is excreted in urine , bile , and feces . we have developed a specific monoclonal antibody against 6-oxo - m1dg and have incorporated this antibody into a procedure for the immunoaffinity isolation of 6-oxo - m1dg from biological matrices . the purified analyte is quantified by lc - ms / ms using a stable isotope - labeled analogue ( [ 15n5]-6-oxo - m1dg ) as an internal standard . healthy male sprague dawley rats excreted 6-oxo - m1dg at a rate of 3501893 fmol / kgd in feces . this is the first report of the presence of the major metabolite of m1dg in rodents without exogenous introduction of m1dg .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 340, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00447", "text": "For many real spin-glass materials, the Edwards-Anderson model with continuous-symmetry spins is more realistic than the rather better understood Ising variant. In principle, the nature of an occurring spin-glass phase in such systems might be inferred from an analysis of the zero-temperature properties. Unfortunately, with few exceptions, the problem of finding ground-state configurations is a non-polynomial problem computationally, such that efficient approximation algorithms are called for. Here, we employ the recently developed genetic embedded matching (GEM) heuristic to investigate the nature of the zero-temperature phase of the bimodal XY spin glass in two dimensions. We analyze bulk properties such as the asymptotic ground-state energy and the phase diagram of disorder strength vs. disorder concentration. For the case of a symmetric distribution of ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic bonds, we find that the ground state of the model is unique up to a global O(2) rotation of the spins. In particular, there are no extensive degeneracies in this model. The main focus of this work is on an investigation of the excitation spectrum as probed by changing the boundary conditions. Using appropriate finite-size scaling techniques, we consistently determine the stiffness of spin and chiral domain walls and the corresponding fractal dimensions. Most noteworthy, we find that the spin and chiral channels are characterized by two distinct stiffness exponents and, consequently, the system displays spin-chirality decoupling at large length scales. Results for the overlap distribution do not support the possibility of a multitude of thermodynamic pure states.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 315, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00448", "text": "objectiveseverity of obstructive sleep apnea ( osa ) has been associated with poorer glycemic control in type 2 diabetes . it is not known whether obstructive events during rapid eye movement ( rem ) sleep have a different metabolic impact compared with those during non - rem ( nrem ) sleep . treatment of osa is often limited to the first half of the night , when nrem rather than rem sleep predominates . we aimed to quantify the impact of osa in rem versus nrem sleep on hemoglobin a1c ( hba1c ) in subjects with type 2 diabetes.research design and methodsall participants underwent polysomnography , and glycemic control was assessed by hba1c.resultsour analytic cohort included 115 subjects ( 65 women ; age 55.2 9.8 years ; bmi 34.5 7.5 kg / m2 ) . in a multivariate linear regression model , rem apnea hypopnea index ( ahi ) was independently associated with increasing levels of hba1c ( p = 0.008 ) . in contrast , nrem ahi was not associated with hba1c ( p = 0.762 ) . the mean adjusted hba1c increased from 6.3% in subjects in the lowest quartile of rem ahi to 7.3% in subjects in the highest quartile of rem ahi ( p = 0.044 for linear trend ) . our model predicts that 4 h of continuous positive airway pressure ( cpap ) use would leave 60% of rem sleep untreated and would be associated with a decrease in hba1c by approximately 0.25% . in contrast , 7 h of cpap use would cover more than 85% of rem sleep and would be associated with a decrease in hba1c by as much as 1%.conclusionsin type 2 diabetes , osa during rem sleep may influence long - term glycemic control . the metabolic benefits of cpap therapy may not be achieved with the typical adherence of 4 h per night .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 431, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00449", "text": "The global colors of galaxies have recently been shown to follow bimodal distributions. Galaxies separate into a ``red sequence'', populated prototypically by early-type galaxies, and a ``blue cloud'', whose typical objects are late-type disk galaxies. Intermediate-type (Sa-Sbc) galaxies populate both regions. It has been suggested that this bimodality reflects the two-component nature of disk-bulge galaxies. However, it has now been established that there are two types of bulges: ``classical bulges'' that are dynamically hot systems resembling (little) ellipticals, and ``pseudobulges'', dynamically cold, flattened, disk-like structures that could not have formed via violent relaxation. Therefore thee question is whether at types Sa-Sbc, where both bulge types are found, the red-blue dichotomy separates galaxies at some value of disk-to-bulge ratio, $B/T$, or, whether it separates galaxies of different bulge type, irrespective of their $B/T$. We identify classical bulges and pseudobulges morphologically with HST images in a sample of nearby galaxies. Detailed surface photometry reveals that: (1) The red -- blue dichotomy is a function of bulge type: at the same $B/T$, pseudobulges are in globally blue galaxies and classical bulges are in globally red galaxies. (2) Bulge type also predicts where the galaxy lies in other (bimodal) global structural parameters. (3) Hence, the red -- blue dichotomy is not due to decreasing bulge prominence alone, and the bulge type of a galaxy carries significance for the galaxy's evolutionary history ... (Abridged)", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 341, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00450", "text": "We analyze the observations of the transient X-ray pulsar 4U 0115+63 with the RXTE and INTEGRAL observatories in a wide X-ray (3-100 keV) energy band during its intense outbursts in 1999 and 2004. The energy of the fundamental harmonic of the cyclotron resonance absorption line near the maximum of the X-ray flux from the source (luminosity range 5x10^{37} - 2x10^{38} erg/s) is ~11 keV. When the pulsar luminosity falls below ~5x10^{37} erg/s, the energy of the fundamental harmonic is displaced sharply toward the high energies, up to ~16 keV. Under the assumption of a dipole magnetic field configuration, this change in cyclotron harmonic energy corresponds to a decrease in the height of the emitting region by ~2 km, while other spectral parameters, in particular, the cutoff energy, remain essentially constant. At a luminosity ~7x10^{37} erg/s, four almost equidistant cyclotron line harmonics are clearly seen in the spectrum. This suggests that either the region where the emission originates is compact or the emergent spectrum from different (in height) segments of the accretion column is uniform. We have found significant pulse profile variations with energy, luminosity, and time. In particular, we show that the profile variations from pulse to pulse are not reduced to a simple modulation of the accretion rate specified by external conditions.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 311, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00451", "text": "In the last twenty years there has been significant progress in our understanding of quantum transport far from equilibrium and a conceptual framework has emerged through a combination of the Landauer approach with the non-equilibrium Green function (NEGF) method, which is now being widely used in the analysis and design of nanoscale devices. It provides a unified description for all kinds of devices from molecular conductors to carbon nanotubes to silicon transistors covering different transport regimes from the ballistic to the diffusive limit. In this talk I use a simple version of this model to analyze a specially designed device that could be called an electronic Maxwell's demon, one that lets electrons go preferentially in one direction over another. My objective is to illustrate the fundamental role of contacts and demons in transport and energy conversion. The discussion is kept at an academic level steering clear of real world details, but the illustrative devices we use are very much within the capabilities of present-day technology. For example, recent experiments on thermoelectric effects in molecular conductors agree well with the predictions from our model. The Maxwell's demon device itself is very similar to the pentalayer spin-torque device which has been studied by a number of groups though we are not aware of any discussion of the possibility of using the device as a nanoscale heat engine or as a refrigerator as proposed here. However, my objective is not to evaluate possible practical applications. Rather it is to introduce a simple transparent model showing how out-of-equibrium demons suitably incorporated into nanodevices can achieve energy conversion.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 313, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00452", "text": "1 Section 205(b), Emergency Price Control Act of 1942, 56 Stat. 23, 33, 50 U.S.C.App.Supp. III § 925(b), 50 U.S.C.A.Appendix, § 925(b). 2 See 7 Fed.Reg. 9732, 8 Fed.Reg. 13049, 17483. 3 The Circuit Court of Appeals seemed to proceed on the assumption, that in no instance did the ultimate price which was paid exceed the ceiling price. 4 The preceding part of the charge was: 'In order that there may be a crime here, there must have been an intent on the part of this defendant to commit that crime, which was to receive a price for the paper which he sold which was in excess of the ceiling price. Now, if actually there had been paid to him more than the ceiling price, but it was the intent and intention of all persons respecting it, not to accept that as the final price necessarily, but to accept it subject to adjustment which would be made upon the examination of the paper actually delivered and the establishment of the price set by law for that paper, that is, if they had the idea that the only price to be received was that which the law set for the paper actually delivered, and that actually was what was paid, then there was no intent on his part to break the law. But if he sold this paper to the dealer, the wholesale dealer for a price which was above the ceiling price, and that was the price that he intended to get, and if you find as a fact that the only reason he didn't get it was because he didn't get away with it and there was a discovery without his having intent to do the honest decent thing, and that was the only reason he didn't get it, still he would have had an intent to commit the crime and would have effectively committed it when he received above-ceiling price which he intended to receive, if he did so intend, and if the only reason that he didn't get the ceiling price was because he was found out.'", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 430, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00453", "text": "children exposed to substantial amounts of alcohol in utero display a broad range of morphological and behavioral outcomes , which are collectively referred to as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders ( fasds ) . common to all children on the spectrum are cognitive and behavioral problems that reflect central nervous system dysfunction . little is known , however , about the potential effects of variables such as sex on alcohol - induced brain damage . the goal of the current research was to utilize magnetoencephalography ( meg ) to examine the effect of sex on brain dynamics in adolescents and young adults with fasd during the performance of an auditory oddball task . the stimuli were short trains of 1 khz standard tone bursts ( 80% ) randomly interleaved with 1.5 khz target tone bursts ( 10% ) and novel digital sounds ( 10% ) . participants made motor responses to the target tones . results are reported for 44 individuals ( 18 males and 26 females ) ages 12 through 22 years . nine males and 13 females had a diagnosis of fasd and the remainder were typically - developing age- and sex - matched controls . the main finding was widespread sex - specific differential activation of the frontal , medial and temporal cortex in adolescents with fasd compared to typically developing controls . significant differences in evoked - response and time frequency measures of brain dynamics were observed for all stimulus types in the auditory cortex , inferior frontal sulcus and hippocampus . these results underscore the importance of considering the influence of sex when analyzing neurophysiological data in children with fasd .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 313, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00454", "text": "We present spectra for 33 previously unclassified white dwarf systems brighter than V = 17 primarily in the southern hemisphere. Of these new systems, 26 are DA, 4 are DC, 2 are DZ, and 1 is DQ. We suspect three of these systems are unresolved double degenerates. We obtained VRI photometry for these 33 objects as well as for 23 known white dwarf systems without trigonometric parallaxes, also primarily in the southern hemisphere. For the 56 objects, we converted the photometry values to fluxes and fit them to a spectral energy distribution using the spectroscopy to determine which model to use (i.e. pure hydrogen, pure helium, or metal-rich helium), resulting in estimates of effective temperature and distance. Eight of the new and 12 known systems are estimated to be within the NStars and Catalogue of Nearby Stars (CNS) horizons of 25 pc, constituting a potential 18% increase in the nearby white dwarf sample. Trigonometric parallax determinations are underway via CTIOPI for these 20 systems. One of the DCs is cool so that it displays absorption in the near infrared. Using the distance determined via trigonometric parallax, we are able to constrain the model-dependent physical parameters and find that this object is most likely a mixed H/He atmosphere white dwarf similar to other cool white dwarfs identified in recent years with significant absorption in the infrared due to collision-induced absorptions by molecular hydrogen.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 307, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00455", "text": "states to tax, but, as the Court points out, the Federal Government's area of taxation is also narrowed. The result of such holding is all the more serious because, unlike the consequences of holding a state tax invalid under the Commerce Clause, the prohibitions against taxing exports are, with a minor exception, permanent, absolute and unqualified. After today's ruling Congress itself can neither tax nor permit states to tax sales like the one here proscribed. To classify sales transactions as having occurred after exportation began therefore results in creating an island of constitutional tax immunity for a substantial proportion of the profitable business of the nation. Such a result not only grants tax immunity to many profitable businesses which share governmental protections from payment of their fair part of taxes; it also throws an unfair part of the tax burden on others. Since we cannot assume that the framers of the Constitution looked with favor on such consequences, we should, before classifying a transaction in such a way as to render a tax on it unconstitutional, give it the most careful factual scrutiny. We should not invalidate such a tax unless satisfied beyond doubt that it falls squarely and wholly within the area marked by the Constitution for tax exemption. 41 The economic consequences of such sales taxes are probably about the same as would flow from a property or severance tax applied to Richfield. For all three types of taxes would likely be reflected in an increased sales price of Richfield's oil. No one, I suppose, would think of saying that such a property or severance tax would be unconstitutional as a tax on exports. The reason would be that the taxable event clearly arose before and not after exportation began. This sales tax was no more applied after export had actually begun than a property or severance tax would have been. The tax was not even levied on an exporter or an exporter's agent or broker. Richfield was neither. Its sale of local California goods was negotiated and completed wholly in California. This purely intrastate sale transaction cannot properly be held to have lost its intrastate pre-exportation status by reason of the fact that the parties did not intend 'title to pass' until the oil was delivered at the purchaser's ship. For formal 'passage of title' is not an adequate criterion for measuring a state's constitutional power to tax sales made within the state. Private parties are free to decide, so far as their own interests are concerned, when legal title shall be considered to 'pass.' But a state surely is", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00456", "text": "We report discovery of a compact object at high Galactic latitude. The object was initially identified as a ROSAT All-Sky Survey Bright Source Catalog X-ray source, 1RXS J141256.0+792204, statistically likely to possess a high X-ray to optical flux ratio. Further observations using {\\em Swift}, Gemini-North, and the Chandra X-ray Observatory refined the source position and confirmed the absence of any optical counterpart to an X-ray to optical flux ratio of F_X/F_V > 8700 (3 sigma). Interpretation of 1RXS J141256.0+792204 -- which we have dubbed Calvera -- as a typical X-ray-dim isolated neutron star would place it at z ~ 5.1 kpc above the Galactic disk -- in the Galactic halo -- implying that it either has an extreme space velocity (v_z >~ 5100 km s-1) or has failed to cool according to theoretical predictions. Interpretations as a persistent anomalous X-ray pulsar, or a ``compact central object'' present conflicts with these classes' typical properties. We conclude the properties of Calvera are most consistent with those of a nearby (80 to 260 pc) radio pulsar, similar to the radio millisecond pulsars of 47 Tuc, with further observations required to confirm this classification. If it is a millisecond pulsar, it has an X-ray flux equal to the X-ray brightest millisecond pulsar (and so is tied for highest flux); is the closest northern hemisphere millisecond pulsar; and is potentially the closest known millisecond pulsar in the sky, making it an interesting target for X-ray-study, a radio pulsar timing array, and LIGO.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 355, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00457", "text": "We present constraints on the mean matter density, Omega_m, dark energy density, Omega_de, and the dark energy equation of state parameter, w, using Chandra measurements of the X-ray gas mass fraction (fgas) in 42 hot (kT>5keV), X-ray luminous, dynamically relaxed galaxy clusters spanning the redshift range 0.0515\\AA) constitute one of the most rapidly evolving galaxy populations over the last ~8 Gyr history of the universe. Due to their inherently compact sizes, any detailed quantitative analysis of their morphologies has proved to be difficult in the past. In this work we use the high angular resolution imaging data, from the HST/ACS GOODS survey, to study the quantitative morphology of a complete sample of LCGs in the redshift range 0.5 < z < 1.2. We have derived structural parameters for a representative sample of 39 LCGs selected from the GOODS-S field, using full 2-dimensional surface brightness profile fitting of the galaxy images in each of the four filters available. B-z color maps are used as an aid in the morphological classification. We then use the rest frame B band bulge flux fraction (B/T) to determine the morphological class of the galaxies. Mergers were essentially identified visually by the presence of multiple maxima of comparable intensity in the rest frame B band images, aided by the color maps to distinguish them from HII regions. We derive the following morphological mix for our sample of intermediate redshift LCGs: Mergers: ~36%, Disk dominated: ~22%, S0: ~20%, Early types: ~7%, Irr/tadpole: ~15%. We establish that our sample LCGs are intermediate mass objects with a median stellar mass of Log(M/M_{\\odot})=10.32. We also derive dust enshrouded SFR values ranging from a few to ~65 $M_{\\odot}$/year using Spitzer 24$\\mu m$ data. We estimate a factor ~11 fall in the comoving number density of blue LCGs from redshifts 0.5 < z < 1.2 to the current epoch. We finally discuss the evolutionary scenario of these LCGs which might give us some clues regarding their descendants in the local universe.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 447, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00464", "text": "native hawaiians and other pacific islanders ( nh / pi ; e.g. , samoan and chuukese ) have higher type 2 diabetes prevalence compared to other groups in hawaii . partners in care ( pic ) , a culturally tailored , community - based , diabetes self - management education intervention ( dsme ) , is effective at improving participants ' glycemic control and self - care behaviors . maintenance of improvements is challenging . diabetes - related social support groups ( ssg ) are a promising maintenance component for dsme . this study examined the effects of a diabetes - specific ssg component relative to a control group , after the receipt of the 3-month pic intervention , which was delivered to 47 adult nh / pi with type 2 diabetes . participants were then randomized to either a 3-month , 6-session ssg or a control group . hemoglobin a1c ( hba1c ) , blood pressure , triglycerides , cholesterol , and diabetes self - management knowledge and behaviors were assessed at baseline , 3 months , and 6 months . results indicated significant improvements in hba1c , diabetes - related self - management knowledge , and behaviors from baseline to 3-month assessment . however , no differences between the ssg and control group from 3-month to 6-month assessment suggest that all participants were able to maintain initial improvements . the ssg group had a significant decrease in systolic blood pressure from 3-month to 6-month assessment while the control group did not . study limitations and future directions are discussed .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 313, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00465", "text": "without just compensation.' U.S.Const. Amend. V. 7 See also, Albert Hanson Lumber Co. v. United States, 261 U.S. 581, 587, 43 S.Ct. 442, 444, 67 L.Ed. 809, for emphasis on the all-inclusiveness of the general Condemnation Act of August 1, 1888. 8 U.S.Const. Art. I, § 8, Cls. 7 and 18. 9 U.S.Const. Art. VI. 10 An appeal in Stockton v. Baltimore & N.Y.R. Co., supra, was dismissed in this Court, 140 U.S. 699, 11 S.Ct. 1028, 35 L.Ed. 603, and, in the meantime, Mr. Justice Bradley's statement was quoted with approval in Cherokee Nation v. Southern Kansas Ry. Co., 135 U.S. 641, 656, 10 S.Ct. 965, 970, 34 L.Ed. 295; See also, United States v. Gettysburg Electric Ry. Co., 160 U.S. 668, 681, 16 S.Ct. 427, 429, 40 L.Ed. 576; Luxton v. North River Bridge Co., 153 U.S. 525, 529, 530, 14 S.Ct. 891, 892, 38 L.Ed. 808. When Congress has wished to subordinate its selection of state lands to state approval it has done so by express provision. In the Weeks Forestry Act of March 1, 1911, 36 Stat. 961, 962, 43 Stat. 1215, 45 Stat. 1010, 48 Stat. 955, 16 U.S.C. § 516, 16 U.S.C.A. § 516, and the Migratory Bird Conservation Act of February 18, 1929, 45 Stat. 1222, 1223, 16 U.S.C. § 715f, 16 U.S.C.A. § 715f, the consent of the state legislature to the federal acquisition of land is made an express condition of the acceptance of such land. Such consent does not deprive the state of civil or criminal jurisdiction over the land. 36 Stat", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00466", "text": "classes of trade. To choose the tax of the state of origin presents at least some possibilities that the burden it imposes on its local trade, with which the interstate traffic does not compete, at any rate directly, will be heavier than that placed by the consuming state on its loc l business of the same character.' 42 Credit allowed for taxes paid elsewhere, see Henneford v. Silas Mason Co., 300 U.S. 577, 57 S.Ct. 524, 81 L.Ed. 814; General Trading Co. v. State Tax Commission, 322 U.S. 335, 64 S.Ct. 1028, 88 L.Ed. 1309, is a form of apportionment, though not the only one. 43 See also Gwin, White & Prince v. Henneford, 305 U.S. 434, 59 S.Ct. 325, 83 L.Ed. 272. 44 It is obvious that an apportioned tax laid by the forwarding state, taken in conjunction with an unapportioned one levied by the state of the market, would produce the effect of multiple state levies to the extent of the apportioned tax unless the apportionment were made by giving full credit for the other tax. In the latter event, of course, there would be no effect of multiple burden in the sense forbidden by the rule requiring apportionment and sustaining properly apportioned taxes. In the absence of a credit to the full amount of the marketing state's tax, he apportioned tax of the forwarding state, although making a cumulative burden, would impose only a reduced one as compared with an unapportioned tax by that state. 45 Cf. note 44. 46 See the 'use tax' cases: General Trading Co. v. State Tax Commission, 322 U.S. 335, 64 S.Ct. 1028, 88 L.Ed. 1309; Felt & Tarrant Mfg. Co. v. Gallagher, 306 U.S. 62, 59 S.Ct. 376, 83 L.Ed. 488; Nelson v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 312 U.S. 359, 61 S.Ct. 586, 85 L.Ed. 888, 132 A.L.R. 475; Nelson v. Montgomery Ward & Co., 312 U", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00467", "text": "The spiral galaxy NGC 6946 was observed in total intensity and linear polarization in five radio bands between 3cm and 21cm. At the inner edge of the inner gas spiral arm the ordered magnetic field is only mildly compressed and turns smoothly, to become aligned along the gas arm. Hence the field is not shocked and is probably connected to the warm, diffuse gas. At larger radii, two bright magnetic arms between the optical arms are visible in polarized intensity. The field in the northern magnetic arm is almost totally aligned. Faraday rotation measures (RM) in these arms are consistent with the superposition of two low azimuthal dynamo modes. Three more magnetic arms are discovered in the outer galaxy, located between HI arms. Due to strong Faraday depolarization the galaxy is not transparent to polarized waves at 18cm and 20cm. The large-scale asymmetry in depolarization with respect to the major axis may be another indication of large-scale helical fields. Three depolarization rings of almost zero polarization seen at 20cm are probably generated by differential Faraday rotation in HII complexes in NGC 6946 of 300-500 pc size. - In the gas/optical spiral arms, the total (mostly turbulent) magnetic field is amplified to \\simeq 20\\muG. Its energy density is \\simeq 10 times larger than that of the ionized gas and is similar to that of the turbulent gas motions in the inner galaxy. The magnetic energy exceeds that of the turbulent energy in the outer galaxy.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 317, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00468", "text": "G156.2+5.7 is a large supernova remnant (SNR) first discovered in the ROSAT X-ray survey but radio observations are rare because of its low surface brightness and large size. Radio continuum and polarization images of the SNR G156.2+5.7 at lambda 6 cm are presented for the first time to be discussed in the context with available data to investigate its physical properties. We obtained an integrated flux density for G156.2+5.7 of S6cm= 2.5+-0.5Jy. The spectral index of the integrated emission is alpha=-0.48+-0.08 between lambda 74 cm and 6 cm excluding compact radio sources. We also obtained a spectral index map, which shows little variation between the shells and the central area of the SNR. This is consistent with the constant integrated flux density spectrum. Highly polarized radio emission has been detected from the SNR shell, but also from a central patch, which probably originates in the front part of the spherical SNR shell. We derived the distribution of rotation measure from polarization data at 11 cm and 6 cm and found RM gradients of opposite direction in the SNR shell. The SNR G156.2+5.7 is unusual by its exceptionally high X-ray brightness and very low surface-brightness in the radio range. The magnetic field is very well ordered along the shell periphery as expected for a compressed ambient magnetic field. A toroidal magnetic field component is indicated by the RM distribution. (abridged)", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 318, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00469", "text": "the transportation or intercourse which is' the commerce itself and then to lay the tax on that incident, all interstate commerce could be subjected to state taxation and without regard to the substantial economic effects of the tax upon the commerce.' Nippert v. City of Richmond, 327 U.S. 416, 423, 66 S.Ct. 586, 589, 162 A.L.R. 844. 18 To say that this was not in substance a tax on gross receipts, because sales in St. Louis of goods made elsewhere were not taken into account in measuring the tax, is simply to ignore the fact that the tax did include all interstate sales of goods manufactured and all returns from them. That the local sales of goods brought in from other states were excepted does not mean either that those sales were interstate transactions (which it was not necessary to decide in view of their exemption) or that the sales out of state included in the measure were not interstate transactions; or that they were not, in substantial effect, taxed upon their gross returns by the measure, notwithstanding the tax was made legally to fall upon the privilege of manufacturing. The Adams decision purported to distinguish American Mfg. Co. v. City of St. Louis simply on the ground that the tax was not one laid on the taxpayer's sales or the income derived from them, but was a license fee for engaging in the manufacture which could be measured 'by the sales price of the goods produced rather than by their value at the date of manufacture.' 19 In addition to American Mfg. Co. v. City of St. Louis, 250 U.S. 459, 39 S.Ct. 522, 63 L.Ed. 1084, see Oliver Iron Mining Co. v. Lord, 262 U.S. 172, 43 S.Ct. 526, 67 L.Ed. 929; Hope Natural Gas Co. v. Hall, 274 U.S. 284, 47 S.Ct. 639, 71 L.Ed. 1049; Utah Power & Light Co. v. Pfost, 286 U.S. 165, 52 S.Ct. 548, 76 L.Ed. 1038. 20 Cf. Galveston, H. & S.A.R. Co. v. State of Texas, 210 U.S. 217, 227, 28 S.Ct. 638, 640,", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00470", "text": "313 U.S. 252, 61 S.Ct. 866, 85 L.Ed. 1313; International Harvester Co. v. Dept. of Treasury, 322 U.S. 340, 64 S.Ct. 1030, 88 L.Ed. 1313; Ford Motor Co. v. Dept. of Treasury, 323 U.S. 459, 65 S.Ct. 347, 89 L.Ed. 389. ee also General Trading Co. v. State Tax Commission, 322 U.S. 335, 64 S.Ct. 1028, 88 L.Ed. 1309; cf. Northwestern Airlines v. State of Minnesota, 322 U.S. 292, 64 S.Ct. 950, 88 L.Ed. 1283, 153 A.L.R. 245. 29 See, e.g., McGoldrick v. Berwind-White Co., 309 U.S. 33, 60 S.Ct. 388, 84 L.Ed. 565, 128 A.L.R. 876; Nelson v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 312 U.S. 359, 61 S.Ct. 586, 85 L.Ed. 888, 132 A.L.R. 475; General Trading Co. v. State Tax Commission, 322 U.S. 335, 64 S.Ct. 1028, 88 L.Ed. 1309; Western Live Stock v. Bureau of Revenue, 303 U.S. 250, 58 S.Ct. 546, 82 L.Ed. 823, 115 A.L.R. 944; Coverdale v. Arkansas-Louisiana Pile Line Co., 303 U.S. 604, 58 S.Ct. 736, 82 L.Ed. 1043; Department of Treasury of State of Indiana v. Ingram-Richardson Mfg. Co., 313 U.S. 252, 61 S.Ct. 866, 85 L.Ed. 1313. 30 Compare McGoldrick v. Berwind-White Co., 309 U.S. 33, 60 S.Ct. 388, 84 L.Ed. 565, 128 A.L.R. 876, with McLeod v. J. E. Dilworth, 322 U.S.", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00471", "text": "We investigate the influence of noise on a graph state generation scheme which exploits a mirror inverting spin chain. Within this scheme the spin chain is used repeatedly as an entanglement bus (EB) to create multi-partite entanglement. The noise model we consider comprises of each spin of this EB being exposed to independent local noise which degrades the capabilities of the EB. Here we concentrate on quantifying its performance as a single-qubit channel and as a mediator of a two-qubit entangling gate, since these are basic operations necessary for graph state generation using the EB. In particular, for the single-qubit case we numerically calculate the average channel fidelity and whether the channel becomes entanglement breaking, i.e., expunges any entanglement the transferred qubit may have with other external qubits. We find that neither local decay nor dephasing noise cause entanglement breaking. This is in contrast to local thermal and depolarizing noise where we determine a critical length and critical noise coupling, respectively, at which entanglement breaking occurs. The critical noise coupling for local depolarizing noise is found to exhibit a power-law dependence on the chain length. For two qubits we similarly compute the average gate fidelity and whether the ability for this gate to create entanglement is maintained. The concatenation of these noisy gates for the construction of a five qubit linear cluster state and a Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state indicates that the level of noise that can be tolerated for graph state generation is tightly constrained.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 310, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00472", "text": "The Variable Star One-shot Project (VSOP) is aimed at (1) providing the variability type and spectral type of all unstudied variable stars, (2) process, publish, and make the data available as automatically as possible, and (3) generate serendipitous discoveries. This first paper describes the project itself, the acquisition of the data, the dataflow, the spectroscopic analysis and the on-line availability of the fully calibrated and reduced data. We also present the results on the 221 stars observed during the first semester of the project. We used the high-resolution echelle spectrographs HARPS and FEROS in the ESO La Silla Observatory (Chile) to survey known variable stars. Once reduced by the dedicated pipelines, the radial velocities are determined from cross correlation with synthetic template spectra, and the spectral types are determined by an automatic minimum distance matching to synthetic spectra, with traditional manual spectral typing cross-checks. The variability types are determined by manually evaluating the available light curves and the spectroscopy. In the future, a new automatic classifier, currently being developed by members of the VSOP team, based on these spectroscopic data and on the photometric classifier developed for the COROT and Gaia space missions, will be used. We confirm or revise spectral types of 221 variable stars from the GCVS. We identify 26 previously unknown multiple systems, among them several visual binaries with spectroscopic binary individual components. We present new individual results for the multiple systems V349 Vel and BC Gru, for the composite spectrum star V4385 Sgr, for the T-Tauri star V1045 Sco, and for DM Boo which we re-classify as a BY Draconis variable. The complete data release can be accessed via the VSOP web site.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 364, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00473", "text": "We present a study of eegamma and mumugamma events using 1109 (1009) pb-1 of data in the electron (muon) channel, respectively. These data were collected with the D0 detector at the Fermilab Tevatron ppbar Collider at sqrt(s) = 1.96 TeV. Having observed 453 (515) candidates in the eegamma (mumugamma) final state, we measure the Zgamma production cross section for a photon with transverse energy ET > 7 GeV, separation between the photon and leptons Delta R(lgamma) > 0.7, and invariant mass of the di-lepton pair M(ll) > 30 GeV/c^2, to be 4.96 +/- 0.30(stat. + syst.) +/- 0.30(lumi.) pb, in agreement with the standard model prediction of 4.74 +/- 0.22 pb. This is the most precise Zgamma cross section measurement at a hadron collider. We set limits on anomalous trilinear Zgammagamma and ZZgamma gauge boson couplings of -0.085 < h(30)^(gamma) < 0.084, -0.0053 < h(40)^(gamma) < 0.0054 and -0.083 < h(30)^(Z) < 0.082, -0.0053 < h(40)^(Z) < 0.0054 at the 95% C.L. for the form-factor scale Lambda = 1.2 TeV.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 332, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00474", "text": "the major function of eukaryotic rna polymerase iii is to transcribe transfer rna , 5s ribosomal rna , and other small non - protein - coding rna molecules . assembly of the rna polymerase iii complex on chromosomal dna requires the sequential binding of transcription factor complexes tfiiic and tfiiib . recent evidence has suggested that in addition to producing rna transcripts , chromatin - assembled rna polymerase iii complexes may mediate additional nuclear functions that include chromatin boundary , nucleosome phasing , and general genome organization activities . this study provides evidence of another such extratranscriptional activity of assembled rna polymerase iii complexes , which is the ability to block progression of intergenic rna polymerase ii transcription . we demonstrate that the rna polymerase iii complex bound to the trna gene upstream of the saccharomyces cerevisiae atg31 gene protects the atg31 promoter against readthrough transcriptional interference from the upstream noncoding intergenic sut467 transcription unit . this protection is predominately mediated by binding of the tfiiib complex . when tfiiib binding to this trna gene is weakened , an extended sut467atg31 readthrough transcript is produced , resulting in compromised atg31 translation . since the atg31 gene product is required for autophagy , strains expressing the readthrough transcript exhibit defective autophagy induction and reduced fitness under autophagy - inducing nitrogen starvation conditions . given the recent discovery of widespread pervasive transcription in all forms of life , protection of neighboring genes from intergenic transcriptional interference may be a key extratranscriptional function of assembled rna polymerase iii complexes and possibly other dna binding proteins .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 346, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00475", "text": "The composition of the eta and eta' mesons has long been a source of discussion and is of current interest with new experimental results appearing. We investigate what can be learnt from a number of different processes: V to P gamma and P to V gamma (V and P are light vector and pseudoscalar mesons respectively), P to gamma gamma, J/psi,psi' to P gamma, J/psi,psi' to P V, and chi_{c0,2} to PP. These constrain the eta-eta' mixing angle to a consistent value, phi approx 42 degrees; we find that the c cbar components are lesssim 5% in amplitude. We also find that, while the data hint at a small gluonic component in the eta', the conclusions depend sensitively on unknown form factors associated with exclusive dynamics. In addition, we predict BR(psi' to eta' gamma) approx 1 10^{-5} and BR(chi_{c0} to eta eta') approx 2 10^{-5} - 1 10^{-4}. We provide a method to test the mixing using chi_{c2} to eta eta, eta' eta', and eta eta' modes and make some general observations on chi_{c0,2} decays. We also survey the semileptonic and hadronic decays of bottom and charmed mesons and find some modes where the mixing angle can be extracted cleanly with the current experimental data, some where more data will allow this, and some where a more detailed knowledge of the different amplitudes is required.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 326, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00476", "text": "in company filed with the Commission information and charts which it believed would satisfy the Commission's request. The Commission, however, returned that report to the company, because in it the company had not recognized that it was a statutory common carrier and had not compiled the report from that viewpoint. The company then requested a hearing before the Commission to determine its status. On December 14, 1942, and on reargument, June 12, 1944, the Commission decided that appellant is a common carrier subject to the provisions of the Act. After the Commission had issued its supplementary order of June 12, 1944, appellant petitioned the district court for an injunction against the order. In accordance with §§ 46 and 47 of Title 28 U.S.C., 28 U.S.C.A. §§ 46, 47, the district judge convened a three judge court, which heard the case and dismissed appellant's petition. 4 § 1. '(1) (That) the provisions of this act shall apply to common carriers engaged in—* * * '(b) The transportation of oil or other commodity, * * * by pipe line, * * * from one State * * * to any other State * * *. '(3) (a) The term 'common carrier' as used in this act shall include all pipeline companies; * * * express companies; sleeping-car companies; and all persons, natural or artificial, engaged in such transportation or transmission as aforesaid as common carriers for hire.' 41 Stat. 474, as amended, 48 Stat. 1102, 49 U.S.C. § 1, 49 U.S.C.A. § 1. The last words of § 1(3)(a), 'engaged in such transportation or transmission as aforesaid as common carriers for hire', do 'not affect the generality of the first clause as to pipe line companies.' Valvoline Oil Co. v. United States, 308 U.S. 141, 146, 60 S.Ct. 160, 162, 84 L.Ed. 151. 1 49 U.S.C. § 1, 49 U.S.C.A. § 1: '(1) * * * The provisions of this chapter shall apply to common carriers engaged in— '(b) The transportation of oil or other commodity, except water and except natural or artificial gas, by", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00477", "text": "anabolic androgenic steroids ( aass ) represent a large group of synthetic derivatives of testosterone , produced to maximize anabolic effects and minimize the androgenic ones . aas can be administered orally , parenterally by intramuscular injection and transdermally . androgens act by binding to the nuclear androgen receptor ( ar ) in the cytoplasm and then translocate into the nucleus . this binding results in sequential conformational changes of the receptor affecting the interaction between receptor and protein , and receptor and dna.skeletal muscle can be considered as the main target tissue for the anabolic effects of aas , which are mediated by ars which after exposure to aass are up - regulated and their number increases with body building . therefore , aass determine an increase in muscle size as a consequence of a dose - dependent hypertrophy resulting in an increase of the cross - sectional areas of both type i and type ii muscle fibers and myonuclear domains . moreover , it has been reported that aass can increase tolerance to exercise by making the muscles more capable to overload therefore shielding them from muscle fiber damage and improving the level of protein synthesis during recovery.despite some therapeutic use of aass , there is also wide abuse among athletes especially bodybuilders in order to improve their performances and to increase muscle growth and lean body mass , taking into account the significant anabolic effects of these drugs.the prolonged misuse and abuse of aass can determine several adverse effects , some of which may be even fatal especially on the cardiovascular system because they may increase the risk of sudden cardiac death ( scd ) , myocardial infarction , altered serum lipoproteins , and cardiac hypertrophy . the aim of this review is to focus on deaths related to aas abuse , trying to evaluate the autoptic , histopathological and toxicological findings in order to investigate the pathophysiological mechanism that underlines this type of death , which is still obscure in several aspects . the review of the literature allowed us to identify 19 fatal cases between 1990 and 2012 , in which the autopsy excluded in all cases , extracardiac causes of death .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 433, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00478", "text": "States have the same right to tax occupations which is possessed by the States. Now, suppose the United States should require every exporter to take out a license, for which he should pay such tax as Congress might think proper to impose; would government be permitted to shield itself from the just censure to which this attempt to evade the prohibitions of the constitution would expose it, by saying, that this was a tax on the person, not on the article, and that the legislature had a right to tax occupations?' 34 The prohibition contained in the Import-Export Clause against taxation on exports clearly involves more than a mere exemption from taxes laid specifically upon the exported goods themselves. That is true of the constitutional prohibition against federal taxes on exports. United States v. Hvoslef, supra. What was said there (237 U.S. at page 13, 35 S.Ct. at page 463, 59 L.Ed. 813, Ann.Cas.1916A, 286) is equally applicable here: 'If it meant no more than that, the obstructions to exportation which it was the purpose to prevent could readily be set up by legislation nominally conforming to the constitutional restriction, but in effect overriding it.' And see Anglo-Chilean Nitrate Sales Corporation v. State of Alabama, 288 U.S. 218, 53 S.Ct. 373, 77 L.Ed. 710. 35 We conclude that the tax which California has exacted from appellant is an impost upon an export within the meaning of Article I, Section 10, Clause 2, and is therefore unconstitutional. 36 Reversed. 37 Mr. Justice MURPHY took no part in the consideration or decision of this case. 38 Mr. Justice BLACK, dissenting. 39 Richfield Oil Corporation, while doing business in California, sold oil extracted from California soil. Its purchaser bought the oil to transport and use abroad. California, like many other states, raises a large proportion of its revenue by a generally applied tax on sales.1 The Court holds that application of the California sales tax to this transaction is a 'tax on exports' and therefore violates Article 1, Section 10, Clause 2 of the Federal Constitution. I cannot agree. 40 In Spalding & Bros. v. Edwards, 262 U.S. 66, 69, 43 S.Ct. 485, 486, 67 L.Ed", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00479", "text": "We present a method to construct semi-numerical ``simulations'', which can efficiently generate realizations of halo distributions and ionization maps at high redshifts. Our procedure combines an excursion-set approach with first-order Lagrangian perturbation theory and operates directly on the linear density and velocity fields. As such, the achievable dynamic range with our algorithm surpasses the current practical limit of N-body codes by orders of magnitude. This is particularly significant in studies of reionization, where the dynamic range is the principal limiting factor. We test our halo-finding and HII bubble-finding algorithms independently against N-body simulations with radiative transfer and obtain excellent agreement. We compute the size distributions of ionized and neutral regions in our maps. We find even larger ionized bubbles than do purely analytic models at the same volume-weighted mean hydrogen neutral fraction. We also generate maps and power spectra of 21-cm brightness temperature fluctuations, which for the first time include corrections due to gas bulk velocities. We find that velocities widen the tails of the temperature distributions and increase small-scale power, though these effects quickly diminish as reionization progresses. We also include some preliminary results from a simulation run with the largest dynamic range to date: a 250 Mpc box that resolves halos with masses M >~ 2.2 x10^8 M_sun. We show that accurately modeling the late stages of reionization requires such large scales. The speed and dynamic range provided by our semi-numerical approach will be extremely useful in the modeling of early structure formation and reionization.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 318, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00480", "text": "childhood obesity / underweight status and caries are both important public health problems . this study aims to investigate the caries status and its association with body weight in 8-year - old children in qingdao , china.materials and methods : we initiated a cross - sectional investigation on 744 children aged 8 years during the oral health survey in 2012 . dental caries assessments were carried out and weight status was recorded accordingly . the resulting caries status including caries prevalence , dmft ( deciduous dentition ) , and ( dmft + dmft ) ( mixed dentition ) , as well as bmi indices were analyzed for comparison and correlation.results:the prevalence of dental caries among the 744 children aged 8 years participating in this survey was 86.3% . the caries status represented by dmft ( deciduous dentition ) and ( dmft + dmft ) ( mixed dentition ) values was 4.31 and 4.85 , respectively , and the restoration rate was extremely low , which was no more than 3.0% . significant difference was found in dmft/(dmft + dmft ) values between different bmi groups , and underweight individuals were found to have the highest dmft/(dmft + dmft ) value . an inverse relationship between body bmi and dmft/(dmft + dmft ) index was identified based on pearson 's correlation.conclusions:a severe state of caries disease was revealed in 8-year - old children in the chinese city of qingdao , for whom urgent dental intervention and treatment were needed . furthermore , underweight individuals were found with the most severe caries experience , indicating caries may affect the development and growth of the afflicted children . thus , more emphasis should be placed on improving their dental health , with caries prevention being given the priority .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 378, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00481", "text": "cause loss, but it is not made illegal, arbitrary or capricious by that fact. 10 Lastly, and more importantly, the Court of Appeals suggested that in order to justify refusal to renew, the Commission should have made findings with respect to the quality of the station's service in the past and its equipment for good service in the future. Evidence of the station's adequate service was introduced at the hearing. The Commission on the other hand insists that in administering the Act it must rely upon the reports of licensees. It points out that this concealment was not caused by slight inadvertence nor was it an isolated instance, but that the Station carried on the course of deception for approximately twelve years. It says that in deciding whether the proposed operations would serve public interest, convenience or necessity, con ideration must be given to the character, background and training of all parties having an interest in the proposed license, and that it cannot be required to exercise the discretion vested in it to entrust the responsibilities of a licensee to an applicant guilty of a systematic course of deception. 11 We cannot say that the Commission is required as a matter of law to grant a license on a deliberately false application even if the falsity were not of this duration and character, nor can we say that refusal to renew the license is arbitrary and capricious under such circumstances. It may very well be that this Station has established such a standard of public service that the Commission would be justified in considering that its deception was not a matter that affected its qualifications to serve the public. But it is the Commission, not the courts, which must be satisfied that the public interest will be served by renewing the license. And the fact that we might not have made the same determination on the same facts does not warrant a substitution of judicial for administrative discretion since Congress has confided the problem to the latter. We agree that this is a hard case, but we cannot agree that it should be allowed to make bad law. 12 The judgment of the Court of Appeals is reversed and the case remanded to that court with direction to remand to the Commission. 13 Reversed and remanded with directions. 14 Mr. Justice BLACK took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 455, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00482", "text": "Two approaches for closing the turbulence subgrid-scale stress tensor in terms of matrix exponentials are introduced and compared. The first approach is based on a formal solution of the stress transport equation in which the production terms can be integrated exactly in terms of matrix exponentials. This formal solution of the subgrid-scale stress transport equation is shown to be useful to explore special cases, such as the response to constant velocity gradient, but neglecting pressure-strain correlations and diffusion effects. The second approach is based on an Eulerian-Lagrangian change of variables, combined with the assumption of isotropy for the conditionally averaged Lagrangian velocity gradient tensor and with the `Recent Fluid Deformation' (RFD) approximation. It is shown that both approaches lead to the same basic closure in which the stress tensor is expressed as the product of the matrix exponential of the resolved velocity gradient tensor multiplied by its transpose. Short-time expansions of the matrix exponentials are shown to provide an eddy-viscosity term and particular quadratic terms, and thus allow a reinterpretation of traditional eddy-viscosity and nonlinear stress closures. The basic feasibility of the matrix-exponential closure is illustrated by implementing it successfully in Large Eddy Simulation of forced isotropic turbulence. The matrix-exponential closure employs the drastic approximation of entirely omitting the pressure-strain correlation and other `nonlinear scrambling' terms. But unlike eddy-viscosity closures, the matrix exponential approach provides a simple and local closure that can be derived directly from the stress transport equation with the production term, and using physically motivated assumptions about Lagrangian decorrelation and upstream isotropy.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 322, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00483", "text": "The high-frequency peaked BL Lac PKS 2155-304 at redshift z=0.116 is a well-known VHE (>100 GeV) gamma-ray emitter. Since 2002 its VHE flux has been monitored using the H.E.S.S. stereoscopic array of imaging atmospheric-Cherenkov telescopes in Namibia. During the July 2006 dark period, the average VHE flux was measured to be more than ten times typical values observed from the object. This article focuses solely on an extreme gamma-ray outburst detected in the early hours of July 28, 2006 (MJD 53944). The average flux observed during this outburst is I(>200 GeV) = (1.72$\\pm$$0.05_{\\rm stat}$$\\pm$$0.34_{\\rm syst}$) $\\times$ 10$^{-9}$ cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$, corresponding to ~7 times the flux, I(>200 GeV), observed from the Crab Nebula. Peak fluxes are measured with one-minute time scale resolution at more than twice this average value. Variability is seen up to ~600 s in the Fourier power spectrum, and well-resolved bursts varying on time scales of ~200 seconds are observed. There are no strong indications for spectral variability within the data. Assuming the emission region has a size comparable to the Schwarzschild radius of a ~10$^9 M_\\odot$ black hole, Doppler factors greater than 100 are required to accommodate the observed variability time scales.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 324, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00484", "text": "In recent years, the availability of highly pure stable isotopes has made possible the investigation of the dependence of the physical properties of crystals, in particular semiconductors, on their isotopic composition. Following the investigation of the specific heat ($C_p$, $C_v$) of monatomic crystals such as diamond, silicon, and germanium, similar investigations have been undertaken for the tetrahedral diatomic systems ZnO and GaN (wurtzite structure), for which the effect of the mass of the cation differs from that of the anion. In this article we present measurements for a semiconductor with rock salt structure, namely lead sulfide. Because of the large difference in the atomic mass of both constituents ($M_{\\rm Pb}$= 207.21 and ($M_{\\rm S}$=32.06 a.m.u., for the natural isotopic abundance) the effects of varying the cation and that of the anion mass are very different for this canonical semiconductor. We compare the measured temperature dependence of $C_p \\approx C_v$, and the corresponding derivatives with respect to ($M_{\\rm Pb}$ and $M_{\\rm S}$), with \\textit{\\textit{ab initio}} calculations based on the lattice dynamics obtained from the local density approximation (LDA) electronic band structure. Quantitative deviations between theory and experiment are attributed to the absence of spin-orbit interaction in the ABINIT program used for the electronic band structure calculations.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 302, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00485", "text": "in elections under the National Labor Relations Act is therefore in accord with the principles which Congress indicated should be used in securing the fair and free choice of collective bargaining representatives. 12 Moreover, the rule in question is one that is peculiarly appropriate to the situations confronting the Board in these elections. In an atmosphere that may be charged with animosity, post-election challenges would tempt a losing union or an employer to make undue attacks on the elegibility of voters so as to delay the finality and statutory effect of the election results. Such challenges would also extend an opportunity for the inclusion of ineligible pro-union or anti-union men on the pay-roll list in the hope that they might escape challenge before voting, thereafter giving rise to a charge that the election was void because of their ineligibility and the possibility that they had voted with the majority and were a decisive factor. The privacy of the voting process, which is of great importance in the industrial world, would frequently be destroyed by post-election challenges. And voters would often incur union or employer disfavor through their reaction to the inquiries. 13 We are unable to say, therefore, that the Board's prohibition of post-election challenges is without justification in law or in reason. It gives a desirable and necessary finality to elections, yet affords all interested parties a reasonable period in which to challenge the eligibility of any voter. And an exception to the rule is recognized where the Board's agents or the parties benefiting from the Board's refusal to entertain the issue know of the voter's ineligibility and suppress the facts.6 The Board thus appears to apply the prohibition fairly and equitably in light of the realities involved. 14 The reliance of the court below upon the asserted jurisdictional requirement was misplaced. It is true that it is an unfair labor practice for an employer to refuse to bargain with a union only if that union was chosen by a majority of the voting employees. But the determination of whether a majority in fact voted for the un on must be made in accordance with such formal rules of procedure as the Board may find necessary to adopt in the sound exercise of its discretion. The rule prohibiting post-election challenges is one of those rules. When it is applied properly, it cannot deprive the Board of jurisdiction to find an unlawful failure to bargain collectivly. That is true even where it subsequently is ascertainable that some of the votes cast were in fact ineligible and that the result of the election might have been different had the truth previously been known", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00486", "text": "In the set of 236 GRB afterglows observed by Swift between January 2005 and March 2007, we identify 30 X-ray light-curves whose power-law fall-off exhibit a steepening (\"break\") at 0.1-10 day after trigger, to a decay steeper than t^{-1.5}. For most of these afterglows, the X-ray spectral slope and the decay indices before and after the break can be accommodated by the standard jet model although a different origin of the breaks cannot be ruled out. In addition, there are 27 other afterglows whose X-ray light-curves may also exhibit a late break to a steep decay, but the evidence is not that compelling. The X-ray emissions of 38 afterglows decay slower than t^{-1.5} until after 3 day, half of them exhibiting such a slow decay until after 10 day. Therefore, the fraction of well-monitored Swift afterglows with potential jet-breaks is around 60 percent, whether we count only the strongest cases for each type or all of them. This fraction is comparable to the 75 percent of pre-Swift afterglows whose optical light-curves displayed similar breaks at ~1 day. The properties of the prompt emission of Swift afterglows with light-curve breaks show the same correlations (peak energy of GRB spectrum with the burst isotropic output and with burst collimated output) as previously found for pre-Swift optical afterglows with light-curve breaks (the Amati and Ghirlanda relations, respectively). However, we find that Ghirlanda relation is largely a consequence of Amati's and that the use of the jet-break time leads to a stronger Ghirlanda correlation only when the few outliers to the Amati relation are included.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 371, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00487", "text": "A new kinematic and dynamic study of the halo of the giant elliptical galaxy, NGC 5128, is presented. From a spectroscopically confirmed sample of 340 globular clusters and 780 planetary nebulae, the rotation amplitude, rotation axis, velocity dispersion, and the total dynamical mass are determined for the halo of NGC 5128. The globular cluster kinematics were searched for both radial dependence and metallicity dependence by subdividing the globular cluster sample into 158 metal-rich ([Fe/H] > -1.0) and 178 metal-poor ([Fe/H] < -1.0) globular clusters. Our results show the kinematics of the metal-rich and metal-poor subpopulations are quite similar. The kinematics are compared to the planetary nebula population where differences are apparent in the outer regions of the halo. The total mass of NGC 5128 is found using the Tracer Mass estimator (Evans et al. 2003), to determine the mass supported by internal random motions, and the spherical component of the Jeans equation to determine the mass supported by rotation. We find a total mass of (1.0+/-0.2) x 10^(12) Msun from the planetary nebulae data out to a projected radius of 90 kpc and (1.3+/-0.5) x 10^(12) Msun from the globular clusters out to a projected radius of 50 kpc. Lastly, we present a new and homogeneous catalog of known globular clusters in NGC 5128. This catalog combines all previous definitive cluster identifications from radial velocity studies and HST imaging studies, as well as 80 new globular clusters from a study of M.A. Beasley et al. (2007, in preparation).", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 372, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00488", "text": "The nonlinear saturation of the r-mode instability and its effects on the spin evolution of Low Mass X-ray Binaries (LMXBs) are modeled using the triplet of modes at the lowest parametric instability threshold. We solve numerically the coupled equations for the three mode amplitudes in conjunction with the spin and temperature evolution equations. We observe that very quickly the mode amplitudes settle into quasi-stationary states. Once these states are reached, the mode amplitudes can be found algebraically and the system of equations is reduced from eight to two equations: spin and temperature evolution. Eventually, the system may reach thermal equilibrium and either (1) undergo a cyclic evolution with a frequency change of at most 10%, (2) evolve toward a full equilibrium state in which the accretion torque balances the gravitational radiation emission, or (3) enter a thermogravitational runaway on a very long timescale of about $10^6$ years. Alternatively, a faster thermal runaway (timescale of about 100 years) may occur. The sources of damping considered are shear viscosity, hyperon bulk viscosity and boundary layer viscosity. We vary proprieties of the star such as the hyperon superfluid transition temperature T_c, the fraction of the star that is above the threshold for direct URCA reactions, and slippage factor, and map the different scenarios we obtain to ranges of these parameters. For all our bound evolutions the r-mode amplitude remains small $\\sim 10^{-5}$. The spin frequency is limited by boundary layer viscosity to $\\nu_{max} \\sim 800 Hz [S_{ns}/(M_{1.4} R_6)]^{4/11} T_8^{-2/11}$. We find that for $\\nu > 700$ Hz the r-mode instability would be active for about 1 in 1000 LMXBs and that only the gravitational waves from LMXBs in the local group of galaxies could be detected by advanced LIGO interferometers.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 408, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00489", "text": "We have conducted an extensive wide-field imaging survey for Cepheid variables in the Local Group irregular galaxy WLM. From data obtained on 101 nights, we have discovered 60 Cepheids which include 14 of the 15 Cepheid variables previously detected by Sandage and Carlson. Down to a period of 3 days, our Cepheid survey in WLM should be practically complete. Importantly, we have found for the first time a long-period Cepheid (P=54.2 days) in this galaxy, alleviating the puzzle that WLM with its many blue, massive stars does not contain Cepheids with periods longer than about 10 days. Our data define tight period-luminosity relations in V, I and the reddening-free Wesenheit magnitude ${\\rm W}_{\\rm I}$ which are all extremely well fit by the corresponding slopes of the LMC Cepheid PL relation, suggesting no change of the PL relation slope down to a Cepheid metal abundance of about -1.0 dex, in agreement with other recent studies. We derive a true distance modulus to WLM of 25.144 $\\pm$0.03 (r) $\\pm$0.07 (s) mag from our data, in good agreement with the earlier 24.92 $\\pm$ 0.21 mag determination of Lee, Freedman and Madore (1993a) from Cepheid variables. The quoted value of the systematic uncertainty does not include the contribution from the LMC distance which we have assumed to be 18.50 mag, as in the previous papers in our project.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 335, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00490", "text": "3. The incident which gave rise to the accrual of the tax was a step in the export process. 30 Moreover, Brown v. State of Maryland, supra, rejected an argument that while a State could not tax imports, it could tax the privilege of selling imports. Chief Justice Marshall stated, 12 Wheat. at page 444, 6 L.Ed. 678: 31 'All must perceive, that a tax on the sale of an article, imported only for sale, is a tax on the article itself. It is true, the State may tax occupations generally, b t this tax must be paid by those who employ the individual, or is a tax on his business. The lawyer, the physician, or the mechanic, must either charge more on the article in which he deals, or the thing itself is taxed through his person. This the State has a right to do, because no constitutional prohibition extends to it. So, a tax on the occupation of an importer is, in like manner, a tax on importation. It must add to the price of the article, and be paid by the consumer, or by the importer himself, in like manner as a direct duty on the article itself would be made. This the State has not a right to do, because it is prohibited by the constitution.' 32 The same reasoning was applied to exports, 12 Wheat. at page 445, 6 L.Ed. 678: 33 'The States are forbidden to lay a duty on exports, and the United States are forbidden to lay a tax or duty on articles exported from any State. There is some diversity in language, but none is perceivable in the act which is prohibited. The United States have the same right to tax occupations which is possessed by the States. Now, suppose the United States should require every exporter to take out a license, for which he should pay such tax as Congress might think proper to impose; would government be permitted to shield itself from the just censure to which this attempt to evade the prohibitions of the constitution would expose it, by saying, that this was a tax on the person, not on the article, and that the legislature had a right to tax occupations?' 34 The prohibition contained in the Import-Export Clause against taxation on exports clearly involves more than a mere exemption from taxes laid specifically upon the exported goods themselves. That is true of the constitutional prohibition against federal taxes on exports. United States v", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00491", "text": ".A. §§ 342—350, and the balance of the original Act. The petition likewise relied upon the Declaration of Taking Act of February 26, 1931, 46 Stat. 1421, 40 U.S.C. §§ 258a—258e, 40 U.S.C.A. §§ 258a—258e; Third Deficiency Appropriation Act, fiscal year 1937, 50 Stat. 755, 773; Federal Public Buildings Appropriation Act of 1938, 52 Stat. 818; and the Reorganization Act of 1939, 53 Stat. 561, 5 U.S.C. § 133 et seq., 5 U.S.C.A. § 133 et seq., under which Reorganization Plan I was submitted to Congress and made effective July 1, 1939, 53 Stat. 813, 5 U.S.C. § 133s, 5 U.S.C.A. § 133s. 2 The right of the respondent to contest the condemnation turns upon the effect of the deeds, executed by certain of her ancestors in 1807 and 1820, pursuant to which this site long has been put to local public use. Her interest, turning largely on Missouri law, was upheld by the Circuit Court of Appeals, following the first trial, Carmack v. United States, 8 Cir., 135 F.2d 196, and, as we do not have to question that interest in order to reach our decision, we do not reexamine it. Board of Regents for Normal School Dist. No. 3 v. Painter, 102 Mo. 464, 14 S.W. 938, 10 L.R.A. 493; Mott v. Morris, 249 Mo. 137, 155 S.W. 434; and 25 Stat. 357, 40 U.S.C. § 258, 40 U.S.C.A. § 258. The proceeding to condemn the land being in rem, the jurisdiction of the court does not turn upon her participation in the case. Cf. United States v. Dunnington, 146 U.S. 338, 352, 13 S.Ct. 79, 83, 36 L.Ed. 996; In re Condemnation Suits by United States, D.C., 234 F. 443,", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00492", "text": ".Ct. 325, 328, 83 L.Ed. 272. Cf. Fargo v. State of Michigan, 121 U.S. 230, 7 S.Ct. 857, 30 L.Ed. 888, as explained in Western Live Stock v. Bureau of Revenue, 303 U.S. 250, 256, 58 S.Ct. 546, 549, 82 L.Ed. 823, 115 A.L.R. 944. (c) Those in which there was a discriminatory element in that they were directed exclusively 'at transportation or communication,' Lockhart, Gross Receipts Taxes on Transportation (1943) 57 Harv.L.Rev. 40, 65—66. Galveston, H. & S.A. Ry. v. State of Texas, 210 U.S. 217, 28 S.Ct. 638, 52 L.Ed. 1031, and cf. New Jersey Bell Tel. Co. v. State Tax Board, 280 U.S. 338, 50 S.Ct. 111, 74 L.Ed. 463. But see Nashville, C. & St. L. Ry. v. Browning, 310 U.S. 362, 60 S.Ct. 968, 84 L.Ed. 1254. In both the Galveston and New Jersey Telephone Company cases, although the taxable events all occurred within the taxing state, the possibility of multiple taxation was nevertheless present. ( ) Those in which there was no discrimination but a possible multiple burden. Fisher's Blend Station v. Tax Comm., supra, as explained in Western Live Stock v. Bureau of Revenue, 303 U.S. at pages 260, 261, 58 S.Ct. at pages 550, 551, 82 L.Ed. 823, 115 A.L.R. 944. (e) Those in which there was no discrimination, no apportionment and no possibility of multiple burden. Puget Sound Stevedoring Co. v. Tax Commission, 302 U.S. 90, 58 S.Ct. 72, 82 L.Ed. 68. This decision, it may be noted, might have been rested upon the clause of the Constitution forbidding the states to tax exports. Cf. Richfield Oil Corp. v. State Board of Equalization, 329 U.S. 69,", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00493", "text": "We investigate the evolution of binary fractions in star clusters using N-body models of up to 100000 stars. Primordial binary frequencies in these models range from 5% to 50%. Simulations are performed with the NBODY4 code and include a full mass spectrum of stars, stellar evolution, binary evolution and the tidal field of the Galaxy. We find that the overall binary fraction of a cluster almost always remains close to the primordial value, except at late times when a cluster is near dissolution. A critical exception occurs in the central regions where we observe a marked increase in binary fraction with time -- a simulation starting with 100000 stars and 5% binaries reached a core binary frequency as high as 40% at the end of the core-collapse phase (occurring at 16 Gyr with ~20000 stars remaining). Binaries are destroyed in the core by a variety of processes as a cluster evolves, but the combination of mass-segregation and creation of new binaries in exchange interactions produces the observed increase in relative number. We also find that binaries are cycled into and out of cluster cores in a manner that is analogous to convection in stars. For models of 100000 stars we show that the evolution of the core-radius up to the end of the initial phase of core-collapse is not affected by the exact value of the primordial binary frequency (for frequencies of 10% or less). We discuss the ramifications of our results for the likely primordial binary content of globular clusters.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 303, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00494", "text": "We explicitly construct the fully back-reacted half-BPS solutions in Type IIB supergravity which are dual to Wilson loops with 16 supersymmetries in $\\mathcal{N}=4$ super Yang-Mills. In a first part, we use the methods of a companion paper to derive the exact general solution of the half-BPS equations on the space $AdS_2 \\times S^2 \\times S^4 \\times \\Sigma$, with isometry group $SO(2,1)\\times SO(3) \\times SO(5)$ in terms of two locally harmonic functions on a Riemann surface $\\Sigma$ with boundary. These solutions, generally, have varying dilaton and axion, and non-vanishing 3-form fluxes. In a second part, we impose regularity and topology conditions. These non-singular solutions may be parametrized by a genus $g \\geq 0$ hyperelliptic surface $\\Sigma$, all of whose branch points lie on the real line. Each genus $g$ solution has only a single asymptotic $AdS_5 \\times S^5$ region, but exhibits $g$ homology 3-spheres, and an extra $g$ homology 5-spheres, carrying respectively RR 3-form and RR 5-form charges. For genus 0, we recover $AdS_5 \\times S^5$ with 3 free parameters, while for genus $g \\geq 1$, the solution has $2g+5$ free parameters. The genus 1 case is studied in detail. Numerical analysis is used to show that the solutions are regular throughout the $g=1$ parameter space. Collapse of a branch cut on $\\Sigma$ subtending either a homology 3-sphere or a homology 5-sphere is non-singular and yields the genus $g-1$ solution. This behavior is precisely expected of a proper dual to a Wilson loop in gauge theory.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 412, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00495", "text": "A study of the $p d \\to p d \\eta$ reaction in the energy range where the recent data from Uppsala are available, is done in the two-step model of $\\eta$ production including the final state interaction. The $\\eta -d$ final state interaction is incorporated through the solution of the Lippmann Schwinger equation using an elastic scattering matrix element, $T_{\\eta d \\to \\eta d}$, which is required to be half off-shell. It is written in a factorized form, with an off-shell form factor multiplying an on-shell part given by an effective range expansion up to the fourth power in momentum. The parameters of this expansion have been taken from an existing recent relativistic Faddeev equation solution for the $\\eta NN$ system corresponding to different $\\eta-N$ scattering amplitudes. Calculations have also been done using few body equations within a finite rank approximation (FRA) to generate $T_{\\eta d \\to \\eta d}$. The $p-d$ final state interaction is included in the spirit of the Watson-Migdal prescription by multiplying the matrix element by the inverse of the Jost function. The $\\eta-d$ interaction is found to be dominant in the region of small invariant $\\eta -d$ mass, $M_{\\eta d}$. The $p-d$ interaction enhances the cross section in the whole region of $M_{\\eta d}$, but is larger for large $M_{\\eta d}$. We find nearly isotropic angular distributions of the proton and the deuteron in the final state. All the above observations are in agreement with data. The production mechanism for the entire range of the existing data on the $p d \\to p d \\eta$ reaction seems to be dominated by the two-step model of $\\eta$ production.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 376, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00496", "text": "objectiveaneurysms arising from the pericallosal artery ( pa ) are uncommon and challenging to treat . the aim of this study was to report our experiences of the endovascular treatment of ruptured pa aneurysms.methodsfrom september 2003 to december 2013 , 30 ruptured pa aneurysms in 30 patients were treated at our institution via an endovascular approach . procedural data , clinical and angiographic results were retrospectively reviewed.resultsregarding immediate angiographic control , complete occlusion was achieved in 21 ( 70.0% ) patients and near - complete occlusion in 9 ( 30.0% ) . eight procedure - related complications occurred , including intraprocedural rupture and early rebleeding in three each , and thromboembolic event in two . at last follow - up , 18 patients were independent with a modified rankin scale ( mrs ) score of 0 - 2 , and the other 12 were either dependent or had expired ( mrs score , 3 - 6 ) . adjacent hematoma was found to be associated with an increased risk of poor clinical outcome . seventeen of 23 surviving patients underwent follow - up conventional angiography ( mean , 16.5 months ) . results showed stable occlusion in 14 ( 82.4% ) , minor recanalization in two ( 11.8% ) , and major recanalization , which required recoiling , in one ( 5.9%).conclusionour experiences demonstrate that endovascular treatment for a ruptured pa aneurysms is both feasible and effective . however , periprocedural rebleedings were found to occur far more often ( 20.0% ) than is generally suspected and to be associated with preoperative contrast retention . analysis showed existing adjacent hematoma is predictive of a poor clinical outcome .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 386, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00497", "text": "Arguments showing that exchange-only optimized effective potential (xOEP) methods, with finite basis sets, cannot in general yield the Hartree-Fock (HF) ground state energy, but a higher one, are given. While the orbital products of a complete basis are linearly dependent, the HF ground state energy can only be obtained via a basis set xOEP scheme in the special case that all products of occupied and unoccupied orbitals emerging from the employed orbital basis set are linearly independent from each other. In this case, however, exchange potentials leading to the HF ground state energy exhibit unphysical oscillations and do not represent a Kohn-Sham (KS) exchange potential. These findings solve the seemingly paradoxical results of Staroverov, Scuseria and Davidson that certain finite basis set xOEP calculations lead to the HF ground state energy despite the fact that within a real space (or complete basis) representation the xOEP ground state energy is always higher than the HF energy. Moreover, whether or not the occupied and unoccupied orbital products are linearly independent, it is shown that basis set xOEP methods only represent exact exchange-only (EXX) KS methods, i.e., proper density-functional methods, if the orbital basis set and the auxiliary basis set representing the exchange potential are balanced to each other, i.e., if the orbital basis is comprehensive enough for a given auxiliary basis. Otherwise xOEP methods do not represent EXX KS methods and yield unphysical exchange potentials.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 303, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00498", "text": "We address the inverse problem of cosmic large-scale structure reconstruction from a Bayesian perspective. For a linear data model, a number of known and novel reconstruction schemes, which differ in terms of the underlying signal prior, data likelihood, and numerical inverse extra-regularization schemes are derived and classified. The Bayesian methodology presented in this paper tries to unify and extend the following methods: Wiener-filtering, Tikhonov regularization, Ridge regression, Maximum Entropy, and inverse regularization techniques. The inverse techniques considered here are the asymptotic regularization, the Jacobi, Steepest Descent, Newton-Raphson, Landweber-Fridman, and both linear and non-linear Krylov methods based on Fletcher-Reeves, Polak-Ribiere, and Hestenes-Stiefel Conjugate Gradients. The structures of the up-to-date highest-performing algorithms are presented, based on an operator scheme, which permits one to exploit the power of fast Fourier transforms. Using such an implementation of the generalized Wiener-filter in the novel ARGO-software package, the different numerical schemes are benchmarked with 1-, 2-, and 3-dimensional problems including structured white and Poissonian noise, data windowing and blurring effects. A novel numerical Krylov scheme is shown to be superior in terms of performance and fidelity. These fast inverse methods ultimately will enable the application of sampling techniques to explore complex joint posterior distributions. We outline how the space of the dark-matter density field, the peculiar velocity field, and the power spectrum can jointly be investigated by a Gibbs-sampling process. Such a method can be applied for the redshift distortions correction of the observed galaxies and for time-reversal reconstructions of the initial density field.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 354, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00499", "text": "In most theories of gravity involving torsion, the source for torsion is the intrinsic spin of matter. Since the spins of fermions are normally randomly oriented in macroscopic bodies, the torsion generated is normally negligible. However, in a recent paper, Mao et al. point out that there is a class of theories in which the angular momentum of macroscopic spinning bodies generates a significant amount of torsion. They argue that by the principle of action equals reaction, one would expect the angular momentum of test bodies to couple to a background torsion field, and therefore the precession of the GPB gyroscopes should be affected in these theories by the torsion generated by the Earth. We show that in fact the principle of action equals reaction does not apply to these theories. We examine in detail a generalization of the Hayashi-Shirafuji theory suggested by Mao et al. called Einstein-Hayashi-Shirafuji theory. There are a variety of different versions of this theory, depending on the precise form of the coupling to matter chosen for the torsion. We show that for any coupling to matter that is compatible with the spin transport equation postulated by Mao et al., the theory has either ghosts or an ill-posed initial value formulation. These theoretical problems can be avoided by specializing the parameters of the theory and in addition choosing the standard minimal coupling to matter of the torsion tensor. This yields a consistent theory, but one in which the action equals reaction principle is violated, and in which the angular momentum of the gyroscopes does not couple to the Earth's torsion field. Thus, the Einstein-Hayashi-Shirafuji theory does not predict a detectable torsion signal for Gravity Probe B. There may be other torsion theories which do.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 356, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00500", "text": "The ACS Survey of Galactic Globular Clusters, an HST Treasury Project, will deliver high quality, homogeneous photometry of 65 globular clusters. This paper introduces a new collection of stellar evolution tracks and isochrones suitable for analyzing the ACS Survey data. Stellar evolution models were computed at [Fe/H]= -2.5, -2.0, -1.5, -1.0, -0.5, and 0; [alpha/Fe]= -0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8; and three initial He abundances for masses from 0.1 to 1.8 Msun and ages from 2 to 15 Gyr. Each isochrone spans a wide range in luminosity from Mv~14 up to the tip of the red giant branch. These are complemented by a set of He-burning tracks that extend from the zero age horizontal branch to the onset of thermal pulsations on the asymptotic giant branch. In addition, a set of computer programs are provided that make it possible to interpolate the isochrones in [Fe/H], generate luminosity functions from the isochrones, and create synthetic horizontal branch models. The tracks and isochrones have been converted to the observational plane with two different color-Teff transformations, one synthetic and one semi-empirical, in ground-based B, V, and I, and F606W and F814W for both ACS-WFC and WFPC2 systems. All models and programs presented in this paper are available from http://stellar.dartmouth.edu/~models/", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 338, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00501", "text": ". The Act provides that it is only 'whenever an invention * * * shall be manufactured * * * for the United States, with license from the owner thereof * * *.' and the department head believes the stipulated royalties to be unreasonable, that the latter shall give 'written notice of such fact to the licensor and to the licensee.' It is only after such notice that the department head may fix 'fair and just' royalties, and only'such licensee' who is forbidden to pay additional amounts as royalties, and only'such licensor' who is relegated to the Court of Claims.9 Conversely, if the putative invention is manufactured without license, or if the putative patentee is not actually the owner, these powers and disabilities do not arise. E en Order No. W—3 does not refer to T 79 transfer cases as such. It forbids the payment of royalties only on transfer cases 'under' this license, or any license pursuant to this patent 'which embody * * * the * * * alleged inventions.' Again, if the T—79s are not 'under' the Alma-Timken license, or if they do not 'embody' Alma's patented claim, then the Order expressly leaves Alma's and Timken's rights and remedies unaffected. 17 Consequently, coverage of the T—79s, as well as constitutionality of the Act and Order, was a crucial issue in deciding the jurisdiction of the Circuit Court of Appeals. If they are covered, the Act and Order apply, and it was then necessary to decide constitutionality in order to determine whether the court could proceed to a judgment on the merits. If the T—79s are not covered, the Act and Order manifestly do not apply, and the court could proceed to a judgment on the merits, whether the Act and Order are constitutional or not. In that event, of course, no constitutional question would be decided. 18 The Circuit Court of Appeals may have thought that the applicability of the Act and Order turn not on actual coverage, but on a claim of coverage, and hence that applicability was undisputed and only constitutionality was pertinent to jurisdiction in this case. Such construction is said to have some support in cases like Smithers v. Smith, 204 U.S. 632, 27 S.Ct. 297, 51 L.Ed. 656, and Bell v. Hood, 327 U.S. 678,", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00502", "text": "In this paper we continue to pursue a goal of finding an effective theory for high energy interaction in QCD based on the colour dipole approach, for which the BFKL Pomeron Calculus gives a low energy limit. The key problem, that we try to solve in this paper is the probabilistic interpretation of the BFKL Pomeron Calculus in terms of the colourless dipoles and their interactions. We demonstrate that the BFKL Pomeron Calculus has two equivalent descriptions : (i) one is the generating functional which gives a clear probabilistic interpretation of the processes of high energy scattering and also provides a Hamiltonian-like description of the system of interacting dipoles; (ii) the second is the Langevin equation with a specific noise term which is rather complicated. We found that at high energies this Langevin equation can be reduced to the Langevin equation for directed percolation in the momentum space if the impact parameter is large, namely, $b>> 1/k$, where $k$ is the transverse momentum of a dipole. Unfortunately, this simplified form of Langevin equation is not applicable for summation of Pomeron loops, where one integrates over all possible values of impact parameter. We show that the BFKL Pomeron calculus with two vertices (splitting $P\\to P+P$ and merging $P+P\\to P$ of Pomerons) can be interpreted as a system of colourless dipoles with two processes: the decay of one dipole into two and the merging of two dipoles into one dipole. However, a number of assumptions we have to make on the way to simplify the noise term in the Langevin equation and/or to apply the probabilistic interpretation, therefore, we can consider both of these approaches in the present form only as the QCD motivated models.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 376, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00503", "text": "of what is meant by the equivalent of an ingredient of a combination of old elements. Gill v. Wells, 22 Wall. 1, 28, 29, 22 L.Ed. 699. Fuller v. Yentzer, 94 U.S. 288, 297, 298, 24 L.Ed. 103. It is quite consistent with this strict interpretation of patents for machines which combine old elements to require clear description in combination claims. This view, clearly expressed in Gill v. Wells, supra, is that 15 'Where the ingredients are all old the invention * * * consists entirely in the combination, and the requirement of the Patent Act that the invention shall be fully and exactly described applies with as much force to such an invention as to any other class, because if not fulfilled all three of the great ends intended to be accomplished by that requirement would be defeated. * * * (1.) That the Government may know what they have granted and what will become public property when the term of the monopoly expires. (2.) That licensed persons desiring to practice the invention may know, during the term, how to make, construct, and use the invention. (3.) That other inventors may know what part of the field of invention is unoccupied. 16 'Purposes such as these are of great importance in every case, but the fulfillment of them is never more necessary than when such inquiries arise in respect to a patent for a machine which consists of a combination of old ingredients. Patents of that kind are much more numerous than any other, and consequently it is of the greatest importance that the description of the combination, which is the invention, should be full, clear, concise, and exact.' Gill v. Wells, supra, 22 Wall. at pages 25, 26, 22 L.Ed. 699. 17 These principles were again emphasized in Merrill v. Yeomans, 94 U.S. 568, 570, 24 L.Ed. 235, where it was said that '* * * in cases where the invention is a new combination of old devices, he (the patentee) is bound to describe with particularity all these old devices, and then the new mode of combining them, for which he desires a patent.' This view has most recently been reiterated in General Electric Co. v. Wabash Appliance Corporation, supra, 304 U.S. at pages", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00504", "text": "We describe the derivation of the InterHourly Variability (IHV) index of geomagnetic activity. The IHV-index for a geomagnetic element is mechanically derived from hourly values as the sum of the unsigned differences between adjacent hours over a seven-hour interval centered on local midnight. The index is derived separately for stations in both hemispheres within six longitude sectors using only local night hours. It is intended as a long-term index. Available data allows derivation of the index back well into the 19th century. On a time scale of a 27-day Bartels rotation, IHV averages for stations with corrected geomagnetic latitude less than 55 degrees are strongly correlated with midlatitude range indices. Assuming a constant calibration of the aa-index we find that observed yearly values of aa before the year 1957 are 2.9 nT too small compared to values calculated from IHV using the regression constants based on 1980-2004. We interpret this discrepancy as an indication that the calibration of the aa index is in error before 1957. There is no such problem with the ap index. Rotation averages of IHV are also strongly correlated with solar wind parameters (BV^2). On a time scale of a year combining the IHV-index and the recently-developed Inter-Diurnal Variability (IDV) index (giving B) allows determination of solar wind speed, V, from 1890-present. Over the ~120-year series, the yearly mean solar wind speed varied from a low of 303 km/s in 1902 to a high value of 545 km/s in 2003. The calculated yearly values of the product BV using B and V separately derived from IDV and IHV agree quantitatively with (completely independent) BV derived from the amplitude of the diurnal variation of the H component in the polar caps since 1926 and sporadically beyond.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 387, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00505", "text": ", 203 Cal. 139, 263 P. 522. See Report to the Judicial Conference of the Committee on the Selection of Jurors (1942), 23. Subordination of the need for women on federal juries to the availability of physical accommodations for them is a tacit recognition that no fundamental infraction of the rights of litigants is involved in the continuance of exclusively male juries. 36 In some employments, women are distinguished from men, as a matter of law, in connection with their hours and conditions of work. West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish, 300 U.S. 379, 57 S.Ct. 578, 81 L.Ed. 703, 108 A.L.R. 1330. These distinctions are due to considerations not applicable to jury service. The general and increasing absence of sound reasons for distinctions between men and women in matters of suffrage, office holding, education, economic status, civil liberties, church membership, cultural activities, and even war service, emphasizes the lack of reason for making a point of the presence or absence of either sex, as such, on either grand or petit juries. See Miller, The Woman Juror (1922), 2 Ore.L.Rev. 30, 40. 37 By a general practice of not calling women for jury duty although eligible for such duty, the state courts of California, in effect, have granted women a substantial exemption from that duty. People v. Parman, 14 Cal.2d 17, 92 P.2d 387; People v. Shannon, supra. See United States v. Ballard, D.C., 35 F.Supp. 105, 107. The California courts thus have treated men and women as equally qualified and have assumed that litigants will have an adequate impartial jury, regardless of the sex of the jurors, provided the jurors otherwise are qualified to serve. Cf. Hyde v. United States, 225 U.S. 347, 374, 32 S.Ct. 793, 804, 56 L.Ed. 1114, Ann.Cas.1914A, 614; Agnew v. United States, 165 U.S. 36, 44, 17 S.Ct. 235, 238, 41 L.Ed. 624. While such a state practice is not binding upon the federal courts as a", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00506", "text": "We report on detections of the high-excitation CO J=6-5, J=4-3 lines in Mrk231, a prototypical Ultra Luminous Infrared Galaxy (ULIRG) and Seyfert 1 QSO. These observations are combined with CO J=3-2, HCN J=4-3 (this work), and CO J=2-1, J=1-0, 13CO J=2-1, HCN J=1-0 measurements taken from the literature to provide better constraints on the properties of the molecular gas in an extreme starburst/QSO in the local Universe. We find that the CO J=4-3 and J=6-5 transitions trace a different gas phase from that dominating the lower three CO transitions, with n(H_2) ~ (1-3)x10^4 cm-3 and Tk ~ (40-70) K. This phase is responsible for the luminous HCN emission, and contains most of the H2 gas mass of this galaxy. The total CO line cooling emanating from this dense phase is found similar to that of the [CII] line at 158 micron, suggesting a very different thermal balance to that seen in lower IR-luminosity galaxies, and one likely dominated by dense photon-dominated regions. Our dense \"sampling\" of the CO rotational ladder and the HCN lines enables us to produce well-constrained Spectral Line Energy Distributions (SLEDs) for the dense molecular gas in Mrk231 and compare them to those of high redshift starbursts, many of which have SLEDs that may be affected by strong lensing. Finally, we use our local molecular line excitation template to assess the capabilities of future cm and mm/sub-mm arrays in detecting CO and HCN transitions in similar systems throughout the local and distant universe.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 382, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00507", "text": "329 U.S. 304 67 S.Ct. 313 91 L.Ed. 308 EAGLES, Post Commanding Officer, Fort Dix, N.J.,v.UNITED STATES ex rel. SAMUELS. No. 59. Argued Nov. 21, 1946. Decided Dec. 23, 1946. Mr.Irving S. Shapiro, of Washington, D.C., for petitioner. Mr. Meyer Kreeger, of New York City, for respondent. Mr. Justice DOUGLAS delivered the opinion of the Court. 1 Samuels registered under the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940,1 as amended, and thereafter claimed exemption from military service under § 5(d) of the Act. That exemption includes not only regular or duly ordained ministers of religion but also 'Students who are preparing for the ministry in theological or divinity schools recognized as such for more than one year prior' to the Act. He was classified I—A and inducted into the Army. Thereafter he filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in the District Court, seeking release from military custody on the ground that he was entitled to an exemption under § 5(d) of the Act and that his classification as I—A was unlawful. There was a return and a hearing, and the District Court ordered the writ dismissed. On appeal the Circuit Court of Appeals, in reliance on United States ex rel. Levy v. Cain, 2 Cir., 149 F.2d 338, reversed and remanded the cause to the District Court with directions to 'discharge' Samuels 'From military custoday, without prejudice to further lawful proceedings under the Selective Service Act'. United States ex rel. Samuels v. Pearson, 3 Cir., 151 F.2d 801, 802. 2 The case is here on a petition for a writ of certiorari which we granted in order to resolve the conflict between the decision below and United States ex rel. Goodman v. Hearn, 153 F.2d 186, in the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals. 3 First. A question of mootness lies at the threshold of the case presented here. We are advised that after remand of the cause the District Court ordered the release of Samuels and that he was thereupon unconditionally released from military custody. Samuels contends that the case is moot since", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00508", "text": "or impede the free flow of interstate trade,39 discrimination alone, without regard to showing or further consequences, has been held consistently to be sufficient for outlawing the tax. 45 This too I accept. For discrimination not only is ordinarily itself invidious treatment, but has an obvious tendency toward blocking or impeding the commerce, if not always the actual effect of doing so. Nor is the discriminatory tendency or effect lessened because it results from cumulation of tax burdens rather than from a single tax producing the same consequence. To allow both states to tax 'to the fullest extent' would produce the invidious sort of barrier or impediment the commerce clause was designed to stop. But the bare power of another state to tax unexercised does not produce such results. It only opens the way for them to be produced. This danger is not fanciful but real, more especially in a time when new sources of revenue constantly are being sought. Accordingly, I agree that this door should not be opened. 46 But it is not necessary to go as far as the Adams case went, or as the decision not rendered goes, in order to prevent the anticipated deluge. There is no need to give interstate commerce a haven of refuge from taxation, albeit of gross receipts or from 'direct' incidence, in order to safeguard it from evils against which the commerce clause is designedly protective. Less broad and absolute alternatives are available and are adequate for the purpose of protection without creating the evils of total exemption. 47 The alternative methods available for avoiding the multiple state tax burden may now be stated. They are: (1) To apply the Adams ruling, stopping such taxes at the source, unless the tax is apportioned, thus eliminating the cumulative burdens;40 (2) To rule that either the state of origin or the state of market, but not both, can levy the exaction; (3) To determine factually in each case whether application of the tax can be made by one state without incurring actual danger of its being made in another or the risk of real uncertainty whether in fact it will be so made. 48 The Adams solution is not unobjectionable, for reasons already set forth. To deprive either state, whether of origin or of market, of the power to lay the tax, permitting the other to do so, has the vice of allowing one state to tax but denying this power to the other when neither may be as much affected by", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00509", "text": "We present high-resolution observations made with the Very Large Array (VLA) in its A configuration at frequencies between 5 and 43 GHz of a sample of five massive young stellar objects (YSOs): LkHa101, NGC2024-IRS2, S106-IR, W75N and S140-IRS1. The resolution varied from 0.04 arcsec (at 43 GHz) to 0.5 arcsec (at 5 GHz), corresponding to a linear resolution as high as 17 AU for our nearest source. A MERLIN observation of S106-IR at 23 GHz with 0.03-arcsec resolution is also presented. S106-IR and S140-IRS1 are elongated at 43 GHz perpendicular to their large scale bipolar outflows. This confirms the equatorial wind picture for these sources seen previously in MERLIN 5 GHz observations. The other sources are marginally resolved at 43 GHz. The spectral indices we derive for the sources in our sample range from +0.2 to +0.8, generally consistent with ionized stellar winds. We have modelled our sources as uniform, isothermal spherical winds, with LkHa101 and NGC2024-IRS2 yielding the best fits. However, in all cases our fits give wind temperatures of only 2000 to 5000 K, much less than the effective temperatures of main-sequence stars of the same luminosity, a result which is likely due to the clumpy nature of the winds.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 312, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00510", "text": "on these bonds. The debtor could not pay; the court did not direct the receiver to pay. The indenture trustee, acting under the terms of the indenture, promptly declared the entire principal due and payable despite the previous assumption of custody of the estate by the federal court. In 1935, the same District Court approved a creditor's petition for reorganization under § 77B of the Bankruptcy Act, 11 U.S.C.A. § 207, and at a subsequent date the reorganization was continued as a Chapter X proceeding.1 The indenture provides for payment of interest on unpaid interest. Inland is insolvent, but its assets are sufficient to pay the first mortgage bondholders in full, including the interest on interest. Should interest on interest be paid, however, subordinate creditors would receive a greatly reduced share in the reorganized corporation. These latter concede that the first mortgage bondholders should receive simple interest on the principal due them, but challenge their right to be paid interest on interest2 which fell due after the court took charge of Inland, and which interest the Court, out of consideration for orderly and fair administration of the estate, directed the receiver not to pay on the due date. It is this controversy which we must determine. 2 The first mortgage indenture document was written and signed in New York, designated a New York bank as trustee, and provided for payment of the bonds and attached interest coupons at the office of the trustee in New York, or at the option of the bearer, at a bank in Chicago, Illinois. A group of investment bankers underwrote the issue, sold the bonds to the public, and received a percentage of the proceeds and additional compensation for their services. Inland was organized under the corporation laws of Delaware. Its principal place of business was in Kentucky, and the property mortgaged was located in that state. 3 Under these circumstances the District Court was of the opinion that it must allow the claim for interest on interest if the indenture covenant was valid; that its validity must be determined by the law of New York, because the indenture was signed and the bonds were payable there; and that the covenant was valid there. Accordingly, the first mortgage bondholders were held entitled to interest on interest. Holding that New York prohibited covenants for payment of interest on interest, the Circuit Court of Appeals reversed. 6 Cir., 151 F.2d 470. We granted certiorari because of", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00511", "text": "We study the infrared (IR) properties of galaxies in the cluster MS 1054-03 at z=0.83 by combining MIPS 24 micron data with spectra of more than 400 galaxies and a very deep K-band selected catalog. 19 IR cluster members are selected spectroscopically, and an additional 15 are selected by their photometric redshifts. We derive the IR luminosity function of the cluster and find strong evolution compared to the similar-mass Coma cluster. The best fitting Schechter function gives L*_{IR}=11.49 +0.30/-0.29 L_sun with a fixed faint end slope, about one order of magnitude larger than that in Coma. The rate of evolution of the IR luminosity from Coma to MS 1054-03 is consistent with that found in field galaxies, and it suggests that some internal mechanism, e.g., the consumption of the gas fuel, is responsible for the general decline of the cosmic star formation rate (SFR) in different environments. The mass-normalized integrated SFR within 0.5R_200 in MS 1054-03 also shows evolution compared with other rich clusters at lower redshifts, but the trend is less conclusive if the mass selection effect is considered. A nonnegligible fraction (13%) of cluster members, are forming stars actively and the overdensity of IR galaxies is about 20 compared to the field. It is unlikely that clusters only passively accrete star forming galaxies from the surrounding fields and have their star formation quenched quickly afterward; instead, many cluster galaxies still have large amounts of gas, and their star formation may be enhanced by the interaction with the cluster.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 346, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00512", "text": "We consider the generalized Korteweg-de Vries equation $$ \\partial_t u + \\partial_x (\\partial_x^2 u + f(u))=0, \\quad (t,x)\\in [0,T)\\times \\mathbb{R}$$ with general $C^2$ nonlinearity $f$. Under an explicit condition on $f$ and $c>0$, there exists a solution in the energy space $H^1$ of the type $u(t,x)=Q_c(x-x_0-ct)$, called soliton. Stability theory for $Q_c$ is well-known. In previous works, we have proved that for $f(u)=u^p$, $p=2,3,4$, the family of solitons is asymptotically stable in some local sense in $H^1$, i.e. if $u(t)$ is close to $Q_{c}$ (for all $t\\geq 0$), then $u(t,.+\\rho(t))$ locally converges in the energy space to some $Q_{c_+}$ as $t\\to +\\infty$, for some $c^+\\sim c$. Then, the asymptotic stability result could be extended to the case of general assumptions on $f$ and $Q_c$. The objective of this paper is twofold. The main objective is to prove that in the case $f(u)=u^p$, $p=2,3,4$, $\\rho(t)-c_+ t$ has limit as $t\\to +\\infty$ under the additional assumption $x_+ u\\in L^2$. The second objective of this paper is to provide large time stability and asymptotic stability results for two soliton solutions for the case of general nonlinearity $f(u)$, when the ratio of the speeds of the solitons is small. The motivation is to accompany forthcoming works devoted to the collision of two solitons in the nonintegrable case. The arguments are refinements of previous works specialized to the case $u(t)\\sim Q_{c_1}+Q_{c_2}$, for $0< c_2 \\ll c_1$.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 460, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00513", "text": "In spite of the efforts made in the latest years, still there is no comprehensive explanation for the chemical anomalies of globular cluster stars. Among these, the most striking is oxygen depletion, which reaches values down to [O/Fe]~-0.4 in most clusters, but in M13 it goes down to less than [O/Fe]~ - 1. In this work we suggest that the anomalies are due to the super position of two different events: 1) PRIMORDIAL SELF-ENRICHMENT: this is asked to explain the oxygen depletion down to a minimum value [O/Fe]~ -0.4; 2) EXTRA MIXING IN A FRACTION OF THE STARS ALREADY BORN WITH ANOMALOUS COMPOSITION: these objects, starting with already low [O/Fe], will reduce the oxygen abundance down to the most extreme values. Contrary to other models that invoke extra mixing to explain the chemical anomalies, we suggest that it is active only if there is a fraction of the stars in which the primordial composition is not only oxygen depleted, but also extremely helium rich (Y~ 0.4), as found in a few GCs from their main sequence multiplicity. We propose that the rotational evolution (and an associated extra mixing) of extremely helium rich stars may be affected by the fact that they develop a very small or non existent molecular weight barrier during the evolution. We show that extra mixing in these stars, having initial chemistry that has already been CNO processed, affects mainly the oxygen abundance, and to a much smaller extent if affects the sodium abundance. The model also predicts a large fluorine depletion concomitant with the oxygen depletion, and a further enhancement of the surface helium abundance, which reaches values close to Y=0.5 in the computed models. We stress that, in this tentative explanation, those stars that are primordially O--depleted, but ARE NOT extremely helium rich do not suffer deep extra mixing.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 406, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00514", "text": "The absolute calibration and characterization of the Multiband Imaging Photometer for Spitzer (MIPS) 70 micron coarse- and fine-scale imaging modes are presented based on over 2.5 years of observations. Accurate photometry (especially for faint sources) requires two simple processing steps beyond the standard data reduction to remove long-term detector transients. Point spread function (PSF) fitting photometry is found to give more accurate flux densities than aperture photometry. Based on the PSF fitting photometry, the calibration factor shows no strong trend with flux density, background, spectral type, exposure time, or time since anneals. The coarse-scale calibration sample includes observations of stars with flux densities from 22 mJy to 17 Jy, on backgrounds from 4 to 26 MJy sr^-1, and with spectral types from B to M. The coarse-scale calibration is 702 +/- 35 MJy sr^-1 MIPS70^-1 (5% uncertainty) and is based on measurements of 66 stars. The instrumental units of the MIPS 70 micron coarse- and fine-scale imaging modes are called MIPS70 and MIPS70F, respectively. The photometric repeatability is calculated to be 4.5% from two stars measured during every MIPS campaign and includes variations on all time scales probed. The preliminary fine-scale calibration factor is 2894 +/- 294 MJy sr^-1 MIPS70F^-1 (10% uncertainty) based on 10 stars. The uncertainty in the coarse- and fine-scale calibration factors are dominated by the 4.5% photometric repeatability and the small sample size, respectively. The 5-sigma, 500 s sensitivity of the coarse-scale observations is 6-8 mJy. This work shows that the MIPS 70 micron array produces accurate, well calibrated photometry and validates the MIPS 70 micron operating strategy, especially the use of frequent stimulator flashes to track the changing responsivities of the Ge:Ga detectors.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 407, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00515", "text": "A non-local cascade model for anisotropic MHD turbulence in the presence of a guiding magnetic field is proposed. The model takes into account that (a) energy cascades in an anisotropic manner and as a result a different estimate for the cascade rate in the direction parallel and perpendicular to the guiding field is made. (b) the interactions that result in the cascade are between different scales. Eddies with wave numbers $k_\\|$ and $k_\\perp$ interact with eddies with wave numbers $q_\\|,q_\\perp$ such that a resonance condition between the wave numbers $q_\\|,q_\\perp$ and $k_\\|,k_\\perp$ holds. As a consequence energy from the eddy with wave numbers $k_\\|$ and $k_\\perp$ cascades due to interactions with eddies located in the resonant manifold whose wavenumbers are determined by: $q_\\|\\simeq \\epsilon^{{1}/{3}}k_\\perp^{2/3}/B$, $q_\\perp=k_\\perp$ and energy will cascade along the lines $k_\\|\\sim C+k_\\perp^{2/3} \\epsilon^{1/3}/B_0$. For a uniform energy injection rate in the parallel direction the resulting energy spectrum is $E(k_\\|,k_\\perp)\\simeq \\epsilon^{2/3}k_\\|^{-1}k_\\perp^{-5/3}$. For a general forcing however the model suggests a non-universal behavior. The connections with previous models, numerical simulations and weak turbulence theory are discussed.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 343, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00516", "text": "The structure of three laminar premixed rich flames has been investigated: a pure methane flame and two methane flames doped by allene and propyne, respectively. The gases of the three flames contain 20.9% (molar) of methane and 33.4% of oxygen, corresponding to an equivalence ratio of 1.25 for the pure methane flame. In both doped flames, 2.49% of C3H4 was added, corresponding to a ratio C3H4/CH4 of 12% and an equivalence ratio of 1.55. The three flames have been stabilized on a burner at a pressure of 6.7 kPa using argon as dilutant, with a gas velocity at the burner of 36 cm/s at 333 K. The concentration profiles of stable species were measured by gas chromatography after sampling with a quartz microprobe. Quantified species included carbon monoxide and dioxide, methane, oxygen, hydrogen, ethane, ethylene, acetylene, propyne, allene, propene, propane, 1,2-butadiene, 1,3-butadiene, 1-butene, isobutene, 1-butyne, vinylacetylene, and benzene. The temperature was measured using a PtRh (6%)-PtRh (30%) thermocouple settled inside the enclosure and ranged from 700 K close to the burner up to 1850 K. In order to model these new results, some improvements have been made to a mechanism previously developed in our laboratory for the reactions of C3-C4 unsaturated hydrocarbons. The main reaction pathways of consumption of allene and propyne and of formation of C6 aromatic species have been derived from flow rate analyses.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 366, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00517", "text": "to characterize the optical coherence tomography ( oct ) findings in late - stage vogt - koyanagi - harada ( vkh ) disease and its correlation with visual function . methods . the records of patients with late - stage vkh disease ( defined as 12 months from disease onset ) were retrospectively reviewed . the analysis focused on the oct findings and microperimetry , in addition to the possible correlation between morphology and functional findings . results . twenty - nine patients ( 58 eyes ) were included . mean age at onset was 34.24 10.67 years . the oct revealed that the outer retina and retinal pigment epithelium ( rpe ) were mainly affected . these effects included rpe thickening and breakage or disappearance of the cone outer segment tip ( cost ) line and/or inner segment / outer segment ( is / os ) junction . the cost line and is / os results were related to macular function and the interval between symptom onset and initiation of high - dose corticosteroid treatment ( all p < 0.01 ) . eyes with intact cost lines demonstrated intact is / os and normal rpe layers as well as better visual function and normal retinal sensitivity . conclusions . the oct findings are strongly correlated with macular function , as well as other clinical findings in late - stage vkh . with respect to the cost line and retinal sensitivity especially , the oct and microperimetry findings may be useful for evaluating later - stage vkh .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 303, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00518", "text": "The goal of this study is to determine a distance to Westerlund 1 independent of the characteristics of the stellar population and to study its neutral environment, using observations of atomic hydrogen. The HI observations are taken from the Southern Galactic Plane Survey to study HI absorption in the direction of the HII region created by the members of Westerlund 1 and to investigate its environment as observed in the HI line emission. A Galactic rotation curve was derived using the recently revised values for the Galactic centre distance of $R_\\odot = 7.6$ kpc, and the velocity of the Sun around the Galactic centre of $\\Theta_\\odot = 214$ km s$^{-1}$. The newly determined rotation model leads us to derive a distance of $3.9\\pm 0.7$ kpc to Westerlund 1, consistent with a location in the Scutum-Crux Arm. Included in this estimate is a very careful investigation of possible sources of error for the Galactic rotation curve. We also report on small expanding HI features around the cluster with a maximum dynamic age of 600,000 years and a larger bubble which has a minimum dynamic age of 2.5 million years. Additionally we re-calculated the kinematic distances to nearby HII regions and supernova remnants based on our new Galaxic rotation curve. We propose that in the early stages of the development of Wd 1 a large interstellar bubble of diameter about 50 pc was created by the cluster members. This bubble has a dynamic age similar to the age of the cluster. Small expanding bubbles, with dynamical ages $\\sim 0.6$ Myr are found around Wd 1, which we suggest consist of recombined material lost by cluster members through their winds.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 363, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00519", "text": "A binary star system is the most common result of the star formation process, and binary companions can disrupt both the formation of terrestrial planets and their long term prospects for stability. We present results from a large set of numerical simulations of the final stages of terrestrial planet formation - from Moon- to Mars-sized planetary embryos to planets - in main-sequence binary star systems. We examine planetary accretion around both stars ('P-type' circumbinary orbits) or individual stars ('S-type' orbits) in binary systems, including terrestrial planet formation around each star in Alpha Centauri AB, the closest binary star system to the Sun. For comparison, we also simulate planetary growth from the same initial disk placed in the Sun-Jupiter-Saturn system and also around the Sun with neither giant planets nor a stellar companion perturbing the system. Our simulations show that giant and stellar companions not only truncate the disk, but hasten the accretion process by stirring up the planetary embryos to higher eccentricities and inclinations. Terrestrial planets similar to those in our Solar System formed around individual stars in simulations with the binary periastron (closest approach) greater than about 5 AU. Terrestrial planet growth within circumbinary disks was uninhibited around inner binary star systems with binary apastrons (maximum separation) less than ~0.2 AU. Results from our simulations can be scaled for different stellar and disk parameters. Approximately 50 - 60% of binary star systems - from contact binaries to separations of nearly a parsec - satisfy these constraints. Given that the galaxy contains more than 100 billion star systems, a large number of systems remain habitable based on the dynamic considerations of this research.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 344, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00520", "text": "We test our capability of deriving stellar physical parameters of giant stars by analysing a sample of field stars and the well studied open cluster IC 4651 with different spectroscopic methods. The use of a technique based on line-depth ratios (LDRs) allows us to determine with high precision the effective temperature of the stars and to compare the results with those obtained with a classical LTE abundance analysis. (i) For the field stars we find that the temperatures derived by means of the LDR method are in excellent agreement with those found by the spectral synthesis. This result is extremely encouraging because it shows that spectra can be used to firmly derive population characteristics (e.g., mass and age) of the observed stars. (ii) For the IC 4651 stars we use the determined effective temperature to derive the following results. a) The reddening E(B-V) of the cluster is 0.12+/-0.02, largely independent of the color-temperature calibration used. b) The age of the cluster is 1.2+/-0.2 Gyr. c) The typical mass of the analysed giant stars is 2.0+/-0.2M_sun. Moreover, we find a systematic difference of about 0.2 dex in log g between spectroscopic and evolutionary values. We conclude that, in spite of known limitations, a classical spectroscopic analysis of giant stars may indeed result in very reliable stellar parameters. We caution that the quality of the agreement, on the other hand, depends on the details of the adopted spectroscopic analysis.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 316, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00521", "text": "An optical cavity enhances the interaction between atoms and light, and the rate of coherent atom-photon coupling can be made larger than all decoherence rates of the system. For single atoms, this strong coupling regime of cavity quantum electrodynamics (cQED) has been the subject of spectacular experimental advances, and great efforts have been made to control the coupling rate by trapping and cooling the atom towards the motional ground state, which has been achieved in one dimension so far. For N atoms, the three-dimensional ground state of motion is routinely achieved in atomic Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs), but although first experiments combining BECs and optical cavities have been reported recently, coupling BECs to strong-coupling cavities has remained an elusive goal. Here we report such an experiment, which is made possible by combining a new type of fibre-based cavity with atom chip technology. This allows single-atom cQED experiments with a simplified setup and realizes the new situation of N atoms in a cavity each of which is identically and strongly coupled to the cavity mode. Moreover, the BEC can be positioned deterministically anywhere within the cavity and localized entirely within a single antinode of the standing-wave cavity field. This gives rise to a controlled, tunable coupling rate, as we confirm experimentally. We study the heating rate caused by a cavity transmission measurement as a function of the coupling rate and find no measurable heating for strongly coupled BECs. The spectrum of the coupled atoms-cavity system, which we map out over a wide range of atom numbers and cavity-atom detunings, shows vacuum Rabi splittings exceeding 20 gigahertz, as well as an unpredicted additional splitting which we attribute to the atomic hyperfine structure.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 353, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00522", "text": "York commission house to buy a quantity of bats and balls for their account. The New York commission house placed the order with the manufacturer instructing it to deliver the packages to an exporting carrier in New York for shipment to Venezuela. The goods were delivered to the carrier and an export bill of lading was issued. In due course the goods were transported to Venezuela. The issue, as stated by the Court, 262 U.S. at page 68, 43 S.Ct. at page 486, 67 L.Ed. 865, was 'whether the sale was a step in exportation'. The Court pointed out that the goods would not have been exempt from tax while they were 'in process of manufacture' though they were intended for export but that they would be exempt 'after they had been loaded upon the vessel for Venezuela and the bill of lading issued.' The question was whether the 'export had begun.' After noting that title passed when the goods were delivered into the carrier's hands, the Court stated, 262 U.S. at pages 69, 70, 43 S.Ct. at pages 486, 67 L.Ed. 865: 21 'The very act that passed the title and that would have incurred the tax had the transaction been domestic, committed the goods to the carrier that was to take them across the sea, for the purpose of export and with the direction to the foreign port upon the goods. The expected and accomplished effect of the act was to start them for that port. The fact that further acts were to be done before the goods would get to sea does not matter so long as they were only the regular steps to the contemplated result.' 22 The circumstance that tile was in the New York commission house and that it might change its mind and retain the goods for its own use was dismissed by the statement that 'Theoretical possibilities may be left out of account.' Page 70 of 262 U.S., page 486 of 43 S.Ct., 67 L.Ed. 865. The Court concluded that if exportation was put at a later point, exports would not receive 'the liberal protection that hitherto they have received'. Page 70 of 262 U.S., page 486 of 43 S.Ct., 67 L.Ed. 865. 23 This line of cases was summarized in Willcuts v. Bunn, 282 U.S. 216, 228, 51 S.Ct.", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00523", "text": "A series of semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering measurements on deuterium, helium, neon, krypton, and xenon targets has been performed in order to study hadronization. The data were collected with the HERMES detector at the DESY laboratory using a 27.6 GeV positron or electron beam. Hadron multiplicities on nucleus A relative to those on the deuteron, R_A^h, are presented for various hadrons (\\pi^+, \\pi^-, \\pi^0, K^+, K^-, p, and \\bar{p}) as a function of the virtual-photon energy \\nu, the fraction z of this energy transferred to the hadron, the photon virtuality Q^2, and the hadron transverse momentum squared p_t^2. The data reveal a systematic decrease of R_A^h with the mass number A for each hadron type h. Furthermore, R_A^h increases (decreases) with increasing values of \\nu (z), increases slightly with increasing Q^2, and is almost independent of p_t^2, except at large values of p_t^2. For pions two-dimensional distributions also are presented. These indicate that the dependences of R_A^{\\pi} on \\nu and z can largely be described as a dependence on a single variable L_c, which is a combination of \\nu and z. The dependence on L_c suggests in which kinematic conditions partonic and hadronic mechanisms may be dominant. The behaviour of R_A^{\\pi} at large p_t^2 constitutes tentative evidence for a partonic energy-loss mechanism. The A-dependence of R_A^h is investigated as a function of \\nu, z, and of L_c. It approximately follows an A^{\\alpha} form with \\alpha \\approx 0.5 - 0.6.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 385, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00524", "text": "of Revenue, 303 U.S. 250, 255—257, 58 S.Ct. 546, 548, 549, 82 L.Ed. 823, 115 A.L.R. 944. 4 Compare the opinion of Mr. Justice Frankfurter in Northwest Airlines v. State of Minnesota, 322 U.S. 292, 64 S.Ct. 950, 88 L.Ed. 1283, 153 A.L.R. 245. 5 As the Court says, 'An exaction by a State from interstate commerce falls not because of a proven increase in the cost of the product. What makes the tax invalid is the fact that there is interference by a State with the freedom of interstate commerce.' The only 'interference' held to be important is the direct incidence of the tax on the commerce, not the double burden or risk of it. Cf. notes 1 and 16. 6 See e.g. Ribble, State and National Power Over Commerce (1937) 204; Dowling, Interstate Commerce and State Power (1940) 27 Va.L.Rev. 1, 3—10. See also Frankfurter, The Commerce Clause (1937) 53: 'Had Marshall's theory of the 'dormant' commerce power prevailed, the taxable resources of the states would have been greatly confined. The full implications of his theory, if logically pursued, might well have profoundly altered the relations between the state and the central government.' 7 See note 6. See also Wechsler, Stone and the Constitution (1946) 46 Col.L.Rev. 764, 785, quoted in note 10 infra. 8 Cf. text infra at notes 14 to 16, also 21, and authorities cited. 9 See e.g., Robbins v. Taxing District of Shelby County, 120 U.S. 489, 7 S.Ct. 592, 30 L.Ed. 694; Real Silk Hosiery Mills v. City of Portland, 268 U.S. 325, 45 S.Ct. 525, 69 L.Ed. 982; Nippert v. City of Richmond, 327 U.S. 416, 66 S.Ct. 586, 162 A.L.R. 844, and authorities cited. 10 See Ribble, supra, at", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00525", "text": "b - raf is the most frequently mutated protein kinase in human cancers.1 the finding that oncogenic mutations in braf are common in melanoma2 followed by the demonstration that these tumors are dependent on the raf / mek / erk pathway3 offered hope that inhibition of b - raf kinase activity could benefit melanoma patients . herein , we describe the structure - guided discovery of plx4032 ( rg7204 ) , a potent inhibitor of oncogenic b - raf kinase activity . preclinical experiments demonstrated that plx4032 selectively blocked the raf / mek / erk pathway in braf mutant cells and caused regression of braf mutant xenografts.4 toxicology studies confirmed a wide safety margin consistent with the high degree of selectivity , enabling phase 1 clinical trials using a crystalline formulation of plx4032.5 in a subset of melanoma patients , pathway inhibition was monitored in paired biopsy specimens collected before treatment initiation and following two weeks of treatment . this analysis revealed substantial inhibition of erk phosphorylation , yet clinical evaluation did not show tumor regressions . at higher drug exposures afforded by a new amorphous drug formulation,4,5 greater than 80% inhibition of erk phosphorylation in the tumors of patients correlated with clinical response . indeed , the phase 1 clinical data revealed a remarkably high 81% response rate in metastatic melanoma patients treated at an oral dose of 960 mg twice daily.5 these data demonstrate that braf - mutant melanomas are highly dependent on b - raf kinase activity .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 313, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00526", "text": "We present spectroscopic observations of a sample of 72 emission-line objects, including mainly HII regions, in the spiral galaxy M 33. Spectra were obtained with the multi-object, wide field spectrograph AF2/WYFFOS at the 4.2m WHT telescope. Line intensities, extinction, and electron density were determined for the whole sample of objects. The aim of the present work was to derive chemical and physical parameters of a set of HII regions, and from them the metallicity gradient. Electron temperatures and chemical abundances were derived for the 14 HII regions where both [OII] and [OIII] emission line fluxes were measured, including the electron temperature sensitive emission line [OIII] 436.3 nm and in a few cases [NII] 575.5 nm. The ionization correction factor (ICF) method was used to derive the total chemical abundances. The presence of abundance gradients was inferred from the radial behaviour of several emission-line ratios, and accurately measured from chemical abundances directly derived in 14 HII regions. The oxygen abundances of our HII regions, located in the radial region from ~2 to ~7.2 kpc, gave an oxygen gradient -0.054+/-0.011 dex/kpc The overall oxygen gradient for M 33 obtained using ours and previous oxygen determinations in a large number of HII regions with direct electron temperature determination as well as abundance in young stars presented a two slope shape: -0.19 dex/kpc for the central regions (R<3kpc), and -0.038dex/kpc for the outer regions (R>=3kpc).", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 344, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00527", "text": "were netitled. If they are dissatisfied with his ruling, they may question it in a district court. The interests of the entire industry need not be disturbed in order to do justice to an individual case.3 9 It is suggested that Congress did not authorize a district court to enforce an order not 'in accordance with law'. The short answer to this rather dialectic point is that whether such an order is or is not in accordance with law is not a question that brings its own immediate answer, or even an answer which it is the familiar, everyday business of courts to find. Congress has provided a special procedure for ascertaining whether such an order is or is not in accordance with law. The questions are not, or may not be, abstract questions of law. Even when they are formulated in constitutional terms, they are questions of law arising out of, or entwined with, factors that call for understanding of the milk industry. And so Congress has provided that the remedy in the first instance must be sought from the Secretary of Agriculture. It is on the basis of his ruling, and of the elucidation which he would presumably give to his ruling, that resort may be had to the courts. Congress seems to have emphasized the different functions in the enforcement of the Act that § 8a and § 8c serve by explicitly directing that the proceedings for relief instituted by a handler under § 8c shall not 'impede, hinder, or delay' enforcement proceedings by the United States under § 8a. 10 We are dealing here solely with the rights of handlers. This is not Stark v. Wickard, 321 U.S. 288, 64 S.Ct. 559, 88 L.Ed. 733. In that case it was concluded that since Congress had provided no administrative remedy for a producer to review the legality of an order against him, presumably the courts were not closed to him. But by § 8c(15) Congress has made precisely such provisions for handlers. As to them the procedural scheme is complete. 11 The Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act is one of many enactments by which Congress in regulating economic enterprise has divided the duty of enforcement between courts and administrative agencies. But there is the greatest variety in the manner in which Congress has distributed this responsibility. Those who are entitled to speak tell us that the development of the natural sciences has often suffered from premature generalization. Certainly the recent growth of administrative law counsels against", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00528", "text": "Starting from the Liouville equation, we derive the exact hierarchy of equations satisfied by the reduced distribution functions of the single species point vortex gas in two dimensions. Considering an expansion of the solution in powers of 1/N in a proper thermodynamic limit $N\\to +\\infty$, and neglecting some collective effects, we derive a kinetic equation satisfied by the smooth vorticity field which is valid at order $O(1/N)$. This equation was obtained previously [P.H. Chavanis, Phys. Rev. E, 64, 026309 (2001)] from a more abstract projection operator formalism. If we consider axisymmetric flows and make a markovian approximation, we obtain a simpler kinetic equation which can be studied in great detail. We discuss the properties of these kinetic equations in regard to the $H$-theorem and the convergence (or not) towards the statistical equilibrium state. We also study the growth of correlations by explicitly calculating the time evolution of the two-body correlation function in the linear regime. In a second part of the paper, we consider the relaxation of a test vortex in a bath of field vortices and obtain the Fokker-Planck equation by directly calculating the second (diffusion) and first (drift) moments of the increment of position of the test vortex. A specificity of our approach is to obtain general equations, with a clear physical meaning, that are valid for flows that are not necessarily axisymmetric and that take into account non-Markovian effects. A limitations of our approach, however, is that it ignores collective effects.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 326, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00529", "text": "Context: Planets outside our solar system transiting their host star, i. e. those with an orbital inclination near 90 degree, are of special interest to derive physical properties of extrasolar planets. With the knowledge of the host star's physical parameters, the planetary radius can be determined. Combined with spectroscopic observations the mass and therefore the density can be derived from Doppler-measurements. Depending on the brightness of the host star, additional information, e. g. about the spin-orbit alignment between the host star and planetary orbit, can be obtained. Aims: The last few years have witnessed a growing success of transit surveys. Among other surveys, the MACHO project provided nine potential transiting planets, several of them with relatively bright parent stars. The photometric signature of a transit event is, however, insufficient to confirm the planetary nature of the faint companion. The aim of this paper therefore is a determination of the spectroscopic parameters of the host stars as well as a dynamical mass determination through Doppler-measurements. Methods: We have obtained follow-up high-resolution spectra for five stars selected from the MACHO sample, which are consistent with transits of low-luminosity objects. Radial velocities have been determined by means of cross-correlation with model spectra. The MACHO light curves have been compared to simulations based on the physical parameters of the system derived from the radial velocities and spectral analyses. Aims: We show that all transit light curves of the exoplanet candidates analysed in this work can be explained by eclipses of stellar objects, hence none of the five transiting objects is a planet.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 331, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00530", "text": "We report the discovery of 14 quasars in the vicinity of HE2347-4342, one of the two quasars whose intergalactic HeII forest has been resolved with FUSE. By analysing the HI and the HeII opacity variations separately, no transverse proximity effect is detected near three foreground quasars of HE2347-4342: QSOJ23503-4328 (z=2.282, $\\vartheta=3.59$ arcmin), QSOJ23500-4319 (z=2.302, $\\vartheta=8.77$ arcmin) and QSOJ23495-4338 (z=2.690, $\\vartheta=16.28$ arcmin). This is primarily due to line contamination and overdensities probably created by large-scale structure. By comparing the HI absorption and the corresponding HeII absorption, we estimated the fluctuating spectral shape of the extragalactic UV radiation field along this line of sight. We find that the UV spectral shape near HE2347-4342 and in the projected vicinity of the three foreground quasars is statistically harder than expected from UV background models dominated by quasars. In addition, we find three highly ionised metal line systems near the quasars. However, they do not yield further constraints on the shape of the ionising field. We conclude that the foreground quasars show a transverse proximity effect that is detectable as a local hardening of the UV radiation field, although the evidence is strongest for QSOJ23495-4338. Thus, the relative spectral hardness traces the proximity effect also in overdense regions prohibiting the traditional detection in the HI forest. Furthermore, we emphasise that softening of quasar radiation by radiative transfer in the intergalactic medium is important to understand the observed spectral shape variations. From the transverse proximity effect of QSOJ23495-4338 we obtain a lower limit on the quasar lifetime of ~25 Myr.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 413, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00531", "text": ". 733. In that case it was concluded that since Congress had provided no administrative remedy for a producer to review the legality of an order against him, presumably the courts were not closed to him. But by § 8c(15) Congress has made precisely such provisions for handlers. As to them the procedural scheme is complete. 11 The Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act is one of many enactments by which Congress in regulating economic enterprise has divided the duty of enforcement between courts and administrative agencies. But there is the greatest variety in the manner in which Congress has distributed this responsibility. Those who are entitled to speak tell us that the development of the natural sciences has often suffered from premature generalization. Certainly the recent growth of administrative law counsels against generalizations regarding what is compendiously called judicial review of administrative action. And so we deem it desirable, in a case like this, to hug the shore of the precise problem before us in relation to the provisions of the particular Act immediately relevant. One general observation, may, however, be permitted. Both courts and administrative bodies are law-enforcing agencies, utilized by Congress as such. In construing the enforcement provisions of legislation like the Marketing Act, it is important to remember that courts and administrative agencies are collaborative 'instrumentalities of justice', and not business rivals. See United States v. Morgan, 307 U.S. 183, 191, 59 S.Ct. 795, 799, 83 L.Ed. 1211; Federal Communications Commission v. Pottsville Broadcasting Co., 309 U.S. 134, 141 et seq., 60 S.Ct. 437, 440 et seq., 84 L.Ed. 656. And so we are not called upon to decide what powers inhere in a court of equity, exercising due judicial discretion, even in a suit such as was here brought by the United States for the enforcement of an order under § 8a. We say this because it appears that at a stage in the proceedings in the district court a motion for a stay, pending disposition of the petition by the Ruzickas before the Secretary of Agriculture, was made by the respondents. With the court's leave, this motion was subsequently withdrawn. The power of the district court to have acted on it is therefore not before us. Compare Scripps Howard Radio v. Federal Communications Com'n, 316 U.S. 4, 62 S.Ct. 875,", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00532", "text": "to those forbidding discrimination, without the consent of Congress, cf. Prudential Life Ins. Co. v. Benjamin, 328 U.S. 408, 66 S.Ct. 1142, 1151, as well as the long settled rule that the clause is 'of its own force' a prohibition upon the states. To require factual determination of forbidden effects in each case would be to invite costly litigation, make decision turn in some cases, perhaps many, on doubtful facts or conclusions, and encourage the enactment of legislation involving those consequences. The Adams ruling, as I have said, creates for many situations a tax refuge for interstate commerce and does this in both states. 50 As among the various possibilities, I think the solution most nearly in accord with the commerce clause, at once most consistent with its purpose and least objectionable for producing either evils it had no design to bring or practical difficulties in administration, would be to vest the power to tax in the state of the market, subject to power in the forwarding state also to tax by allowing credit to the full amount of any tax paid or due at the destination. This too is more nearly consonant with what the more recent decisions have allowed, if full account is taken of their effects. 51 In McLeod v. J. E. Dilworth, 322 U.S. 327, 361, 64 S.Ct. 1023, 1036, 88 L.Ed. 1304, I have set forth the reasons leading to this conclusion.41 It may be added that such a result would avoid altogether the undesirable features of factual determination in each case; would prevent the multiple and, in effect, discriminatory burden which would follow from allowing both states to tax until Congress should intervene; and would reduce by half, at least, the tax refuge created by the Adams ruling, without incurring other outlawed effects. 52 It is true this view logically would deny the state of original power to tax, notwithstanding its adequate due process connections, except by giving credit for taxes due at the destination.42 But the forwarding state has no greater power under the Adams ruling and none at all under the present one if it is to be applied consistently and, as I think, this can be taken to outlaw both unapportioned and apportioned taxes. 53 I have no doubt that under the law prevailing until now this tax would have been sustained, if apportioned, under the Adams", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00533", "text": "High resolution molecular line observations of CS, HCO+, C18O and N2H+ were obtained toward the starless globule FeSt 1-457 in order to investigate its kinematics and chemistry. The HCO+ and CS spectra show clear self-reversed and asymmetric profiles across the face of the globule. The sense of the observed asymmetry is indicative of the global presence of expansion motions in the outer layers of the globule. These motions appear to be subsonic and significantly below the escape velocity of the globule. Comparison of our observations with near-infrared extinction data indicate that the globule is gravitationally bound. Taken together these considerations lead us to suggest that the observed expansion has its origin in an oscillatory motion of the outer layers of the globule which itself is likely in a quasi-stable state near hydrostatic equilibrium. Analysis of the observed linewidths of CO and N2H+ confirm that thermal pressure is the dominant component of the cloud's internal support. A simple calculation suggests that the dominant mode of pulsation would be an l = 2 mode with a period of 0.3 Myr. Deformation of the globule due to the large amplitude l = 2 oscillation may be responsible for the double-peaked structure of the core detected in high resolution extinction maps. Detailed comparison of the molecular-line observations and extinction data provides evidence for significant depletion of C18O and perhaps HCO+ while N2H+ may be undepleted to a cloud depth of about 40 magnitudes of visual extinction.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 315, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00534", "text": "we previously reported that the apolipoprotein ( apo ) b48-carrying lipoproteins obtained from apoe knockout ( apoe/ ) mice , so called e/b48 lipoproteins , transformed mouse macrophages into foam cells and enhanced the phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 ( eif-2 ) . furthermore , the eif-2 phosphorylation inhibitor , 2-aminopurine ( 2-ap ) , attenuated e/b48 lipoprotein - induced foam cell formation . the present report studied the effect of 2-ap on atherosclerosis in apoe/ mice . our results showed that the level of food intake , bodyweight , plasma cholesterol , and triglycerides was comparable in apoe/ mice treated with or without 2-ap . however , the mean size of atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta sinus as well as the surface area of the entire aorta of 2-ap - treated apoe/ mice were reduced by about 55% and 39% , respectively , compared to samples from untreated control apoe/ mice . in addition , the 2-ap - treated apoe/ mice showed a significant decrease in glucose - regulated protein 78 ( grp78 ) and phosphorylated eif-2 in their aortic samples as compared to levels in untreated control apoe/ mice . these observations suggest that endoplasmic reticulum stress is a causal mechanism for the development of atherosclerosis in apoe/ mice and that therapeutic strategies can be developed for using eif-2 phosphorylation inhibitors , such as 2-ap , to prevent or treat atherosclerosis .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 340, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00535", "text": "We present a new numerical code, ECHO, based on an Eulerian Conservative High Order scheme for time dependent three-dimensional general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics (GRMHD) and magnetodynamics (GRMD). ECHO is aimed at providing a shock-capturing conservative method able to work at an arbitrary level of formal accuracy (for smooth flows), where the other existing GRMHD and GRMD schemes yield an overall second order at most. Moreover, our goal is to present a general framework, based on the 3+1 Eulerian formalism, allowing for different sets of equations, different algorithms, and working in a generic space-time metric, so that ECHO may be easily coupled to any solver for Einstein's equations. Various high order reconstruction methods are implemented and a two-wave approximate Riemann solver is used. The induction equation is treated by adopting the Upwind Constrained Transport (UCT) procedures, appropriate to preserve the divergence-free condition of the magnetic field in shock-capturing methods. The limiting case of magnetodynamics (also known as force-free degenerate electrodynamics) is implemented by simply replacing the fluid velocity with the electromagnetic drift velocity and by neglecting the matter contribution to the stress tensor. ECHO is particularly accurate, efficient, versatile, and robust. It has been tested against several astrophysical applications, including a novel test on the propagation of large amplitude circularly polarized Alfven waves. In particular, we show that reconstruction based on a Monotonicity Preserving filter applied to a fixed 5-point stencil gives highly accurate results for smooth solutions, both in flat and curved metric (up to the nominal fifth order), while at the same time providing sharp profiles in tests involving discontinuities.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 351, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00536", "text": "the assumption that if one state could tax, so also could the other, and in that event, a double burden would result for interstate commerce not borne by local trade. This danger, it was said, was inherent in the type of the tax, since it was not apportioned, and in consequence the tax as applied must fall. 40 The basic assumption was not true as a universally or even a generally resulting consequence, for two reasons. One is that it would not follow necessarily as a matter of fact that both states would tax or, if they did so, that the combined effects of the taxes would be either to clog or to impede the commerce.35 The other, it no more follows, as a matter of law, that because one state may tax the other may do likewise. 41 The Adams decision did not take account of any difference, as regards the risk of multiple state taxation, between situations where the multiple burden would actually or probably be incurred in fact and others in which no such risk would be involved. It rather disregarded such differences, so that 'the risk of double tax burden' on which the Court relied to invalidate the levy was not one actually, probably, or even doubtfully imposed in fact by another state.36 It rather was one which resulted only from an assumed, and an unexercised, power in that state to impose a similar tax. 42 The Court was not concerned with whether the forbidden consequences had been incurred in the particular situation or might not be incurred in others covered by its ruling. The motivating fear was more general. The ultimate risk which the Court sought to avoid was the danger that gross income or gross receipts tax legislation, without apportionment, might be widely adopted if the door were once opened and, if adopted and applied to interstate sales by all or many of the states, would result generally in bringing such sales within the incidence of multiple state taxation of that nature. Rather than incur this risk, with the anticipated consequent widespread creation of multiple levies, the Court in effect forestalled them at the source. Its action was prophylactic and the prophylaxis was made absolute. 43 By thus relieving interstate commerce from liability to pay taxes in either state, without any showing that both had laid them, the effect was, not simply to relieve that commerce from multiple burden, but to give it exemption from taxes all other trade must bear.37 Local trade was thus placed at disadvantage with interstate trade,", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00537", "text": "Because Spitzer is an Earth-trailing orbit, losing about 0.1 AU/yr, it is excellently located to perform microlens parallax observations toward the Magellanic Clouds (LMC/SMC) and the Galactic bulge. These yield the so-called ``projected velocity'' of the lens, which can distinguish statistically among different populations. A few such measurements toward the LMC/SMC would reveal the nature of the lenses being detected in this direction (dark halo objects, or ordinary LMC/SMC stars). Cool Spitzer has already made one such measurement of a (rare) bright red-clump source, but warm (presumably less oversubscribed) Spitzer could devote the extra time required to obtain microlens parallaxes for the more common, but fainter, turnoff sources. Warm Spitzer could observe bulge microlenses for 38 days per year, which would permit up to 24 microlens parallaxes per year. This would yield interesting information on the disk mass function, particularly old brown dwarfs, which at present are inaccessible by other techniques. Target-of-Opportunity (TOO) observations should be divided into RTOO/DTOO, i.e., ``regular'' and ``disruptive'' TOOs, as pioneered by the Space Interferometry Mission (SIM). LMC/SMC parallax measurements would be DTOO, but bulge measurements would be RTOO, i.e., they could be scheduled in advance, without knowing exactly which star was to be observed.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 322, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00538", "text": "The Gaia astrometric survey mission will, as a consequence of its scanning law, obtain low resolution optical (330-1000 nm) spectrophotometry of several million unresolved galaxies brighter than V=22. We present the first steps in a project to design and implement a classification system for these data. The goal is both to determine morphological classes and to estimate intrinsic astrophysical parameters via synthetic templates. Here we describe (1) a new library of synthetic galaxy spectra, and (2) first results of classification and parametrization experiments using simulated Gaia spectrophotometry of this library. Methods:We have created a large grid of synthetic galaxy spectra using the PEGASE.2 code, which is based on galaxy evolution models that take into account metallicity evolution, extinction correction, emission lines (with stellar spectra based on the BaSeL library). Our classification and regression models are Support Vector Machines (SVMs), which are kernel-based nonlinear estimators. Results:We produce a basic library of about 4000 zero redshift galaxy spectra covering the main Hubble types over wavelength range 250 to 1050 nm at a sampling of 1 nm or less. It is computed on a regular grid of four key astrophysical parameters for each type and for intermediate random values of the same parameters. An extended library reproduces this at a series of redshifts. Initial results from the SVM classifiers and parametrizers are promising, indicating that Hubble types can be reliably predicted and several parameters estimated with low bias and variance. Comparing the colours of our synthetic library with Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) spectra we find good agreement over the full range of Hubble types and parameters.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 349, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00539", "text": "Observations were made of the optical afterglow of GRB 051028 with the Lulin observatory's 1.0 m telescope and the WIDGET robotic telescope system. R band photometric data points were obtained on 2005 October 28 (UT), or 0.095-0.180 days after the burst. There is a possible plateau in the optical light curve around 0.1 days after the burst; the light curve resembles optically bright afterglows (e.g. GRB 041006, GRB 050319, GRB060605) in shape of the light curve but not in brightness. The brightness of the GRB 051028 afterglow is 3 magnitudes fainter than that of one of the dark events, GRB 020124. Optically dark GRBs have been attributed to dust extinction within the host galaxy or high redshift. However, the spectrum analysis of the X-rays implies that there is no significant absorption by the host galaxy. Furthermore, according to the model theoretical calculation of the Ly$\\alpha$ absorption to find the limit of GRB 051028's redshift, the expected $R$ band absorption is not high enough to explain the darkness of the afterglow. While the present results disfavor either the high-redshift hypothesis or the high extinction scenario for optically dark bursts, they are consistent with the possibility that the brightness of the optical afterglow, intrinsically dark.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 300, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00540", "text": "purposeinvolutional entropion is a common condition in asian countries , including japan . one cause of involutional entropion is weakening of the capsulopalpebral fascia ( cpf ) . the aged , thin , membranous nature of the cpf limits the results of correction by the original jones procedure ( cpf tightening ) alone , so we added the modified hotz procedure to the entropion repair . we then compared the recurrence rates and operation times in corrections performed with and without this additional procedure.casesfrom april 2010 to december 2011 , one surgeon performed lower - lid surgery using the jones procedure with the addition of the modified hotz procedure . fifteen patients ( a total of 21 eyes ) underwent this combined procedure . previously , the same surgeon performed the jones procedure alone for eight patients ( a total of nine eyes).resultsthe average age of the two groups was 76.4 years , with an age range of 6685 years . all cases reported acceptable ciliary orientation at the end of the surgery . however , patients who underwent the jones procedure alone ( nine eyes total ) reported three cases of recurrence after at least 6 months of follow - up . patients who underwent the combined procedure reported two complications : one recurrence and one ectropion . the recurrence rate was 5% . the jones procedure using eyelid pinch required an average of 22.6 minutes to complete ; the combined method required 33.4 minutes to complete.conclusionthe combined method resulted in a significantly higher success rate than the jones procedure alone ( p < 0.05 ) . the 5% failure rate of the combined method was found to be superior to the 30% recurrence rate of the jones procedure . as a result , the hotz procedure enhanced the results of the entropion correction and required only 10 additional minutes of surgery . we now perform this combined procedure for all cases .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 395, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00541", "text": "329 U.S. 230 67 S.Ct. 252 91 L.Ed. 209 UNITED STATESv.CARMACK. No. 40. Argued Oct. 18, 1946. Decided Dec. 9, 1946. Rehearing Denied Feb. 3, 1947. See 329 U.S. 834, 67 S.Ct. 627. [Syllabus from pages 230-232 intentionally omitted] Mr.John J. Cooney, of Washington, D.C., for petitioner. Mr. J. R. Kelso, of Cape Girardeau, Mo., for respondent. Mr. Justice BURTON delivered the opinion of the Court. 1 This proceeding was instituted by the United States to condemn land as a site for a post office and customhouse in the City of Cape Girardeau, Missouri, in reliance upon several federal statutes, including the general Condemnation Act of August 1, 1888, and the Public Buildings Act of May 25, 1926.1 The City and site were selected by the Federal Works Administrator and the Postmaster General acting jointly under the Public Buildings Act. The principal issue is: Was the Federal Works Administrator authorized by the foregoing statutes to acquire by condemnation land held in trust and used by the City for such public purposes as those of a local park, courthouse, city hall and public library? 2 In 1941, the United States petitioned the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri to condemn as a site for a United States post office and customhouse about one and one-half acres, near the center of the City of Cape Girardeau, together with the improvements thereon except a public library building. This site was part of a four acre public park and the improvements to be condemned included a building used as the county courthouse and city hall, a memorial fountain, a small memorial monument and a portion of a bandstand. The library building apparently was to be removed by its owners on 30 days' notice from the United States. 3 The petition included as parties defendant the City and County, numerous officials and all known and unknown heirs or others who might claim an interest in this site especially through those who conveyed it, in trust, in 1807 to the Commissioners of the District or, in trust, in 1820 to the inhabitants of the Town of Cape Girardeau. Respondent was the", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00542", "text": "We report on a deep search for CO(J=3-2) line emission from the host galaxy of GRB 980425 with the Atacama Submillimeter Telescope Experiment (ASTE). We observed five points of the galaxy covering the entire region. After combining all of the spectra, we obtained a global spectrum with the rms noise level of 3.3 mK in T_mb scale at a velocity resolution of 10 km s^-1. No significant emission was detected, though we find a marginal emission feature in the velocity range corresponding to the redshift of the galaxy. We derive 3 sigma upper limits on the global properties: the velocity-integrated CO(3-2) intensity of I_CO(3-2) < 0.26 K km s^-1 by adopting a velocity width of 67 km s^-1; the H_2 column density of N(H_2) < 3 x 10^20 cm^-2; the molecular gas mass of M(H_2) < 3 x 10^8 M_sun, by assuming a CO line luminosity to H_2 molecular gas mass conversion factor of X_CO = 5.0 x 10^20 cm^-2 (K km s^-1)^-1; and the star formation rate of SFR < 0.1 M_sun yr^-1, based on the Schmidt law. The SFR is consistent with the previous results of H_alpha and mid-IR observations, thereby suggesting that there is no significant obscured star formation in the host galaxy of GRB 980425. This result implies that there is a variety of GRB hosts with regard to the presence of obscured star formation.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 344, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00543", "text": "the aim of this study was to determine the levels of the angiogenic and fibrogenic factors osteopontin ( opn ) , high - mobility group box-1 ( hmgb1 ) , and connective tissue growth factor ( ctgf ) and the antiangiogenic and antifibrogenic pigment epithelium - derived factor ( pedf ) in the vitreous fluid from patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy ( pdr ) , proliferative vitreoretinopathy ( pvr ) , and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment with no pvr ( rd ) . vitreous samples from 48 pdr , 17 pvr and 30 rd patients were studied by enzyme - linked immunosorbent assay . opn , hmgb1 , ctgf , and pedf levels were significantly higher in pdr patients than in rd patients ( p < 0.001 ; 0.002 ; < 0.001 ; < 0.001 , resp . ) . ctgf and pedf levels were significantly higher in pvr patients than in rd patients ( p < 0.001 ; 0.004 , resp . ) . exploratory logistic regression analysis identified significant associations between pdr and high levels of hmgb1 , ctgf and pedf , between pdr with active neovascularization and high levels of ctgf and pedf , and between pdr with traction retinal detachment and high levels of hmgb1 . in patients with pdr , there were significant correlations between the levels of pedf and the levels of opn ( r = 0.544 , p = 0.001 ) , hmgb1 ( r = 0.719 , p < 0.001 ) , and ctgf ( r = 0.715 , p < 0.001 ) . in patients with pvr , there were significant correlations between the levels of opn and the levels of hmgb1 ( r = 0.484 , p = 0.049 ) and pedf ( r = 0.559 , p = 0.02 ) . our findings suggest that opn , hmgb1 , and ctgf contribute to the pathogenesis of proliferative vitreoretinal disorders and that increased levels of pedf may be a response to counterbalance the activity of angiogenic and fibrogenic factors in pdr and pvr .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 492, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00544", "text": "atory plans so as to render impotent the power and duty of the Commission to enter § 11(b)(2) orders as soon as practicable. 48 We assume that the Commission will give due consideration to any plans that are filed under § 11(e) before it enters a § 11(b)(2) order. If it finds that such plans may have merit and may effectuate the policies of § 11(b)(2), the principles of orderly administration would dictate that entry of the § 11(b)(2) order be deferred until full hearings are had with respect to the plans.22 It might then become apparent that an involuntary order under § 11(b)(2) would be unnecessary and statutory comp iance could be worked out solely under § 11(e). But where consideration leads the Commission to the conclusion that the plans on their face are incomplete, inadequate and unlikely to satisfy the statutory standards, or where the plans are found to have been filed solely for purposes of delay, it would be contrary to the statutory policy of prompt action to require the Commission to hold hearings on the plans before entering a § 11(b)(2) order. The Commission then would have no reasonable statutory alternative but to enter the § 11(b)(2) order as soon as practicable, especially where the unsatisfactory plans are filed long after the institution of the § 11(b)(2) proceedings. And it is proper for the Commission to make an adverse determination of this nature in regard to the § 11(e) plans at the time of entry of the § 11(b)(2) order, such matter lying within the sound discretion of the Commission. 49 Here the Commission gave due consideration to the § 11(e) plans and found them to be incomplete and inadequate on their face. It pointed out that seven years had elapsed since the effective date of the Act, four and a half years since the date after which action under § 11 was to be required 'as soon as practicable' and more than two years since the present proceedings had been instituted. These factors of time and the lack of substance in the § 11(e) plans led the Commission to conclude that a delay in the entry of the § 11(b) (2) orders which it felt necessary to the effectuation of the statutory standards would not be justified. And our examination of the situation reveals an adequate basis in fact for the Commission's action. Note should be made of", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00545", "text": "We present photometric detections of dust emission at 850 and 450 micron around the pre-main sequence M1 dwarf TWA 7 using the SCUBA camera on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope. These data confirm the presence of a cold dust disk around TWA 7, a member of the TW Hydrae Association. Based on the 850 micron flux, we estimate the mass of the disk to be 18 lunar masses (0.2 Earth masses) assuming a mass opacity of 1.7 cm^2/g with a temperature of 45 K. This makes the TWA 7 disk (d=55 pc) an order of magnitude more massive than the disk reported around AU Microscopii (GL 803), the closest (9.9 pc) debris disk detected around an M dwarf. This is consistent with TWA 7 being slightly younger than AU Mic. We find that the mid-IR and submillimeter data require the disk to be comprised of dust at a range of temperatures. A model in which the dust is at a single radius from the star, with a range of temperatures according to grain size, is as effective at fitting the emission spectrum as a model in which the dust is of uniform size, but has a range of temperatures according to distance. We discuss this disk in the context of known disks in the TW Hydrae Association and around low-mass stars; a comparison of masses of disks in the TWA reveals no trend in mass or evolutionary state (gas-rich vs. debris) as a function of spectral type.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 316, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00546", "text": "In this two-part paper, we consider the multiantenna multihop relay channels in which the source signal arrives at the destination through N independent relaying hops in series. The main concern of this work is to design relaying strategies that utilize efficiently the relays in such a way that the diversity is maximized. In part I, we focus on the amplify-and-forward (AF) strategy with which the relays simply scale the received signal and retransmit it. More specifically, we characterize the diversity-multiplexing tradeoff (DMT) of the AF scheme in a general multihop channel with arbitrary number of antennas and arbitrary number of hops. The DMT is in closed-form expression as a function of the number of antennas at each node. First, we provide some basic results on the DMT of the general Rayleigh product channels. It turns out that these results have very simple and intuitive interpretation. Then, the results are applied to the AF multihop channels which is shown to be equivalent to the Rayleigh product channel, in the DMT sense. Finally, the project-and-forward (PF) scheme, a variant of the AF scheme, is proposed. We show that the PF scheme has the same DMT as the AF scheme, while the PF can have significant power gain over the AF scheme in some cases. In part II, we will derive the upper bound on the diversity of the multihop channels and show that it can be achieved by partitioning the multihop channel into AF subchannels.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 310, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00547", "text": "nezara viridula adult coloration can vary , including a rare orange - colored type ( i.e. , n. viridula f. aurantiaca ) . in november 2015 , three nezara viridula males displaying orange coloration were found in an established colony in stoneville , ms . the objectives of this study were to determine if alleles of these orange types conformed to the allele characteristics previously reported for n. viridula f. aurantiaca and to determine if there were any differences in reproductive output compared with the green - colored type . the three orange - type males were crossed with green - type females to produce a hybrid f1 . the f1 progeny was allowed us to cross to produce an f2 . the f2 progeny consisted of 672 green females , 351 green males , 298 orange males , and 0 orange females . these ratios did not differ significantly from the expected 50:25:25:0 ratios for a single recessive sex linked allele for color phenotype . the f2 cross of green females and orange males produced an f3 consisting of 345 green females , 346 green males , 100 orange females , and 85 orange males . these ratios also conformed to the expected ratios ( 0.375:0.375:0.125:0.125 ) with the exception of orange males , which numbers were slightly lower than expected . the pure orange type n. viridula produced significantly less egg masses ( 0.71 0.15 ) per day than green types ( 2.09 0.16 ) and their reproductive output , measured as net reproductive rate ( ro ) , was lower in orange ( 13.71 ) compared with green ( 20.67 ) types .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 363, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00548", "text": "[Abridged] The WIde-field Nearby Galaxy-cluster Survey (WINGS) is a project aiming at the study of the galaxy populations in clusters in the local universe (0.04 20 and > 3 types of underlying diseases were independent factors associated with crbsi occurring within 14 days of cvc indwelling . untimely cvc removal and/or inappropriate use of antibiotics led to significantly longer time to defervescence and time to negative conversion of blood culture ( all p<0.05).conclusionsin this chinese center , gram - positive bacteria are predominantly detected in crbsi . apache ii score > 20 and the presence of > 3 types of diseases were associated with earlier crbsi onset . timely removal of cvc and appropriate use of antibiotics resulted in improved outcomes .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 352, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00551", "text": "We study the direct CP violation in $\\bar{B}^0 \\to \\rho^0(\\omega)\\rho^0(\\omega) \\to \\pi^+\\pi^-\\pi^+\\pi^-$ (with unpolarized $\\rho^0(\\omega)$) via the $\\rho-\\omega$ mixing mechanism which causes a large strong phase difference and consequently a large CP violating asymmetry when the masses of the $\\pi^+\\pi^-$ pairs are in the vicinity of the $\\omega$ resonance. Since there are two $\\rho (\\omega)$ mesons in the intermediate state $\\rho-\\omega$ mixing contributes twice to the first order of isospin violation, leading to an even larger CP violating asymmetry (could be 30% -- 50% larger) than in the case where only one $\\rho (\\omega)$ meson is involved. The CP violating asymmetry depends on the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) matrix elements and the hadronic matrix elements. The factorization approach is applied in the calculation of the hadronic matrix elements with the nonfactorizable effects being included effectively in an effective parameter, $N_c$. We give the constraint on the range of $N_c$ from the latest experimental data for the branching ratios for $\\bar{B}^0 \\to\\rho^0\\rho^0$ and $\\bar{B}^0 \\to\\rho^+\\rho^-$. We find that the CP violating asymmetry could be very large (even more than 90% for some values of $N_c$). It is shown that the sensitivity of the CP violating asymmetry to $N_c$ is large compared with its smaller sensitivity to the CKM matrix elements. We also discuss the possibility to remove the mod $(\\pi)$ ambiguity in the determination of the CP violating phase angle $\\alpha$ through the measurement of the CP violating asymmetry in the decay $\\bar{B}^0\\to \\rho^0(\\omega)\\rho^0(\\omega) \\to \\pi^+\\pi^-\\pi^+\\pi^-$.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 431, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00552", "text": "later substituting the Federal Works Administrator) 'to acquire by purchase, condemnation, or otherwise, such sites * * * as he may deem necessary, * * *.' It specified that as to 'buildings to be used in whole or in part for postoffice purposes, the Federal Works Administrator, under regulations to be prescribed by him, shall act jointly with the Postmaster General in the selection of towns or cities in which buildings are to be constructed and the selection of sites therein: * * *.'4 These Acts were natural means for Congress to adopt in putting its constitutional powers into use on a scale commensurate with the size of the nation and the need of the time. Neither Act imposed expressly any limitations upon the authority of the officials designated by Congress to exercise its power of condemnation in procuring sites for public buildings deemed necessary by such officials to enable the Government to perform certain specified functions.5 Far removed from the time and circumstances that led to the enactment of these statutes in 1888 and 1926, this Court must be slow to read into them today unexpressed limitations restricting the authority of the very officials named in the Acts as the ones upon whom Congress chose to rely. 6 The power of eminent domain is essential to a sovereign government. If the United States has determined its need for certain land for a public use that is within its federal sovereign powers, it must have the right to appropriate that land. Otherwise, the owner of the land, by refusing to sell it or by consenting to do so only at an unreasonably high price, is enabled to subordinate the constitutional powers of Congress to his personal will. The Fifth Amendment, in turn, provides him with important protection against abuse of the power of eminent domain by the Federal Government.6 7 While in its early days the Federal Government filed its condemnation cases in the State courts, this Court, in Kohl v. United States, 91 U.S. 367, 23 L.Ed. 449, disposed of the idea that this was necessary. In that case, which has become the leading case on the federal power of eminent domain, Mr. Justice Strong also said: 8 'It has not been seriously contended during the argument that the United States government is without power to appropriate lands or other property within the States for its own uses, and to enable it to perform its proper functions. Such an authority is essential to its independent existence and perpetuity. These cannot be preserved if the obst", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00553", "text": "We measure star formation rates of ~50,000 optically-selected galaxies in the local universe (z~0.1), spanning a range from gas-rich dwarfs to massive ellipticals. We obtain dust-corrected SFRs by fitting the GALEX (UV) and SDSS (optical) photometry to a library of population synthesis models that include dust attenuation. For star-forming galaxies, our UV-based SFRs compare remarkably well with those derived from SDSS H alpha. Deviations from perfect agreement between these two methods are due to differences in the dust attenuation estimates. In contrast to H alpha, UV provides reliable SFRs for galaxies with weak or no H alpha emission, and where H alpha is contaminated with an emission from an AGN. We use full-SED SFRs to calibrate a simple prescription that uses GALEX UV magnitudes to produce good SFRs for normal star-forming galaxies. The specific SFR is considered as a function of stellar mass for (1) star-forming galaxies with no AGN, (2) those hosting an AGN, and for (3) galaxies without H alpha emission. We find that the three have distinct star formation histories, with AGN lying intermediate between the star-forming and the quiescent galaxies. Normal star forming galaxies (without an AGN) lie on a relatively narrow linear sequence. Remarkably, galaxies hosting a strong AGN appear to represent the massive continuation of this sequence. Weak AGN, while also massive, have lower SFR, sometimes extending to the realm of quiescent galaxies. We propose an evolutionary sequence for massive galaxies that smoothly connects normal star-forming galaxies to quiescent (red sequence) galaxies via strong and weak AGN. We confirm that some galaxies with no H alpha emission show signs of SF in the UV. We derive a UV-based cosmic SFR density at z=0.1 with smaller total error than previous measurements (abridged).", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 401, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00554", "text": "mitochondrial diseases are a group of energy metabolic disorders with multisystem involvements . variable clinical features present a major challenge in pediatric diagnoses . we summarized the clinical spectrum of m.3243a > g mutation in chinese pediatric patients , to define the common clinical manifestations and study the correlation between heteroplasmic degree of the mutation and clinical severity of the disease.methods:clinical data of one - hundred pediatric patients with symptomatic mitochondrial disease harboring m.3243a > g mutation from 2007 to 2013 were retrospectively reviewed . detection of m.3243a > g mutation ratio was performed by polymerase chain reaction ( pcr)-restriction fragment length polymorphism . correlation between m.3243a > g mutation ratio and age was evaluated . the differences in clinical symptom frequency of patients with low , middle , and high levels of mutation ratio were analyzed by chi - square test.results:sixty-six patients ( 66% ) had suffered a delayed diagnosis for an average of 2 years . the most frequent symptoms were seizures ( 76% ) , short stature ( 73% ) , elevated plasma lactate ( 70% ) , abnormal magnetic resonance imaging / computed tomography ( mri / ct ) changes ( 68% ) , vomiting ( 55% ) , decreased vision ( 52% ) , headache ( 50% ) , and muscle weakness ( 48% ) . the mutation ratio was correlated negatively with onset age ( r = 0.470 , p < 0.001 ) . myopathy was more frequent in patients with a high level of mutation ratio . however , patients with a low or middle level of m.3243a > g mutation ratio were more likely to suffer hearing loss , decreased vision , and gastrointestinal disturbance than patients with a high level of mutation ratio.conclusions:our study showed that half of chinese pediatric patients with m.3243a > g mutation presented seizures , short stature , abnormal mri / ct changes , elevated plasma lactate , vomiting , and headache . pediatric patients with these recurrent symptoms should be considered for screening m.3243a > g mutation . clinical manifestations and laboratory abnormalities should be carefully monitored in patients with this point mutation .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 448, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00555", "text": "We report on a search for gravitational waves from the coalescence of compact binaries during the third and fourth LIGO science runs. The search focused on gravitational waves generated during the inspiral phase of the binary evolution. In our analysis, we considered three categories of compact binary systems, ordered by mass: (i) primordial black hole binaries with masses in the range 0.35 M(sun) < m1, m2 < 1.0 M(sun), (ii) binary neutron stars with masses in the range 1.0 M(sun) < m1, m2 < 3.0 M(sun), and (iii) binary black holes with masses in the range 3.0 M(sun)< m1, m2 < m_(max) with the additional constraint m1+ m2 < m_(max), where m_(max) was set to 40.0 M(sun) and 80.0 M(sun) in the third and fourth science runs, respectively. Although the detectors could probe to distances as far as tens of Mpc, no gravitational-wave signals were identified in the 1364 hours of data we analyzed. Assuming a binary population with a Gaussian distribution around 0.75-0.75 M(sun), 1.4-1.4 M(sun), and 5.0-5.0 M(sun), we derived 90%-confidence upper limit rates of 4.9 yr^(-1) L10^(-1) for primordial black hole binaries, 1.2 yr^(-1) L10^(-1) for binary neutron stars, and 0.5 yr^(-1) L10^(-1) for stellar mass binary black holes, where L10 is 10^(10) times the blue light luminosity of the Sun.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 381, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00556", "text": "backgroundcurcumin has shown to affect sperm motility and function in vitro and fertility in vivo . the molecular mechanism(s ) by which curcumin affects sperm motility has not been delineated . since modulation of intracellular ph ( phi ) and plasma membrane polarization is involved in sperm motility , the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of curcumin on these sperm ( human and murine ) parameters.methodsthe effect of curcumin on sperm forward motility was examined by counting percentages of forward moving sperm . the effect of curcumin on intracellular ph ( phi ) was measured by the fluorescent ph indicator 2,7-bicarboxyethyl-5,6-carboxyfluorescein - acetoxymethyl ester ( bcecf - am ) . the effect of curcumin on plasma membrane polarization was examined using the fluorescence sensitive dye bis ( 1,3-dibarbituric acid)-trimethine oxanol [ dibac4(3)].resultscurcumin caused a concentration - dependent ( p<0.05 ) decrease in forward motility of both human and mouse sperm . it also caused a concentration - dependent decrease in intracellular ph ( phi ) in both human and mouse sperm . curcumin induced significant ( p<0.05 ) hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane in both human and mouse sperm.conclusionthese findings indicate that curcumin inhibits sperm forward motility by intracellular acidification and hyperpolarization of sperm plasma membrane . this is the first study to our knowledge which examined the effect of curcumin on sperm phi and membrane polarization that affect sperm forward motility . these exciting findings will have application in deciphering the signal transduction pathway involved in sperm motility and function and in development of a novel non - steroidal contraceptive for infertility .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 374, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00557", "text": "encumbrance. It may commend itself to a State to encourage a pastoral instead of an industrial society. That is its concern and its privilege. But to compare a State's treatment of its local trade with the exertion of its authority against commerce in the national domain is to compare incomparables. 6 These principles of limitation on State power apply to all State policy no matter what State interest gives rise to its legislation. A burden on interstate commerce is none the lighter and no less objectionable because it is imposed by a State under the taxing power rather than under manifestations of police power in the conventional sense. But, in the necessary accommodation between local needs and the overriding requirement of freedom for the national commerce, the incidence of a particular type of State action may throw the balance in support of the local need because interference with the national interest is remote or unsubstantial. A police regulation of local aspects of interstate commerce is a power often essential to a State in safeguarding vital local interests. At least until Congress chooses to enact a nation-wide rule, the power will not be denied to the State. T e Minnesota Rate Cases (Simpson v. Shepard), 230 U.S. 352, 402 et seq., 33 S.Ct. 729, 741, 57 L.Ed. 511, 48 L.R.A.,N.S., 1151, Ann.Cas.1916A, 18; South Carolina State Hwy. Dept. v. Barnwell Bros., 303 U.S. 177, 625, 58 S.Ct. 510, 82 L.Ed. 734; Union Brokerage Co. v. Jensen, 322 U.S. 202, 209—212, 64 S.Ct. 967, 972—973, 88 L.Ed. 1227, 152 A.L.R. 1072. State taxation falling on interstate commerce, on the other hand, can only be justified as designed to make such commerce bear a fair share of the cost of the local government whose protection it enjoys. But revenue serves as well no matter what its source. To deny to a State a particular source of income because it taxes the very process of interstate commerce does not impose a crippling limitation on a State's ability to carry on its local function. Moreover, the burden on interstate commerce involved in a direct tax upon it is inherently greater, certainly less uncertain in its consequences, than results from the usual police", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00558", "text": "treatment of elbow dislocation with irreparable radial head fracture needs replacement of radial head to achieve stability of elbow . an alternate method in cases of elbow dislocation with radial head fracture can be resection of radial head with repair of medial collateral ligament . we report a retrospective analysis of cases of elbow dislocation with irreparable radial head treated by excision head of radius and repair of mcl.materials and methods : nine patients of elbow dislocation with associated irreparable fractures of the head of the radius were included in this analysis ( 6 f:3 m , age : 35 - 47 years ) . radial head excision was done through the lateral approach and mcl was sutured using no 3 ethibond using medial approach . above elbow plaster was given for 6 weeks and gradual mobilization was done thereafter . all patients were assessed at final followup using mayo elbow performance score ( meps).results : mean followup was 19.55 7.12 months ( range 14 - 36 months ) . there was no extension deficit when compared to opposite side with mean range of flexion of 138.8 6.97 ( range 130 -145 ) . mean pronation was 87.7 4.4 ( range 80 - 90 ) and mean supination was 87.7 4.62 ( range 80 - 90 ) . the mean meps was 98.8 3.33 ( range 90 - 100 ) . no patient had pain , sensory complaints , subluxation or redislocation . all were able to carry out their daily activities without disability.conclusion:radial head excision with mcl repair is an acceptable option for treatment of patients with elbow dislocation and irreparable radial head fracture .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 366, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00559", "text": "(Abridged) We develop and test a model for the cosmological role of mergers in the formation and quenching of red, early-type galaxies. Making the ansatz that star formation is quenched after a gas-rich, spheroid-forming major merger, we demonstrate that this naturally predicts the turnover in the efficiency of star formation at ~L_star, as well as the observed mass functions/density of red galaxies as a function of redshift, the formation times of spheroids as a function of mass, and the fraction of quenched galaxies as a function of galaxy and halo mass, environment, and redshift. Comparing to a variety of semi-analytic models in which quenching is primarily driven by halo mass considerations or secular/disk instabilities, we demonstrate that our model and different broad classes of models make unique and robust qualitative predictions for a number of observables, including the red fraction as a function of galaxy and halo mass, the density of passive galaxies and evolution of the color-morphology-density relations at high z, and the fraction of disky/boxy spheroids as a function of mass. In each case, the observations favor a model in which galaxies quench after a major merger builds a massive spheroid, and disfavor quenching via secular or pure halo processes. We discuss a variety of physical possibilities for this quenching, and propose a mixed scenario in which traditional quenching in hot, massive halos is supplemented by the feedback associated with star formation and quasar activity in a major merger, which temporarily suppress cooling and establish the conditions of a dynamically hot halo in the central regions of the host, even in low mass halos.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 346, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00560", "text": "We presented the result of a high resolution (FWHM~0.5'') 12 ks Chandra HRC-I observation of the starburst galaxy IC342 taken on 2 April 2006. We identified 23 X-ray sources within the central 30' x 30' region of IC342. Our HRC-I observation resolved the historical Ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULX), X3, near the nucleus into 2 sources, namely C12 and C13, for the first time. The brighter source C12, with L(0.08-10keV)=(6.66\\pm0.45)\\times10^{38}ergs^-1, was spatially extended (~82 pc x 127 pc). From the astrometric registration of the X-ray image, C12 was at R.A.=03h:46m:48.43s, decl.=+68d05m47.45s, and was closer to the nucleus than C13. Thus we concluded that source was not an ULX and must instead be associated with the nucleus. The fainter source C13, with L(0.08-10keV)=(5.1\\pm1.4) x 10^{37}ergs^-1 was consistent with a point source and located $6.51'' at P.A. 240 degree of C12. We also analyzed astrometrically corrected optical Hubble Space Telescope and radio Very Large Array images, a comparison with the X-ray image showed similarities in their morphologies. Regions of star formation within the central region of IC342 were clearly visible in HST H alpha image and this was the region where 3 optical star clusters and correspondingly our detected X-ray source C12 were observed. We found that a predicted X-ray emission from starburst was very close to the observed X-ray luminosity of C12, suggesting that nuclear X-ray emission in IC342 was dominated by starburst. Furthermore, we discussed the possibility of AGN in the nucleus of IC342. Although our data was not enough to give a firm existence of an AGN, it could not be discarded.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 442, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00561", "text": "a uniform code of criminal procedure. Except for the limited scope of the federal criminal code, the prosecution of crime is a matter for the individual States. The Constitution commands the States to assure fair judgment. Procedural details for securing fairness it leaves to the States. It is for them, therefore, to choose the methods and practices by which crime is brought to book, so long as they observe those ultimate dignities of man which the United States Constitution assures. Brown v. State of New Jersey, 175 U.S. 172, 175, 20 S.Ct. 77, 78, 44 L.Ed. 119; State of Missouri v. Lewis, 101 U.S. 22, 31, 25 L.Ed. 989. Wide discretion must be left to the States for the manner of adjudicating a claim that a conviction is unconstitutional. States are free to devise their own systems of review in criminal cases. A State may decide whether to have direct appeals in such cases, and if so under what circumstances. McKane v. Durston, 153 U.S. 684, 687, 14 S.Ct. 913, 915, 38 L.Ed. 867. In respecting the duty laid upon them by Mooney v. Holohan, the States have a wide choice of remedies. A State may provide that the protection of rights granted by the Federal Constitution be sought through the writ of habeas corpus or coram nobis. It may use each of these ancient writs in its common law scope, or it may put them to new uses; or, it may afford remedy by a simple motion brought either in the court of original conviction or at the place of detention. See, e.g., New York ex rel. Whitman v. Wilson, 318 U.S. 688, 63 S.Ct. 840, 87 L.Ed. 1083; Matter of Lyons v. Goldstein, 290 N.Y. 19, 25, 47 N.E.2d 425, 146 A.L.R. 1422; Matter of Morhous v. New York Supreme Court, 293 N.Y. 131, 56 N.E.2d 79; People v. Gersewitz, 294 N.Y. 163, 168, 61 N.E.2d 427; Matter of Hogan v. Court of General Sessions", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00562", "text": "We give a general $SU(2)_L\\times SU(2)_R$ $\\times U(1)_{EM}$ sigma model with external sources, dynamical breaking and spontaneous vacuum symmetry breaking, and present the general formulation of the model. It is found that $\\sigma $ and $\\pi ^0$ without electric charges have electromagnetic interaction effects coming from their internal structure. A general Lorentz transformation relative to external sources $J_{gauge}$ $=(J_{A_\\mu},J_{A_\\mu ^\\kappa})$ is derived, using the general Lorentz transformation and the four-dimensional current of nuclear matter of the ground state with $J_{gauge}$ = 0, we give the four-dimensional general relations between the different currents of nuclear matter systems with $J_{gauge}\\neq 0$ and those with $J_{gauge}=0$. The relation of the density's coupling with external magnetic field is derived, which conforms well to dense nuclear matter in a strong magnetic field. We show different condensed effects in strong interaction about fermions and antifermions, and give the concrete scalar and pseudoscalar condensed expressions of $\\sigma_0$ and $\\pi_0$ bosons. About different dynamical breaking and spontaneous vacuum symmetry breaking, the concrete expressions of different mass spectra are obtained in field theory. This paper acquires the running spontaneous vacuum breaking value $\\sigma_0^{\\prime},$ and obtains the spontaneous vacuum breaking in terms of the running $\\sigma_0^{\\prime}$, which make nucleon, $\\sigma $ and $\\pi $ particles gain effective masses. We achieve both the effect of external sources and nonvanishing value of the condensed scalar and pseudoscalar paticles. It is deduced that the masses of nucleons, $\\sigma $ and $\\pi $ generally depend on different external sources.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 383, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00563", "text": "Searches for planets in close binary systems explore the degree to which stellar multiplicity inhibits or promotes planet formation. There is a degeneracy between planet formation models when only systems with single stars are studied--several mechanisms appear to be able to produce such a final result. This degeneracy is lifted by searching for planets in binary systems; the resulting detections (or evidence of non-existence) of planets in binaries isolates which models may contribute to how planets form in nature. In this chapter, we consider observational efforts to detect planetary companions to binary stars in two types of hierarchical planet-binary configurations: first ``S-type'' planets which orbit just one of the stars, with the binary period being much longer than the planet's; second, ``P-type'' or circumbinary planets, where the planet simultaneously orbits both stars, and the planetary orbital period is much longer than that of the binary. The S-type planet finding techniques are different for binaries that can or cannot be spatially resolved. For wider systems, techniques reviewed include dualstar interferometric differential astrometry and precision radial velocities. Alternatively, unresolved binaries can be studied using modified dualstar \"PHASES-style\" differential astrometry or a modification of the radial velocity technique for composite spectra. Should a fortunately aligned--but still long period--binary be found, eclipse timing can also reveal the presence of S-type planets. Methods for detecting P-type planets include the composite-spectra variant of the radial velocity technique and eclipse timing.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 302, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00564", "text": "§ 288, 28 U.S.C. § 426, 28 U.S.C.A. § 426, dealing with disqualifications of jurors in prosecutions for bigamy, polygamy or unlawful cohabitation. 7 Report to the Judicial Conference of the Committee on Selection of Jurors (1942), p. 23. 8 An earlier indictment (subsequently dismissed) was returned against petitioners who moved to quash because of the exclusion of women from the panel of grand jurors. The motion was denied. United States v. Ballard, D.C., 35 F.Supp. 105. That ruling seems to have been influenced by the thought that California law determined whether the exclusion of women resulted in a proper jury. Under California law the inclusion of women on the panel is not obligatory, the statutory provisions which qualify them for jury service being directory only. People v. Shannon, 203 Cal. 139, 263 P. 522; People v. Parman, 14 Cal.2d 17, 92 P.2d 387. 9 See Miller, The Woman Juror, 2 Oregon L.Rev. 30; cf. Carson, Women Jurors (1928), p. 15. 10 The problem is reflected in the discussions of the androcentric theory and the gynaecocentric theory in scientific literature. See Ward, Pure Sociology (1903), Ch. XIV; Draper et al., Human Constitution in Clinical Medicine (1944), Ch. VI. 11 Cf. Wuichet v. United States, 6 Cir., 8 F.2d 561—563. * The two cases invoked by the Court are inapposite. The circumstances in Reynolds v. United States, 98 U.S. 145, 168, 169, 25 L.Ed. 244, are so different from those now before us that the Court's action in that case can afford no support for what is here done. In affirming the conviction the Court had not noticed that the sentence imposed after trial was imprisonment at hard labor, whereas the applicable statute authorized only sentence to ordinary imprisonment. It had not been called to the Court's attention, and it was not the kind of error that the Court would notice. But the error, which everybody had overlooked, would, if uncorrected, have subjected a defendant to punishment far more severe than any authorized", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00565", "text": "Light travel time delays distort the apparent shapes of HII regions surrounding bright quasars during early stages of cosmic reionization. Individual HII regions may remain undetectable in forthcoming redshifted 21 cm experiments. However, the systematic deformation along the line of sight may be detectable statistically, either by stacking tomographic 21cm images of quasars identified, for example, by JWST, or as small-scale anisotropy in the three-dimensional 21cm power spectrum. Here we consider the detectability of this effect. The anisotropy is largest when HII regions are large and expand rapidly, and we find that if bright quasars contributed to the early stages of reionization, then they can produce significant anisotropy, on scales comparable to the typical sizes of HII regions of the bright quasars (approx. 30 Mpc and below). The effect therefore cannot be ignored when analyzing future 21cm power spectra on small scales. If 10 percent of the volume of the IGM at redshift z=10 is ionized by quasars with typical ionizing luminosity of S= 5 x 10^{56} photons/second, the distortions can enhance by more than 10 percent the 21cm power spectrum in the radial (redshift) direction, relative to the transverse directions. The level of this anisotropy exceeds that due to redshift-space distortion, and has the opposite sign. We show that on-going experiments such as MWA should be able to detect this effect. A detection would reveal the presence of bright quasars, and shed light on the ionizing yield and age of the ionizing sources, and the distribution and small-scale clumping of neutral intergalactic gas in their vicinity.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 367, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00566", "text": "The \\textit{parabolic scalar curvature equation} is a reaction-diffusion type equation on an $(n-1)$-manifold $\\Sigma$, the time variable of which shall be denoted by $r$. Given a function $R$ on $[r_0,r_1)\\times\\Sigma$ and a family of metrics $\\gamma(r)$ on $\\Sigma$, when the coefficients of this equation are appropriately defined in terms of $\\gamma$ and $R$, positive solutions give metrics of prescribed scalar curvature $R$ on $[r_0,r_1)\\times\\Sigma$ in the form \\[ g=u^2dr^2+r^2\\gamma.\\] If the area element of $r^2\\gamma$ is expanding for increasing $r$, then the equation is parabolic, and the basic existence problem is to take positive initial data at some $r=r_0$ and solve for $u$ on the maximal interval of existence, which above was implicitly assumed to be $I=[r_0,r_1)$; one often hopes that $r_1=\\infty$. However, the case of greatest physical interest, $R>0$, often leads to blow-up in finite time so that $r_1<\\infty$. It is the purpose of the present work to investigate the situation in which the blow-up nonetheless occurs in such a way that $g$ is continuously extendible to $\\bar M=[r_0,r_1]\\times\\Sigma$ as a manifold with totally geodesic outer boundary at $r=r_1$.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 326, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00567", "text": "We report on a V=11.2 early K dwarf, XO-2 (GSC 03413-00005), that hosts a Rp=0.98+0.03/-0.01 Rjup, Mp=0.57+/-0.06 Mjup transiting extrasolar planet, XO-2b, with an orbital period of 2.615857+/-0.000005 days. XO-2 has high metallicity, [Fe/H]=0.45+/-0.02, high proper motion, mu_tot=157 mas/yr, and has a common proper motion stellar companion with 31\" separation. The two stars are nearly identical twins, with very similar spectra and apparent magnitudes. Due to the high metallicity, these early K dwarf stars have a mass and radius close to solar, Ms=0.98+/-0.02 Msolar and Rs=0.97+0.02/-0.01 Rsolar. The high proper motion of XO-2 results from an eccentric orbit (Galactic pericenter, Rper<4 kpc) well confined to the Galactic disk (Zmax~100 pc). In addition, the phase space position of XO-2 is near the Hercules dynamical stream, which points to an origin of XO-2 in the metal-rich, inner Thin Disk and subsequent dynamical scattering into the solar neighborhood. We describe an efficient Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm for calculating the Bayesian posterior probability of the system parameters from a transit light curve.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 314, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00568", "text": "The paper presents results from a small survey of 22 young, nearby stars that was designed to detect substellar companions and ultimately giant extrasolar planets down to Jupiter masses. The targets are members of the Tucana and Beta Pictoris moving groups apart from the somewhat older star HIP 71395 that has a radial velocity trend suggesting a massive planet in large orbit. The survey was carried out in the L-band using adaptive optics assisted imaging with NAOS-CONICA (NACO) at the VLT. The chosen observation wavelength is well suited to search for close companions around young stars and delivers unprecedented detection limits. The presented technique reaches some of the best sensitivities as of today and is currently the most sensitive method for the contrast limited detection of substellar companions that are cooler than about 1000K. The companion to 51 Eri, GJ 3305, was found to be a very close binary on an eccentric orbit. No substellar companions were found around the target stars, although the method permitted to detect companions down to a few Jupiter masses at orbital distances of typically 5 astronomical units. A planet with a mass >1 M_Jup at distances >5 AU around AU Mic can be excluded at the time of our observations. The absence of detected planets sets constraints on the frequency distribution and maximum orbital distance of giant exoplanets. For example, a radial distribution power law index of 0.2 in combination with a maximum orbital radius exceeding 30 AU can be rejected at a 90% confidence level.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 310, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00569", "text": "We study the spectral and energetics properties of 47 long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) with known redshift, all of them detected by the Swift satellite. Due to the narrow energy range (15-150 keV) of the Swift-BAT detector, the spectral fitting is reliable only for fitting models with 2 or 3 parameters. As high uncertainty and correlation among the errors is expected, a careful analysis of the errors is necessary. We fit both the power law (PL, 2 parameters) and cut--off power law (CPL, 3 parameters) models to the time-integrated spectra of the 47 bursts, and present the corresponding parameters, their uncertainties, and the correlations among the uncertainties. The CPL model is reliable only for 29 bursts for which we estimate the nuf_nu peak energy Epk. For these GRBs, we calculate the energy fluence and the rest- frame isotropic-equivalent radiated energy, Eiso, as well as the propagated uncertainties and correlations among them. We explore the distribution of our homogeneous sample of GRBs on the rest-frame diagram E'pk vs Eiso. We confirm a significant correlation between these two quantities (the \"Amati\" relation) and we verify that, within the uncertainty limits, no outliers are present. We also fit the spectra to a Band model with the high energy power law index frozen to -2.3, obtaining a rather good agreement with the \"Amati\" relation of non-Swift GRBs.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 308, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00570", "text": "from t e ever-present dangers of abuse and fraud. Indeed, unless such adjustments are made, the democratic process may be perverted and the election may fail to reflect the will of the majority of the electorate. One of the commonest protective devices is to require that challenges to the eligibility of voters be made prior to the actual casting of ballots, so that all uncontested votes are given absolute finality. In political elections, this device often involves registration lists which are closed some time prior to election day; all challenges as to registrants must be made during the intervening period or at the polls. Thereafter it is too late. The fact that cutting off the right to challenge conceivably may result in the counting of some ineligible votes is thought to be far outweighed by the dangers attendant upon the allowance of indiscriminate challenges after the election. To permit such challenges, it is said, would invade the secrecy of the ballot, destroy the finality of the election result, invite unwarranted and dilatory claims by defeated candidates and 'keep perpetually before the courts the same excitements, strifes, and animosities which characterize the hustings, and which ought, for the peace of the community, and the safety and stability of our institutions, to terminate with the close of the polls.' Cooley, Constitutional Limitations (8th Ed., 1927), p. 1416. 11 Long experience has demonstrated the fairness and efficaciousness of the general rule that once a ballot has been cast without challenge and its identity has been lost, its validity cannot later be challenged. This rule is universally recognized as consistent with the democratic process. And it is generally followed in corporate elections. The Board's adoption of the rule in elections under the National Labor Relations Act is therefore in accord with the principles which Congress indicated should be used in securing the fair and free choice of collective bargaining representatives. 12 Moreover, the rule in question is one that is peculiarly appropriate to the situations confronting the Board in these elections. In an atmosphere that may be charged with animosity, post-election challenges would tempt a losing union or an employer to make undue attacks on the elegibility of voters so as to delay the finality and statutory effect of the election results. Such challenges would also extend an opportunity for the inclusion of ineligible pro-union or anti-union men on the pay-roll list in the hope that they might escape challenge before voting, thereafter giving rise to a charge that the election", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00571", "text": "We study the effect of a close encounter of a passing star on the shape of the inner Oort Cloud, using the impulse approximation. The deviation of the perturbed Oort Cloud from sphericity adds angular fluctuations to the brightness of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) due to thermal emission by the comets. An encounter with a solar-mass star at an impact parameter of $1750 \\au$, as expected based on the abundance and velocity dispersion of stars in the solar neighborhood, leads to a quadrupole moment in the square of the fractional CMB intensity fluctuation of $C_2 = 4.5 \\times 10^{-15}, 6.7 \\times 10^{-12}, 1.1 \\times 10^{-9}$ at $\\nu = 30, 353, 545 \\GHz$ (these being the frequency bands of the upcoming Planck satellite). We also quantify the quadrupole spectral distortions produced by the Scattered Disc, which will exist regardless of any perturbation and the subsequent shape of the Oort Cloud. For comparison, the square fractional temperature fluctuation quadrupole moment predicted by the current cosmological model is $C_2 = 1.76 \\times 10^{-10}$, which corresponds to fluctuations in the CMB intensity of $C_2 = 2.9 \\times 10^{-10}, 6.8 \\times 10^{-9}, 1.6 \\times 10^{-8}$ at $\\nu = 30, 353, 545 \\GHz$. Finally, we discuss how a measurement of the anisotropic spectral distortions could be used to constrain the trajectory of the closest stellar fly-by.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 349, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00572", "text": "548, 34 S.Ct. 956, 58 L.Ed. 1459, approved in Valvoline Oil Company v. United States, 308 U.S. 141, 60 S.Ct. 160, 84 L.Ed. 151, govern this case. The Uncle Sam Company operation is described as'simply drawing oil from its own wells across a state line to its own refinery, for its own use, and that is all, * * *.' The Pipe Line Cases, 234 U.S. 548, 562, 34 S.Ct. 956, 959, 58 L.Ed. 1459. The Court considered this was not 'transportation' within the meaning of the Act. 6 But we think it would expand the actual holding of that case to apply its conclusion to Champlin. The controlling fact under the statute is transporting commodities from state to state by pipe line. Admittedly Champlin is not a common carrier in the sense of the common law carrier for hire. However, the Act does not stop at this but goes on to say that its use of the term 'common carrier' is to include all pipe line companies—a meaningless addition if it thereby included only what the term without more always had included. While Champlin technically is transporting its own oil, manufacturing processes have been completed; the oil is not being moved for Champlin's own use. These interstate facilities are operated to put its finished products in the market in interstate commerce at the greatest economic advantage. 7 Examination of Champlin's pricing methods supports the view that appellant is engaged in transportation even though the products are still its own when moved. The District Court found that price at the terminal points includes f.o.b. price at the Enid refinery and an additional sum called a differential. The differential is the through railroad freight rate from Enid to the final destination (usually the purchaser's place of business) less the carrying charges from the pipe line terminal to final destination. The District Court found, however, that competitive and other conditions'sometimes cause departures from the prices arrived at in accordance with the formula above described.' Appellant states that as to some deliveries 'rail rates were used merely as a basis for calculating a delivered price, not as a charge for transportation.' Even so, and even though departures from the calculated differential are substantial and frequent, we think this practice points up a significant distinction from the Uncle", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00573", "text": "105, 107. The California courts thus have treated men and women as equally qualified and have assumed that litigants will have an adequate impartial jury, regardless of the sex of the jurors, provided the jurors otherwise are qualified to serve. Cf. Hyde v. United States, 225 U.S. 347, 374, 32 S.Ct. 793, 804, 56 L.Ed. 1114, Ann.Cas.1914A, 614; Agnew v. United States, 165 U.S. 36, 44, 17 S.Ct. 235, 238, 41 L.Ed. 624. While such a state practice is not binding upon the federal courts as a matter of law, yet it is persuasive as indicating that litigants need not be treated as having been prejudiced when a Federal District Court has conformed its practice to that of the state. For the state rule see People v. Parman supra; In re Mana, 178 Cal. 213, 172 P. 986, L.R.A.1918E, 771; People v. Manuel, 41 Cal.App. 153, 182 P. 306. 38 The error in the federal practice cannot be the exclusion of women, as such, because such exclusion not only is permitted but is required by federal statute in states where they are not eligible for state jury duty. The error, if any, must consist of the failure to require the listing of women, as well as men, for all federal jury service in a state which permits such listing for state jury service, even though the state regards such listing as directory to and not mandatory upon the state courts. 39 There are ample grounds for distinguishing Thiel v. Southern Pacific Co., 328 U.S. 217, 66 S.Ct. 984, from this case. For example, in the Thiel case, the Court acted in the absence of actual notice that the objectionable practice had been discontinued,2 whereas, here, we have notice that the practice objected to was changed more than two years ago to conform, at least substantially, to the approved practice. Also, in the Thiel case, the procedure complained of consisted of the exclusion of an economic group, thereby detracting from the representative character of the jury list, in a manner contrary to the tradition and purpose of the jury system. Here the exclusion of women, as", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00574", "text": "27th Ann.Conf.Nat.Tax Assn. (1934) 136—160. See also Perkins, The Sales Tax and Transactions in Interstate Commerce (1934) 12 N.C.L.Rev. 99. 26 Cf. note 25. 27 Indiana was the state by whose law the trust was created. It was the situs of the trust's administration. It was the place where the securities were kept prior to mailing for delivery in accordance with the terms of their sale. Cf. Curry v. McCanless, 307 U.S. 357, 59 S.Ct. 900, 83 L.Ed. 1339, 123 A.L.R. 162. The directions for sale were given there. The proceeds were forwarded to Indiana and there received into the corpus of the trust. The state's connections with the trust, and with the property which was the subject of the sale, more than satisfy and due process requirement for exercise of the power to tax either the property or transactions relating to its disposition taking place as largely within Indiana's borders as did the sales in this case. 28 The cases, aside from Adams Mfg. Co. v. Storen, 304 U.S. 307, 58 S.Ct. 913, 82 L.Ed. 1365, 117 A.L.R. 429, which involve the Indiana gross receipts tax are: Department of Treasury of State of Indiana v. Wood Preserving Corporation, 313 U.S. 62, 61 S.Ct. 885, 85 L.Ed. 1188; Department of Treasury of State of Indiana v. Ingram-Richardson Mfg. Co., 313 U.S. 252, 61 S.Ct. 866, 85 L.Ed. 1313; International Harvester Co. v. Dept. of Treasury, 322 U.S. 340, 64 S.Ct. 1030, 88 L.Ed. 1313; Ford Motor Co. v. Dept. of Treasury, 323 U.S. 459, 65 S.Ct. 347, 89 L.Ed. 389. ee also General Trading Co. v. State Tax Commission, 322 U.S. 335, 64 S.Ct. 1028, 88 L.Ed. 1309; cf. Northwestern Airlines v. State of Minnesota, 322 U.S", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00575", "text": "We report the detection of CO(3-2) emission from a bright, gravitationally lensed Lyman Break Galaxy, LBGJ213512.73-010143 (the 'Cosmic Eye'), at z=3.07 using the Plateau de Bure Interferometer. This is only the second detection of molecular gas emission from an LBG and yields an intrinsic molecular gas mass of (2.4+/-0.4)x10^9 Mo. The lens reconstruction of the UV morphology of the LBG indicates that it comprises two components separated by ~2 kpc. The CO emission is unresolved, and appears to be centered on the intrinsically fainter (and also less highly magnified) of the two UV components. The width of the CO line indicates a dynamical mass of (8+/-2)x10^9csc(i)^2 Mo within the central 2 kpc. Employing mid-infrared observations from Spitzer we derive a stellar mass of ~(6+/-2)x10^9 Mo and a star-formation rate of ~60 Mo/yr, indicating that the molecular gas will be consumed in ~40 Myr. The gas fractions, star-formation efficiencies and line widths suggests that LBGJ213512 is a high-redshift, gas-rich analog of a local luminous infrared galaxy. This galaxy has a similar gas-to-dynamical mass fraction as observed in the submillimeter-selected population, although the gas surface density and star-formation efficiency is a factor of 3x less, suggesting less vigorous activity. We discuss the uncertainties in our conclusions arising from adopting a CO-to-H2 conversion factor appropriate for either the Milky Way or local luminous infrared galaxies. These observations demonstrate that current facilities, when aided by fortuitous gravitational magnification, can study 'ordinary' galaxies at high-redshift and so act as pathfinders for ALMA.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 389, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00576", "text": "Studies of the effects of environment on galaxy properties and evolution require well defined control samples. Such isolated galaxy samples have up to now been small or poorly defined. The AMIGA project (Analysis of the interstellar Medium of Isolated GAlaxies) represents an attempt to define a statistically useful sample of the most isolated galaxies in the local (z < 0.05) Universe. A suitable large sample for the AMIGA project already exists, the Catalogue of Isolated Galaxies (CIG, Karachentseva 1973; 1050 galaxies), and we use this sample as a starting point to refine and perform a better quantification of its isolation properties. Digitised POSS-I E images were analysed out to a minimum projected radius R > 0.5 Mpc around 950 CIG galaxies (those within Vr = 1500 km s-1 were excluded). We identified all galaxy candidates in each field brighter than B = 17.5 with a high degree of confidence using the LMORPHO software. We generated a catalogue of approximately 54 000 potential neighbours (redshifts exist for 30% of this sample). Six hundred sixty-six galaxies pass and two hundred eighty-four fail the original CIG isolation criterion. The available redshift data confirm that our catalogue involves a largely background population rather than physically associated neighbours. We find that the exclusion of neighbours within a factor of four in size around each CIG galaxy, employed in the original isolation criterion, corresponds to Delta Vr ~ 18000 km s-1 indicating that it was a conservative limit. Galaxies in the CIG have been found to show different degrees of isolation. We conclude that a quantitative measure of this is mandatory. It will be the subject of future work based on the catalogue of neighbours obtained here.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 368, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00577", "text": "The decay $B^0_d \\to D^+ D^-$ offers an interesting probe of CP violation, but requires control of penguin effects, which can be done through $B^0_s \\to D^+_s D^-_s$ by means of the $U$-spin flavour symmetry of strong interactions. Recently, the Belle collaboration reported indications of large CP violation in the $B^0_d$ decay, which were, however, not confirmed by BaBar, and first signals of the $B^0_s$ channel were observed at the Tevatron. In view of these developments and the quickly approaching start of the LHC, we explore the allowed region in observable space for CP violation in $B^0_d \\to D^+ D^-$, perform theoretical estimates of the relevant hadronic penguin parameters and observables, and address questions both about the most promising strategies for the extraction of CP-violating phases and about the interplay with other measurements of CP violation and the search for new physics. As far as the latter aspect is concerned, we point out that the $B^0_{q} \\to D_{q}^+ D^-_{q}$ system provides a setting for the determination of the $B^0_q$-$\\bar B^0_q$ mixing phases ($q\\in\\{d,s\\}$) that is complementary to the conventional $B^0_d\\to J/\\psi K_S$ and $B^0_s\\to J/\\psi \\phi$ modes with respect to possible new-physics effects in the electroweak penguin sector.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 332, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00578", "text": "We present analysis of archival data from multiple XMM-Newton observations of the Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 4151. Spectral data from the RGS instruments reveal several strong soft X-ray emission lines, chiefly from hydrogen-like and helium-like oxygen, nitrogen, neon and carbon. Radiative recombination continua (RRC) from oxygen and carbon are also detected. Our analysis suggests that the emission data are consistent with photoionization. Using the CLOUDY photoionization code, we found that, while a two-component, high column density model (10e23 cm-2) with low covering factor proved adequate in reproducing all detected Lyman series lines, it proved insufficient in modeling He-like triplets observed (neon, oxygen, and nitrogen). If resonance line data were ignored, the two-component model was sufficient to match flux from intercombination and forbidden lines. However, with the inclusion of resonance line data, He-like triplets could no longer be modeled with only two components. We found that observed oxygen G and R ratios especially were anomalous in parameter space investigated. We investigated, and were forced to dismiss, the possibility that a third purely collisional component could be responsible for enhanced resonance line contributions. We succeeded in modeling the observed spectrum with the addition of a third, lower column density (10e20.5 cm-2) component with non-zero microturbulence and high covering factor. While sufficient to reproduce observed soft X-ray flux, our model faces certain shortcomings, particularly in a less-than-ideal visual fit to the line profile. Two of the three emission model components bear similarities to components determined by Kraemer et al. (2005) in their study of NGC 4151 absorption spectra.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 350, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00579", "text": "This is a sequel to [Ca01]=math.AG/0110051. We define the bimeromorphic {\\it category} of geometric orbifolds. These interpolate between (compact K\\\" ahler) manifolds and such manifolds with logarithmic structure. These geometric orbifolds are considered from the point of view of their geometry, and thus equipped with the usual invariants of varieties: morphisms and bimeromorphic maps, differential forms, fundamental groups and universal covers, fields of definition and rational points. The most elementary properties, directly adapted from the case of varieties without orbifold structure, are established here. The arguments of [Ca01] can then be directly adapted to extend the main structure results to this orbifold category. We hope to come back to deeper aspects later. The motivation is that the natural frame for the theory of classification of compact K\\\" ahler (and complex projective) manifolds includes at least the category of orbifolds, as shown in [Ca01] by the fonctorial decomposition of {\\it special} manifolds as tower of orbifolds with either $\\kappa_+=-\\infty$ or $\\kappa=0$, and also, seemingly, by the minimal model program, in which most proofs work only after the adjunction of a \"boundary\". Also, fibrations enjoy in the bimeromorphic category of geometric orbifolds extension properties not satisfied in the category of varieties without orbifold structure, permitting to express invariants of the total space from those of the generic fibre and of the base. For example, the natural sequence of fundamental groups is exact there; also the total space is special if so are the generic fibre and the base. This makes this category suitable to lift properties from orbifolds having either $\\kappa_+=-\\infty$ or $\\kappa=0$ to those which are special.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 385, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00580", "text": "(abridged) The first unidentified very high energy gamma ray source (TeV J2032+4130) in the Cygnus region has been the subject of intensive search for a counterpart source at other wavelengths. A deep ($\\approx 50$ ksec) exposure of TeV J2032+4130 with \\textit{XMM-Newton} has been obtained. The contribution of point sources to the observed X-ray emission from TeV J2032+4130 is subtracted from the data. The point-source subtracted X-ray data are analyzed using blank sky exposures and regions adjacent to the position of TeV J2032+4130 in the field of view covered by the XMM-Newton telescopes to search for diffuse X-ray emission. An extended X-ray emission region with a full width half maximum (FWHM) size of $\\approx 12$ arc min is found. The centroid of the emission is co-located with the position of TeV J2032+4130.The energy spectrum of the emission coinciding with the position and extension of TeV J2032+4130 can be modeled by a power-law model with a photon index $\\Gamma=1.5\\pm0.2_\\mathrm{stat}\\pm0.3_\\mathrm{sys}$ and an energy flux integrated between 2 and 10 keV of $f_{2-10 \\mathrm{keV}} \\approx 7\\cdot 10^{-13}$ ergs/(cm$^2$ s) which is lower than the very high energy gamma-ray flux observed from TeV J2032+4130. We conclude that the faint extended X-ray emission discovered in this observation is the X-ray counterpart of TeV J2032+4130. Formally, it can not be excluded that the extended emission is due to an unrelated population of faint, hot ($k_BT\\approx 10$ keV) unresolved point-sources which by chance coincides with the position and extension of TeV J2032+4130. We discuss our findings in the frame of both hadronic and leptonic gamma-ray production scenarios.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 436, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00581", "text": "We prove an existence theorem for gauge invariant $L^2$-normal neighborhoods of the reduction loci in the space ${\\cal A}_a(E)$ of oriented connections on a fixed Hermitian 2-bundle $E$. We use this to obtain results on the topology of the moduli space ${\\cal B}_a(E)$ of (non-necessarily irreducible) oriented connections, and to study the Donaldson $\\mu$-classes globally around the reduction loci. In this part of the article we use essentially the concept of harmonic section in a sphere bundle with respect to an Euclidean connection. Second, we concentrate on moduli spaces of instantons on definite 4-manifolds with arbitrary first Betti number. We prove strong generic regularity results which imply (for bundles with \"odd\" first Chern class) the existence of a connected, dense open set of \"good\" metrics for which all the reductions in the Uhlenbeck compactification of the moduli space are simultaneously regular. These results can be used to define new Donaldson type invariants for definite 4-manifolds. The idea behind this construction is to notice that, for a good metric $g$, the geometry of the instanton moduli spaces around the reduction loci is always the same, independently of the choice of $g$. The connectedness of the space of good metrics is important, in order to prove that no wall-crossing phenomena (jumps of invariants) occur. Moreover, we notice that, for low instanton numbers, the corresponding moduli spaces are a priori compact and contain no reductions at all so, in these cases, the existence of well-defined Donaldson type invariants is obvious. The natural question is to decide whether these new Donaldson type invariants yield essentially new differential topological information on the base manifold have, or have a purely topological nature.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 383, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00582", "text": "basis of the present indictment, an overt act is necessary to complete the offense.4 The statute of limitations, unless suspended,5 runs from the last overt act during the existence of the conspiracy. Brown v. Elliott, 225 U.S. 392, 401, 32 S.Ct. 812, 815, 56 L.Ed. 1136. The overt acts averred and proved may thus mark the duration, as well as the scope, of the conspiracy. 7 In this case the last overt act, as we have noted, was the filing by Mayer of his registration statement on December 23, 1940. That act was adequate as an overt act in furtherance of a conspiracy to make a false return. But there is difficulty in also making it serve the function of an overt act in furtherance of a conspiracy to conceal from 1940 to 1944 the fact that false returns had been made. All continuity of action ended with the last overt act in December, 1940. There was no overt act of concealment which followed the act of making false statements. If the latter is permitting to do double duty, then a continuing result becomes a continuing conspiracy. If, as we think, the conspiracy charged and proved did not extend beyond the date of the last overt act, the admissions of each petitioner were improperly employed against the others. While the act of one partner in crime is admissible against the others where it is in furtherance of the criminal undertaking, Pinkerton v. United States, 328 U.S. 640, 66 S.Ct. 1180, and ca es cited, all such responsibility is at an end when the conspiracy ends. Logan v. United States, 144 U.S. 263, 309, 12 S.Ct. 617, 632, 36 L.Ed. 429; Brown v. United States, 150 U.S. 93, 98, 14 S.Ct. 37, 39, 37 L.Ed. 1010. Moreover, confession or admission by one coconspirator after he has been apprehended is not in any sense a furtherance of the criminal enterprise. It is rather a frustration of it. If, as the Circuit Court of Appeals thought, the maintenance of the plot to deceive the government was the objective of this conspiracy, the admissions made to the officers ended it. So far as each conspirator who confessed was", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00583", "text": "Force induced stretching of polymers is important in a variety of contexts. We have used theory and simulations to describe the response of homopolymers, with $N$ monomers, to force ($f$) in good and poor solvents. In good solvents and for {{sufficiently large}} $N$ we show, in accord with scaling predictions, that the mean extension along the $f$ axis $\\sim f$ for small $f$, and $\\sim f^{{2/3}}$ (the Pincus regime) for intermediate values of $f$. The theoretical predictions for $\\la Z\\ra$ as a function of $f$ are in excellent agreement with simulations for N=100 and 1600. However, even with N=1600, the expected Pincus regime is not observed due to the the breakdown of the assumptions in the blob picture for finite $N$. {{We predict the Pincus scaling in a good solvent will be observed for $N\\gtrsim 10^5$}}. The force-dependent structure factors for a polymer in a poor solvent show that there are a hierarchy of structures, depending on the nature of the solvent. For a weakly hydrophobic polymer, various structures (ideal conformations, self-avoiding chains, globules, and rods) emerge on distinct length scales as $f$ is varied. A strongly hydrophobic polymer remains globular as long as $f$ is less than a critical value $f_c$. Above $f_c$, an abrupt first order transition to a rod-like structure occurs. Our predictions can be tested using single molecule experiments.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 341, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00584", "text": "aimsthis trial was designed to test the hypothesis that shock efficacy during follow - up is not impaired in patients implanted without defibrillation ( df ) testing during first implantable cardioverter - defibrillator ( icd ) implantation.methods and resultsbetween february 2011 and july 2013 , 1077 patients were randomly assigned ( 1 : 1 ) to first time icd implantation with ( n = 540 ) or without ( n = 537 ) df testing . the intra - operative df testing was standardized across all participating centres , and all icd shocks were programmed to 40 j irrespective of df test results . the primary end point was the average first shock efficacy ( fse ) for all true ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation ( vt / vf ) episodes during follow - up . the secondary end points included procedural data , serious adverse events , and mortality . during a median follow - up of 22.8 months , the model - based fse was found to be non - inferior in patients with an icd implanted without a df test , with a difference in fse of 3.0% in favour of the no df test [ confidence interval ( ci ) 3.0 to 9.0% , pnon - inferiority < 0.001 for the pre - defined non - inferiority margin of 10% ) . a total of 112 procedure - related serious adverse events occurred within 30 days in 94 patients ( 17.6% ) tested compared with 89 events in 74 patients ( 13.9% ) not tested ( p = 0.095).conclusiondefibrillation efficacy during follow - up is not inferior in patients with a 40 j icd implanted without df testing . defibrillation testing during first time icd implantation should no longer be recommended for routine left - sided icd implantation .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 392, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00585", "text": "Abridged: We present analysis of Spitzer Space Telescope observations of the three low surface brightness (LSB) optical giant galaxies Malin 1, UGC 6614 and UGC 9024. Mid- and far-infrared morphology, spectral energy distributions, and integrated colors are used to derive the dust mass, dust-to-gas mass ratio, total infrared luminosity, and star formation rate (SFR). The 8 micron images indicate that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon molecules are present in the central regions of all three metal-poor LSB galaxies. The diffuse optical disks of Malin 1 and UGC 9024 remain undetected at mid- and far-infrared wavelengths. The dustiest of the three LSB galaxies, UGC 6614, has infrared morphology that varies significantly with wavelength. The 8 and 24 micron emission is co-spatial with H\\alpha emission previously observed in the outer ring of UGC 6614. The estimated dust-to-gas ratios, from less than 10^{-3} to 10^{-2}, support previous indications that the LSB galaxies are relatively dust poor compared to the HSB galaxies. The total infrared luminosities are approximately 1/3 to 1/2 the blue band luminosities, suggesting that old stellar populations are the primary source of dust heating in these LSB objects. The SFR estimated from the infrared data ranges ~0.01-0.88 M_sun yr^{-1}, consistent with results from optical studies.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 308, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00586", "text": "nephrotoxicity is one of the limiting factors for using doxorubicin ( dox ) . interleukin 1 has major role in dox - induced nephrotoxicity , so we investigated the effect of interleukin 1 receptor antagonist diacerein ( dia ) on dox - induced nephrotoxicity . dia ( 25 and 50 mg / kg / day ) was administered orally to rats for 15 days , in the presence or absence of nephrotoxicity induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of dox ( 15 mg / kg ) at the 11th day . we measured levels of serum urea , creatinine , renal reduced glutathione ( gsh ) , malondialdehyde ( mda ) , total nitrites ( nox ) , catalase , and superoxide dismutase ( sod ) . in addition , caspase-3 , tumor necrosis factor alpha ( tnf ) , nuclear factor kappa b ( nfb ) expressions , and renal histopathology were assessed . our results showed that dox - induced nephrotoxicity was ameliorated or reduced by both doses of dia , but diacerein high dose ( dhd ) showed more improvement than diacerein low dose ( dld ) . this protective effect was manifested by significant improvement in all measured parameters compared to dox treated group by using dhd . dld showed significant improvement of creatinine , mda , nox , gsh , histopathology , and immunohistochemical parameters compared to dox treated group .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 330, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00587", "text": "Co., 317 U.S. 228, 236, 63 S.Ct. 165, 170, 87 L.Ed. 232; Burr v. Duryee, 1 Wall. 531, 568, 17 L.Ed. 650; O'Reilly et al. v. Morse et al., 15 How. 62, 112, 113, 14 L.Ed. 601. Yet if Walker's blanket claims be valid, no device to clarify echo waves, now known or hereafter invented, whether the device be an actual equivalent of Walker's ingredient or not, could be used in a combination such as this, during the life of Walker's patent. 20 Had Walker accurately described the machine he claims to have invented, he would have had no such broad rights to bar the use of all devices now or hereafter known which could accent waves. For had he accurately described the resonator together with the Lehr and Wyatt apparatus, and sued for infringement, charging the use of something else used in combination to accent the waves, the alleged infringer could have prevailed if the substituted device (1) performed a substantially different function; (2) was not known at the date of Walker's patent as a proper substitute for the resonator; or (3) had been actually invented after the date of the patent. Fuller v. Yentzer, supra, 94 U.S. at pages 296, 297, 24 L.Ed. 1003; Gill v. Wells, supra, 22 Wall. at page 29, 22 L.Ed. 699. Certainly, if we are to be consistent with Rev.Stat. § 4888, a patentee cannot obtain greater coverage by failing to describe his invention than by describing it as the statute commands. 21 It is urged that our conclusion is in conflict with the decision of Continental Paper Bag Co. v. Eastern Paper Bag Co., 210 U.S. 405, 28 S.Ct. 748, 52 L.Ed. 1122. In that case, however, the claims structurally described the physical and operating relationship of all the crucial parts of the novel combination.8 The court there decided only that there had been an infringement of this adequately described invention. That case is not authority for sustaining the claims before us which fail adequately to describe the alleged invention. 22 Reversed. 23 Mr. Justice FRANKFUR", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00588", "text": "of the Court, it is that the manner of terminating his Indian title by the United States is limited by the duty to pay compensation. Therein, we think, lies the fundamental error of the Court's opinion. It is true that distinctions have been made between plenary authority over tribal lands and absolute power, with the suggestion that Congressional power over Indian title was not unlimited. See Cohen, Handbook of Indian Law, 94, 291, 309, 310, 311. Examination of the authorities cited, however, will show, we think, in every instance that where reference is made to the protection of Indian lands by the Fifth Amendment or to the legal obligation of the United States to compensate Indians for lands taken, the lands under discussion were lands held by the Indians under titles recognized by specific acts of Congress.9 37 When Chief Justice Marshall expounded for the Court the power of the United States to extinguish Indian title, this doctrine was laid down for the nation's guidance in dealing with the Indians: 38 'The United States, then, have unequivocally acceded to that great and broad rule by which its civilized inhabitants now hold this country. They hold, and assert in themselves, the title by which it was acquired. They maintain, as all others have maintained, that discovery gave an exclusive right to extinguish the Indian title of occupancy, either by purchase or by conquest; and gave also a right to such a degree of sovereignty as the circumstances of the people would allow them to exercise. 39 '* * * All our institutions recognize the absolute title of the crown, subject only to the Indian right of occupancy, and recognized the absolute title of the crown to extinguish that right. This is incompatible with an absolute and complete title in the Indians. 40 '* * * Conquest gives a title which the courts of the conqueror cannot deny, whatever the private and speculative opinions of individuals may be, respecting the original justice of the claim which has been successfully asserted. * * * 41 'The title by conquest is acquired and maintained by force. The conqueror prescribes its limits. * * * Where this incorporation is practicable, humanity demands, and a wise policy requires, that the rights of the conquered to property should remain unimpaired; that the new subjects should be governed as equitably as the old, and that confidence in their security should gradually banish the painful sense of being separated from their ancient connections, and united by force to", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00589", "text": "that stock was thus produced; the earnings of the top holding company were greatly magnified by comparatively small changes in the earnings of the operating companies. The common stock of the top holding company might quickly rise in value and just as quickly fall, making it a natural object for specul tion and gambling. In many instances this created financially irresponsible managements and unsound capital structures.12 Public investors in such stock found themselves the innocent victims, while those who supplied most of the capital through the purchase of bonds and preferred stock likewise suffered in addition to being largely disfranchised. Prudent management of the operating companies became a minor consideration, with pressure being placed on them to sustain the excessive capitalization to the detriment of their service to consumers. Reduction of rates was firmly resisted. The conclusion was accordingly reached by those making the studies that the highly pyramided system 'is dangerous and has no justification for existence'13 and'represents the holding-company system at its worst.'14 11 Such was the general nature of the problem to which Congress addressed itself in § 11(b)(2). Various abuses traceable in substantial measure to the use of the pyramiding device were enumerated in § 1(b). And it was specifically found in § 1(b)(3) that the national public interest and the interests of the investors and consumers are or may be adversely affected 'when control of such (subsidiary) companies is exerted through disproportionately small investment.' 12 The problem which underlies § 11(b)(2), therefore, deals with the very essence of holding company systems. Their pyramided structures and the resulting abuses, like their other characteristics, rest squarely upon an extensive use of the mails and the instrumentalities of interstate commerce. Conversely, every interstate transaction of such systems is impregnated in one degree or another with the effects of complicated corporate structures and inequitable distribution of voting power. Many of these effects may be intangible and indistinct, but they are nonetheless real. 13 To deny that Congress has power to eliminate evils connected with pyramided holding company systems, evils which have been found to be promoted and transmitted by means of interstate commerce, is to deny that Congress can effectively deal with problems concerning the welfare of the national economy. We cannot deny that power. Rather we reaffirm once more the constitutional authority resident in Congress by virtue of the commerce clause to undertake to solve national problems directly and realistically, giving due recognition to the scope of state power", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00590", "text": "of this case. 38 Mr. Justice BLACK, dissenting. 39 Richfield Oil Corporation, while doing business in California, sold oil extracted from California soil. Its purchaser bought the oil to transport and use abroad. California, like many other states, raises a large proportion of its revenue by a generally applied tax on sales.1 The Court holds that application of the California sales tax to this transaction is a 'tax on exports' and therefore violates Article 1, Section 10, Clause 2 of the Federal Constitution. I cannot agree. 40 In Spalding & Bros. v. Edwards, 262 U.S. 66, 69, 43 S.Ct. 485, 486, 67 L.Ed. 865, a precedent upon which today's decision heavily relies, this Court said that 'with regard to any transaction we have to fix a point at which, in view of the purpose of the Constitution, the export must be said to begin. As elsewhere in the law there will be other points very near to it on the other side, so that if the necessity of fixing one definitely is not remembered any determination may seem arbitrary.' This principle announced in the Spalding case seems to follow what was said in Cornell v. Coyne, 192 U.S. 418, 427, 24 S.Ct. 383, 384, 48 L.Ed. 504, that the constitutional prohibition against a tax on exports was not int nded to relieve exported articles 'from the prior ordinary burdens of taxation which rests upon all property similarly situated.' Every transaction held by this Court to have occurred after rather than before exportation began makes an encroachment not only on the power of states to tax, but, as the Court points out, the Federal Government's area of taxation is also narrowed. The result of such holding is all the more serious because, unlike the consequences of holding a state tax invalid under the Commerce Clause, the prohibitions against taxing exports are, with a minor exception, permanent, absolute and unqualified. After today's ruling Congress itself can neither tax nor permit states to tax sales like the one here proscribed. To classify sales transactions as having occurred after exportation began therefore results in creating an island of constitutional tax immunity for a substantial proportion of the profitable business of the nation. Such a result not only grants tax immunity to many profitable businesses which share governmental protections from payment of their fair part of taxes; it", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00591", "text": "By their star content, the galaxies split out into a red and a blue population; their color index peaked around u-r=2.5 or u-r=1, respectively, quantifies the ratio of the blue stars newly formed from cold galactic gas, to the redder ones left over by past generations. On the other hand, upon accreting substantial gas amounts the central massive black holes energize active galactic nuclei (AGNs); here we investigate whether these show a similar, and possibly related, bimodal partition as for current accretion activity relative to the past. To this aim we use an updated semianalytic model; based on Monte Carlo simulations, this follows with a large statistics the galaxy assemblage, the star generations and the black hole accretions in the cosmological framework over the redshift span from z=10 to z=0. We test our simulations for yielding in close detail the observed split of galaxies into a red, early and a blue, late population. We find that the black hole accretion activities likewise give rise to two source populations: early, bright quasars and later, dimmer AGNs. We predict for their Eddington parameter $\\lambda_E$ -- the ratio of the current to the past black hole accretions -- a bimodal distribution; the two branches sit now under $\\lambda_E \\approx 0.01$ (mainly contributed by low-luminosity AGNs) and around $\\lambda_E \\approx 0.3-1$. These not only mark out the two populations of AGNs, but also will turn out to correlate strongly with the red or blue color of their host galaxies.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 343, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00592", "text": "[ABRIDGED] We report the results of a 944-epoch survey for transient sources with archival data from the Very Large Array spanning 22 years with a typical epoch separation of 7 days. Observations were obtained at 5 or 8.4 GHz for a single field of view with a full-width at half-maximum of 8.6' and 5.1', respectively, and achieved a typical point-source detection threshold at the beam center of ~300 microJy per epoch. Ten transient sources were detected with a significance threshold such that only one false positive would be expected. Of these transients, eight were detected in only a single epoch. Two transients were too faint to be detected in individual epochs but were detected in two-month averages. None of the ten transients was detected in longer-term averages or associated with persistent emission in the deep image produced from the combination of all epochs. The cumulative rate for the short timescale radio transients above 370 microJy at 5 and 8.4 GHz is 0.07 < R < 40 deg^-2 yr^-1, where the uncertainty is due to the unknown duration of the transients, 20 min < t_char < 7 days. A two-epoch survey for transients will detect 1.5 +/- 0.4 transient per square degrees above a flux density of 370 microJy. Two transients are associated with galaxies at z=0.040 and z=0.249. These may be similar to the peculiar Type Ib/c radio supernova SN 1998bw associated with GRB 980428. Six transients have no counterparts in the optical or infrared (R=27, Ks=18). The hosts and progenitors of these transients are unknown.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 366, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00593", "text": "purposewe investigated the feasibility of glaucoma detection by measuring retinal surface contour variability ( rscv ) using optical coherence tomography ( oct).methodsthe peripapillary region in one eye of each participant was scanned over an 8 8 mm area with a swept source oct prototype . the retinal surface contour was sampled at approximately 1.5- to 3.5-mm radius circles centered on the optic nerve head . the rscv is defined as the average log value within a middle spatial frequency band of the fourier transform to the elevation profile of the inner retinal surface . the spatial frequency band was optimized to distinguish glaucoma from normal . nerve fiber layer thickness ( nflt ) was sampled around a 1.7-mm radius circle . glaucoma severity was assessed by automated static perimetry.resultswe enrolled 17 glaucomatous eyes and 17 healthy eyes . a great majority of the glaucoma group were in the early stage ( visual field mean deviation average 2.48 3.73 db ) . significant differences were found for rscv between glaucoma and control eyes ( p < 0.003 ) at all radii . the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve ( aroc = 0.90 ) of rscv was best at the 3.5-mm radius . this was not significantly better than nflt ( aroc = 0.84 ) . with the 99% specificity , the glaucoma detection sensitivity was 53% for rscv and 29% for nflt ( p = 0.13).conclusionsretinal surface contour variability was significantly increased in glaucoma patients . the diagnostic accuracy of rscv was equal to nflt in early glaucoma . since the rscv detects small - scale focal damage and the average nflt measures global damage , they provide different diagnostic information that may be synergistic .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 396, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00594", "text": "We present the results of a new spectroscopic and photometric survey of the hot, binary X-ray cluster A115 at z=0.193, containing a radio relic. We combine galaxy velocity and position information to select 85 galaxies recognized as cluster members (from 115 galaxies observed at TNG telescope), determine global dynamical properties and detect substructures. We find that A115 presents velocity dispersion of sigma_v=1362_{-108}^{+126} km/s. Our analysis confirms the presence of two structures (A115N and A115S) of cluster--type well recognizable in the plane of the sky and shows that they differ of ~2000 km/s in the LOS velocity. We estimate that A115S is slightly dynamically more important than A115N having sigma_v=900-1100 km/s vs sigma_v=750-850 km/s. Moreover, we find evidence for two small groups at low velocities. We estimate a global cluster virial mass of 2.2--3.5 e15 h_70 Msun. Our results agree with a pre--merging scenario where A115N and A115S are colliding with a LOS impact velocity Delta v~1600 km/s.The most likely solution to the two--body problem suggests that the merging axis lies at $\\sim 20$ degrees from the plane of the sky and that the cores will cross after ~0.1 Gyr. The radio relic with its largest dimension perpendicular to the merging axis is likely connected to this merger.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 310, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00595", "text": "We have investigated the migration behaviors of uranium (U) and thorium (Th) in Earth and other terrestrial planets. Theoretical models of U and Th migration have been proposed. These models suggest that the unique features of Earth are closely connected with its unique U and Th migration models and distribution patterns. In the Earth, U and Th can combine with oxidative volatile components and water, migrate up to the asthenosphere position to form an enrichment zone (EZ) of U and Th first, and then migrate up further to the crusts through magmatism and metamorphism. We emphasize that the formation of an EZ of U, Th and other heat-producing elements is a prerequisite for the formation of a plate tectonic system. The heat-producing elements, currently mainly U and Th, in the EZ are also the energy sources that drive the formation and evolution of the crust of Earth and create special granitic continental crusts. In other terrestrial planets, including Mercury, Venus, and Mars, an EZ can not be formed because of a lack of oxidative volatile components and water. For this reason, a plate tectonic system can not been developed in these planets. We also emphasize the influence of U and Th in EZ on the development and evolution of life on Earth. We propose that since the Earth and planets were born in a united solar system, there should be some common mechanisms to create the similarities and differences between them. We have tried to develop an integrated view to explain some problems in the tectonics of Earth and evolution, bio-evolution, and planetary dynamics through U and Th geochemistry. We believe that a comprehensive exploration on energy sources and their evolution is a good way to build bridges between different disciplines of science in order to better understand the Earth and planets.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 356, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00596", "text": "We present the results of high precision measurements of the thermal expansion of the sintered SiC, SiC-100, intended for use in cryogenic space-telescopes, in which minimization of thermal deformation of the mirror is critical and precise information of the thermal expansion is needed for the telescope design. The temperature range of the measurements extends from room temperature down to $\\sim$ 10 K. Three samples, #1, #2, and #3 were manufactured from blocks of SiC produced in different lots. The thermal expansion of the samples was measured with a cryogenic dilatometer, consisting of a laser interferometer, a cryostat, and a mechanical cooler. The typical thermal expansion curve is presented using the 8th order polynomial of the temperature. For the three samples, the coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE), $\\bar{\\alpha}_{#1}$, $\\bar{\\alpha}_{#2}$, and $\\bar{\\alpha}_{#3}$ were derived for temperatures between 293 K and 10 K. The average and the dispersion (1 $\\sigma$ rms) of these three CTEs are 0.816 and 0.002 ($\\times 10^{-6}$/K), respectively. No significant difference was detected in the CTE of the three samples from the different lots. Neither inhomogeneity nor anisotropy of the CTE was observed. Based on the obtained CTE dispersion, we performed an finite-element-method (FEM) analysis of the thermal deformation of a 3.5 m diameter cryogenic mirror made of six SiC-100 segments. It was shown that the present CTE measurement has a sufficient accuracy well enough for the design of the 3.5 m cryogenic infrared telescope mission, the Space Infrared telescope for Cosmology and Astrophysics (SPICA).", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 373, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00597", "text": "We study numerically finite-size corrections in scaling relations for roughness distributions of various interface growth models. The most common relation, which considers the average roughness $$ as scaling factor, is not obeyed in the steady states of a group of ballistic-like models in 2+1 dimensions, even when very large system sizes are considered. On the other hand, good collapse of the same data is obtained with a scaling relation that involves the root mean square fluctuation of the roughness, which can be explained by finite-size effects on second moments of the scaling functions. We also obtain data collapse with an alternative scaling relation that accounts for the effect of the intrinsic width, which is a constant correction term previously proposed for the scaling of $$. This illustrates how finite-size corrections can be obtained from roughness distributions scaling. However, we discard the usual interpretation that the intrinsic width is a consequence of high surface steps by analyzing data of restricted solid-on-solid models with various maximal height differences between neighboring columns. We also observe that large finite-size corrections in the roughness distributions are usually accompanied by huge corrections in height distributions and average local slopes, as well as in estimates of scaling exponents. The molecular-beam epitaxy model of Das Sarma and Tamborenea in 1+1 dimensions is a case example in which none of the proposed scaling relations works properly, while the other measured quantities do not converge to the expected asymptotic values. Thus, although roughness distributions are clearly better than other quantities to determine the universality class of a growing system, it is not the final solution for this task.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 329, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00598", "text": "We explore the hierarchy of hidden space-time symmetries of noncritical strings in RNS formalism, realized nonlinearly. Under these symmetry transformations the variation of the matter part of the RNS action is cancelled by that of the ghost part. These symmetries, referred to as the $\\alpha$-symmetries, are induced by special space-time generators, violating the equivalence of ghost pictures. We classify the $\\alpha$-symmetry generators in terms of superconformal ghost cohomologies $H_{n}\\sim{H_{-n-2}}(n\\geq{0})$ and associate these generators with a chain of hidden space-time dimensions, with each ghost cohomology $H_{n}\\sim{H_{-n-2}}$ ``contributing'' an extra dimension. Namely, we show that each ghost cohomology $H_{n}\\sim{H_{-n-2}}$ of non-critical superstring theory in $d$-dimensions contains $d+n+1$ $\\alpha$-symmetry generators and the generators from $H_{k}\\sim{H_{-k-2}},1\\leq{k}\\leq{n}$, combined together, extend the space-time isometry group from the naive $SO(d,2)$ to $SO(d+n,2)$. In the simplest case of $n=1$ the $\\alpha$-generators are identified with the extra symmetries of the $2T$-physics formalism, also known to originate from a hidden space-time dimension.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 324, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00599", "text": "to investigate prospective , population - based long - term outcomes concerning seizures and antiepileptic drug ( aed ) treatment after resective epilepsy surgery in sweden.methods : ten- and 5-year follow - ups were performed in 2005 to 2007 for 278/327 patients after resective epilepsy surgery from 1995 to 1997 and 2000 to 2002 , respectively . all patients had been prospectively followed in the swedish national epilepsy surgery register . ninety - three patients , who were presurgically evaluated but not operated , served as controls.results:in the long term ( mean 7.6 years ) , 62% of operated adults and 50% of operated children were seizure - free , compared to 14% of nonoperated adults ( p < 0.001 ) and 38% of nonoperated children ( not significant ) . forty - one percent of operated adults and 44% of operated children had sustained seizure freedom since surgery , compared to none of the controls ( p < 0.0005 ) . multivariate analysis identified 30 seizures / month at baseline and long epilepsy duration as negative predictors and positive mri to be a positive predictor of long - term seizure - free outcome . ten years after surgery , 86% of seizure - free children and 43% of seizure - free adults had stopped aeds in the surgery groups compared to none of the controls ( p < 0.0005).conclusions : this population - based , prospective study shows good long - term seizure outcomes after resective epilepsy surgery . the majority of the patients who are seizure - free after 5 and 10 years have sustained seizure freedom since surgery . many patients who gain seizure freedom can successfully discontinue aeds , more often children than adults.classification of evidence : this study provides class iii evidence that more patients are seizure - free and have stopped aed treatment in the long term after resective epilepsy surgery than nonoperated epilepsy patients .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 411, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00600", "text": "The aim of this work is to develop a systematic manner to close overdetermined systems arising from conformal Killing tensors (CKT). The research performs this action for 1-tensor and 2-tensors. This research makes it possible to develop a new general method for any rank of CKT. This method can also be applied to other types of Killing equations, as well as to overdetermined systems constrained by some other conditions. The major methodological apparatus of the research is a decomposition of the section bundles where the covariant derivatives of the CKT land via generalized gradients. This decomposition generates a tree in which each row represents a higher derivative. After using the conformal Killing equation, just a few components (branches) survive, which means that most of them can be expressed in terms of lower order terms. This results in a finite number of independent jets. Thus, any higher covariant derivative can be written in terms of these jets. The findings of this work are significant methodologically and, more specifically, in the potential for the discovery of symmetries. First, this work has uncovered a new method that could be used to close overdetermined systems arising from conformal Killing tensors (CKT). Second, through an application of this method, this research finds higher symmetry operators of first and second degree, which are known by other means, for the Laplace operator. The findings also reveal the first order symmetry operators for the Yamabe case. Moreover, the research leads to conjectures about the second order symmetries of the Yamabe operator.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 311, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00601", "text": "One of the central goals of the Spitzer Legacy Project ``From Molecular Cores to Planet-forming Disks'' (c2d) is to determine the frequency of remnant circumstellar disks around weak-line T Tauri stars (wTTs) and to study the properties and evolutionary status of these disks. Here we present a census of disks for a sample of over 230 spectroscopically identified wTTs located in the c2d IRAC (3.6, 4.5, 4.8, and 8.0 um) and MIPS (24 um) maps of the Ophiuchus, Lupus, and Perseus Molecular Clouds. We find that ~20% of the wTTs in a magnitude limited subsample have noticeable IR-excesses at IRAC wavelengths indicating the presence of a circumstellar disk. The disk frequencies we find in these 3 regions are ~3-6 times larger than that recently found for a sample of 83 relatively isolated wTTs located, for the most part, outside the highest extinction regions covered by the c2d IRAC and MIPS maps. The disk fractions we find are more consistent with those obtained in recent Spitzer studies of wTTs in young clusters such as IC 348 and Tr 37. From their location in the H-R diagram, we find that, in our sample, the wTTs with excesses are among the younger part of the age distribution. Still, up to ~50% of the apparently youngest stars in the sample show no evidence of IR excess, suggesting that the circumstellar disks of a sizable fraction of pre-main-sequence stars dissipate in a timescale of ~1 Myr. We also find that none of the stars in our sample apparently older than ~10 Myrs have detectable circumstellar disks at wavelengths < 24 um. Also, we find that the wTTs disks in our sample exhibit a wide range of properties (SED morphology, inner radius, L_DISK/L*, etc) which bridge the gaps observed between the cTTs and the debris disk regimes.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 429, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00602", "text": "We study the probability of close encounters between stars from a nuclear cluster and a massive black hole. The gravitational field of the system is dominated by the black hole in its sphere of influence. It is further modified by the cluster mean field (a spherical term) and a gaseous disc/torus (an axially symmetric term) causing a secular evolution of stellar orbits via Kozai oscillations. Intermittent phases of large eccentricity increase the chance that stars become damaged inside the tidal radius of the central hole. Such events can produce debris and lead to recurring episodes of enhanced accretion activity. We introduce an effective loss cone and associate it with tidal disruptions during the high-eccentricity phases of the Kozai cycle. By numerical integration of the trajectories forming the boundary of the loss cone we determine its shape and volume. We also include the effect of relativistic advance of pericentre. The potential of the disc has the efffect of enlarging the loss cone and, therefore, the predicted number of tidally disrupted stars should grow by factor of ~10^2. On the other hand, the effect of the cluster mean potential together with the relativistic pericentre advance act against the eccentricity oscillations. In the end we expect the tidal disruption events to be approximately ten times more frequent in comparison with the model in which the three effects -- the cluster mean field, the relativistic pericentre advance, and the Kozai mechanism -- are all ignored. The competition of different influences suppresses the predicted star disruption rate as the black hole mass increases. Hence, the process under consideration is more important for intermediate-mass black holes, M_bh~10^4M_s.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 344, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00603", "text": "We present single pointing observations of SiO, HCO$^+$ and H$^{13}$CO$^+$ from the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope towards 23 massive star forming regions previously known to contain molecular outflows and ultracompact HII regions. We detected SiO towards 14 sources and suggest that the non-detections in the other nine sources could be due to those outflows being older and without ongoing shocks to replenish the SiO. We serendipitously detected SO$_2$ towards 17 sources in the same tuning as HCO$^+$. We detected HCO$^+$ towards all sources, and suggest that it is tracing infall in nine cases. For seven infall candidates, we estimate mass infall rates between 1$\\times10^{-2}$ and 2$\\times10^{-5}$ M$_{\\odot}$ yr$^{-1}$. Seven sources show both SiO detections (young outflows) and HCO$^+$ infall signatures. We also find that the abundance of H$^{13}$CO$^+$ tends to increase along with the abundance of SiO in sources for which we could determine abundances. We discuss these results with respect to current theories of massive star formation via accretion. From this survey, we suggest that perhaps both models of ionized accretion and halted accretion may be important in describing the evolution of a massive protostar (or protostars) beyond the formation of an HII region.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 309, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00604", "text": ". These security holders thus received everything which the Constitution could possibly guarantee them in this respect. 24 That the statute does not expressly insist upon what in fact has been given the security holders is without constitutional relevance under these circumstances. Wherever possible, statutes must be interpreted in accordance with constitutional principles. Here, in the absence of definite contrary indications, it is fair to assume that Congress desired that § 11(b)(2) be lawfully executed by giving appropriate notice and opportunity for hearing to all those constitutionally entitled thereto. And when that assumption is added to the provisions of § 19, it becomes quite evident that the Commission is bound under the statute to give notice and opportunity for hearing to consumers, investors and other persons whenever constitutionally necessary. See The Japanese Immigrant Case, 189 U.S. 86, 100, 101, 23 S.Ct. 611, 614, 47 L.Ed. 721. 25 But should the Commission neglect to follow the necessary procedure in a particular case, such failure would at most justify an objection to the administrative determination rather than to the statute itself. It would then be needless to do more than nullify the action taken in disregard of the constitutional rights to notice and opportunity for hearing. Since we do not have that situation here, however, we need only reiterate that § 11(b)(2), fairly construed, neither expressly nor impliedly authorizes unconstitutional procedure. It is thus immune to attack on that basis. See Kentucky Railroad Tax Cases, 115 U.S. 321, 6 S.Ct. 57, 29 L.Ed. 414; Bratton v. Chandler, 260 U.S. 110, 43 S.Ct. 43, 67 L.Ed. 157; Toombs v. Citizens' Bank of Waynesboro, 281 U.S. 643, 50 S.Ct. 434, 74 L.Ed. 1088; Cf. Coe v. Armour Fertilizer Works, 237 U.S. 413, 35 S.Ct. 625, 59 L.Ed. 1027; Wuchter v. Pizzutti, 276 U.S. 13, 48 S.Ct. 259, 72 L.Ed. 446, 57 A.L.R. 1230. IV. 26 Turning to the Commission's action under § 11(b)(2) with respect", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00605", "text": "Stat. 803, 821, 15 U.S.C. § 79k(b)(2), 15 U.S.C.A. § 79k(b)(2). 2 The other three subholding companies are the American & Foreign Power Company, Inc., the National Power & Light Company and the American Gas & Electric Company. Bond and Share also has a wholly-owned service subsidiary, Ebasco Services Incorporated. The organizational set-up is more fully explained in the Commission's opinion in this proceeding, 11 S.E.C. 1146, and in In re Electric Bond and Share Company, 9 S.E.C. 978. 3 The so-called 'great-grandfather clause' of § 11(b)(2) is not involved in this case. That provides that 'In carrying out the provisions of this paragraph the Commission shall require each registered holding company (and any company in the same holding-company system with such holding company) to take such action as the Commission shall find necessary in order that such holding company shall cease to be a holding company with respect to each of its subsidiary companies which itself has a subsidiary company which is a holding company.' See Otis & Co. v. S.E.C., 323 U.S. 624, 65 S.Ct. 483, 89 L.Ed. 511. 4 The Commission found that 'This control of the subholding companies by Bond and Share is not limited in operation to the mere casting of a certain percentage of votes at stockholders' meetings. It permeates every stratum and unit of the holding company system in the most comprehensive manner. * * * Through the concentrated voting power of the securities owned by Bond and Share, it is able to elect the directors of the subholding companies and thus govern selection of the respective managements. Through the managements of the subholding companies it is able to govern selection of the directors and managements of each of the operating company subsidiaries of each of the subholding companies. The latter are in turn responsive to Bond and Share's wishes respecting entry into service contracts with Ebasco Services Incorporated, and the details of the operations of their companies.' 11 S.E.C. at 1203—1204. 5 The record before this Court in the Bond and Share case revealed that more than 31% of the total electric energy generated by Bond and Share subsidiaries is transmitted across state lines, while more than 25% of all the electric", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00606", "text": "We replace the ice Ansatz on matrix solutions of the Yang-Baxter equation by a weaker condition which we call \"rime\". Rime solutions include the standard Drinfeld-Jimbo R-matrix. Solutions of the Yang--Baxter equation within the rime Ansatz which are maximally different from the standard one we call \"strict rime\". A strict rime non-unitary solution is parameterized by a projective vector. We show that this solution transforms to the Cremmer-Gervais R-matrix by a change of basis with a matrix containing symmetric functions in the components of the parameterizing vector. A strict unitary solution (the rime Ansatz is well adapted for taking a unitary limit) is shown to be equivalent to a quantization of a classical \"boundary\" r-matrix of Gerstenhaber and Giaquinto. We analyze the structure of the elementary rime blocks and find, as a by-product, that all non-standard R-matrices of GL(1|1)-type can be uniformly described in a rime form. We discuss then connections of the classical rime solutions with the Bezout operators. The Bezout operators satisfy the (non-)homogeneous associative classical Yang--Baxter equation which is related to the Rota-Baxter operators. We classify the rime Poisson brackets: they form a 3-dimensional pencil. A normal form of each individual member of the pencil depends on the discriminant of a certain quadratic polynomial. We also classify orderable quadratic rime associative algebras. For the standard Drinfeld-Jimbo solution, there is a choice of the multiparameters, for which it can be non-trivially rimed. However, not every Belavin-Drinfeld triple admits a choice of the multiparameters for which it can be rimed. We give a minimal example.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 378, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00607", "text": "Being motivated by John Tantalo's Planarity Game, we consider straight line plane drawings of a planar graph $G$ with edge crossings and wonder how obfuscated such drawings can be. We define $obf(G)$, the obfuscation complexity of $G$, to be the maximum number of edge crossings in a drawing of $G$. Relating $obf(G)$ to the distribution of vertex degrees in $G$, we show an efficient way of constructing a drawing of $G$ with at least $obf(G)/3$ edge crossings. We prove bounds $(\\delta(G)^2/24-o(1))n^2 < \\obf G <3 n^2$ for an $n$-vertex planar graph $G$ with minimum vertex degree $\\delta(G)\\ge 2$. The shift complexity of $G$, denoted by $shift(G)$, is the minimum number of vertex shifts sufficient to eliminate all edge crossings in an arbitrarily obfuscated drawing of $G$ (after shifting a vertex, all incident edges are supposed to be redrawn correspondingly). If $\\delta(G)\\ge 3$, then $shift(G)$ is linear in the number of vertices due to the known fact that the matching number of $G$ is linear. However, in the case $\\delta(G)\\ge2$ we notice that $shift(G)$ can be linear even if the matching number is bounded. As for computational complexity, we show that, given a drawing $D$ of a planar graph, it is NP-hard to find an optimum sequence of shifts making $D$ crossing-free.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 330, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00608", "text": "backgroundsquamous cell carcinoma ( scc ) is the most common malignancy of the oral cavity . a relationship between the human papilloma virus ( hpv ) infection and the prognosis of oral cavity scc ( ocscc ) has been discussed before.objectiveswe investigated the prevalence rate of hpv status in patients with ocscc , and its effects on clinicopathological characteristics of tumors and patients prognosis.patients and methodssections of formalin - fixed , paraffin - embedded tissue blocks from 114 histopathologically confirmed ocscc cases were investigated in this study . polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) was applied to evaluate the hpv status in the samples.resultsfifteen ( 13.16% ) cases were identified as hpv positive . the detected viral subtypes in this study were the subtypes 6 and 11 . the stage and especially lymph node stage was significantly higher in the hpv positive group compared to the hpv negative group ( p = 0.04 ) . disease free survival ( dfs ) was remarkably lower in the hpv positive group compared to the hpv negative group ( 13.9 vs. 49.9 months , p = 0.02 ) . overall survival ( os ) was also significantly inferior in the hpv positive group ( 15.7 vs. 49.6 months , p = 0.01 ) . in the current study , no significant differences were observed between two groups in relation to the variables of age , gender , tumors site , tumor size , tumor grading and also the recurrence rate.conclusionsthe observed higher mortality rate among the hpv positive group indicates the poorer prognosis of this group in comparison with the hpv negative patients . the incidence rate of hpv infection was low in the studied samples ; however , interaction of subtypes 6 and 11 of hpv in poorer prognosis of the patients and a carcinogenic role of hpv in ocscc can not be ruled out .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 402, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00609", "text": "and by the issue, at each level of the structure, of different classes of stock with unequal voting rights, it has frequently been possible for relatively small but powerful groups with a disproportionately small investment of their own to control and to manage solely in their own interest tremendous capital investments of other people's money.' Report of the National Power Policy Committee on Public-Utility Holding Companies, H.Doc. 137, 74th Cong., 1st Sess., pp. 4, 5. 'The effect of such pyramiding is to multiply greatly the control that can be exercised by the dominant parties through their personal resources. For example, in the illustration just given, an investment of $1 in common stock of Corporation Securities Co. of Chicago would exercise control over about $2,000 invested in properties of some of the operating companies at the bottom of the pyramid. It seems very unsafe to have any form of pyramiding which has such a financial basis not only on account of the excessive concentration of control over immense masses of property but also because of the opportunity it offers to financial adventurers to have too much influence over the general economic interests of the country.' Federal Trade Commission Report, supra, note 10, p. 161. 12 The Federal Trade Commission Report, supra, note 10, p. 860, found that the highly pyramided holding company system tends to make those few in control at the top '(1) neglect good management of operating companies, especially by failing to provide for adequate depreciation; (2) exaggerate profits by unsound, deceptive accounting; (3) seek exorbitant profits from service fees exacted from subsidiaries; (4) disburse unearned dividends, because the apparent gains, so obtained, greatly magnify the rate of earnings for the top holding company; and (5) promote extravagant speculation in the prices of such equity stocks on the exchanges.' 13 Ibid., p. 162. 14 Ibid., p. 860. 15 Senate Report No. 621, 74th Cong., 1st Sess., p. 12. 16 Bond and Share's holdings of voting stock of all five of its subholding companies have a stated book value of only $53,337,600, after adjustment for preferred arrearages, which is equal to about 1.85% of the combined consolidated capitalization of the five subholding company systems. This results, after adjustments, in rendering completely", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00610", "text": "of the Act and the legislative history show that the purpose of § 11(e) was to allow companies affected 'to work out a plan of reorganization to make unnecessary the issuance of an involuntary order for its reorganization * * *,' which could only be issued under § 11(b). S.Rep.No.621, 74th Cong., 1st Sess., 33; Commonwealth & Southern Corp. v. S.E.C., 3 Cir., 134 F.2d 747, 751. In my opinion this purpose, together with the provision for voluntary plans to be submitted 'in accordance with such rules and regulations or order as the Commission may deem necessary or appropriate in the public interest or for the protection of investors,'2 assu es the right to submit such plans for the Commission's consideration and to have them considered and determined 'after notice and opportunity for hearing.' See Chicago Junction Case, 264 U.S. 258, 264, 265, 44 S.Ct. 317, 319, 68 L.Ed. 667. 61 Furthermore, although the section gives the Commission broad discretion concerning the procedure to be followed, it would seem clear, both from the section's purpose and from its terms, that the Act contemplates that it shall make the required determination, concerning such a voluntary plan properly submitted, prior to the entry of any order under § 11(b). Cf. Ashbacker Radio Corp. v. Federal Communications Commission, 326 U.S. 327, 66 S.Ct. 148. Only in this way could the legislative purpose 'to make unnecessary issuance of an involuntary order' be made effective. This being true, the section cast upon the Commission the duty of providing the appropriate procedure for submitting voluntary plans, by rules, regulations or order comporting with the specified standards, including those for notice and hearing. 62 The record does not disclose that the Commission at any time complied with those requirements in these cases. So far as appears no general rules or regulations were issued. Nor was any order made or entered providing for such a procedure. On the contrary, the procedure followed was not, in its initial stages, in accordance with the statutory provisions, as the following chronology demonstrates. 63 On May 10, 1940, notice of hearing under § 11(b)(2) was served on the petitioners. The notice made no reference to § 11(e) or any", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00611", "text": "is in the holding-company system.' 39 Such a construction accords with the policy as well as other provisions of the Act. Section 1(c) declares it to be one of the policies of the Act, in accordance with which all provisions shall be interpreted, 'to provide as soon as practicable for the elimination of public-utility holding companies except as otherwise expressly provided in this title.' The last sentence of § 11(b) (2) provides that 'Except for the purpose of fairly and equitably distributing voting power among the security holders of such company, nothing in this paragraph hall authorize the Commission to require any change in the corporate structure or existence of any company which is not a holding company, * * *.' Moreover, §§ 11(f) and 11(g) specifically refer to dissolution or plans for dissolution of registered holding companies or their subsidiaries in accordance with § 11.19 Such statements would be meaningless and unnecessary were dissolution not contemplated as a possible remedy under § 11(b)(2). 40 The legislative history supports this interpretation. The original bill which passed the Senate (S. 2796, 74th Cong., 1st Sess.) contained a provision quite similar to the present first sentence of § 11(b)(2), except that it was mandatory that the Commission require each registered holding company and subsidiary 'to be reorganized or dissolved' when the Commission found that it violated the standards of that section. In addition, § 11(e) as then written permitted a voluntary plan 'for the divestment of control, securities, or other assets, or for the reorganization or dissolution, of such company or any subsidiary company.' The bill also contained a § 11(b)(3), providing that within five years all holding companies should cease to be holding companies unless the equivalent of a certificate of convenience and necessity were obtained from the Federal Power Commission. But the House of Representatives insisted upon the elimination of § 11(b)(3) and the bill finally reported out by the joint conference committee deleted that provision. A further change was made at this time so that § 11(b)(2), instead of specifying reorganization or dissolution as the remedies, gave the Commission power to require'such steps' as it might find necessary to ensure compliance. Section 11(e) was also changed to permit a voluntary plan 'for the divestment of control, securities, or other assets, or for other action by such company or any subsidiary company", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00612", "text": "We present the preliminary results from two new surveys of blazars that have direct implications on the GLAST detection of extragalactic sources from two different perspectives: microwave selection and a combined deep X-ray/radio selection. The first one is a 41 GHz flux-limited sample extracted from the WMAP 3-yr catalog of microwave point sources. This is a statistically well defined sample of about 200 blazars and radio galaxies, most of which are expected to be detected by GLAST. The second one is a new deep survey of Blazars selected among the radio sources that are spatially coincident with serendipitous sources detected in deep X-ray images (0.3-10 keV) centered on the Gamma Ray Bursts (GRB) discovered by the Swift satellite. This sample is particularly interesting from a statistical viewpoint since a) it is unbiased as GRBs explode at random positions in the sky, b) it is very deep in the X-ray band (\\fx \\simgt $10^{-15}$ \\ergs) with a position accuracy of a few arc-seconds, c) it will cover a fairly large (20-30 square deg.) area of sky, d) it includes all blazars with radio flux (1.4 GHz) larger than 10 mJy, making it approximately two orders of magnitude deeper than the WMAP sample and about one order of magnitude deeper than the deepest existing complete samples of radio selected blazars, and e) it can be used to estimate the amount of unresolved GLAST high latitude gamma-ray background and its anisotropy spectrum.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 330, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00613", "text": "subjective tinnitus is hypothesized to arise from aberrant neural activity ; however , its neural bases are poorly understood . to identify aberrant neural networks involved in chronic tinnitus , we compared the resting - state functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fmri ) patterns of tinnitus patients and healthy controls . materials and methods . resting - state fmri measurements were obtained from a group of chronic tinnitus patients ( n = 29 ) with normal hearing and well - matched healthy controls ( n = 30 ) . regional homogeneity ( reho ) analysis and functional connectivity analysis were used to identify abnormal brain activity ; these abnormalities were compared to tinnitus distress . results . relative to healthy controls , tinnitus patients had significant greater reho values in several brain regions including the bilateral anterior insula ( ai ) , left inferior frontal gyrus , and right supramarginal gyrus . furthermore , the left ai showed enhanced functional connectivity with the left middle frontal gyrus ( mfg ) , while the right ai had enhanced functional connectivity with the right mfg ; these measures were positively correlated with tinnitus handicap questionnaires ( r = 0.459 , p = 0.012 and r = 0.479 , p = 0.009 , resp . ) . conclusions . chronic tinnitus patients showed abnormal intra- and interregional synchronization in several resting - state cerebral networks ; these abnormalities were correlated with clinical tinnitus distress . these results suggest that tinnitus distress is exacerbated by attention networks that focus on internally generated phantom sounds .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 308, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00614", "text": "which the whites were not always the aggressors, unavoidably ensued. European policy, numbers, and skill, prevailed. As the white population advanced, that of the Indians necessarily receded. The country in the immediate neighborhood of agriculturists became unfit for them. The game fled into thicker and more unbroken forests, and the Indians followed. The soil, to which the crown originally claimed title, being no longer occupied by its ancient inhabitants, was parcelled out according to the will of the sovereign power, and taken possession of by persons who claimed immediately from the crown, or mediately, through its grantees or deputies.' 8 Wheat. 587—591, 5 L.Ed. 681. 45 It is unnecessary for this case to undertake at this late date to weigh the rights and wrongs of this treatment of aboriginal occupancy. Where injustices have been done to friendly peoples, Congress has sought to soften their effect by acts of mercy. Never has there been acknowledgment before of a legal or equitable right to compensation that springs from the appropriation by the United States of the Indian title. 46 'Extinguishment of Indian title based on aboriginal possession is of course a different matter. The power of Congress in that regard is supreme. The manner, method and time of such extinguishment raise political not justiciable issues. Buttz v. Northern Pacific Railroad, supra, 119 U.S. at page 66, 7 S.Ct. at page 104, 30 L.Ed. 330. As stated by Chief Justice Marshall in Johnson v. McIntosh, supra, 8 Wheat. at page 586, 5 L.Ed. 681, 'the exclusive right of the United States to extinguish' Indian title has never been doubted. and whether it be done by treaty, by the sword, by purchase, by the exercise of complete dominion adverse to the right of occupancy, or otherwise, its justness is not open to inquiry in the courts. Beecher v. Wetherby, 95 U.S. 517, 525, 24 L.Ed. 440.' United States v. Santa Fe Pacific R. Co., 314 U.S. 339, 347, 62 S.Ct. 248, 252, 86 L.Ed. 260. 47 The colonies, the states and the nation alike by their e rly legislation provided that only the respective sovereigns could extingu", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00615", "text": "329 U.S. 90 67 S.Ct. 133 91 L.Ed. 103 AMERICAN POWER & LIGHT CO.v.SECURITIES & EXCHANGE COMMISSION. ELECTRIC POWER & LIGHT CORPORATION v. SAME. Nos. 4, 5. Reargued Oct. 14, 15, 1946. Decided Nov. 25, 1946. [Syllabus from pages 90-94 intentionally omitted] Mr. Arthur A. Ballantine, of New York City, for American Power & Light co. Mr. Daniel James, of New York City, for Electric Power & Light corporation. Mr. Roger S. Foster, of Philadelphia, Pa., for respondent. Mr. Justice MURPHY delivered the opinion of the Court. 1 We are concerned here with the constitutionality of § 11(b)(2) of the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 19351 and its application to the petitioners, the American Power & Light Company and the Electric Power & Light Corporation. 2 American and Electric are two of the subholding companies in the Electric Bond and Share Company holding company system, certain aspects of which were considered by this Court in Electric Bond & Share Co. v. S.E.C., 303 U.S. 419, 58 S.Ct. 678, 82 L.Ed. 936, 115 A.L.R. 105. This system is a pyramid-like structure of which Bond and Share itself constitutes the apex, five subholding companies (including American and Electric) create an intermediate tier,2 and approximately 237 direct and indirect subsidiaries of the latter form the base. From the standpoint of book capitalization and assets, number of customers and areas served by the operating companies, and quantity of electricity generated and gas sold, the Bond nd Share system constitutes the largest single public utility holding company system registered under the Act. 3 The proceeding now under review was instituted by the Securities and Exchange Commission under § 11(b)(2) of the Act. After appropriate notice and hearing, the Commission found that the corporate structure and continued existence of American and Electric unduly and unnecessarily complicated the Bond and Share system and unfairly and inequitably distributed voting power among the security holders of that system, in violation of the standards of § 11(b)(2). 11 S.E.C. 1146. Orders were accordingly entered requiring the dissolution of both American and Electric and requiring them to submit plans", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00616", "text": "The dynamic scaling properties of the one dimensional Burgers equation are expected to change with the inclusion of additional conserved degrees of freedom. We study this by means of 1-D driven lattice gas models that conserve both mass and momentum. The most elementary version of this is the Arndt-Heinzel-Rittenberg (AHR) process, which is usually presented as a two species diffusion process, with particles of opposite charge hopping in opposite directions and with a variable passing probability. From the hydrodynamics perspective this can be viewed as two coupled Burgers equations, with the number of positive and negative momentum quanta individually conserved. We determine the dynamic scaling dimension of the AHR process from the time evolution of the two-point correlation functions, and find numerically that the dynamic critical exponent is consistent with simple Kardar-Parisi-Zhang (KPZ) type scaling. We establish that this is the result of perfect screening of fluctuations in the stationary state. The two-point correlations decay exponentially in our simulations and in such a manner that in terms of quasi-particles, fluctuations fully screen each other at coarse grained length scales. We prove this screening rigorously using the analytic matrix product structure of the stationary state. The proof suggests the existence of a topological invariant. The process remains in the KPZ universality class but only in the sense of a factorization, as $({KPZ})^2$. The two Burgers equations decouple at large length scales due to the perfect screening.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 303, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00617", "text": "backgroundprostate cancer subjects with prostate - specific antigen ( psa ) relapse who are treated with androgen deprivation therapy ( adt ) are recommended to have baseline and serial bone densitometry and receive bisphosphonates . the purpose of this community population study was to assess the utilization of bone densitometry and bisphosphonate therapy in men receiving adt for non - metastatic prostate cancer.methodsa cohort study of men aged 65 years or older with non - metastatic incident diagnoses of prostate cancer was obtained from the surveillance epidemiology end results ( seer)-linked medicare claims between 2004 and 2008 . claims were used to assess prescribed treatment of adt , bone densitometry , and bisphosphonates.resultsa total of 30,846 incident prostate cancer cases receiving adt and aged 65 years or older had no bone metastases ; 87.3% ( n=26,935 ) on adt did not receive either bone densitometry or bisphosphonate therapy . three percent ( n=931 ) of the cases on adt received bisphosphonate therapy without ever receiving bone densitometry , 8.8% ( n=2,702 ) of the cases on adt received bone densitometry without receiving intravenous bisphosphonates , while nearly 1% ( 0.90% , n=278 ) of the cases on adt received both bone densitometry and bisphosphonates . analysis showed treatment differed by patient characteristics.conclusioncontrary to the recommendations , bone densitometry and bisphosphonate therapy are underutilized in men receiving adt for non - metastatic prostate cancer .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 351, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00618", "text": "This works presents results of activation-aided determination of threshold reaction rates in 92 209Bi, natPb, 197Au, 181Ta, 169Tm, natIn, 93Nb, 64Zn, 65Cu, 63Cu, 59Co, 19F, and 12C samples and in 121 27Al samples. All the samples were aligned with the proton beam axis inside and outside the demountable 92-cm thick Pb target of 15-cm diameter assembled of 23 4-cm thick discs. The samples were placed on 12 target disks to reproduce the long axis distribution of protons and neutrons. In June 2006, the target was exposed for 18 hours to a 800-MeV proton beam extracted from the ITEP U-10 accelerator. The proton fluence and the proton beam shape were determined using the 27Al(p,x)7Be monitor reaction. The reaction rates were determined by the direct gamma-spectrometry techniques. In total, 1196 gamma-spectra have been measured, and about 1500 reaction rates determined. The measured reaction rates were simulated by the MCNPX code using the following databases: ENDF/B6 for neutrons below 20 MeV, MENDL2 for 20-100 MeV neutrons, and MENDL2P for proton cross sections up to 200 MeV. An acceptable agreement of simulations with experimental data has been found.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 311, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00619", "text": "We discuss Kondo behavior of a conduction electron system coupled with local optical phonon by analyzing the Anderson-Holstein model with the use of a numerical renormalization group (NRG) method. There appear three typical regions due to the balance between Coulomb interaction $U_{\\rm ee}$ and phonon-mediated attraction $U_{\\rm ph}$. For $U_{\\rm ee}>U_{\\rm ph}$, we observe the standard Kondo effect concerning spin degree of freedom. Since the Coulomb interaction is effectively reduced as $U_{\\rm ee}-U_{\\rm ph}$, the Kondo temperature $T_{\\rm K}$ is increased when $U_{\\rm ph}$ is increased. On the other hand, for $U_{\\rm ee}99% of remnant binaries which have orbital periods within the LISA sensitivity range are white dwarf binaries, we consider only these binaries when calculating the LISA signal. We find that the contribution of RLOF binaries to the foreground noise is negligible at low frequencies, but becomes significant at higher frequencies, pushing the frequency at which the foreground noise drops below the instrumental noise to >6 mHz. We find that it is important to consider the population of mass transferring binaries in order to obtain an accurate assessment of the foreground noise on the LISA data stream. However, we estimate that there still exists a sizeable number (~11300) of Galactic double white dwarf binaries which will have a signal-to-noise ratio >5, and thus will be potentially resolvable with LISA. We present the LISA gravitational wave signal from the Galactic population of white dwarf binaries, show the most important formation channels contributing to the LISA disc and bulge populations and discuss the implications of these new findings.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 324, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00630", "text": "ribonucleic acids ( rna ) are hypothesized to have preceded their derivatives , deoxyribonucleic acids ( dna ) , as the molecular media of genetic information when life emerged on earth . molecular biologists are accustomed to the dramatic effects a subtle variation in the ribose moiety composition between rna and dna can have on the stability of these molecules . while dna is very stable after extraction from biological samples and subsequent treatment , rna is notoriously labile . the short half - life property , inherent to rna , benefits cells that do not need to express their entire repertoire of proteins . the cellular machinery turns off the production of a given protein by shutting down the transcription of its cognate coding gene and by either actively degrading the remaining mrna or allowing it to decay on its own . the steady - state level of each mrna in a given cell varies continuously and is specified by changing kinetics of synthesis and degradation . because it is technically possible to simultaneously measure thousands of nucleic acid molecules , these quantities have been studied by the life sciences community to investigate a range of biological problems . since the rna abundance can change according to a wide range of perturbations , this makes it the molecule of choice for exploring biological systems ; its instability , on the other hand , could be an underestimated source of technical variability . we found that a large fraction of the rna abundance originally present in the biological system prior to extraction was masked by the rna labeling and measurement procedure . the method used to extract rna molecules from cells and to label them prior to hybridization operations on dna arrays affects the original distribution of rna . only if rna measurements are performed according to the same procedure can biological information be inferred from the assay read out .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 352, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00631", "text": "The physical interpretation of the spectral line polarization produced by the joint action of the Hanle and Zeeman effects offers a unique opportunity to obtain empirical information about hidden aspects of solar and stellar magnetism. To this end, it is important to achieve a complete understanding of the sensitivity of the emergent spectral line polarization to the presence of a magnetic field. Here we present a detailed theoretical investigation on the role of resonance scattering and magnetic fields on the polarization signals of the Ba II D1 and D2 lines of the Fraunhofer spectrum, respectively at 4934 \\AA\\ and 4554 \\AA. We adopt a three-level model of Ba II, and we take into account the hyperfine structure that is shown by the $^{135}$Ba and $^{137}$Ba isotopes. Despite of their relatively small abundance (18%), the contribution coming from these two isotopes is indeed fundamental for the interpretation of the polarization signals observed in these lines. We consider an optically thin slab model, through which we can investigate in a rigorous way the essential physical mechanisms involved (resonance polarization, Zeeman, Paschen-Back and Hanle effects), avoiding complications due to radiative transfer effects. We assume the slab to be illuminated from below by the photospheric solar continuum radiation field, and we investigate the radiation scattered at 90 degrees, both in the absence and in the presence of magnetic fields, deterministic and microturbulent. We show in particular the existence of a differential magnetic sensitivity of the three-peak Q/I profile that is observed in the D2 line in quiet regions close to the solar limb, which is of great interest for magnetic field diagnostics.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 336, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00632", "text": "a further understanding of the anterior supramalleolar artery ( asma ) and its potential applications in reconstructive surgery.materials and methods : a total of 24 fresh lower limbs from fresh cadavers were injected with red latex for dissection . the type of origin , course , diameter of the pedicle , and the distance between the origin of the asma from the anterior tibial artery to the extensor retinaculum ( o - r ) were recorded . bi - foliate fasciocutaneous flaps were harvested using the branches of the asma.results:we found four types of origin of the asma , and we have accordingly classified them into four types . 10 of them were type a , 7 were type b , 6 were type c and 1 was type d. the mean o - r ( origin of asma to retinaculum ) distance was 2.0 0.8 cm . the diameter of the medial branch ( d1 ) , the diameter of the lateral branch ( d2 ) , and the diameter of artery stem ( d3 ) ( only in type a ) were 1.0 0.2 mm , 0.8 0.3 mm , 1.1 0.2 mm , respectively . the mean pedicle length of the lateral flap ( l1 ) and medial flap ( l2 ) were 5.1 1.0 cm and 3.7 0.6 cm , respectively.conclusions:the asma exists constantly with four different types of origin . its sizable diameter and lengthy pedicle make it suitable for bi - foliate fasciocutaneous flap transfer .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 343, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00633", "text": "cast, the Court holds there can be no inquiry into its validity. Comparison with the practice at general public elections is specious, for in those elections every citizen has a right of challenge and registration lists usually are made up and available in advance. No comparable safeguards for the employees opposed to the union appear to exist here, though both the employer and the union were protected. 26 The Court takes the position that although every other interest has affirmative protection, there is no necessity for similar affirmative protection to the anti-union employees. Despite the fact that both of the contracting parties were careful to provide such protection for themselves, the Court assumes it is unnecessary for the third interest. The Court says that in the absence of evidence it will assume that such interests were adequately represented, at the same time closing the door to hearing evidence as to whether those interests were prejudiced unless those who are denied affirmative representation or challenge rights should have made affirmative objection before the wrong was consummated by casting the illegal ballot. And, of course, the members of such a minority have no standing to bring their problems either to the Board or to the Court. We hear of their grievance, if at all, only through its being identical with some complaint which the employer raises. 27 The Court fears that to permit inquiry into the validity of Mrs. Kane's vote would 'extend an opportunity for the inclusion of ineligible pro-union or anti-union men on the payroll list' who would be challenged after the election in the hope of voiding an unwanted result. Of course, there are opportunities for manipulation of such a list, for collusion between employer and favored groups, for fraud, and for honest mistakes. 28 But if the Court i concerned to keep the elections pure, why close the door to proof of such corruption or mistake when it operates against an anti-union group, because it has not been challenged by one of the parties to it: to wit, the employer? In the usual election, it may be desirable to put an end to challenges at the time when the ballots become intermingled and indistinguishable. But to justify cutting off inquiry, it should appear that all persons interested in the election have had adequate opportunity to question the ballots cast. As long as no such provision is made for employees who are opposed to organization, I would protect their rights by allowing post-election challenges on such grounds as are urged here. 29 Of course the protection this gives is far from satisfactory. The challenge must be", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00634", "text": "Recently it has been shown that string instanton effects may give rise to neutrino Majorana masses in certain classes of semi-realistic string compactifications. In this paper we make a systematic search for supersymmetric MSSM-like Type II Gepner orientifold constructions admitting boundary states associated with instantons giving rise to neutrino Majorana masses and other L- and/or B-violating operators. We analyze the zero mode structure of D-brane instantons on general type II orientifold compactifications, and show that only instantons with O(1) symmetry can have just the two zero modes required to contribute to the 4d superpotential. We however discuss how the addition of fluxes and/or possible non-perturbative extensions of the orientifold compactifications would allow also instantons with $Sp(2)$ and U(1) symmetries to generate such superpotentials. In the context of Gepner orientifolds with MSSM-like spectra, we find no models with O(1) instantons with just the required zero modes to generate a neutrino mass superpotential. On the other hand we find a number of models in one particular orientifold of the Gepner model $(2,4,22,22)$ with $Sp(2)$ instantons with a few extra uncharged non-chiral zero modes which could be easily lifted by the mentioned effects. A few more orientifold examples are also found under less stringent constraints on the zero modes. This class of $Sp(2)$ instantons have the interesting property that R-parity conservation is automatic and the flavour structure of the neutrino Majorana mass matrices has a simple factorized form.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 338, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00635", "text": "(Abridged) Using cosmological hydrodynamic simulations in combination with analytic modeling, we show that the galaxy stellar mass-metallicity relation (MZR) provides strong constraints on galactic outflows across cosmic time. We compare three outflow models: No outflows, a \"constant wind\" (cw) model that emulates the popular Dekel & Silk (1986) scenario, and a ``momentum-driven wind\" (vzw) model. We find that only the vzw scaling reproduces the observed z~2 MZR's slope, amplitude, and scatter. Comparing our fully three-dimensional simulations with a simple one-zone chemical evolution model, we find that the MZR can be understood in terms of three parameters: (1) The equilibrium metallicity Z_eq=y*SFR/ACC (where y=true yield), reflecting the enrichment balance between star formation rate SFR and gas accretion rate ACC; (2) the dilution time t_d=M_g/ACC, representing the timescale for a galaxy to return to Z_eq after a metallicity-perturbing interaction; and (3) the blowout mass M_blowout, which is the galaxy stellar mass above which winds can escape its halo. When outflows with mass loading factor MLF are present, galaxies below M_blowout obey Z_eq = y/(1+MLF), while above M_blowout, Z_eq->y. Our cw model has M_blowout ~ 10^10 M_sun, which yields a sharp upturn in the MZR above this scale and a flat MZR with large scatter below it, in strong disagreement with observations. Our vzw model reproduces the observed Z_g \\propto M_*^0.3 because Z_eq \\propto MLF^-1 \\propto M_*^1/3 when MLF >> 1 (i.e. at low masses). The flattening of the MZR at M_* > 10^10.5 M_sun observed by Tremonti et al. (2004) reflects the mass scale where MLF~1, rather than a characteristic wind speed. The tight observed MZR scatter is ensured when t_d<1 dynamical time, which is only satisified at all masses and epochs in our momentum-driven wind model.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 470, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00636", "text": "We examine the optical emission line properties of Brightest Cluster Galaxies (BCGs) selected from two large, homogeneous datasets. The first is the X-ray selected National Optical Astronomy Observatory Fundamental Plane Survey (NFPS), and the second is the C4 catalogue of optically selected clusters built from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release ~3 (SDSS DR3). Our goal is to better understand the optical line emission in BCGs with respect to properties of the galaxy and the host cluster. Throughout the analysis we compare the line emission of the BCGs to that of a control sample made of the other bright galaxies near the cluster centre. Overall, both the NFPS and SDSS show a modest fraction of BCGs with emission lines (~15%). No trend in the fraction of emitting BCGs as a function of galaxy mass or cluster velocity dispersion is found. However we find that, for those BCGs found in cooling flow clusters, 71^{+9}_{-14}% have optical emission. Furthermore, if we consider only BCGs within 50kpc of the X-ray centre of a cooling flow cluster, the emission-line fraction rises further to 100^{+0}_{-15}%. Excluding the cooling flow clusters, only ~10% of BCGs are line emitting, comparable to the control sample of galaxies. We show that the physical origin of the emission line activity varies: in some cases it has LINER-like line ratios, whereas in others it is a composite of star-formation and LINER-like activity. We conclude that the presence of emission lines in BCGs is directly related to the cooling of X-ray gas at the cluster centre.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 341, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00637", "text": "A novel approach to protein multiple sequence alignment is discussed: substantially this method counterparts with substitution matrix based methods (like Blosum or PAM based methods), and implies a more deterministic approach to chemical/physical sub-grouping of amino acids . Amino acids (aa) are divided into sub-groups with successive derivations, that result in a clustering based on the considered property. The properties can be user defined or chosen between default schemes, like those used in the analysis described here. Starting from an initial set of the 20 naturally occurring amino acids, they are successively divided on the basis of their polarity/hydrophobic index, with increasing resolution up to four level of subdivision. Other schemes of subdivision are possible: in this thesis work it was employed also a scheme based on physical/structural properties (solvent exposure, lateral chain mobility and secondary structure tendency), that have been compared to the chemical scheme with testing purposes. In the method described in this chapter, the total score for each position in the alignment accounts for different degree of similarity between amino acids. The scoring value result form the contribution of each level of selectivity for every individual property considered. Simply the method (called M_Al) analyse the n sequence alignment position per position and assigns a score which have contributes by aa identity plus a composed valuation of the chemical or of the structural affinity between the n aligned amino acids. This method has been implemented in a series of programs written in python language; these programs have been tested in some biological cases, with benchmark purposes.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 304, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00638", "text": "on religious liberty. 30 It is too much like playing with justice to await a third review, two or three years hence, before facing this issue explicitly. The doctrine that a constitutional claim should not be prematurely considered is a vital feature in the harmonious functioning of our scheme of government. But it is a rule founded in reason, not a mechanical formula for avoiding an aspect of a litigation which cannot be fairly decided without meeting the constitutional issue. If this controversy could really be disposed of merely by finding that the grand jury was improperly selected, abstention from a constitutional adjudication would be imperative. Such would be the case if further prosecution were barred by the statute of limitations. But the Act of 1934, as we have seen, removes the bar and sanctions a reindictment, which is to be anticipated in view of the circumstances of this litigation. We cannot escape our responsibility by dealing merely with the remediable invalidity of the indictment, leaving untouched the decision of the Circuit Court of Appeals that the prosecution is valid. Of course the defendants might be acquitted at a new trial. But a court which purports to exercise supervisory authority in the interests of the administration of criminal justice ought not to permit the waste and unfairness involved in a new trial if there is no foundation for it. Especially is this a claim on the proper administration of justice in a case which has been in the courts for almost six years, and which is now starting on a new round as a result of the Court's decision. 31 In short, the prosecution ill continue unless we terminate it. We can terminate it only if this Court should deem beyond constitutional authority a prosecution of the charges upon which the jury found the defendants guilty and which the Circuit Court of Appeals sustained. We ought not to give implied sanction to the continuance of this prosecution, if we do not mean to do so, by withholding our view on an issue inescapable in the full disposition of the controversy before the Court. Candor repels it and the requirements of constitutional adjudication do not justify it. 32 Mr. Justice BURTON, dissenting. 33 Altough I concur in this Court's policy of requiring the inclusion in federal jury lists in California of women qualified for service as jurors of the highest court of law in that State, I believe that we are not justified in dismissing the indictment returned in this case in 1941 merely because women were not included in such lists at that time. In", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00639", "text": "We follow the changes in the structure of the accretion disk of the dwarf nova V2051 Oph along two separate outbursts in order to investigate the causes of its recurrent outbursts. We apply eclipse mapping techniques to a set of light curves covering a normal (July 2000) and a low-amplitude (August 2002) outburst to derive maps of the disk surface brightness distribution at different phases along the outburst cycles. The sequence of eclipse maps of the 2000 July outburst reveal that the disk shrinks at outburst onset while an uneclipsed component of 13 per cent of the total light develops. The derived radial intensity distributions suggest the presence of an outward-moving heating wave during rise and of an inward-moving cooling wave during decline. The inferred speed of the outward-moving heating wave is ~ 1.6 km/s, while the speed of the cooling wave is a fraction of that. A comparison of the measured cooling wave velocity on consecutive nights indicates that the cooling wave accelerates as it travels towards disk center, in contradiction with the prediction of the disk instability model. From the inferred speed of the heating wave we derive a viscosity parameter alpha_{hot} ~ 0.13, comparable to the measured viscosity parameter in quiescence. The 2002 August outburst had lower amplitude (\\Delta B ~ 0.8 mag) and the disk at outburst maximum was smaller than on 2000 July. For an assumed distance of 92 pc, we find that along both outbursts the disk brightness temperatures remain below the minimum expected according to the disk instability model. The results suggest that the outbursts of V2051 Oph are caused by bursts of increased mass transfer from the mass-donor star.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 358, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00640", "text": "We compare the use of galaxy asymmetry and pair proximity for measuring galaxy merger fractions and rates for a volume limited sample of 3184 galaxies with -21 < M(B) -5 log h < -18 mag. and 0.010 < z < 0.123 drawn from the Millennium Galaxy Catalogue. Our findings are that: (i) Galaxies in close pairs are generally more asymmetric than isolated galaxies and the degree of asymmetry increases for closer pairs. At least 35% of close pairs (with projected separation of less than 20 h^{-1} kpc and velocity difference of less than 500 km s^{-1}) show significant asymmetry and are therefore likely to be physically bound. (ii) Among asymmetric galaxies, we find that at least 80% are either interacting systems or merger remnants. However, a significant fraction of galaxies initially identified as asymmetric are contaminated by nearby stars or are fragmented by the source extraction algorithm. Merger rates calculated via asymmetry indices need careful attention in order to remove the above sources of contamination, but are very reliable once this is carried out. (iii) Close pairs and asymmetries represent two complementary methods of measuring the merger rate. Galaxies in close pairs identify future mergers, occurring within the dynamical friction timescale, while asymmetries are sensitive to the immediate pre-merger phase and identify remnants. (iv) The merger fraction derived via the close pair fraction and asymmetries is about 2% for a merger rate of (5.2 +- 1.0) 10^{-4} h^3 Mpc^{-3} Gyr^{-1}. These results are marginally consistent with theoretical simulations (depending on the merger time-scale), but imply a flat evolution of the merger rate with redshift up to z ~1.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 368, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00641", "text": "We present the first results of a Spitzer IRAC (Infrared Array Camera) wide-field survey of the Coma cluster. The observations cover two fields of different galaxy densities; the first is a 0.733 deg^2 region in the core of the cluster (Coma 1), the second a 0.555 deg^2 off-center region located ~57 arcmin (1.7 Mpc) south-west from the core (Coma 3). The observations, although short 70-90 s exposures, are very sensitive; we detect ~29,200 sources at 3.6 micron over the total ~1.3 deg^2 survey area. We construct 3.6 micron galaxy luminosity functions (LFs) for each field using selection functions based on spectroscopic redshifts. At the bright end, the LFs are well modeled by a traditional Schechter function; [M^star (3.6 micron), alpha_1] = [-25.17, -1.18] and [-24.69, -1.30] for Coma 1 and Coma 3 respectively. However, at the faint end (M(3.6 micron) > -20.5), there is a steep increase in the LF slope in both fields indicative of large numbers of red dwarf galaxies. The reality of this population is examined using optical counterparts in SDSS data with optical color filtering (g-r<1.3). The steep increase can be modeled with a power-law function, with slopes of alpha_2 = -2.18 (Coma 1) and alpha_2 = -2.60 (Coma 3). A qualitative comparison with optical (B- and R-band) LFs shows that we are likely to be observing a larger population of dwarf galaxies in the near-IR, which may be a low-surface-brightness (LSB) population that IRAC is particularly sensitive to, or a population too red to be detected in existing optical surveys down to R~20.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 418, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00642", "text": "We present Keck/DEIMOS spectroscopy of stars in 8 of the newly discovered ultra-faint dwarf galaxies around the Milky Way. We measure the velocity dispersions of Canes Venatici I and II, Ursa Major I and II, Coma Berenices, Hercules, Leo IV and Leo T from the velocities of 18 - 214 stars in each galaxy and find dispersions ranging from 3.3 to 7.6 km/s. The 6 galaxies with absolute magnitudes M_V < -4 are highly dark matter-dominated, with mass-to-light ratios approaching 1000. The measured velocity dispersions are inversely correlated with their luminosities, indicating that a minimum mass for luminous galactic systems may not yet have been reached. We also measure the metallicities of the observed stars and find that the 6 brightest of the ultra-faint dwarfs extend the luminosity-metallicity relationship followed by brighter dwarfs by 2 orders of magnitude in luminosity; several of these objects have mean metallicities as low as [Fe/H] = -2.3 and therefore represent some of the most metal-poor known stellar systems. We detect metallicity spreads of up to 0.5 dex in several objects, suggesting multiple star formation epochs. Having established the masses of the ultra-faint dwarfs, we re-examine the missing satellite problem. After correcting for the sky coverage of the SDSS, we find that the ultra-faint dwarfs substantially alleviate the discrepancy between the predicted and observed numbers of satellites around the Milky Way, but there are still a factor of ~4 too few dwarf galaxies over a significant range of masses. We show that if galaxy formation in low-mass dark matter halos is strongly suppressed after reionization, the simulated circular velocity function of CDM subhalos can be brought into approximate agreement with the observed circular velocity function of Milky Way satellite galaxies. [slightly abridged]", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 396, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00643", "text": "Observations by the Cores to Disk Legacy Team with the Spitzer Space Telescope have identified a low luminosity, mid-infrared source within the dense core, Lynds 1014, which was previously thought to harbor no internal source. Followup near-infrared and submillimeter interferometric observations have confirmed the protostellar nature of this source by detecting scattered light from an outflow cavity and a weak molecular outflow. In this paper, we report the detection of cm continuum emission with the VLA. The emission is characterized by a quiescent, unresolved 90 uJy 6 cm source within 0.2\" of the Spitzer source. The spectral index of the quiescent component is $\\alpha = 0.37\\pm 0.34$ between 6 cm and 3.6 cm. A factor of two increase in 6 cm emission was detected during one epoch and circular polarization was marginally detected at the $5\\sigma$ level with Stokes {V/I} $= 48 \\pm 16$% . We have searched for 22 GHz H2O maser emission toward L1014-IRS, but no masers were detected during 7 epochs of observations between June 2004 and December 2006. L1014-IRS appears to be a low-mass, accreting protostar which exhibits cm emission from a thermal jet or a wind, with a variable non-thermal emission component. The quiescent cm radio emission is noticeably above the correlation of 3.6 cm and 6 cm luminosity versus bolometric luminosity, indicating more radio emission than expected. We characterize the cm continuum emission in terms of observations of other low-mass protostars, including updated correlations of centimeter continuum emission with bolometric luminosity and outflow force, and discuss the implications of recent larger distance estimates on the physical attributes of the protostar and dense molecular core.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 397, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00644", "text": "We have measured the flux, profile, color, and substructure in the diffuse intracluster light (ICL) in a sample of ten galaxy clusters with a range of mass, morphology, redshift, and density. Deep, wide-field observations for this project were made in two bands at the one meter Swope and 2.5 meter du Pont telescope at Las Campanas Observatory. Careful attention in reduction and analysis was paid to the illumination correction, background subtraction, point spread function determination, and galaxy subtraction. ICL flux is detected in both bands in all ten clusters ranging from 7.6 x 10^{10} to 7.0 x 10^{11} h^{-1} solar luminosities in r and 1.4 x 10^{10} to 1.2 x 10^{11} h^{-1} solar luminosities in the B-band. These fluxes account for 6 to 22% of the total cluster light within one quarter of the virial radius in r and 4 to 21% in the B-band. Average ICL B-r colors range from 1.5 to 2.8 mags when k and evolution corrected to the present epoch. In several clusters we also detect ICL in group environments near the cluster center and up to ~1 h^{-1} Mpc distant from the cluster center. Our sample, having been selected from the Abell sample, is incomplete in that it does not include high redshift clusters with low density, low flux, or low mass, and it does not include low redshift clusters with high flux, mass, or density. This bias makes it difficult to interpret correlations between ICL flux and cluster properties. Despite this selection bias, we do find that the presence of a cD galaxy corresponds to both centrally concentrated galaxy profiles and centrally concentrated ICL profiles. This is consistent with ICL either forming from galaxy interactions at the center, or forming at earlier times in groups and later combining in the center.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 413, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00645", "text": "and purpose of the act, though not common carriers in the technical sense of holding one's self out to carry indiscriminately all oil offered, because the act's evident purpose was to bring within its scope all pipe lines that would carry all oil offered 'if only the offerers would sell' at the carrier's price. In the Valvoline case, this interpretation of the 1906 Act, 34 Stat. 584, was found to have been carried into the act, as amended in 1920, 41 Stat. 474, despite certain changes in language. 308 U.S. at page 145, 60 S.Ct. at page 162, 84 L.Ed. 151. 17 It is to be noted, however, that the Pipe Line and Valvoline cases did not bring within the scope of the Interstate Commerce Act all pipe lines that carried oil interstate. If the companies were common carriers in substance, the act made them so in form. Those pipe lines held covered by the act in The Pipe Line Cases and Valvoline were found common carriers in substance because they purchased and carried all oil offered. The Interstate Commerce Act continually has required such carriers to be engaged in the transportation of oil or other commodities. In The Pipe Line Cases, a company, Uncle Sam Oil Company, though a pipe line carrying oil, was held beyond the act's reach because not engaged in the transportation of oil as a common carrier within the purpose of the act. 18 'When, as in this case, a company is simply drawing oil from its own wells across a state line to its own refinery, for its own use, and that is all, we do not regard it as falling within the description of the act, the transportation being merely an incident to use at the end.' 234 U.S. at page 562, 34 S.Ct. at page 959, 58 L.Ed. 1459. 19 There has been no change bearing on this question in the applicable acts since The Pipe Line Cases. As a matter of statutory construction, we see no reason to change from this Court's long standing interpretation. If Congress desires to undertake regulation of the transportation of an interstate carrier, in substance a private carrier, it understands the method of approach. 49 U.S.C. § 304(a)(3), 49 U.S.C.A § 304(a)(3). There is no pertinent legislative history to support so broad", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00646", "text": "This thesis consists of two parts which share only a slight overlap. The first part is concerned with the study of ideals in the ring $C^\\infty(M,R)$ of smooth functions on a compact smooth manifold M or more generally submodules of a finitely generated $C^\\infty(M,R)$-module V. We define a topology on the space of all submodules of V of a fixed finite codimension d. Its main property is that it is compact Hausdorff and, in the case of ideals in the ring itself, it contains as a subspace the configuration space of d distinct unordered points in M and therefore gives a \"compactification\" of this configuration space. We present a concrete description of this space for low codimensions. The main focus is then put on the second part which is concerned with a generalization of Vassiliev's h-principle. This principle in its simplest form asserts that the jet prolongation map $j^r:C^\\infty(M,E)\\to\\Gamma(J^r(M,E))$, defined on the space of smooth maps from a compact manifold M to a Euclidean space E and with target the space of smooth sections of the jet bundle $J^r(M,E)$, is a cohomology isomorphism when restricted to certain \"nonsingular\" subsets (these are defined in terms of a certain subset $R\\subseteq J^r(M,E)$). Our generalization then puts this theorem in a more general setting of topological $C^\\infty(M,R)$-modules. As a reward we get a strengthening of this result asserting that all the homotopy fibres have zero homology.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 342, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00647", "text": "Dynamic magnetic susceptibility, $\\chi$, was studied in several intermetallic materials exhibiting ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic and metamagnetic transitions. Precise measurements by using a 14 MHz tunnel diode oscillator (TDO) allow detailed insight into the field and temperature dependence of $\\chi$. In particular, local moment ferromagnets show a sharp peak in $\\chi(T)$ near the Curie temperature, $T_c$. The peak amplitude decreases and shifts to higher temperatures with very small applied dc fields. Anisotropic measurements of CeVSb$_3$ show that this peak is present provided the magnetic easy axis is aligned with the excitation field. In a striking contrast, small moment, itinerant ferromagnets (i.e., ZrZn$_2$) show a broad maximum in $\\chi(T)$ that responds differently to applied field. We believe that TDO measurements provide a very sensitive way to distinguish between local and itinerant moment magnetic orders. Local moment antiferromagnets do not show a peak at the N\\'eel temperature, $T_N$, but only a sharp decrease of $\\chi$ below $T_N$ due to the loss of spin-disorder scattering changing the penetration depth of the ac excitation field. Furthermore, we show that the TDO is capable of detecting changes in spin order as well as metamagnetic transitions. Finally, critical scaling of $\\chi(T,H)$ in the vicinity of $T_C$ is discussed in CeVSb$_3$ and CeAgSb$_2$.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 314, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00648", "text": "to evaluate , in three spanish tertiary referral centres , the short - term safety and efficacy of golimumab ( glm ) for treatment of immune - mediated uveitis resistant to previous immunosuppressive therapy . methods . nonrandomized retrospective interventional case series . thirteen patients with different types of uveitis that were resistant to treatment with at least 2 previous immunosuppressors were included in this study . all included patients were treated with glm ( 50 mg every four weeks ) during at least 6 months . clinical evaluation and treatment - related side effects were assessed at least four times in all included patients . results . eight men and 5 women ( 22 affected eyes ) with a median age of 30 years ( range 2038 ) and active immune - mediated uveitides were studied . glm was used in combination with conventional immunosuppressors in 7 patients ( 53.8% ) . glm therapy achieved complete control of inflammation in 12/13 patients ( 92.3% ) after six months of treatment . there was a statistically significant improvement in mean bcva ( 0.60 versus 0.68 , p = 0.009 ) and mean 1 mm central retinal thickness ( 317 versus 261.2 , p = 0.05 ) at the six - month endpoint when compared to basal values . no major systemic adverse effects associated with glm therapy were observed . conclusions . glm is a new and promising therapeutic option for patients with severe and refractory uveitis .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 315, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00649", "text": "High-resolution spectroscopy of U Gem was obtained during quiescence. We did not find a hot spot or gas stream around the outer boundaries of the accretion disk. Instead, we detected a strong narrow emission near the location of the secondary star. We measured the radial velocity curve from the wings of the double-peaked H$\\alpha$ emission line, and obtained a semi-amplitude value that is in excellent agreement with the obtained from observations in the ultraviolet spectral region by Sion et al. (1998). We present also a new method to obtain K_2, which enhances the detection of absorption or emission features arising in the late-type companion. Our results are compared with published values derived from the near-infrared NaI line doublet. From a comparison of the TiO band with those of late type M stars, we find that a best fit is obtained for a M6V star, contributing 5 percent of the total light at that spectral region. Assuming that the radial velocity semi-amplitudes reflect accurately the motion of the binary components, then from our results: K_em = 107+/-2 km/s; K_abs = 310+/-5 km/s, and using the inclination angle given by Zhang & Robinson(1987); i = 69.7+/-0.7, the system parameters become: M_WD = 1.20+/-0.05 M_sun,; M_RD = 0.42+/-0.04 M_sun; and a = 1.55+/- 0.02 R_sun. Based on the separation of the double emission peaks, we calculate an outer disk radius of R_out/a ~0.61, close to the distance of the inner Lagrangian point L_1/a~0.63. Therefore we suggest that, at the time of observations, the accretion disk was filling the Roche-Lobe of the primary, and that the matter leaving the L_1 point was colliding with the disc directly, producing the hot spot at this location.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 418, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00650", "text": "LS I +61 303 is a puzzling Be/X-ray binary with variable gamma-ray emission at up TeV energies. The nature of the compact object and the origin of the high-energy emission are unclear. One family of models invokes particle acceleration in shocks from the collision between the B-star wind and a relativistic pulsar wind, while another centers on a relativistic jet powered by accretion. Recent high-resolution radio observations showing a putative \"cometary tail\" pointing away from the Be star near periastron have been cited as support for the pulsar-wind model. We wish here to carry out a quantitative assessment of these competing models for this extraordinary source. We apply a 3D SPH code for dynamical simulations of both the pulsar-wind-interaction and accretion-jet models. The former yields a description of the shape of the wind-wind interaction surface. The latter provides an estimation of the accretion rate. The results allow critical evaluation of how the two distinct models confront the data in various wavebands under a range of conditions. When one accounts for the 3D dynamical wind interaction under realistic constraints for the relative strength of the B-star and pulsar winds, the resulting form of the interaction front does not match the putative \"cometary tail\" claimed from radio observations. On the other hand, dynamical simulations of the accretion-jet model indicate that the orbital phase variation of accretion power includes a secondary broad peak well away from periastron, thus providing a plausible way to explain the observed TeV gamma ray emission toward apastron. We conclude that the colliding-wind model is not clearly established for LS I +61 303, while the accretion-jet model can reproduce many key characteristics of the observed TeV gamma-ray emission.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 372, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00651", "text": "We report results from numerical simulations of star formation in the early universe that focus on gas at very high densities and very low metallicities. We argue that the gas in the central regions of protogalactic halos will fragment as long as it carries sufficient angular momentum. Rotation leads to the build-up of massive disk-like structures which fragment to form protostars. At metallicities Z ~ 10^-5 Zsun, dust cooling becomes effective and leads to a sudden drop of temperature at densities above n = 10^12 cm^-3. This induces vigorous fragmentation, leading to a very densely-packed cluster of low-mass stars. This is the first stellar cluster. The mass function of stars peaks below 1 Msun, similar to what is found in the solar neighborhood, and comparable to the masses of the very-low metallicity subgiant stars recently discovered in the halo of our Milky Way. We find that even purely primordial gas can fragment at densities 10^14 cm^-3 < n < 10^16 cm^-3, although the resulting mass function contains only a few objects (at least a factor of ten less than the Z = 10^-5 Zsun mass function), and is biased towards higher masses. A similar result is found for gas with Z = 10^-6 Zsun. Gas with Z <= 10^-6 Zsun behaves roughly isothermally at these densities (with polytropic exponent gamma ~ 1.06) and the massive disk-like structures that form due to angular momentum conservation will be marginally unstable. As fragmentation is less efficient, we expect stars with Z <= 10^-6 Zsun to be massive, with masses in excess of several tens of solar masses, consistent with the results from previous studies.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 359, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00652", "text": "direct bearing, provided the apportionment were fairly made and no other vitiating element were present, such as those above mentioned.15 It was this fact, without question, which the Court had in mind in the Adams case, when it carefully saved from its ban any question concerning such a tax as Indiana's if properly apportioned in a situation like the ones presented there and now.16 III 28 The language purporting to outlaw 'direct' taxes because they are direct has appeared more frequently perhaps in relation to gross receipts taxes than any other including both 'direct' taxes, apportioned and unapportioned and others considered 'indirect' because purporting to be laid not 'on the commerce itself' but upon some 'local incident.' We have recently held that a tax having effects forbidden by the commerce clause will not be saved merely because it is cast in terms of bearing upon some 'local incident.'17 As we then said, all interstate commerce takes place within the states and the consequences forbidden by the commerce clause cannot be achieved legally simply by the device of hooking the tax or other forbidden regulation to some selected 'local incident.' That such a factor may be chosen for bearing the 'direct' incidence of the tax may be a consideration to be taken into account in determining its validity. But it cannot validate a tax or regulation which produces the forbidden consequences, any more than a 'direct tax' which does not produce them can be outlawed because it is direct. Not 'directness' or 'immediacy' of incidence per se, whether 'upon the commerce itself' or upon a 'local incident,' is the outlawing factor, but whether the tax, regardless of the special point of incidence, has the consequences for interstate trade intended to be outlawed by the commerce clause. 29 The difficulty of any other rule or approach is disclosed most clearly perhaps by contrasting the decision in American Mfg. Co. v. City of St. Louis, 250 U.S. 459, 39 S.Ct. 522, 63 L.Ed. 1084, with the Adams decision and this one, in both of which efforts are made, unsuccessfully in my opinion, to distinguish the American case. There the tax was laid upon the manufacture, locally done, of goods sold locally and out of state. But the tax was'measured by' the gross receipts from sales of the goods manufactured, including those sold interstate.18 30", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00653", "text": "This article belongs to a series on geometric complexity theory (GCT), an approach to the P vs. NP and related problems through algebraic geometry and representation theory. The basic principle behind this approach is called the flip. In essence, it reduces the negative hypothesis in complexity theory (the lower bound problems), such as the P vs. NP problem in characteristic zero, to the positive hypothesis in complexity theory (the upper bound problems): specifically, to showing that the problems of deciding nonvanishing of the fundamental structural constants in representation theory and algebraic geometry, such as the well known plethysm constants--or rather certain relaxed forms of these decision probelms--belong to the complexity class P. In this article, we suggest a plan for implementing the flip, i.e., for showing that these relaxed decision problems belong to P. This is based on the reduction of the preceding complexity-theoretic positive hypotheses to mathematical positivity hypotheses: specifically, to showing that there exist positive formulae--i.e. formulae with nonnegative coefficients--for the structural constants under consideration and certain functions associated with them. These turn out be intimately related to the similar positivity properties of the Kazhdan-Lusztig polynomials and the multiplicative structural constants of the canonical (global crystal) bases in the theory of Drinfeld-Jimbo quantum groups. The known proofs of these positivity properties depend on the Riemann hypothesis over finite fields and the related results. Thus the reduction here, in conjunction with the flip, in essence, says that the validity of the P vs. NP conjecture in characteristic zero is intimately linked to the Riemann hypothesis over finite fields and related problems.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 338, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00654", "text": "backgroundnuclear factor e2-related factor 2 ( nrf2 ) plays an anti - oxidative and phase ii detoxification function via its up - regulation on various antioxidant response elements ( are ) genes . nrf2 can protect both normal and cancer cells from damages of cell stress , thereby exerting a critical role in the development of cancer . the expression and significance of nrf2 in gastric cancer , however , has not been reported . this study thus aimed to investigate the expression of nrf2 in gastric cancer tissues via immunohistochemical ( ihc ) staining.material/methodsgastric carcinoma tissues from a total of 175 patients during surgical resection were examined for nfr2 expression profiles using ihc staining on paraffin - embedded slides . between - group - comparisons were performed by chi - square , fisher s exact , or mann - whitney u test . the correlation between nfr2 expression and clinical indexes was further analyzed by kaplan - meier test , univariate / multivariate analysis , and log - rank test.resultsnrf2 is mainly expressed in nuclei of gastric carcinoma tissues , with significant correlation with clinical indexes , including tumor size , invasive depth , lymph node metastasis , and invasion . patients with nrf2-positive expression had significantly lower survival rates compared to those in the negative group ( p<0.01 ) , with chemo - resistance against 5-fluorouracil ( 5-fu ) ( p<0.05).conclusionsnrf2 expression is positively correlated with invasive gastric cancer , suggesting its utility as a predictive index for unfavorable prognosis .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 325, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00655", "text": "It is well known gravitational lensing, mainly via magnification bias, modifies the observed galaxy/quasar clustering. Such discussions have largely focused on the 2D angular correlation. Here and in a companion paper (Paper II) we explore how magnification bias distorts the 3D correlation function and power spectrum, as first considered by Matsubara. The interesting point is: the distortion is anisotropic. Magnification bias preferentially enhances the observed correlation in the line-of-sight (LOS) orientation, especially on large scales. For example at LOS separation of ~100 Mpc/h, where the intrinsic galaxy-galaxy correlation is rather weak, the observed correlation can be enhanced by lensing by a factor of a few, even at a modest redshift of z ~ 0.35. The opportunity: this lensing anisotropy is distinctive, making it possible to separately measure the galaxy-galaxy, galaxy-magnification and magnification-magnification correlations, without measuring galaxy shapes. The anisotropy is distinguishable from the well known distortion due to peculiar motions, as will be discussed in Paper II. The challenge: the magnification distortion of the galaxy correlation must be accounted for in interpreting data as precision improves. For instance, the ~100 Mpc/h baryon acoustic oscillation scale in the correlation function is shifted by up to ~3% in the LOS orientation, and up to ~0.6% in the monopole, depending on the galaxy bias, redshift and number count slope. The corresponding shifts in the inferred Hubble parameter and angular diameter distance, if ignored, could significantly bias measurements of the dark energy equation of state. Lastly, magnification distortion offers a plausible explanation for the well known excess correlations seen in pencil beam surveys.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 360, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00656", "text": "backgroundalthough asthma has recently been established as a risk factor for pneumococcal disease ( pd ) , few studies have specifically evaluated this association in children.methodswe conducted a nation - wide population - based cohort study of the effect of asthma on childhood pd among all singleton live births in denmark from 1994 to 2007 , before the introduction of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine . all data were abstracted from danish medical registries . because underlying comorbidity substantially increases the pd risk in children , standard methods were used to assess the evidence of biologic interaction between comorbidity and asthma on the risk of pd.resultsthere were 2,253 cases of childhood pd among 888,655 children born in denmark from 1994 to 2007 . the adjusted incidence rate ratio of the effect of asthma on childhood pd was 2.2 ( 95% confidence interval [ ci ] : 2.0 , 2.5 ) . age - stratified incidence rate ratios were 2.1 ( 95% ci : 1.8 , 2.9 ) in children 6 months to < 24 months , 4.1 ( 95% ci : 3.3 , 5.1 ) in children 24 months to < 60 months , and 2.3 ( 95% ci : 1.6 , 3.2 ) in children 60 months . evaluation of the biologic interaction between asthma and comorbidity in older children revealed that 55% ( 24 months to < 60 months ) to 73% ( 60 months ) of cases among asthma - exposed children can be accounted for by the interaction between asthma and comorbidity.conclusionthese results confirm that asthma is an important risk factor for pd in children and suggest that children with underlying comorbidities are more sensitive to the effect of asthma on pd than children without comorbidities .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 402, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00657", "text": "objectivethe aim of this study was to assess the clinical role of 18f - fdg pet / ct for the evaluation of lymph node metastasis in periorbital malignancies , compared with ct alone.materials and methodswe analyzed eighteen pet / ct and ct scans in 15 patients with biopsy - proven periorbital malignancies . we compared the diagnostic capabilities of pet / ct and ct with regard to nodal metastasis by level - by - level analysis and by n staging prediction . the reference standards were surgical pathology ( n = 7 ) from dissected lymph node specimens and the results from radiological follow - up ( n = 11 , mean 20.5 months ; range 10 - 52 months ) . moreover , any changes in patient care as prompted by pet / ct were recorded and compared with treatment planning for ct alone.resultspet/ct had a sensitivity of 100% , while ct had a sensitivity of 57% ( p = 0.03 ) for nodal metastasis by level - by - level analysis . pet / ct had a specificity of 97% , positive predictive value of 93% , negative predictive value of 100% , and diagnostic accuracy of 98% , while the ct values for these same parameters were 97% , 89% , 82% , and 84% , respectively . pet / ct correctly predicted n staging with an accuracy of 100% , while ct was only 83% accurate ( p = 0.01 ) . regarding the impact on patient care , the extent of surgery for regional lymph nodes and the treatment decision were modified by pet / ct in 39% of patients.conclusionpet/ct could provide useful information in the management of regional lymph node metastases in patients with periorbital malignancies .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 371, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00658", "text": "We present the results of a large-scale survey of neutron(n)-capture elements in Galactic planetary nebulae (PNe), undertaken to study enrichments from s-process nucleosynthesis in their progenitor stars. From new K band observations of over 100 PNe supplemented by data from the literature, we have detected the emission lines [Kr III] 2.199 and/or [Se IV] 2.287 $\\mu$m in 81 of 120 objects. We determine Se and Kr elemental abundances, employing ionization correction formulae derived in the first paper of this series. We find a significant range in Se and Kr abundances, from near solar (no enrichment) to enhanced by >1.0 dex relative to solar, which we interpret as self-enrichment due to in situ s-process nucleosynthesis. Kr tends to be more strongly enriched than Se; in 18 objects exhibiting both Se and Kr emission, we find that [Kr/Se] = 0.5$\\pm$0.2. Our survey has increased the number of PNe with n-capture element abundance determinations by a factor of ten, enabling us for the first time to search for correlations with other nebular properties. As expected, we find a positive correlation between s-process enrichments and the C/O ratio. Type I and bipolar PNe, which arise from intermediate-mass progenitors (>3-4 solar masses), exhibit little to no s-process enrichments. Finally, PNe with H-deficient Wolf-Rayet central stars do not exhibit systematically larger s-process enrichments than objects with H-rich nuclei. Overall, 44% of the PNe in our sample display significant s-process enrichments (>0.3 dex). Using an empirical PN luminosity function to correct for incompleteness, we estimate that the true fraction of s-process enriched Galactic PNe is at least 20%.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 384, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00659", "text": "Our aim is to determine Li abundances in TO stars of the Globular Cluster 47 Tuc and test theories about Li variations among TO stars. method: We make use of high resolution (R~ 43000), high signal-to-noise ratio (S/N=50--70) spectra of 4 turn off (TO) stars obtained with the UVES spectrograph at the 8.2m VLT Kueyen telescope. results: The four stars observed, span the range 1.6<~A(Li)} <~ 2.14, providing a mean A(Li) = 1.84 with a standard deviation of 0.25 dex. When coupled with data of other two TO stars of the cluster, available in the literature, the full range in Li abundances observed in this cluster is 1.6<~A(Li)<~ 2.3. The variation in A(Li) is at least 0.6 dex (0.7 dex considering also the data available in the literature) and the scatter is six times larger than what expected from the observational error. We claim that these variations are real. A(Li) seems to be anti-correlated with A(Na) exactly as observed in NGC 6752. No systematic error in our analysis could produce such an anti-correlation. conclusions: Na production through p captures on 22Ne at temperatures in excess of 3x10^7 K and the contemporary Li destruction could result in this anti-correlation. However such nuclear processing cannot have taken place in the stars themselves, which do not reach such high temperatures, even at their centre. This points towards the processing in a previous generation of stars. The low N/O ratios in the observed stars and the apparent lack of correlation between N an Li abundances, place a strong constraint on the properties of this previous generation. Our results indicate a different behaviour among the Globular Clusters so far studied as far as the abundance patterns are concerned.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 410, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00660", "text": "We present the results of photoionization modeling of nine weak MgII (W_r<0.3 Ang) quasar absorption line systems with redshifts 1.4 0.25) are not rare and actually account for approximately half of the events in our astrophysical model. The relativistic corrections tend to significantly change the waveform amplitude and phase relative to a Newtonian description, although some of this dephasing could be mimicked by parameter errors. The dephasing over several bursts could be of particular importance not only to gravitational wave detection, but also to parameter estimation, since it is highly correlated to the spin of the massive black hole. Consequently, we postulate that if a relativistic EMRB is detected, such dephasing might be used to probe the relativistic character of the massive black hole and obtain information about its spin.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 303, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00671", "text": "We present results of large-scale three-dimensional simulations of supersonic Euler turbulence with the piecewise parabolic method and multiple grid resolutions up to 2048^3 points. Our numerical experiments describe non-magnetized driven turbulent flows with an isothermal equation of state and an rms Mach number of 6. We discuss numerical resolution issues and demonstrate convergence, in a statistical sense, of the inertial range dynamics in simulations on grids larger than 512^3 points. The simulations allowed us to measure the absolute velocity scaling exponents for the first time. The inertial range velocity scaling in this strongly compressible regime deviates substantially from the incompressible Kolmogorov laws. The slope of the velocity power spectrum, for instance, is -1.95 compared to -5/3 in the incompressible case. The exponent of the third-order velocity structure function is 1.28, while in incompressible turbulence it is known to be unity. We propose a natural extension of Kolmogorov's phenomenology that takes into account compressibility by mixing the velocity and density statistics and preserves the Kolmogorov scaling of the power spectrum and structure functions of the density-weighted velocity v=\\rho^{1/3}u. The low-order statistics of v appear to be invariant with respect to changes in the Mach number. For instance, at Mach 6 the slope of the power spectrum of v is -1.69, and the exponent of the third-order structure function of v is unity. We also directly measure the mass dimension of the \"fractal\" density distribution in the inertial subrange, D_m = 2.4, which is similar to the observed fractal dimension of molecular clouds and agrees well with the cascade phenomenology.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 357, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00672", "text": "Optical/near-infrared (optical/NIR; OIR) light from low-mass neutron star X-ray binaries (NSXBs) in outburst is traditionally thought to be thermal emission from the accretion disc. Here we present a comprehensive collection of quasi-simultaneous OIR and X-ray data from 19 low-magnetic field NSXBs, including new observations of three sources: 4U 0614+09, LMC X-2 and GX 349+2. The average radio-OIR spectrum for NSXBs is alpha ~ +0.2 (where L_nu propto nu^alpha) at least at high luminosities when the radio jet is detected. This is comparable to, but slightly more inverted than the alpha ~ 0.0 found for black hole X-ray binaries. The OIR spectra and relations between OIR and X-ray fluxes are compared to those expected if the OIR emission is dominated by thermal emission from an X-ray or viscously heated disc, or synchrotron emission from the inner regions of the jets. We find that thermal emission due to X-ray reprocessing can explain all the data except at high luminosities for some NSXBs, namely the atolls and millisecond X-ray pulsars (MSXPs). Optically thin synchrotron emission from the jets (with an observed OIR spectral index of alpha_thin < 0) dominate the NIR light above L_x ~ 10^36 erg/s and the optical above L_x ~ 10^37 erg/s in these systems. For NSXB Z-sources, the OIR observations can be explained by X-ray reprocessing alone, although synchrotron emission may make a low level contribution to the NIR, and could dominate the OIR in one or two cases.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 375, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00673", "text": "Employing Big Bear Solar Observatory (BBSO) deep magnetograms and H${\\alpha}$ images in a quiet region and a coronal hole, observed on September 14 and 16, 2004, respectively, we have explored the magnetic flux emergence, disappearance and distribution in the two regions. The following results are obtained: (1) The evolution of magnetic flux in the quiet region is much faster than that in the coronal hole, as the flux appeared in the form of ephemeral regions in the quiet region is 4.3 times as large as that in the coronal hole, and the flux disappeared in the form of flux cancellation, 2.9 times as fast as in the coronal hole. (2) More magnetic elements with opposite polarities in the quiet region are connected by arch filaments, estimating from magnetograms and H${\\alpha}$ images. (3) We measured the magnetic flux of about 1000 magnetic elements in each observing region. The flux distribution of network and intranetwork (IN) elements is similar in both polarities in the quiet region. For network fields in the coronal hole, the number of negative elements is much more than that of positive elements. However for the IN fields, the number of positive elements is much more than that of negative elements. (4) In the coronal hole, the fraction of negative flux change obviously with different threshold flux density. 73% of the magnetic fields with flux density larger than 2 Gauss is negative polarity, and 95% of the magnetic fields is negative, if we only measure the fields with their flux density larger than 20 Gauss. Our results display that in a coronal hole, stronger fields is occupied by one predominant polarity; however the majority of weaker fields, occupied by the other polarity.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 367, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00674", "text": "States to extinguish' Indian title has never been doubted. and whether it be done by treaty, by the sword, by purchase, by the exercise of complete dominion adverse to the right of occupancy, or otherwise, its justness is not open to inquiry in the courts. Beecher v. Wetherby, 95 U.S. 517, 525, 24 L.Ed. 440.' United States v. Santa Fe Pacific R. Co., 314 U.S. 339, 347, 62 S.Ct. 248, 252, 86 L.Ed. 260. 47 The colonies, the states and the nation alike by their e rly legislation provided that only the respective sovereigns could extinguish the Indian title.10 The way in which it was to be extinguished has been held, continually, a political matter.11 The jurisdictional act now under consideration does not purport to change a political matter to a justiciable one. 48 When this present jurisdictional act was considered by Congress, nothing in the reports or the debates12 indicates that Congress intended to create a new liability because Indian title had been taken. This Court relies upon no change of attitude in Congress, but finds that this liability has always existed and that this act merely removes the bar against suit. This we think is contrary to the whole course of our relations with the Indians. 49 The Court finds a basis for this action in that this nation should not take the Indian title without compensation because such a taking would not satisfy the \"high standards for fair dealing' required of the United States in controlling Indian affairs.' The language used by the Court is taken from United States v. Santa Fe Pacific R. Co., 314 U.S. 339 at page 356, 62 S.Ct. 248 at page 256, 86 L.Ed. 260. It there referred to an act unauthorized by Congress and not to such takings as here occurred when Congress opened the original home of these respondents for settlement. 50 In Worcester v. State of Georgia, 6 Pet. 515, 543, 544, 547, 556, 8 L.Ed. 483, lands had been specifically set apart for the Cherokees. Therefore Chief Justice Marshall's comments were directed at a situation that does not exist here. 51 A concurring opinion has been filed which holds that Congress in the act here involved 'created an obligation", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00675", "text": ", and reduction to final written form, as well as voting records and executive approval. Necessarily also the intent must be derived by a form of negative inference, a process lending itself to much guesswork. 6 See note 5. 7 See Prudential Ins. Co. v. Benjamin, 328 U.S. 408, 424, 66 S.Ct. 1142, 1152; Ribble, State and National Power Over Commerce (1937) c. X; Bikle, The Silence of Congress (1927) 41 Harv.L.Rev. 200; Powell, The Validity of State Legislation under the Webb-Kenyon Law (1917) 2 So.L.Rev. 112. An example of judicial interpretation of the silence of Congress as giving consent to state legislation is Wilson v. McNamee, 102 U.S. 572, 575, 26 L.Ed. 234. 8 Cf. note 5. 9 See opinion of Mr. Justice McKenna, 242 U.S. at page 502, 37 S.Ct. at page 201, 61 L.Ed. 442, L.R.A.1917F, 502. Ann.Cas.1917B, 1168, dissenting in Caminetti v. United States; see also the dissenting opinion in United States v. Beach, 324 U.S. 193, 199, 200, 65 S.Ct. 602, 605, 89 L.Ed. 865. 10 Since the Caminetti decision two bills have been introduced to limit the effect of that case. S. 2438, 73d Cong., 2d Sess.; S. 101, 75th Cong., 1st Sess. Neither was reported out of committee. In such circumstances the failure of Congress to amend the Act raises no presumption as to its intent. Order of Railway Conductors of America v. Swan, 7 Cir., 152 F.2d 325, 329.", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 431, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00676", "text": "We report the identification of a recurrent ultraluminous X-ray source (ULX), a highly absorbed X-ray source (possibly a background AGN), and a young supernova remnant near the center of the starburst galaxy M82. From a series of Chandra observations taken from 1999 to 2005, we found that the transient ULX first appeared in 1999 October. The source turned off in 2000 January, but later reappeared and has been active since then. The X-ray luminosity of this source varies from below the detection level (~2.5e38 erg/s) to its active state in between ~7e39 erg/s and 1.3e40 erg/s (in the 0.5-10 keV energy band) and shows unusual spectral changes. The X-ray spectra of some Chandra observations are best fitted with an absorbed power-law model with photon index ranging from 1.3 to 1.7. These spectra are similar to those of Galactic black hole binary candidates seen in the low/hard state except that a very hard spectrum was seen in one of the observations. By comparing with near infrared images taken with the Hubble Space Telescope, the ULX is found to be located within a young star cluster. Radio imaging indicates that it is associated with a H II region. We suggest that the ULX is likely to be a > 100 solar mass intermediate-mass black hole in the low/hard state. In addition to the transient ULX, we also found a highly absorbed hard X-ray source which is likely to be an AGN and an ultraluminous X-ray emitting young supernova remnant which may be related to a 100-year old gamma-ray burst event, within 2 arcsec of the transient ULX.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 367, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00677", "text": "With the goal of investigating the degree to which the mid-infrared emission traces the star formation rate (SFR), we analyze Spitzer 8 um and 24 um data of star-forming regions in a sample of 33 nearby galaxies with available HST/NICMOS images in the Paschen-alpha (1.8756 um) emission line. The galaxies are drawn from the Spitzer Infrared Nearby Galaxies Survey (SINGS) sample, and cover a range of morphologies and a factor ~10 in oxygen abundance. Published data on local low-metallicity starburst galaxies and Luminous Infrared Galaxies are also included in the analysis. Both the stellar-continuum-subtracted 8 um emission and the 24 um emission correlate with the extinction-corrected Pa-alpha line emission, although neither relationship is linear. Simple models of stellar populations and dust extinction and emission are able to reproduce the observed non-linear trend of the 24 um emission versus number of ionizing photons, including the modest deficiency of 24 um emission in the low metallicity regions, which results from a combination of decreasing dust opacity and dust temperature at low luminosities. Conversely, the trend of the 8 um emission as a function of the number of ionizing photons is not well reproduced by the same models. The 8 um emission is contributed, in larger measure than the 24 um emission, by dust heated by non-ionizing stellar populations, in agreement with previous findings. Two SFR calibrations, one using the 24 um emission and the other using a combination of the 24 um and H-alpha luminosities (Kennicutt et al. 2007), are presented. No calibration is presented for the 8 um emission, because of its significant dependence on both metallicity and environment. The calibrations presented here should be directly applicable to systems dominated by on-going star formation.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 385, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00678", "text": "Precision radial velocity (RV) measurements of the Sun-like dwarf 14 Herculis published by Naef et. al (2004), Butler et. al (2006) and Wittenmyer et al (2007) reveal a Jovian planet in a 1760 day orbit and a trend indicating the second distant object. On the grounds of dynamical considerations, we test a hypothesis that the trend can be explained by the presence of an additional giant planet. We derive dynamical limits to th orbital parameters of the putative outer Jovian companion in an orbit within ~13 AU. In this case, the mutual interactions between the Jovian planets are important for the long-term stability of the system. The best self-consistent and stable Newtonian fit to an edge-on configuration of Jovian planets has the outer planet in 9 AU orbit with a moderate eccentricity ~0.2 and confined to a zone spanned by the low-order mean motion resonances 5:1 and 6:1. This solution lies in a shallow minimum of \\Chi and persists over a wide range of the system inclination. Other stable configurations within 1\\sigma confidence interval of the best fit are possible for the semi-major axis of the outer planet in the range of (6,13) AU and the eccentricity in the range of (0,0.3). The orbital inclination cannot yet be determined but when it decreases, both planetary masses approach ~10 Jupiter masses and for ~30 deg the hierarchy of the masses is reversed.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 312, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00679", "text": "In scintillator detectors, the forward displacement of the neutron in the reaction $\\bar\\nu_e+p\\to e^++n$ provides neutrino directional information as demonstrated by the CHOOZ reactor experiment with 2,500 events. The near detector of the forthcoming Double Chooz experiment will collect $1.6\\times10^5$ events per year, enough to determine the average neutrino direction with a $1 \\sigma$ half-cone aperture of $2.3^\\circ$ in one year. It is more difficult to separate the two Chooz reactors that are viewed at a separation angle $\\phi=30^\\circ$. If their strengths are known and approximately equal, the azimuthal location of each reactor is obtained with $\\pm6^\\circ$ ($1 \\sigma$) and the probability of confusing them with a single source is less than 11%. Five year's data reduce this ``confusion probability'' to less than 0.3%, i.e., a $3 \\sigma$ separation is possible. All of these numbers improve rapidly with increasing angular separation of the sources. For a setup with $\\phi=90^\\circ$ and one year's data, the azimuthal $1 \\sigma$ uncertainty for each source decreases to $\\pm3.2^\\circ$. Of course, for Double Chooz the two reactor locations are known, allowing one instead to measure their individual one-year integrated power output to $\\pm11%$ ($1 \\sigma$), and their five-year integrated output to $\\pm4.8%$ ($1 \\sigma$).", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 324, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00680", "text": "Context. One of the typical features shown by observations of solar prominence oscillations is that they are damped in time and that the values of the damping times are usually between one and three times the corresponding oscillatory period. However, the mechanism responsible for the attenuation is still not well-known. Aims. Thermal conduction, optically thin or thick radiation and heating are taken into account in the energy equation, and their role on the attenuation of prominence oscillations is evaluated. Methods. The dispersion relation for linear non-adiabatic magnetoacoustic waves is derived considering an equilibrium made of a prominence plasma slab embedded in an unbounded corona. The magnetic field is orientated along the direction parallel to the slab axis and has the same strength in all regions. By solving the dispersion relation for a fixed wavenumber, a complex oscillatory frequency is obtained, and the period and the damping time are computed. Results. The effect of conduction and radiation losses is different for each magnetoacoustic mode and depends on the wavenumber. In the observed range of wavelengths the internal slow mode is attenuated by radiation from the prominence plasma, the fast mode by the combination of prominence radiation and coronal conduction and the external slow mode by coronal conduction. The consideration of the external corona is of paramount importance in the case of the fast and external slow modes, whereas it does not affect the internal slow modes at all. Conclusions. Non-adiabatic effects are efficient damping mechanisms for magnetoacoustic modes, and the values of the obtained damping times are compatible with those observed.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 324, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00681", "text": "This paper investigates GRB 050802, one of the best examples of a it Swift gamma-ray burst afterglow that shows a break in the X-ray lightcurve, while the optical counterpart decays as a single power-law. This burst has an optically bright afterglow of 16.5 magnitude, detected throughout the 170-650nm spectral range of the UVOT on-board Swift. Observations began with the XRT and UVOT telescopes 286s after the initial trigger and continued for 1.2 x 10^6s. The X-ray lightcurve consists of three power-law segments: a rise until 420s, followed by a slow decay with alpha_2 = 0.63 +/- 0.03 until 5000s, after which, the lightcurve decays faster with a slope of alpha_3 = 1.59 +/- 0.03. The optical lightcurve decays as a single power-law with alpha_O = 0.82 +/- 0.03 throughout the observation. The X-ray data on their own are consistent with the break at 5000s being due to the end of energy injection. Modelling the optical to X-ray spectral energy distribution, we find that the optical afterglow can not be produced by the same component as the X-ray emission at late times, ruling out a single component afterglow. We therefore considered two-component jet models and find that the X-ray and optical emission is best reproduced by a model in which both components are energy injected for the duration of the observed afterglow and the X-ray break at 5000s is due to a jet break in the narrow component. This bright, well-observed burst is likely a guide for interpreting the surprising finding of Swift that bursts seldom display achromatic jet breaks.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 372, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00682", "text": "[ purpose ] the aim of this study was to determine the threshold for classifying walking independence in stroke patients with and without cognitive disorders . [ subjects ] the subjects were 130 patients with initial stroke hemiplegia . [ methods ] the following factors were analyzed for associations with walking independence : brunnstrom stage , one - leg standing time on the paralytic side , one - leg standing time on the non - paralytic side , and 10-m walking speed . we classified the patients with mini - mental state examination ( mmse ) scores 24 points into the high - score group and those with mmse scores of 23 points into the low - score group and examined the main factors and cutoff values associated with walking independence in each group . [ results ] the high - score group included 69 subjects ( 53.1% ) , and the low - score group included 61 subjects ( 46.9% ) . the primary factor associated with high mmse scores among the stroke patients was the 10-m walking time . using a cutoff level for the 10-m walking speed of 41.4 m / min resulted in a positive likelihood ratio of 6.3 . the primary factor associated with low mmse scores among the stroke patients was the 10-m walking time . using a cutoff level for the 10-m walking speed of 48.0 m / min resulted in a positive likelihood ratio of 7.6 . [ conclusion ] the cutoff value for the 10-m walking speed can be used to evaluate walking independence in patients with stroke among patients with high or low mmse scores .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 328, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00683", "text": "backgroundpostoperative outcome of spinal meningiomas is an important issue in surgery decision - making . there are limited and conflicting data in the literature about the prognostic factors influencing recovery , especially about the histopathologic subtypes.objectivesthis study was carried out to evaluate the effect of some of these factors on postoperative outcome.patients and methodsthis study was performed on 39 patients operated for spinal meningioma between october 1998 and january 2012 ; their histopathologic subtype was determined according to who criteria . the follow up period ranged between 8 - 120 months . the influence of histopathologic subtype , grade , age , sex , surgical approach , local adhesion and anatomical location was assessed according to frankel classification of neurologic deficit.resultsfrom a total number of 39 spinal meningiomas , 34 cases were who grade i , from which 15 cases were psammomatous , 7 cases were meningothelial , 9 cases were transitional and 3 cases were fibroblastic . five cases were grade ii , 3 of which had clear cell appearance and the remaining 2 had chordoid appearance . the mean age was 51.6 ( 22 to 76 ) years ; 25 cases were female and 14 cases were male . this study revealed that grade ii meningioma cases had poor prognosis in all 5 cases and psammomatous subtype had poor postoperative outcome in 40% of cases while the other subtypes had good outcome in all cases ( p = 0.026 ) . cervical location of the tumor was also related with poor outcome in 37.5% of the cases , while 22.5% had poor outcome in other locations ( p = 0.029 ) . age below and above 45 years and sex had no significant influence on the outcome.conclusionsspinal meningiomas of psammomatous type and grade ii spinal meningiomas are associated with less favorable postoperative neurologic outcome . cervical location has also a negative correlation with a good outcome .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 422, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00684", "text": "We present estimates of the N-point galaxy, area-averaged, angular correlation functions $\\bar{\\omega}_{N}$($\\theta$) for $N$ = 2,...,7 for galaxies from the fifth data release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. Our parent sample is selected from galaxies with $18 \\leq r < 21$, and is the largest ever used to study higher-order correlations. We subdivide this parent sample into two volume limited samples using photometric redshifts, and these two samples are further subdivided by magnitude, redshift, and color (producing early- and late-type galaxy samples) to determine the dependence of $\\bar{\\omega}_{N}$($\\theta$) on luminosity, redshift, and galaxy-type. We measure $\\bar{\\omega}_{N}$($\\theta$) using oversampling techniques and use them to calculate the projected, $s_{N}$. Using models derived from theoretical power-spectra and perturbation theory, we measure the bias parameters $b_1$ and $c_2$, finding that the large differences in both bias parameters ($b_1$ and $c_2$) between early- and late-type galaxies are robust against changes in redshift, luminosity, and $\\sigma_8$, and that both terms are consistently smaller for late-type galaxies. By directly comparing their higher-order correlation measurements, we find large differences in the clustering of late-type galaxies at redshifts lower than 0.3 and those at redshifts higher than 0.3, both at large scales ($c_2$ is larger by $\\sim0.5$ at $z > 0.3$) and small scales (large amplitudes are measured at small scales only for $z > 0.3$, suggesting much more merger driven star formation at $z > 0.3$). Finally, our measurements of $c_2$ suggest both that $\\sigma_8 < 0.8$ and $c_2$ is negative.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 418, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00685", "text": "zero. The basis of this determination was the alleged invalidity of Alma's patent, which the United States claims that the Act permits it to assert.5 8 In the meantime, Alma had taken an appeal from Paragraph 5 of the judgment of the District Court, which held that the T—79 transfer cases were outside the patent. Timken did not appeal. After the Order was promulgated, Timken moved to dismiss the appeal and remand to the District Court with directions to vacate its judgment. The motion was predicated on an affidavit that Timken had manufactured transfer cases for the United States alone, together with the argument that the operation of the Act and Order transferred jurisdiction of the subject matter of the entire case to the Court of Claims. Alma countered with an attack on the constitutionality of the Act and Order, primarily as working a deprivation of property in contravention of the Fifth Amendment. 9 The United States had at this time already submitted an amicus brief, in which it argued that the Order had made the appeal moot; and when Alma's constitutional attack was filed, the United States intervened in support of the Act and Order. 10 In its opinion6 the Circuit Court of Appeals considered that the question of the applicability of the Act and Order in this case was simply a question of their constitutional validity. It proceeded to consider this latter question, and decided that both the Act and the Order were entirely valid. Accordingly, it entered the following order: 11 '* * * it is now here ordered and adjudged by this Court that Paragraph 5 of the judgment of the said District Court in this case be, and the same is hereby vacated and the cause is remanded to the District Court with directions to proceed no further therein unless and until it shall appear to the Court that a justiciable controversy again7 exists between the parties arising out of the facts set forth in the complaint, except that the Court may, if it deems such action to be appropriate, vacate all or any part of the remainder of the judgment and dismiss the complaint as moot.' 12 The War Department notice was issued after the District Court's judgment, but before appeal was filed in the Circuit Court of Appeals. It appears that at no time did any party urge on the Circuit Court of Appeals or did that court pass on the question whether the T—79 transfer cases were covered by Alma's pat nt and license. Indeed, it was not until after we had", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00686", "text": "Ultraviolet (UV) galaxies have been selected from GALEX. The presence of a FUV-dropout in their spectral energy distributions proved to be a very complete (83.3%) but not very efficient (21.4%) tool for identifying Lyman Break Galaxies (LBGs) at z~1. We divide the LBG sample into two sub-classes: red LBGs (RLBGs) detected at 24 micron which are mainly Luminous IR Galaxies (LIRGs) and blue LBGs (BLBGs) undetected at 24 microns down to 83 microJy. Two of the RLBGs are also detected at 70 micron. The median SED of the RLBGs is similar (above lambda~1 micron) to the dusty starburst HR10. However, unlike local (U)LIRGs, RLBGs are UV bright objects. We suggest that these objects contain a large amount of dust but that some bare stellar populations are also directly visible. The median SED of the BLBGs is consistent with their containing the same stellar population as the RLBGs but with a lower dust content. The luminosity function of our LBG sample at z~1 is similar to the luminosity function of NUV-selected galaxies at the same redshift. The integrated luminosity densities of z~1 LBGs and NUV-selected galaxies are very consistent. We show that star formation rates (SFRs) estimated from UV measurements and corrected using the IRX-beta method provide average total SFR_TOT in agreement with SFR_UV + SFR_dust. However, IRX-beta-based SFR_TOT shows a large dispersion. Summing up the detected UV (1150A rest-frame) and IR-based star formation rates of the detected objects, we find that only one third of the total (i.e. UV + dust) LBG SFR resides in BLBGs and two thirds in RLBGs, even though most LBGs at z~1 are BLBGs. On the other hand, the total SFR of LBGs accounts for only 11% of the total SFR at z~1. Finally, we observe a regular decrease of L_TIR / L_FUV from z=0 to z~2 for UV-selected samples.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 481, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00687", "text": "Based on our sample of 10095 galaxies with bulge-disc decompositions we derive the empirical B-band internal attenuation--inclination relation for galaxy discs and their associated central bulges. Our results agree well with the independently derived dust models of Tuffs et al., leading to a direct constraint on the mean opacity of spiral discs of Tau_B^f = 3.8 +/- 0.7 (central face-on B-band opacity). Depending on inclination, the B-band attenuation correction varies from 0.2 -- 1.1 mag for discs and from 0.8 -- 2.6 mag for bulges. We find that, overall, 37 per cent of all B-band photons produced in discs in the nearby universe are absorbed by dust, a figure that rises to 71 per cent for bulge photons. The severity of internal dust extinction is such that one must incorporate internal dust corrections in all optical studies of large galaxy samples. This is particularly pertinent for optical HST comparative evolutionary studies as the dust properties will also be evolving. We use the new results to revise our recent estimates of the spheroid and disc luminosity functions. From our best fitting dust models we derive a redshift zero cosmic dust density of rho_{dust} ~ (5.3 +/- 1.7) x 10^5, h M_{odot} Mpc^-3. This implies that (0.0083 +/- 0.0027), h per cent of the baryons in the Universe are in the form of dust and (11.9 +/- 1.7), h per cent (Salpeter-`lite' IMF) are in the form of stars (~58 per cent reside in galaxy discs, ~10 per cent in red elliptical galaxies, ~29 per cent in classical galaxy bulges and the remainder in low luminosity blue spheroid systems/components). [Abridged]", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 390, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00688", "text": "direct unapportioned tax on gross receipts which has been definitely held beyond the State taxing power ever since Fargo v. State of Michigan, 121 U.S. 230, 7 S.Ct. 857, 30 L.Ed. 888, and Philadelphia & S. M. Steamship Co. v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 122 U.S. 326, 7 S.Ct. 1118, 30 L.Ed. 1200. See also, e.g., Galveston, Harrisburg & S.A.R. Co. v. State of Texas, 210 U.S. 217, 28 S.Ct. 638, 52 L.Ed. 1031; Kansas City, Ft. S. & M. Ry., v. Botkin, 240 U.S. 227, 231, 36 S.Ct. 261, 262, 60 L.Ed. 617; Puget Sound Stevedoring Co. v. Tax Commission, 302 U.S. 90, 94, 58 S.Ct. 72, 74, 82 L.Ed. 68; and compare Wallace v. Hines, 253 U.S. 66, 40 S.Ct. 435, 64 L.Ed. 782. For not even an 'internal regulation' by a State will be allowed if it directly affects interstate commerce. Robbins v. Taxing District of Shelby Co., 120 U.S. 489, 494, 7 S.Ct. 592, 594, 30 L.Ed. 694. 12 Nor is American Mfg. Co. v. City of St. Louis, 250 U.S. 459, 39 S.Ct. 522, 63 L.Ed. 1084, or International Harvester Co. v. Department of Treasury, 322 U.S. 340, 64 S.Ct. 1019, 1030, 88 L.Ed. 1313, any justification for the present tax. The American Mfg. Co. case involved an imposition by St. Louis of a license fee upon the conduct of manufacturing within that city. It has long been settled that a State can levy such an occupation tax graduated according to the volume of manufacture. In that case, to lighten the manufacturer's burden, the imposition of the occupation tax was made contingent upon the actual sale of the goods locally manufactured.", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00689", "text": "6 Cir., 108 F.2d 656, 660. At times political considerations may work to forbid taking corrective action. And in such cases, as well as others, there may be a strong and proper tendency to trust to the courts to correct their own errors, see Girouard v. United States, supra, 328 U.S. 69, 66 S.Ct. at page 830, as they ought to do when experience has confirmed or demonstrated the errors' existence. 19 The danger of imputing to Congress, as a result of its failure to take positive or affirmative action through normal legislative processes, ideas entertained by the Court concerning Congress' will, is illustrated most dramatically perhaps by the vacillating and contradictory courses pursued in the long line of decisions imputing to 'the silence of Congress' varied effects in commerce clause cases.7 That danger may be and often is equally present in others. More often than not the only safe assumption to make from Congress' inaction is simply that Congress does not intend to act at all. Cf. United States v. American Trucking Ass'n, 310 U.S. 534, 550, 60 S.Ct. 1059, 1067, 84 L.Ed. 1345. At best the contrary view can be only an inference, altogether lacking in the normal evidences f legislative intent and often subject to varying views of that intent.8 In short, although recognizing that by silence Congress at times may be taken to acquiesce and thus approve, we should be very sure that, under all the circumstances of a given situation, it has done so before we so rule and thus at once relieve ourselves from and shift to it the burden of correcting what we have done wrongly. The matter is particular, not general, notwithstanding earlier exceptional treatment and more recent tendency. Just as dubious legislative history is at times much overridden, so also is silence or inaction often mistaken for legislation. 20 I doubt very much that the silence of Congress in respect to these cases, notwithstanding their multiplication and the length of time during which the silence has endured, can be taken to be the equivalent of bills approving them introduced in both houses, referred to and considered by committees, discussed in debates, enacted by majorities in both places, and approved by the executive. I doubt, in other words, that, in view of all the relevant circumstances including the unanticipated consequences of the legislation,9 such", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00690", "text": "We present a new theoretical model for the luminosity functions (LFs) of Lyman alpha (Lya) emitting galaxies in the framework of hierarchical galaxy formation. We extend a semi-analytic model of galaxy formation that reproduces a number of observations for local and high-z galaxies, without changing the original model parameters but introducing a physically-motivated modelling to describe the escape fraction of Lya photons from host galaxies (f_esc). Though a previous study using a hierarchical clustering model simply assumed a constant and universal value of f_esc, we incorporate two new effects on f_esc: extinction by interstellar dust and galaxy-scale outflow induced as a star formation feedback. It is found that the new model nicely reproduces all the observed Lya LFs of the Lya emitters (LAEs) at different redshifts in z ~ 3-6. Especially, the rather surprisingly small evolution of the observed LAE Lya LFs compared with the dark halo mass function is naturally reproduced. Our model predicts that galaxies with strong outflows and f_esc ~ 1 are dominant in the observed LFs. This is also consistent with available observations, while the simple universal f_esc model requires f_esc << 1 not to overproduce the brightest LAEs. On the other hand, we found that our model significantly overpredicts LAEs at z > 6, and absorption of Lya photons by neutral hydrogen in intergalactic medium (IGM) is a reasonable interpretation for the discrepancy. This indicates that the IGM neutral fraction x_HI rapidly evolves from x_HI << 1 at z < 6 to a value of order unity at z ~ 6-7, which is broadly consistent with other observational constraints on the reionization history.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 355, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00691", "text": "Unbiased angular diameter measurements are required for accurate distances to Cepheids using the interferometric Baade Wesselink method (IBWM). The precision of this technique is currently limited by interferometric measurements at the 1.5% level. At this level, the center-to-limb darkening (CLD) and the presence of circumstellar envelopes (CSE) seem to be the two main sources of bias. The observations we performed aim at improving our knowledge of the interferometric visibility profile of Cepheids. In particular, we assess the systematic presence of CSE around Cepheids in order determine accurate distances with the IBWM free from CSE biased angular diameters. We observed a Cepheid (Y Oph) for which the pulsation is well resolved and a non-pulsating yellow supergiant (alpha Per) using long-baseline near-infrared interferometry. We interpreted these data using a simple CSE model we previously developed. We found that our observations of alpha Per do not provide evidence for a CSE. The measured CLD is explained by an hydrostatic photospheric model. Our observations of Y Oph, when compared to smaller baseline measurements, suggest that it is surrounded by a CSE with similar characteristics to CSE found previously around other Cepheids. We have determined the distance to Y Oph to be d=491+/-18 pc. Additional evidence points toward the conclusion that most Cepheids are surrounded by faint CSE, detected by near infrared interferometry: after observing four Cepheids, all show evidence for a CSE. Our CSE non-detection around a non-pulsating supergiant in the instability strip, alpha Per, provides confidence in the detection technique and suggests a pulsation driven mass-loss mechanism for the Cepheids.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 373, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00692", "text": "here , we describe the synthesis of the single amino acid chelator dotalap and four of its derivatives . the corresponding gadolinium(iii ) complexes were investigated for their kinetic inertness , relaxometric properties at a range of fields and temperatures , water exchange rate , and interaction with human serum albumin ( hsa ) . derivatives with one inner - sphere water ( q = 1 ) were determined to have a mean water residency time between 8 and 6 ns in phoshate - buffered saline at 37 c . the corresponding europium complexes were also formed and used to obtain information on the hydration number of the corresponding coordination complexes . two complexes capable of binding hsa were also synthesized , of which one , gd(5b ) , contains no inner - sphere water , while the other derivative , gd(4b ) , is a mixture of ca . 15% q = 1 and 85% q = 0 . in the presence of hsa , the latter displayed a very short mean water residency time ( m310 = 2.4 ns ) and enhanced relaxivity at intermediate and high fields . the kinetic inertness of gd(4b ) with respect to complex dissociation was decreased compared to its dotala analogue but still 100-fold more inert than [ gd(bopta)(h2o)]2. magnetic resonance imaging in mice showed that gd(4b ) was able to provide 38% better vessel to muscle contrast compared to the clinically used hsa binding agent ms-325 .", "label": 1, "domain": "biomedical", "token_count": 311, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00693", "text": "We report on observations of the Galactic supernova remnant (SNR) G299.2$-$2.9 with the {\\it Chandra X-Ray Observatory}. The high resolution images with {\\it Chandra} resolve the X-ray-bright knots, shell, and diffuse emission extending beyond the bright shell. Interior to the X-ray shell is faint diffuse emission occupying the central regions of the SNR. Spatially-resolved spectroscopy indicates a large foreground absorption ($N_{\\rm H}$ $\\sim$ 3.5 $\\times$ 10$^{21}$ cm$^{-2}$), which supports a relatively distant location ($d$ $\\sim$ 5 kpc) for the SNR. The blast wave is encountering a highly inhomogeneous ambient medium with the densities ranging over more than an order of magnitude ($n_0$ $\\sim$ 0.1 $-$ 4 cm$^{-3}$). Assuming the distance of $d$ $\\sim$ 5 kpc, we derive a Sedov age of $\\tau$ $\\sim$ 4500 yr and an explosion energy of $E_0$ $\\sim$ 1.6 $\\times$ 10$^{50}$ ergs. The ambient density structure and the overall morphology suggest that G299.2$-$2.9 may be a limb-brightened partial shell extending to $\\sim$7 pc radius surrounded by fainter emission extending beyond that to a radius of $\\sim$9 pc. This suggests the SNR exploded in a region of space where there is a density gradient whose direction lies roughly along the line of sight. The faint central region shows strong line emission from heavy elements of Si and Fe, which is caused by the presence of the overabundant stellar ejecta there. We find no evidence for stellar ejecta enriched in light elements of O and Ne. The observed abundance structure of the metal-rich ejecta supports a Type Ia origin for G299.2$-$2.9.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 408, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00694", "text": "to the federal government, a claim implies the existence of an obligation created by State law. If there was no valid claim before bankruptcy, there is no claim for a bankruptcy court either to recognize or to reject. 18 Such an analysis, however phrased, is indispensable to the solution of the problem now before us. Putting the wrong questions is not likely to beget right answers even in law. One way of putting our problem is to ask whether the bankruptcy court executing the policy of Congress could recognize a claim for interest on coupons and allow it to share in the distribution of the bankrupt's assets. But thus to frame the question is to avoid the crucial preliminary inquiry whether any obligation exists to be recognized. For nothing comes into a bankruptcy court to which congressional policy can apply unless it is an obligation created by applicable State law. And no obligation finds its way into a bankruptcy court unless by the law of the State where the acts constituting a transaction occur, the legal consequence of such a transaction is an obligation to pay. See Bryant v. Swofford Bros. Dry Goods Co., 214 U.S. 279, 290, 291, 29 S.Ct. 614, 618, 53 L.Ed. 997; Benedict v. Ratner, 268 U.S. 353, 45 S.Ct. 566, 69 L.Ed. 991; Security Mortgage Co. v. Powers, 278 U.S. 149, 49 S.Ct. 84, 73 L.Ed. 236. Where a transaction in its entirety occurs in one State it is clearly the law of that State that determines if an obligation is born, whether the question becomes relevant in a bankruptcy court or in any other court. But the mere fact that an agreement is made in one State by citizens of a second State for performance in a third and affecting individuals in all forty-eight States does not change the principle inherent in our federal scheme, that the existence of a debt comes about not by federal law but by force of some State law, even though the right to enforce the debt, if it exists, may raise federal questions if bankruptcy ensues. Bankruptcy legislation is superimposed upon rights and obligations created by the laws of the States. Compare Marshall v. People of State of New York, 254 U.S. 380, 41 S.Ct. 143, 65 L.Ed. 315. We do not reach considerations of policy in", "label": 1, "domain": "legal", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00695", "text": "We investigate the transport properties of ballistic quantum wires in the presence of Zeeman spin splittings and a spatially inhomogeneous Rashba interaction. The Zeeman interaction is extended along the wire and produces gaps in the energy spectrum which allow electron propagation only for spinors lying along a certain direction. For spins in the opposite direction the waves are evanescent far away from the Rashba region, which plays the role of the scattering center. The most interesting case occurs when the magnetic field is perpendicular to the Rashba field. Then, the spins of the asymptotic wavefunctions are not eigenfunctions of the Rashba Hamiltonian and the resulting coupling between spins in the Rashba region gives rise to sudden changes of the transmission probability when the Fermi energy is swept along the gap. After briefly examining the energy spectrum and eigenfunctions of a wire with extended Rashba coupling, we analyze the transmission through a region of localized Rashba interaction, in which a double interface separates a region of constant Rashba interaction from wire leads free from spin-orbit coupling. For energies slightly above the propagation threshold, we find the ubiquitous occurrence of transmission zeros (antiresonances) which are analyzed by matching methods in the one-dimensional limit. We find that a a minimal tight-binding model yields analytical transmission lineshapes of Fano antiresonance type. More general angular dependences of the external magnetic field is treated within projected Schroedinger equations with Hamiltonian matrix elements mixing wavefunction components. Finally, we consider a realistic quantum wire where the energy subbands are coupled via the Rashba intersubband coupling term and discuss its effect on the transmission zeros.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 329, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00696", "text": "We present the stellar calibrator sample and the conversion from instrumental to physical units for the 24 micron channel of the Multiband Imaging Photometer for Spitzer (MIPS). The primary calibrators are A stars, and the calibration factor based on those stars is 4.54*10^{-2} MJy sr^{-1} (DN/s)^{-1}, with a nominal uncertainty of 2%. We discuss the data-reduction procedures required to attain this accuracy; without these procdures, the calibration factor obtained using the automated pipeline at the Spitzer Science Center is 1.6% +/- 0.6% lower. We extend this work to predict 24 micron flux densities for a sample of 238 stars which covers a larger range of flux densities and spectral types. We present a total of 348 measurements of 141 stars at 24 micron. This sample covers a factor of ~460 in 24 micron flux density, from 8.6 mJy up to 4.0 Jy. We show that the calibration is linear over that range with respect to target flux and background level. The calibration is based on observations made using 3-second exposures; a preliminary analysis shows that the calibration factor may be 1% and 2% lower for 10- and 30-second exposures, respectively. We also demonstrate that the calibration is very stable: over the course of the mission, repeated measurements of our routine calibrator, HD 159330, show a root-mean-square scatter of only 0.4%. Finally, we show that the point spread function (PSF) is well measured and allows us to calibrate extended sources accurately; Infrared Astronomy Satellite (IRAS) and MIPS measurements of a sample of nearby galaxies are identical within the uncertainties.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 363, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00697", "text": "We provide a model for how Kennicutt-Schmidt (KS) laws, which describe the correlation between star formation rate and gas surface or volume density, depend on the molecular line chosen to trace the gas. We show that, for lines that can be excited at low temperatures, the KS law depends on how the line critical density compares to the median density in a galaxy's star-forming molecular clouds. High critical density lines trace regions with similar physical properties across galaxy types, and this produces a linear correlation between line luminosity and star formation rate. Low critical density lines probe regions whose properties vary across galaxies, leading to a star formation rate that varies superlinearly with line luminosity. We show that a simple model in which molecular clouds are treated as isothermal and homogenous can quantitatively reproduce the observed correlations between galactic luminosities in far infrared and in the CO(1->0) and HCN(1->0) lines, and naturally explains why these correlations have different slopes. We predict that IR-line luminosity correlations should change slope for galaxies in which the median density is close to the line critical density. This prediction may be tested by observations of lines such as HCO^+(1->0) with intermediate critical densities, or by HCN(1->0) observations of intensely star-forming high redshift galaxies with very high densities. Recent observations by Gao et al. hint at just such a change in slope. We argue that deviations from linearity in the HCN(1->0)-IR correlation at high luminosity are consistent with the assumption of a constant star formation efficiency.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 328, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00698", "text": "Year 2005 was the World Year of Physics, and it was commemorated worldwide as the 100th anniversary of Albert Einstein's legendary works in which the foundations of at least three areas of modern physics were laid: statistical mechanics, quantum mechanics and special relativity. These works turned year 1905 in what deservedly was called the \"miraculous year\" (annus mirabilis) of Einstein. However, the influence of this great mind was not limited to science. As it is well known, his fingerprint remains engraved in many aspects of our daily life. Because of that, in this work we have tried to cover almost all the subjects in which Einstein was involved during the last century and, of course, try and reveal the future projection his actions will have in this new century that has just begun. Among the subjects covered in the volume one can find the possible connection between Einstein and the artistic vanguard movement, his religiosity, his days in Argentina, the Nobel Prize, the Einstein-Freud correspondence, his pacifism and the nuclear energy, science and politics under the Second Empire and the Weimar Republic, and even a description of his patents and experiments, the studies performed to search for \"built-in\" features in his brain and the doubts many had regarding whether Einstein was a genius or a crank. Also included are essays on Einstein and Borges, philosophy and relativity, Mach's principle, the relation among science, arts and humanities, and, closer to Einstein's own theoretical research, the twin paradox, chance and quantum mechanics, the arrow of time, gravitational lenses, string theory, holography and black holes, gravitomagnetism, superconductivity, gravitational waves, the photoelectric effect and the alternative theories for gravitation.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 357, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"} +{"id": "academic_tone_train_1_00699", "text": "Strong evidence for the presence of a warped Keplerian accretion disc in NGC4258 (M 106) has been inferred from the kinematics of water masers detected at sub-parsec scales. Assuming a power-law accretion disc and using constraints on the disc parameters derived from observational data, we have analyzed the relativistic Bardeen-Petterson effect driven by a Kerr black hole as the potential physical mechanism responsible for the disc warping. We found that the Bardeen-Petterson radius is comparable to or smaller than the inner radius of the maser disc (independent of the allowed value for the black hole spin parameter). Numerical simulations for a wide range of physical conditions have shown that the evolution of a misaligned disc due to the Bardeen-Petterson torques usually produces an inner flat disc and a warped transition region with a smooth gradient in the tilt and twist angles. Since this structure is similar to that seen in NGC 4258, we propose that the Bardeen-Petterson effect may be responsible for the disc warping in this galaxy. We estimated the time-scale necessary for the disc inside of the Bardeen-Petterson radius to align with the black hole's equator, as a function of the black hole spin. Our results show that the Bardeen-Petterson effect can align the disc within a few billion years in the case of NGC 4258. Finally, we show that if the observed curvature of the outer anomalous arms in the galactic disc of NGC 4258 is associated with the precession of its radio jet/counterjet, then the Bardeen-Petterson effect can provide the required precession period.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 338, "matched_pair_id": null, "split": "train"}