diff --git "a/data/corpora/causation/test_neg.jsonl" "b/data/corpora/causation/test_neg.jsonl" new file mode 100644--- /dev/null +++ "b/data/corpora/causation/test_neg.jsonl" @@ -0,0 +1,295 @@ +{"id": "causation_test_0_00000", "text": "Recent rapid localizations of short, hard gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) by the Swift and HETE satellites have led to the observation of the first afterglows and the measurement of the first redshifts from this type of burst. Detection of >100 GeV counterparts would place powerful constraints on GRB mechanisms. Seventeen short duration (< 5 s) GRBs detected by satellites occurred within the field of view of the Milagro gamma-ray observatory between 2000 January and 2006 December. We have searched the Milagro data for >100 GeV counterparts to these GRBs and find no significant emission correlated with these bursts. the absorption of high-energy gamma rays by the extragalactic background light (EBL), detections are only expected for redshifts less than ~0.5. While most long duration GRBs occur at redshifts higher than 0.5, the opposite is thought to be true of short GRBs. Lack of a detected VHE signal thus allows setting meaningful fluence limits. One GRB in the sample (050509b) has a likely association with a galaxy at a redshift of 0.225, while another (051103) has been tentatively linked to the nearby galaxy M81. Fluence limits are corrected for EBL absorption, either using the known measured redshift, or computing the corresponding absorption for a redshift of 0.1 and 0.5, as well as for the case of z=0.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 306, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00227", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00001", "text": "Herein the transient lunar phenomena (TLP) report database is subjected to a discriminating statistical filter robust against sites of spurious reports, and produces a restricted sample that may be largely reliable. This subset is highly correlated geographically with the catalog of outgassing events seen by the Apollo 15, 16 and Lunar Prospector alpha-particle spectrometers for episodic Rn-222 gas release. Both this robust TLP sample and even the larger, unfiltered sample are highly correlated with the boundary between mare and highlands, as are both deep and shallow moonquakes, as well as Po-210, a long-lived product of Rn-222 decay and a further tracer of outgassing. This offers another significant correlation relating TLPs and outgassing, and may tie some of this activity to sagging mare basalt plains (perhaps mascons). Additionally, low-level but likely significant TLP activity is connected to recent, major impact craters (while moonquakes are not), which may indicate the effects of cracks related to the impacts, or perhaps avalanches, allowing release of gas. The majority of TLP (and Rn-222) activity, however, is confined to one site that produced much of the basalt in the Procellarum Terrane, and it seems plausible that this TLP activity may be tied to residual outgassing from the formerly largest volcanic ffusion sites from the deep lunar interior. With the coming in the next few years of robotic spacecraft followed by human exploration, the study of TLPs and outgassing is both promising and imperiled. We will have an unprecedented pportunity to study lunar outgassing, but will also deal with a greater burden of anthropogenic lunar gas than ever produced. There is a pressing need to study lunar atmosphere and its sources while still pristine. [Abstract abridged.]", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 380, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00481", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00002", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the Howard M. Metzenbaum ``Menu Education and Labeling Act'' or the ``MEAL Act''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. Congress finds that-- (1) research continues to reveal that-- (A) there is a strong link between diet and health; and (B) diet-related diseases start early in life; (2)(A) increased caloric intake is a key factor contributing to the alarming increase in obesity in the United States; (B) according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, \\2/3\\ of American adults are overweight or obese, and the rates of obesity have doubled in children and tripled in teens 1980; (C) obesity increases the risk of diabetes, heart disease, stroke, several types of cancer, and other health problems; and (D) the annual cost of obesity to families, businesses, and governments in the United States is $117,000,000,000; (3) over the past 2 decades, there has been a significant increase in the number of meals prepared or eaten outside the home, with an estimated \\1/3\\ of calories and almost half of total food dollars being spent on food purchased from or eaten at restaurants and other food-service establishments; (4)(A) excess saturated fat intake is a major risk factor for heart disease, which is the leading cause of death in the United States; and (B) heart disease is a leading cause of disability among working adults and its impact on the United States economy is significant, estimated in 2005 to total $142,000,000,000 in healthcare expenditures and lost productivity; (5)(A) increased sodium intake is associated with increased risk of high blood pressure, or hypertension, a condition that can lead to cardiovascular disease, especially stroke; and (B) the proportion of adults with high blood pressure is 45 percent at age 50, 60 percent at age 60, and more than 70 percent at age 70; (6) the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990 (Public Law 101-535) requires food manufacturers to provide nutrition information on almost all packaged foods, however, restaurant foods are exempt from those requirements unless a nutrient content or health claim is made for a menu item; (7) about 75 percent of adults report using food labels on packaged foods, which is associated with eating more health", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "causation_01032", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00003", "text": "We present soft (0.5-2 keV) X-ray luminosity functions (XLFs) in the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey (GOODS) fields, derived for galaxies at z~0.25 and 0.75. SED fitting was used to estimate photometric redshifts and separate galaxy types, with a sample of 40 early-type galaxies and 46 late-type galaxies. We estimate k-corrections for both the X-ray/optical and X-ray/NIR flux ratios, which facilitates the separation of AGN from the normal/starburst galaxies. We fit the XLFs with a power-law model using both traditional and Markov-Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) procedures. The XLFs differ between z<0.5 and z>0.5, at >99% significance levels for early-type, late-type and all (early and late-type) galaxies.We also fit Schechter and log-normal models to the XLFs, fitting the low and high redshift XLFs for a given sample simultaneously assuming only pure luminosity evolution. In the case of log-normal fits, the results of MCMC fitting of the local FIR luminosity function were used as priors for the faint and bright-end slopes (similar to ``fixing'' these parameters at the FIR values except here the FIR uncertainty is included). The best-fit values of the change in log L* with redshift were dlogL* = 0.23 +/- 0.16 dex (for early-type galaxies) and 0.34 +/- 0.12 dex (for late-type galaxies), corresponding to (1+z)^1.6 and (1+z)^2.3. These results were insensitive to whether the Schechter or log-normal function was adopted.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 364, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00391", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00004", "text": "The intrinsic fraction of broad absorption line quasars (BALQSOs) is important in constraining geometric and evolutionary models of quasars. We present the fraction of BALQSOs in 2MASS detected quasars within the SDSS DR3 sample in the redshift range of 1.7 < z < 4.38. The fraction of BALQSOs is 40.4^{+3.4}_{-3.3}% in the 2MASS 99% database K_s band completeness sample, and 38.5^{+1.7}_{-1.7}% in the larger 2MASS sample extending below the completeness limit. These fractions are significantly higher than the 26% reported in the optical bands for the same parent sample. We also present the fraction of BALQSOs as functions of apparent magnitudes, absolute magnitudes, and redshift in the 2MASS and SDSS bands. The 2MASS fractions are consistently higher than the SDSS fractions in every comparison, and the BALQSO fractions steadily increase with wavelength from the SDSS u to the 2MASS K_s bands. Furthermore, the i - K_s color distributions of BALQSOs and non-BALQSOs indicate that BALQSOs are redder than non-BALQSOs, with a K-S test probability of 2e-12. These results are consistent with the spectral difference between BALQSOs and non-BALQSOs including both the absorption troughs and dust extinction in BALQSOs, which produces significant selection biases against BALQSOs in the optical bands. Using a simple simulation incorporating the luminosity function of quasars and the amount of obscuration for BALQSOs, we simultaneously fit the BALQSO fractions in the SDSS and 2MASS bands. We obtain a true BALQSO fraction of 43\\pm2% for luminous quasars (M_{K_s} \\lesssim -30.1 mag).", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 423, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00110", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00005", "text": "other benefit provided or reasonably likely to be provided in the future to or on behalf of a claimant, of an injury or wrongful death, pursuant to-- (A) any State or Federal health, sickness, income- disability, accident or workers' compensation Act; (B) any health, sickness, income-disability, or accident insurance that provides health benefits or income-disability coverage; (C) any contract or agreement of any group, organization, partnership, or corporation to provide, pay for, or reimburse the cost of medical, hospital, dental, or income disability benefits; and (D) any other publicly or privately funded program. (6) Drug.--The term ``drug'' has the meaning given such term in section 201(g)(1) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. 321(g)(1)). (7) Economic damages.--The term ``economic damages'' means ojectively verifiable monetary losses incurred of the provision of, use of, or payment for (or failure to provide, use, or pay for) health care services or medical products such as past and future medical expenses, loss of past and future earnings, cost of obtaining domestic services, loss of employment, loss death, burial costs, and loss of business or employment opportunities. (8) Harm.--The term ``harm'' means any legally cognizable wrong or injury for which punitive damages may be imposed. (9) Health benefit plan.--The term ``health benefit plan'' means-- (A) a hospital or medical expense incurred policy or certificate, (B) a hospital or medical service plan contract, (C) a health maintenance subscriber contract, or (D) a MedicarePlus product (offered under part C of title XVIII of the Social Security Act), that provides benefits with respect to health care services. (10) Health care liability action.--The term ``health care liability action'' means a civil action brought in a State or Federal court or pursuant to alternative dispute resolution against a health care provider, an entity which is obligated to provide or pay for health benefits under any health benefit plan (including any person or entity acting under a contract or arrangement to provide or administer any health benefit), or the manufacturer, distributor, supplier, marketer, promoter, or seller of a medical product, in which the claimant alleges a claim (including third party claims, cross claims, counter claims, or distribution claims", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 492, "matched_pair_id": "causation_01114", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00006", "text": "We study the spectrum, couplings and cosmological and astrophysical implications of the moduli fields for the class of Calabi-Yau IIB string compactifications for which moduli stabilisation produces an exponentially large volume V ~ 10^{15} l_s^6 and an intermediate string scale m_s ~ 10^{11}GeV, with TeV-scale observable supersymmetry breaking. All K\\\"ahler moduli except for the overall volume are heavier than the susy breaking scale, with m ~ ln(M_P/m_{3/2}) m_{3/2} ~ (\\ln(M_P/m_{3/2}))^2 m_{susy} ~ 500 TeV and, contrary to standard expectations, have matter couplings suppressed only by the string scale rather than the Planck scale. These decay to matter early in the history of the universe, with a reheat temperature T ~ 10^7 GeV, and are free from the cosmological moduli problem (CMP). The heavy moduli have a branching ratio to gravitino pairs of 10^{-30} and do not suffer from the gravitino overproduction problem. The overall volume modulus is a distinctive feature of these models and is an M_{planck}-coupled scalar of mass m ~ 1 MeV and subject to the CMP. A period of thermal inflation can help relax this problem. This field has a lifetime ~ 10^{24}s and can contribute to dark matter. It may be detected through its decays to 2\\gamma or e^+e^-. If accessible the e^+e^- decay mode dominates, with Br(\\chi \\to 2 \\gamma) suppressed by a factor (ln(M_P/m_{3/2}))^2. We consider the potential for detection of this field through different astrophysical sources and find that the observed gamma-ray background constrains \\Omega_{\\chi} <~ 10^{-4}. The decays of this field may generate the 511 keV emission line from the galactic centre observed by INTEGRAL/SPI.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 428, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00273", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00007", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Silicone Breast Implant Research and Information Act''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS AND PURPOSE. (a) Findings.--Congress makes the following findings: (1) According to the Institute of Medicine, it is estimated that 1,000,000 to 2,000,000 American women have received silicone breast implants over the last 35 years. (2) Silicone breast implants have been used primarily for breast augmentation, but also as an important part of reconstruction surgery for breast cancer or other conditions. (3) Women with breast cancer or other medical conditions seek access to the broadest possible treatment options, including silicone breast implants. (4) Women need complete and accurate information about the potential health risks and advantages of silicone breast implants so that women can make informed decisions. (5) Although the rate of implant rupture and silicone leakage has not been definitively established, estimates are as high as 70 percent. (6) According to a 1997 Mayo Clinic study, 1 in 4 women required additional surgery of their implants within 5 years of receiving them. (7) In addition to potential systemic complications, local changes in breast tissue such as hardening, contraction of scar tissue surrounding implants, blood clots, severe pain, burning rashes, serious inflammation, or other complications requiring surgical intervention following implantation have been reported. (8) According to the Institute of Medicine, concern remains that exposure to silicone or other components in silicone breast implants may result in currently undefined connective tissue or autoimmune diseases. (9) A group of independent scientists and clinicians convened by the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases in April of 1997 addressed concerns that an association may exist between atypical connective tissue disease and silicone breast implants, and called for additional basic research on the components of silicone as well as biological responses to silicone. (10) According to many reports, including a study published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute, the presence of silicone breast implants may create difficulties in obtaining complete mammograms. (11) According to a 1995 Food and Drug Administration publication, although silicone breast implants usually do not interfere with a woman's ability to nurse, if the implants leak, there is some concern that the silicone may harm the baby. Some studies suggest a link between breast feeding with implants and problems with the child's esophagus. (b) Purpose", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00922", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00008", "text": "NEW YORK (AP) — Sick with the flu? You've got a lot of company. The flu blanketed the U.S. again last week for the third straight week. Only Hawaii has been spared. The government doesn't track every flu case but comes up with estimates. One measure is how many people seek medical care. Last week, 1 in 15 doctor visits were for symptoms of the flu. That's the highest level the swine flu pandemic in 2009. Thirty-nine states reported high flu traffic last week, up from 32 the week before. Some good news, at least so far: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said Friday that hospital stays and deaths from the flu among the elderly so far haven't been as high as in some other recent flu seasons. However, hospitalization rates for people 50 to 64 — Baby Boomers, mostly — has been unusually high, CDC officials said. The CDC reported what was seen across the nation for the week ending January 20. Flu is a contagious respiratory illness, spread by a virus. It can cause a miserable but relatively mild illness in many people, but more a more severe illness in others. Young children and the elderly are at greatest risk from flu and its complications. In a bad season, there are as many as 56,000 deaths connected to the flu. In the U.S., annual flu shots are recommended for everyone age 6 months or older. Health officials say this year's correctly shot targets the strains that are making Americans sick, including one causing most of the illness, a Type A H3N2 flu virus. But exactly well it is working won't be known until next month. The same virus was the dominant flu bug last winter, when the flu season wasn't so bad. It's not clear why this season — led by the same bug — is so much more intense, some experts said. \"That's the kicker. This virus really doesn't look that different from what we saw last year,\" said Richard Webby, a flu researcher at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital in Memphis. It may be that many of the people getting sick this year managed to avoid infection last year. Or there may be some degree of mutation in the virus that hasn't been detected yet, said the CDC's Dr. Dan Jernigan, in a call with reporters Friday. Based on patterns from past seasons, it's likely flu season will start to wane soon", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00825", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00009", "text": "Relations between states and maps, which are known for quantum systems in finite-dimensional Hilbert spaces, are formulated rigorously in geometrical terms with no use of coordinate (matrix) interpretation. In a tensor product realization they are represented simply by a permutation of factors. This produces natural generalizations for infinite-dimensional Hilbert spaces and a simple proof of a generalized Choi Theorem. The natural framework is based on spaces of Hilbert-Schmidt operators $\\mathcal{L}_2(\\mathcal{H}_2,\\mathcal{H}_1)$ and the corresponding tensor products $\\mathcal{H}_1\\otimes\\mathcal{H}_2^*$ of Hilbert spaces. It is proved that the corresponding isomorphisms cannot be naturally extended to compact (or bounded) operators, nor reduced to the trace-class operators. On the other hand, it is proven that there is a natural continuous map $\\mathcal{C}:\\mathcal{L}_1(\\mathcal{L}_2(\\mathcal{H}_2,\\mathcal{H}_1))\\to \\mathcal{L}_\\infty(\\mathcal{L}(\\mathcal{H}_2),\\mathcal{L}_1(\\mathcal{H}_1))$ from trace-class operators on $\\mathcal{L}_2(\\mathcal{H}_2,\\mathcal{H}_1)$ (with the nuclear norm) into compact operators mapping the space of all bounded operators on $\\mathcal{H}_2$ into trace class operators on $\\mathcal{H}_1$ (with the operator-norm). Also in the infinite-dimensional context, the Schmidt measure of entanglement and multipartite generalizations of state-maps relations are considered in the paper.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 362, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00421", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00010", "text": "This paper investigates GRB 050802, one of the best examples of a it Swift gamma-ray burst afterglow that shows a break in the X-ray lightcurve, while the optical counterpart decays as a single power-law. This burst has an optically bright afterglow of 16.5 magnitude, detected throughout the 170-650nm spectral range of the UVOT on-board Swift. Observations began with the XRT and UVOT telescopes 286s after the initial trigger and continued for 1.2 x 10^6s. The X-ray lightcurve consists of three power-law segments: a rise until 420s, followed by a slow decay with alpha_2 = 0.63 +/- 0.03 until 5000s, after which, the lightcurve decays faster with a slope of alpha_3 = 1.59 +/- 0.03. The optical lightcurve decays as a single power-law with alpha_O = 0.82 +/- 0.03 throughout the observation. The X-ray data on their own are consistent with the break at 5000s being the end of energy injection. Modelling the optical to X-ray spectral energy distribution, we find that the optical afterglow can not be produced by the same component as the X-ray emission at late times, ruling out a single component afterglow. We considered two-component jet models and find that the X-ray and optical emission is best reproduced by a model in which both components are energy injected for the duration of the observed afterglow and the X-ray break at 5000s is a jet break in the narrow component. This bright, well-observed burst is likely a guide for interpreting the surprising finding of Swift that bursts seldom display achromatic jet breaks.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 367, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00340", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00011", "text": "We have explored the magnetic flux evolution and temperature variation in a coronal-hole region, using Big Bear Solar Observatory (BBSO) deep magnetograms and {\\it SOHO}/EIT images observed from 2005 October 10 to 14. For comparison, we also investigated a neighboring quiet region of the Sun. The coronal hole evolved from its mature stage to its disappearance during the observing period. We have obtained the following results: (1) When the coronal hole was well developed on October 10, about 60 % of the magnetic flux was positive. The EUV brightness was 420 counts pixel$^{-1}$, and the coronal temperature, estimated from the line ratio of the EIT 195 {\\AA} and 171 {\\AA} images, was 1.07 MK. (2) On October 14, when the coronal hole had almost disappeared, 51 % of the magnetic flux was positive, the EUV radiance was 530 counts pixel$^{-1}$, and the temperature was 1.10 MK. (3) In the neighboring quiet region, the fraction of positive flux varied between 0.49 and 0.47. The EUV brightness displayed an irregular variation, with a mean value of 870 counts pixel$^{-1}$. The temperature was almost constant at 1.11 MK during the five-day observation. Our results demonstrate that in a coronal hole less imbalance of the magnetic flux in opposite polarities produces stronger EUV brightness and higher coronal temperatures.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 313, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00183", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00012", "text": "We present new multi-wavelength millimeter interferometric observations of the Herbig Ae star HD 163296 obtained with the IRAM/PBI, SMA and VLA arrays both in continuum and in the 12CO, 13CO and C18O emission lines. Gas and dust properties have been obtained comparing the observations with self-consistent disk models for the dust and CO emission. The circumstellar disk is resolved both in the continuum and in CO. We find strong evidence that the circumstellar material is in Keplerian rotation around a central star of 2.6 Msun. The disk inclination with respect to the line of sight is 46+-4 deg with a position angle of 128+-4 deg. The slope of the dust opacity measured between 0.87 and 7 mm (beta=1) confirms the presence of mm/cm-size grains in the disk midplane. The dust continuum emission is asymmetric and confined inside a radius of 200 AU while the CO emission extends up to 540 AU. The comparison between dust and CO temperature indicates that CO is present only in the disk interior. Finally, we obtain an increasing depletion of CO isotopomers from 12CO to 13CO and C18O. We argue that these results support the idea that the disk of HD 163296 is strongly evolved. In particular, we suggest that there is a strong depletion of dust relative to gas outside 200 AU; this may be the inward migration of large bodies that form in the outer disk or to clearing of a large gap in the dust distribution by a low mass companion.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 321, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00025", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00013", "text": "One of the main concerns in the design of low emittance linear accelerators (linacs) is the preservation of beam emittance. Here we discuss one possible source of emittance dilution, the coupler kick, transverse electromagnetic fields in the accelerating cavities of the linac related to the power coupler geometry. In addition to emittance growth, the coupler kick also produces orbit distortions. It is common wisdom that emittance growth from coupler kicks can be strongly reduced by using two couplers per cavity mounted opposite each other or by having the couplers of successive cavities alternation from above to below the beam pipe so as to cancel each individual kick. We analyze consequences of alternate coupler placements. We show here that for sufficiently large Q values, alternating the coupler location from before to after the cavity produces a cancellation of the orbit distortion but not of the emittance growth, whereas alternating the coupler location from before and above to behind and below the cavity cancels the emittance growth but not the orbit distortion. These compensations hold even when each cavity is individually detuned, e.g. by microphonics. Another effective method for reducing coupler kicks that is studied is the optimization of the phase of the coupler kick. This technique is independent of the coupler geometry but relies on operating on crest. A final technique studied is symmetrization of the cavity geometry in the coupler region with the addition of a stub opposite the coupler, which reduces the amplitude of the off axis fields and is thus effective for off crest acceleration as well. We show applications of these techniques to the energy recovery linac (ERL) planned at Cornell University.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 339, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00422", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00014", "text": "Mixed action lattice calculations allow for an additive lattice spacing dependent mass renormalization of mesons composed of one sea and one valence quark, regardless of the type of fermion discretization methods used in the valence and sea sectors. The value of the mass renormalization depends upon the lattice actions used. This mixed meson mass shift is an important lattice artifact to determine for mixed action calculations; it modifies the pion mass, it plays a central role in the low energy dynamics of all hadronic correlation functions. We determine the leading order, $\\mathcal{O}(a^2)$, and next to leading order, $\\mathcal{O}(a^2 m_\\pi^2)$, additive mass shift of \\textit{valence-sea} mesons for a mixed lattice action with domain-wall valence fermions and rooted staggered sea fermions, relevant to the majority of current large scale mixed action lattice efforts. We find that on the asqtad improved coarse MILC lattices, this additive mass shift is well parameterized in lattice units by $\\Delta(am)^2 = 0.034(2) -0.06(2) (a m_\\pi)^2$, which in physical units, using $a=0.125$ fm, corresponds to $\\Delta(m)^2 = (291\\pm 8 \\textrm{MeV})^2 -0.06(2) m_\\pi^2$. In terms of the mixed action effective field theory parameters, the corresponding mass shift is given by $a^2 \\Delta_\\mathrm{Mix} = (316 \\pm 4 \\textrm{MeV})^2$ at leading order plus next-to-leading order corrections including the necessary chiral logarithms for this mixed action calculation, determined in this work. Within the precision of our calculation, one can not distinguish between the full next-to-leading order effective field theory analysis of this additive mixed meson mass shift and the parameterization given above.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 411, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00181", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00015", "text": "(Abridged) Combining cosmic shear power spectra and cluster counts is powerful to improve cosmological parameter constraints and/or test inherent systematics. However they probe the same cosmic mass density field, if the two are drawn from the same survey region, and the combination may be less powerful than first thought. We investigate the cross-covariance between the cosmic shear power spectra and the cluster counts based on the halo model approach, where the cross-covariance arises from the three-point correlations of the underlying mass density field. Fully taking into account the cross-covariance as well as non-Gaussian errors on the lensing power spectrum covariance, we find a significant cross-correlation between the lensing power spectrum signals at multipoles l~10^3 and the cluster counts containing halos with masses M>10^{14}Msun. Including the cross-covariance for the combined measurement degrades and in some cases improves the total signal-to-noise ratios up to plus or minus 20% relative to when the two are independent. For cosmological parameter determination, the cross-covariance has a smaller effect of working in a multi-dimensional parameter space, implying that the two observables can be considered independent to a good approximation. We also discuss that cluster count experiments using lensing-selected mass peaks could be more complementary to cosmic shear tomography than mass-selected cluster counts of the corresponding mass threshold. Using lensing selected clusters with a realistic usable detection threshold (S/N~6 for a ground-based survey), the uncertainty on each dark energy parameter may be roughly halved by the combined experiments, relative to using the power spectra alone.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 327, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00166", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00016", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Low Income Taxpayer Protection Act of 2001''. SEC. 2. REGULATION OF INCOME TAX RETURN PREPARERS AND REFUND ANTICIPATION LOAN PROVIDERS. (a) Definitions.--In this Act: (1) Income tax return preparer.-- (A) In general.--The term ``income tax return preparer'' means any individual who is an income tax return preparer (within the meaning of section 7701(a)(36) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986) who prepares not less than 5 returns of tax imposed by subtitle A of such Code or claims for refunds of tax imposed by such subtitle A per taxable year. (B) Exception.--Such term shall not include a federally authorized tax practitioner within the meaning of section of 7526(a)(3) of such Code. (2) Refund anticipation loan provider.--The term ``refund anticipation loan provider'' means a person who makes a loan of money or of any other thing of value to a taxpayer of the taxpayer's anticipated receipt of a Federal tax refund. (3) Secretary.--The term ``Secretary'' means the Secretary of the Treasury. (b) Regulations.-- (1) Registration required.-- (A) In general.--Not later than 120 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall promulgate regulations that-- (i) require the registration of income tax return preparers and of refund anticipation loan providers with the Secretary or the designee of the Secretary, and (ii) prohibit the payment of a refund of tax to a refund anticipation loan provider or an income tax return preparer that is the result of a tax return which is prepared by the refund anticipation loan provider or the income tax return preparer which does not include the refund anticipation loan provider's or the income tax return preparer's registration number. (B) No disciplinary action.--The regulations shall require that an applicant for registration must not have demonstrated any conduct that would warrant disciplinary action under part 10 of title 31, Code of Federal Regulations. (C) Burden of registration.--In promulgating the regulations, the Secretary shall minimize the burden and cost on the registrant. (2) Rules of conduct.--All registrants shall be subject to rules of conduct that are consistent with the rules that govern federally authorized tax practitioners. (3) Reasonable fees and interest rates.--", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00911", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00017", "text": "``1012, 1013, or 1014''. (d) Clerical Amendments.--The table of sections for subpart B of title X of such Act is amended-- (1) by redesignating the items relating to sections 1013 through 1017 as items relating to sections 1014 through 1018; and (2) by inserting after the item relating to section 1012 the following new item: ``Sec. 1013. Expedited consideration of certain proposed rescissions.''. SEC. 3. APPLICATION. (a) In General.--Section 1013 of the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 (as added by section 2) shall apply to amounts of budget authority provided by appropriation Acts (as defined in subsection (f) of such section) that are enacted during the One Hundred Fifth Congress and thereafter. (b) Special Transition Rule.--Within 3 calendar days after the beginning of a Congress, the President may retransmit a special message, in the manner provided in section 1013(b) of the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 (as added by section 2), proposing to rescind only those amounts of budget authority that were contained in any special message to the immediately preceding Congress which that Congress failed to consider of its sine die adjournment before the close of the time period set forth in such section 1013 for consideration of those proposed rescissions. A draft bill shall accompany that special message that, if enacted, would only rescind that budget authority. Before the close of the second legislative day of the House of Representatives after the date of receipt of that special message, the majority leader or minority leader of the House of Representatives shall introduce (by request) the draft bill accompanying that special message. If the bill is not introduced as provided in the preceding sentence, then, on the third legislative day of the House of Representatives after the date of receipt of that special message, any Member of that House may introduce the bill. The House of Representatives and the Senate shall proceed to consider that bill in the manner provided in such section 1013.", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 437, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00896", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00018", "text": "They didn't wear hoods as they chanted \"Jews will not replace us.\" They weren't hiding their faces as they waved Confederate flags, racist signs and swastikas. They looked straight at a sea of cameras as they made the Nazi salute. As Matt Thompson wrote for The Atlantic, the white supremacist march and rally this past weekend wasn't a KKK rally: \"It was a pride march.\" The bare-faced shamelessness was the point. But it was also an opening. On the Internet, some people are crowd-sourcing efforts to identify and shame the people participating in the rally. Most prominently, on Twitter, the account called \"Yes, You're Racist\" has been soliciting help and posting IDs. \"I'll make them famous,\" the account pledged. So far, at least one protester is no longer employed after being publicly named and shamed. Cole White, who used to work at a hot dog restaurant in Berkeley, Calif., \"voluntarily resigned\" on Saturday after his employer confronted him about his participation in the event, according to the Berkeleyside news site. @YesYoureRacist is not a new Twitter account. 2012, the account has been calling out \"casual racism on Twitter,\" according to the user's fundraising page. It would post screenshots of deleted racist tweets, highlight offensive comments by elected officials and retweet everyday users who would say \"I'm not racist but...\" followed by something, well, racist. But after the rally in Charlottesville, Yes You're Racist pivoted from highlighting online remarks to identifying real-world marchers. Many of the people it named had publicly declared their plans to go to Charlottesville. The account identified one man as \"Illegal Aryan,\" who wrote on the white supremacist site Daily Stormer last month, \"See you in Charlottesville!\" \"Illegal Aryan,\" real name Mark Daniel Reardon, was identified by an antifascist group this spring and confirmed on Daily Stormer that he lost his job . Another identified marcher, who has repeatedly tweeted holocaust denials and says he is a member of the Proud Boys, said on Twitter he was at Charlottesville. After he was identified, he said he's received death threats. Of course, there's a long and not entirely noble tradition of online humiliation for perceived moral trespasses. Jon Ronson, who literally wrote the book on the phenomenon (it's called So You've Been Publicly Sh", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 496, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00635", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00019", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Safe Communities and Safe Schools Mercury Reduction Act of 2005''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. The Congress finds the following: (1) Mercury is a naturally occurring element and bioaccumulative toxin that is easily absorbed through skin and respiratory and gastrointestinal tissues. (2) Although mercury is naturally occurring, studies have shown that its concentration has increased dramatically over the past 150 to 200 years mining and industrial activities. (3) Common sources of mercury released into the environment include breakage of mercury-containing products like fluorescent bulbs and thermometers, the manufacturing of mercury-containing products, and incineration of mercury- containing products. (4) According to recent studies, mercury deposits are a significant public health threat in many States throughout the United States. (5) Fetuses, infants, and young children are at the greatest risk from chronic low level mercury exposure. (6) A study by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found that approximately 8 percent of women of childbearing age in the United States had mercury levels exceeding the level considered safe by the Environmental Protection Agency for protecting the fetus. This translates into approximately 60,000 babies born each year in the United States at risk of developmental harm mercury exposure in the womb. (7) A study published in the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology found that elevated mercury exposures associated with seafood could be linked to an increased risk of infertility in both men and women. (8) Mercury pollution is widespread. As of early 2003, 43 States had issued mercury fish consumption advisories for one or more freshwater or marine fish. (9) Mercury is the most common pollutant triggering fish consumption advisories in the United States. The number of mercury advisories has increased 138 percent from 1994 to 2002. In 2002, mercury advisories covered 12,000,000 lake acres and 470,000 river miles. (10) According to the Mercury Study Report, prepared by the Environmental Protection Agency and submitted to Congress in 1997, mercury fever thermometers contribute approximately 17 tons of mercury to solid waste each year. (11) Numerous mercury spills have been documented in schools, often causing thousands of dollars to clean up. A mercury spill in Washington, D.C., in September of 2003 cost over $1,000,000 to clean up and resulted in a temporary school", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 496, "matched_pair_id": "causation_01007", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00020", "text": "the shooting. School was already out by that time but some students still were in the building for extracurricular activities. More than 20 squad cars converged at the scene within minutes of the first 911 call, with many officers searching backyards, alleys and woods with their guns drawn. Several dogs also were used to search for a suspect outside the home. Agents from the U.S. Border Patrol and Minnesota State Patrol also were at the scene. Residents interviewed during the incident said the neighborhood has mostly avoided serious violence. \"I've lived here 1958 and we've never had anything like this before. We've had some car break-ins, but no shooting before,\" said Ken Cusick, who lives just down the block and across the street from the house where the shooting took place. Klay Longstreet said he's lived on 11th Street for nearly 20 years. \"We have a lot of rentals on this block, so there are parties, the usual college stuff, but nothing serious,\" he said. Theresa Wanless said she lives just two blocks from the shooting. She said she still trusts law enforcement to find the guilty parties and keep control of the city's streets. \"But it's just two blocks from the school. And there have been lots of shootings. It's very scary,\" she said. Wanless said she's not convinced that the shootings are unrelated or that city officials are correct saying it's not part of a larger problem. \"Now, after this, being so close to my home, I'm not so sure,\" she said, lamenting the lack of information released after each shooting. \"It's unfortunate we only get short answers\" from police, she said. The case would mark the first homicide in Duluth October, when 47-year-old Eric Wayne Burns was fatally shot outside a Lincoln Park bar. Aaron Demetrius Humphreys, 42, has been charged with intentional second-degree murder in that case. It's also the second shooting death in the Twin Ports this year. Kyle Androsky, 21, was killed outside a Superior bar on the morning of Jan. 1, with his brother also suffering a gunshot wound. Authorities have issued an arrest warrant for 25-year-old Jamar Maurice Smith, who remains in custody in Minnesota, but have not charged him or anyone else with the actual shooting. Tuesday's shooting is the sixth in Duluth in less than four weeks. Victims have", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00573", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00021", "text": "SECTION 1. TRAFFICKING IN COUNTERFEIT MARKS. (a) Short Title; Findings.-- (1) Short title.--This section may be cited as the ``Stop Counterfeiting in Manufactured Goods Act''. (2) Findings.--The Congress finds that-- (A) the United States economy is losing millions of dollars in tax revenue and tens of thousands of jobs of the manufacture, distribution, and sale of counterfeit goods; (B) the Bureau of Customs and Border Protection estimates that counterfeiting costs the United States $200 billion annually; (C) counterfeit automobile parts, including brake pads, cost the auto industry alone billions of dollars in lost sales each year; (D) counterfeit products have invaded numerous industries, including those producing auto parts, electrical appliances, medicines, tools, toys, office equipment, clothing, and many other products; (E) ties have been established between counterfeiting and terrorist organizations that use the sale of counterfeit goods to raise and launder money; (F) ongoing counterfeiting of manufactured goods poses a widespread threat to public health and safety; and (G) strong domestic criminal remedies against counterfeiting will permit the United States to seek stronger anticounterfeiting provisions in bilateral and international agreements with trading partners. (b) Trafficking in Counterfeit Marks.--Section 2320 of title 18, United States Code, is amended as follows: (1) Subsection (a) is amended by inserting after ``such goods or services'' the following: ``, or intentionally traffics or attempts to traffic in labels, patches, stickers, wrappers, badges, emblems, medallions, charms, boxes, containers, cans, cases, hangtags, documentation, or packaging of any type or nature, knowing that a counterfeit mark has been applied thereto, the use of which is likely to cause confusion, to cause mistake, or to deceive,''. (2) Subsection (b) is amended to read as follows: ``(b)(1) The following property shall be subject to forfeiture to the United States and no property right shall exist in such property: ``(A) Any article bearing or consisting of a counterfeit mark used in committing a violation of subsection (a). ``(B) Any property used, in any manner or part, to commit or to facilitate the commission of a violation of subsection (a). ``(2) The provisions of chapter 46 of this title relating to civil forfeitures,", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "causation_01126", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00022", "text": "We obtained H-band polarimetric data of IRAS 19312+1950 using the near-infrared camera (CIAO) on the 8 m Subaru telescope. In order to investigate the physical properties of the central star and the nebula, we performed dust radiative transfer modeling and compared the model results with the observed spectral energy distributions (SEDs), the radial profiles of the total intensity image, and the fraction of linear polarization map. The total intensity image shows a nearly spherical core with ~3\" radius, an S-shaped arm extending ~10\" in the northwest to southeast direction, and an extended lobe towards the southwest. The polarization map shows a centro-symmetric vector alignment in almost the entire nebula and low polarizations along the S-shaped arm. These results suggest that the nebula is accompanied by a central star, and the S-shaped arm has a physically ring-like structure. From our radiative transfer modeling, we estimated the stellar temperature, the bolometric luminosity, and the current mass-loss rate to be 2800 K, 7000 L_sun, and 5.3x10^{-6} M_sun yr^{-1}, respectively. Taking into account previous observational results, such as the detection of SiO maser emissions and silicate absorption feature in the 10 $\\mu$m spectrum, our dust radiative transfer analysis based on our NIR imaging polarimetry suggests that (1) the central star of IRAS 19312+1950 is likely to be an oxygen-rich, dust-enshrouded AGB star and (2) most of the circumstellar material originates from other sources (e.g. ambient dark clouds) rather than of mass loss from the central star.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 349, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00105", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00023", "text": "\"How do you reconcile public safety and the First Amendment?\" That's the question Charlottesville, Va., Mayor Mike Signer asked in an interview on Sunday. And it's a question city and state governments are likely grappling with after the weekend's violence in Charlottesville. Around the country, white nationalists and other groups have protested efforts to remove statues and other symbols of the Confederacy. As counter-demonstrators arrive to protest the white nationalists, the resulting scenes are often tense and brimming with the potential for violence. State and local officials prepared for Saturday's protests in Charlottesville, which were known about for months. But in the wake of fierce brawling in the streets of the usually quiet college town, and then a driver plowing his car into a crowd of pedestrians, killing one and injuring 19, many are asking what Charlottesville authorities could have done differently—and what could be done to prevent such violence in the future. City Permitting and Free Speech Virginia Gov. Terry McAuliffe told NPR's Morning Edition that local authorities had done what they could to head off the fighting that erupted, but that they were foiled by a federal judge's decision to allow the Unite The Right rally to go on in Charlottesville's Emancipation Park. Charlottesville tried to revoke the permit it had issued for the rally to be held in Emancipation Park, in order to move the protestors about a mile away to McIntire Park, which offered more open space. \"That was the place it should have been. We were unfortunately sued by the ACLU and the judge ruled against us,\" McAuliffe said. \"That rally should not have been in the middle of downtown... where [people] dispersed all over the city streets, and it became a powder keg. We've got to look at these permits, and we've got to look at where we put these rallies and protesters.\" The ACLU responded that the injunction was the city's fault it mounted a weak legal case. \"The Governor's anger about what happened is understandable,\" ACLU Virginia Executive Director Claire Guthrie Hastings said in a statement to NPR. \"We are angry, too. The situation that occurred was preventable, and our lawsuit challenging the City to act constitutionally did not cause it.... All we did was ask the City to live up to the requirements of the Constitution. That it failed to do so is on the City, not us.\" Charlottesville Police Tactics Scrutinized Also under scrutiny was the action – or inaction –", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00682", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00024", "text": "require such charge to be made, in which case nothing more than the portion of the fee required to be paid to the State shall be charged or collected. (d) Naturalization Proceedings Overseas for Members of the Armed Forces.--Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Secretary of Homeland Security, the Secretary of State, and the Secretary of Defense shall ensure that any applications, interviews, filings, oaths, ceremonies, or other proceedings under this section are available through United States embassies, consulates, and as practicable, United States military installations overseas. SEC. 3. EXTENSION OF POSTHUMOUS BENEFITS TO SURVIVING SPOUSES, CHILDREN, AND PARENTS. (a) Treatment as Immediate Relatives.-- (1) Spouses.--Notwithstanding the second sentence of section 201(b)(2)(A)(i) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1151(b)(2)(A)(i)), in the case of an alien who was the spouse of a citizen of the United States at the time of the citizen's death and was not legally separated from the citizen at the time of the citizen's death, if the citizen served honorably for any period of time in the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps (including reserve components), or in the Coast Guard or Coast Guard Reserve, in a combat zone designated in connection with Operation Iraqi Freedom and died of injury or disease incurred in or aggravated by that service, the alien (and each child of the alien) shall be considered, for purposes of section 201(b) of such Act, to remain an immediate relative after the date of the citizen's death, but only if the alien files a petition under section 204(a)(1)(A)(ii) of such Act within 2 years after such date and only until the date the alien remarries. For purposes of such section 204(a)(1)(A)(ii), an alien granted relief under the preceding sentence shall be considered an alien spouse described in the second sentence of section 201(b)(2)(A)(i) of such Act. (2) Children.-- (A) In general.--In the case of an alien who was the child of a citizen of the United States at the time of the citizen's death, if the citizen served honorably for any period of time in the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps (including reserve components", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00912", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00025", "text": "Image via SNL. Harry Styles was the musical guest on Saturday Night Live this weekend and, in debuting his new solo material, excelled on the notoriously difficult (both acoustically and logistically) SNL stage. He also looked very hot while doing it—which may have been a surprise to my coworkers, but could NEVER be a surprise to me. Oh, Harry. My sweet elven prince. Many doubted that your solo material would be good, but I didn’t I love and support you, as I always have, as if you were my own step son or, better yet, pool boy. You won my affection when work forced me to sit through two showings of Morgan Spurlock’s One Direction documentary This Is Us and my heart has not doubted that investment, never once. Advertisement “Ever New York,” one of the songs you performed, shocked those who do not know you like I do. It was a little Ryan Adams, a little ‘70s roots rock at the chorus, and 100 percent HOTTIE WITH A BODY (he’s 23, it’s fine!), even with your wonky singing faces and the guitar it looks like you’re barely playing. Point being, I will buy/illegally download this album and very much enjoy it. In return, all I ask is that you take me out to dinner and kiss me on the mouth. You also appeared looking very handsome in a patterned suit (“you should get a patterned suit,” I texted my partner while watching you perform) to sing “Sign of the Times,” another song I enjoyed very much. It felt a lot like an Aerosmith ballad, which might sound like an insult, but I promise you that I mean it as a compliment. Point is you can really sing and wear a suit, two special skills that most people don’t have. You were even adorable playing Mick Jagger in a sketch that was likely only written so that Jimmy Fallon could trot out a very untimely John Travolta impression: Babe, I think you did a great job across the board and now, finally, everyone else agrees.", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 431, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00698", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00026", "text": "by adding at the end the following new subsection: ``(h) Management of Travel Charge Cards.-- ``(1) Required safeguards and internal controls.--The head of each executive agency that has employees that use travel charge cards shall establish and maintain safeguards and internal controls over travel charge cards to ensure the following: ``(A) There is a record in each executive agency of each holder of a travel charge card issued by the agency for official use, annotated with the limitations on amounts that are applicable to the use of each such card by that travel charge cardholder. ``(B) Rebates and refunds based on prompt payment on travel charge card accounts are properly recorded as a receipt of the agency that employs the cardholder. ``(C) Periodic reviews are performed to determine whether each travel charge cardholder has a need for the travel charge card. ``(D) Appropriate training is provided to each travel charge cardholder and each official with responsibility for overseeing the use of travel charge cards issued by an executive agency. ``(E) Each executive agency has specific policies regarding the number of travel charge cards issued by various organizations and categories of organizations, the credit limits authorized for various categories of cardholders, and categories of employees eligible to be issued travel charge cards, and that those policies are designed to minimize the financial risk to the Federal Government of the issuance of the travel charge cards and to ensure the integrity of travel charge cardholders. ``(F) The head of each executive agency negotiates with the holder of the applicable travel card contract, or a third party provider of credit evaluations if such provider offers more favorable terms, to evaluate the creditworthiness of an individual before issuing the individual a travel charge card, and that no individual be issued a travel charge card if the individual is found not creditworthy of the evaluation (except that this paragraph shall not preclude issuance of a restricted use travel charge card when the individual lacks a credit history or the issuance of a pre-paid card when the individual has a credit score below the minimum credit score established by the agency). Each executive agency shall establish a minimum credit score for determining the creditworthiness of an individual based on rigorous statistical analysis of the population of cardholders and historical behaviors. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, such evaluation shall include an assessment of an individual's consumer report from a consumer reporting agency as those terms are defined in section 603 of the Fair Credit Reporting Act. The obtaining of a consumer report under this subsection is deemed to be a circumstance or purpose authorized", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00897", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00027", "text": "With increasing applied current we show that the moving vortex lattice changes its structure from a triangular one to a set of parallel vortex rows in a pinning free superconductor. This effect originates from the change of the shape of the vortex core non-equilibrium effects (similar to the mechanism of vortex motion instability in the Larkin-Ovchinnikov theory). The moving vortex creates a deficit of quasiparticles in front of its motion and an excess of quasiparticles behind the core of the moving vortex. This results in the appearance of a wake (region with suppressed order parameter) behind the vortex which attracts other vortices with an effective direction-dependent interaction between vortices. When the vortex velocity $v$ reaches the critical value $v_c$ quasi-phase slip lines (lines with fast vortex motion) appear which may coexist with slowly moving vortices between such lines. Our results are found within the framework of the time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau equations and are strictly valid when the coherence length $\\xi(T)$ is larger or comparable with the decay length $L_{in}$ of the non-equilibrium quasiparticle distribution function. We qualitatively explain experiments on the instability of vortex flow at low magnetic fields when the distance between vortices $a \\gg L_{in} \\gg \\xi (T)$. We speculate that a similar instability of the vortex lattice should exist for $v>v_c$ even when $aU_{\\rm ph}$, we observe the standard Kondo effect concerning spin degree of freedom. the Coulomb interaction is effectively reduced as $U_{\\rm ee}-U_{\\rm ph}$, the Kondo temperature $T_{\\rm K}$ is increased when $U_{\\rm ph}$ is increased. On the other hand, for $U_{\\rm ee}99% of remnant binaries which have orbital periods within the LISA sensitivity range are white dwarf binaries, we consider only these binaries when calculating the LISA signal. We find that the contribution of RLOF binaries to the foreground noise is negligible at low frequencies, but becomes significant at higher frequencies, pushing the frequency at which the foreground noise drops below the instrumental noise to >6 mHz. We find that it is important to consider the population of mass transferring binaries in order to obtain an accurate assessment of the foreground noise on the LISA data stream. However, we estimate that there still exists a sizeable number (~11300) of Galactic double white dwarf binaries which will have a signal-to-noise ratio >5, and thus will be potentially resolvable with LISA. We present the LISA gravitational wave signal from the Galactic population of white dwarf binaries, show the most important formation channels contributing to the LISA disc and bulge populations and discuss the implications of these new findings.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 323, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00268", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00052", "text": "Ever last November's election night, millions in America and around the world have wondered what happened to Hillary Clinton, who was widely expected to become the first woman president of the United States. In fact, nearly everyone in the business of politics thought she would win –-including many of Trump's own people. So: How did she lose? Providing that answer is the mission accepted by Jonathan Allen and Amie Parnes in Shattered: Inside Hillary Clinton's Doomed Campaign. It is by no means the last word on 2016, but Allen and Parnes must be regarded as early front-runners in the race to make sense of it all. They saw and heard far more than most of us, exploring deep inside \"Clintonworld\" in search of the real story. And in these pages, they share enough of what they witnessed to enable us to reach our own conclusions. There is no Big Reveal, no shocking secret answer. Instead we get a slow-building case against the concept and execution of the Clinton campaign, with plenty of fault falling squarely on the candidate herself. Far from a juggernaut, the campaign we see in these pages is plagued with division, unease and anxiety practically from the outset. When things go right, it only means they are soon to go terribly wrong. Win a primary, lose a caucus. Quash a rumor, see three more go viral. Close one wound and find another torn open again. Among those wounds, the first cut is the deepest. The email stories that began in March 2015 never go away. First, it's Clinton's own private server, then the hacking of the Democratic National Committee and the endless email dump stolen from campaign chairman John Podesta. Email becomes the cyber-incubus the campaign cannot shed. Whether anyone with Trump connections was colluding or complicit in the Wikileaks-Russian caper or not, the continual media focus on email issues could scarcely have been more convenient for the Trump campaign. The authors also see lasting damage inflicted by her Democratic-primary rival Bernie Sanders' challenge from the left. Sanders' rather quixotic campaign not only tested Clinton, it played perfectly into Trump's own critique of \"crooked Hillary\" and his tactic of tying her to globalism and Wall Street. \"For both sides, Hillary was the perfect symbol of everything that was wrong with America,\" the authors conclude. \"At times, Trump and Sanders would act as the right and left speakers of a stereo blaring a", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00652", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00053", "text": "We study monomial ideals, always locally given by a monomial, like a reasonable first step to estimate in general the number of monoidal transformations of Villamayor's algorithm of resolution of singularities. The resolution of a monomial ideal $$ is interesting its identification with the particular toric problem $$. In the special case, when all the exponents $a_i$ are greater than or equal to the critical value $c$, we construct the largest branch of the resolution tree which provides an upper bound involving partial sums of Catalan numbers. This case will be called ``minimal codimensional case''. Partial sums of Catalan numbers (starting $1,2,5,...$) are $1,3,8,22,...$ These partial sums are well known in Combinatorics and count the number of paths starting from the root in all ordered trees with $n+1$ edges. Catalan numbers appear in many combinatorial problems, counting the number of ways to insert $n$ pairs of parenthesis in a word of $n+1$ letters, plane trees with $n+1$ vertices, $... $, etc. The non minimal case, when there exists some exponent $a_{i_0}$ smaller than $c$, will be called ``case of higher codimension''. In this case, still unresolved, we give an example to state the foremost troubles. Computation of examples has been helpful in both cases to study the behaviour of the resolution invariant. Computations have been made in Singular (see \\cite{sing}) using the \\emph{desing} package by G. Bodn\\'ar and J. Schicho, see \\cite{lib}.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 384, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00133", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00054", "text": "We report a definitive confirmation of a large-scale structure around the super rich cluster CL0016+1609 at z=0.55. We made spectroscopic follow-up observations with FOCAS on Subaru along the large filamentary structure identified in our previous photometric studies. We have confirmed the physical connection of the huge filament extending over 20 Mpc in the N-S direction, and another filament extending from the main cluster to the East. Based on a simple energy argument, we show that it is likely that most of the clumps are bound to the main CL0016 cluster. This structure is surely one of the most prominent confirmed structures ever identified in the distant Universe, which then serves as an ideal laboratory to examine the environmental variation of galaxy properties. We draw star formation histories of galaxies from the composite spectra of red galaxies in field, group, and cluster environments. Combining the results from our previous studies, we find that red galaxies in groups at z~0.8 and red field galaxies at z~0.5 show strong Hd absorption lines for their D4000 indices. These are the environments in which we observed the on-going build-up of the colour-magnitude relation in our previous photometric analyses. The strong Hd absorption lines imply that their star formation is truncated on a relatively short time scale. We suggest that a galaxy-galaxy interaction is the most likely physical driver of the truncation of star formation and thus responsible for the build-up of the colour-magnitude relation z~1. (Abridged)", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 307, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00341", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00055", "text": "We employ granular hydrodynamics to investigate a paradigmatic problem of clustering of particles in a freely cooling dilute granular gas. We consider large-scale hydrodynamic motions where the viscosity and heat conduction can be neglected, and one arrives at the equations of ideal gas dynamics with an additional term describing bulk energy losses inelastic collisions. We employ Lagrangian coordinates and derive a broad family of exact non-stationary analytical solutions that depend only on one spatial coordinate. These solutions exhibit a new type of singularity, where the gas density blows up in a finite time when starting from smooth initial conditions. The density blowups signal formation of close-packed clusters of particles. As the density blow-up time $t_c$ is approached, the maximum density exhibits a power law $\\sim (t_c-t)^{-2}$. The velocity gradient blows up as $\\sim - (t_c-t)^{-1}$ while the velocity itself remains continuous and develops a cusp (rather than a shock discontinuity) at the singularity. The gas temperature vanishes at the singularity, and the singularity follows the isobaric scenario: the gas pressure remains finite and approximately uniform in space and constant in time close to the singularity. An additional exact solution shows that the density blowup, of the same type, may coexist with an \"ordinary\" shock, at which the hydrodynamic fields are discontinuous but finite. We confirm stability of the exact solutions with respect to small one-dimensional perturbations by solving the ideal hydrodynamic equations numerically. Furthermore, numerical solutions show that the local features of the density blowup hold universally, independently of details of the initial and boundary conditions.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 338, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00003", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00056", "text": "Environmental dielectric screening effects on exciton transition energies in single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have been studied quantitatively in the range of dielectric constants from 1.0 to 37 by immersing SWNTs bridged over trenches in various organic solvents by means of photoluminescence and the excitation spectroscopies. With increasing environmental dielectric constant ($\\epsilon_{\\rm env}$), both $E_{11}$ and $E_{22}$ exhibited a redshift by several tens meV and a tendency to saturate at a $\\epsilon_{\\rm env} \\sim 5$ without an indication of significant ($n$,$m$) dependence. The redshifts can be explained by dielectric screening of the repulsive electron-electron interaction. The $\\epsilon_{\\rm env}$ dependence of $E_{11}$ and $E_{22}$ can be expressed by a simple empirical equation with a power law in $\\epsilon_{\\rm env}$, $E_{\\rm ii} = E_{\\rm ii}^{\\infty} + A\\epsilon_{\\rm env}^{-\\alpha}$. We also immersed a sample in sodium-dodecyl-sulfate (SDS) solution to investigate the effects of wrapping SWNTs with surfactant. The resultant $E_{11}$ and $E_{22}$, which agree well with Weisman's data [Nano Lett. {\\bf 3}, 1235 (2003)], are close to those of $\\epsilon_{\\rm env}$ of 2. However, in addition to the shift dielectric screening, another shift was observed so that the ($2n+m$)-family patterns spread more widely, similar to that of the uniaxial-stress-induced shift.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 372, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00045", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00057", "text": ".S.C. 1238) is amended by striking ``who owned the surface prior to May 2, 1977, and''. (g) Amendments to Section 411.--Section 411 of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (30 U.S.C. 1240a) is amended as follows: (1) In subsection (a) by inserting ``(1)'' before the first sentence, and by adding at the end the following: ``(2) The Secretary may, on the Secretary's own volition, make the certification referred to in paragraph (1) on behalf of any State or Indian tribe referred to in paragraph (1) if on the basis of the inventory referred to in section 403(c) all reclamation projects relating to the priorities set forth in section 403(a) for eligible lands and water pursuant to section 404 in such State or tribe have been completed. The Secretary shall only make such certification after notice in the Federal Register and opportunity for public comment.''. (2) By adding at the end the following: ``(h) State Share for Certain Certified States.--(1)(A) From moneys referred to in subsection (a) of section 35 of the Mineral Leasing Act (30 U.S.C. 191(a)) that are paid into the Treasury after the date of the enactment of this subsection and that are not paid to States under section 35 of the Mineral Leasing Act or reserved as part of the reclamation fund under such section, the Secretary shall pay to each qualified State, on a proportional basis, an amount equal to the sum of the aggregate unappropriated amount allocated to such qualified State under section 402(g)(1)(A). ``(B) In this paragraph the term `qualified State' means a State for which a certification is made under subsection (a) and in which there are public domain lands available for leasing under the Mineral Leasing Act (30 U.S.C. 181 et seq.) ``(2) Payments to States under this subsection shall be made, without regard to any limitation in section 401(d), in the same manner as if paid under section 35 of the Mineral Leasing Act (30 U.S.C. 191) and concurrently with payments to States under that section. ``(3) The amount allocated to any State under section 402(g)(1)(A) that is paid to such State of a payment under paragraph (1", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "causation_01070", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00058", "text": "(or the predominant number of such members or participants); (2) the status of the property as a religious property; (3) any previous occurrence of arson against the property; or (4) any threat or perceived threat of arson against the property. SEC. 5. ENFORCEMENT THROUGH DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE. (a) In General.--The authority and responsibility for investigating violations of this Act and for enforcing this Act shall be in the Attorney General. (b) Complaints.--The Attorney General shall provide for persons aggrieved under this Act to file complaints with the Attorney General alleging violations of this Act and shall investigate such complaints to determine whether the violations have occurred. (c) Monitoring Compliance.--The Attorney General may, on the Attorney General's own initiative, take such actions as the Attorney General considers appropriate to investigate and determine compliance with this Act. SEC. 6. CIVIL ACTION. (a) Cause of Action.--Whenever the Attorney General has reasonable cause to believe that a violation of this Act has occurred and judicial action is necessary to carry out the purposes of this Act, the Attorney General may commence a civil action in any appropriate United States district court. (b) Relief.--In addition to other appropriate relief which may be granted in a civil action, the court in a civil action under subsection (a)-- (1) may award such preventive relief, including a permanent or temporary injunction, restraining order, or other order against the person responsible for a violation of this Act as is necessary to ensure the full enjoyment of rights granted by this Act (including an order of specific performance of any contract for insurance coverage); and (2) shall assess a civil penalty against the person determined to violate this Act in an amount of-- (A) $50,000, for a first violation; (B) $250,000, for a second violation; and (C) $500,000, for a third or subsequent violation. SEC. 7. DEFINITIONS. For purposes of this Act, the following definitions shall apply: (1) Coverage for fire insurance.--The term ``coverage for fire insurance'' means any property and casualty insurance coverage that includes insurance against losses, damages, expenses, and liabilities related to fires. The term includes coverage under a policy for only the line of insurance for losses from fires and coverage for such fire losses under a policy that includes the fire line of insurance together with other lines. (2) Insurer.--The term ``ins", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "causation_01074", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00059", "text": "Bernhard Langer has compiled 36 victories and just over $25 million in earnings on the PGA Tour Champions, and he is a seven-time player of the year. It might help the others if the 60-year-old German takes a week off every now and then. \"Sometimes they say, 'Why don't you take a week off?' I joke back and say, 'If you pay me some disappearance fee, I might.' But I haven't received any yet,\" Langer said Monday while previewing the Senior PGA Championship in Benton Harbor, Michigan. Leave it to Langer's son to arrange that. Langer revealed that he won't be able to defend his title on May 24-27 his youngest son, 18-year-old Jason, is graduating from high school that weekend. \"Family always comes first in my life, so I've got to be there to support him, to celebrate him moving on to college,\" Langer said. He said his son will attend Penn's Wharton School of Business and plans to play golf. \"I wouldn't want to miss that,\" Langer said. \"I'm going to miss competing for this, but hopefully, there will be more chances in the future.\" Langer won last year at Trump National outside Washington to complete the career Grand Slam on the 50-and-older circuit. A year ago, Phil Mickelson sat out the U.S. Open at Erin Hills went his second-oldest daughter graduated from high school. Corey Pavin nearly had the same conflict in 2005 for the U.S. Open at Pinehurst No. 2, but he flew cross-country after his opening round Thursday and caught a redeye back to North Carolina for his second round. TOP 60 LOOMS Patton Kizzire already has two PGA Tour victories this season and is No. 2 in the FedEx Cup. That still might not be enough to avoid qualifying for the U.S. Open. The USGA in 2012 eliminated its exemption for multiple winners on the PGA Tour from the previous U.S. Open when it revamped its criteria that focused more on the top 60 in the world ranking. Kizzire is at No. 57 this week. The cutoff for being among the top 60 is on May 21, after the AT&T Byron Nelson. There also is another cutoff for the top 60 on June 11, the final ranking going into the U.S. Open on June", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00766", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00060", "text": "The chemical composition of Earth's atmosphere has undergone substantial evolution over the course of its history. It is possible, even likely, that terrestrial planets in other planetary systems have undergone similar changes; the age distribution of nearby stars is an important consideration in designing surveys for Earth-analogues. Valenti & Fischer (2005) provide age and metallicity estimates for 1039 FGK dwarfs in the Solar Neighbourhood. Using the Hipparcos catalogue as a reference to calibrate potential biases, we have extracted volume-limited samples of nearby stars from the Valenti-Fischer dataset. Unlike other recent investigations, our analysis shows clear evidence for an age-metallicity relation in the local disk, albeit with substantial dispersion at any epoch. The mean metallicity increases from -0.3 dex at a lookback time of ~10 Gyrs to +0.15 dex at the present day. Supplementing the Valenti-Fischer measurements with literature data to give a complete volume-limited sample, the age distribution of nearby FGK dwarfs is broadly consistent with a uniform star-formation rate over the history of the Galactic disk. In striking contrast, most stars known to have planetary companions are younger than 5 Gyrs; however, stars with planetary companions within 0.4 AU have a significantly flatter age distribution, indicating that those systems are stable on timescales of many Gyrs. Several of the older, lower metallicity host stars have enhanced [alpha/Fe] ratios, implying membership of the thick disk. If the frequency of terrestrial planets is also correlated with stellar metallicity, then the median age of such planetary system is likely to be ~3 Gyrs. We discuss the implications of this hypothesis in designing searches for Earth analogues among the nearby stars.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 355, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00094", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00061", "text": "We present single pointing observations of SiO, HCO$^+$ and H$^{13}$CO$^+$ from the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope towards 23 massive star forming regions previously known to contain molecular outflows and ultracompact HII regions. We detected SiO towards 14 sources and suggest that the non-detections in the other nine sources could be those outflows being older and without ongoing shocks to replenish the SiO. We serendipitously detected SO$_2$ towards 17 sources in the same tuning as HCO$^+$. We detected HCO$^+$ towards all sources, and suggest that it is tracing infall in nine cases. For seven infall candidates, we estimate mass infall rates between 1$\\times10^{-2}$ and 2$\\times10^{-5}$ M$_{\\odot}$ yr$^{-1}$. Seven sources show both SiO detections (young outflows) and HCO$^+$ infall signatures. We also find that the abundance of H$^{13}$CO$^+$ tends to increase along with the abundance of SiO in sources for which we could determine abundances. We discuss these results with respect to current theories of massive star formation via accretion. From this survey, we suggest that perhaps both models of ionized accretion and halted accretion may be important in describing the evolution of a massive protostar (or protostars) beyond the formation of an HII region.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 307, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00052", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00062", "text": "G156.2+5.7 is a large supernova remnant (SNR) first discovered in the ROSAT X-ray survey but radio observations are rare of its low surface brightness and large size. Radio continuum and polarization images of the SNR G156.2+5.7 at lambda 6 cm are presented for the first time to be discussed in the context with available data to investigate its physical properties. We obtained an integrated flux density for G156.2+5.7 of S6cm= 2.5+-0.5Jy. The spectral index of the integrated emission is alpha=-0.48+-0.08 between lambda 74 cm and 6 cm excluding compact radio sources. We also obtained a spectral index map, which shows little variation between the shells and the central area of the SNR. This is consistent with the constant integrated flux density spectrum. Highly polarized radio emission has been detected from the SNR shell, but also from a central patch, which probably originates in the front part of the spherical SNR shell. We derived the distribution of rotation measure from polarization data at 11 cm and 6 cm and found RM gradients of opposite direction in the SNR shell. The SNR G156.2+5.7 is unusual by its exceptionally high X-ray brightness and very low surface-brightness in the radio range. The magnetic field is very well ordered along the shell periphery as expected for a compressed ambient magnetic field. A toroidal magnetic field component is indicated by the RM distribution. (abridged)", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 317, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00257", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00063", "text": "Literary Roots E.T.A. Hoffmann, a German writer, penned the eerie and dark tale \"Nutcracker and Mouse King\" in 1816. About 30 years later, the French writer Alexandre Dumas took the Nutcracker story into his own hands, lightening things up and softening the character descriptions. Dumas even cheered up the name of the protagonist. \"Marie Stahlbaum\" (meaning \"steel tree,\" representing the repressive family Marie found herself in, which led her imagination to run wild) became \"Clara Silberhaus\" (translated to \"silver house,\" a magnificent home filled with shiny magic.) Snowflakes of the original cast, \"The Nutcracker\" at the Mariinsky Theatre, 1892. Photo by Walter E. Owen, Courtesy Dance Magazine Archives. From Page to Stage In 1892 St. Petersburg, choreographer Marius Petipa and composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky pulled the story off the page and onto the stage of the Mariinsky Theatre. But Petipa fell ill while choreographing The Nutcracker and handed his duties over to his assistant, Lev Ivanov. Critics at the 1892 premiere were not pleased. Balletomanes felt the work to be uneven, and lamented the lack of a main ballerina in the first act. Many thought that the story was too light compared to historically based stories. Out of Russia Despite its initial reception, the ballet survived, partially the success of Tchaikovsky's score. Performances were scarce, though, as the Russian Revolution scattered its original dancers. The Nutcracker's first major exposure outside of Russia took place in London in 1934. Former Mariinsky ballet master Nikolas Sergeyev was tasked with staging Petipa's story ballets on the Vic-Wells Ballet (today The Royal Ballet) from the original notation. The notes were incomplete and difficult to read, yet Sergeyev persisted, and The Nutcracker made it to the stage. Dancers from ballet Russe de Monte Carlo in \"The Nutcracker\" pas de deux. Photo Courtesy Dance Magazine Archives. An American Premiere The Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo brought an abridged version of The Nutcracker to the U.S. in 1940. Over the next decade, the company toured the ballet extensively, exposing it to audiences nationwide. Willam Christensen (center) with his brothers Lew and Harold.", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00500", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00064", "text": "The iPhone X is built with gestures in mind, taking MultiTouch to the next level as it's now the main way to interact with the iPhone. Doing things as simple as double-tapping the Home button to show the App Switcher, using Reachability for items at the top of the screen, and Force Quitting apps has changed. These are the top five gestures that you need to know to take full advantage of the iPhone X. SEE: Mobile device computing policy (Tech Pro Research) 1: How to access the App Switcher on the iPhone X On previous versions of iOS hardware, accessing the App Switcher to swap to another app or force quit an app was as simple as double-tapping the home button; however, with iPhone X, the home button is no more. To access the App Switcher—whether you're in an app or on the Home Screen—you'll use the Home gesture (swipe up from the bottom), except you'll stop halfway up the screen and pause. The view will change to the App Switcher you know and love (Figure A). Figure A 2. How to force quit apps on the iPhone X Inside of the App Switcher, you may be wondering how to force quit an app, in this new switcher, swiping up does not quit the app. To force quit an app, launch the App Switcher, then tap and hold on an app. This will enter editing mode where you can either choose the \"-\" button that appears in the corner of each open app, or swipe up as you would on a non-iPhone X iOS device. As we've mentioned in a previous article, you only need to Force Quit unresponsive apps. There is no need to force quit apps on a regular basis. 3. How to quickly swipe to the previously used app on the iPhone X The Home Indicator at the bottom of the screen gives you many capabilities at a single tap or swipe. Swiping from left to right on the Home Indicator will launch the previously used app from the App Switcher without the need to open the App Switcher. This feature is very useful on the iPhone and greatly improves multitasking capabilities it lets you jump between apps quickly and efficiently. SEE: Cybersecurity in an IoT and mobile world (ZDNet special report) | Download the report as a PDF (TechRepublic) 4. How to enable Reachability on the iPhone X Reachability is an accessibility feature that can be enabled on previous", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00517", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00065", "text": "for the Braves, who had dropped seven consecutive road series against the Nationals and had lost 23 of their last 25 games in Washington before taking two of three this week. Braves outfielder Matt Kemp left the game in the third inning after suffering an apparent leg injury while sliding into third base. Atlanta was in control from the start against Washington starter Tanner Roark (6-4), who gave up two runs before he recorded an out and three total in the first inning. The Braves would add three more in the third, with Nick Markakis scoring from third after Nationals catcher Jose Lobaton's pickoff attempt of Kemp caught first baseman Ryan Zimmerman off guard and sailed into right field. Kemp was thrown out and injured at third on the play. ROCKIES 5, PIRATES 1 PITTSBURGH (AP) — Ian Desmond hit his fourth home run of the season and rookie German Marquez pitched effectively into the sixth inning as the Rockies beat the Pirates to snap a three-game losing streak. Marquez (5-3) gave up one run and four hits in five-plus innings as the Rockies avoided being swept for the first time this season. Raimel Tapia went 4 for 4 and scored three times for Colorado. Jake McGee bailed the Rockies out of a bases-loaded, one-out jam in the seventh. Colorado picked up its major-league best 25th road win. The Pirates managed just one extra-base hit and left eight men on as their season-high four-game winning streak came to an end. Chad Kuhl (1-6) remained winless the first week of the season. He gave up three runs in five innings and his ERA sits at 5.61 through 12 starts. METS 9, CUBS 4 NEW YORK (AP) — Curtis Granderson opened a five-run eighth inning with his 300th homer, a tiebreaking shot that helped the Mets rally past the Cubs. Injury replacement Lucas Duda added a three-run homer off Hector Rondon, and T.J. Rivera capped the outburst with an RBI single for his third hit. With sluggers Yoenis Cespedes and Michael Conforto on the bench to begin the game, the resurgent Mets came back from a 4-1 deficit and took two of three from the defending World Series champions despite losing second baseman Neil Walker to a left leg injury. Granderson received a standing ovation and came out for a curtain", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00780", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00066", "text": ",\" Laput says. So Laput and his team wanted to see if they could build just one sensor that could monitor a whole range of activity in a room. And they did. It doesn't look like much; just a little 2-inch-square circuit board that plugs into the wall. The board senses about a dozen different facets of its environment: vibrations, sounds, light color and so on. The sensor communicates wirelessly with a computer, which interprets everything it picks up. Laput demonstrated how the sensor works by turning on a blender. Almost immediately, a text box saying \"blender running\" popped up on a computer screen along with a purple squiggly line representing the blender's vibration. Laput turned on a light, and the screen said, \"light on.\" Laput says he imagines both domestic and commercial applications for such a sensor. It could tell you that you left your stove on or that you're almost out of paper towels in the bathroom at the restaurant you own. But critics say there's a catch. \"Surveillance is now the business model of the Internet. Companies make money spying on you,\" says Bruce Schneier, an Internet security expert and the chief technology officer at IBM's cybersecurity arm. \"When the app says I can detect when you're out of paper towels, they're not doing it for your best interest, they're doing it they want to sell you paper towels.\" Schneier pointed to Roomba, the little automated vacuum from iRobot. The company's CEO said last month that the device could soon start mapping your home, raising concerns that that data could be sold for a profit. The company swiftly clarified that it would only collect and share data if customers consented. But on top of the issue of surveillance, Schneier says makers of Internet-of-things devices just aren't prioritizing security. \"We're building a world-sized robot without even realizing it,\" he says. That robot has eyes and ears that collect data, brains that process it and arms and legs that take action in the real world. But arms and legs can kick and punch, and more eyes and ears — like Laput's sensor — could make those kicks and punches both more accurate and more devastating.", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 454, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00649", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00067", "text": "At Syracuse, Switzer began running with Arnie Briggs, a mail carrier at Syracuse who was also an avid runner. Briggs, too, argued that women were “too fragile” to run the race, but Switzer was determined to prove him wrong. When she began running 30-plus mile distances, Briggs conceded and encouraged her to sign up for Boston officially. She signed up as “K.V. Switzer” along with Arnie, her boyfriend Tom Miller, and another friend. Advertisement But when Jock Semple, the race co-director, discovered a woman had registered in the marathon, he was furious. In the middle of the race, Semple tried to shove Switzer and physically pull her out. “He was pulling at me and screaming, ‘Get the hell out of my race and give me that number,’” Switzer told Deadspin in 2015. “Arnie was screaming at Jock, and then Tom smashed Jock out of the way.” The moment was captured by photographer Harry Trask, instantly turning Switzer into an icon. But Switzer wasn’t the only woman—or even the first—to complete the Boston Marathon that year. Bobbi Gibb, who had run the race unofficially in 1966, was on the course in 1967 and finished ahead of Switzer at 3:27:17. However, Gibb did not register for the race, and according to Switzer, did not threaten the supposed integrity of Semple’s men-only competition. Semple disqualified Switzer from the race and the Amateur Athletic Union suspended her and Miller. Advertisement Sponsored Switzer, who was attacked simply for wanting to run, became an international feminist symbol and helped break the long-held barriers against women in long distance running. In a recent interview with WBZ-TV, she recalled, “I said, ‘This is going to change my life, maybe going to change women’s sports and change the world.’” The Boston Marathon officially opened to women in 1972. That same year, gender equality law Title IX was signed into law, allowing more women to join cross country and track and field programs at college. In 1984, the Olympics introduced the first women’s marathon. Switzer went on to run 39 marathons and organized the Avon International Running Circuit, a series of women’s-only races. In 1974, she won the New York City marathon. In 1975, she returned to", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00703", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00068", "text": "Cell colonies of bacteria, tumour cells and fungi, under nutrient limited growth conditions, exhibit complex branched growth patterns. In order to investigate this phenomenon we present a simple hybrid cellular automaton model of cell colony growth. In the model the growth of the colony is limited by a nutrient that is consumed by the cells and which inhibits cell division if it falls below a certain threshold. Using this model we have investigated how the nutrient consumption rate of the cells affects the growth dynamics of the colony. We found that for low consumption rates the colony takes on a Eden-like morphology, while for higher consumption rates the morphology of the colony is branched with a fractal geometry. These findings are in agreement with previous results, but the simplicity of the model presented here allows for a linear stability analysis of the system. By observing that the local growth of the colony is proportional to the flux of the nutrient we derive an approximate dispersion relation for the growth of the colony interface. This dispersion relation shows that the stability of the growth depends on how far the nutrient penetrates into the colony. For low nutrient consumption rates the penetration distance is large, which stabilises the growth, while for high consumption rates the penetration distance is small, which produces unstable branched growth. When the penetration distance vanishes the dispersion relation is reduced to the one describing Laplacian growth without ultra-violet regularisation. The dispersion relation was verified by measuring how the average branch width depends on the consumption rate of the cells and shows good agreement between theory and simulations.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 304, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00208", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00069", "text": "Warm Dark Matter (WDM) has been invoked to resolve apparent conflicts of Cold Dark Matter (CDM) models with observations on subgalactic scales. In this work we provide a new and independent lower limit for the WDM particle mass (e.g. sterile neutrino) through the analysis of image fluxes in gravitationally lensed QSOs. Starting from a theoretical unperturbed cusp configuration we analyze the effects of intergalactic haloes in modifying the fluxes of QSO multiple images, giving rise to the so-called anomalous flux ratio. We found that the global effect of such haloes strongly depends on their mass/abundance ratio and it is maximized for haloes in the mass range $10^6-10^8 \\Msun$. This result opens up a new possibility to constrain CDM predictions on small scales and test different warm candidates, free streaming of warm dark matter particles can considerably dampen the matter power spectrum in this mass range. As a consequence, while a ($\\Lambda$)CDM model is able to produce flux anomalies at a level similar to those observed, a WDM model, with an insufficiently massive particle, fails to reproduce the observational evidences. Our analysis suggests a lower limit of a few keV ($m_{\\nu} \\sim 10$) for the mass of warm dark matter candidates in the form of a sterile neutrino. This result makes sterile neutrino Warm Dark Matter less attractive as an alternative to Cold Dark Matter, in good agreement with previous findings from Lyman-$\\alpha$ forest and Cosmic Microwave Background analysis.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 326, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00351", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00070", "text": "WASHINGTON (AP) — Transgender recruits will be allowed to enlist in the military beginning Jan. 1, the Pentagon said, as President Donald Trump's ordered ban suffered more legal setbacks. The new policy divulged Monday reflects the difficult hurdles the federal government would have to cross to enforce Trump's demand earlier this year to bar transgender individuals from the military. Three federal courts have ruled against the ban, including one Monday in Washington state. In October, U.S. District Judge Colleen Kollar-Kotelly barred the Trump administration from proceeding with its plan to exclude transgender people from military service. Part of the effect of the ruling was that the military would be required to allow transgender people to enlist beginning Jan. 1. The government had asked Kollar-Kotelly to put the Jan. 1 date on hold while it appealed her full ruling but she declined Monday, reaffirming the Jan. 1 start date. The Department of Justice is now asking a federal appeals court to intervene and put the Jan. 1 requirement on hold. Potential transgender recruits will have to overcome a lengthy and strict set of physical, medical and mental conditions that could make it difficult for them to join the armed services. Maj. David Eastburn, a Pentagon spokesman, said the enlistment of transgender recruits will begin next month and proceed amid legal battles. The Defense Department also is doing a review, which is expected to carry into 2018. Eastburn told The Associated Press on Monday that the new guidelines mean the Pentagon can disqualify potential recruits with gender dysphoria, a history of medical treatments associated with gender transition and those who underwent reconstruction. But such recruits are allowed in if a medical provider certifies they've been clinically stable in the preferred sex for 18 months and are free of significant distress or impairment in social, occupational or other important areas. Transgender individuals receiving hormone therapy must be stable on their medication for 18 months. The requirements make it challenging for a transgender recruit to pass. But they mirror concerns President Barack Obama's administration laid out when the Pentagon initially lifted its ban on transgender service last year. \" the complexity of this new medical standard, trained medical officers will perform a medical prescreen of transgender applicants for military service who otherwise meet all applicable applicant standards,\" Eastburn said. Aaron Belkin, director of the California-based Palm Center, an independent institute that has conducted research on sexual minorities in the military, said the 18-month timeline is fair. \"It", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00734", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00071", "text": "We present new multicolor photo-polarimetry of stars behind the Southern Coalsack. Analyzed together with multiband polarization data from the literature, probing the Chamaeleon I, Musca, rho Opiuchus, R CrA and Taurus clouds, we show that the wavelength of maximum polarization (lambda_max) is linearly correlated with the radiation environment of the grains. Using Far-Infrared emission data, we show that the large scatter seen in previous studies of lambda_max as a function of A_V is primarily line of sight effects causing some A_V measurements to not be a good tracer of the extinction (radiation field strength) seen by the grains being probed. The derived slopes in lambda_max vs. A_V, for the individual clouds, are consistent with a common value, while the zero intercepts scale with the average values of the ratios of total-to-selective extinction (R_V) for the individual clouds. Within each cloud we do not find direct correlations between lambda_max and R_V. The positive slope in consistent with recent developments in theory and indicating alignment driven by the radiation field. The present data cannot conclusively differentiate between direct radiative torques and alignment driven by H_2 formation. However, the small values of lambda_max(A_V=0), seen in several clouds, suggest a role for the latter, at least at the cloud surfaces. The scatter in the lambda_max vs. A_V relation is found to be associated with the characteristics of the embedded Young Stellar Objects (YSO) in the clouds. We propose that this is partially locally increased plasma damping of the grain rotation related to X-rays from the YSOs.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 337, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00215", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00072", "text": "Heyer's family as well as to the families of Virginia State Troopers Lt. H. Jay Cullen and Berke M.M. Bates, who died when their helicopter that was patrolling Saturday's event crashed. \"These three fallen Americans embody the goodness and decency of our nation,\" Trump said. \"In times such as these, America has always shown its true character, responding to hate with love, division with unity, and violence with an unwavering resolve for justice.\" Trump spoke after meeting with newly installed FBI Director Christopher Wray and Attorney General Jeff Sessions at the White House. He said that the Department of Justice had opened a civil rights investigation into the car attack. \"To anyone who acted criminally at this weekend's racist violence, you will be held fully accountable. Justice will be delivered,\" the president said. Sessions told ABC News on Monday morning that the car crash that had killed Heyer \"does meet the definition of domestic terrorism.\" \"You can be sure we will charge and advance the investigation towards the most serious charges that can be brought, this is unequivocally an unacceptable, evil attack,\" he said. The president's condemnations may be too little, too late for those who criticized Trump's initial remarks — and Trump may have missed a critical moment to be the nation's healer in chief. On Saturday, Trump claimed that the clashes were a result of \"hatred, bigotry and violence on many sides.\" Top Republicans, among others, quickly criticized him for not calling out by name the white supremacists, alt-right, KKK and neo-Nazi groups that began the protests. \"Mr. President — we must call evil by its name. These were white supremacists and this was domestic terrorism,\" Sen. Cory Gardner, R-Colo., who heads up the GOP Senate campaign committee, tweeted on Saturday. The White House put out an unsigned statement on Sunday morning, saying that, \"The President said very strongly in his statement yesterday that he condemns all forms of violence, bigotry and hatred and of course that includes white Supremacists, KKK, neo-nazi and all extremist groups. He called for national unity and bringing all Americans together.\" Vice President Pence had gone further than the president in his own comments, telling reporters Sunday night while traveling in Colombia, \"We have no tolerance for hate and violence from white supremacists, neo-Nazis or the KKK. These dangerous fringe groups have no place in American public life and in the American", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00619", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00073", "text": "We investigate the phenomenology of the Randall-Sundrum radion in realistic models of electroweak symmetry breaking with bulk gauge and fermion fields, the radion may turn out to be the lightest particle in such models. We calculate the coupling of the radion in such scenarios to bulk fermion and gauge modes. Special attention needs to be devoted to the coupling to massless gauge fields (photon, gluon), it is well known that loop effects may be important for these fields. We also present a detailed explanation of these couplings from the CFT interpretation. We then use these couplings to determine the radion branching fractions and discuss some of the discovery potential of the LHC for the radion. We find that the gamma-gamma signal is enhanced over most of the range of the radion mass over the gamma-gamma signal of a SM Higgs, as long as the RS scale is sufficiently low. However, the signal significance depends strongly on free parameters that characterize the magnitude of bare brane-localized kinetic terms for the massless gauge fields. In the absence of such terms, the signal can be be enhanced over the traditional RS1 models (where all standard model fields are localized on the IR brane), but the signal can also be reduced compared to RS1 if the brane localized terms are sizeable. We also show that for larger radion masses, where the gamma-gamma signal is no longer significant, one can use the usual 4 lepton signal to discover the radion.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 308, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00288", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00074", "text": "Optical/near-infrared (optical/NIR; OIR) light from low-mass neutron star X-ray binaries (NSXBs) in outburst is traditionally thought to be thermal emission from the accretion disc. Here we present a comprehensive collection of quasi-simultaneous OIR and X-ray data from 19 low-magnetic field NSXBs, including new observations of three sources: 4U 0614+09, LMC X-2 and GX 349+2. The average radio-OIR spectrum for NSXBs is alpha ~ +0.2 (where L_nu propto nu^alpha) at least at high luminosities when the radio jet is detected. This is comparable to, but slightly more inverted than the alpha ~ 0.0 found for black hole X-ray binaries. The OIR spectra and relations between OIR and X-ray fluxes are compared to those expected if the OIR emission is dominated by thermal emission from an X-ray or viscously heated disc, or synchrotron emission from the inner regions of the jets. We find that thermal emission X-ray reprocessing can explain all the data except at high luminosities for some NSXBs, namely the atolls and millisecond X-ray pulsars (MSXPs). Optically thin synchrotron emission from the jets (with an observed OIR spectral index of alpha_thin < 0) dominate the NIR light above L_x ~ 10^36 erg/s and the optical above L_x ~ 10^37 erg/s in these systems. For NSXB Z-sources, the OIR observations can be explained by X-ray reprocessing alone, although synchrotron emission may make a low level contribution to the NIR, and could dominate the OIR in one or two cases.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 373, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00278", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00075", "text": "(abridged) The first unidentified very high energy gamma ray source (TeV J2032+4130) in the Cygnus region has been the subject of intensive search for a counterpart source at other wavelengths. A deep ($\\approx 50$ ksec) exposure of TeV J2032+4130 with \\textit{XMM-Newton} has been obtained. The contribution of point sources to the observed X-ray emission from TeV J2032+4130 is subtracted from the data. The point-source subtracted X-ray data are analyzed using blank sky exposures and regions adjacent to the position of TeV J2032+4130 in the field of view covered by the XMM-Newton telescopes to search for diffuse X-ray emission. An extended X-ray emission region with a full width half maximum (FWHM) size of $\\approx 12$ arc min is found. The centroid of the emission is co-located with the position of TeV J2032+4130.The energy spectrum of the emission coinciding with the position and extension of TeV J2032+4130 can be modeled by a power-law model with a photon index $\\Gamma=1.5\\pm0.2_\\mathrm{stat}\\pm0.3_\\mathrm{sys}$ and an energy flux integrated between 2 and 10 keV of $f_{2-10 \\mathrm{keV}} \\approx 7\\cdot 10^{-13}$ ergs/(cm$^2$ s) which is lower than the very high energy gamma-ray flux observed from TeV J2032+4130. We conclude that the faint extended X-ray emission discovered in this observation is the X-ray counterpart of TeV J2032+4130. Formally, it can not be excluded that the extended emission is an unrelated population of faint, hot ($k_BT\\approx 10$ keV) unresolved point-sources which by chance coincides with the position and extension of TeV J2032+4130. We discuss our findings in the frame of both hadronic and leptonic gamma-ray production scenarios.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 434, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00159", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00076", "text": "that was done some years ago that looked at kids who had experienced trauma during childhood. The things that are counted as ACEs are things like seeing violence in the home, having a parent die, going through a divorce, being a victim of child abuse. So, what the study showed was that besides higher rates of depression and anxiety, there was a very high correlation between the ACEs and physical ailments as well, including things like cancer, heart disease, diabetes. For example, if kids have four or more ACEs, they actually start having neurochemical changes in their brains. And what that can lead to is three times the rate of academic failure, seven times the rate of alcoholism, 12 times the rate of suicide attempts. So those are very depressing outcomes. Add in all the health effects as well, and it gets to be pretty overwhelming. But what the national research also shows is that if we can mitigate trauma at a much earlier age and get people the help and intervention they need, we can really prevent a lot of those long-term health effects from happening to a huge population of people. So, that's why we really wanted to focus on helping kids and changing things in the long term. And of course that has a huge economic value as well, when you look at what we spend on juvenile delinquency programs and health care costs and psychological services costs, all of those things that are impacted down the road. I think we've kind of worked through that part, and now we're focused on, OK, that's a terrible outcome, but there are so many things that can make a difference along the way. And the program began, we've heard amazing stories about how coaches can make a difference, how teachers can make a difference. If the parents aren't able to be present in a child's life, who else can step up? Q. What kind of programs did you offer that helped bring about your results? Hall-Jiran: At CVIC and elsewhere, we were involved in the actual counseling and intervention piece. We knew that the awareness-building and school-based efforts would lead to huge referrals, which they did. We saw a 213 percent increase in the number of kids that we served over that time, and we helped nearly 1,000 children through the trauma. And so, some of the results we're seeing, 96 percent of kids that go through our programming have an increase in their coping skills and their emotional well-being. That", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00566", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00077", "text": "of patients taking JYNARQUE, it is necessary to measure ALT, AST and bilirubin before initiating treatment, at 2 weeks and 4 weeks after initiation, then monthly for 18 months and every 3 months thereafter, for as long as the patient is on JYNARQUE (tolvaptan) treatment. of the risks of serious liver injury, JYNARQUE is available only through a restricted distribution program supported by a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) Program approved by the FDA. For more information about JYNARQUE, please visit www.JYNARQUE.com. \"The progressive nature of ADPKD means that kidney function gets worse over time, eventually leading to end-stage renal disease. This progression happens more rapidly for some patients than others.” said Michal Mrug, M.D., Associate Professor at the University of Alabama at Birmingham and investigator on the REPRISE trial. “Today’s approval is great news for adults at risk of rapidly progressing ADPKD by slowing the decline in kidney function, this therapy may give them more time before kidney transplant or dialysis.” Andy Betts, CEO of the PKD Foundation, observed, “Today is an historic day in providing hope to patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, and we are thrilled to be a part of this first milestone in treatment. For the past 35 years, our goal has been to walk with PKD patients every step of the way. It is gratifying to play a part in the inception of the discovery of this treatment, and to see it come to fruition. We hope that this is just the beginning of a new chapter for adults at risk of rapidly progressing ADPKD who suffer from the disease.” Also, Tatsuo Higuchi, president and representative director of Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., commented, “This approval is important news for many adults at risk of rapidly progressing ADPKD in the U.S., who have had no therapeutic alternatives to delay the eventual end-stage interventions of dialysis or kidney transplantation. We are humbled to be able to offer an earlier, proactive course of action to slow the progression of this disease, which we know means so much to patients, their families and healthcare providers. Simultaneously, we are grateful to the patients and researchers who through their continued commitment made this milestone possible.” About ADPKD ADPKD is a progressively debilitating and often painful genetic disorder in", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00760", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00078", "text": "We have had several talks recently reviewing 11 years of exoplanet discoveries through radial velocity variations, or from transits, or from microlensing. More than 200 exoplanets have been found, including some around pulsars that we do not discuss here. My physical definition for a planet is a roughly spherical, self-gravitating body more massive than 10**26 g formed from the leftover material in a protostellar disk after the protostar forms. Radiation from the protostar pushes the inner wall of the disk outward. The material agglomerates and forms planets in radial sequence. The outer planets are formed slowly by classical dynamical mechanisms acting in the snow zone. Planets have dense cores of agglomeration. Not one of the exoplanets discovered thus far is a planet. They are cryptoplanets formed from matter ejected by protostars. When protostars have excessive infall at high latitudes, they partially balance angular momentum through outflow at the equator as they spin up. The ejected matter is trapped in the magnetic torus formed between the star and the disk, like a tokamak. The tokamak eventully reconnects and magnetic compression forms self-gravitating remnants trapped and compressed by a closed spherical magnetic field, spheromaks. Cooled spheromaks are cryptoplanets. They orbit near the star. They can merge with each other or fall into the star or be ejected. They can grow by accreting gas. They have a low density core and abundances characteristic of the protostar. Their masses, radii, densities, and orbits are random, and are inconsistent with the parameters for planets. They tend to have lower density than planets.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 351, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00109", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00079", "text": "2) is amended in the second sentence by inserting ``, including of dilution under section 43(c),'' after ``register''. (e) Effective Date and Application.--The amendments made by this section shall take effect on the date of enactment of this Act and shall apply only to any application for registration filed on or after January 16, 1996. SEC. 3. REMEDIES IN CASES OF DILUTION OF FAMOUS MARKS. (a) Injunctions.--(1) Section 34(a) of the Trademark Act of 1946 (15 U.S.C. 1116(a)) is amended in the first sentence by striking ``section 43(a)'' and inserting ``subsection (a) or (c) of section 43''. (2) Section 43(c)(2) of the Trademark Act of 1946 (15 U.S.C. 1125(c)(2)) is amended in the first sentence by inserting ``as set forth in section 34'' after ``relief''. (b) Damages.--Section 35(a) of the Trademark Act of 1946 (15 U.S.C. 1117(a)) is amended in the first sentence by striking ``or a violation under section 43(a),'' and inserting ``a violation under section 43(a), or a willful violation under section 43(c),''. (c) Destruction of Articles.--Section 36 of the Trademark Act of 1946 (15 U.S.C. 1118) is amended in the first sentence-- (1) by striking ``or a violation under section 43(a),'' and inserting ``a violation under section 43(a), or a willful violation under section 43(c),''; and (2) by inserting after ``in the case of a violation of section 43(a)'' the following: ``or a willful violation under section 43(c)''. SEC. 4. LIABILITY OF GOVERNMENTS FOR TRADEMARK INFRINGEMENT AND DILUTION. (a) Civil Actions.--Section 32 of the Trademark Act of 1946 (15 U.S.C. 1114) is amended in the last undesignated paragraph in paragraph (1)-- (1) in the first sentence by inserting after ``includes'' the following: ``the United States, all agencies and instrumentalities thereof, and all individuals, firms,", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "causation_01027", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00080", "text": "With the goal of investigating the degree to which the mid-infrared emission traces the star formation rate (SFR), we analyze Spitzer 8 um and 24 um data of star-forming regions in a sample of 33 nearby galaxies with available HST/NICMOS images in the Paschen-alpha (1.8756 um) emission line. The galaxies are drawn from the Spitzer Infrared Nearby Galaxies Survey (SINGS) sample, and cover a range of morphologies and a factor ~10 in oxygen abundance. Published data on local low-metallicity starburst galaxies and Luminous Infrared Galaxies are also included in the analysis. Both the stellar-continuum-subtracted 8 um emission and the 24 um emission correlate with the extinction-corrected Pa-alpha line emission, although neither relationship is linear. Simple models of stellar populations and dust extinction and emission are able to reproduce the observed non-linear trend of the 24 um emission versus number of ionizing photons, including the modest deficiency of 24 um emission in the low metallicity regions, which results from a combination of decreasing dust opacity and dust temperature at low luminosities. Conversely, the trend of the 8 um emission as a function of the number of ionizing photons is not well reproduced by the same models. The 8 um emission is contributed, in larger measure than the 24 um emission, by dust heated by non-ionizing stellar populations, in agreement with previous findings. Two SFR calibrations, one using the 24 um emission and the other using a combination of the 24 um and H-alpha luminosities (Kennicutt et al. 2007), are presented. No calibration is presented for the 8 um emission, of its significant dependence on both metallicity and environment. The calibrations presented here should be directly applicable to systems dominated by on-going star formation.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 384, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00270", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00081", "text": "The effect of Li substitution for Mg and of Li-C co-substitution on the superconducting properties and crystal structure of MgB2 single crystals has been investigated. It has been found that hole doping with Li decreases the superconducting transition temperature Tc, but at a slower rate than electron doping with C or Al. Tc of MgB2 crystals with simultaneously substituted Li for Mg and C for B decreases more than in the case where C is substituted alone. This means that holes introduced by Li cannot counterbalance the effect of decrease of Tc related to introduction of electrons coming from C. The possible reason of it can be that holes coming from Li occupy the pi band while electrons coming from C fill the sigma band. The temperature dependences of the upper critical field Hc2 for Al and Li substituted crystals with the same Tc show a similar dHc2/dT slope at Tc and a similar Hc2(T) behavior, despite of much different substitution level. This indicates that the mechanism controlling Hc2 and Tc is similar in both hole and electron doped crystals. Electrical transport measurements show an increase of resistivity both in Li substituted crystals and in Li and C co-substituted crystals. This indicates enhanced scattering defects introduced by substitutions including distortion of the lattice. The observed behavior can be explained of two effects, influencing both Tc and Hc2. The first one is doping related to the changes in the carrier concentration, which may lead to the decrease or to the increase of Tc. The second one is related to the introduction of new scattering centers leading to the modification of the interband and/or intraband scattering and to changes in the superconducting gaps and to the reduction of Tc.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 351, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00137", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00082", "text": "Using mappings to computer-science problems and by applying sophisticated algorithms, one can study numerically many problems much better compared to applying standard approaches like Monte Carlo simulations. Here, using calculations of ground states of suitable perturbed systems, droplets are obtained in two-dimensional +-J spin glasses, which are in the focus of a currently very lifely debate. a sophisticated matching algorithm is applied here, exact ground states of large systems up to L^2=256^2 spins can be generated. Furthermore, no equilibration or extrapolation to T=0 is necessary. Three different +-J models are studied here: a) with open boundary conditions, b) with fixed boundary conditions and c) a diluted system where a fraction p=0.125 of all bonds is zero. For large systems, the droplet energy shows for all three models a power-law behavior E_D L^\\theta'_D with \\theta'_D<0. This is different from previous studies of domain walls, where a convergence to a constant non-zero value (\\theta_dw=0) has been found for such models. After correcting for the non-compactness of the droplets, the results are likely to be compatible with \\theta_D= -0.29 for all three models. This is in accordance with the Gaussian system where \\theta_D=-0.287(4) (\\nu=3.5 via \\nu=-1/\\theta_D). Nevertheless, the disorder-averaged spin-spin correlation exponent \\eta is determined here via the probability to have a non-zero-energy droplet, and \\eta~0.22$ is found for all three models, this being in contrast to the behavior of the model with Gaussian interactions, where exactly \\eta=0.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 352, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00106", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00083", "text": "It might be hard to believe, but Texas’s voting maps, those lines that decide where your representative district is and what seat you’re voting for, have been in flux for the past six years. As heard on Texas Public Radio Large swaths of the state from Dallas to San Antonio out towards El Paso have had their congressional and state House districts disputed 2011. That’s when the state’s Republican-led legislature re-drew the maps. The Texas Constitution requires the state legislature re-draw these districts after each census, to make sure these geographic boundaries contain the same amount of people. Minority advocacy groups did not like those 2011 maps, and said they were deliberately designed to negatively affect African American and Latino voters. Cue lawsuits, court battles, and then just last month a panel of federal judges ruled three Texas congressional districts were illegal. So after all these years, it’s not surprising many Texans feel like Lelena Fisher, a graphic designer from Austin. Here’s what she told us: “I’ve been wondering about the status of Texas’ redistricting? With all the drawn and redrawn maps, the court cases and all the time that has passed, it’s easy to lose track of this fundamental important issue, Fisher says. To understand where we’re headed, let’s look at where we’ve been. Minority advocacy groups sued the state in response to the maps the Texas legislature approved in 2011. But the 2012 election was just around the corner, so a federal court implemented its own interim maps. The legislature liked those maps, and officially adopted them during the 2013 legislative session. Problem solved, right? No. People like former state-Rep. Trey Martinez Fisher says those maps still intentionally diluted what had been traditional concentrations of Latino and African American voters. “In this instance they said ‘well lets draw some districts that look like minority opportunity districts but they’ll never have the opportunity we can tell from election data that it will never elect a candidate of its choice,” Fisher says. Cue another lawsuit. Martinez Fisher sits on the board of the Mexican American Legislative Caucus and led that 2013 lawsuit against the state. Republican lawmakers disputed the lawsuit’s claims. They said the maps the court had drawn were sufficient and should stand. then the issue has kind of been in limbo. When Texans voted for their statehouse and congressional reps in 2014, they used those maps. The case just sitting in federal court until this past", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00679", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00084", "text": "We consider the possibility that the dark matter, which is required to explain the dynamics of the neutral hydrogen clouds at large distances from the galactic center, could be in the form of a Bose-Einstein condensate. To study the condensate we use the non-relativistic Gross-Pitaevskii equation. By introducing the Madelung representation of the wave function, we formulate the dynamics of the system in terms of the continuity equation and of the hydrodynamic Euler equations. Hence dark matter can be described as a non-relativistic, Newtonian Bose-Einstein gravitational condensate gas, whose density and pressure are related by a barotropic equation of state. In the case of a condensate with quartic non-linearity, the equation of state is polytropic with index $n=1$. To test the validity of the model we fit the Newtonian tangential velocity equation of the model with a sample of rotation curves of low surface brightness and dwarf galaxies, respectively. We find a very good agreement between the theoretical rotation curves and the observational data for the low surface brightness galaxies. The deflection of photons passing through the dark matter halos is also analyzed, and the bending angle of light is computed. The bending angle obtained for the Bose-Einstein condensate is larger than that predicted by standard general relativistic and dark matter models. the study of the light deflection by galaxies and the gravitational lensing could discriminate between the Bose-Einstein condensate dark matter model and other dark matter models.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 308, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00306", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00085", "text": "Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs. (8) A State-level telephone survey, alone or in combination with other techniques, can provide information on a range of topics, including children's social and emotional development, education, health, safety, family income, family employment, and child care. Information addressing marriage and family structure can also be obtained for families with children. Information obtained from such a survey would not be available solely for children or families participating in programs but would be representative of the entire State population and would not only inform welfare policymaking, but policymaking on a range of other important issues, such as child care, child welfare, child health, family formation, and education. SEC. 3. RESEARCH ON INDICATORS OF CHILD WELL-BEING. Section 413 of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 613) is amended by adding at the end the following: ``(k) Indicators of Child Well-Being.-- ``(1) In general.--The Secretary shall develop comprehensive indicators to assess child well-being in each State by directing the Director of the Maternal and Child Health Bureau of the Health Resources and Services Administration (in this subsection referred to as the `Director') to expand the National Survey of Children's Health. ``(2) Requirements.-- ``(A) In general.--The indicators developed under paragraph (1) shall include measures related to the following: ``(i) Education. ``(ii) Social and emotional development. ``(iii) Physical and mental health and safety. ``(iv) Family well-being, such as family structure, income, employment, child care arrangements, and family relationships. ``(B) Collection requirements.--The data collected with respect to the indicators developed under paragraph (1) shall be-- ``(i) statistically representative at the State and National level; ``(ii) consistent across States; ``(iii) collected on an annual basis for at least the 5 years following the first year of collection; ``(iv) measured with reliability; ``(v) current; ``(vi) over-sampled, with respect to low- income children and families, so that subgroup estimates can be produced by a variety of income categories (such as for 50, 100, and 200 percent of the poverty level, and for children of varied ages, such as 0-5, 6-11, and 12-17 years of age); and ``(vii) made publicly available. ``(C) Other requirements.-- ``(i", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00979", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00087", "text": "Let $M$ be a smooth manifold and let $\\F$ be a codimension one, $C^\\infty$ foliation on $M$, with isolated singularities of Morse type. The study and classification of pairs $(M,\\F)$ is a challenging (and difficult) problem. In this setting, a classical result Reeb \\cite{Reeb} states that a manifold admitting a foliation with exactly two center-type singularities is a sphere. In particular this is true if the foliation is given by a function. Along these lines a result Eells and Kuiper \\cite{Ku-Ee} classify manifolds having a real-valued function admitting exactly three non-degenerate singular points. In the present paper, we prove a generalization of the above mentioned results. To do this, we first describe the possible arrangements of pairs of singularities and the corresponding codimension one invariant sets, and then we give an elimination procedure for suitable center-saddle and some saddle-saddle configurations (of consecutive indices). In the second part, we investigate if other classical results, such as Haefliger and Novikov (Compact Leaf) theorems, proved for regular foliations, still hold true in presence of singularities. At this purpose, in the singular set, $Sing(\\F)$ of the foliation $\\F$, we consider {\\em{weakly stable}} components, that we define as those components admitting a neighborhood where all leaves are compact. If $Sing(\\F)$ admits only weakly stable components, given by smoothly embedded curves diffeomorphic to $S^1$, we are able to extend Haefliger's theorem. Finally, the existence of a closed curve, transverse to the foliation, leads us to state a Novikov-type result.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 366, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00008", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00088", "text": "of the Treasury, after consultation with the Governor or other chief executive of the State, the District of Columbia, or territory with respect to which a coin is to be issued under this subsection. ``(B) Design.--Each of the designs required under this subsection shall be selected by the Secretary after-- ``(i) consultation with-- ``(I) the Governor or other chief executive of the State, the District of Columbia, or territory with respect to which a coin is to be issued under this subsection; and ``(II) the Commission of Fine Arts; and ``(ii) review by the Citizens Coinage Advisory Committee. ``(C) Selection and approval process.--Proposals for designs for $1 coins under this subsection may be submitted in accordance with the design selection and approval process developed by the Secretary in the sole discretion of the Secretary. ``(D) Standards.--it is important that the Nation's coinage and currency bear dignified designs of which the citizens of the United States can be proud, the Secretary shall not select any frivolous or inappropriate design for any $1 coin minted under this subsection. ``(E) Prohibition on certain representations.--No head and shoulders portrait or bust of any person and no portrait of a living person may be included in the design of any coin issued under this subsection. ``(5) Treatment as numismatic items.--For purposes of sections 5134 and 5136, all $1 coins minted under this subsection shall be considered to be numismatic items. ``(6) Issuance of numismatic coins.--The Secretary may mint and issue such number of $1 coins of each design selected under this subsection in uncirculated and proof qualities as the Secretary determines to be appropriate. ``(7) Termination of program.--The issuance of coins under this subsection shall terminate when one innovation, an individual innovator, or a group of innovators, from each State, the District of Columbia, and each territory has been honored and may not be resumed except by an Act of Congress.''. Speaker of the House of Representatives. Vice President of the United States and President of the Senate.", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 423, "matched_pair_id": "causation_01128", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00089", "text": "Secretary as such, taking into consideration-- (A) whether local law enforcement agencies in that county have the resources to protect the lives, property, safety, or welfare of the residents of that county; (B) the relationship between the failure of the United States to secure its borders and the rise, if any, of criminal activity in that county; and (C) any other unique challenges that local law enforcement face a lack of security along the United States border. (3) Secretary.--The term ``Secretary'' means the Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security. (e) Authorization of Appropriations.-- (1) In general.--There are authorized to be appropriated $30,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2006 through 2010 to carry out the provisions of this section. (2) Division of authorized funds.--Of the amounts authorized under paragraph (1)-- (A) \\2/3\\ shall be set aside for eligible law enforcement agencies located in the 6 States with the largest number of undocumented alien apprehensions; and (B) \\1/3\\ shall be set aside for areas designated as a High Impact Area under subsection (d). (f) Supplement Not Supplant.--Amounts appropriated for grants under this section shall be used to supplement and not supplant other State and local public funds obligated for the purposes provided under this Act. SEC. 4. REPORT REQUIREMENT. Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the Comptroller General of the United States shall submit a written report to Congress describing the costs incurred by State and local law enforcement agencies in connection with-- (1) criminal activity related to such agencies' proximity to the United States border with-- (A) Canada; or (B) Mexico; and (2) the failure of the Federal Government to secure the borders of the United States. SEC. 5. ENFORCEMENT OF FEDERAL IMMIGRATION LAW. Nothing in this Act shall be construed to authorize State or local law enforcement agencies or their officers to exercise Federal immigration law enforcement authority.", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 422, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00932", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00090", "text": "he cited anonymous sources to identify the leader of a local cartel as the mastermind. But this turned deadly. \"Our comments sections [on the blog] are open, so it has become routine for us to receive threats there,\" says Morgan. Rodriguez's final column had five comments on it. Four were threats. Among expletives, one comment ominously reads, \"You're lighting the candles for your own funeral, Max.\" Three days later, Rodriguez was dead. His bullet-riddled car was the exact kind of crime scene he would have run to cover, camera phone in hand. On Sunday night, the state attorney general's office said that ballistics tests showed that the firearm used against Rodriguez was the same one used in the killing of the police officer that Rodriguez had covered a week earlier. The investigation points toward Rodriguez being targeted for his work. President Enrique Peña Nieto was elected in 2012, 31 journalists have been murdered in Mexico. Dozens more have been threatened or attacked. Reporters under threat have become hardened to this reality. \"When I hear of another murder, I just think 'who's next?' \" says Noe Zavaleta, a reporter in Veracruz state. \"It sounds crude to say, but it's the way I have to think about it now.\" Zavaleta knows the danger of reporting well, as 20 journalists have been murdered in his home state 2010. He began writing for the investigative magazine Proceso after his predecessor, Regina Martinez, was strangled to death in her home. One of his best friends and colleagues, photojournalist Ruben Espinoza, was murdered in Mexico City after seeking refuge there. But Zavaleta is back in Veracruz after briefly fleeing to Mexico City for his safety. \"Things haven't changed — if anything, it's gotten worse,\" he says. \"But this is what I know how to do, and I refuse to leave of intimidation. Maybe it's pride or my ego, but I won't leave.\" The Mexican government recently has beefed up protection measures for journalists, as well as a specialized unit that investigates these types of crimes. But journalists don't just need protection from organized crime. \"[These protections] feel imaginary, I have filed complaints about threats I have received from government authorities and their cronies,\" says Zavaleta. \"I don't expect them to go anywhere, but I file them anyway so that", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 496, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00626", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00091", "text": "Year 2005 was the World Year of Physics, and it was commemorated worldwide as the 100th anniversary of Albert Einstein's legendary works in which the foundations of at least three areas of modern physics were laid: statistical mechanics, quantum mechanics and special relativity. These works turned year 1905 in what deservedly was called the \"miraculous year\" (annus mirabilis) of Einstein. However, the influence of this great mind was not limited to science. As it is well known, his fingerprint remains engraved in many aspects of our daily life. of that, in this work we have tried to cover almost all the subjects in which Einstein was involved during the last century and, of course, try and reveal the future projection his actions will have in this new century that has just begun. Among the subjects covered in the volume one can find the possible connection between Einstein and the artistic vanguard movement, his religiosity, his days in Argentina, the Nobel Prize, the Einstein-Freud correspondence, his pacifism and the nuclear energy, science and politics under the Second Empire and the Weimar Republic, and even a description of his patents and experiments, the studies performed to search for \"built-in\" features in his brain and the doubts many had regarding whether Einstein was a genius or a crank. Also included are essays on Einstein and Borges, philosophy and relativity, Mach's principle, the relation among science, arts and humanities, and, closer to Einstein's own theoretical research, the twin paradox, chance and quantum mechanics, the arrow of time, gravitational lenses, string theory, holography and black holes, gravitomagnetism, superconductivity, gravitational waves, the photoelectric effect and the alternative theories for gravitation.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 356, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00309", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00092", "text": "SALT LAKE CITY (AP) — A judge has dismissed a lawsuit filed by a Utah Muslim leader who said he was wrongly placed on a government watch list and temporarily blocked from leaving Kenya with his family last summer. The lengthy screening process undergone by Yussuf Abdi on flights the trip is inconvenient but not unconstitutional, U.S. District Judge Dee Benson wrote in the decision Monday. While the right to travel is protected by the Constitution, \"the Supreme Court has not recognized a right to convenient or unimpeded travel,\" Benson wrote. Lawyers for Abdi, an imam and U.S. citizen, said the screening is more than an inconvenience. They haven't decided if they'll appeal the ruling. \"As Yussuf Abdi's experience makes clear, being on a terrorist watch list can separate citizens from their families,\" attorney Gadeir Abbas said Tuesday. The lawsuit helped bring Abdi home from Kenya last year, and air travel has been easier for him the case was filed, Abbas said. The suit was filed after Abdi went to Kenya to bring back his wife and five children, who had received visa approval to join him in the U.S. Abdi was initially blocked from boarding the plane back to the U.S. but was eventually allowed to return two days later, after his lawyers went to court and the U.S. attorney's office in Utah intervened on his behalf. then, he's taken three trips, including a religious pilgrimage to Saudi Arabia, and been subjected to long security checks that indicate he's on a government list of people identified for extra scrutiny, according to court documents. The lawsuit alleged Abdi was added to a watch list in 2014 that let him fly but required extra security measures. He asked to be removed, arguing he had no criminal record and no reason to be on the list. Abdi has lived in Utah for six years and is the imam of Salt Lake City's Madina Masjid Islamic Center.", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 397, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00720", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00093", "text": "The First Amendment gives Americans freedom of speech, however, it does not give citizens freedom from consequences of their speech, says tech author and BlogHer co-founder Elisa Camahort Page. Recently, a Google engineer was fired after releasing a controversial memo stating women don't advance in the tech industry of biological differences. Page uses this issue to shed light on how companies can manage free expression in the workplace. SEE: Employee political activity policy (Tech Pro Research) In the situation of the Google memo, the employee was fired not he broke a law, but he broke a company policy. \"When people talk about having open discourse and people being able to be free to express their opinions, what they mean is about 'how to develop a product' or 'how to address company services,' Page said. \"They want to have alternative points of view around making the best possible product.\" This freedom of expression in the workplace isn't an excuse to get into political debates, and most companies don't want you to do that, she said. It also becomes a liability issue for a company when its employees make derogatory comments about their colleagues—especially in an environment where collaboration is critical—it affects employees' comfort levels and deters the best talent. SEE: Hostile workplace prevention policy (Tech Pro Research) Page suggested that companies of every size should have a code of conduct about internal and external communications. Companies need have policies in place about the type of speech that's appropriate for their employees about their colleagues. Employees should also know that they represent the company when talking about anything relevant to their industry. \"This should be normal for companies and employees to understand,\" she said. Page said that all companies with over 50 employees should have an HR manager. Once a company reaches that size, there are a lot more policies and regulations that need to be put in place. \"There are baseline HR things that you should do at every company, that's the biggest lesson, and if you're not doing them, you're missing out.\" Discover the secrets to IT leadership success with these tips on project management, budgets, and dealing with day-to-day challenges. Subscribe to TechRepublic's Executive Briefing newsletter. Subscribe See also:", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 443, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00556", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00094", "text": "1128A (other than subsections (a) and (b)) shall apply to a civil money penalty under this paragraph in the same manner as such provisions apply to a penalty or proceeding under section 1128A. ``(C) Public notice of violations.-- ``(i) Internet site.--The Secretary shall publish on the Internet site of the Department of Health and Human Services the names of participating hospitals on which civil money penalties have been imposed under this section, the violation for which the penalty was imposed, and such additional information as the Secretary determines appropriate. ``(ii) Change of ownership.--With respect to a participating hospital that had a change in ownership, as determined by the Secretary, penalties imposed on the hospital while under previous ownership shall no longer be published by the Secretary of such Internet site after the 1-year period beginning on the date of change in ownership. ``(f) Whistle-Blower Protections.-- ``(1) Prohibition of discrimination and retaliation.--A participating hospital shall not discriminate or retaliate in any manner against any patient or employee of the hospital that patient or employee, or any other person, has presented a grievance or complaint, or has initiated or cooperated in any investigation or proceeding of any kind, relating to the staffing system or other requirements and prohibitions of this section. ``(2) Relief for prevailing employees.--An employee of a participating hospital who has been discriminated or retaliated against in employment in violation of this subsection may initiate judicial action in a United States District Court and shall be entitled to reinstatement, reimbursement for lost wages and work benefits related to the unlawful acts of the employing hospital. Prevailing employees are entitled to reasonable attorney's fees and costs associated with pursuing the case. ``(3) Relief for prevailing patients.--A patient who has been discriminated or retaliated against in violation of this subsection may initiate judicial action in a United States District Court. A prevailing patient shall be entitled to liquidated damages of $5,000 for a violation of this statute in addition to any other damages under other applicable statutes, regulations or common law. Prevailing patients are entitled to reasonable attorney's fees and costs associated with pursuing the case. ``(4) Limitation on actions.--No action may be brought under paragraph (2) or (3) more than 2 years after the discrimination or retaliation with respect to which the action is brought. ``(5) Treatment of adverse employment actions.--For purposes of this subsection-- ``(A) an adverse employment action", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00990", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00095", "text": "(5) work and consult with domestic and international actors such as foreign governments, nongovernmental organizations, museums, educational institutions, research institutions, and the U.S. Committee of the Blue Shield on efforts to promote and protect international cultural property. SEC. 5. INFORMATION ON ACTIVITIES TO PROTECT INTERNATIONAL CULTURAL PROPERTY. (a) Information on Activities of the Department of State To Protect International Cultural Property.--The Secretary of State shall submit to the White House Coordinator for International Cultural Property Protection information on efforts of the Department of State to protect international cultural property, including-- (1) activities undertaken pursuant to the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, including-- (A) procedures the Department has instituted to protect international cultural property at risk of destruction political instability, armed conflict, or natural or other disasters; and (B) actions the Department has taken to protect international cultural property in conflicts to which the United States is a party; and (2) actions the Department has taken to protect international cultural property pursuant to other cultural property protection statutes, international agreements, or policies. (b) Information on Activities of USAID To Protect International Cultural Property.--The Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) shall submit to the White House Coordinator for International Cultural Property Protection information on efforts of USAID to protect international cultural property, including activities and coordination with other Federal agencies, international organizations, and nongovernmental organizations regarding the protection of international cultural property at risk of destruction political unrest, armed conflict, natural or other disasters, and USAID development programs. (c) Information on Activities of the Department of Defense To Protect International Cultural Property.--The Secretary of Defense shall submit to the White House Coordinator for International Cultural Property Protection information on efforts of the Department of Defense to protect international cultural property, including activities undertaken pursuant to the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, other cultural protection statutes, and international agreements, including-- (1) directives, policies, and regulations the Department has instituted to protect international cultural property at risk of destruction political instability, armed conflict, or natural or other disasters; and (2) actions the Department has taken to protect international cultural property, including actions to avoid damage to cultural property through construction activities abroad. (d) Information on Activities of the Department of Justice To Protect International Cultural Property.--The Attorney General, in consultation with the Secretary of Homeland Security", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 494, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00852", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00096", "text": "Spitzer is an Earth-trailing orbit, losing about 0.1 AU/yr, it is excellently located to perform microlens parallax observations toward the Magellanic Clouds (LMC/SMC) and the Galactic bulge. These yield the so-called ``projected velocity'' of the lens, which can distinguish statistically among different populations. A few such measurements toward the LMC/SMC would reveal the nature of the lenses being detected in this direction (dark halo objects, or ordinary LMC/SMC stars). Cool Spitzer has already made one such measurement of a (rare) bright red-clump source, but warm (presumably less oversubscribed) Spitzer could devote the extra time required to obtain microlens parallaxes for the more common, but fainter, turnoff sources. Warm Spitzer could observe bulge microlenses for 38 days per year, which would permit up to 24 microlens parallaxes per year. This would yield interesting information on the disk mass function, particularly old brown dwarfs, which at present are inaccessible by other techniques. Target-of-Opportunity (TOO) observations should be divided into RTOO/DTOO, i.e., ``regular'' and ``disruptive'' TOOs, as pioneered by the Space Interferometry Mission (SIM). LMC/SMC parallax measurements would be DTOO, but bulge measurements would be RTOO, i.e., they could be scheduled in advance, without knowing exactly which star was to be observed.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 321, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00291", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00097", "text": "We report on the results from the observations in very high energy band (VHE, E_gamma > 100 GeV) of the black hole X-ray binary (BHXB) Cygnus X-1. The observations were performed with the MAGIC telescope, for a total of 40 hours during 26 nights, spanning the period between June and November 2006. Searches for steady gamma-ray signals yielded no positive result and upper limits to the integral flux ranging between 1 and 2% of the Crab nebula flux, depending on the energy, have been established. We also analyzed each observation night independently, obtaining evidence of gamma-ray signals at the 4.0 standard deviations (sigma) significance level (3.2 sigma after trial correction) for 154 minutes effective on-time (EOT) on September 24 between 20h58 and 23h41 UTC, coinciding with an X-ray flare seen by RXTE, Swift and INTEGRAL. A search for faster-varying signals within a night resulted in an excess with a significance of 4.9 sigma (4.1 sigma after trial correction) for 79 minutes EOT between 22h17 and 23h41 UTC. The measured excess is compatible with a point-like source at the position of Cygnus X-1, and excludes the nearby radio nebula powered by its relativistic jet. The differential energy spectrum is well fitted by an unbroken power-law described by dN/(dA dt dE) = (2.3+- 0.6) x 10^{-12} (E/1 TeV)^{-3.2 +- 0.6}. This is the first experimental evidence of VHE emission from a stellar-mass black hole, and from a confirmed accreting X-ray binary.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 370, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00378", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00098", "text": "In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the specific heat $C$ of insulators and semiconductors of the availability of samples with different isotopic masses and the possibility of performing \\textit{ab initio} calculations of its temperature dependence $C(T)$ using as a starting point the electronic band structure. Most of the crystals investigated are elemental (e.g., germanium) or binary (e.g., gallium nitride) semiconductors. The initial electronic calculations were performed in the local density approximation and did not include spin-orbit interaction. Agreement between experimental and calculated results was usually found to be good, except for crystals containing heavy atoms (e.g., PbS) for which discrepancies of the order of 20% existed at the low temperature maximum found for $C/T^3$. It has been conjectured that this discrepancies result from the neglect of spin-orbit interaction which is large for heavy atoms ($\\Delta_0\\sim$1.3eV for the $p$ valence electrons of atomic lead). Here we discuss measurements and \\textit{ab initio} calculations of $C(T)$ for crystalline bismuth ($\\Delta_0\\sim$1.7 eV), strictly speaking a semimetal but in the temperature region accessible to us ($T >$ 2K) acting as a semiconductor. We extend experimental data available in the literature and notice that the \\textit{ab initio} calculations without spin-orbit interaction exhibit a maximum at $\\sim$8K, about 20% lower than the measured one. Inclusion of spin-orbit interaction decreases the discrepancy markedly: The maximum of $C(T)$ is now only 7% larger than the measured one. Exact agreement is obtained if the spin-orbit hamiltonian is reduced by a factor of $\\sim$0.8.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 382, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00250", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00099", "text": "date of enactment of this Act shall be maintained. SEC. 6. WATER. (a) Findings, Purpose, and Definition.-- (1) Findings.--Congress finds that-- (A) the lands designated as wilderness or a Special Management Area by this Act are located at the headwaters of the streams and rivers on those lands, with few, if any, actual or proposed water resource facilities located upstream from such lands and few, if any, opportunities for diversion, storage, or other uses of water occurring outside such lands that would adversely affect the wilderness values of such lands; (B) the lands designated as wilderness or Special Management Area by this Act are not suitable for use for development of new water resource facilities, or for the expansion of existing facilities; and (C) it is possible to provide for proper management and protection of the wilderness value of such lands in ways different from those utilized in other legislation designating as wilderness lands not sharing the attributes of the lands designated as wilderness or Special Management Area by this Act. (2) Purpose.--The purpose of this section is to protect the wilderness values of the lands designated as wilderness or Special Management Area by this Act by means other than those based on a Federal reserved water right. (3) Definition.--As used in this section, the term ``water resource facility'' means irrigation and pumping facilities, reservoirs, water conservation works, aqueducts, canals, ditches, pipelines, wells, hydropower projects, and transmission and other ancillary facilities, and other water diversion, storage, and carriage structures. (b) Restrictions on Rights and Disclaimer of Effect.-- (1) Water rights claims.--Neither the Secretary of Agriculture nor the Secretary of the Interior, nor any other officer, employee, representative, or agent of the United States, nor any other person, shall assert in any court or agency, nor shall any court or agency consider, any claim to or for water or water rights in the State of Colorado, which is based on any construction of any portion of this Act, or the designation of any lands as wilderness or Special Management Area by this Act, as constituting an express or implied reservation of water or water rights. (2) No affect on water rights.--Nothing in this Act shall be construed as a creation, recognition, disclaimer, relinquishment, or reduction of any water rights of the United States in the State of Colorado existing before the date of enactment of this Act. (3)", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00847", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00100", "text": "The ``trans-Planckian'' challenge in cosmology appears when we trace the present physical wavelengths of fluctuations backwards in time. They become smaller and smaller until crossing the Planck scale where conventional QFT is challenged, so that unknown ultraviolet physics may be traced in the observable cosmological fluctuations. Usually this issue is addressed in the inflationary context, but trans-Planckian reasoning is much broader. We examine this logic in a simple example of scalar quantum field theory in the expanding and contracting Milne universes, where wavelengths of the eigenmodes are red- or blue-shifted. Trans-Planckian modifications of QFT should result in a UV-dependent VeV of the energy momentum tensor of a scalar field in the Milne universe. On the other hand, the Milne universe is another coordinate systems of flat Minkowski space-time, and the covariant energy momentum tensor should be the same (but vacuum-dependent) in different coordinates of flat space time. We explicitly demonstrate that in conventional QFT the energy momentum tensor, choosing the adiabatic vacuum, is identical to zero in Minkowski coordinates, and remains zero in the contracting Milne universe ( non-trivial cancellations of contributions from particles which appear in the accelerating frame and from vacuum polarization there). In contrast to this, the trans-Planckian modification of the energy momentum tensor is not motivated. We provide a similar argument for the expanding Milne universe, where the energy momentum tensor in the conformal vacuum is non-zero. Similar arguments are applicable for other cosmological models where the curvature is much lower than Planckian which produces conflicts with trans-Planckian considerations.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 335, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00357", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00101", "text": "consistent with the stated objectives of applicable statutes, the agency shall consider the following factors: ``(1) The continued need for the rule. ``(2) The nature of complaints or comments received concerning the rule from the public. ``(3) The complexity of the rule. ``(4) The extent to which the rule overlaps, duplicates, or conflicts with other Federal rules, and, to the extent feasible, with State and local governmental rules. ``(5) The length of time the rule has been evaluated or the degree to which technology, economic conditions, or other factors have changed in the area affected by the rule. ``(e) Cost-Benefit Analysis.--The review shall include a cost- benefit analysis of the rule, using the standard cost-benefit methodology included in Office of Management and Budget Circular A-4 (relating to regulatory analysis and issued September 17, 2003). The cost-benefit analysis shall include an identification and consideration of a range of less costly regulatory alternatives. ``(f) Publication of List of Rules to Be Reviewed.--Each year, each agency shall publish in the Federal Register a list of the major rules which are to be reviewed pursuant to this section during the succeeding 12 months and which are to be included in the accounting statement and associated report submitted to Congress by the Director of the Office of Management and Budget under paragraph (4) of section 624(a) of the Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act, 2001 (as added by section 3 of the Major Regulation Cost Review Act of 2004). The list shall include a brief description of each such major rule and the need for and legal basis of such rule, and shall invite public comment upon the rule. ``(g) Major Rule Defined.--In this section, the term `major rule' has the meaning provided by section 804 of this title.''. (b) Clerical Amendment.--The table of sections for chapter 6 of title 5, United States Code, is amended by inserting after the item relating to section 610 the following new item: ``610a. Periodic review of major rules.''. SEC. 3. REQUIREMENTS FOR OMB RELATING TO ANNUAL ACCOUNTING STATEMENT. (a) Requirement to Include List of Rules to Be Reviewed in Annual Accounting Statement.--Section 624(a) of the Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act, 2001 (as enacted into law by Public Law 106-554; 114 Stat.", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00956", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00102", "text": "preponderance of negative studies of antidepressants in pediatric populations''. The Surgeon General's report said of stimulant medication like Ritalin, ``However, psychostimulants do not appear to achieve long-term changes in outcomes such as peer relationships, social or academic skills, or school achievement.''. (11) The Food and Drug Administration finally acknowledged by issuing its most severe Black Box Warnings in September 2004, that the newer antidepressants are related to suicidal thoughts and actions in children and that this data was hidden for years. A confirmatory review of that data published in 2006 by Columbia University's department of psychiatry, which is also the originator of the TeenScreen instrument, found that ``in children and adolescents (aged 6-18 years), antidepressant drug treatment was significantly associated with suicide attempts... and suicide deaths.... ''. The Food and Drug Administration had over 2000 reports of completed suicides from 1987 to 1995 for the drug Prozac alone, which by the agency's own calculations represent but a fraction of the suicides. Prozac is the only such drug approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in children. (12) Other possible side effects of psychiatric medication used in children include mania, violence, dependence, weight gain, and insomnia from the newer antidepressants; cardiac toxicity including lethal arrhythmias from the older antidepressants; growth suppression, psychosis, and violence from stimulants; and diabetes from the newer anti-psychotic medications. (13) Parents are already being coerced to put their children on psychiatric medications and some children are dying of it. Universal or mandatory mental health screening and the accompanying treatments recommended by the President's New Freedom Commission on Mental Health will only increase that problem. Across the country, Patricia Weathers, the Carroll Family, the Johnston Family, and the Salazar Family were all charged or threatened with child abuse charges for refusing or taking their children off of psychiatric medications. (14) The United States Supreme Court in Pierce versus Society of Sisters (268 U.S. 510 (1925)) held that parents have a right to direct the education and upbringing of their children. (15) Universal or mandatory mental health screening violates the right of parents to direct and control the upbringing of their children. (16) Federal funds should never be used to support programs that could lead to the increased over-medication of children, the stigmatization of children and adults", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 494, "matched_pair_id": "causation_01088", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00103", "text": "quit apps on a regular basis. 3. How to quickly swipe to the previously used app on the iPhone X The Home Indicator at the bottom of the screen gives you many capabilities at a single tap or swipe. Swiping from left to right on the Home Indicator will launch the previously used app from the App Switcher without the need to open the App Switcher. This feature is very useful on the iPhone and greatly improves multitasking capabilities it lets you jump between apps quickly and efficiently. SEE: Cybersecurity in an IoT and mobile world (ZDNet special report) | Download the report as a PDF (TechRepublic) 4. How to enable Reachability on the iPhone X Reachability is an accessibility feature that can be enabled on previous iPhone models by double-tapping on the Home Button to slide the top of the screen down by half the screen to make top items more reachable while holding the device with one hand. With the Home Button gone, this feature has changed slightly and is not enabled by default. To enable Reachability in iOS 11.1.1, follow these steps. Open the Settings app. Navigate to General | Accessibility. Enable the option for Reachability (Figure B). Figure B To use Reachability once it's enabled, swipe down on the Home Indicator at the bottom of the screen. You'll see the current app slide half way down the screen, giving you easier access to reach the items at the top of the screen. 5. How to manage the iPhone X's Home Screen On an iPhone X, you may be wondering how to exit out of Home Screen arranging mode (aka jiggly mode). First, enter this mode by tapping and holding on an icon or folder on the Home Screen. The icons will begin wiggling, and you can rearrange them. To exit this mode, swipe up from the bottom like you would to exit to the Home Screen from an app. In iOS 11.1.1, a Done button appears in the top right corner of the screen in the status bar area—Tapping this button will also exit editing mode. For more iPhone tips and tricks, subscribe to our Apple Weekly newsletter. Subscribe Also see", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 441, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00518", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00104", "text": "to any person or, through the use of fire, a firearm, or an explosive or incendiary device, attempts to cause bodily injury to any person, of the actual or perceived religion, national origin, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity or disability of any person-- ``(i) shall be imprisoned not more than 10 years, fined in accordance with this title, or both; and ``(ii) shall be imprisoned for any term of years or for life, fined in accordance with this title, or both, if-- ``(I) death results from the offense; or ``(II) the offense includes kidnaping or an attempt to kidnap, aggravated sexual abuse or an attempt to commit aggravated sexual abuse, or an attempt to kill. ``(B) Circumstances described.--For purposes of subparagraph (A), the circumstances described in this subparagraph are that-- ``(i) the conduct described in subparagraph (A) occurs during the course of, or as the result of, the travel of the defendant or the victim-- ``(I) across a State line or national border; or ``(II) using a channel, facility, or instrumentality of interstate or foreign commerce; ``(ii) the defendant uses a channel, facility, or instrumentality of interstate or foreign commerce in connection with the conduct described in subparagraph (A); ``(iii) in connection with the conduct described in subparagraph (A), the defendant employs a firearm, explosive or incendiary device, or other weapon that has traveled in interstate or foreign commerce; or ``(iv) the conduct described in subparagraph (A)-- ``(I) interferes with commercial or other economic activity in which the victim is engaged at the time of the conduct; or ``(II) otherwise affects interstate or foreign commerce. ``(b) Certification Requirement.--No prosecution of any offense described in this subsection may be undertaken by the United States, except under the certification in writing of the Attorney General, the Deputy Attorney General, the Associate Attorney General, or any Assistant Attorney General specially designated by the Attorney General that-- ``(1) such certifying individual has reasonable cause to believe that the actual or perceived race, color, religion, national origin, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability of any person was a motivating factor underlying the alleged conduct of the defendant; and ``(2) such certifying individual has consulted with State or local law enforcement officials regarding the prosecution and determined that-- ``(A) the State does not have jurisdiction or does not intend to exercise", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "causation_01050", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00105", "text": "of it, is now there's a proliferation of SaaS vendors out there, when in the early days it was the big boys like the Workdays, and Salesforce and the likes. There's not a SaaS application for everything, for every business function, for every industry, no matter how large or small, and so there's really this thirst or appetite for the business to get in and self-serve, even if IT's not willing to be a part of that journey. Patterson: Can you give us a profile of some of the IT and business technology decision makers who are now involved in the process of adopting SaaS solutions for the enterprise? SEE: Vendor Relationship Policy (Tech Pro Research) Duguid: Certainly, it's the typical players, so it's everything from the CIO down to the VP's and directors of IT within an organization, but more importantly now what we're starting to see is a lot of decisions being made by what we call line of business IT. Essentially, very smart technology-focused individuals within a particular department. So, for example, in the sales department, you'll typically find a Salesforce administrator whose responsible for the deployment, the management, the feeding and nurturing of their Salesforce CRM, and so you're starting to see a lot more of that type of role turn up within an organization, whether they're responsible for Salesforce's CRM, your human capital management systems or the likes, but it's more of a de-centralized type of IT and larger organizations. Patterson: Ryan, I wonder if you could leave us with a forecast, perhaps the next 6, 12, 18, months in the growth of not just SaaS, but the cloud, the multi-cloud and post-GDPR? Duguid: Ha ha, post-GDPR. You know, I guess GDPR and other associated compliance requirements are sort of the stick that people wave to try and slow this down, but at the end of the day, the prediction I'd give is there's no stopping this, right? This is how technology is delivered to the business now. It meets the needs of the business, the pace, it helps people tackle digital transformation, get ahead of disruptive competitors in the marketplace, and so I think you're just going to see more and more, and from our perspective at Nintex what we're really fascinated by is the concept of IT and the business working together, where IT is empowering the business to get", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00550", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00106", "text": "We compute solutions of the Lagrangian-Averaged Navier-Stokes alpha-model (LANS) for significantly higher Reynolds numbers (up to Re 8300) than have previously been accomplished. This allows sufficient separation of scales to observe a Navier-Stokes (NS) inertial range followed by a 2nd LANS inertial range. The analysis of the third-order structure function scaling supports the predicted l^3 scaling; it corresponds to a k^(-1) scaling of the energy spectrum. The energy spectrum itself shows a different scaling which goes as k^1. This latter spectrum is consistent with the absence of stretching in the sub-filter scales the Taylor frozen-in hypothesis employed as a closure in the derivation of LANS. These two scalings are conjectured to coexist in different spatial portions of the flow. The l^3 (E(k) k^(-1)) scaling is subdominant to k^1 in the energy spectrum, but the l^3 scaling is responsible for the direct energy cascade, as no cascade can result from motions with no internal degrees of freedom. We verify the prediction for the size of the LANS attractor resulting from this scaling. From this, we give a methodology either for arriving at grid-independent solutions for LANS, or for obtaining a formulation of a LES optimal in the context of the alpha models. The fully converged grid-independent LANS may not be the best approximation to a direct numerical simulation of the NS equations the minimum error is a balance between truncation errors and the approximation error using LANS instead of the primitive equations. Furthermore, the small-scale behavior of LANS contributes to a reduction of flux at constant energy, leading to a shallower energy spectrum for large alpha. These small-scale features, do not preclude LANS to reproduce correctly the intermittency properties of high Re flow.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 373, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00075", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00107", "text": "In the context of measuring structure and morphology of intermediate redshift galaxies with recent HST/ACS surveys, we tune, test, and compare two widely used fitting codes (GALFIT and GIM2D) for fitting single-component Sersic models to the light profiles of both simulated and real galaxy data. We find that fitting accuracy depends sensitively on galaxy profile shape. Exponential disks are well fit with Sersic models and have small measurement errors, whereas fits to de Vaucouleurs profiles show larger uncertainties the large amount of light at large radii. We find that both codes provide reliable fits and little systematic error, when the effective surface brightness is above that of the sky. Moreover, both codes return errors that significantly underestimate the true fitting uncertainties, which are best estimated with simulations. We find that GIM2D suffers significant systematic errors for spheroids with close companions the difficulty of effectively masking out neighboring galaxy light; there appears to be no work around to this important systematic in GIM2D's current implementation. While this crowding error affects only a small fraction of galaxies in GEMS, it must be accounted for in the analysis of deeper cosmological images or of more crowded fields with GIM2D. In contrast, GALFIT results are robust to the presence of neighbors it can simultaneously fit the profiles of multiple companions thereby deblending their effect on the fit to the galaxy of interest. We find GALFIT's robustness to nearby companions and factor of >~20 faster runtime speed are important advantages over GIM2D for analyzing large HST/ACS datasets. Finally we include our final catalog of fit results for all 41,495 objects detected in GEMS.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 343, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00102", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00108", "text": "U.S. law enforcement and intelligence agencies intercepted the communications around the same time they were discovering evidence that Russia was trying to disrupt the presidential election by hacking into the Democratic National Committee, three of the officials said, according to the Times. The intelligence agencies then sought to learn whether the Trump campaign was colluding with the Russians on the hacking or other efforts to influence the election, the newspaper said. The officials interviewed in recent weeks said they had seen no evidence of such cooperation so far, it said. However, the intercepts alarmed U.S. intelligence and law enforcement agencies, in part of the amount of contact that was occurring while Trump was speaking glowingly about Russian President Vladimir Putin. The intercepted calls are different from the wiretapped conversations last year between Michael Flynn, Trump's former national security adviser, and Sergei I. Kislyak, the Russian ambassador to the United States, the Times said. During those calls, the two men discussed sanctions that the Obama administration imposed on Russia in December. Flynn misled the White House about those calls and was asked to resign on Monday night. The White House did not immediately respond to a request from Reuters for comment on the Times story. The Times reported that the officials said the intercepted communications were not limited to Trump campaign officials, and included other Trump associates. On the Russian side, the contacts also included members of the Russian government outside the intelligence services, the officials told the Times. All of the current and former officials spoke on the condition of anonymity the continuing investigation is classified, the newspaper reported. The officials said one of the advisers picked up on the calls was Paul Manafort, who was Trump's campaign chairman for several months last year and had worked as a political consultant in Russia and Ukraine, the Times said. The officials declined to identify the other Trump associates on the calls. Manafort, who has not been charged with any crimes, dismissed the accounts of the U.S. officials in a telephone interview with the Times on Tuesday. Several of Trump's associates, like Manafort, have done business in Russia. It is not unusual for U.S. businessmen to come in contact with foreign intelligence officials, sometimes unwittingly, in countries like Russia and Ukraine, where the spy services are deeply embedded in society, according to the Times. Law enforcement officials did not say to what extent the contacts may have been about business, the Times said. Officials would not disclose many details, including what was discussed on the calls, which Russian intelligence officials were on the calls,", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00576", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00109", "text": "Illegal Aryan,\" who wrote on the white supremacist site Daily Stormer last month, \"See you in Charlottesville!\" \"Illegal Aryan,\" real name Mark Daniel Reardon, was identified by an antifascist group this spring and confirmed on Daily Stormer that he lost his job . Another identified marcher, who has repeatedly tweeted holocaust denials and says he is a member of the Proud Boys, said on Twitter he was at Charlottesville. After he was identified, he said he's received death threats. Of course, there's a long and not entirely noble tradition of online humiliation for perceived moral trespasses. Jon Ronson, who literally wrote the book on the phenomenon (it's called So You've Been Publicly Shamed), chimed in on Twitter to give his take on the public identification of the white supremacists, white nationalists and neo-Nazis marching in Charlottesville. \"They were undisguised in a massively contentious rally surrounded by the media,\" he said, noting also that there's \"a big difference\" between making a thoughtless or offensive comment online and marching in the name of white power. That said, Twitter is \"a terrible information swapping service,\" he said, and some innocent people would inevitably get caught up in the process. Indeed, the \"Yes You're Racist\" account has made, and acknowledged, some mistakes. One of the photos it examined was from a previous Trump rally, not the Charlottesville march or rally. (That image featured a man wearing a Nazi armband. He said on Youtube he wore it as a \"social experiment\" to prove that \"not all Trump supporters are Nazis. I went to the Trump rally as a Nazi and they kicked me out and disavowed me... I dressed up as a Nazi to prove a point, not to spread a message of hate.\") Another photo was misidentified as the white supremacist Billy Roper. Roper, who has called for non-white races to be \"eliminated\" or \"become extinct,\" did not actually attend the Charlottesville event. Roper, who is vehemently anti-Semitic, objected to the fact that one of the speakers at the event works with a Jewish fundraiser. Roper wrote on his blog that he actively contributed to the confusion over the identity of the \"Arkansas Engineering\" marcher: \"Early on in the game, I decided to troll them by alternately confirming then denying that I was the person in the picture, in order to", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00636", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00110", "text": ") proposed in the management plan; (B) approved by the Secretary in accordance with section 4; and (C) placed on file in accordance with subsection (c). (c) Availability of Map.--The map shall be on file and available for public inspection in the appropriate offices of-- (1) the National Park Service; and (2) the local coordinating entity. (d) Local Coordinating Entity.--The Washington Trust for Historic Preservation shall be the local coordinating entity for the National Heritage Area. SEC. 4. MANAGEMENT PLAN. (a) In General.--Not later than 3 years after the date of enactment of this Act, the local coordinating entity shall submit to the Secretary for approval a proposed management plan for the National Heritage Area. (b) Requirements.--The management plan shall-- (1) incorporate an integrated and cooperative approach for the protection, enhancement, and interpretation of the natural, cultural, historical, scenic, and recreational resources of the National Heritage Area; (2) take into consideration State and local plans; (3) include-- (A) an inventory of-- (i) the resources located in the National Heritage Area; and (ii) any other property in the National Heritage Area that-- (I) is related to the themes of the National Heritage Area; and (II) should be preserved, restored, managed, or maintained of the significance of the property; (B) comprehensive policies, strategies and recommendations for the conservation, funding, management, and development of the National Heritage Area; (C) a description of actions that governments, private organizations, and individuals have agreed to take to protect the natural, cultural, and historical resources of the National Heritage Area; (D) a program of implementation for the management plan by the local coordinating entity that includes a description of-- (i) actions to facilitate ongoing collaboration among partners to promote plans for resource protection, restoration, and construction; and (ii) specific commitments for implementation that have been made by the local coordinating entity or any government, organization, or individual for the first 5 years of operation of the National Heritage Area; (E) the identification of sources of funding for carrying out the management plan; (F) analysis and recommendations for means by which Federal, State, and local programs may best be coordinated to carry out this section, including a description of the role of the National Park Service in the National Heritage Area; and (G) an interpretive plan for the National Heritage Area", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "causation_01091", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00111", "text": "We report the discovery of 14 quasars in the vicinity of HE2347-4342, one of the two quasars whose intergalactic HeII forest has been resolved with FUSE. By analysing the HI and the HeII opacity variations separately, no transverse proximity effect is detected near three foreground quasars of HE2347-4342: QSOJ23503-4328 (z=2.282, $\\vartheta=3.59$ arcmin), QSOJ23500-4319 (z=2.302, $\\vartheta=8.77$ arcmin) and QSOJ23495-4338 (z=2.690, $\\vartheta=16.28$ arcmin). This is primarily line contamination and overdensities probably created by large-scale structure. By comparing the HI absorption and the corresponding HeII absorption, we estimated the fluctuating spectral shape of the extragalactic UV radiation field along this line of sight. We find that the UV spectral shape near HE2347-4342 and in the projected vicinity of the three foreground quasars is statistically harder than expected from UV background models dominated by quasars. In addition, we find three highly ionised metal line systems near the quasars. However, they do not yield further constraints on the shape of the ionising field. We conclude that the foreground quasars show a transverse proximity effect that is detectable as a local hardening of the UV radiation field, although the evidence is strongest for QSOJ23495-4338. Thus, the relative spectral hardness traces the proximity effect also in overdense regions prohibiting the traditional detection in the HI forest. Furthermore, we emphasise that softening of quasar radiation by radiative transfer in the intergalactic medium is important to understand the observed spectral shape variations. From the transverse proximity effect of QSOJ23495-4338 we obtain a lower limit on the quasar lifetime of ~25 Myr.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 411, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00009", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00112", "text": "Supermassive black hole (BH) masses (MBH) are strongly correlated with galaxy stellar bulge masses (Mbulge) and there are several ideas to explain the origin of this relationship. This study isolates the role of galaxy mergers from considerations of other detailed physics to more clearly show how a linear BH-galaxy mass relation (MBH-Mgal) can naturally emerge regardless of how primordial BHs were seeded inside galaxies, if the galaxy mass function declines with increasing mass. Under this circumstance, the MBH-Mgal relation is a passive attractor that eventually converges to a tight linear relation of two basic statistical effects: a central limit-like tendency for galaxy mergers which is much stronger for major mergers than minor mergers, and a convergence toward a linear relation that is due mainly to minor mergers. A curious consequence of this thought experiment is that, if galaxy bulges are formed by major mergers, then merging statistics naturally show that MBH would correlate more strongly with bulge dominated galaxies, of stronger central-seeking tendencies, than with disk dominated galaxies. Even if some other physics is ultimately responsible for causing a linear MBH-Mbulge relationship, this thought experiment shows that, counter to intuition, random merging of galaxies that harbor random BH masses tends to strengthen rather than weaken a pre-existing, linear, correlation. This idea may be generalized to other gravitationally bound systems (dark matter halo, compact nuclear objects) that retain their physical identities after experiencing mergers.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 301, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00074", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00113", "text": "LONDON--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Apr 24, 2018--, a global procurement intelligence advisory firm, has announced the release of their ‘.’ The insights and data in this report provide a strategic analysis of the supply markets, factors influencing purchasing decisions, procurement best practices, pricing models, supplier landscape, and an analysis of the supplier capability matrix for the. This report breaks down the data and analysis behind the procurement of pharmaceutical packaging equipment and acts as an all-inclusive guide for making smart purchasing decisions. This press release features multimedia. View the full release here: https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180424006252/en/ Pharmaceutical Packaging Equipment Report “The rapidly growing CRO and biopharma industries worldwide drive the growth of the global pharmaceutical packaging equipment market,” says SpendEdge procurement analyst Bhuvaneshwari Udayakumar. “APAC is considered as a major contributor to the market, the increasing foreign investments in the region,” added Bhuvaneshwari. Looking for more insights from this report? SpendEdge sample reports are free of charge and provide insights that focus on cost-saving aspects of procurement and optimization of category spend. Procurement analysts at SpendEdge highlight the following top three market trends that are contributing to the growth of the Global Pharmaceutical Packaging Equipment Market: Rising popularity of modular platforms with integrated packaging technologies Increasing equipment automation Increasing equipment automation This report is available at USD 1000 discount for a limited time only: Rising popularity of modular platforms with integrated packaging technologies In the pharmaceutical packaging equipment category, the suppliers are focusing on manufacturing modular equipment that is compact and equipped with the latest packaging technologies. It helps the buyers gain faster and efficient automated packaging solutions. Increasing equipment automation Globally, the suppliers are incorporating high levels of automation in their equipment such as robotics. This helps the buyers to obtain clarifications regarding environment-friendly practices. Increasing development of production lines for small batch size The suppliers in the market are increasingly adopting practices for manufacturing equipment that produces smaller lot sizes. This practices also help the buyers reduce amortization and storage costs. to gain detailed insights into the current market trends. Get unlimited access to all our reports. Our Insights platform provides ready-to-use procurement research reports, latest supplier news, innovation landscape, markets insights, supplier tracking, and much more at the click of a button. We also reports to meet clients’ requirements. Related Reports: About SpendEdge SpendEdge shares your passion for driving sourcing and procurement excellence. We are a", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00769", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00114", "text": "ERIN, Wis. (AP) — Dustin Johnson wrapped up his final day practice round for the U.S. Open just as the sky began to rumble and the horn sounded to stop play at Erin Hills. The timing couldn't have been better for the world's No. 1 player, as it has been the past two weeks. As much as he hates missing cuts, the Memorial two weeks ago was a good time for Johnson to have a weekend off. It allowed him to spend two days in Wisconsin getting to know the longest course in U.S. Open history, realizing that he would be a late arrival to Erin Hills of some important family matters. River Jones Johnson, his second son, was born on Monday. He finds out Thursday whether his game is in shape for Johnson to become the first back-to-back U.S. Open champion in 28 years, but his mood couldn't be better. About the only thing to fear, outside of the thick fescue that frames the fairways at Erin Hills, is the house where he is staying. It has a double-spiral staircase. \"I sit down when I go down the stairs now,\" Johnson said with a smile. \"I slide down on my butt.\" Stairs were the only thing that could stop him earlier this year. A winner of three straight tournaments — against the strongest fields of the year — Johnson slipped in his socks going downstairs to move his car in the rain on the eve of the Masters and bruised his back so badly that he had to withdraw the next day. He hasn't won in four starts then, and his game hasn't looked as sharp as it once did. He concedes he lost some momentum. Even so, he is the betting favorite at the 117th U.S. Open on a course that would appear to suit his game perfectly, especially with more rain Wednesday afternoon and a forecast for occasional storms on Friday and Saturday. The greens are soft enough that Johnson is getting yardages to the hole, knowing his shots won't bounce away too far. \"I hope they play it all the way back on every hole,\" he said. \"Why not? It's going to be soft. I hope it's windy. I hope it's long, but it doesn't matter.\" Johnson isn't one to feel much pressure — he doesn't show much, anyway — even playing his first major as the No. 1 player in the world. If anything, the", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00828", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00115", "text": "We consider the effect of reionization on the clustering properties of galaxy samples at intermediate redshifts (z~0.3-5.5). Current models for the reionization of intergalactic hydrogen predict that overdense regions will be reionized early, thus delaying the build up of stellar mass in the progenitors of massive lower-redshift galaxies. the stellar populations observed in intermediate redshift galaxies are somewhat younger and hence brighter in overdense regions of the Universe. Galaxy surveys would be sensitive to galaxies with a somewhat lower dark matter mass in overdense regions. The corresponding increase in the observed number density of galaxies can be parameterized as a galaxy bias reionization. We model this process using merger trees combined with a stellar synthesis code. Our model demonstrates that reionization has a significant effect on the clustering properties of galaxy samples that are selected based on their star-formation properties. The bias correction in Lyman-break galaxies (including those in proposed baryonic oscillation surveys at z<1) is at the level of 10-20% for a halo mass of 10^12 solar masses, leading to corrections factors of 1.5-2 in the halo mass inferred from measurements of clustering length. The reionization of helium could also lead to a sharp increase in the amplitude of the galaxy correlation function at z~3. We find that the reionization bias is approximately independent of scale and halo mass. However the traditional galaxy bias is mass dependent, the reionization bias becomes relatively more important for lower mass systems. The correction to the bias reionization is very small in surveys of luminous red galaxies at z<1.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 338, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00468", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00116", "text": "The spiral galaxy NGC 6946 was observed in total intensity and linear polarization in five radio bands between 3cm and 21cm. At the inner edge of the inner gas spiral arm the ordered magnetic field is only mildly compressed and turns smoothly, to become aligned along the gas arm. Hence the field is not shocked and is probably connected to the warm, diffuse gas. At larger radii, two bright magnetic arms between the optical arms are visible in polarized intensity. The field in the northern magnetic arm is almost totally aligned. Faraday rotation measures (RM) in these arms are consistent with the superposition of two low azimuthal dynamo modes. Three more magnetic arms are discovered in the outer galaxy, located between HI arms. strong Faraday depolarization the galaxy is not transparent to polarized waves at 18cm and 20cm. The large-scale asymmetry in depolarization with respect to the major axis may be another indication of large-scale helical fields. Three depolarization rings of almost zero polarization seen at 20cm are probably generated by differential Faraday rotation in HII complexes in NGC 6946 of 300-500 pc size. - In the gas/optical spiral arms, the total (mostly turbulent) magnetic field is amplified to \\simeq 20\\muG. Its energy density is \\simeq 10 times larger than that of the ionized gas and is similar to that of the turbulent gas motions in the inner galaxy. The magnetic energy exceeds that of the turbulent energy in the outer galaxy.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 315, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00307", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00117", "text": "At a federal court in Wisconsin, a British cybersecurity expert pleaded not guilty to charges over an alleged malware scheme to steal personal banking information. Before these accusations, Marcus Hutchins was known for his role in finding the \"kill switch\" to the WannaCry ransomware cyber-attack last May that \"threatened over 150 countries,\" NPR's Leila Fadel reported. After today's hearing, Hutchins' lawyer Marcia Hofmann described him as a \"brilliant young man and a hero,\" and said that \"when the evidence comes to light, we are confident he will be fully vindicated.\" The FBI took Hutchins into custody earlier this month in Las Vegas, where he had been attending a cybersecurity conference. In July, a federal grand jury indicted him and an unnamed co-defendant on six counts dating from July 2014 to July 2015. The indictment accuses Hutchins of creating the malware, which is called Kronos. The two co-defendents then allegedly advertised it on internet forums and sold it. Hutchins is charged with \"one count of conspiracy to commit computer fraud and abuse, three counts of distributing and advertising an electronic communication interception device, one count of endeavoring to intercept electronic communications, and one count of attempting to access a computer without authorization,\" as Leila reported. She added that other members of his community were shocked at the accusations, they are counter to his reputation as a person devoted to preventing this kind of attack. Hutchins was \"granted bail on 5 August after $30,000 ...was raised by friends and family,\" according to the BBC. But his release comes with strict conditions, as detailed by The Associated Press: \"His bond has been modified so that he can stay in Los Angeles near his attorney and travel anywhere in the U.S., but he cannot leave the country. He was also granted access to use a computer for work, a change from an earlier judge's order barring him from using any device with access to the internet. Hutchins has been working for a network security company, according to prosecutors, who did not oppose allowing him access to a computer for work.\" \"Hutchins is required to wear a GPS monitor, but [Magistrate Judge William] Duffin said the court will consider removing that requirement once Hutchins has found a home in Los Angeles and is complying with the terms of his bond.\" The wire service adds that the next hearing is scheduled for Oct. 17.", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00660", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00118", "text": "that led many packaged food companies to reformulate their products to remove trans fat; (10)(A) people have a right to information, companies are required to provide information regarding the fuel-efficiency of automobiles, what clothes are made of, care instructions for clothing, and energy and water consumption of certain home appliances; and (B) people need nutritional information to manage their weight and reduce the risk of, or manage, heart disease, diabetes, and high blood pressure, which are leading causes of death, disability, and high health care costs; (11)(A) it is difficult for consumers to exercise personal responsibility and limit their intake of calories at restaurants, given the limited availability of nutrition information at the point of ordering in restaurants; (B) standard portion sizes in fast food and chain restaurants have grown the 1970s; and (C) several studies show that people are unable to identify from among popular fast food and other chain restaurant menu items those items with the fewest, and those items with the most, calories; (12) the Food and Drug Administration, Surgeon General, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, American Diabetes Association, American Heart Association, and American Medical Association recommend that there be increased availability of nutrition information for foods eaten and prepared away from home; and (13) menu labeling policies have been introduced in more than 30 States and localities, and menu labeling policies have passed in California; New York City; Multnomah County (Portland), Oregon; King County (Seattle), Washington; and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. SEC. 3. NUTRITION LABELING OF STANDARD MENU ITEMS AT CHAIN RESTAURANTS AND OF ARTICLES OF FOOD SOLD FROM VENDING MACHINES. (a) Labeling Requirements.--Section 403(q)(5) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. 343(q)(5)) is amended by adding at the end the following: ``(H) Restaurants, Retail Food Establishments, and Vending Machines.-- ``(i) General requirements for restaurants and similar retail food establishments.--Except for food described in subclause (vii), in the case of food that is a menu item that is served, processed, or prepared in a restaurant or similar retail food establishment that is part of a chain with 20 or more locations doing business under the same name (regardless of the type of ownership of", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00993", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00119", "text": "We analyze several possibilities for precisely measuring electronic transitions in atomic helium by the direct use of phase-stabilized femtosecond frequency combs. the comb is self-calibrating and can be shifted into the ultraviolet spectral region via harmonic generation, it offers the prospect of greatly improved accuracy for UV and far-UV transitions. To take advantage of this accuracy an ultracold helium sample is needed. For measurements of the triplet spectrum a magneto-optical trap (MOT) can be used to cool and trap metastable 2^3S state atoms. We analyze schemes for measuring the two-photon $2^3S \\to 4^3S$ interval, and for resonant two-photon excitation to high Rydberg states, $2^3S \\to 3^3P \\to n^3S,D$. We also analyze experiments on the singlet-state spectrum. To accomplish this we propose schemes for producing and trapping ultracold helium in the 1^1S or 2^1S state via intercombination transitions. A particularly intriguing scenario is the possibility of measuring the $1^1S \\to 2^1S$ transition with extremely high accuracy by use of two-photon excitation in a magic wavelength trap that operates identically for both states. We predict a ``triple magic wavelength'' at 412 nm that could facilitate numerous experiments on trapped helium atoms, here the polarizabilities of the 1^1S, 2^1S and 2^3S states are all similar, small, and positive.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 324, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00134", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00120", "text": "Ignition delay times of cyclohexane-oxygen-argon and cyclopentane-oxygen-argon mixtures have been measured in a shock tube, the onset of ignition being detected by OH radical emission. Mixtures contained 0.5 or 1 % of hydrocarbon for equivalence ratios ranging from 0.5 to 2. Reflected shock waves allowed temperatures from 1230 to 1800 K and pressures from 7.3 to 9.5 atm to be obtained. These measurements have shown that cyclopentane is much less reactive than cyclohexane, as for a given temperature the observed autoignition delay times were about ten times higher for the C5 compound compared to the C6. Detailed mechanisms for the combustion of cyclohexane and cyclopentane have been proposed to reproduce these results. The elementary steps included in the kinetic models of the oxidation of cyclanes are close to those proposed to describe the oxidation of acyclic alkanes and alkenes. it has been possible to obtain these models by using an improved version of software EXGAS, a computer package developed to perform the automatic generation of detailed kinetic models for the gas-phase oxidation and combustion of linear and branched alkanes and alkenes. Nevertheless, the modelling of the oxidation of cyclanes requires to consider new types of generic reactions, and especially to define new correlations for the estimation of the rate constants. Ab initio calculations have been used to better know some of the rate constants used in the case of cyclopentane. The main reaction pathways have been derived from flow rate and sensitivity analyses.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 330, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00405", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00121", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Neotropical Migratory Bird Conservation Act''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. Congress finds that-- (1) of the nearly 800 bird species known to occur in the United States, approximately 500 migrate among countries, and the large majority of those species, the neotropical migrants, winter in Latin America and the Caribbean; (2) neotropical migratory bird species provide invaluable environmental, economic, recreational, and aesthetic benefits to the United States, as well as to the Western Hemisphere; (3)(A) many neotropical migratory bird populations, once considered common, are in decline, and some have declined to the point that their long-term survival in the wild is in jeopardy; and (B) the primary reason for the decline in the populations of those species is habitat loss and degradation (including pollution and contamination) across the species' range; and (4)(A) neotropical migratory birds range across numerous international borders each year, their conservation requires the commitment and effort of all countries along their migration routes; and (B) although numerous initiatives exist to conserve migratory birds and their habitat, those initiatives can be significantly strengthened and enhanced by increased coordination. SEC. 3. PURPOSES. The purposes of this Act are-- (1) to perpetuate healthy populations of neotropical migratory birds; (2) to assist in the conservation of neotropical migratory birds by supporting conservation initiatives in the United States, Latin America, and the Caribbean; and (3) to provide financial resources and to foster international cooperation for those initiatives. SEC. 4. DEFINITIONS. In this Act: (1) Account.--The term ``Account'' means the Neotropical Migratory Bird Conservation Account established by section 9(a). (2) Conservation.--The term ``conservation'' means the use of methods and procedures necessary to bring a species of neotropical migratory bird to the point at which there are sufficient populations in the wild to ensure the long-term viability of the species, including-- (A) protection and management of neotropical migratory bird populations; (B) maintenance, management, protection, and restoration of neotropical migratory bird habitat; (C) research and monitoring; (D) law enforcement; and (E) community outreach and education. (3) Secretary.--The term ``Secretary'' means the Secretary", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00907", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00122", "text": "We follow the changes in the structure of the accretion disk of the dwarf nova V2051 Oph along two separate outbursts in order to investigate the causes of its recurrent outbursts. We apply eclipse mapping techniques to a set of light curves covering a normal (July 2000) and a low-amplitude (August 2002) outburst to derive maps of the disk surface brightness distribution at different phases along the outburst cycles. The sequence of eclipse maps of the 2000 July outburst reveal that the disk shrinks at outburst onset while an uneclipsed component of 13 per cent of the total light develops. The derived radial intensity distributions suggest the presence of an outward-moving heating wave during rise and of an inward-moving cooling wave during decline. The inferred speed of the outward-moving heating wave is ~ 1.6 km/s, while the speed of the cooling wave is a fraction of that. A comparison of the measured cooling wave velocity on consecutive nights indicates that the cooling wave accelerates as it travels towards disk center, in contradiction with the prediction of the disk instability model. From the inferred speed of the heating wave we derive a viscosity parameter alpha_{hot} ~ 0.13, comparable to the measured viscosity parameter in quiescence. The 2002 August outburst had lower amplitude (\\Delta B ~ 0.8 mag) and the disk at outburst maximum was smaller than on 2000 July. For an assumed distance of 92 pc, we find that along both outbursts the disk brightness temperatures remain below the minimum expected according to the disk instability model. The results suggest that the outbursts of V2051 Oph are related to bursts of increased mass transfer from the mass-donor star.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 358, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00244", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00123", "text": "ing of coins in commemoration of the Spirit of America will pay tribute to the countless heroes who risked their lives during the terrorist attacks and in their aftermath so that others may live and to a united people whose belief in freedom, justice, and democracy has never swayed. SEC. 202. COIN SPECIFICATIONS. (a) Denominations.--In commemoration of the Spirit of America, the Secretary of the Treasury (hereafter in this title referred to as the ``Secretary'') shall mint and issue the following coins: (1) $50 gold coins.--Such number of 50 dollar coins as the Secretary determines under subsection (b), which shall-- (A) weigh 1 ounce; (B) have a diameter of 1.287 inches; and (C) contain 91.67 percent gold and 8.33 percent alloy. (2) $1 silver coins.--Such number of 1 dollar coins as the Secretary determines appropriate to meet demand, which shall-- (A) weigh 26.73 grams; (B) have a diameter of 1.500 inches; and (C) contain 90 percent silver and 10 percent copper. (3) Half dollar clad coins.--Such number of half dollar coins as the Secretary determines appropriate to meet demand, which shall-- (A) weigh 11.34 grams; (B) have a diameter of 1.205 inches; and (C) be minted to the specifications for half dollar coins contained in section 5112(b) of title 31, United States Code. (b) Number of Gold Coins.-- (1) In general.--The number of gold coins minted and issued under this title shall equal the sum of 25,000 and the number determined under paragraph (2). (2) Determination of number.--The Secretary, in consultation with the Attorney General of the United States and the Governors of New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia shall determine the number of innocent individuals confirmed or presumed to have been killed of the terrorist attacks against the United States that occurred on September 11, 2001, and shall identify such individuals. The Secretary, under subsection (a)(1), shall mint and issue a number of 50 dollar coins equal to the number of such individuals. (c) Legal Tender.--The coins minted under this title shall be legal tender, as provided in section 5103 of title 31, United States Code", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "causation_01146", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00124", "text": "LOS ANGELES (AP) — Jordan Peele has been dreaming of his Oscar moment he was 13, but now that it's happened, he can hardly believe it. The 38-year-old received Academy Award nominations last week for best picture, director and original screenplay for his directorial debut, \"Get Out.\" The star of the horror/satire, Daniel Kaluuya, was also nominated for best actor. \"Get Out\" may be Peele's breakthrough, but the actor, writer, director and producer has been honing his skills for more than a dozen years. He started getting awards notice in 2008, when he shared in an Emmy nomination for a sketch he wrote for MADtv. He was nominated seven more times for his contributions to \"Key & Peele,\" the hit Comedy Central sketch show he created with Keegan-Michael Key. Peele also co-wrote and co-starred (with Key) in the 2016 action-comedy \"Keanu.\" He said having his work recognized by the film academy has given him \"faith in my voice.\" \"It's like jet fuel,\" Peele said in an interview after last week's nominations. \"It makes me want to make as many movies that I can in my life.\" Peele's comments have been edited for clarity and brevity. ___ AP: So how does it feel to be a triple Academy Award nominee? Peele: Well, I'm not used to hearing yet. It's a really overwhelming thing to try and process. I'm trying understand how I got here from this time last year not knowing if this movie was going to really work or really not work. AP: What a difference a year makes. Peele: I'm definitely feeling the love and feeling with joy and honor of this accomplishment. But it is it has been a bittersweet year knowing that it has not been a great one for everybody. AP: How was Oscar nominations morning for you? Peele: I woke up a few minutes after the announcements were made. I was just getting really great texts from just about everybody I've ever met. And my (6-month-old) son slept through the night, so that was also huge. So it was like kind of a party at my house... Both he and I with our greatest accomplishments to date on the same morning. AP: Did you allow yourself to consider this possibility when you were writing sketches for \"Key & Peele", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00733", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00125", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Protecting Veterans Credit Act of 2016''. SEC. 2. PURPOSE. The purposes of this Act are-- (1) to rectify reporting of medical debt included in a consumer report of a veteran inappropriate or delayed payment for hospital care or medical services provided in a non-Department of Veterans Affairs facility under the laws administered by the Secretary of Veterans Affairs; and (2) to clarify the process of debt collection for such medical debt. SEC. 3. AMENDMENTS TO FAIR CREDIT REPORTING ACT. (a) Veteran's Medical Debt Defined.--Section 603 of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681a) is amended by adding at the end the following: ``(z) Veteran.--The term `veteran' has the meaning given the term in section 101 of title 38, United States Code. ``(aa) Veteran's Medical Debt.--The term `veteran's medical debt' means a debt of a veteran arising from hospital care or medical services, as those terms are defined in section 1701 of title 38, United States Code, provided in a non-Department of Veterans Affairs facility under the laws administered by the Secretary of Veterans Affairs, including under section 1703, 1712, 1712A, 1725, or 1728 of title 38, United States Code.''. (b) Exclusion for Veteran's Medical Debt.--Section 605(a) of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681c) is amended by adding at the end the following: ``(7) Any information related to a veteran's medical debt if the date on which the debt was placed for collection, charged to profit or loss, or subjected to any similar action antedates the report by less than 1 year. ``(8) Any information related to a fully paid or settled veteran's medical debt that had been characterized as delinquent, charged off, or in collection.''. (c) Removal of Veteran's Medical Debt From Consumer Report.-- Section 611 of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681i) is amended-- (1) in subsection (a)(1)(A), by inserting ``and except as provided in subsection (g)'' after ``subsection (f)''; and (2) by adding at the", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00960", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00126", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Rural Multifamily Rental Housing Loan Guarantee Demonstration Act''. SEC. 2. LOAN GUARANTEES FOR MULTIFAMILY RENTAL HOUSING IN RURAL AREAS. Title V of the Housing Act of 1949 (42 U.S.C. 1471 et seq.) is amended by inserting after section 537 the following new section: ``SEC. 538. LOAN GUARANTEES FOR MULTIFAMILY RENTAL HOUSING IN RURAL AREAS. ``(a) Authority.--The Secretary may make commitments to guarantee eligible loans for the development costs of eligible housing and related facilities, and may guarantee such eligible loans, in accordance with this section. ``(b) Extent of Guarantee.--A guarantee made under this section shall guarantee repayment of an amount not exceeding the total of the amount of the unpaid principal and interest of the loan for which the guarantee is made. The liability of the United States under any guarantee under this section shall decrease or increase pro rata with any decrease or increase of the amount of the unpaid portion of the obligation. ``(c) Eligible Borrowers.--A loan guaranteed under this section may be made to a nonprofit organization, an agency or body of any State government or political subdivision thereof, or a private entity. ``(d) Eligible Housing.--A loan may be guaranteed under this section only if the loan is used for the development costs of housing and related facilities (as such terms are defined in section 515(e)) that-- ``(1) consists of 5 or more adequate dwellings; ``(2) is available for occupancy only by low or moderate income families or persons, whose incomes at the time of initial occupancy do not exceed 115 percent of the median income of the area, as determined by the Secretary; ``(3) will remain available as provided in paragraph (2), according to such binding commitments as the Secretary may require, for the period of the original term of the loan guaranteed, unless the housing is acquired by foreclosure (or instrument in lieu of foreclosure) or the Secretary waives the applicability of such requirement for the loan only after determining, based on objective information, that-- ``(A) there is no longer a need for low- and moderate-income housing in the market area in which the housing is located; ``(B) housing opportunities for low-income households and minorities will not be reduced of the waiver", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "causation_01134", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00127", "text": "Up till now very few dying sources were known, presumably the dying phase is short at centimeter wavelengths. We have tried to improve the statistics on sources that have ceased to be active, or are intermittently active. The latter sources would partly consist of a fossil radio plasma left over from an earlier phase of activity, plus a recently restarted core and radio jets. Improving the statistics of dying sources will give us a better handle on the evolution of radio sources, in particular the frequency and time scales of radio activity. We have used the WENSS and NVSS surveys, in order to find sources with steep spectral indices, associated with nearby elliptical galaxies. In the cross correlation we presently used only unresolved sources, with flux densities at 1.4 GHz larger than 10 mJy. The eleven candidates thus obtained were observed with the VLA in various configurations, in order to confirm the steepness of the spectra, and to check whether active structures like flat-spectrum cores and jets are present, perhaps at low levels. We estimated the duration of the active and relic phases by modelling the integrated radio spectra using the standard models of spectral evolution. We have found six dying sources and three restarted sources, while the remaining two candidates remain unresolved also with the new VLA data and may be Compact Steep Spectrum sources, with an unusually steep spectrum. The typical age of the active phase, as derived by spectral fits, is in the range 10^7 - 10^8 years. For our sample of dying sources, the age of the relic phase is on average shorter by an order of magnitude than the active phase.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 327, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00267", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00128", "text": "2009, and 2010 such sums as are necessary to increase the number of personnel to prevent and respond to alleged violations of section 249 of title 18, United States Code, as added by section 7 of this Act. SEC. 6. PROHIBITION OF CERTAIN HATE CRIME ACTS. (a) In General.--Chapter 13 of title 18, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following: ``Sec. 249. Hate crime acts ``(a) In General.-- ``(1) Offenses involving actual or perceived race, color, religion, or national origin.--Whoever, whether or not acting under color of law, willfully causes bodily injury to any person or, through the use of fire, a firearm, or an explosive or incendiary device, attempts to cause bodily injury to any person, of the actual or perceived race, color, religion, or national origin of any person-- ``(A) shall be imprisoned not more than 10 years, fined in accordance with this title, or both; and ``(B) shall be imprisoned for any term of years or for life, fined in accordance with this title, or both, if-- ``(i) death results from the offense; or ``(ii) the offense includes kidnaping or an attempt to kidnap, aggravated sexual abuse or an attempt to commit aggravated sexual abuse, or an attempt to kill. ``(2) Offenses involving actual or perceived religion, national origin, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability.-- ``(A) In general.--Whoever, whether or not acting under color of law, in any circumstance described in subparagraph (B), willfully causes bodily injury to any person or, through the use of fire, a firearm, or an explosive or incendiary device, attempts to cause bodily injury to any person, of the actual or perceived religion, national origin, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity or disability of any person-- ``(i) shall be imprisoned not more than 10 years, fined in accordance with this title, or both; and ``(ii) shall be imprisoned for any term of years or for life, fined in accordance with this title, or both, if-- ``(I) death results from the offense; or ``(II) the offense includes kidnaping or an attempt to kidnap, aggravated sexual abuse or an attempt to commit aggravated sexual abuse, or an attempt to kill", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "causation_01049", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00129", "text": "adapt this structure to handle more than one week. Figure A We'll create this simple timesheet that allows you to track time by projects. The sheet has an input area for employee, company, and department information, including the time (pay) period. This model doesn't force you to \"clock in.\" Instead, users enter hours by category or project. As such, the user does bear bit more responsibility for tracking actual work hours throughout the day. SEE: Tap into the power of data validation in Excel (free PDF) (TechRepublic) 3. Limit the time period The example uses Sunday to identify the pay period. You could enter a combo control that lists every Sunday of the year, but it would be cumbersome to use. Instead, we'll a validation control that accepts only Sunday dates: Select B2. Click the Data tab click Data Validation in the Data Tools group, and then select the Data Validation option from the dropdown list. In the resulting dialog, choose Custom from the Allow dropdown. In the Formula control, enter the following formula (Figure B): =WEEKDAY($B$2,1)=1 If you like, click the Error Alert tab and enter a meaningful error message, as shown in Figure C. This step isn't necessary for the timesheet to work, but your users will appreciate the information. Click OK. Figure B Use a formula that accepts only Sunday dates. Figure C Enter a meaningful error message. Figure D shows the result of entering a date that isn't a Sunday. You could continue to limit input values, but we won't do so in this article. Figure D The data validation control rejects invalid input dates. 4. Automate the dates This next step returns the dates in a single pay period by referencing the input date in B2. To start the sequence, enter the following expression in B5: =IF(B2<>\"\",B2,\"\") Next, enter the following expression in C5 and copy it to D5:H5: =IF(B5<>\"\",B5+1,\"\") To extend the pay period, simply add more expressions to row 5. For now, the expressions return nothing B2 is blank. Enter a Sunday date; initially, the expressions return serial values. Apply the Short Date format to B5:H5 to display meaningful dates, as shown in Figure E. Figure E Format the expressions in row 5 to display dates. 5. Add a projects list", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00535", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00130", "text": "The event marked the 60th anniversary of the landing of the Granma yacht which brought the Castro brothers and their bearded rebels from Mexico to Cuba to start their revolution against a U.S.-backed dictatorship. Troops wielding automatic rifles marched in lock step behind a replica of the Granma on Monday, followed by a sea of banner- and flag-waving Cubans, many bussed in and organized through their workplaces and neighborhoods. \"This is an important message of unity and strength,\" said Rene Lazo, 66, who, like most, got up well before the crack of dawn to participate in the parade. \"This is going to be a difficult year but we will keep working hard to bring our people forwards\". Communist-ruled Cuba fell into an economic recession in the second half of last year, its first the collapse of the Soviet Union a quarter century ago, as its strategic ally Venezuela floundered. Meanwhile its historic detente with the United States came under threat with the election of Donald Trump as President. Trump, who takes office on Jan. 20, has said he would unravel attempts to normalize relations unless he gets a “better deal\". All this is taking place as Cuba is also coming to terms with the loss of its revolutionary leader, Fidel Castro. While \"El Comandante\" had handed the presidency over to his younger brother Raul in 2008, he remained a key figurehead. Some of those marching held up images of Castro or banners reading \"We are Fidel\". While the parade normally takes place every five years on Dec. 2, it was postponed a month his death in late November. \"He may not be present physically but he is in all our hearts,\" said Natalia Gonzales, who had painted \"I am Fidel\" on the foreheads of her three grandchildren. Raul Castro and his family watched and waved at those marching from the foot of the towering monument to independence hero Jose Marti in the center of the square. The mood on Monday was of defiance although many Cubans said they hoped there would not be a return of Cold War-era politics. \"We are braced for conflict with the USA, we always have been,\" said 70-year-old Marcial Garcia. \"But I hope Trump will instead follow the path... towards normalization.\" Trump's threat to gradual and still fragile detente could not come at a worse time for Cuba. A tourism boom in part sparked by", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00578", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00131", "text": "House Bill 1366, which relates to the way oil tax revenue is distributed to cities, counties and schools in the Bakken, failed with a 37-54 vote. House Majority Leader Al Carlson, R-Fargo, urged lawmakers to vote no to the bill, emphasizing that it would be better to address funding for oil-impacted areas after the March revenue forecast is released. \"A no vote doesn't mean you're against the west,\" Carlson said. Rep. Gary Sukut, R-Williston, the primary sponsor of the bill, said communities in the Bakken rely on oil tax revenue to pay for expanded law enforcement facilities, new water plants and other infrastructure they added to meet unprecedented growth spurred by oil development. Officials from so-called Bakken hub cities of Dickinson, Williston and Minot, as well as smaller communities in the Oil Patch, testified during a hearing on the bill that the funding is essential so they can continue making debt payments. Initially the bill had a $33.5 million fiscal impact to keep the communities receiving the same amount of funding they received last biennium. The bill was amended to have a $7.65 million fiscal impact. In addition, the bill includes funding for airports in Williston and Dickinson and other oil impact grant funding that was approved during the last session but has not yet been delivered budget shortfalls. Several legislators from western North Dakota spoke in favor of the bill. \"Many people feel that things are dead or dying in western North Dakota, but it couldn't be further from the truth,\" said Rep. Denton Zubke, R-Watford City. Carlson and other legislators said they'll discuss funding for western North Dakota again in a different budget after they have an updated picture of the revenue forecast. \"It does not need to be decided today. It needs to be decided in the second half,\" Carlson said.", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 380, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00597", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00132", "text": ". — the biggest donor to the United Nations — is making the case for cuts in U.N. funding and wants to see changes in U.N. peacekeeping operations, most of which take place in Africa. \"We need to show results,\" U.N. Ambassador Nikki Haley said earlier this month. \"We need to find value.\" Support for foreign nations' counterterrorism efforts, as opposed to big American deployments, were a key tool of the Obama administration. Last year, the U.S. gave $156 million for military support, training and border security in the region straddling Nigeria, Niger, Chad and Cameroon, known as the Lake Chad Basin. The military officer in charge of Flintlock 2017, Brig. Gen. Donald Bolduc, has called this region \"Ground Zero\" when it comes to fighting extremism in Africa. Bolduc, the Special Operations commander in Africa, says for now, the U.S. military is continuing to pursue its objectives. But the prospect of aid cuts worries many, as the region's humanitarian situation risks deteriorating. The U.N. warns there is a risk of famine in Nigeria's northeast, exacerbating a humanitarian disaster that has already seen children, especially those under the age of 5, dying of malnutrition, hunger and starvation. The U.S. has given more than $321 million last year to help those in the Lake Chad Basin, including more than $175 million in emergency food aid. \"Our assistance to this area is critical for promoting stability,\" said Matt Nims of the U.S. Agency for International Development, speaking at a House subcommittee hearing earlier this month. 'The military can't do it by itself' U.S. special operations troops don't typically deploy in large numbers to help African security forces work together and fight Boko Haram, but local officials say they're useful in serving as the glue that helps everything stick together. For Flintlock 2017, forces from 27 countries took part at seven training sites across west and central Africa. \"Chad, Cameroon, Nigeria, Niger – unfortunately, the entire region, we are facing the same reality,\" said Cameroonian police commander Gilbert Nagassou, in charge of the border post at Kousseri, just across the river separating Chad and Cameroon. \"That's why we must join forces and together confront terrorism.\" When it comes to fighting Boko Haram's threats to the Lake Chad Basin, \"The military can't do it by itself", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00673", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00133", "text": "and effects. ``(i) Distribution of Receipts.--Of amounts received by the Secretary of a fee collected at a specific area, site, or facility pursuant to this section-- ``(1) not less than 80 percent shall be used at the specific area, site, or facility in accordance with subsection (j); and ``(2) not more than 20 percent shall be used for other activities or facilities of the National Park Service, as the Secretary determines to be appropriate. ``(j) Use of Funds.--Amounts described in subsection (i)(1) may be used at an area, site, or facility for-- ``(1) repair, maintenance, facility enhancement, media services, and infrastructure, including projects relating to visitor enjoyment, visitor access, environmental compliance, and health and safety; ``(2) interpretation, visitor information, visitor service, visitor needs assessments, monitoring, and signs; ``(3) habitat enhancement, resource assessment, preservation, protection, and restoration relating to recreational uses; and ``(4) law enforcement relating to public use and recreation. ``(k) Reports.--On January 1, 2012, and every 3 years thereafter, the Secretary shall submit to Congress a report describing the status of the recreation fee program under this section, including-- ``(1) an evaluation of the program as conducted at each unit of the National Park System; ``(2) a description of projects funded, activities accomplished, and future projects and programs proposed to be conducted using the fees; and ``(3) any recommendations for modifications to the fee system of the Secretary.'' (3) in section 813 (16 U.S.C. 6812), by striking subsections (e) and (f); and (4) by striking section 814 (16 U.S.C. 6813). SEC. 3. REINSTATEMENT OF CERTAIN ADMISSION AND USE FEE AUTHORITIES. (a) Repeal.--Subsections (a), (c), and (d) of section 813 of the Federal Lands Recreation Enhancement Act (16 U.S.C. 6812) are repealed effective December 8, 2004. (b) Applicability.-- (1) Land and water conservation fund act of 1965.-- Subsections (a) through (f), and (g) of section 4 of the Land and Water Conservation Fund Act of 1965 (16 U.S.C. 460l-6a", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "causation_01104", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00134", "text": "We describe the methodology and compute the illumination of geometrically thin accretion disks around black holes of arbitrary spin parameter $a$ exposed to the radiation of a point-like, isotropic source at arbitrary height above the disk on its symmetry axis. We then provide analytic fitting formulae for the illumination as a function of the source height $h$ and the black hole angular momentum $a$. We find that for a source on the disk symmetry axis and $h/M > 3$, the main effect of the parameter $a$ is allowing the disk to extend to smaller radii (approaching $r/M \\to 1$ as $a/M \\to 1$) and thus allow the illumination of regions of much higher rotational velocity and redshift. We also compute the illumination profiles for anisotropic emission associated with the motion of the source relative to the accretion disk and present the fractions of photons absorbed by the black hole, intercepted by the disk or escaping to infinity for both isotropic and anisotropic emission for $a/M=0$ and $a/M=0.99$. As the anisotropy (of a source approaching the disk) increases the illumination profile reduces (approximately) to a single power-law, whose index, $q$, of absorption of the beamed photons by the black hole, saturates to a value no higher than $q \\gtrsim 3$. Finally, we compute the fluorescence Fe line profiles associated with the specific illumination and compare them among various cases.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 307, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00083", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00135", "text": "played out during the 2016 presidential race happening — many different Republican candidates occupying different part of the GOP ideological spectrum fighting amongst themselves. There have been shots lobbed among the top Republican contenders during the campaign at each other as much as at Ossoff. Nevertheless, Republicans maintain they'll eventually come together. \"If you don't have a muddy, bloody fight in a Republican primary, you haven't had a Republican primary in this state. But we always get back together,\" said Sandy Springs Mayor Rusty Paul, a former Georgia GOP chairman who was campaigning Monday morning with Handel at the Egg Harbor Cafe. Still, he said he'll support whoever ends up against Ossoff. Handel, who has high name ID from several unsuccessful statewide runs, has come in second in most polls and said she feels good about her chances. And while other rivals have attacked her as a career politician, she argued that's an asset, not a liability. \"Our folks, it just took them a little more time to make their minds up we believe in competition,\" Handel said, hitting Democrats for \"coronating\" Ossoff. \"And we've had a very spirited, competitive primary on our side.\" While Handel said she's supportive of the president, she's not exactly wearing it on her sleeve like Gray and other candidates are. \"This race is not about President Trump,\" she said. \"This race is about who is the best suited to to be the next congressman.\" Dalton State College students Jacob Ledford and Wesley Ross were canvassing on Saturday for former state Sen. Dan Moody, who's been endorsed by Sen. David Perdue. He's another candidate who could make the runoff, along with state Sen. Judson Hill — who has the backing of former House Speaker Newt Gingrich, who once represented parts of the district, and Florida Sen. Marco Rubio, who won this district in the GOP presidential primary. After knocking on door after door, Ledford and Ross were getting a lot of people not home or who didn't want to talk about the race — a common theme both sides are hearing in the closing days, with voters simply fed up with incessant calls and door knocks. They recalled how Democrats have boasted about turning Georgia blue before and have put up top-flight candidates in recent elections — Jason Carter, the grandson of former president Jimmy Carter, ran unsuccessfully for governor in 2014, while Michelle Nunn, daughter of former Sen. Sam N", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00634", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00136", "text": "In a sensor network, in practice, the communication among sensors is subject to:(1) errors or failures at random times; (3) costs; and(2) constraints sensors and networks operate under scarce resources, such as power, data rate, or communication. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is usually a main factor in determining the probability of error (or of communication failure) in a link. These probabilities are then a proxy for the SNR under which the links operate. The paper studies the problem of designing the topology, i.e., assigning the probabilities of reliable communication among sensors (or of link failures) to maximize the rate of convergence of average consensus, when the link communication costs are taken into account, and there is an overall communication budget constraint. To consider this problem, we address a number of preliminary issues: (1) model the network as a random topology; (2) establish necessary and sufficient conditions for mean square sense (mss) and almost sure (a.s.) convergence of average consensus when network links fail; and, in particular, (3) show that a necessary and sufficient condition for both mss and a.s. convergence is for the algebraic connectivity of the mean graph describing the network topology to be strictly positive. With these results, we formulate topology design, subject to random link failures and to a communication cost constraint, as a constrained convex optimization problem to which we apply semidefinite programming techniques. We show by an extensive numerical study that the optimal design improves significantly the convergence speed of the consensus algorithm and can achieve the asymptotic performance of a non-random network at a fraction of the communication cost.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 332, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00040", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00137", "text": "2001, possession or use of any drug — even heroin — has been treated as a health issue, not a crime. Goulão, who had worked as a family physician in his 20s, at the height of the crisis, says there was very little opposition to the policy change. \"Every family had its own drug addict. It was so, so present in everyday life, that it turned public opinion,\" Goulão says. \"We are dealing with a chronic relapsing disease, and this is a disease like any other. I do not put a diabetic in jail, for instance.\" Under the 2001 decriminalization law, authored by Goulão, drug dealers are still sent to prison. But anyone caught with less than a 10-day supply of any drug — including heroin — gets mandatory medical treatment. No judge, no courtroom, no jail. Instead they end up in a sparsely furnished, discreet, unmarked office in downtown Lisbon, for counselling with government sociologists, who decide whether to refer them to drug treatment centers. \"It's cheaper to treat people than to incarcerate them,\" says sociologist Nuno Cabaz. \"If I come across someone who wants my help, I'm in a much better position to provide it than a judge would ever be. Simple as that.\" Cabaz's team of 10 counselors handles all of Lisbon's roughly 2,500 drug cases a year. It may sound like a lot, but it's actually a 75 percent drop from the 1990s. Portugal's drug-induced death rate has plummeted to five times lower than the European Union average. Along a row of abandoned buildings in northern Lisbon, field psychologists took NPR to meet some of Portugal's remaining drug users. The hillside is littered with needles, and bursting with wildflowers. The sky rumbles with airliners landing at the international airport nearby. There's a philosophy book on a cement stoop next to a middle-aged man who's smoking crack cocaine. He gives his name as Rui, and says the stigma against addicts has eased decriminalization. \"Now, not so much. It's less, the methadone is coming, and people are treating this problem,\" he says. \"They see the drugs with another perspective.\" Every day, a government van pulls up and gives him a dose of methadone, an opioid that helps wean people off of heroin. It's", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00608", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00138", "text": "D) a MedicarePlus product (offered under part C of title XVIII of the Social Security Act), that provides benefits with respect to health care services. (10) Health care liability action.--The term ``health care liability action'' means a civil action brought in a State or Federal court or pursuant to alternative dispute resolution against a health care provider, an entity which is obligated to provide or pay for health benefits under any health benefit plan (including any person or entity acting under a contract or arrangement to provide or administer any health benefit), or the manufacturer, distributor, supplier, marketer, promoter, or seller of a medical product, in which the claimant alleges a claim (including third party claims, cross claims, counter claims, or distribution claims) based upon the provision of (or the failure to provide or pay for) health care services or the use of a medical product, regardless of the theory of liability on which the claim is based or the number of plaintiffs, defendants, or causes of action. (11) Health care liability claim.--The term ``health care liability claim'' means a claim in which the claimant alleges that injury was related to the provision of (or the failure to provide) health care services or medical products. (12) Health care provider.--The term ``health care provider'' means any person that is engaged in the delivery of health care services in a State and that is required by the laws or regulations of the State to be licensed or certified by the State to engage in the delivery of such services in the State. (13) Health care service.--The term ``health care service'' means any service for which payment may be made under a health benefit plan including services related to the delivery or administration of such service. (14) Medical product.--The term ``medical product'' means a drug (as defined in section 201(g)(1)) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. 321(g)(1)) or a medical device (as defined in section 201(h)) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. 321(h)), including any component or raw material used in a drug or device but excluding health care services. (15) Noneconomic damages.--The term ``noneconomic damages'' means damages paid to an individual for pain and suffering, inconvenience, emotional distress, mental anguish, loss of consortium, injury to reputation, humiliation, and other nonpecuniary losses", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "causation_01115", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00139", "text": "Motivation: Similarity-measure based clustering is a crucial problem appearing throughout scientific data analysis. Recently, a powerful new algorithm called Affinity Propagation (AP) based on message-passing techniques was proposed by Frey and Dueck \\cite{Frey07}. In AP, each cluster is identified by a common exemplar all other data points of the same cluster refer to, and exemplars have to refer to themselves. Albeit its proved power, AP in its present form suffers from a number of drawbacks. The hard constraint of having exactly one exemplar per cluster restricts AP to classes of regularly shaped clusters, and produces suboptimal performance, {\\it e.g.}, in analyzing gene expression data. Results: This limitation can be overcome by relaxing the AP hard constraints. A new parameter controls the importance of the constraints compared to the aim of maximizing the overall similarity, and allows to interpolate between the simple case where each data point selects its closest neighbor as an exemplar and the original AP. The resulting soft-constraint affinity propagation (SCAP) becomes more informative, accurate and produces more stable clustering. Even though a new {\\it a priori} free-parameter is introduced, the overall dependence of the algorithm on external tuning is reduced, as robustness is increased and an optimal strategy for parameter selection emerges more naturally. SCAP is tested on biological benchmark data, including in particular microarray data related to various cancer types. We show that the algorithm efficiently unveils the hierarchical cluster structure present in the data sets. Further on, it allows to extract sparse gene expression signatures for each cluster.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 321, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00252", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00140", "text": "Let freedom ring, in the nooks and crannies of the administrative state: One day a year—Lemonade Day—children in Austin, Texas, can sell the stuff without spending $460 on various fees, licenses and permits. Twelve-year olds in a Tampa middle school, learning about \"how much privilege\" they have, were asked if they were \"Cisgendered,\" \"Transgendered\" or \"Genderqueer.\" Two years after Emma was the most common name given to baby American girls, the trend was toward supposedly gender-neutral baby names (e.g., Lincoln, Max, Arlo) lest the child feel enslaved to stereotypes. A New Jersey mother says a police officer interrogated her 9-year-old son after he was suspected of a racial slur when he talked about brownies, the baked good. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission pondered whether a worker committed racial harassment by wearing a cap emblazoned with the Gadsden flag (depicting a coiled rattlesnake, with the words \"Don't Tread on Me\"). A University of Iowa professor complained that the Hawkeyes' mascot Herky, a fierce bird, is \"conveying an invitation to aggressivity and even violence\" that is discordant with the \"all accepting, nondiscriminatory messages we are trying to convey.\" As President's Day approached, San Diego advised city workers to use \"bias-free language\" by avoiding the phrase \"Founding Fathers.\" A National Park Service employee giving guided tours to Independence Hall in Philadelphia told tourists that the Declaration of Independence and Constitution were produced by \"class elites who were just out to protect their privileged status.\" The employee praised herself for her \"bravery.\" The NBA, which plays preseason games in China, home of forced abortions and organ harvests, moved its 2017 All-Star Game from Charlotte of North Carolina's law stipulating that transgender individuals should use bathrooms appropriate to their physiology. The New York Times reported the downside of humanity's mastery of fire: \"Figuring out how to make fire was no doubt an evolutionary boon to our ancestors. But it may have led to our smoking habit.\" Facing a budget shortfall in 2010, New York's Legislature raised the cigarette tax $1.60 to $4.35 per pack, expecting, illogically, that it would discourage smoking and raise $290 million annually. By 2016, cigarette revenues had fallen 25 percent, and smuggled", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00583", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00141", "text": "Aims. We probe the effect of turbulent diffusion on the chemistry at the interface between a cold neutral medium (CNM) cloudlet and the warm neutral medium (WNM). Methods. We perform moving grid, multifluid, 1D, hydrodynamical simulations with chemistry including thermal and chemical diffusion. The diffusion coefficients are enhanced to account for turbulent diffusion. We post-process the steady-states of our simulations with a crude model of radiative transfer to compute line profiles. Results. Turbulent diffusion spreads out the transition region between the CNM and the WNM. We find that the CNM slightly expands and heats up: its CH and H$_2$ content decreases the lower density. The change of physical conditions and diffusive transport increase the H$^+$ content in the CNM which results in increased OH and H$_2$O. Diffusion transports some CO out of the CNM. It also brings H$_2$ into contact with the warm gas with enhanced production of CH$^+$, H$_3^+$, OH and H$_2$O at the interface. O lines are sensitive to the spread of the thermal profile in the intermediate region between the CNM and the WNM. Enhanced molecular content at the interface of the cloud broadens the molecular line profiles and helps exciting transitions of intermediate energy. The relative molecular yield are found higher for bigger clouds. Conclusions. Turbulent diffusion can be the source of additional molecular production and should be included in chemical models of the interstellar medium (ISM). It also is a good candidate for the interpretation of observational problems such as warm H$_2$, CH$^+$ formation and presence of H$_3^+$.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 345, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00122", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00142", "text": "Recent observations suggest that global properties of the host galaxies for long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are particularly well-suited for creating the massive star progenitors of these GRBs. Motivated by the hypothesis that massive young star clusters located in metal-poor, low-metallicity galaxies are a natural birthsite for GRB progenitors, we present a comparison study of the ISM properties along the sightline toward the super star cluster, NGC1705-1, and those in distant GRB hosts. Using the same set of metal transitions in the UV and applying known ISM structures in NGC1705, we find that NGC1705-1 resembles distant GRB host galaxies in its high neutral gas column, low molecular gas fraction, low metallicity, alpha-element enhancement,and low dust depletion. The lack of molecular gas is the enhanced UV radiation field in the starburst environment, consistent with the expectations for GRB progenitors. In addition, the known presence of dense neutral gas clouds at r<500 pc from NGC1705-1 provides a natural reservoir of C^+, Si^+, and Fe^+ ions that may be subsequently excited by the afterglow UV radiation field to produce excited lines commonly seen in GRB host ISM. We further argue that the apparent offset in the velocity profiles of low- and high-ionization transitions from absorption-line observations alone already offers important clues for related starburst episodes in GRB host galaxies. Our study shows that a statistical comparison between the ISM around star clusters and high-redshift GRB progenitors is important for identifying the key physical parameters that facilitate the formation of GRBs.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 329, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00413", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00143", "text": "This paper studies two high-pollution episodes over Greater Tokyo: 9 and 10 December 1999, and 31 July and 1 August 2001. Results obtained with the chemistry-transport model (CTM) Polair3D are compared to measurements of inorganic PM2.5. To understand to which extent the aerosol processes modeled in Polair3D impact simulated inorganic PM2.5, Polair3D is run with different options in the aerosol module, e.g. with/without heterogeneous reactions. To quantify the impact of processes outside the aerosol module, simulations are also done with another CTM (CMAQ). In the winter episode, sulfate is mostly impacted by condensation, coagulation, long-range transport, and deposition to a lesser extent. In the summer episode, the effect of long-range transport largely dominates. The impact of condensation/evaporation is dominant for ammonium, nitrate and chloride in both episodes. However, the impact of the thermodynamic equilibrium assumption is limited. The impact of heterogeneous reactions is large for nitrate and ammonium, and taking heterogeneous reactions into account appears to be crucial in predicting the peaks of nitrate and ammonium. The impact of deposition is the same for all inorganic PM2.5. It is small compared to the impact of other processes although it is not negligible. The impact of nucleation is negligible in the summer episode, and small in the winter episode. The impact of coagulation is larger in the winter episode than in the summer episode, the number of small particles is higher in the winter episode as a consequence of nucleation.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 335, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00240", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00144", "text": "Image via Getty. Prince’s unexpected death last summer was determined an accidental overdose on the opioid fentanyl. Six days preceding his death, Prince overdosed on a plane, and had to be revived at a hospital following an emergency landing. Search warrants issued for Paisley Park, Prince’s Minnesota residence, have just been unsealed, revealing what seems to have been a complicated system intended to funnel narcotics to the beloved icon. Advertisement KARE 11 reports that the documents, which were made public Monday morning, show that CVS prescription bottles found in Prince’s home had the name of his longtime bodyguard, Kirk Johnson, on the label. Investigators had been unable to find the source of fentanyl for Prince after examining his toxicology report, but did discover prescriptions of Oxycodone written for Johnson and prescribed by Dr. Michael Todd Schulenberg. The warrants also listed the pills discovered on the premises: -15 white capsules (Watson 853) discovered in a second floor dressing room -CVS pharmacy bottle under the name of Kirk Johnson/7 green capsules -8 orange oval pills inside suitcase in mirror room/second floor -Bayer bottle/64 white pills with Watson 853 -Aleve bottle with 20 ½ tablets labeled Watson 853 -Pamphlet for Recovery Without Walls (rehab center) Watson 853 is an acetaminophen/hydrocodone painkiller hybrid. Other bottles mislabeled as “Vitamin D” were also filled with acetaminophen/hydrocodone pills, and more was found throughout the house: Advertisement Detectives also discovered Prince’s suitcase — which was the one found with several narcotics inside (in prescription pill bottles under Johnson’s name) — had the name tag of “Peter Bravestrong” — an alias name authorities believe Prince used when he traveled in an attempt to maintain his privacy. Lyrics for the song, “U Got the Look,” were also found in that suitcase, written in Prince’s handwriting. The New York Daily News reports that Dr. Schulenberg told authorities that he wrote prescriptions under Johnson’s name to protect Prince’s privacy. Johnson, who had worked for Prince the late eighties, told investigators that he had no idea that Prince had a pill addiction, though the day before the artist’s death he went to a Walgreens to pick up a prescription for him. Johnson said it was the first time he’d been sent on such an errand.", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 491, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00691", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00145", "text": "year 2004, $171,000,000,000; ``(G) for fiscal year 2005, $184,000,000,000; ``(H) for fiscal year 2006, $193,000,000,000; ``(I) for fiscal year 2007, $204,000,000,000; ``(J) for fiscal year 2008, $212,000,000,000; and ``(K) for fiscal year 2009, $218,000,000,000. ``(2) Adjustment to the limit for actual social security surpluses.--After October 1 and no later than December 31 of each year, the Secretary shall make the following calculations and adjustments: ``(A) Calculation.--After the Secretary determines the actual level for the social security surplus for the current year, the Secretary shall take the estimated level of the social security surplus for that year specified in paragraph (1) and subtract that actual level. ``(B) Adjustment.-- ``(i) 2000 through 2004.--With respect to the periods described in subsections (a)(1), (a)(2), and (a)(3), the Secretary shall add the amount calculated under subparagraph (A) to-- ``(I) the limit set forth in subsection (a) for the period of years that begins on May 1st of the following calendar year; and ``(II) each subsequent limit. ``(ii) 2004 through 2010.--With respect to the periods described in subsections (a)(4), (a)(5), and (a)(6), the Secretary shall add the amount calculated under subparagraph (A) to-- ``(I) the limit set forth in subsection (a) for the period of years that includes May 1st of the following calendar year; and ``(II) each subsequent limit. ``(c) Adjustment to the Limit for Emergencies.-- ``(1) Estimate of legislation.-- ``(A) Calculation.--If legislation is enacted into law that contains a provision that is designated as an emergency requirement pursuant to section 251(b)(2)(A) or 252(e), OMB shall estimate the amount the debt held by the public will change of the provision's effect on the level of total outlays and receipts excluding the impact on outlays and receipts of the Federal Old-Age and Survivors Insurance Trust Fund and the Federal Disability Insurance Trust Fund. ``(B) Baseline", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "causation_01012", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00146", "text": "meet some of Portugal's remaining drug users. The hillside is littered with needles, and bursting with wildflowers. The sky rumbles with airliners landing at the international airport nearby. There's a philosophy book on a cement stoop next to a middle-aged man who's smoking crack cocaine. He gives his name as Rui, and says the stigma against addicts has eased decriminalization. \"Now, not so much. It's less, the methadone is coming, and people are treating this problem,\" he says. \"They see the drugs with another perspective.\" Every day, a government van pulls up and gives him a dose of methadone, an opioid that helps wean people off of heroin. It's a step toward harm-reduction. He still does cocaine, but no longer shoots up. Drug-related HIV infections in Portugal have dropped 95 percent. Drug workers hand out packets with clean needles and condoms, and listen to another addict, Antonio, describe his anxiety. \"If the drugs hurt too much my body, I escape a little, and then I come back again,\" he says. \"But it's a world I cannot escape! If I turn there, it's there — it's everywhere. I cannot escape.\" For every person in Portugal who cannot escape addiction, there's daily methadone, counseling and free treatment. A generation ago, these addicts were put in jail. Now they're on the street. But polls show the Portuguese — having lived through the ravages of a heroin epidemic — overwhelmingly support this policy.", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 315, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00609", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00147", "text": "in the next 20 years. (10) Insecurity of tenure severely inhibits economic development by undermining investment incentives and constraining the growth of credit markets, imperils the ability of families to achieve sustainable livelihoods and assured access to shelter, and often contributes to conflict over property rights. (11) Women make up 66 percent of the world's work force, but own less than 15 percent of the property globally. (12) Women are affected disproportionally by forced evictions and insecure tenure of gender discrimination, often including gender-biased laws that define women as legal minors or otherwise prevent them from acquiring and securing land, property, and housing lease or ownership rights, making them more vulnerable to poverty, violence, and sexual abuse. (13) Adequate housing and universal access to basic shelter serve as catalysts for social and democratic development. (14) The 2006 National Security Strategy states, ``America's national interests and moral values drive us in the same direction: to assist the world's poor citizens and least developed nations and help integrate them into the global economy.''. (15) Goal 7 Target 11 of the Millennium Development Goals sets the target that ``By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum- dwellers.''. (16) The United States formerly provided significant levels of overseas development assistance for shelter and affordable housing, but in recent years this amount has declined. SEC. 3. STATEMENT OF POLICY. It should be the policy of the United States-- (1) to establish and implement, as a major objective of United States overseas development assistance strategy, particularly in developing countries, programs that foster improved urban management, that foster sustainable urban development, that increase the security of real property tenure, and that expand access to basic shelter, affordable urban housing, and essential urban services and infrastructure, particularly by the poor and others who lack such access in whole or in part; (2) to allocate increased levels of United States bilateral assistance for programs described in paragraph (1); and (3) in order to prevent waste and duplication in the use of United States overseas development assistance with respect to the programs described in paragraph (1) and in order to foster cooperative relations with foreign governments, intergovernmental organizations, and private business and nonprofit entities that singly or jointly support or implement programs similar to those described in paragraph (1), to seek and actively support innovative international mechanisms designed", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "causation_01021", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00148", "text": "In this paper, we study the perturbative aspects of a \"B-twisted\" two-dimensional $(0,2)$ heterotic sigma model on a holomorphic gauge bundle $\\mathcal E$ over a complex, hermitian manifold $X$. We show that the model can be naturally described in terms of the mathematical theory of ``Chiral Differential Operators\". In particular, the physical anomalies of the sigma model can be reinterpreted as an obstruction to a global definition of the associated sheaf of vertex superalgebras derived from the free conformal field theory describing the model locally on $X$. In addition, one can also obtain a novel understanding of the sigma model one-loop beta function solely in terms of holomorphic data. At the $(2,2)$ locus, one can describe the resulting half-twisted variant of the topological B-model in terms of a $\\it{mirror}$ \"Chiral de Rham complex\" (or CDR) defined by Malikov et al. in \\cite{GMS1}. Via mirror symmetry, one can also derive various conjectural expressions relating the sheaf cohomology of the mirror CDR to that of the original CDR on pairs of Calabi-Yau mirror manifolds. An analysis of the half-twisted model on a non-K\\\"ahler group manifold with torsion also allows one to draw conclusions about the corresponding sheaves of CDR (and its mirror) that are consistent with mathematically established results by Ben-Bassat in \\cite{ben} on the mirror symmetry of generalised complex manifolds. These conclusions suggest an interesting relevance of the sheaf of CDR in the recent study of generalised mirror symmetry.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 345, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00190", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00149", "text": "We investigate colour selection techniques for high redshift galaxies in the UKIDSS Ultra Deep Survey Early Data Release (UDS EDR). Combined with very deep Subaru optical photometry, the depth (K_AB = 22.5) and area (0.62 deg^2) of the UDS EDR allows us to investigate optical/near-IR selection using a large sample of over 30,000 objects. By using the B-z, z-K colour-colour diagram (the BzK technique) we identify over 7500 candidate galaxies at z > 1.4, which can be further separated into passive and starforming systems (pBzK and sBzK respectively). Our unique sample allows us to identify a new feature not previously seen in BzK diagrams, consistent with the passively evolving track of early type galaxies at z < 1.4. We also compare the BzK technique with the R-K colour selection of Extremely Red Objects (EROs) and the J-K selection of Distant Red Galaxies (DRGs), and quantify the overlap between these populations. We find that the majority of DRGs, at these relatively bright magnitudes are also EROs. previous studies have found that DRGs at these magnitudes have redshifts of z ~ 1 we determine that these DRG/ERO galaxies have SEDs consistent with being dusty star-forming galaxies or AGN at z < 2. Finally we observe a flattening in the number counts of pBzK galaxies, similar to other studies, which may indicate that we are sampling the luminosity function of passive z > 1 galaxies over a narrow redshift range.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 344, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00082", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00150", "text": "Apple's FileVault encryption program was initially introduced with OS X 10.3 (Panther), and it allowed for the encryption of a user's home folder only. Beginning with OS X 10.7 (Lion), Apple redesigned the encryption scheme and released it as FileVault 2—the program offers whole-disk encryption alongside newer, stronger encryption standards. FileVault 2 has been available to each version of OS X/macOS 10.7; the legacy FileVault is still available in earlier versions of OS X. This comprehensive guide about Apple's FileVault 2 covers features, system requirements, and more. We will update this article if there's new information about FileVault 2. SEE: Encryption Policy (Tech Pro Research) Executive summary What is FileVault 2, and how does it encrypt data? FileVault 2 is a whole-disk encryption program that encrypts data on a Mac to prevent unauthorized access from anyone that does not have the decryption key or user's account credentials. FileVault 2 is a whole-disk encryption program that encrypts data on a Mac to prevent unauthorized access from anyone that does not have the decryption key or user's account credentials. Why does FileVault 2 matter? Encryption of data at rest or stored on a disk is often the last resort to ensuring that data is protected against unauthorized access. The recent high-profile security breaches make it even more important to know about encryption programs such as FileVault 2. Encryption of data at rest or stored on a disk is often the last resort to ensuring that data is protected against unauthorized access. The recent high-profile security breaches make it even more important to know about encryption programs such as FileVault 2. Is FileVault 2 available to all macOS users? All macOS users can enable FileVault 2 to protect their data. Some users running more recent versions of OS X can also enable disk encryption, while others using older versions of OS X will only be able to utilize legacy FileVault, which encrypts just their home folder. All macOS users can enable FileVault 2 to protect their data. Some users running more recent versions of OS X can also enable disk encryption, while others using older versions of OS X will only be able to utilize legacy FileVault, which encrypts just their home folder. What are the pros and cons to using FileVault 2? Some of the pros include it supports legacy hardware, and deployment may be locally or centrally managed by users", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00520", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00151", "text": "to deploy shortly thereafter, the battalion was refused by General Eisenhower, concerns over the loyalty and patriotism of the Nisei. (7) The 442nd Regimental Combat Team later trained with the 100th Infantry Battalion at Camp Shelby in May of 1943. (8) Eventually, the 100th Infantry Battalion was deployed to the Mediterranean and entered combat in Italy on September 26, 1943. (9) their bravery and valor, members of the Battalion were honored with 6 awards of the Distinguished Service Cross in the first 8 weeks of combat. (10) The 100th Battalion fought at Cassino, Italy in January, 1944, and later accompanied the 34th Infantry Division to Anzio, Italy. (11) In May and June of 1944, the battalion was joined by the 442nd Regimental Combat Team, and helped push the German Army north of Rome. (12) The battalion was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation for its actions in battle on June 26-27, 1944. (13) On August 14th, 1944, the 100th Infantry Battalion was formally made an integral part of the 442nd Regimental Combat Team, and fought for the last 9 months of the war with distinction in Italy, southern France, and Germany. (14) The 442nd Regimental became the most decorated unit in United States military history for its size and length of service. (15) The 442nd Regimental Combat Team, and members of the team, received 7 Presidential Unit Citations, 21 Medals of Honor, 52 Distinguished Service Crosses, 560 Silver Stars, 4,000 Bronze Stars, 22 Legion of Merit Medals, 15 Soldier's Medals, and nearly 10,000 Purple Hearts, among numerous additional distinctions. (16) The United States remains forever indebted to the bravery, valor, and dedication to country these men faced while fighting a 2-fronted battle of discrimination at home and fascism abroad. (17) Their commitment and sacrifice demonstrates a highly uncommon and commendable sense of patriotism and honor. SEC. 2. CONGRESSIONAL GOLD MEDAL. (a) Award Authorized.--The Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President pro tempore of the Senate shall make appropriate arrangements for the award, on behalf of the Congress, of a single gold", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 496, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00858", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00152", "text": "7 U.S.C. 13) is amended by adding at the end the following: ``(f) Fine for High Frequency Trading Violation Required To Be Based on the Duration of the Violation.--The amount of a fine imposed under this Act with respect to a violation of a high frequency trading regulation shall be determined on the basis of the number of seconds, including fractions of seconds, during which the violation continued.''. SEC. 4. CIVIL PENALTIES UNDER THE COMMODITY EXCHANGE ACT. (a) Authority of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission To Define Meaning of ``Each Violation''.--Section 9 of the Commodity Exchange Act (7 U.S.C. 13), as amended by section 3 of this Act, is amended by adding at the end the following: ``(g) Authority To Define Scope of Violation.--The Commission may define the scope of any violation for purposes of determining the number of violations involved in any case arising under this Act.''. (b) Enforcement Powers of the Commission.--Section 6 of such Act is amended-- (1) in paragraph (10) of subsection (c) (7 U.S.C. 9), by striking subparagraph (C) and inserting the following: ``(C) assess such person-- ``(i) a civil penalty of not more than an amount equal to the greater of-- ``(I) $1,000,000, in the case of a person who is an individual, for each violation; ``(II) $10,000,000, in the case of any person other than an individual, for each violation; ``(III) triple the monetary gain to the person and all other persons acting in concert with the person, for each such violation; or ``(IV) triple the total amount of losses to persons proximately related to each such violation; or ``(ii) a civil penalty of triple the maximum amount otherwise available under clause (i) if the person, within 5 years preceding the violation, has been-- ``(I) found in a proceeding brought by the Commission, or by agreement of settlement to which the Commission is a party, to have recklessly or willfully violated any provision of this Act or of the rules, regulations, or orders of the Commission thereunder; or ``(II) convicted of any criminal offense that involves a violation of this Act or of the rules, regulations, or orders of the Commission thereunder; and''; (2) in subsection (", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "causation_01045", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00153", "text": "high marks almost every other feature received in the survey. But Siri's very low score dovetails with the years of complaints users have had with how Siri functions. The Street's Leon Lazaroff wrote that Siri's main problem is a consumer base expecting it to function like other virtual assistants, which it cannot do it was designed for a very specific purpose. \"Siri's job is to integrate those devices, it's meant to grease the connections between Apple devices, making the iPhone integral to the iPad, AppleWatch and AppleTV — and all points in between,\" Lazaroff wrote. \"The problem for Apple is that people have come to expect a voice-activated device that can answer relatively easy questions fast and efficiently, and Siri...has mostly fallen short.\" Siri's inability to answer basic questions like Amazon's Alexa, Microsoft's Cortana, and Google Assistant has left users confused about what the feature is actually supposed to do. Verge journalist Walt Mossberg wrote in 2016 that Apple \"wasted its lead\" with Siri and was too slow to add features and functionality that its rivals had already mastered. \"Siri's huge promise has been shrunk to just making voice calls and sending messages to contacts, and maybe getting the weather, using voice commands. If you try and treat Siri like a truly intelligent assistant, aware of the wider world, it often fails, even though Apple presentations and its Siri website suggest otherwise,\" Mossberg wrote. A study done by Stone Temple last year found that Siri \"only answered 21.7 percent of questions and nailed 62.2 percent of them completely, correctly,\" noting that \"Alexa and Siri both face the limitation of not being able to leverage a full crawl of the web to supplement their knowledge bases. It will be interesting to see how they both address that challenge.\" Despite the challenges with Siri, Apple should be heartened to know that most users gave the iPhone X very high scores on almost everything else, and Bajarin said Apple is set up nicely for the future. \"Overall, the data we collected around iPhone X show that if Apple is truly using this product as the baseline for innovation for the next decade, then they are off to a strong start and have built a solid foundation,\" Bajarin wrote in the report. Bajarin later added: \"If Apple can bring Siri back to a leadership position and in combination continue to build on the hardware and software around iPhone X base foundation, then they will remain well", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00543", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00154", "text": "land-ownership patterns, business development, environmental equity, and regulatory zones. (B) The analysis of public policy implications of economic development programs that affect the ecology of California. (C) The conduct of seminars and other educational programs for policy makers in the Federal Government, State and local governments, and the private sector on the implications of the findings and conclusions derived from the Center's activities. The Center shall use electronic technology, such as computer networks and video conferencing, to convey the cumulative findings and conclusions derived from the Center's activities and to foster an exchange of ideas. (D) The conduct, not more than once each year, of a national conference on ecology and sustainable economic development for business and labor leaders to foster an exchange of ideas and information. (E) The provision of ready access to the Center's collective expertise for policy makers in the Federal Government and State and local governments, and for representatives of private- and public-sector organizations, through meetings, publications, special reports, video, electronic mail, computer networks, and other means to share up-to-date information on research findings and policy development for sustainable economic development. (F) The minimization of duplication and waste in applied research and demonstration programs within the areas of the Center's expertise. (G) The development of educational programs, curricula, and instructional materials for colleges, universities, and other educational institutions to impart the knowledge and skills required to implement environmentally sustainable economic development, for the purpose of equipping students for jobs in the public and private sectors. (H) The development of bachelors and masters degree programs for individuals who have lost or may lose employment of cutbacks in defense spending to prepare such individuals for employment as environmental professionals, and the development of certification programs in environmental sciences and studies for such individuals. (I) The preparation of minority students for environmental professions, including the development of an enriched curriculum in the environmental sciences at the baccalaureate and post-graduate levels for underrepresented minority students to prepare such students for careers in various environmental areas, such as environmental health and the clean-up of military installations and facilities. (J) The development and administration of a repository of information on key environmental and related economic development issues that can be readily accessed by private- and public-sector entities, including imposition, if necessary, of a fee for users of the repository to cover the cost of its operation. (5) To work closely with other university research centers for which funds have been provided by the", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "causation_01057", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00155", "text": "We consider a trait-structured population subject to mutation, birth and competition of logistic type, where the number of coexisting types may fluctuate. Applying a limit of rare mutations to this population while keeping the population size finite produces a jump process, the so-called `trait substitution sequence', where evolution proceeds by successive invasions and fixations of mutant types. The probability of fixation of a mutant is interpreted as a fitness landscape that depends on the current state of the population. It was in adaptive dynamics that this kind of model was first invented and studied, under the additional assumption of large population. Assuming also small mutation steps, adaptive dynamics' theory provides a deterministic ODE approximating the evolutionary dynamics of the dominant trait of the population, called `canonical equation of adaptive dynamics'. In this work, we want to include genetic drift in this models by keeping the population finite. Rescaling mutation steps (weak selection) yields in this case a diffusion on the trait space that we call `canonical diffusion of adaptive dynamics', in which genetic drift (diffusive term) is combined with directional selection (deterministic term) driven by the fitness gradient. Finally, in order to compute the coefficients of this diffusion, we seek explicit first-order formulae for the probability of fixation of a nearly neutral mutant appearing in a resident population. These formulae are expressed in terms of `invasibility coefficients' associated with fertility, defense, aggressiveness and isolation, which measure the robustness (stability w.r.t. selective strengths) of the resident type. Some numerical results on the canonical diffusion are also given.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 318, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00488", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00156", "text": "Sen. Terry Wanzek, R-Jamestown, tried to attach an amendment to the North Dakota Department of Transportation budget bill requiring the agency to keep all of the state's shops in operation through mid-2019. The amendment would also provide for a legislative study of the shops' proposed closure \"and the impact of services in the areas affected,\" as well as the possibility of cooperating with local political subdivisions. The amendment ultimately failed and the budget passed the Senate Appropriations Committee Tuesday morning. Wanzek said he intends to try to amend the bill on the Senate floor. Wanzek said he wasn't enthusiastic about micromanaging the DOT, but \"the outcry that I've heard from members in my district that have these shops in their area, it is overwhelming.\" \"I just feel that this is something, that in representing the people of my district, that I have to bring forward,\" he added. The amended DOT budget includes a $66.4 million reduction in operating expenses from the $295.8 million included in the base budget, a 22 percent decrease. It also decreases the full-time equivalent positions in the department by 31.5, from 1,080.5 to 1,049. Jamie Olson, a DOT spokeswoman, said the proposed consolidation of eight maintenance \"sections\" into neighboring facilities would save about $2.1 million in the coming two-year budget cycle. She said the buildings are aging and today's snowplows can cover more miles. \"They're able to do more than they were before,\" Olson said. \"Those rural roads that some of these sections lie on, there's still going to be service. They're just going to be serviced out of the next shop over.\" The shops slated for closure are in Starkweather, Finley, Fessenden, Gackle, Litchville, New England, Courtenay and Mayville, Olson said. There are 67 section shops across the state, Olson said, along with with additional shops at the eight main district locations. Sen. Gary Lee, R-Casselton, said the DOT was asked to \"look at their budgets critically just like everyone else was.\" Olson said the department saw a 13 percent decline in 2015 in highway tax distribution revenues, a main source of funding for operations, of a slower economy and lower fuel tax collections. \"We ask them to seek out efficiencies, and then we tell them we don't want them,\" Lee", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00598", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00157", "text": "described in section 5(a), priority shall be given to the individuals who, at the time of selection to the program, have exhausted or are otherwise not eligible for unemployment insurance benefits, particularly those individuals who have been unemployed for the longest periods of time preceding the date of their selection to the program. SEC. 7. NONDISCRIMINATION. No individual shall be excluded from participation in, denied the benefits of, subjected to discrimination under, or denied employment in the administration of or in connection with any program described in section 5(a) of race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age, disability, or political affiliation or belief. SEC. 8. LABOR STANDARDS. The labor standards described under section 143 of the Job Training Partnership Act (29 U.S.C. 1553) shall apply for purposes of a program established under section 5(a). SEC. 9. MAINTENANCE OF EXPENDITURES. The Secretary may not make a grant under section 2 to an eligible administrative entity unless the entity agrees that it will maintain its aggregate expenditures from all other sources for employing individuals to repair and renovate essential community facilities at or above the average level of such expenditures in the 2 fiscal years preceding the date on which the entity submits an application under section 4 to the Secretary. SEC. 10. REPORT. The Secretary may not make a grant under section 2 to an eligible administrative entity unless the entity agrees that it will submit, for any fiscal year in which the entity receives a grant under such section, a report to the Secretary describing the use of such grant and any other information the Secretary determines to be appropriate. SEC. 11. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS. (a) In General.--There is authorized to be appropriated to carry out section 2 $5,000,000,000 for fiscal year 1994 and such sums as may be necessary for each succeeding fiscal year. (b) Availability.--Funds authorized to be appropriated under subsection (a) shall remain available until expended.", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 421, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00954", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00158", "text": "We analyse star formation in the nuclei of 9 Seyfert galaxies at spatial resolutions down to 0.085arcsec, corresponding to length scales of less than 10pc in some objects. Our data were taken mostly with the near infrared adaptive optics integral field spectrograph SINFONI. The stellar light profiles typically have size scales of a few tens of parsecs. In two cases there is unambiguous kinematic evidence for stellar disks on these scales. In the nuclear regions there appear to have been recent - but no longer active - starbursts in the last 10-300Myr. The stellar luminosity is less than a few percent of the AGN in the central 10pc, whereas on kiloparsec scales the luminosities are comparable. The surface stellar luminosity density follows a similar trend in all the objects, increasing steadily at smaller radii up to 10^{13}L_sun/kpc^2 in the central few parsecs, where the mass surface density exceeds 10^4M_sun/pc^2. The intense starbursts were probably Eddington limited and hence inevitably short-lived, implying that the starbursts occur in multiple short bursts. The data hint at a delay of 50--100Myr between the onset of star formation and subsequent fuelling of the black hole. We discuss whether this may be a consequence of the role that stellar ejecta could play in fuelling the black hole. While a significant mass is ejected by OB winds and supernovae, their high velocity means that very little of it can be accreted. On the other hand winds from AGB stars ultimately dominate the total mass loss, and they can also be accreted very efficiently of their slow speeds.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 356, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00058", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00159", "text": "We present high-resolution observations made with the Very Large Array (VLA) in its A configuration at frequencies between 5 and 43 GHz of a sample of five massive young stellar objects (YSOs): LkHa101, NGC2024-IRS2, S106-IR, W75N and S140-IRS1. The resolution varied from 0.04 arcsec (at 43 GHz) to 0.5 arcsec (at 5 GHz), corresponding to a linear resolution as high as 17 AU for our nearest source. A MERLIN observation of S106-IR at 23 GHz with 0.03-arcsec resolution is also presented. S106-IR and S140-IRS1 are elongated at 43 GHz perpendicular to their large scale bipolar outflows. This confirms the equatorial wind picture for these sources seen previously in MERLIN 5 GHz observations. The other sources are marginally resolved at 43 GHz. The spectral indices we derive for the sources in our sample range from +0.2 to +0.8, generally consistent with ionized stellar winds. We have modelled our sources as uniform, isothermal spherical winds, with LkHa101 and NGC2024-IRS2 yielding the best fits. However, in all cases our fits give wind temperatures of only 2000 to 5000 K, much less than the effective temperatures of main-sequence stars of the same luminosity, a result which is likely the clumpy nature of the winds.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 310, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00321", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00160", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Child Custody Protection Act''. SEC. 2. TRANSPORTATION OF MINORS IN CIRCUMVENTION OF CERTAIN LAWS RELATING TO ABORTION. (a) In General.--Title 18, United States Code, is amended by inserting after chapter 117 the following: ``CHAPTER 117A--TRANSPORTATION OF MINORS IN CIRCUMVENTION OF CERTAIN LAWS RELATING TO ABORTION ``Sec. ``2431. Transportation of minors in circumvention of certain laws relating to abortion. ``Sec. 2431. Transportation of minors in circumvention of certain laws relating to abortion ``(a) Offense.-- ``(1) Generally.--Except as provided in subsection (b), whoever knowingly transports an individual who has not attained the age of 18 years across a State line, with the intent that such individual obtain an abortion, and thereby in fact abridges the right of a parent under a law requiring parental involvement in a minor's abortion decision, in force in the State where the individual resides, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than one year, or both. ``(2) Definition.--For the purposes of this subsection, an abridgement of the right of a parent occurs if an abortion is performed on the individual, in a State other than the State where the individual resides, without the parental consent or notification, or the judicial authorization, that would have been required by that law had the abortion been performed in the State where the individual resides. ``(b) Exceptions.--(1) The prohibition of subsection (a) does not apply if the abortion was necessary to save the life of the minor her life was endangered by a physical disorder, physical injury, or physical illness, including a life endangering physical condition related to or arising from the pregnancy itself. ``(2) An individual transported in violation of this section, and any parent of that individual, may not be prosecuted or sued for a violation of this section, a conspiracy to violate this section, or an offense under section 2 or 3 based on a violation of this section. ``(c) Affirmative Defense.--It is an affirmative defense to a prosecution for an offense, or to a civil action, based on a violation of this section that the defendant reasonably believed, based on information the defendant obtained directly from a parent of the individual or other compelling facts, that before", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "causation_01037", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00161", "text": "the person, within 5 years of such violation, has been found in a proceeding brought by the Commission, or by agreement of settlement to which the Commission is a party, to have recklessly or willfully violated any provision of this Act or the rules, regulations, or orders of the Commission thereunder, or convicted of any criminal offense that involves a violation of this Act or the rules, regulations, or orders of the Commission thereunder''. (d) Action To Enjoin or Restrain Violations.--Section 6c(d) of such Act (7 U.S.C. 13a-1(d)) is amended-- (1) in paragraph (1), by inserting ``a civil penalty in the amount of'' after ``violation''; and (2) by striking subparagraphs (A) and (B) of paragraph (1) and inserting the following: ``(A) not more than the greater of-- ``(i) ``$1,000,000, in the case of a person who is an individual, for each violation; ``(ii) $10,000,000, in the case of any person other than an individual, for each violation; ``(iii) triple the monetary gain to the person and all other persons acting in concert with the person, for each such violation; or ``(iv) triple the total amount of losses by persons proximately related to each such violation; or ``(B) triple the maximum amount otherwise available under subparagraph (A) if the person, within 5 years preceding the violation, has been-- ``(i) found in a proceeding brought by the Commission, or by agreement of settlement to which the Commission is a party, to have recklessly or willfully violated any provision of this Act or of the rules, regulations, or orders of the Commission thereunder; or ``(ii) convicted of any criminal offense that involves a violation of this Act or of the rules, regulations, or orders of the Commission thereunder.''. (e) Criminal Penalties.--Section 9(a) of such Act (7 U.S.C. 13(a)) is amended by inserting ``in the case of an individual or $10,000,000 in the case of any person other than an individual, for each violation,'' after ``$1,000,000''. (f) Statute of Limitations.--Section 9 of such Act (7 U.S.C. 13) is amended by adding at the end the following:", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "causation_01048", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00162", "text": "according to a press release. ETL jobs in Glue can be created through the AWS Management Console. Customers tell Glue what data they want to target in AWS, and then Glue \"discovers the associated metadata (e.g. table definitions) and classifies it, generates ETL scripts for data transformation, and loads the transformed data into a destination data store, provisioning the infrastructure needed to complete the job,\" the release said. AWS Glue is a serverless solution. of this, customers are billed for compute resources consumed relative to data preparation and loading jobs, the release said. In an effort to make cloud migration easier, AWS also announced its new AWS Migration Hub, an umbrella solution made up of the AWS Application Discovery Service, the AWS Server Migration Service, and the the AWS Database Migration Service. In addition to guiding users through the migration process, it also tracks the migration status as well. While the AWS Migration Hub is based in the US West (Oregon) Region, it can manage migrations that happen in any AWS region, the release said. There is no additional cost for the Hub, as users are just charged for the services that are a part of the hub. Additional AWS products like the Amazon Elastic File System (EFS), AWS Config, and AWS CloudHSM all received some minor updates at the AWS NY Summit as well. The 3 big takeaways for TechRepublic readers Amazon Macie is a new security tool that uses machine learning to identify sensitive cloud data, and takes extra steps to protect it. AWS Glue is an ETL service that makes it easier to migrate data to one of many AWS data stores so it can be analyzed and queried. The new AWS Migration Hub is a collection of AWS tools that guide a user through the cloud migration process and give insight along the way. Stay informed, click here to subscribe to the TechRepublic Cloud Insights newsletter. Subscribe Also see", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 383, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00555", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00163", "text": "LONDON--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Jul 4, 2018--The global lead market is expected to register a CAGR of close to 7% during the period 2018-2022, according to the latest market research report by. This press release features multimedia. View the full release here: https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180704005211/en/ Technavio has published a new market research report on the global lead market from 2018-2022. (Graphic: Business Wire) A key factor driving the market’s growth is the recyclability of lead. Recycling of waste products is crucial to the environment. accumulated waste release chemicals and harmful gases, which result in global warming. Recycling requires lesser energy than the manufacturing process. Lead has the highest recyclability rate when compared with other materials that are recycled. Most of the lead used in commercial applications is obtained from recycled lead. This market research report on the provides an analysis of the most important trends expected to impact the market outlook during the forecast period. Technavio predicts an emerging trend as a major factor that has the potential to significantly impact the market and contribute to its growth or decline. This report is available at a USD 1,000 discount for a limited time only: In this report, Technavio highlights the increasing production of lead as one of the key emerging trends in the global lead market: Global lead market: Increasing production of lead The production of lead is increasing globally. Manufacturers are concentrating on increasing the production of lead through primary and secondary sources of the high demand for this element. “MMG, Glencore, South32, and Vedanta Resources are some of the players with well-established production facilities for lead,” says a senior market research analyst at Technavio. Global lead market: Segmentation analysis This market research report segments the global lead market into the following applications (batteries and others) and key regions (the Americas, APAC, and EMEA). The batteries segment held the largest market share in 2017, accounting for nearly 84% of the market. This application segment is expected to dominate the global market throughout the forecast period. APAC held the highest share of the global lead market in 2017, accounting for a market share of approximately 59%. The market share occupied by this region is anticipated to increase during 2018-2022. Looking for more information on this market? Technavio’s sample", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00753", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00164", "text": "Lourd broke her silence on the news on Monday, Jan. 2, sharing an old photo of herself, Fisher, and Reynolds on Instagram. With it, she wrote, \"Receiving all of your prayers and kind words over the past week has given me strength during a time I thought strength could not exist. There are no words to express how much I will miss my Abadaba and my own and only Momby. Your love and support means the world to me.\" Fisher's death was confirmed last Tuesday morning by way of the family's spokesperson, saying: \"It is with a very deep sadness that Billie Lourd confirms that her beloved mother Carrie Fisher passed away at 8:55 this morning. She was loved by the world and she will be missed profoundly.\" A photo posted by Billie Lourd (@praisethelourd) on Jan 2, 2017 at 10:09am PST Other than that statement, Lourd remained silent on social media and had not commented on the heartbreaking deaths of her mother, Fisher, and grandmother, Reynolds, up until now. Fisher died Tuesday morning after suffering a what was described as a massive heart attack on Friday while in flight to Los Angeles from London, where she was filming the series \"Catastrophe\" on which she had a recurring role. She was rushed from LAX airport to the UCLA Medical Center Friday afternoon when the plane landed. Just one day later, Reynolds, 84, was rushed to Cedar-Sinai in L.A. for a reported stroke. She died just hours after she was transported to the hospital. Her son, Todd Fisher, told Variety, \"She wanted to be with Carrie.\" Lourd—who is the daughter of Fisher and CAA veteran Bryan Lourd, who was with the \"Star Wars\" actress from 1991 to 1994—stars on Fox's \"Scream Queens.\" In the series, her character wears fuzzy earmuffs, which she told Variety were a tribute to her mother's iconic Princess Leia buns. In the past days Fisher's death, Lourd's \"Scream Queens\" co-stars have shown their support with various social media messages, including those from Lea Michele, Jamie Lee Curtis, Ariana Grande, Taylor Lautner and John Stamos. Lourd, her mother and grandmother were last seen together at a public event in 2015 at the SAG Awards where Reynolds was honored with the Lifetime Achievement Award", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00593", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00165", "text": "The paper is considering an opportunity for the CERN/GranSasso (CNGS) neutrino complex, concurrent time-wise with T2K and NOvA, to search for theta_13 oscillations and CP violation. Compared with large water Cherenkov (T2K) and fine grained scintillators (NOvA), the LAr-TPC offers a higher detection efficiency and a lower backgrounds, virtually all channels may be unambiguously recognized. The present proposal, called MODULAr, describes a 20 kt fiducial volume LAr-TPC, following very closely the technology developed for the ICARUS-T60o, and is focused on the following activities, for which we seek an extended international collaboration: (1) the neutrino beam from the CERN 400 GeV proton beam and an optimised horn focussing, eventually with an increased intensity in the framework of the LHC accelerator improvement program; (2) A new experimental area LNGS-B, of at least 50000 m3 at 10 km off-axis from the main Laboratory, eventually upgradable to larger sizes. A location is under consideration at about 1.2 km equivalent water depth; (3) A new LAr Imaging detector of at least 20 kt fiducial mass. Such an increase in the volume over the current ICARUS T600 needs to be carefully considered. It is concluded that a very large mass is best realised with a set of many identical, independent units, each of 5 kt, \"cloning\" the technology of the T600. Further phases may foresee extensions of MODULAr to meet future physics goals. The experiment might reasonably be operational in about 4/5 years, provided a new hall is excavated in the vicinity of the Gran Sasso Laboratory and adequate funding and participation are made available.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 382, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00059", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00166", "text": "The Debye-H\\\"uckel theory describes rigorously the thermal equilibrium of classical Coulomb fluids in the high-temperature $\\beta\\to 0$ regime ($\\beta$ denotes the inverse temperature). It is generally believed that the Debye-H\\\"uckel theory and the systematic high-temperature expansion provide an adequate description also in the region of small {\\em strictly positive} values of $\\beta>0$. This hypothesis is tested in the present paper on a two-dimensional Coulomb gas of pointlike $+/-$ unit charges interacting via a logarithmic potential which is equivalent to an integrable sine-Gordon field model. In particular, we apply a form factor method to obtain the exact asymptotic large-distance behavior of particle correlation functions, considered in the charge and number density combinations. We first determine the general forms of the leading and subleading asymptotic terms at strictly positive $\\beta>0$ and then evaluate their high-temperature $\\beta\\to 0$ forms. In the case of the {\\em charge} correlation function, the leading asymptotic term at a strictly positive $\\beta>0$ is also the leading one in the high-temperature $\\beta\\to 0$ regime. On the contrary, the $\\beta\\to 0$ behavior of the {\\em number density} correlation function is accompanied by an interference between the first two asymptotic terms. the large-distance behavior of this function exhibits a discontinuity when going from strictly positive values of $\\beta>0$ to the Debye-H\\\"uckel limit $\\beta\\to 0$. This is the crucial conclusion of the paper: the large-distance asymptotics and the high-temperature limit do not commute for the density correlation function of the two-dimensional Coulomb gas.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 351, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00222", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00167", "text": "The peculiar velocity of the Local Group of galaxies manifested in the Cosmic Microwave Background dipole is found to decompose into three dominant components. The three components are clearly separated they arise on distinct spatial scales and are fortuitously almost orthogonal in their influences. The nearest, which is distinguished by a velocity discontinuity at ~7 Mpc, arises from the evacuation of the Local Void. We lie in the Local Sheet that bounds the void. Random motions within the Local Sheet are small. Our Galaxy participates in the bulk motion of the Local Sheet away from the Local Void. The component of our motion on an intermediate scale is attributed to the Virgo Cluster and its surroundings, 17 Mpc away. The third and largest component is an attraction on scales larger than 3000 km/s and centered near the direction of the Centaurus Cluster. The amplitudes of the three components are 259, 185, and 455 km/s, respectively, adding collectively to 631 km/s in the reference frame of the Local Sheet. Taking the nearby influences into account causes the residual attributed to large scales to align with observed concentrations of distant galaxies and reduces somewhat the amplitude of motion attributed to their pull. On small scales, in addition to the motion of our Local Sheet away from the Local Void, the nearest adjacent filament, the Leo Spur, is seen to be moving in a direction that will lead to convergence with our filament. Finally, a good distance to an isolated galaxy within the Local Void reveals that this dwarf system has a motion of at least 230 km/s away from the void center. Given the velocities expected from gravitational instability theory in the standard cosmological paradigm, the distance to the center of the Local Void must be at least 23 Mpc from our position. The Local Void is large!", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 361, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00303", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00168", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``United States-Cuba Trade Act of 2003''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. The Congress finds that-- (1) the continuation of the embargo on trade between the United States and Cuba that was declared in February of 1962 is counterproductive, adding to the hardships of the Cuban people while making the United States the scapegoat for the failures of the communist system; (2) in the former Soviet Union, the Eastern bloc countries, China, and Vietnam, the United States is using economic, cultural, academic, and scientific engagement to support its policy of promoting democratic and human rights reforms; (3) the United States can best support democratic change in Cuba by promoting trade and commerce, travel, communications, and cultural, academic, and scientific exchanges; (4) the Castro regime has a record of harboring fugitives from United States justice and denying its people basic human and civil rights; (5) expanding bilateral trade with the Cuban people is one of the most effective ways of influencing change from within Cuba's repressive society and promoting progress on human rights and democratic rule; (6) many United States trading partners, including all other countries in the Western Hemisphere, trade with Cuba, the affect of the United States policy is to disadvantage United States farmers and businesses that could otherwise compete in the Cuban market; (7) Cuba was one of the founding members of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade in 1947 and is an original member of the World Trade Organization; and (8) extending permanent normal trade relations to Cuba, as the United States has done with nearly every other member of the World Trade Organization, would enable the United States to avail itself of all rights under the World Trade Organization with respect to Cuba. SEC. 3. REMOVAL OF PROVISIONS RESTRICTING TRADE AND OTHER RELATIONS WITH CUBA. (a) Authority for Embargo and Sugar Quota.--Section 620(a) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2370(a)) is repealed. (b) Trading With the Enemy Act.--The authorities conferred upon the President by section 5(b) of the Trading With the Enemy Act (50 U.S.C. App. 5(b)), which were being exercised with respect to Cuba on July 1, 1977, of a national emergency declared by the President before", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 496, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00920", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00169", "text": "We report on a V=11.2 early K dwarf, XO-2 (GSC 03413-00005), that hosts a Rp=0.98+0.03/-0.01 Rjup, Mp=0.57+/-0.06 Mjup transiting extrasolar planet, XO-2b, with an orbital period of 2.615857+/-0.000005 days. XO-2 has high metallicity, [Fe/H]=0.45+/-0.02, high proper motion, mu_tot=157 mas/yr, and has a common proper motion stellar companion with 31\" separation. The two stars are nearly identical twins, with very similar spectra and apparent magnitudes. the high metallicity, these early K dwarf stars have a mass and radius close to solar, Ms=0.98+/-0.02 Msolar and Rs=0.97+0.02/-0.01 Rsolar. The high proper motion of XO-2 results from an eccentric orbit (Galactic pericenter, Rper<4 kpc) well confined to the Galactic disk (Zmax~100 pc). In addition, the phase space position of XO-2 is near the Hercules dynamical stream, which points to an origin of XO-2 in the metal-rich, inner Thin Disk and subsequent dynamical scattering into the solar neighborhood. We describe an efficient Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm for calculating the Bayesian posterior probability of the system parameters from a transit light curve.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 312, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00158", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00170", "text": "Remnants of AGN jets and their surrounding cocoons leave colossal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) fossil structures storing total energies ~10^{60} erg. The original active galacic nucleus (AGN) may be dead but the fossil will retain its stable configuration resembling the reversed-field pinch (RFP) encountered in laboratory MHD experiments. In an RFP the longitudinal magnetic field changes direction at a critical distance from the axis, leading to magnetic re-connection there, and to slow decay of the large-scale RFP field. We show that this field decay induces large-scale electric fields which can accelerate cosmic rays with an E^{-2} power-law up to ultra-high energies with a cut-off depending on the fossil parameters. The cut-off is expected to be rigidity dependent, implying the observed composition would change from light to heavy close to the cut-off if one or two nearby AGN fossils dominate. Given that several percent of the universe's volume may house such slowly decaying structures, these fossils may even re-energize ultra-high energy cosmic rays from distant/old sources, offsetting the ``GZK-losses'' interactions with photons of the cosmic microwave background radiation and giving evidence of otherwise undetectable fossils. In this case the composition would remain light to the highest energies if distant sources or fossils dominated, but otherwise would be mixed. It is hoped the new generation of cosmic ray experiments such as the Pierre Auger Observatory and ultra-high energy neutrino telescopes such as ANITA and lunar Cherenkov experiments will clarify this.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 313, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00498", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00171", "text": "the water supply system by the Corporation. (5) Secretary.--The term ``Secretary'' means the Secretary of the Interior, acting through the Commissioner of the Bureau of Reclamation. (6) Water supply system.--The term ``water supply system'' means intake facilities, pumping stations, water treatment facilities, cooling facilities, reservoirs, and pipelines operated by the Perkins County Rural Water System, Inc., to the point of delivery of water to each entity that distributes water at retail to individual users. SEC. 4. FEDERAL ASSISTANCE FOR WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM. (a) In General.--The Secretary shall make grants to the Corporation for the Federal share of the costs of-- (1) the planning and construction of the water supply system; and (2) repairs to existing public water distribution systems to ensure conservation of the resources and to make the systems functional under the new water supply system. (b) Limitation on Availability of Construction Funds.--The Secretary shall not obligate funds for the construction of the water supply system until-- (1) the requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.) are met with respect to the water supply system; and (2) a final engineering report and a plan for a water conservation program have been prepared and submitted to Congress for a period of not less than 90 days before the commencement of construction of the system. SEC. 5. MITIGATION OF FISH AND WILDLIFE LOSSES. Mitigation of fish and wildlife losses incurred of the construction and operation of the water supply system shall be on an acre-for-acre basis, based on ecological equivalency, concurrent with project construction, as provided in the feasibility study. SEC. 6. USE OF PICK-SLOAN POWER. For operation during the period beginning May 1 and ending October 31 of each year, portions of the water supply system constructed with assistance under this Act shall be eligible to utilize power from the Pick-Sloan Missouri Basin Program established by section 9 of the Act of December 22, 1944 (chapter 665; 58 Stat. 887), popularly known as the Flood Control Act of 1944. SEC. 7. FEDERAL SHARE. The Federal share under section 4 shall be 75 percent of-- (1) the amount allocated in the total project construction budget for the planning and construction of the water supply system under", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "causation_01130", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00172", "text": "Merck CEO Kenneth Frazier is leaving President Trump's American Manufacturing Council, saying, \"I feel a responsibility to take a stand against intolerance and extremism.\" The resignation came after Trump was criticized for his response to the violence at white supremacist events in Charlottesville, Va., over the weekend. The president, famous for his ability to be direct and forceful, was faulted for condemning violence \"on many sides.\" Within an hour of Merck announcing Frazier's withdrawal, Trump retorted on Twitter, \"Now that Ken Frazier of Merck Pharma has resigned ... he will have more time to lower ripoff drug prices!\" In a statement on his resignation, Frazier said, \"America's leaders must honor our fundamental values by clearly rejecting expressions of hatred, bigotry and group supremacy, which run counter to the American ideal that all people are created equal.\" Frazier, who is African-American, said he was acting as both the CEO of Merck and \"as a matter of personal conscience.\" The rift did not seem to harm Merck's stock: The drug company's shares rose by nearly a full percentage point in the first hour of trading, to nearly $63. Members of his own party have called on Trump to condemn Saturday's killing of a woman who had been protesting white supremacists as an act of domestic terrorism. The White House later stated that Trump was including \"white supremacists, KKK Neo-Nazi and all extremist groups\" in his remarks about the violence. Frazier's departure is the latest high-profile exit from a White House advisory council Trump took office in January. After Trump announced in June that the U.S. would be leaving the Paris climate accord, both Tesla CEO Elon Musk and Disney CEO Bob Iger left his business advisory council. Months earlier, in February, Uber co-founder Travis Kalanick left the same panel during the fallout from Trump's executive order that banned immigrants from seven Muslim countries. \"The executive order is hurting many people in communities all across America,\" Kalanick said at the time.", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 408, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00677", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00173", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Flexibility and Access in Rebuilding American Fisheries Act of 2011''. SEC. 2. EXTENSION OF TIME PERIOD FOR REBUILDING CERTAIN OVERFISHED FISHERIES. Section 304(e) of the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (16 U.S.C. 1854(e)(4)) is amended-- (1) in paragraph (4)(A)-- (A) in clause (I) by striking ``possible'' and inserting ``practicable''; and (B) by amending clause (ii) to read as follows: ``(ii) not exceed 10 years, except in cases where-- ``(I) the biology of the stock of fish, other environmental conditions, or management measures under an international agreement in which the United States participates dictate otherwise; ``(II) the Secretary determines that such 10-year period should be extended the cause of the fishery decline is outside the jurisdiction of the Council or the rebuilding program cannot be effective only by limiting fishing activities; ``(III) the Secretary determines that such 10-year period should be extended to provide for the sustained participation of fishing communities or to minimize the economic impacts on such communities, provided that there is evidence that the stock of fish is on a positive rebuilding trend; ``(IV) the Secretary determines that such 10-year period should be extended for one or more stocks of fish of a multi-species fishery, provided that there is evidence that those stocks are on a positive rebuilding trend; ``(V) the Secretary determines that such 10-year period should be extended of a substantial change to the biomass rebuilding target for the stock of fish concerned after the rebuilding plan has taken effect; or ``(VI) the Secretary determines that such 10-year period should be extended the biomass rebuilding target exceeds the highest abundance of the stock of fish in the 25-year period preceding and there is evidence that the stock is on a positive rebuilding trend;''; or (2) in paragraph (7), in the matter preceding subparagraph (A), by inserting after the first sentence the following: ``In evaluating progress to end overfishing and to rebuild overfished stocks of fish, the Secretary shall review factors, other than commercial fishing and recreational fishing, that may contribute to a stock's overfished status, such as commercial, residential, and industrial development of, or agricultural activity in, coastal", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "causation_01110", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00174", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Domestic Partnership Benefits and Obligations Act of 2001''. SEC. 2. BENEFITS TO DOMESTIC PARTNERS OF FEDERAL EMPLOYEES. (a) In General.--A domestic partner of an employee shall be entitled to benefits available to and obligations imposed upon a spouse of an employee. (b) Certification of Eligibility.--In order to obtain benefits under this Act, an employee shall file an affidavit of eligibility for benefits with the Office of Personnel Management certifying that the employee and the domestic partner of the employee-- (1) are each other's sole domestic partner and intend to remain so indefinitely; (2) have a common residence, and intend to continue the arrangement; (3) are at least 18 years of age and mentally competent to consent to contract; (4) share responsibility for a significant measure of each other's common welfare and financial obligations; (5) are not married to or domestic partners with anyone else; (6) understand that willful falsification of information within the affidavit may lead to disciplinary action and the recovery of the cost of benefits received related to such falsification; and (7)(A) are same sex domestic partners, and not related in a way that, if the 2 were of opposite sex, would prohibit legal marriage in the state in which they reside; or (B) are opposite sex domestic partners, and are not related in a way that would prohibit legal marriage in the state in which they reside. (c) Dissolution of Partnership.-- (1) In general.--An employee or domestic partner of an employee who obtains benefits under this Act shall file a statement of dissolution of the domestic partnership with the Office of Personnel Management not later than 30 days after the death of the employee or the domestic partner or the date of dissolution of the domestic partnership. (2) Death of employee.--In a case in which an employee dies, the domestic partner of the employee at the time of death shall be deemed a spouse of the employee for the purpose of receiving benefits under this Act. (3) Other dissolution of partnership.-- (A) In general.--In a case in which a domestic partnership dissolves by a method other than death of the employee or domestic partner of the employee, any benefits received by the domestic partner of this Act shall terminate. (B) Exception.--In a case in which a domestic", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00881", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00175", "text": "just to the printable things — as the shortest par-5 in golf, the hole with the scariest second shot at Erin Hills (if you miss the green on the first) and, as Alex Noren of Sweden said, \"a hole where there's no way you can just hit a decent shot to get on there, you have to hit a super-good shot to have a chance.\" During his practice round Wednesday, Noren tried to simulate what happens if the shot is not \"super good.\" He randomly dropped a ball in one of the seven bunkers that surround the severely pitched green. He stepped in, leaned down and took a mighty hack. The ball stayed in. He leaned down again and got it out on the second try, then walked to the ball, picked it up, looked at it and threw it toward the stands. The ball had an inch-long gash just above the Callaway logo from his first failed attempt. Not that avoiding the bunkers guarantees success. The middle of the putting surface pitches severely right and funnels downhill into a tightly mowed collection area that can leave a tricky flop shot for a second. \"Guys are going to get a little upset with that if the ball hits the middle of the green and it rolls all the way off the green and maybe 10 yards down into a chipping area,\" Steve Stricker said. \"I think at some point that may need to get a little softened.\" Rain might do that, but during summer in Wisconsin, rain almost always means wind, too, and picking a club while playing downhill with a helping or crossing wind will be hard. Osborn said he expects more players than not to end up short of the green, in part the bunkers that guard the back are tougher — filled with uneven lies, uneven distribution of sand and little dimples of scrub and turf that protrude into the traps themselves. All part of the plan. \"You could have a side-hill lie, a lie that might be in one of those little fingers where you can't even get the club on the ball,\" Whitten said. \"You might have a lie where you can't take the club back. You might have to turn sideways or turn backward. \"But if you were in the water, it'd be even worse.\" No. 9 offers the most extreme example of the architects' philosophy across the course: Use the natural form of the land to turn bunkers back into hazards.", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00748", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00176", "text": "Just call it a sister thing. Whenever another hockey team has sisters on the rosters, Jocelyne Lamoureux-Davidson and Monique Lamoureux-Morando take notice. Well, the U.S. Olympians are twins themselves. Combine that with how few sisters play hockey or reach national teams playing internationally, it's easy enough to notice whenever sisters are dressing up for another country. \"It's just cool to see,\" Jocelyne Lamoureux-Davidson said. The Lamoureux sisters will have some sisterly company at the 2018 Pyeongchang Games. Teammate Hannah Brandt's sister, Marissa, plays for the unified Korean women's team, and Switzerland has two sets of sisters on the roster with Nina, Isabel and Monika Waidacher, plus twins Laura and Sara Benz. Canada nearly had its own sister act with Sarah and Amy Potomak, though neither made the Olympic team. Being sisters definitely can provide an edge in hockey. \"When we get the opportunity to be on the ice together, there's a chemistry that just never goes away,\" Jocelyne Lamoureux-Davidson said. \"It's always there. So whenever we have an opportunity to have a couple shifts together or if we're ever put on a unit or line together, it's always there. And we've pushed each other every day whether it's workouts, during on-ice training, it's just that accountability that we've always had growing up.\" Even though women's hockey didn't debut at the Olympics until 1998 in Nagano, playing hockey simply was something the Lamoureux sisters were bound to do. They were born in Fargo, North Dakota, their father, Pierre, played for the University of North Dakota, and all four of their brothers played hockey in college, with Jacque a Hobey Baker finalist in 2009 with Air Force. The Lamoureux sisters played a year in college at Minnesota before switching to North Dakota for their final three seasons, the last in 2012-13. They have played internationally for the United States 2006. Both play forward, though Monique also plays defense. Now 28, the sisters credit each other for their long success, which now includes a third Olympic berth. \"That's part of the reason we've pushed ourselves to this level and been competing at this level for quite a long time is that built-in accountability day-in", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00713", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00177", "text": "SECTION 1. MAKING IT ILLEGAL TO OPERATE A MOTOR VEHICLE WITH A DRUG OR ALCOHOL IN THE BODY OF THE DRIVER AT LAND BORDER PORTS OF ENTRY. Section 13(a) of title 18, United States Code, is amended-- (1) by inserting ``(1)'' after ``(a)''; and (2) by adding at the end the following: ``(2) Whoever with a drug or alcohol in his or her body operates a motor vehicle at a land border port of entry in a manner that is punishable, of the presence of the drug or alcohol, if committed within the jurisdiction of the State in which that land border port of entry is located (under the laws of that State in force at the time of the act) shall be guilty of a like offense and subject to a like punishment. ``(3) Any individual who operates a motor vehicle at a land border port of entry is deemed to have given consent to submit to a chemical or other test of the blood, breath, or urine of the driver by an officer or employee of the Immigration and Naturalization Service authorized under section 287(h) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1357(h)) for the purpose of determining the presence or concentration of a drug or alcohol in such blood, breath, or urine. ``(4) If an individual refuses to submit to such a test after being advised by the officer or employee that the refusal will result in notification under this paragraph, the Attorney General shall give notice of the refusal to-- ``(A) the State or foreign state that issued the license permitting the individual to operate a motor vehicle; or ``(B) if the individual has no such license, the State or foreign state in which the individual is a resident. ``(5) The Attorney General shall give notice of a conviction of an individual under this section for operation of a motor vehicle at a land border port of entry with a drug or alcohol in the body of the individual, to-- ``(A) the State or foreign state that issued the license permitting the individual to operate a motor vehicle; or ``(B) if the individual has no such license, the State or foreign state in which the individual is a resident. ``(6) For purposes of this subsection, the term `land border port of entry' means any land border port of entry (as defined in section 287(h)(3) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "causation_01080", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00178", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Protecting Girls' Access to Education in Vulnerable Settings Act''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. Congress finds the following: (1) As of June 2018, more than 68,000,000 people have been displaced by disasters and conflicts around the world, the highest number recorded the end of World War II, of which more than 25,000,000 people are refugees. (2) More than half of the population of refugees are children and, according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, nearly 4,000,000 school-aged refugee children lack access to primary education. (3) Education offers socioeconomic opportunities, psychological stability, and physical protection for displaced people, particularly for women and girls, who might otherwise be vulnerable to severe forms of trafficking in persons (as such term is defined in section 103(9) of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 (22 U.S.C. 7102(9)), child marriage, sexual exploitation, or economic disenfranchisement. (4) Displaced children face considerable barriers to accessing educational services and, the duration of such displacement is, on average, 26 years, such children may spend the entirety of their childhood without access to such services. (5) Despite the rising need for educational services, as of 2016, less than two percent of humanitarian aid was directed toward educational services. SEC. 3. SENSE OF CONGRESS. It is the sense of Congress that-- (1) it is critical to ensure that children, particularly girls, displaced by conflicts overseas are able to access educational services such access can combat extremism and reduce exploitation and poverty; and (2) the educational needs of vulnerable women and girls should be considered in the design, implementation, and evaluation of related United States foreign assistance policies and programs. SEC. 4. STATEMENT OF POLICY. It is the policy of the United States to-- (1) partner with and encourage other countries, public and private multilateral institutions, and nongovernmental and civil society organizations, including faith-based organizations and organizations representing parents and children, to support efforts to ensure that displaced children have access to safe primary and secondary education; (2) work with donors to enhance training and capacity- building for the governments of countries hosting significant numbers of displaced people to design, implement, and monitor programs to effectively address", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "causation_01079", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00179", "text": "We first study the temporal Wilson loop in the finite-temperature non-commutative dipole field theory from the string/gauge correspondence. The associated dual supergravity background is constructed from the near-horizon geometry of near-extremal D-branes, after applying T-duality and smeared twist. We investigate the string configuration therein and find that while the temperature produces a maximum distance $L_{max}$ in the interquark distance the dipole in there could produce a minimum distance $L_{min}$. The quark boundary pair could be found only if their distance is between $L_{min}$ and $L_{max}$. We also show that, beyond a critical temperature the quark pair becomes totally free screening by thermal bath. We next study the spatial Wilson loop and find the confining nature in the zero temperature 3D and 4D non-supersymmetry dipole gauge theory. The string tension of the linear confinement potential is obtained and found to be a decreasing function of the dipole field. We also investigate the associated t'Hooft loop and determine the corresponding monopole anti-monopole potential. The conventional screening of magnetic charge which indicates the confinement of the electric charge is replaced by a strong repulsive however. Finally, we show that the dual string which is rotating along the dipole deformed $S^5$ will behave as a static one without dipole field, which has no minimum distance and has larger energy than a static one with dipole field. We discuss the phase transition between these string solutions.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 315, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00465", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00180", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS. (a) Short Title.--This Act may be cited as the ``Assuring and Improving Cancer Treatment Education and Cancer Symptom Management Act of 2008''. (b) Table of Contents.--The table of contents of this Act is as follows: Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents. Sec. 2. Findings. TITLE I--COMPREHENSIVE CANCER PATIENT TREATMENT EDUCATION UNDER THE MEDICARE PROGRAM Sec. 101. Medicare coverage of comprehensive cancer patient treatment education services. TITLE II--RESEARCH ON CANCER SYMPTOM MANAGEMENT IMPROVEMENT Sec. 201. Expansion of research. Sec. 202. Nursing intervention research grants. Sec. 203. Institute of Medicine study on the provision of symptom management and supportive care in people with cancer. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. The Congress makes the following findings: (1) Many people with cancer experience side effects, symptoms, and late complications associated with their disease and their treatment, which can have a serious adverse impact on their health, well-being, and quality of life. (2) Many side effects and symptoms associated with cancer and its treatment can be reduced or controlled by the provision of timely symptom management and services and also by educating people with cancer and their caregivers about the potential effects before treatment begins. (3) Studies have found that individualized educational intervention for cancer pain management from a registered nurse was effective for patients with cancer being treated in outpatient and home-based settings. Similarly, the number of caregivers who said they were well informed and confident about caregiving after attending a family caregiver cancer education program which increased after program attendance. (4) People with cancer benefit from having an educational session with oncology nurses in advance of the initiation of treatment to learn how to reduce the risk of and manage adverse effects and maximize well-being. Helping patients to manage their side effects reduces adverse events and the need for urgent or inpatient care. (5) The Oncology Nursing Society has received reports from its members that, the Medicare program and other payers do not cover the provision of patient treatment education, patients and their caregivers often do not receive adequate education before the onset of such patients' treatment for cancer regarding the course of such treatment and the possible side effects and symptoms such patients may experience. The Oncology Nursing Society recommends that all patients being treated for cancer have a one-on", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00949", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00181", "text": "MADRID (AP) — Valencia doesn't have fond memories of the last time it faced Barcelona in the Copa del Rey. The teams met two years ago in the semifinals, with Valencia losing 7-0 in the first leg at Camp Nou Stadium. It couldn't manage more than a 1-1 draw against Barcelona's second-stringers in the return match. The teams meet again in the last four this season, but things have changed considerably for Valencia that embarrassing defeat. \"It's true that two years ago it was an awkward result, very unpleasant,\" Valencia striker Rodrigo said. \"But then we have competed well against them, and even defeated them. We will prepare by giving a lot of importance to this match.\" The first leg is Thursday at Camp Nou, with the return match next week at Mestalla Stadium. Valencia was reeling when it faced Barcelona two seasons ago, sitting not far from the relegation zone in the Spanish league and being under pressure after a series of poor performances. Fans were not happy with then-coach Gary Neville, who was struggling in his first head-coaching job. Now Valencia is in a much better situation under coach Marcelino Garcia Toral, being considered the season's top sensation. It is third in the league standings, and not long ago it was fighting with Barcelona for the top spot. It won nine straight matches early in the season. Valencia is coming off two league losses, against Las Palmas and defending champion Real Madrid, and it needed a penalty shootout to advance past Alaves in the Copa del Rey quarterfinals. But good performances in recent matches against Barcelona give Toral and his players confidence going into the semifinals. \"We have been playing well against Barcelona and we have had our chances of winning matches,\" Rodrigo said. \"We have to play knowing that it's not going to be a normal 90-minute match in the league. There will be another 90-minute match to be played at Mestalla. We have to work hard so we can be prepared.\" Valencia drew 1-1 at home when the teams played in the league earlier this season. After the 7-0 defeat, Valencia lost only two of its five matches against Barcelona, winning 2-1 at Camp Nou in a league game in 2016. Barcelona has been on a level of its own this season, leading Atletico Madrid by 11 points in the Spanish league. It is 17 points", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00802", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00182", "text": "and transcripts''; (B) by striking ``cockpit voice recorder'' each place it appears in subsection (a) and inserting ``cockpit or surface vehicle recorder''; (C) by striking ``section 1114(c)'' each place it appears in subsection (a) and inserting ``section 1114(c) or 1114(d)''; and (D) by adding at the end the following: ``(6) In this subsection: ``(A) Recorder.--The term `recorder' means a voice or video recorder. ``(B) Transcript.--The term `transcript' includes any written depiction of visual information obtained from a video recorder.''. (2) Conforming amendment.--The chapter analysis for chapter 11 is amended by striking the item relating to section 1154 and inserting the following: ``1154. Discovery and use of cockpit and surface vehicle recordings and transcripts.''. SEC. 6. PRIORITY OF INVESTIGATIONS. (a) In General.--Section 1131(a)(2) is amended-- (1) by striking ``(2) An investigation'' and inserting: ``(2)(A) Subject to the requirements of this paragraph, an investigation''; and (2) by adding at the end the following: ``(B) If the Attorney General, in consultation with the Chairman of the Board, determines and notifies the Board that circumstances reasonably indicate that the accident may have been related to an intentional criminal act, the Board shall relinquish investigative priority to the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The relinquishment of investigative priority by the Board shall not otherwise affect the authority of the Board to continue its investigation under this section. ``(C) If a Federal law enforcement agency suspects and notifies the Board that an accident being investigated by the Board under subparagraph (A), (B), (C), or (D) of paragraph (1) may have been related to an intentional criminal act, the Board, in consultation with the law enforcement agency, shall take necessary actions to ensure that evidence of the criminal act is preserved.''. (b) Revision of 1977 Agreement.--Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act, the National Transportation Safety Board and the Federal Bureau of Investigation shall revise their 1977 agreement on the investigation of accidents to take into account the amendments made by this Act. SEC. 7. PUBLIC AIRCRAFT INVESTIGATION CLARIFICATION. Section 1131(d) is amended by", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "causation_01009", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00183", "text": "(abridged) The accretion disk in AGN is expected to produce strong outflows, in particular a UV-line driven wind. Despite providing a good fit to the data, current spectral models of the X-ray spectrum of AGN observed through an accretion disk wind are ad-hoc in their treatment of the properties of the wind material. In order to address these limitations we adopt a numerical computation method that links a series of radiative transfer calculations, incorporating the effect of a global velocity field in a self-consistent manner (XSCORT). We present a series of example spectra from the XSCORT code that allow us to examine the shape of AGN X-ray spectra seen through a wind, for a range of velocity and density distributions, total column densities and initial ionization parameters. These detailed spectral models clearly show considerable complexity and structure that is strongly affected by all these factors. The presence of sharp features in the XSCORT spectra contrasts strongly with both the previous models and with the smooth nature of the observed X-ray spectra of AGN with soft X-ray excesses, demonstrating that accretion disk winds are unlikely to be the origin of this mysterious spectral feature. The most significant parameter affecting the presence of the sharp features in the models is the terminal velocity of the wind. Increasing the terminal velocity of the absorbing material to ~c, and hence dramatically increasing the velocity dispersion across the wind, could potentially remove these features with a spectrum similar to the previous models. Such a fast moving outflow cannot be associated with a radiatively driven accretion disk wind, however the presence of a highly relativistic jet may provide an origin for such material.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 333, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00399", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00184", "text": "We derive masses and radii for both components in the single-lined eclipsing binary HAT-TR-205-013, which consists of a F7V primary and a late M-dwarf secondary. The system's period is short, $P=2.230736 \\pm 0.000010$ days, with an orbit indistinguishable from circular, $e=0.012 \\pm 0.021$. We demonstrate generally that the surface gravity of the secondary star in a single-lined binary undergoing total eclipses can be derived from characteristics of the light curve and spectroscopic orbit. This constrains the secondary to a unique line in the mass-radius diagram with $M/R^2$ = constant. For HAT-TR-205-013, we assume the orbit has been tidally circularized, and that the primary's rotation has been synchronized and aligned with the orbital axis. Our observed line broadening, $V_{\\rm rot} \\sin i_{\\rm rot} = 28.9 \\pm 1.0$ \\kms, gives a primary radius of $R_{\\rm A} = 1.28 \\pm 0.04$ \\rsun. Our light curve analysis produces the radius of the secondary, $R_{\\rm B} = 0.167 \\pm 0.006$ \\rsun, and the semimajor axis of the orbit, $a = 7.54 \\pm 0.30 \\rsun = 0.0351 \\pm 0.0014$ AU. Our single-lined spectroscopic orbit and the semimajor axis then yield the individual masses, $M_{\\rm B} = 0.124 \\pm 0.010$ \\msun and $M_{\\rm A} = 1.04 \\pm 0.13$ \\msun. Our result for HAT-TR-205-013 B lies above the theoretical mass-radius models from the Lyon group, consistent with results from double-lined eclipsing binaries. The method we describe offers the opportunity to study the very low end of the stellar mass-radius relation.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 441, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00002", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00185", "text": "Coherence and phase synchronization between time series corresponding to different spatial locations are usually interpreted as indicators of the connectivity between locations. In neurophysiology, time series of electric neuronal activity are essential for studying brain interconnectivity. Such signals can either be invasively measured from depth electrodes, or computed from very high time resolution, non-invasive, extracranial recordings of scalp electric potential differences (EEG: electroencephalogram) and magnetic fields (MEG: magnetoencephalogram) by means of a tomography such as sLORETA (standardized low resolution brain electromagnetic tomography). There are two problems in this case. First, in the usual situation of unknown cortical geometry, the estimated signal at each brain location is a vector with three components (i.e. a current density vector), which means that coherence and phase synchronization must be generalized to pairs of multivariate time series. Second, the inherent low spatial resolution of the EEG/MEG tomography introduces artificially high zero-lag coherence and phase synchronization. In this report, solutions to both problems are presented. Two additional generalizations are briefly mentioned: (1) conditional coherence and phase synchronization; and (2) non-stationary time-frequency analysis. Finally, a non-parametric randomization method for connectivity significance testing is outlined. The new connectivity measures proposed here can be applied to pairs of univariate EEG/MEG signals, as is traditional in the published literature. However, these calculations cannot be interpreted as connectivity, it is in general incorrect to associate an extracranial electrode or sensor to the underlying cortex.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 324, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00388", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00186", "text": "Disordered systems present multifractal properties at criticality. In particular, as discovered by Ludwig (A.W.W. Ludwig, Nucl. Phys. B 330, 639 (1990)) on the case of diluted two-dimensional Potts model, the moments $\\bar{\\rho^q(r)}$ of the local order parameter $\\rho(r)$ scale with a set $x(q)$ of non-trivial exponents $x(q) \\neq q x(1)$. In this paper, we revisit these ideas to incorporate more recent findings: (i) whenever a multifractal measure $w(r)$ normalized over space $ \\sum_r w(r)=1$ occurs in a random system, it is crucial to distinguish between the typical values and the disorder averaged values of the generalized moments $Y_q =\\sum_r w^q(r)$, they may scale with different generalized dimensions $D(q)$ and $\\tilde D(q)$ (ii) as discovered by Wiseman and Domany (S. Wiseman and E. Domany, Phys Rev E {\\bf 52}, 3469 (1995)), the presence of an infinite correlation length induces a lack of self-averaging at critical points for thermodynamic observables, in particular for the order parameter. After this general discussion valid for any random critical point, we apply these ideas to random polymer models that can be studied numerically for large sizes and good statistics over the samples. We study the bidimensional wetting or the Poland-Scheraga DNA model with loop exponent $c=1.5$ (marginal disorder) and $c=1.75$ (relevant disorder). Finally, we argue that the presence of finite Griffiths ordered clusters at criticality determines the asymptotic value $x(q \\to \\infty) =d$ and the minimal value $ \\alpha_{min}=D(q \\to \\infty)=d-x(1) $ of the typical multifractal spectrum $f(\\alpha)$.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 409, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00168", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00187", "text": ". (6) The term ``steel jaw leghold trap'' means any spring- powered pan- or sear-activated device with two opposing steel jaws which is designed to capture an animal by snapping closed upon the animal's limb or part thereof. SEC. 3. PROHIBITED ACTS AND PENALTIES. (a) Prohibition.--No article of fur shall be imported, exported, or shipped in interstate commerce if any part or portion of such article is derived from an animal that was trapped in a steel jaw leghold trap. (b) Offenses.--It is unlawful for any person knowingly-- (1) to import, export, ship, or receive any article of fur in contravention of subsection (a); (2) to import, export, deliver, carry, transport, or ship by any means whatever, in interstate commerce, any steel jaw leghold trap; (3) to sell, receive, acquire, or purchase any steel jaw leghold trap that was delivered, carried, transported, or shipped in contravention of paragraph (2); or (4) to violate any regulation prescribed by the Secretary under this section. (c) Penalties.--Any person who knowingly commits an act which violates subsection (a) or (b), or any regulation issued under this section, shall, in addition to any other penalty that may be imposed-- (1) for the first such violation, be guilty of an infraction under title 18, United States Code; and (2) for each subsequent violation, be imprisoned for not more than two years, or fined in the amount set forth in title 18, United States Code, or both. SEC. 4. REWARDS. The Secretary shall pay, to any person who furnishes information which produces a conviction of a violation of any provision of this Act or any regulation issued thereunder, an amount equal to one half of the fine paid pursuant to the conviction. Any officer or employee of the United States or of any State or local government who furnishes information or renders service in the performance of his or her official duties is not eligible for payment under this section. SEC. 5. ENFORCEMENT. (a) In General.--Except with respect to violations of this Act to which subsection (b) applies, the provisions of this Act and any regulations issued pursuant thereto shall be enforced by the Secretary, who may utilize by agreement, with or without reimbursement", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00971", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00188", "text": "The decomposition of a signal on the sphere with the steerable wavelet constructed from the second Gaussian derivative gives access to the orientation, signed-intensity, and elongation of the signal's local features. In the present work, the non-Gaussianity of the WMAP temperature data of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) is analyzed in terms of the first four moments of the statistically isotropic random fields associated with these local morphological measures, at wavelet scales corresponding to angular sizes between 27.5 arcminutes and 30 degrees on the celestial sphere. While no detection is made neither in the orientation analysis nor in the elongation analysis, a strong detection is made in the excess kurtosis of the signed-intensity of the WMAP data. The non-Gaussianity is observed with a significance level below 0.5% at a wavelet scale corresponding to an angular size around 10 degrees, and confirmed at neighbour scales. This supports a previous detection of an excess of kurtosis in the wavelet coefficient of the WMAP data with the axisymmetric Mexican hat wavelet (Vielva et al. 2004). Instrumental noise and foreground emissions are not likely to be at the origin of the excess of kurtosis. Large-scale modulations of the CMB related to some unknown systematics are rejected as possible origins of the detection. The observed non-Gaussianity may probably be imputed to the CMB itself, thereby questioning the basic inflationary scenario upon which the present concordance cosmological model relies. Taking the CMB temperature angular power spectrum of the concordance cosmological model at face value, further analysis also suggests that this non-Gaussianity is not confined to the directions on the celestial sphere with an anomalous signed-intensity.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 360, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00410", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00189", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Nurses for Under-Resourced Schools Everywhere Act'' or the ``NURSE Act''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. Congress finds the following: (1) The National Association of School Nurses identifies schools as primary locations to address student health issues, a school nurse is the health care provider that many students see on the most regular basis. (2) The American Academy of Pediatrics emphasizes the crucial role of school nurses in the seamless provision of comprehensive health services to children and youth, as well as in the development of a coordinated school health program. (3) The school nurse functions as a leader and the coordinator of the school health services team, facilitating access to a medical home for each child and supporting academic achievement. (4) School nurses promote wellness and disease prevention to improve health outcomes for our Nation's children. In addition, school nurses perform early intervention services such as periodic assessments for vision, hearing, and dental problems, in an effort to remove barriers to learning. (5) The American Federation of Teachers has called for a nurse in every school, as nurses are front-line workers that address an array of health needs and their presence in a school can help to improve student learning. (6) National data indicate only 45 percent of public schools have a school nurse all day, every day, while another 30 percent of schools have a school nurse who only works part- time in one or more schools. (7) The National Association of School Nurses has reported that medication administration to students is one of the most common health-related activities performed in school. As more chronically ill and medically unstable children enter the school system each year, the medical factors that promote and support their academic success increase, including the need for medications that enhance overall health or stabilize chronic conditions. (8) Statistics from the National Center for Education Statistics indicate that 15 to 18 percent of the 52,000,000 students who currently spend their day in school have a chronic health condition. (9) According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, students today face increased social and emotional issues, which enhance the need for preventive services and interventions for acute and chronic health issues. School nurses are actively engaged members of school-based mental health teams and spend nearly 32 percent of their time providing mental health services, including universal and targeted interventions, screenings to identify early warning signs and provide referrals to medical providers, and crisis planning. (10", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00885", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00190", "text": "We analyze the properties of the shallow decay segment with a sample of 53 long Swift GRBs. We show that the distributions of its characteristics are log-normal or normal, and its isotropic X-ray energy (E_{iso,X}) is linearly correlated with the prompt gamma-ray energy, but with a steeper photon spectrum except for some X-ray flashes. No significant spectral evolution is observed from this phase to the follow-up phase, and the follow-up phase is usually consistent with the external shock models, implying that this segment likely a refreshed external shock. Within this scenario, the data are generally consistent with a roughly constant injection luminosity up to the end of this phase $t_b$. A positive correlation between E_{iso, X} and t_b also favors this scenario. Among the 13 bursts that have well-sampled optical light curves, 6 have an optical break around t_b and the breaks are consistent with being achromatic. However, the other 7 bursts either do not show an optical break or have a break at a different epoch than t_b. This raises a concern to the energy injection scenario, suggesting that the optical and X-ray emissions may not be the same component at least for a fraction of bursts. There are 4 significant outliers in the sample, and this shallow decau phase in these bursts is immediately followed by a very steep decay after t_b, which is inconsistent with any external shock model. The optical data of these bursts evolve independently from the X-ray data. These X-ray plateaus likely have an internal origin and demand continuous operation of a long-term GRB central engine. We conclude that the observed shallow decay phase likely has diverse physical origins(Abridged).", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 342, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00218", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00191", "text": "We present a photoionization model study of the effects of micro-turbulence and dissipative heating on emission lines for number and column densities, elemental abundances, and ionizations typical for the narrow emission line regions (NLRs) of Seyfert galaxies. Earlier studies of NLR spectra generally found good agreement between the observations and the model predictions for most strong emission lines, such as [O III] $\\lambda$5007, [O II] $\\lambda$3727, [N II] $\\lambda$6583, [Ne III] $\\lambda$3869, and the H and He recombination lines. Nevertheless, the strengths of lines from species with ionization potentials greater than that of He$^{+}$(54.4 eV), e.g. N$^{+4}$ and Ne$^{+4}$, were often under-predicted. Among the explanations suggested for these discrepancies were (selectively) enhanced elemental abundances and contributions from shock heated gas. Interestingly, the NLR lines have widths of several 100 km s$^{-1}$, well in excess of the thermal broadening. If this is micro-turbulence, and the turbulence dissipates within the emission-line gas, the gas can be heated in excess of that photoionization. We show that the combined effects of turbulence and dissipative heating can strongly enhance N V $\\lambda$1240 (relative to He II $\\lambda$1640), while the heating alone can boost the strength of [Ne V] $\\lambda$3426. We suggest that this effect is present in the NLR, particularly within $\\sim$ 100 pc of the central engine. Finally, micro-turbulence would make clouds robust against instabilities generated during acceleration, it is not likely to be a coincidence that the radially outflowing emission-line gas is turbulent.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 378, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00492", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00192", "text": "(7) on May 24, 2011, before the Oversight and Government Reform Committee of the House of Representatives, Lisa Jackson, the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, testified that she was ``not aware of any proven case where the fracking process itself has affected water''; (8) in 2011, Bureau of Land Management Director Bob Abbey stated, ``We have not seen evidence of any adverse effect of the use of the chemicals that are part of that fracking technology.''; (9)(A) activities relating to hydraulic fracturing (such as surface discharges, wastewater disposal, and air emissions) are already regulated at the Federal level under a variety of environmental statutes, including portions of-- (i) the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq.); (ii) the Safe Drinking Water Act (42 U.S.C. 300f et seq.); and (iii) the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.); but (B) Congress has continually elected not to include the hydraulic fracturing process in the underground injection control program under the Safe Drinking Water Act (42 U.S.C. 300f et seq.); (10) in 2011, the Secretary of the Interior announced the intention to promulgate new Federal regulations governing hydraulic fracturing on Federal land; and (11) a February 2012 study by the Energy Institute at the University of Texas at Austin, entitled ``Fact-Based Regulation for Environmental Protection in Shale Gas Development'', found that ``[n]o evidence of chemicals from hydraulic fracturing fluid has been found in aquifers of fracturing operations''. SEC. 3. DEFINITION OF FEDERAL LAND. In this Act, the term ``Federal land'' means-- (1) public lands (as defined in section 103 of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1702)); (2) National Forest System land; (3) land under the jurisdiction of the Bureau of Reclamation; and (4) land under the jurisdiction of the Corps of Engineers. SEC. 4. STATE AUTHORITY. (a) In General.--A State shall have the sole authority to promulgate or enforce any regulation, guidance, or permit requirement regarding the treatment of a well by the application of fluids under pressure to which propping agents may be added for the", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 494, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00959", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00193", "text": "4. PRIZE CATEGORIES. (a) Categories.--The Secretary shall establish prizes for-- (1) advancements in components or systems related to-- (A) hydrogen production; (B) hydrogen storage; (C) hydrogen distribution; and (D) hydrogen utilization; (2) prototypes of hydrogen-powered vehicles or other hydrogen-based products that best meet or exceed objective performance criteria, such as completion of a race over a certain distance or terrain or generation of energy at certain levels of efficiency; and (3) transformational changes in technologies for the distribution or production of hydrogen that meet or exceed far- reaching objective criteria, which shall include minimal carbon emissions and which may include cost criteria designed to facilitate the eventual market success of a winning technology. (b) Awards.-- (1) Advancements.--To the extent permitted under section 3(e), the prizes authorized under subsection (a)(1) shall be awarded biennially to the most significant advance made in each of the four subcategories described in subparagraphs (A) through (D) of subsection (a)(1) the submission deadline of the previous prize competition in the same category under subsection (a)(1) or the date of enactment of this Act, whichever is later, unless no such advance is significant enough to merit an award. No one such prize may exceed $1,000,000. If less than $4,000,000 is available for a prize competition under subsection (a)(1), the Secretary may omit one or more subcategories, reduce the amount of the prizes, or not hold a prize competition. (2) Prototypes.--To the extent permitted under section 3(e), prizes authorized under subsection (a)(2) shall be awarded biennially in alternate years from the prizes authorized under subsection (a)(1). The Secretary is authorized to award up to one prize in this category in each 2-year period. No such prize may exceed $4,000,000. If no registered participants meet the objective performance criteria established pursuant to subsection (c) for a competition under this paragraph, the Secretary shall not award a prize. (3) Transformational technologies.--To the extent permitted under section 3(e), the Secretary shall announce one prize competition authorized under subsection (a)(3) as soon after the date of enactment of this Act as is practicable. A prize offered under this paragraph shall be not less than $10,000,000, paid to the winner in a", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "causation_01097", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00194", "text": "We propose a pairing-based method for cooling an atomic Fermi gas. A three component (labels 1, 2, 3) mixture of Fermions is considered where the components 1 and 2 interact and, for instance, form pairs whereas the component 3 is in the normal state. For cooling, the components 2 and 3 are coupled by an electromagnetic field. the quasiparticle distributions in the paired and in the normal states are different, the coupling produces cooling of the normal state even when initially $T_{paired}\\geq T_{normal}$ (notation $T_S\\geq T_N$). The cooling efficiency is given by the pairing energy and by the linewidth of the coupling field. No superfluidity is required: any type of pairing, or other phenomenon that produces a suitable spectral density, is sufficient. In principle, the paired state could be cooled as well but this requires $T_N 1.6 Msun) with known planets. All 9 planets orbit at distances a \\geq 0.78 AU, which is significantly different than the semimajor axis distribution of planets around lower-mass stars. We examine the possibility that the observed lack of close-in planets is engulfment by their expanding host stars, but we find that this explanation is inadequate given the relatively small stellar radii of K giants (Rstar < 32 Rsun = 0.15 AU) and subgiants (Rstar < 7 Rsun = 0.03 AU). Instead, we conclude that planets around intermediate-mass stars reside preferentially beyond ~0.8 AU, which may be a reflection of different formation and migration histories of planets around A-type stars.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 376, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00095", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00199", "text": "(Abridged) We compare recent results from X-ray, strong lensing, weak lensing, and optical observations with numerical simulations of the merging galaxy cluster 1E0657-56. X-ray observations reveal a bullet-like subcluster with a prominent bow shock, while lensing results show that the positions of the total mass peaks are consistent with the centroids of the collisionless galaxies (and inconsistent with the X-ray brightness peaks). Previous studies, based on older observational datasets, have placed upper limits on the self-interaction cross-section of dark matter per unit mass, sigma/m, using simplified analytic techniques. In this work, we take advantage of new, higher-quality observational datasets by running N-body simulations of 1E0657-56 that include the effects of self-interacting dark matter, and comparing the results with observations. Furthermore, the recent data allow for a new independent method of constraining sigma/m, based on the non-observation of an offset between the bullet subcluster mass peak and galaxy centroid. This new method places an upper limit (68% confidence) of sigma/m < 1.25 cm^2/g. If we make the assumption that the subcluster and the main cluster had equal mass-to-light ratios prior to the merger, we derive our most stringent constraint of sigma/m < 0.7 cm^2/g, which comes from the consistency of the subcluster's observed mass-to-light ratio with the main cluster's, and with the universal cluster value, ruling out the possibility of a large fraction of dark matter particles being scattered away collisions. Our limit is a slight improvement over the previous result from analytic estimates, and rules out most of the 0.5 - 5cm^2/g range invoked to explain inconsistencies between the standard collisionless cold dark matter model and observations.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 365, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00015", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00200", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``DSHEA Full Implementation and Enforcement Act of 2004''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. Congress finds the following: (1) Over 158,000,000 Americans regularly consume dietary supplements to maintain and improve their health. (2) Consumer expenditures on dietary supplements reached a reported $17,100,000,000 in 2000, double the amount spent in 1994. (3) According to a recent report issued by the Food and Drug Administration (in this Act referred to as the ``FDA'') the use of dietary supplements is likely to grow factors such as the aging of the baby boom generation, increased interest in self-sufficiency, and advances in science that are uncovering new relationships between diet and disease. (4) In 1994, the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (Public Law 103-417) (in this Act referred to as ``DSHEA'') was enacted. This Act balanced continued consumer access to vitamins, minerals, and other dietary supplements, increased scientific research on the benefits and risks of dietary supplements, public education on dietary supplements, and needed consumer protections. (5) DSHEA requires that claims made on dietary supplement labels, packaging, and accompanying material be truthful, non- misleading, and substantiated. Manufacturers are prohibited from making claims that products are intended to diagnose, treat, mitigate, cure, or prevent a disease. (6) DSHEA provides for good manufacturing practice standards setting requirements for potency, purity, sanitary conditions, and recordkeeping for dietary supplements. (7) DSHEA requires that manufacturers submit adequate information as to the safety of any new ingredients contained in dietary supplements before those products can be sold. (8) The FDA has updated and expanded its system for the reporting, collection, and analysis of dietary supplement adverse events reports. (9) DSHEA provides the FDA with a number of authoritites to remove unsafe dietary supplements from the marketplace. (10) DSHEA created the Office of Dietary Supplements within the National Institutes of Health to expand research and consumer information about the health effects of dietary supplements. (11) The FDA has not adequately used its authority to enforce DSHEA. (12) The FDA needs adequate resources to appropriately implement and enforce DSHEA. Congress has appropriated additional funds over the last several years beyond those requested in the President's budget", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00856", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00201", "text": "Pro Research) This announcement is part of Google's renewed interest in catering to businesses relying on hybrid cloud installations. With these new connection solutions, businesses deploying hybrid cloud can use Google Cloud services without having their data pushed through the public internet, while also providing greater control over how data is routed across the network, the release noted. This greatly reduces access time and latency in comparison to pure public cloud deployments. However, data transmitted over these connections is not encrypted by default, requiring users to use application-level encryption. For organizations hesitant to commence hybrid cloud deployments data security concerns stemming from allowing any outside traffic, the added control over the flow of data across a Partner Interconnect connection may be adequate to ease concerns. In addition to Partner and Dedicated Interconnect options, Google has announced a number of collaborations over the last year in an attempt to entice organizations looking to deploy hybrid cloud. In October, Google and Cisco announced a new integration allowing applications to be deployed across on-premises and Google Cloud, as a counter to the similar partnership between AWS and VMWare. Similarly, Google and Nutanix announced a deal last June to allow on-premises and cloud deployments to be managed as a unified service. General availability for Partner Interconnect is expected in the coming weeks, according to the release. For disambiguation, the Google Cloud product originally called Interconnect was renamed to \"Carrier Peering\" last year, following the release of Direct Interconnect. Stay informed, click here to subscribe to the TechRepublic Cloud Insights newsletter. Subscribe Also see", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 309, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00553", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00202", "text": "sometimes performs studies of their own. The seal is a \"symbol that an independent panel reviewed and approved the product for its safety and effectiveness,\" Spomer says. Many toothpastes carry the ADA seal. So far only one over-the-counter-bleaching product does — Crest 3D White Glamorous White Whitestrips. Even so, Sahota says many over-the-counter products that don't carry the seal can still be effective if used as directed. Most cause some tooth sensitivity during the bleaching process, but that goes away once the process is complete, she says. Depending on which product is used, bleaching can take anywhere from two to six weeks. And, if you're not careful, Sahota says the products can leak onto the gums, causing inflammation and \"extra sensitivity\" to pressure, temperature and touch. A safer but more costly option might be to buy a custom-made tray from your dentist, Sahota says. Unlike the one-size-fits-all trays sold over the counter, a dentist makes the tray \"just for you\" she says. The tray hugs the teeth and ensures the gel is kept where it should be and is evenly applied. The kits cost about $400; this at-home whitening process can take up to four weeks, depending on how stained the teeth are to begin with. Generally, the trays are worn for one or two hours a day. If you want an even faster route, you'll have to pay more. Bleaching in the dental office can run more than $1,000, but results are quick and more dramatic. Dentists use bleaching gels that rely on high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (up to 40 percent hydrogen peroxide, compared to a 5 to 6 percent concentration in drugstore kits and a 10 to 15 percent solution in the home-kits from dentists). So the whole process in the dentist's office can take just an hour or two to complete. And the peroxide concentrations used there are much higher, the results can be many shades lighter than with take-home kits and over-the-counter products. An important caveat: Insurance companies consider in-office teeth whitening \"cosmetic\" so the procedures are almost never covered. Nonetheless, more Americans are opting for in-office whitening. In 2015, in-office bleaching procedures rose 29 percent over the year before, according to an American Academy of Cosmetic Dentistry survey. And there's at least a little evidence that", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00667", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00203", "text": "credible reports of widespread corruption and questionable business practices in the Nigerian Government and ``scams'' in the United States, and the lack of cooperation in addressing these problems by the Nigerian Government, further undermines Nigeria's credibility in the international community, and is a constant embarrassment to approximately 1,000,000 law-abiding Nigerian Americans. (21) Nigeria's leadership role on the African continent, especially in the area of peacekeeping, will be severely compromised by its failure to rejoin the world community of democratic nations. (22) Nigeria was recently suspended from the Commonwealth, a forum linking Britain and former colonies, and African countries like South Africa have already called for diplomatic, economic, and sports sanctions, the limited sanctions imposed by the United States Administration have had little effect in safeguarding the lives of the people of Nigeria and moving Nigeria toward democracy. SEC. 3. DECLARATIONS OF POLICY. (a) Commitment to Unity and Democracy by the Nigerian People.--The Congress continues to support the Nigerian people in their commitment to unity and democracy as evidenced by their participation in the June 12, 1993, presidential election in Nigeria, and in their subsequent insistence on the return to full civilian and democratic rule. (b) Actions Taken by the United States.--While the Congress endorses the limited steps taken by the Administration to demonstrate United States opposition to the annulment of the June 12, 1993, presidential election in Nigeria, more needs to be accomplished to encourage the restoration of fully democratic and civilian rule in Nigeria. (c) Sanctions to be Implemented in Coordination With International Community.--The Congress declares that the sanctions against Nigeria contained in this Act should be taken in concert with the international community and the United Nations to the maximum extent possible. (d) Increase in Democracy Building and Rule of Law Assistance.--The Congress declares that the finite foreign assistance resources of the United States Government provided to Nigeria should be re-prioritized within present budget levels in order that more funds can be expended for democracy building and the promotion of the rule of law through nongovernmental organizations in Nigeria. SEC. 4. SANCTIONS AGAINST THE GOVERNMENT OF NIGERIA. (a) United States Measures To Promote Democracy and Human Rights.-- (1) No assistance.-- (A) In general.--Except as provided in subparagraph (B), no assistance may be made available under the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 or the Arms Export Control Act to", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "causation_01164", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00204", "text": "law enforcement along the border are provided no assistance in covering such expenses and must use their limited resources to combat drug trafficking, human smuggling, kidnappings, the destruction of private property, and other border-related crimes. (7) The United States shares 5,525 miles of border with Canada and 1,989 miles with Mexico. Many of the local law enforcement agencies located along the border are small, rural departments charged with patrolling large areas of land. Counties along the Southwest United States-Mexico border are some of the poorest in the country and lack the financial resources to cover the additional costs associated with illegal immigration, drug trafficking, and other border-related crimes. (8) Federal assistance is required to help local law enforcement operating along the border address the unique challenges that arise of their proximity to an international border and the lack of overall border security in the region. SEC. 3. BORDER RELIEF GRANT PROGRAM. (a) Grants Authorized.-- (1) In general.--The Secretary is authorized to award grants to an eligible law enforcement agency to provide assistance to such agency to address-- (A) criminal activity that occurs in the jurisdiction of such agency by virtue of such agency's proximity to the United States border; and (B) the failure of the United States Government to adequately secure its borders. (2) Duration.--Grants may be awarded under this subsection during fiscal years 2006 through 2010. (3) Competitive basis.--The Secretary shall award grants under this subsection on a competitive basis, except that the Secretary shall give priority to applications from any eligible law enforcement agency serving a community-- (A) with a population of less than 50,000; and (B) located no more than 100 miles from a United States border with-- (i) Canada; or (ii) Mexico. (b) Use of Funds.--Grants awarded pursuant to subsection (a) may only be used to provide additional resources for an eligible law enforcement agency to address criminal activity occurring along any such border, including-- (1) to obtain equipment; (2) to hire additional personnel; (3) to upgrade and maintain law enforcement technology; (4) to cover operational costs, including overtime and transportation costs; and (5) such other resources as are available to assist that agency. (c) Application.-- (1) In general.--Each eligible law enforcement agency seeking a grant under this section shall submit an application to the Secretary at such", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00930", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00205", "text": ". (12) Chief M.K.O. Abiola was imprisoned in solitary confinement for over one year for pressing his claim as the elected democratic leader of Nigeria, and still remains incarcerated today. (13) The political and economic conditions in Nigeria have continued to deteriorate in the months Abacha took control of the country. (14) The faith of the Nigerian people in the viability of the nation as a unified whole must be preserved, and the balkanization of Nigeria guarded against. (15) The people of Nigeria have not accepted the continuation of military rule and have courageously spoken out in favor of the rapid return of democratic and civilian rule. (16) On May 15, 1994, a broad coalition of Nigerian democrats formed the National Democratic Coalition calling upon the military government to step down in favor of the winner of the June 12, 1993 election. (17) The confidence of the Nigerian people and the international community in the Provisional Ruling Council's commitment to the restoration of democracy can only be established by a sustained demonstration of a commitment to human rights, due process, and the return of civilian rule. (18) The United States would prefer to have a relationship with Nigeria based upon cooperation and mutual support but cannot, and will not, condone or overlook the denial of democratic civilian rule, against the clear wishes of the Nigerian people, by the Provisional Ruling Council or any other body in Nigeria. (19) The lack of support from the Nigerian authorities on drug trafficking issues forced the United States for the last 2 years to place Nigeria on the list of countries penalized for failure to seriously address the narcotics proliferation issue, thus endangering vulnerable youth in our communities. (20) Continuing credible reports of widespread corruption and questionable business practices in the Nigerian Government and ``scams'' in the United States, and the lack of cooperation in addressing these problems by the Nigerian Government, further undermines Nigeria's credibility in the international community, and is a constant embarrassment to approximately 1,000,000 law-abiding Nigerian Americans. (21) Nigeria's leadership role on the African continent, especially in the area of peacekeeping, will be severely compromised by its failure to rejoin the world community of democratic nations. (22) Nigeria was recently suspended from the Commonwealth, a forum linking Britain and former colonies, and African countries like South Africa have already called for diplomatic, economic, and sports sanctions, the limited sanctions imposed by the United States Administration", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "causation_01163", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00206", "text": "202. PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS FOR COMMERCIALIZATION. (a) In General.--Subject to subsections (b) and (c), the Secretary shall delegate to directors of the National Laboratories signature authority with respect to any agreement described in subsection (b) the total cost of which (including the National Laboratory contributions and project recipient cost share) is less than $1,000,000. (b) Agreements.--Subsection (a) applies to-- (1) a cooperative research and development agreement; (2) a non-Federal work-for-others agreement; and (3) any other agreement determined to be appropriate by the Secretary, in collaboration with the directors of the National Laboratories. (c) Administration.-- (1) Accountability.--The director of the affected National Laboratory and the affected contractor shall carry out an agreement under this section in accordance with applicable policies of the Department, including by ensuring that the agreement does not compromise any national security, economic, or environmental interest of the United States. (2) Certification.--The director of the affected National Laboratory and the affected contractor shall certify that each activity carried out under a project for which an agreement is entered into under this section does not present, or minimizes, any apparent conflict of interest, and avoids or neutralizes any actual conflict of interest, of the agreement under this section. (3) Availability of records.--On entering an agreement under this section, the director of a National Laboratory shall submit to the Secretary for monitoring and review all records of the National Laboratory relating to the agreement. (4) Rates.--The director of a National Laboratory may charge higher rates for services performed under a partnership agreement entered into pursuant to this section, regardless of the full cost of recovery. (d) Conforming Amendment.--Section 12 of the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 (15 U.S.C. 3710a) is amended-- (1) in subsection (a)-- (A) by redesignating paragraphs (1) and (2) as subparagraphs (A) and (B), respectively, and indenting the subparagraphs appropriately; (B) by striking ``Each Federal agency'' and inserting the following: ``(1) In general.--Except as provided in paragraph (2), each Federal agency''; and (C) by adding at the end the following: ``(2) Exception.--Notwithstanding paragraph (1), in accordance with section 202(a)", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 496, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00876", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00207", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Sensible Advertising and Family Education Act''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. Congress makes the following findings: (1) Alcohol is by far the drug most widely used and abused by young people in the United States today, even though it is illegal for youths under the age of 21 to purchase alcohol in all 50 of the States and the District of Columbia. (2) According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, an estimated 18,000,000 persons in the United States who are 18 or older currently experience problems of alcohol use. An estimated 4,500,000 young people are dependent on alcohol or are problem drinkers. (3) According to the 1995 National Institute on Drug Abuse survey of high school students and young adults (entitled ``Monitoring the Future''), 80 percent of high school seniors, 71 percent of tenth graders, and 56 percent of eighth graders had used alcohol at least once. Twenty-eight percent of high school seniors, 24 percent of tenth graders, and 15 percent of eighth graders had experienced a ``binge'' of 5 or more drinks in a row within the past 2 weeks. Among college students, 88 percent reported having used alcohol and 40 percent reported occasions of binge drinking, including 31 percent of the females and 52 percent of the males. (4) The average age at which young people begin drinking is 13. By age 13, approximately 30 percent of boys and 22 percent of girls classify themselves as drinkers. According to the 1995 ``Monitoring the Future'' survey, 14 percent of high school seniors reported having been drunk by eighth grade, 30 percent by ninth grade, 43 percent by tenth grade, and 60 percent by twelfth grade. Studies demonstrate that the use of alcohol before the age of 15 appears to be one of the predictors of later heavy alcohol and other drug use. (5) According to a national survey on youth and alcohol (Inspector General of the Department of Health and Human Services, 1991), the average binge drinker is a 16 year-old male in the tenth grade who was 12 years old when he took his first drink. (6) Young people are not well informed about the hazards of alcohol use. More than one quarter of high school seniors do not view taking", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00924", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00208", "text": "complete and the delivery location has been registered, customers can shop on Amazon.com and select the “In-Car” delivery option at checkout. On delivery day, the Amazon Key App lets customers check if they’ve parked within range of the delivery location, and provides notifications with the expected 4-hour delivery time window. The App also notifies customers when the delivery is on its way, and the package has been delivered. Customers can track when their car was unlocked and relocked in the App’s activity feed, and rate their in-car delivery. “launching Amazon Key last November, we’ve safely delivered everything from cameras to collectable coins inside the home. Customers have also told us they love features like keyless guest access and being able to monitor their front door from anywhere with the Amazon Key App,” said Peter Larsen, Vice President of Delivery Technology, Amazon. “In-car delivery gives customers that same peace of mind and allows them to take the Amazon experience with them. And, with no additional hardware or devices required, customers can start ordering in-car delivery today.” In-car delivery is available to customers with a compatible 2015 or newer Chevrolet, Buick, GMC or Cadillac vehicle with an active OnStar account, and customers with a 2015 or newer Volvo vehicle with an active Volvo On Call account. Support for even more vehicle makes and models will be added over time. “Unlocking Amazon Key In-Car delivery for more than 7 million Chevrolet, Buick, GMC and Cadillac owners is another great example of how we are leveraging the embedded connectivity in our vehicles to provide our customers with services that make their ownership experience more valuable,” said Alan Batey, president, General Motors North America. Amazon uses multiple layers of verification to ensure the security of in-car deliveries. Each time a delivery driver requests access to a customer’s vehicle, Amazon verifies that an authorized driver is at the right location with the right package, through an encrypted authentication process. Once this process is successfully completed, the car is then unlocked. Customers receive a notification via the Amazon Key App after the delivery is completed and the vehicle is relocked. No special codes or keys are ever provided to delivery drivers. For added peace of mind, in-car delivery is backed by Amazon’s Happiness Guarantee. “Simplification of experience for our consumers is central to Volvo’s digital vision. Receiving a package securely and reliably in your car, without you having to be there, is something we think many people will appreciate", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00827", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00209", "text": "Context: Weak flares are supposed to be an important heating agent of the outer layers of stellar atmospheres. However, instrumental limitations, only large X-ray flares have been studied in detail until now. Aims: We used an XMM-Newton observation of the very active BY-Dra type binary star CC Eri in order to investigate the properties of two flares that are weaker than those typically studied in the literature. Methods: We performed time-resolved spectroscopy of the data taken with the EPIC-PN CCD camera. A multi-temperature model was used to fit the spectra. We inferred the size of the flaring loops using the density-temperature diagram. The loop scaling laws were applied for deriving physical parameters of the flaring plasma. We also estimated the number of loops involved in the observed flares. Results: A large X-ray variability was found. Spectral analysis showed that all the regions in the light curve, including the flare segments, are well-described by a 3-T model with variable emission measures but, surprisingly, with constant temperatures (values of 3, 10 and 22 MK). The analysed flares lasted ~ 3.4 and 7.1 ks, with flux increases of factors 1.5-1.9. They occurred in arcades made of a few tens of similar coronal loops. The size of the flaring loops is much smaller than the distance between the stellar surfaces in the binary system, and even smaller than the radius of each of the stars. The obtained results are consistent with the following ideas: (i) the whole X-ray light curve of CC Eri could be the result of a superposition of multiple low-energy flares, and (ii) stellar flares can be scaled-up versions of solar flares.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 363, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00453", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00210", "text": "In a previous paper, new sets of parameters to replace the Michel parameters were proposed to analyze data for the muon decay $\\mu^{+} \\to e^{+}\\nu_{e}\\bar{\\nu_{\\mu}}$. Both $(V-A)$ and $(V+A)$ charged currents with finite neutrino mass have been used to study this decay. In the present paper, this parameterization is extended to a more general form, and a method for data analysis (least squares) is discussed for the propose of determining the rate of contribution from the $(V+A)$ current. We find that there is a simple form in which the set of parameters is related primitively to the physical quantities. It is shown that the Michel parameters are one of the other sets that are obtained from this simple form by rearranging one term. We derive the condition to obtain the same information regarding unknown physical quantities in the case that the data are analyzed using these simple and rearranged forms separately. We find that there is some possibility to get different results from these analyses, the equivalent condition is very delicate and the QED radiative corrections should be treated carefully. We propose a consistent formula for data analysis. It is useful to compare the value obtained in the least squares fit using the simple form with that obtained using the prediction of the standard model, a large difference is not expected, especially in the case of the Majorana neutrino. Finally, we point out that the method we proposed to determine the type of neutrino in the previous paper is incorrect.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 309, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00077", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00211", "text": "determines to be necessary to complete the review and selection of a grant recipient. ``(4) Administration.-- ``(A) In general.--Not later than 300 days after the date of enactment of this section, the Secretary shall select grant recipients under this section. ``(B) Evaluations.--The Secretary shall annually carry out an evaluation of each project for which a grant is provided under this section that-- ``(i) evaluates the progress and impact of the project; and ``(ii) assesses the degree to which the project is meeting the goals of the pilot program. ``(C) Technical and policy assistance.--On the request of a grant recipient, the Secretary shall provide technical and policy assistance. ``(D) Best practices.--The Secretary shall make available to the public-- ``(i) a copy of each evaluation carried out under subparagraph (B); and ``(ii) a description of any best practices identified by the Secretary of those evaluations. ``(E) Report to congress.--The Secretary shall submit to Congress a report containing the results of each evaluation carried out under subparagraph (B). ``(c) Funding.-- ``(1) In general.--The Secretary shall use not less than $7,500,000 of amounts made available to the Secretary to carry out this section. ``(2) Prioritization.--In funding activities under this section, the Secretary shall prioritize funding in the following manner: ``(A) Any unobligated amounts made available to the Secretary to carry out the activities of the Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Office. ``(B) Any unobligated amounts (other than those described in subparagraph (A)) made available to the Secretary.''.", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 330, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00895", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00212", "text": "SECTION 1. FINDINGS. Congress finds as follows: (1) 1935, the United States has owned a parcel of land in Riverside, California, consisting of approximately 9.5 acres, more specifically described in section 2(a) (in this section referred to as the ``property''). (2) The property is administered by the Department of Agriculture and has been variously used for research and plant materials purposes. (3) 1998, the property has been administered by the Natural Resources Conservation Service. (4) 2002, the property has been co-managed under a cooperative agreement between the Natural Resources Conservation Service and the Riverside Corona Resource Conservation District, which is a legal subdivision of the State of California under section 9003 of the California Public Resources Code. (5) The Conservation District wishes to acquire the property and use it for conservation, environmental, and related educational purposes. (6) As provided in this Act, the conveyance of the property to the Conservation District would promote the Conservation District's conservation education and related purposes and result in savings to the Federal Government. SEC. 2. LAND CONVEYANCE, NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE PROPERTY, RIVERSIDE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA. (a) Conveyance Authorized.--The Secretary of Agriculture shall convey and quitclaim to the Riverside Corona Resource Conservation District (in this section referred to as the ``Conservation District'') all right, title, and interest of the United States in and to a parcel of real property, including improvements thereon, that is located at 4500 Glenwood Drive in Riverside, California, consists of approximately 9.5 acres, and is administered by the Natural Resources Conservation Service of the Department of Agriculture. As necessary or desirable for the conveyance under this subsection, the Secretary or the Conservation District may survey all or portions of the property to be conveyed. (b) Consideration.-- (1) Value in use.--Subject to paragraph (2), the Conservation District shall pay to the Secretary an amount equal to the value in use of the property to be conveyed under subsection (a) as consideration for the conveyance of the property. (2) Required reductions.--The amount otherwise determined under paragraph (1) shall be reduced by-- (A) the value of the improvements on the property provided for by non-Federal sources; and (B) the amount of any rental rate abatements negotiated", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "causation_01124", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00213", "text": "We present and analyze high-resolution optical spectra of the Algol binaries S Equ and KO Aql. New accurate radial velocities for the hotter primary components are obtained. Thanks to the cross-correlation procedure, we were able to measure, for the first time to our knowledge, radial velocities also for the cool secondary components of S Equ and KO Aql. By combining the parameters obtained from the solution of the radial velocity curves with those obtained from the light curve analysis, reliable absolute parameters of the systems have been derived. The rotational velocity of the hotter components of S Equ and KO Aql has been measured and it is found that the gainers of both systems rotate about 30 % faster than synchronously. This is likely mass transfer across the Lagrangian L1 point from the cooler to the hotter component. The lower luminosity of the mass-gaining components of these systems compared to normal main-sequence stars of the same mass can be also an effect of the mass transfer. The H-alpha profiles reveal clear evidence of mass transfer and accretion structures. In both systems we clearly observed extra-absorption lines. From the integrated absorption and the radial velocity variations of these features, we found that the mass accretion is very dense around the impact region of the hotter components. A double-peaked emission in the spectra of S Equ was seen outside the eclipses. One of these peaks is likely originated in a region between the center of mass and the cooler component, which is occupied by the flowing matter. Furthermore, the H-alpha difference spectra of S Equ and KO Aql display also emission features, which should be arising from the magnetic activity of the cooler components.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 333, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00473", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00215", "text": "We have presented a detailed study of twist-2 and twist-3 light-cone distribution amplitudes of $1^3P_1$ and $1^1P_1$ axial-vector mesons, based on QCD conformal partial wave expansion. Applying equations of motion, the twist-three two-parton light-cone distribution amplitudes can be expressed in terms of leading-twist and twist-three three-parton light-cone distribution amplitudes. The relevant G-parity invariant and violating parameters, containing the corrections the SU(3) breaking effects, are evaluated from the QCD sum rule method. The results for axial-vector decay constants of $1^3P_1$ states are presented. The values of tensor decay constants and Gegenbauer moments of the leading twist distribution amplitudes for $1^1P_1$ states are updated. Using Gell-Mann-Okubo mass formula, the mixing angle for the $f_8$ and $f_1$ of $1^3P_1$ states is $\\theta_{^3P_1}\\sim 38^\\circ$, and that for $h_8$ and $h_1$ of $1^1P_1$ states is $\\theta_{^1P_1}\\sim 10^\\circ$. The detailed properties for physical states $f_1(1285), f_1(1420), h_1(1170)$, and $h_1(1380)$ are given. Assuming the mixing angle between $K_{1A}$ and $K_{1B}$ to be $\\theta_K=45^\\circ$ or $-45^\\circ$, we also give the detailed study for $K_1(1270)$ and $K_1(1400)$. Using the conformal partial wave expansion, we obtain the models for light-cone distribution amplitudes, containing contributions up to conformal spin 9/2. It is interesting to note that some distribution amplitudes have significant asymmetric behaviors, which should be phenomenologically attractive.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 429, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00187", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00216", "text": "American Samoa, the United States Virgin Islands, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. ``(3) Selection of design.-- ``(A) In general.--Each of the 6 designs required under this subsection for quarter dollars shall be-- ``(i) selected by the Secretary after consultation with-- ``(I) the chief executive of the District of Columbia or the territory being honored, or such other officials or group as the chief executive officer of the District of Columbia or the territory may designate for such purpose; and ``(II) the Commission of Fine Arts; and ``(ii) reviewed by the Citizens Coinage Advisory Committee. ``(B) Selection and approval process.--Designs for quarter dollars may be submitted in accordance with the design selection and approval process developed by the Secretary in the sole discretion of the Secretary. ``(C) Participation.--The Secretary may include participation by District or territorial officials, artists from the District of Columbia or the territory, engravers of the United States Mint, and members of the general public. ``(D) Standards.--it is important that the Nation's coinage and currency bear dignified designs of which the citizens of the United States can be proud, the Secretary shall not select any frivolous or inappropriate design for any quarter dollar minted under this subsection. ``(E) Prohibition on certain representations.--No head and shoulders portrait or bust of any person, living or dead, and no portrait of a living person may be included in the design of any quarter dollar under this subsection. ``(4) Treatment as numismatic items.--For purposes of sections 5134 and 5136, all coins minted under this subsection shall be considered to be numismatic items. ``(5) Issuance.-- ``(A) Quality of coins.--The Secretary may mint and issue such number of quarter dollars of each design selected under paragraph (4) in uncirculated and proof qualities as the Secretary determines to be appropriate. ``(B) Silver coins.--Notwithstanding subsection (b), the Secretary may mint and issue such number of quarter dollars of each design selected under paragraph (4) as the Secretary determines to be appropriate, with a content of 90 percent silver and 10 percent copper. ``(C) Timing and order of issuance.--Coins minted under this subsection honoring the District of Columbia and each of the territories shall be issued in equal sequential intervals during 2009 in the following order: the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Guam, American Samoa, the United", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "causation_01085", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00217", "text": "Context: L'-band (3.8 micron) images of the Galactic Center show a large number of thin filaments in the mini-spiral, located west of the mini-cavity and along the inner edge of the Northern Arm. One possible mechanism that could produce such structures is the interaction of a central wind with the mini-spiral. Additionally, we identify similar features that appear to be associated with stars. Aims: We present the first proper motion measurements of the thin dust filaments observed in the central parsec around SgrA* and investigate possible mechanisms that could be responsible for the observed motions. Methods: The observations have been carried out using the NACO adaptive optics system at the ESO VLT. The images have been transformed to a common coordinate system and features of interest were extracted. Then a cross-correlation technique could be performed in order to determine the offsets between the features with respect to their position in the reference epoch. Results: We derive the proper motions of a number of filaments and 2 cometary shaped dusty sources close (in projection) to SgrA*. We show that the shape and the motion of the filaments does not agree with a purely Keplerian motion of the gas in the potential of the supermassive black hole at the position of SgrA*. additional mechanisms must be responsible for their formation and motion. We argue that the properties of the filaments are probably related to an outflow from the disk of young mass-losing stars around SgrA*. In part, the outflow may originate from the black hole itself. We also present some evidence and theoretical considerations that the outflow may be collimated.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 337, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00143", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00218", "text": "We present a simple analytic model for the various contributions to the non-thermal emission from shell type SNRs, and show that this model's results reproduce well the results of previous detailed calculations. We show that the \\geq 1 TeV gamma ray emission from the shell type SNRs RX J1713.7-3946 and RX J0852.0-4622 is dominated by inverse-Compton scattering of CMB photons (and possibly infra-red ambient photons) by accelerated electrons. Pion decay ( proton-proton collisions) is shown to account for only a small fraction, \\lesssim10^-2, of the observed flux, as assuming a larger fractional contribution would imply nonthermal radio and X-ray synchrotron emission and thermal X-ray Bremsstrahlung emission that far exceed the observed radio and X-ray fluxes. Models where pion decay dominates the \\geq 1 TeV flux avoid the implied excessive synchrotron emission (but not the implied excessive thermal X-ray Bremsstrahlung emission) by assuming an extremely low efficiency of electron acceleration, K_ep \\lesssim 10^-4 (K_ep is the ratio of the number of accelerated electrons and the number of accelerated protons at a given energy). We argue that observations of SNRs in nearby galaxies imply a lower limit of K_ep \\gtrsim 10^-3, and thus rule out K_ep values \\lesssim 10^-4 (assuming that SNRs share a common typical value of K_ep). It is suggested that SNRs with strong thermal X-ray emission, rather than strong non-thermal X-ray emission, are more suitable candidates for searches of gamma rays and neutrinos resulting from proton-proton collisions. In particular, it is shown that the neutrino flux from the SNRs above is probably too low to be detected by current and planned neutrino observatories (Abridged).", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 391, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00459", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00219", "text": "Ryan Duguid, SVP of technology strategy at Nintex, spoke with TechRepublic's Dan Patterson about the role of non-IT employees in cloud transitions. Watch the video or read the transcript of their conversation below: Patterson: The cloud has had an undeniably transformative effect on the enterprise and SaaS, of course, is at the heart of cloud growth. Now, the growth of SaaS might be up to non-IT workers. Ryan, thank you very much for your time today. I wonder if we could first define how SaaS has grown historically to this point, and then we'll talk a little bit about why it's up to non-IT employees to help the growth of the cloud, and cloud-based applications. Duguid: Certainly, so at the end of the day, the massive upswing in SaaS is driven for obvious reasons, right? There's cost savings associated with it, a lack of requirement for as many IT administrators to keep the lights on, but fundamentally, I think it's about speed of delivery of technology to the business, and that's always been a problem in the IT sector, and SaaS really makes the promise to solve that problem. Patterson: So what is it about SaaS that has either reached an apex, or what is it that is now demanding non-IT employees to buy in as well? Duguid: I think there's two parts to this, right? The first part is that at the end of the day, SaaS has largely been driven by demand from the business. IT historically has struggled to keep up with the requirements of the business, and so the business is constantly pushing for the latest and greatest technology. I think the other side of it, is now there's a proliferation of SaaS vendors out there, when in the early days it was the big boys like the Workdays, and Salesforce and the likes. There's not a SaaS application for everything, for every business function, for every industry, no matter how large or small, and so there's really this thirst or appetite for the business to get in and self-serve, even if IT's not willing to be a part of that journey. Patterson: Can you give us a profile of some of the IT and business technology decision makers who are now involved in the process of adopting SaaS solutions for the enterprise? SEE: Vendor Relationship Policy (Tech Pro Research) Duguid: Certainly,", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00549", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00220", "text": "of volunteers, as defined by the Secretary of Health and Human Services by regulation. (2) The organization or entity shall be liable for the acts or omissions of its volunteers to the same extent as an employer is liable, under the laws of that State, for the acts or omissions of its employees. (3) The protection from liability does not apply-- (A) if the volunteer was operating a motor vehicle, vessel, aircraft, or other vehicle for which the State involved requires the operator or vehicle owner to maintain insurance; (B) in the case of a suit brought by an appropriate officer of a State or local government to enforce a Federal, State, or local law; and (C) to the extent the claim would be covered under any insurance policy. (4) The protection from liability shall apply only if the organization or entity provides a financially secure source of recovery for individuals who suffer injury of actions taken by a volunteer on behalf of the organization or entity. A financially secure source of recovery may be an insurance policy within specified limits, comparable coverage from a risk pooling mechanism, equivalent assets, or alternative arrangements that satisfy the State that the entity will be able to pay for losses up to a specified amount. Separate standards for different types of liability exposure may be specified. SEC. 5. CERTIFICATION REQUIREMENT AND ADJUSTMENT OF SOCIAL SERVICES BLOCK GRANT PROGRAM ALLOTMENTS. (a) Certification and Block Grant Allotments.--In the case of any State which certifies, not later than 2 years after the date of the enactment of this Act, to the Secretary of Health and Human Services that it has enacted, adopted, or otherwise has in effect State law which substantially complies with section 4(a), the Secretary shall increase by 1 percent the fiscal year allotment which would otherwise be made to such State to carry out the Social Services Block Grant Program under title XX of the Social Security Act. (b) Continuation of Increase.--Any increase made under subsection (a) in an allotment to a State shall remain in effect only if the State makes a certification to the Secretary of Health and Human Services, not later than the end of each 1-year period occurring successively after the end of the 2-year period described in subsection (a), that it has in effect State law which substantially complies with section 4(a). SEC. 6. DEFINITIONS. For purposes of this Act-- (1) the term", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00945", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00221", "text": "Phenomenologically viable and interesting regions of parameter space in the minimal super-gravity (mSUGRA) model with small $m_0$ and small $m_{1/2}$ consistent with the WMAP data on dark matter relic density and the bound on the mass of the lightest Higgs scalar $ m_h>$ 114 GeV from LEP2 open up if the rather adhoc assumption $A_0$=0, where $A_0$ is the common trilinear soft breaking parameter, employed in most of the existing analyses is relaxed. this region corresponds to relatively light squarks and gluinos which are likely to be probed extensively in the very early stages of the LHC experiments, the consequences of moderate or large negative values of $A_0$ are examined in detail. We find that in this region several processes including lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP) pair annihilation, LSP - lighter tau slepton (${\\tilde \\tau}_1$) coannihilation and LSP - lighter top squark (${\\tilde t}_1$) coannihilation contribute to the observed dark matter relic density. %\\sout{The possibility that a relic density producing ${\\tilde t}_1$ can be %observed at the current experiments at the Tevatron is wide open.} The possibility that a ${\\tilde t}_1$ that can participate in coannihilation with the lightest neutralino to satisfy the WMAP bound on relic density and at the same time be observed at the current experiments at the Tevatron is wide open. At the LHC a large number of squark - gluino events lead to a very distinctive semi-inclusive signature $\\tau^\\pm$+X$_\\tau$ (anything without a tau lepton) with a characteristic size much larger than $e^\\pm$+X$_e$ or $\\mu^\\pm$+X$_\\mu$ events.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 403, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00196", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00222", "text": "Late phase nebular spectra and photometry of Type Ib Supernova (SN) 2005bf taken by the Subaru telescope at ~ 270 and ~ 310 days the explosion are presented. Emission lines ([OI]6300, 6363, [CaII]7291, 7324, [FeII]7155) show the blueshift of ~ 1,500 - 2,000 km s-1. The [OI] doublet shows a doubly-peaked profile. The line luminosities can be interpreted as coming from a blob or jet containing only ~ 0.1 - 0.4 Msun, in which ~ 0.02 - 0.06 Msun is 56Ni synthesized at the explosion. To explain the blueshift, the blob should either be of unipolar moving at the center-of-mass velocity v ~ 2,000 - 5,000 km s-1, or suffer from self-absorption within the ejecta as seen in SN 1990I. In both interpretations, the low-mass blob component dominates the optical output both at the first peak (~ 20 days) and at the late phase (~ 300 days). The low luminosity at the late phase (the absolute R magnitude M_R ~ -10.2 mag at ~ 270 days) sets the upper limit for the mass of 56Ni < ~ 0.08 Msun, which is in contradiction to the value necessary to explain the second, main peak luminosity (M_R ~ -18.3 mag at ~ 40 days). Encountered by this difficulty in the 56Ni heating model, we suggest an alternative scenario in which the heating source is a newly born, strongly magnetized neutron star (a magnetar) with the surface magnetic field Bmag ~ 10^{14-15} gauss and the initial spin period P0 ~ 10 ms. Then, SN 2005bf could be a link between normal SNe Ib/c and an X-Ray Flash associated SN 2006aj, connected in terms of Bmag and/or P0.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 434, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00254", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00223", "text": "Semiconductor devices continue to press into the nanoscale regime, and new applications have emerged for which the quantum properties of dopant atoms act as the functional part of the device, underscoring the necessity to probe the quantum structure of small numbers of dopant atoms in semiconductors[1-3]. Although dopant properties are well-understood with respect to bulk semiconductors, new questions arise in nanosystems. For example, the quantum energy levels of dopants will be affected by the proximity of nanometer-scale electrodes. Moreover, shallow donors and acceptors are analogous to hydrogen atoms, experiments on small numbers of dopants have the potential to be a testing ground for fundamental questions of atomic and molecular physics, such as the maximum negative ionization of a molecule with a given number of positive ions[4,5]. Electron tunneling spectroscopy through isolated dopants has been observed in transport studies[6,7]. In addition, Geim and coworkers identified resonances two closely spaced donors, effectively forming donor molecules[8]. Here we present capacitance spectroscopy measurements of silicon donors in a gallium-arsenide heterostructure using a scanning probe technique[9,10]. In contrast to the work of Geim et al., our data show discernible peaks attributed to successive electrons entering the molecules. Hence this work represents the first addition spectrum measurement of dopant molecules. More generally, to the best of our knowledge, this study is the first example of single-electron capacitance spectroscopy performed directly with a scanning probe tip[9].", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 316, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00111", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00224", "text": ".--Each of the 50 designs required under this subsection for quarter dollars shall be-- ``(i) selected by the Secretary after consultation with-- ``(I) the Governor of the State being commemorated, or such other State officials or group as the State may designate for such purpose; and ``(II) the Commission of Fine Arts; and ``(ii) reviewed by the Citizens Commemorative Coin Advisory Committee. ``(B) Selection and approval process.--Designs for quarter dollars may be submitted in accordance with the design selection and approval process developed by the Secretary in the sole discretion of the Secretary. ``(C) Participation.--The Secretary may include participation by State officials, artists from the States, engravers of the United States Mint, and members of the general public. ``(D) Standards.--it is important that the Nation's coinage and currency bear dignified designs of which the citizens of the United States can be proud, the Secretary shall not select any frivolous or inappropriate design for any quarter dollar minted under this subsection. ``(E) Prohibition on certain representations.--No head and shoulders portrait or bust of any person, living or dead, and no portrait of a living person may be included in the design of any quarter dollar under this subsection. ``(5) Treatment as numismatic items.--For purposes of sections 5134 and 5136, all coins minted under this subsection shall be considered to be numismatic items. ``(6) Numismatic items.-- ``(A) Quality of coins.--The Secretary may mint and issue such number of quarter dollars of each design selected under paragraph (4) in uncirculated and proof qualities as the Secretary determines to be appropriate. ``(B) Silver coins.--Notwithstanding subsection (b), the Secretary may mint and issue such number of quarter dollars of each design selected under paragraph (4) as the Secretary determines to be appropriate with a content of 90 percent silver and 10 percent copper. ``(C) Sources of bullion.--The Secretary shall obtain silver for minting coins under subparagraph (B) from available resources, including stockpiles established under the Strategic and Critical Materials Stock Piling Act. ``(7) Application in event of the admission of additional states.--If any additional State is admitted into the Union before the end of the 10-year period referred to in paragraph (1), the Secretary of the Treasury may issue quarter dollar coins, in accordance with this subsection, with a design which is emblematic of such State during any", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00882", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00226", "text": "This paper presents a study of quasi-steady spherical accretion in the early Universe, before the formation of the first stars and galaxies. The main motivation is to derive the basic formulas that will be used in a companion paper to calculate the accretion luminosity of primordial black holes and their effect on the cosmic ionization history. The following cosmological effects are investigated: the coupling of the gas to the CMB photon fluid (i.e., Compton drag), Hubble expansion, and the growth of the dark matter halo seeded by the gravitational potential of the central point mass. The gas equations of motion are solved assuming either a polytropic or an isothermal equation of state. We consider the cases in which the accreting object is a point mass or a spherical dark matter halo with power-law density profile, as predicted by the theory of \"secondary infall''. Analytical solutions for the sonic radius and fitting formulas for the accretion rate are provided. Different accretion regimes exist depending on the mass of the accreting object. If the black hole mass is smaller than 50-100 Msun, gas accretion is unaffected by Compton drag. A point mass and an extended dark halo of equal mass accrete at the same rate if M>5000 Msun, while smaller mass dark halos accrete less efficiently than the equivalent point mass. For masses M>3 x 10^4 Msun, the viscous term the Hubble expansion becomes important and the assumption of quasi-steady flow fails. Hence, the steady Bondi solutions transition to the time-dependent self-similar solutions for \"cold cosmological infall\".", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 339, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00347", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00227", "text": "on top of it.\" Ullah was being treated for burns to his hands and abdomen but spoke to investigators from his hospital bed, law enforcement officials said. He was \"all over the place\" about his motive but indicated he wanted to avenge what he portrayed as U.S. aggression against the Islamic State group, a law enforcement official said. The officials spoke to The Associated Press on condition of anonymity they were not authorized to speak publicly about the blast. Ullah's low-tech bomb used explosive powder, a nine-volt battery, a Christmas light and matches, the officials said. Investigators said the suspect was seen on surveillance footage igniting the bomb. In the end, it wasn't powerful enough to turn the pipe into deadly shrapnel, the officials said. Law enforcement officials said Ullah looked at IS propaganda online but is not known to have any direct contact with the militants and probably acted alone. Cuomo said there was no evidence, so far, of other bombs or a larger plot. The Democrat said officials were exploring whether Ullah had been on authorities' radar, but there was no indication yet that he was. The attack came less than two months after eight people died near the World Trade Center in a truck attack that, authorities said, was carried out by an Uzbek immigrant who admired the Islamic State group. 1965, America's immigration policy has centered on giving preference to people with advanced education or skills, or people with family ties to U.S. citizens and, in some cases, legal permanent residents. Citizens have been able to apply for spouses, parents, children, siblings and the siblings' spouses and minor children; the would-be immigrants are then screened by U.S. officials to determine whether they can come. Trump's administration has called for a \"merit-based\" immigration system that would limit family-based green cards to spouses and minor children. Ullah lived with his father, mother and brother in a Brooklyn neighborhood with a large Bangladeshi community, residents said. He was licensed to drive a livery cab between 2012 and 2015, but the license was allowed to lapse, according to law enforcement officials and New York City's Taxi and Limousine Commission. His family was \"deeply saddened\" by the attack but also \"outraged by the way we have been targeted by law enforcement,\" the family said in a statement sent by the New York Chapter of the Council on American-Islamic Relations.", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00745", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00228", "text": "We perform axisymmetric simulations of the magnetorotational collapse of very massive stars in full general relativity. Our simulations are applicable to the collapse of supermassive stars (M > 10^3M_sun) and to very massive Pop III stars. We model our initial configurations by n=3 polytropes. The ratio of magnetic to rotational kinetic energy in these configurations is chosen to be small (1% and 10%). We find that such magnetic fields do not affect the initial collapse significantly. The core collapses to a black hole, after which black hole excision is employed to continue the evolution long enough for the hole to reach a quasi-stationary state. We find that the black hole mass is M_h = 0.95M and its spin parameter is J_h/M_h^2 = 0.7, with the remaining matter forming a torus around the black hole. We freeze the spacetime metric (\"Cowling approximation\") and continue to follow the evolution of the torus after the black hole has relaxed to quasi-stationary equilibrium. In the absence of magnetic fields, the torus settles down following ejection of a small amount of matter shock heating. When magnetic fields are present, the field lines gradually collimate along the hole's rotation axis. MHD shocks and the MRI generate MHD turbulence in the torus and stochastic accretion onto the central black hole. When the magnetic field is strong, a wind is generated in the torus, and the torus undergoes radial oscillations that drive episodic accretion onto the hole. These oscillations produce long-wavelength gravitational waves potentially detectable by LISA. The final state of the magnetorotational collapse always consists of a central black hole surrounded by a collimated magnetic field and a hot, thick accretion torus. This system is a viable candidate for the central engine of a long-soft gamma-ray burst.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 391, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00412", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00229", "text": "We report new detailed surface U, B, V, R, and I photometry of 81 stellar structures in the disk of the barred galaxy NGC 3367. The images show many different structures indicating that star formation is going on in the most part of the disk. NGC 3367 is known to have a very high concentration of molecular gas distribution in the central regions of the galaxy and bipolar synchrotron emission from the nucleus with two lobes (at 6 kpc) forming a triple structure similar to a radio galaxy. We have determined the U, B, V, R, and I magnitudes and U - B, B - V, U - V, and V - I colors for the central region (nucleus), a region which includes supernovae 2003 AA, and 79 star associations throughout NGC 3367. Estimation of ages of star associations is very difficult several factors, among them: filling factor, metallicity, spatial distribution of each structure and the fact that we estimated the magnitudes with a circular aperture of 16 pixels in diameter, equivalent to $6''.8\\sim1.4$ kpc. However, if the colors derived for NGC 3367 were similar to the colors expected of star clusters with theoretical evolutionary star tracks developed for the LMC and had a similar metallicity, NGC 3367 show 51 percent of the observed structures with age type SWB I (few tens of Myrs), with seven sources outside the bright surface brightness visible disk of NGC 3367.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 315, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00062", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00230", "text": "Electrical resistivity measurements of non-magnetic single-crystalline Ce$_{1-x}$La$_x$Os$_4$Sb$_{12}$ alloys, $x=0.02$ and 0.1, are reported for temperatures down to 20 mK and magnetic fields up to 18 T. At the lowest temperatures, the resistivity of Ce$_{0.98}$La$_{0.02}$Os$_4$Sb$_{12}$ has a Fermi-liquid-like temperature variation $\\rho=\\rho_0+A T^2$, but with negative $A$ in small fields. The resistivity has an unusually strong magnetic field dependence for a paramagnetic metal. The 20 mK resistivity increases by 75% between H=0 and 4 T and then decreases by 65% between 4 T and 18 T. Similarly, the $A$ coefficient increases with the field from -77 to 29$ \\mu\\Omega$cmK$^{-2}$ between H=0 and 7 T and then decreases to 18$ \\mu\\Omega$cmK$^{-2}$ for 18 T. This nontrivial temperature and field variation is attributed to the existence of a very narrow Kondo-hole band in the hybridization gap, which pins the Fermi energy. disorder the Kondo-hole band has localized states close to the band edges. The resistivity for $x=0.1$ has a qualitatively similar behavior to that of $x=0.02$, but with a larger Kondo-hole band.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 329, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00100", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00231", "text": "In the Alabama Republican Senate race, every candidate wants to be just like Donald Trump. But in Tuesday's primary, the leading candidate sounds and acts more like the president, while it's the incumbent, an appointed senator just fighting to make it into a likely runoff, who has Trump's actual blessing — but also the curse of being Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell's favorite candidate. That's the conundrum of the Republican contest, largely seen as a three-way race between front-runner Roy Moore, a controversial former Alabama Supreme Court chief justice; Sen. Luther Strange, appointed back in February to fill the seat of now-Attorney General Jeff Sessions; and Rep. Mo Brooks, who's seized on an anti-McConnell platform as the president's attacks against the Senate's top Republican have intensified recently. Moore has consistently polled atop the field, and looks likely to claim a spot in a probable September runoff. His ads sound downright Trumpian, promising to \"drain the swamp\" and taking a swipe at D.C. elites. Moore is well-known throughout the state — and the country — too. He first gained national notoriety when he refused to remove a monument of the Ten Commandments from a state judicial building despite a federal court order; Moore himself was then removed from his position as chief justice of the Alabama Supreme Court in 2003. He won election to the same post again in 2012, but was then suspended after he ordered judges to enforce the state's ban on same-sex marriage despite the Supreme Court's 2015 decision in favor of gay marriage nationwide under the federal Constitution. He resigned earlier this year to challenge Strange. To state observers, it's not surprising that Moore has been able to build a strong following and even expand beyond what might be his typical conservative base in the state. \"Alabama voters supported Trump he spoke his mind and said all the things they had been thinking about government,\" said Brent Buchanan, a GOP strategist and pollster in the state. \"Out of all the candidates, Roy Moore has some of those similar characteristics. You may not agree with all of his policy or personal preferences, but you know that Roy Moore is going to do what Roy Moore believes.\" That's why it was so, well, strange last week when Trump tweeted out his support for Strange, saying the incumbent has his \"complete and total endorsement!\" The senator has benefited from millions of dollars in ads from the McConnell-aligned Senate Leadership Fund super PAC. The very next", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00661", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00232", "text": "When Attorney General Jeff Sessions was asked how he viewed the car attack in Charlottesville, Va., here's how he responded: \"It does meet the definition of domestic terrorism in our statute,\" he told ABC's Good Morning America. That certainly seems to suggest the government is looking into a possible terrorism charge against the suspect, 20-year-old James Alex Fields Jr. At Saturday's rally organized by white supremacists, a car slammed into counterprotesters, killing one and injuring 19. But according to the Justice Department and legal analysts, it's simply not possible for the government to file charges of domestic terrorism, no such criminal law exists. The Patriot Act does define domestic terrorism, and under this designation, the Justice Department has broad powers to investigate, said Neal Katyal, a Georgetown University law professor who served as former President Barack Obama's acting solicitor general and as the national security adviser to the Justice Department. He said the government has three basic ways to approach the Charlottesville case. \"No. 1, this is a hate crime, under the hate crime statutes,\" he said. \"The second is that this is a conspiracy to deprive individuals of civil rights.\" \"And the third is, this is an act of domestic terror, which isn't itself a crime,\" he noted. In short, the government can't file a criminal charge of domestic terrorism, but so defining the incident does allow it to investigate not only an individual suspect, but also any group the suspect may be affiliated with. In an email to NPR, the Justice Department made the same point. The commonwealth of Virginia, meanwhile, has charged Fields with second-degree murder and other crimes. The Charlottesville case has again spurred a discussion about describing far-right violence as terrorism. After the al-Qaida attacks of Sept. 11, 2001, terrorism was associated primarily with radical Islamist groups based abroad. The State Department has a list of nearly 60 groups, all foreign, that are identified as terrorist organizations. The vast majority are radical Islamists. And the government can charge a person — American or foreign — with terrorism on behalf of these international groups. Consider this hypothetical: If the Charlottesville attacker emerged from the car and said he was acting on behalf of the Islamic State, he could be charged with international terrorism, according to Katyal. Inside the U.S., the political debate appears to be shifting, with growing numbers calling for far-right extremism to be identified as terrorism. But that's almost entirely a", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00669", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00233", "text": "at the time of initial occupancy do not exceed 115 percent of the median income of the area, as determined by the Secretary; ``(3) will remain available as provided in paragraph (2), according to such binding commitments as the Secretary may require, for the period of the original term of the loan guaranteed, unless the housing is acquired by foreclosure (or instrument in lieu of foreclosure) or the Secretary waives the applicability of such requirement for the loan only after determining, based on objective information, that-- ``(A) there is no longer a need for low- and moderate-income housing in the market area in which the housing is located; ``(B) housing opportunities for low-income households and minorities will not be reduced of the waiver; and ``(C) additional Federal assistance will not be necessary of the waiver; and ``(4) is located in a rural area. ``(e) Eligible Lenders.-- ``(1) Requirement.--A loan may be guaranteed under this subsection only if the loan is made by a lender that the Secretary determines-- ``(A) meets the qualifications, and has been approved by the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, to make loans for multifamily housing that are to be insured under the National Housing Act; ``(B) meets the qualifications, and has been approved by the Federal National Mortgage Association and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, to make loans for multifamily housing that are to be sold to such corporations; or ``(C) meets any qualifications that the Secretary may, by regulation, establish for participation of lenders in the loan guarantee program under this section. ``(2) Eligibility list and annual audit.--The Secretary shall establish a list of eligible lenders and shall annually conduct an audit of each lender included in the list for purposes of determining whether such lender continues to be an eligible lender. ``(f) Loan Terms.--Each loan guaranteed pursuant to this subsection shall-- ``(1) provide for complete amortization by periodic payments to be made for a term not to exceed 40 years; ``(2) involve a rate of interest agreed upon by the borrower and the lender that does not exceed the maximum allowable rate established by the Secretary for purposes of this section and is fixed over the term of the loan; ``(3) involve a principal obligation (including initial service charges, appraisal, inspection, and other fees as the Secretary may approve) not to exceed-- ``(A) in the case of a borrower that is a nonprofit organization or an agency or body", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 494, "matched_pair_id": "causation_01135", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00234", "text": "During accretion a neutron star (NS) is spun up as angular momentum is transported through its surface layers. We study the resulting differentially rotating profile, focusing on the impact this has for type I X-ray bursts. The predominant viscosity is likely provided by the Tayler-Spruit dynamo. The radial and azimuthal magnetic field components have strengths of ~10^5 G and ~10^10 G, respectively. This produces nearly uniform rotation at the depths of interest for X-ray bursts. A remaining small shear transmits the accreted angular momentum inward to the NS interior. Though this shear gives little viscous heating, it can trigger turbulent mixing. Detailed simulations will be required to fully understand the consequences of mixing, but our models illustrate some general features. Mixing has the greatest impact when the buoyancy at the compositional discontinuity between accreted matter and ashes is overcome. This occurs at high accretion rates, at low spin frequencies, or may depend on the ashes from the previous burst. We then find two new regimes of burning. The first is ignition in a layer containing a mixture of heavier elements from the ashes. If ignition occurs at the base of the mixed layer, recurrence times as short as ~5-30 minutes are possible. This may explain the short recurrence time of some bursts, but incomplete burning is still needed to explain these bursts' energetics. When mixing is sufficiently strong, a second regime is found where accreted helium mixes deep enough to burn stably, quenching X-ray bursts. We speculate that the observed change in X-ray burst properties near one-tenth the Eddington accretion rate is from this mechanism. The carbon-rich material produced by stable helium burning would be important for triggering and fueling superbursts. (abridged)", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 365, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00055", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00235", "text": "is not pro-poor people and his words were disrespectful and rude,\" he said. Ahok's blasphemy trial and the ease with which hard-liners attracted several hundred thousand to protest against him in Jakarta have undermined Indonesia's reputation for practicing a moderate form of Islam and shaken the centrist government of President Joko \"Jokowi\" Widodo. Calls for Ahok to be killed and anti-Chinese sentiment were disturbing elements of the protests, one of which turned violent, with dozens injured and one person dying from the effects of tear gas. Defeat for Ahok would also be a defeat for Indonesia's moderate political and religious leaders and further embolden hard-liners, who say a non-Muslim should not lead Muslims. The governorship is also seen as a launching pad into national politics and possibly the presidency. There will be a runoff election in April if none of the candidates gets the 50 percent plus one vote required for an outright win. One scenario is that Ahok proceeds to the runoff but is defeated by anti-Ahok voters uniting behind the remaining Muslim candidate. Jokowi voted in a neighborhood of central Jakarta and called for national unity. \"Differences of political choice should not to divide us,\" he said. \"After this election, we want everything to be back as brothers, we all need to maintain our unity and integrity.\" Ahok had been popular of his drive to eliminate corruption from the Jakarta administration and his efforts to make the city more livable. But brutal demolitions of some of the slum neighborhoods that are home to millions and ill-considered outspokenness proved to be his Achilles' heel. Opponents seized their moment last year when a video surfaced of Ahok telling voters they were being deceived if they believed a specific verse in the Quran prohibited Muslims from electing a non-Muslim as leader. \"I voted for Ahok he is already showing results of real work and honesty,\" said Sriyana Dewi, as she left a polling booth with her 7-old-month son in a sling. ___ Associated Press writer Ali Kotarumalos contributed to this report.", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 427, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00746", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00236", "text": "New Ekpyrotic Cosmology is an alternative scenario of early universe cosmology in which the universe existed before the big bang. The simplest model relies on two scalar fields, whose entropy perturbation produces a scale-invariant spectrum of density fluctuations. The ekpyrotic solution has a tachyonic instability along the entropy field direction which, a priori, appears to require fine-tuning of the initial conditions. In this paper, we show that these can be achieved naturally by adding a small positive mass term for the tachyonic field and coupling to light fermions. Then, for a wide range of initial conditions, the tachyonic field gets stabilized with the appropriate values well before the onset of the ekpyrotic phase. Furthermore, we show that ekpyrotic theory is successful in solving the flatness, horizon and homogeneity problems of standard big bang cosmology. Motivated by the analysis of the tachyonic instability, we propose a simplification of the model in terms of new field variables. Instead of requiring two exponential potentials, one for each scalar field, it suffices to consider a single nearly exponential potential for one of the fields and a tachyonic mass term along the orthogonal direction in field space. All other terms in the potential are essentially arbitrary. This greatly widens the class of ekpyrotic potentials and allows substantial freedom in determining the spectral index and possible non-Gaussianity. We present a generalized expression for the spectral index which is easily consistent with the observed red tilt. We also argue that for a wide range of potentials non-Gaussianity can be substantial, within the reach of current observations.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 336, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00478", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00237", "text": "Randomness extraction is of fundamental importance for information-theoretic cryptography. It allows to transform a raw key about which an attacker has some limited knowledge into a fully secure random key, on which the attacker has essentially no information. Up to date, only very few randomness-extraction techniques are known to work against an attacker holding quantum information on the raw key. This is very much in contrast to the classical (non-quantum) setting, which is much better understood and for which a vast amount of different techniques are known and proven to work. We prove a new randomness-extraction technique, which is known to work in the classical setting, to be secure against a quantum attacker as well. Randomness extraction is done by XOR'ing a so-called delta-biased mask to the raw key. Our result allows to extend the classical applications of this extractor to the quantum setting. We discuss the following two applications. We show how to encrypt a long message with a short key, information-theoretically secure against a quantum attacker, provided that the attacker has enough quantum uncertainty on the message. This generalizes the concept of entropically-secure encryption to the case of a quantum attacker. As second application, we show how to do error-correction without leaking partial information to a quantum attacker. Such a technique is useful in settings where the raw key may contain errors, standard error-correction techniques may provide the attacker with information on, say, a secret key that was used to obtain the raw key.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 301, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00420", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00238", "text": "application of certain ordinances to the placement of such towers (WT Docket No. 97-192, ET Docket No. 93-62, RM- 8577, and FCC 97-303, 62 F.R. 47960) be modified in order to permit State and local governments to exercise their zoning and land use authorities, and their power to protect public health and safety, to regulate the placement of telecommunications or broadcast facilities and to place the burden of proof in civil actions, and in actions before the Commission and State and local authorities relating to the placement, construction, and modification of such facilities, on the person or entity that seeks to place, construct, or modify such facilities. (7) PCS-Over-Cable, PCS-Over-Fiber, and satellite telecommunications systems, including low-Earth orbit satellites, offer a significant opportunity to provide so- called ``911'' emergency telephone service throughout much of the United States. (8) According to the Comptroller General, the Commission does not consider itself a health agency and turns to health and radiation experts outside the Commission for guidance on the issue of health and safety effects of radio frequency exposure. (9) The Federal Aviation Administration does not have adequate authority to regulate the placement, construction, and modification of telecommunications facilities near airports or high-volume air traffic areas such as corridors of airspace or commonly used flyways. The Commission's proposed rules to preempt State and local zoning and land-use regulations for the siting of such facilities will have a serious negative impact on aviation safety, airport capacity and investment, and the efficient use of navigable airspace. (10) The telecommunications industry and its experts should be expected to have access to the best and most recent technical information and should be held to the highest standards in terms of their representations, assertions, and promises to governmental authorities. (11) There has been a substantial effort by the Federal Government to determine the effects of electric and magnetic fields on biological systems, as is evidenced by the Electric and Magnetic Fields Research and Public Information Dissemination (RAPID) Program, which was established by section 2118 of the Energy Policy Act of 1992 (Public Law 102-486; 42 U.S.C. 13478). This five-year program, which was coordinated by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and the Department of Energy, examined the possible effects of electric and magnetic fields on human health. Despite the success of this program, there has been", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "causation_01005", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00239", "text": "Using a combination of Chandra and XMM observations, we confirmed the presence of a significant velocity gradient along the NE/E-W/SW direction in the intracluster gas of the cluster Abell 576. The results are consistent with a previous ASCA SIS analysis of this cluster. The error weighted average over ACIS-S3, EPIC MOS 1 & 2 spectrometers for the maximum velocity difference is >3.3E03 km/s at the 90% confidence level, similar to the velocity limits estimated indirectly for the \"bullet\" cluster (1E0657-56). The probability that the velocity gradient is generated by standard random gain fluctuations with Chandra and XMM is <0.1%. The regions of maximum velocity gradient are in CCD zones that have the lowest temporal gain variations. It is unlikely that the velocity gradient is Hubble distance differences between projected clusters (probability<~0.01%). We mapped the distribution of elemental abundance ratios across the cluster and detected a strong chemical discontinuity using the abundance ratio of silicon to iron, equivalent to a variation from 100% SN Ia iron mass fraction in the West-Northwest regions to 32% in the Eastern region. The \"center\" of the cluster is located at the chemical discontinuity boundary, which is inconsistent with the radially symmetric chemical gradient found in some regular clusters, but consistent with a cluster merging scenario. We predict that the velocity gradient as measured will produce a variation of the CMB temperature towards the East of the core of the cluster that will be detectable by current and near-future bolometers. The measured velocity gradient opens for the possibility that this cluster is passing through a near line-of-sight merger stage where the cores have recently crossed.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 353, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00362", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00240", "text": "M1 transitions from the $^6$Li($0^+;T=1$) state at 3.563 MeV to the $^6$Li($1^+$) ground state and to the $\\alpha+d$ continuum are studied in a three-body model. The bound states are described as an $\\alpha+n+p$ system in hyperspherical coordinates on a Lagrange mesh. The ground-state magnetic moment and the gamma width of the $^6$Li(0$^+$) resonance are well reproduced. The halo-like structure of the $^6$Li$(0^+)$ resonance is confirmed and is probed by the M1 transition probability to the $\\alpha+d$ continuum. The spectrum is sensitive to the description of the $\\alpha+d$ phase shifts. The corresponding gamma width is around 1.0 meV, with optimal potentials. Charge symmetry is analyzed through a comparison with the $\\beta$-delayed deuteron spectrum of $^6$He. In $^6$He, a nearly perfect cancellation effect between short-range and halo contributions was found. A similar analysis for the $^6$Li($0^+;T=1$) $\\gamma$ decay is performed; it shows that charge-symmetry breaking at large distances, the different binding energies and to different charges, reduces this effect. The present branching ratio $\\Gamma_{\\gamma}(0^+\\to \\alpha+d)/\\Gamma_{\\gamma}(0^+\\to1^+)\\approx 1.3\\times 10^{-4}$ should be observable with current experimental facilities.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 327, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00441", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00241", "text": "special agent with the State Department's law enforcement arm, the Bureau of Diplomatic Security. \"Interoperability\" – groups and forces working well together — is the current buzzword. \"It's critical for our African partner nations to work together and more and more important for police to collaborate with the military, to conduct joint investigations and to truly counter the terrorism threat in the region, with law enforcement in those communities,\" Alfano said. Law enforcement agents are often first responders after an attack, he explained, so training them in forensics and skills like fingerprinting also helps \"attack the terrorist network.\" Alfano said this year's more broadly focused exercises reflected an emphasis on governance and rule of law, \"making a transition from a military-controlled area to training the police to more effectively take over when the military has moved on.\" And there was what he called \"a mass migration training,\" to teach rural communities how to respond to potential terrorists who may cross porous borders where large numbers of people are already traveling. Cross-border cooperation During Flintlock, training scenarios involved agents from across the region simulating the aftermath of a terrorist bombing, as well as chasing and apprehending hostage-taking terrorist suspects. \"Terrorism knows no boundaries or borders,\" warned Nagassou, the Cameroonian police commander. Deadly Boko Haram bomb blasts and suicide bombing raids have targeted all four countries battling the terrorist network, he said. \"Boko Haram has pledged allegiance to Islamic State,\" he said, \"so geographic frontiers mean nothing to this group or other terrorist networks and their regional allies. Borders are simply a joke to them — they have connections and communications.\" Terrorists, he said, easily slip across. \"If there's intelligence from Nigeria and it's relayed to Chad, then Cameroon must also be made aware,\" said Nagassou. \"And Niger also needs to be informed, so that together we can nip Boko Haram's nefarious plans in the bud and stop them attacking our people.\" Battle-hardened Chadian special forces are already familiar with this problem. For the past few years, they've been taking on Boko Haram extremists violence spread across the border from northeastern Nigeria. They also were a critical force that helped end the occupation of northern Mali by al-Qaida-linked extremist fighters in 2013. \"Chadian military history has demonstrated our experience and know-how. It's not today that the Chadian army is learning how to capture and destroy the enemy. Chadian", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00674", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00242", "text": "It has been speculated that quantum gravity might induce a \"foamy\" space-time structure at small scales, randomly perturbing the propagation phases of free-streaming particles (such as kaons, neutrons, or neutrinos). Particle interferometry might then reveal non-standard decoherence effects, in addition to standard ones (, e.g., finite source size and detector resolution.) In this work we discuss the phenomenology of such non-standard effects in the propagation of electron neutrinos in the Sun and in the long-baseline reactor experiment KamLAND, which jointly provide us with the best available probes of decoherence at neutrino energies E ~ few MeV. In the solar neutrino case, by means of a perturbative approach, decoherence is shown to modify the standard (adiabatic) propagation in matter through a calculable damping factor. By assuming a power-law dependence of decoherence effects in the energy domain (E^n with n = 0,+/-1,+/-2), theoretical predictions for two-family neutrino mixing are compared with the data and discussed. We find that neither solar nor KamLAND data show evidence in favor of non-standard decoherence effects, whose characteristic parameter gamma_0 can thus be significantly constrained. In the \"Lorentz-invariant\" case n=-1, we obtain the upper limit gamma_0<0.78 x 10^-26 GeV at 95% C.L. In the specific case n=-2, the constraints can also be interpreted as bounds on possible matter density fluctuations in the Sun, which we improve by a factor of ~ 2 with respect to previous analyses.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 328, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00099", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00243", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. (a) The Act may be cited as the ``Kleptocracy Asset Recovery Rewards Act''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS; SENSE OF CONGRESS. (a) Findings.--Congress finds the following: (1) The Stolen Asset Recovery Initiative (StAR), a World Bank and United Nations anti-money-laundering effort, estimates that between $20 billion to $40 billion has been lost to developing countries annually through corruption. (2) In 2014, more than $480 million in corruption proceeds hidden in bank accounts around the world by former Nigerian dictator Sani Abacha and his co-conspirators was forfeited through efforts by the Department of Justice. (3) In 2010, the Department of Justice established the Kleptocracy Asset Recovery Initiative, to work in partnership with Federal law enforcement agencies to forfeit the proceeds of foreign official corruption and, where appropriate, return those proceeds to benefit the people harmed by these acts of corruption and abuse of office. (4) Of the $20 billion to $40 billion lost by developing countries annually through corruption, only about $5 billion has been repatriated in the last 15 years. (5) Governments weakened by corruption and loss of assets corruption have fewer resources to devote to the fight against terrorism and fewer resources to devote to building strong financial, law enforcement, and judicial institutions to aid in the fight against the financing of terrorism. (6) The United States has a number of effective programs to reward individuals who provide valuable information that assist in the identification, arrest, and conviction of criminal actors and their associates, as well as seizure and forfeiture of illicitly derived assets and the proceeds of criminal activity. (7) The Internal Revenue Service has the Whistleblower Program, which pays awards to individuals who provide specific and credible information to the IRS if the information results in the collection of taxes, penalties, interest or other amounts from noncompliant taxpayers. (8) The Department of State administers rewards programs on international terrorism, illegal narcotics, and transnational organized crime with the goal of bringing perpetrators to justice. (9) None of these existing rewards programs specifically provide monetary incentives for identifying and recovering stolen assets linked solely to foreign government corruption, as opposed to criminal prosecutions or civil or criminal forfeitures. (10) The recovery of stolen assets linked to foreign government corruption and the proceeds of such corruption may not always involve a BSA violation or", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "causation_01066", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00244", "text": "of the intense brightness of the OB-type multiple star system sigma Ori, the low-mass stellar and substellar populations close to the centre of the very young sigma Orionis cluster is poorly know. I present an IJHKs survey in the cluster centre, able to detect from the massive early-type stars down to cluster members below the deuterium burning mass limit. The near-infrared and optical data have been complemented with X-ray imaging. Ten objects have been found for the first time to display high-energy emission. Previously known stars with clear spectroscopic youth indicators and/or X-ray emission define a clear sequence in the I vs. I-Ks diagram. I have found six new candidate cluster members that follow this sequence. One of them, in the magnitude interval of the brown dwarfs in the cluster, displays X-ray emission and a very red J-Ks colour, indicative of a disc. Other three low-mass stars have excesses in the Ks band as well. The frequency of X-ray emitters in the area is 80+/-20 %. The spatial density of stars is very high, of up to 1.6+/-0.1 arcmin-2. There is no indication of lower abundance of substellar objects in the cluster centre. Finally, I also report two cluster stars with X-ray emission located at only 8000-11000 AU to sigma Ori AB, two sources with peculiar colours and an object with X-ray emission and near-infrared magnitudes similar to those of previously-known substellar objects in the cluster.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 315, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00194", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00245", "text": "Wide-angle tail (WAT) radio sources are often found in the centers of galaxy clusters where intracluster medium (ICM) ram pressure may bend the lobes into their characteristic C-shape. We examine the low redshift (z=0.1035) cluster Abell 1446, host to the WAT radio source 1159+583. The cluster exhibits possible evidence for a small-scale cluster-subcluster merger as a cause of the WAT radio source morphology. This evidence includes the presence of temperature and pressure substructure along the line that bisects the WAT as well as a possible wake of stripped interstellar material or a disrupted cool core to the southeast of the host galaxy. A filament to the north may represent cool, infalling gas that's contributing to the WAT bending while spectroscopically determined redshifts of member galaxies may indicate some component of a merger occurring along the line-of-sight. The WAT model of high flow velocity and low lobe density is examined as another scenario for the bending of 1159+583. It has been argued that such a model would allow the ram pressure the galaxy's slow motion through the ICM to shape the WAT source. A temperature profile shows that the cluster is isothermal (kT= 4.0 keV) in a series of annuli reaching a radius of 400 kpc. There is no evidence of an ongoing cooling flow. Temperature, abundance, pressure, density, and mass profiles, as well as two-dimensional maps of temperature and pressure are presented.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 317, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00416", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00246", "text": "SEATTLE--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Apr 24, 2018--(NASDAQ:AMZN) – Amazon today announced that Amazon Key, the service that already enables in-home delivery and keyless guest access, now gives customers an option to receive deliveries inside their vehicle. With Amazon Key In-Car, Prime members with compatible vehicles now have the convenience of having packages delivered inside their cars when parked in a publicly accessible area, typically at their home or workplace. This press release features multimedia. View the full release here: https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180424005509/en/ In-car delivery is available at no extra cost for Prime members and is available today in 37 cities and surrounding areas across the U.S. with more cities rolling out over time. Delivery is available on tens of millions of items sold on Amazon.com and works with Same Day, Two-Day and Standard Shipping. Amazon gave a select number of customers from across the country early access to Amazon Key In-Car; view a video of them sharing their experience here: https://youtu.be/w4akHn0jQCc “The in-car delivery option is another way Amazon helps ensure that my order is delivered safely and conveniently. Setup was super easy for my OnStar-equipped car—I granted Amazon Key permission to open my car’s trunk and the ability to relock my car when done, and that was it,” said Scott L. from Miami, one of the Amazon Prime members who received early access to the service. “I can’t wait to check my car’s trunk to see what’s delivered next!” To get started, customers download the Amazon Key App and then link their Amazon account with their connected car service account. Once setup is complete and the delivery location has been registered, customers can shop on Amazon.com and select the “In-Car” delivery option at checkout. On delivery day, the Amazon Key App lets customers check if they’ve parked within range of the delivery location, and provides notifications with the expected 4-hour delivery time window. The App also notifies customers when the delivery is on its way, and the package has been delivered. Customers can track when their car was unlocked and relocked in the App’s activity feed, and rate their in-car delivery. “launching Amazon Key last November, we’ve safely delivered everything from cameras to collectable coins inside the home. Customers have also told us they love features like keyless guest access and being able to monitor their", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00826", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00247", "text": "measurement and verification of the output of a representative sample of the photovoltaics systems demonstrated throughout the average working life of the systems, or at least 20 years; and (6) require that applicant buildings must have received an independent energy efficiency audit during the 6-month period preceding the filing of the application. (g) Unexpended Funds.--If a State fails to expend any funds received under subsection (b) or (c) within 3 years of receipt, such remaining funds shall be returned to the Treasury. (h) Reports.--The Secretary shall report to Congress 5 years after funds are first distributed to the States under this section-- (1) the amount of photovoltaics demonstrated; (2) the number of projects undertaken; (3) the administrative costs of the program; (4) the amount of funds that each State has not received of a failure to submit a qualifying proposal, as described in subsection (b)(3); (5) the results of the monitoring under subsection (f)(5); and (6) the total amount of funds distributed, including a breakdown by State. (i) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary for the purposes of carrying out this section-- (1) $15,000,000 for fiscal year 2008; (2) $30,000,000 for fiscal year 2009; (3) $45,000,000 for fiscal year 2010; (4) $60,000,000 for fiscal year 2011; and (5) $70,000,000 for fiscal year 2012.", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 331, "matched_pair_id": "causation_01002", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00248", "text": "ers, Achieve advanced PP enables tougher, lighter vehicle components that are durable and safe. Plastomer loading can be reduced by up to 50 percent for cost saving opportunities. Enabling remarkably rigid containers, cups and tubs for the retail and food service industry, Achieve advanced PP is encouraging manufacturers to challenge reality. Exploiting high melt strength, designers can deliver stiffer packaging and gain economic benefit from excellent processing. Opportunities exist to downgauge wall thickness by up to 15 percent and increase line speeds by 7 percent for higher output. Packaging made with Achieve advanced PP is microwaveable, reusable and is widely recyclable. Achieve advanced PP sets the benchmark for tremendously comfortablenonwovens. It allows brand owners to challenge reality by providing outstanding barrier properties and up to 15 percent higher fabric strength that can be tailored to meet the needs of diapers, wipes, adult incontinence, and feminine care products. Delivering amazingly eye-catching appliances, this widely recyclable advanced PP is ideal for upgrading standard impact copolymer solutions or replacing over-engineered ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene). Achieve advanced PP helps brand owners challenge reality parts with 20 percent higher gloss than standard PP can now be economically produced. “Achieve advanced PP is motivating brand owners and manufacturers to rethink what is possible with PP,” said Shulman. “Using this advanced PP eliminates trade-offs in performance, processing and end-of-life handling.” Customers can use Achieve advanced PP to challenge reality and unlock new opportunities, while being supported by the ExxonMobil brand values of global reliability, product consistency and technical support that are critical for business growth. About ExxonMobil Chemical ExxonMobil Chemical is one of the largest chemical companies in the world. The company holds leadership positions in some of the largest-volume and highest-growth commodity chemical products. ExxonMobil Chemical has manufacturing capacity in every major region of the world, serving large and growing markets. More than 90 percent of the company’s chemical capacity is integrated with ExxonMobil refineries or natural gas processing plants. To learn more, visit www.exxonmobilchemical.com. Note to Editors: The terms, “we,” “our,” \"ExxonMobil Chemical,\" or \"ExxonMobil\" are used for convenience, and may include any one or more of ExxonMobil Chemical Company, Exxon Mobil Corporation, or any affiliates they directly or indirectly steward. The Exxon", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00803", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00249", "text": "We compare the use of galaxy asymmetry and pair proximity for measuring galaxy merger fractions and rates for a volume limited sample of 3184 galaxies with -21 < M(B) -5 log h < -18 mag. and 0.010 < z < 0.123 drawn from the Millennium Galaxy Catalogue. Our findings are that: (i) Galaxies in close pairs are generally more asymmetric than isolated galaxies and the degree of asymmetry increases for closer pairs. At least 35% of close pairs (with projected separation of less than 20 h^{-1} kpc and velocity difference of less than 500 km s^{-1}) show significant asymmetry and are likely to be physically bound. (ii) Among asymmetric galaxies, we find that at least 80% are either interacting systems or merger remnants. However, a significant fraction of galaxies initially identified as asymmetric are contaminated by nearby stars or are fragmented by the source extraction algorithm. Merger rates calculated via asymmetry indices need careful attention in order to remove the above sources of contamination, but are very reliable once this is carried out. (iii) Close pairs and asymmetries represent two complementary methods of measuring the merger rate. Galaxies in close pairs identify future mergers, occurring within the dynamical friction timescale, while asymmetries are sensitive to the immediate pre-merger phase and identify remnants. (iv) The merger fraction derived via the close pair fraction and asymmetries is about 2% for a merger rate of (5.2 +- 1.0) 10^{-4} h^3 Mpc^{-3} Gyr^{-1}. These results are marginally consistent with theoretical simulations (depending on the merger time-scale), but imply a flat evolution of the merger rate with redshift up to z ~1.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 367, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00248", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00250", "text": "(Abridged) We present here a long (100ks) XMM-Newton follow-up of the Seyfert 1.8 galaxy ESO113-G010 performed in November 2005, in order to study over a longer time-scale its main X-ray properties. The source was found in a higher/softer time-averaged flux state, and timing analysis of this source reveals strong, rapid variability. The Power Spectral Density (PSD) analysis indicates (at 95% c.l.) a break at 3.7 x 10^-4 Hz. This cut-off frequency is comparable to those measured in some other rapidly-variable Seyferts, such as MCG-6-30-15 and NGC4051. From the mass-luminosity-time-scale, we infer that M_BH ranges from 4 x 10^6 - 10^7 M_odot and the source is accreting at or close to the Eddington rate (or even higher). The existing data cannot distinguish between spectral pivoting of the continuum and a two-component origin for the spectral softening, primarily the data do not span a broad enough flux range. In the case of the two-component model, the fractional offsets measured in the flux-flux plots increase significantly toward higher energies (similar to what is observed in MCG-6-30-15) as expected if there exists a constant reflection component. Contrary to May 2001, no significant highly redshifted emission line is observed (which might be related to the source flux level), while two narrow emission lines at about 6.5keV and 7keV are observed. The S/N is not high enough to establish if the lines are variable or constant. As already suggested by the 2001 observation, no significant constant narrow 6.4keV FeK line (EW~32eV) is observed, hence excluding any dominant emission from distant cold matter such as a torus in this Seyfert type 1.8 galaxy.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 415, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00484", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00251", "text": "Gardenhire, 59, will travel back to Minnesota shortly before mid-April surgery, but the cancer was caught early and the prognosis is good for a full recovery. Gardenhire told the Arizona Republic that he expects to return roughly six weeks after surgery but added on a conference call with reporters that he still must undergo additional tests to make sure the cancer hasn’t spread. “I don’t think anybody can say 100 percent of anything when you’re dealing with cancer,” Gardenhire said. “In talking with the doctors, they’re been pretty optimistic. I feel pretty confident, and they do too, that we’re going to go in there and take this thing out.” The second-winningest manager in Twins history, Gardenhire spent last season as a special assistant under former Twins general manager Terry Ryan, himself treated for cancer in 2014. Gardenhire managed the Twins to six division titles in his 13-year run from 2002-14. Even after getting fired after the 2014 season, Gardenhire continued to undergo annual physicals with Twins internist Dr. Vijay Eyunni. It was during a recent exam that Eyunni noticed Gardenhire’s elevated PSA levels and ordered more tests, which came back positive for prostate cancer. “Not only is Dr. Vijay my doctor, he’s a very good friend,” Gardenhire said. “He wouldn’t let me go without getting a physical. If I didn’t show up when the rest of the guys do in January every year, he calls us and says, ‘Get in here.’ I tip my hat to him he’s done that for a lot of people, not just me.” Toby Gardenhire, the manager’s son, was recently hired to a full-time coaching role with the Gulf Coast League Twins after serving in a part-time capacity last season. The younger Gardenhire spent the past five seasons as head baseball coach at Wisconsin-Stout. “That’s bad news,” Twins closer Glen Perkins said of Ron Gardenhire’s cancer diagnosis. “I’ve known him for a long time. I guess you just pray for him and hope that they catch it early and they’ll be able to get him fixed up. He’s got a good sense of humor. He’s got a great attitude about everything. Hopefully, he’ll continue that.” Perkins lost a grandfather to bone cancer that started out as prostate cancer. He was close with former Gophers pitching coach Todd Oakes, who died last", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00590", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00252", "text": "which plays preseason games in China, home of forced abortions and organ harvests, moved its 2017 All-Star Game from Charlotte of North Carolina's law stipulating that transgender individuals should use bathrooms appropriate to their physiology. The New York Times reported the downside of humanity's mastery of fire: \"Figuring out how to make fire was no doubt an evolutionary boon to our ancestors. But it may have led to our smoking habit.\" Facing a budget shortfall in 2010, New York's Legislature raised the cigarette tax $1.60 to $4.35 per pack, expecting, illogically, that it would discourage smoking and raise $290 million annually. By 2016, cigarette revenues had fallen 25 percent, and smuggled cigarettes held 58 percent of the New York market. By 2016, six years after the president's wife agitated for federal guidelines limiting sodium, sugar, fats and calories in school lunches, 1.4 million students had exited the National School Lunch Program, and students had a robust black market in salt and sugar. A tweet with the hashtag #ThanksMichelleObama said, \"The first lady can have a personal chef, but I can't have two packets of ketchup?\" After Connecticut imposed its fifth tax increase 2011, General Electric moved its headquarters from there to Boston. CKE Restaurants includes the Carl's Jr. chain, which was founded in California and ignited the fast-food industry. CKE announced that it was moving its headquarters from California (highest income tax rate: 13 percent) to Tennessee (highest income tax rate: zero). Congress considered bills to prevent the IRS from hiring or retaining people delinquent in their tax payments. Unions in New York and California lobbied for exemption from the $15 minimum wage they lobbied for. It was splendidly appropriate that when Cuba buried the architect of its ramshackle socialism, the vehicle carrying Castro's ashes broke down and had to be pushed by soldiers. \"Thou swell, thou witty, thou sweet, thou grand\" were not lyrics that many Americans sang about either presidential candidate, but one of them had to win, so as you steel yourself for 2017, remember H.L. Mencken's timeless wisdom: A martini is \"the only American invention as perfect as the sonnet.\" Will writes for the Washington Post. Readers can reach him at georgewill@washpost.com.", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 491, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00584", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00253", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Money Service Business Act of 2009''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. The Congress finds as follows: (1) Check cashers, money transmitters, and other legally authorized and regulated money transmitting businesses (also designated as money services businesses) provide a wide range of necessary financial services and products to customers from all walks of life, including the under-banked and urban communities. (2) Those services include domestic and international funds transfers, check cashing, money order and traveler's check sales, and electronic bill payments. (3) Regulatory guidance issued by, and expectations of, the Federal banking agencies and the Secretary of the Treasury urge insured depository institutions to conduct reviews of money services businesses' anti-money laundering compliance programs, placing such depository institutions in the position of quasi- regulators. (4) many insured depository institutions have refused or closed money services businesses' accounts in order either not to incur the burden, risk or potential liability for undertaking a de facto regulatory function, or else to avoid supervisory sanctions for not exercising such oversight. (5) This trend endangers the existence of legitimate, regulated money services businesses' industry and the ability of such businesses to deliver financial services and products. (6) Loss of depository institution accounts by money services businesses threatens to drive the customer transactions of such businesses underground through unregulated channels, including bulk cash smuggling or other means. (7) It is critical to the interests of national security that transparency of money services businesses' transactions be maintained by ensuring such businesses have a reasonable process to demonstrate to insured depository institutions the compliance by such businesses with anti-money laundering and counter-terrorism financing obligations. (8) Money services businesses are subject to Federal money laundering and terrorist financing control programs and reporting requirements as enforced by State and Federal regulators, including the Secretary of the Treasury, which are authorized to conduct compliance oversight and to impose sanctions through licensing, registration or other powers. (9) These State and Federal regulators have committed to coordinate their supervision and enforcement of such money services businesses' obligations. (10) Insured depository institutions and Federal banking regulators should be able to rely on a regulatory process for conducting oversight of money services businesses' compliance with subchapter II of chapter 53 of title 31, United States Code, as well as on a process of self-certification by legitimate money services businesses that attest to such compliance. (11) Accordingly, to", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00903", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00254", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Workforce Fairness and Tax Relief Act of 2003''. SEC. 2. AGREEMENTS WITH STATES HAVING QUALIFIED WORKER TRAINING PROGRAMS. (a) In General.--Any State, the State unemployment compensation law of which is approved by the Secretary of Labor (hereinafter in this Act referred to as the ``Secretary'') under section 3304 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, which desires to do so, may enter into and participate in an agreement with the Secretary under this Act, if such State law contains (as of the date such agreement is entered into) a requirement that special unemployment assistance be payable to individuals participating in a qualified worker training program, as described in subsection (b). Any State which is a party to an agreement under this Act may, upon providing 30 days' written notice to the Secretary, terminate such agreement. (b) Qualified Worker Training Program.--For purposes of this Act, the term ``qualified worker training program'' means a program-- (1) under which individuals who meet the requirements described in paragraph (3) are eligible to receive special unemployment assistance while participating in the program; (2) under which the assistance described in paragraph (1) is payable in the same amount, at the same interval, on the same terms, and subject to the same conditions, as regular compensation under the State law, except that-- (A) State requirements relating to availability for work, active search for work, and refusal to accept work are not applicable to such individuals; (B) assistance shall not be payable after the end of the 12-month period following the last day of the individual's benefit year; and (C) such individuals are considered to be unemployed for the purposes of Federal and State laws applicable to unemployment compensation, as long as such individuals meet the requirements applicable under this subsection; (3) under which individuals may receive the assistance described in paragraph (1) if such individuals-- (A)(i)(I) have exhausted all rights to regular compensation under the State law; (II) have exhausted all rights to extended compensation, or are not entitled thereto, of the ending of their eligibility for extended compensation, in such State; (ii) have no rights to compensation (including both regular compensation and extended compensation) with respect to a week under such law or any other State unemployment compensation law or to compensation under any other", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "causation_01120", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00255", "text": "multiple informants involved with the young child: parents, clinicians, child care staff, preschool staff, medical personnel, and other service providers. (F) Broad parameters for determining socioemotional outcomes are not clearly defined, although much attention is now being given to school readiness. (4) Authors of the bible of psychiatric diagnosis, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, admit that the diagnostic criteria for mental illness are vague, saying, ``DSM-IV criteria remain a consensus without clear empirical data supporting the number of items required for the diagnosis.... Furthermore, the behavioral characteristics specified in DSM- IV, despite efforts to standardize them, remain subjective....'' (American Psychiatric Association Committee on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV 1994), pp. 1162- 1163). (5) of the subjectivity of psychiatric diagnosis, it is all too easy for a psychiatrist to label a person's disagreement with the psychiatrist's political beliefs a mental disorder. (6) Efforts are underway to add a diagnosis of ``extreme intolerance'' to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. Prisoners in the California State penal system judged to have this extreme intolerance based on race or sexual orientation are considered to be delusional and are being medicated with anti-psychotic drugs. (Washington Post 12/10/05) (7) At least one federally-funded school violence prevention program has suggested that a child who shares his or her parent's traditional values may be likely to instigate school violence. (8) Despite many statements in the popular press and by groups promoting the psychiatric labeling and medication of children, that ADD/ADHD is a chemical imbalance in the brain, the 1998 National Institutes of Health Consensus Conference said, ``... further research is necessary to firmly establish ADHD as a brain disorder. This is not unique to ADHD, but applies as well to most psychiatric disorders, including disabling diseases such as schizophrenia.... Although an independent diagnostic test for ADHD does not exist.... Finally, after years of clinical research and experience with ADHD, our knowledge about the cause or causes of ADHD remains speculative.''. (9) There has been a precipitous increase in the prescription rates of psychiatric drugs in children: (A) The use of antipsychotic medication in children has increased nearly fivefold between 1995 and 2002 with more than 2.5 million children receiving these", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 483, "matched_pair_id": "causation_01086", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00256", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Shelter, Land, and Urban Management (SLUM) Assistance Act of 2009''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. Congress makes the following findings: (1) Approximately 51 percent of the world's population currently lives in cities of all sizes and produces the majority of the world's economic output. (2) Approximately one billion people currently live in slums, and more than half of this population is under the age of 25. (3) It is estimated that by 2030 the number of people living in slums will double. (4) Slums are characterized by inadequate access to safe water, sanitation, and other essential infrastructure, overcrowding, poorly structured housing, and insecure residential and property ownership status. (5) Eighty-eight percent of all disease is related to unsafe drinking water, inadequate sanitation, and poor hygiene and almost 50 percent of all people in developing countries suffer health problems related to water and sanitation deficits. (6) Over 1.1 billion people lack adequate access to safe water and nearly 2.5 billion lack access to sanitation services. (7) The costs of diseases and productivity losses linked to water and sanitation in less developed countries amount to two percent of gross domestic product and up to five percent in sub-Saharan Africa. (8) Insecure lease and real property ownership tenure often subject slum dwellers to arbitrary, often supra-market rents, forced evictions, threats, and harassment. (9) In 2007, approximately five million people were subject to forced evictions, and projections show that the number of forced evictions are likely to increase to between 40 million and 70 million in the next 20 years. (10) Insecurity of tenure severely inhibits economic development by undermining investment incentives and constraining the growth of credit markets, imperils the ability of families to achieve sustainable livelihoods and assured access to shelter, and often contributes to conflict over property rights. (11) Women make up 66 percent of the world's work force, but own less than 15 percent of the property globally. (12) Women are affected disproportionally by forced evictions and insecure tenure of gender discrimination, often including gender-biased laws that define women as legal minors or otherwise prevent them from acquiring and securing land, property, and housing lease or ownership rights, making them more vulnerable to poverty, violence, and", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "causation_01020", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00257", "text": "The dynamic scaling properties of the one dimensional Burgers equation are expected to change with the inclusion of additional conserved degrees of freedom. We study this by means of 1-D driven lattice gas models that conserve both mass and momentum. The most elementary version of this is the Arndt-Heinzel-Rittenberg (AHR) process, which is usually presented as a two species diffusion process, with particles of opposite charge hopping in opposite directions and with a variable passing probability. From the hydrodynamics perspective this can be viewed as two coupled Burgers equations, with the number of positive and negative momentum quanta individually conserved. We determine the dynamic scaling dimension of the AHR process from the time evolution of the two-point correlation functions, and find numerically that the dynamic critical exponent is consistent with simple Kardar-Parisi-Zhang (KPZ) type scaling. We establish that this is the result of perfect screening of fluctuations in the stationary state. The two-point correlations decay exponentially in our simulations and in such a manner that in terms of quasi-particles, fluctuations fully screen each other at coarse grained length scales. We prove this screening rigorously using the analytic matrix product structure of the stationary state. The proof suggests the existence of a topological invariant. The process remains in the KPZ universality class but only in the sense of a factorization, as $({KPZ})^2$. The two Burgers equations decouple at large length scales the perfect screening.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 301, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00219", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00258", "text": "We examine aspects of primordial star formation in the presence of a molecular hydrogen-dissociating ultraviolet background. We compare a set of AMR hydrodynamic cosmological simulations using a single cosmological realization but with a range of ultraviolet background strengths in the Lyman-Werner band. This allows us to study the effects of Lyman-Werner radiation on suppressing H2 cooling at low densities as well as the high-density evolution of the collapsing core in a self-consistent cosmological framework. We find that the addition of a photodissociating background results in a delay of the collapse of high density gas at the center of the most massive halo in the simulation and, an increase in the virial mass of this halo at the onset of baryon collapse. We find that, contrary to previous results, Population III star formation is not suppressed for J$_{21} \\geq 0.1$, but occurs even with backgrounds as high as J$_{21} = 1$. We find that H2 cooling produces collapse despite the depressed core molecular hydrogen fractions the elevated H2 cooling rates at $T=2-5 \\times 10^3$ K. We observe a relationship between the strength of the photodissociating background and the rate of accretion onto the evolving protostellar cloud core, with higher LW background fluxes with higher accretion rates. Finally, we find that the collapsing halo cores in our simulations do not fragment at densities below $n \\sim 10^{10}$ cm$^{-3}$ regardless of the strength of the LW background, suggesting that Population III stars forming in halos with T$_{vir} \\sim 10^4$ K may still form in isolation.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 353, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00497", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00259", "text": "issued to counter-protestors,\" Conrad wrote. \"The disparity in treatment between the two groups with opposing views suggests that the defendants' decision to revoke Kessler's permit was based on the content of his speech rather than other neutral factors that would be equally applicable to Kessler and those protesting against him. This conclusion is bolstered by other evidence, including communications on social media indicating that members of City Council oppose Kessler's political viewpoint.\" The judge wrote further that though the city maintained its decision to revoke Kessler's permit was the number of people likely to attend his demonstration, \"their concerns in this regard are purely speculative.\" He added, \"there is no evidence to support the notion that many thousands of individuals are likely to attend the demonstration.\" Following the events in Charlottesville, those worried about potential violence have fresh evidence. Public protests can become especially complicated when people are carrying guns and dressed in full camouflage, as some did this weekend in Charlottesville. McAuliffe argues officials need help from the courts if governments are to maintain public safety while allowing people to exercise their First Amendment rights. \"We've got to get a better understanding with these judges to understand our job is to keep our community safe,\" he said. \"The judiciary needs to do a better job of working with us.\" And the ACLU's Hastings says that whatever strategies authorities use, they need to be lawful and in keeping with the Constitution: \"It is my firm hope and desire that the Governor and other local officials will learn from this past weekend how constitutionally to prevent events like the horror we saw in Charlottesville.\"", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 316, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00685", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00260", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Child Tax Credit Improvement Act''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. Congress finds the following: (1) According to the Supplemental Poverty Measure of the Bureau of the Census, the Child tax credit and earned income tax credit lift more children out of poverty than any other Federal policy. According to research published by the Century Foundation, the child tax credit alone now lifts nearly 1 in 8 children who would otherwise be poor out of poverty. (2) Despite the success of the child tax credit, economists have found that families with young children often receive the smallest child tax credits they do not yet have enough income to receive the full benefit of the credit. (3) Pediatricians and other child development experts have long talked about the critical importance of the earliest years of life. (4) Economists have found similar effects of the importance of income in the earliest years with returns to school achievement. (5) Young children, including babies and toddlers, are among the poorest people in the country by age. (6) Economists have found that large fluctuations in a family's income can be detrimental to the development of young children. Research on scarcity has found it is hard for parents to focus on children if they are worrying about having sufficient income to meet their family's needs. (7) Indexing the value of the child tax credit would end the slow erosion of the child tax credit inflation. SEC. 3. YOUNG CHILD TAX CREDIT. (a) Special Rule for Young Children.--Section 24 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 is amended by adding at the end the following: ``(h) Young Child Tax Credit.-- ``(1) In general.--In the case of a young qualifying child, subsection (a) shall be applied for the taxable year (after the application of subsection (i)) by substituting `$3,600' for `$1,000'. ``(2) Young qualifying child.--For purposes of paragraph (1), the term `young qualifying child' means a qualifying child who has not attained age 6 as of the close of such taxable year. ``(3) Limitation based on adjusted gross income.--For purposes of applying subsection (b) with respect to a young qualifying child, paragraph (1) of subsection (b) shall be applied by substituting `$180' for `$50'. ``(4) Credit refundable.--The aggregate credits allowed", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "causation_01077", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00261", "text": "We investigate the coupled formation and evolution of galaxies and their embedded supermassive black holes using state-of-the-art hydrodynamic simulations of cosmological structure formation. For the first time, we self-consistently follow the dark matter dynamics, radiative gas cooling, star formation, as well as black hole growth and associated feedback processes, starting directly from initial conditions appropriate for the LambdaCDM cosmology. Our modeling of the black hole physics is based on an approach we have developed in simulations of isolated galaxy mergers. Here we examine: (i) the predicted global history of black hole mass assembly (ii) the evolution of the local black hole-host mass correlations and (iii) the conditions that allow rapid growth of the first quasars, and the properties of their hosts and descendants today. We find a total black hole mass density in good agreement with observational estimates. The black hole accretion rate density peaks at lower redshift and evolves more strongly at high redshift than the star formation rate density, but the ratio of black hole to stellar mass densities shows only a moderate evolution at low redshifts. We find strong correlations between black hole masses and properties of the stellar systems, agreeing well with the measured local M_BH-sigma and M_BH -M_* relationships, but also suggesting (dependent on the mass range) a weak evolution with redshift in the normalization and the slope. Our simulations also produce massive black holes at high redshift, extended periods of exponential growth in regions that collapse early and exhibit strong gas inflows. These first supermassive BH systems however are not necessarily the most massive ones today, they are often overtaken in growth by quasars that form later. (abridged)", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 346, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00243", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00262", "text": "they can cross-check their own diagnoses. How important is this? \"In many rural areas in China, there are no trained radiologists who can help stroke victims,\" said Chen. \"And in other areas of the world, like the US, radiologists make an average of $375,000 a year, so they are very expensive.\" Chen says that the feedback he gets from hospitals is that younger radiologists and medical practitioners rely heavily on AI, while older practitioners prefer to use it as a second opinion that they cross-check against their own. \"In a stroke, you want to respond to the condition as quickly as possible,\" said Chen. \"It might take 30 to 35 seconds in a standard process to generate a report on the condition so treatment can be determined. With our tool, that time is cut to less than three seconds.\" The use of deep learning and expanded analytics also expand the spectrum of diagnosis, which can lead to better results. \"In one non-stroke case that involved diagnosis and treatment of a bone fracture and a degenerated area of bone, the standard approach is to treat the affected area itself,\" said Chen. \"With analytics and AI, a system can focus on different areas of the body that are far removed from where the problem is to see if these other areas could be affecting the condition. If it is a problem that is being generated far from the fracture itself, the analytics allow us to treat causes of the condition, and not just symptoms.\" SEE: How to implement AI and machine learning (free PDF) (ZDNet/TechRepublic special report) Here are some best practices hospitals and clinics can adopt as AI and deep learning tools evolve: Deploy the tool where help is needed most If there is an acute shortage of medical practitioners in a specific region, analytics and AI can help in situations like stroke intervention and treatment, and the chances for success for patients will improve. Use the tool for training Radiologists and medical practitioners must develop knowledge and experience before they can become expert diagnosticians. An analytics and deep learning tool can assist in the training process users can compare their own findings against what the system finds in numerous scenarios. Learn to expect the unexpected You might think you are going to treat one condition and end up treating another. The bone fracture that Chen mentioned, where the system actually found the causal problem in a different area of the body, is a prime example. This is why medical practitioners should keep their minds open. Never forget that AI and", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00526", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00263", "text": "We report on observations of the Galactic supernova remnant (SNR) G299.2$-$2.9 with the {\\it Chandra X-Ray Observatory}. The high resolution images with {\\it Chandra} resolve the X-ray-bright knots, shell, and diffuse emission extending beyond the bright shell. Interior to the X-ray shell is faint diffuse emission occupying the central regions of the SNR. Spatially-resolved spectroscopy indicates a large foreground absorption ($N_{\\rm H}$ $\\sim$ 3.5 $\\times$ 10$^{21}$ cm$^{-2}$), which supports a relatively distant location ($d$ $\\sim$ 5 kpc) for the SNR. The blast wave is encountering a highly inhomogeneous ambient medium with the densities ranging over more than an order of magnitude ($n_0$ $\\sim$ 0.1 $-$ 4 cm$^{-3}$). Assuming the distance of $d$ $\\sim$ 5 kpc, we derive a Sedov age of $\\tau$ $\\sim$ 4500 yr and an explosion energy of $E_0$ $\\sim$ 1.6 $\\times$ 10$^{50}$ ergs. The ambient density structure and the overall morphology suggest that G299.2$-$2.9 may be a limb-brightened partial shell extending to $\\sim$7 pc radius surrounded by fainter emission extending beyond that to a radius of $\\sim$9 pc. This suggests the SNR exploded in a region of space where there is a density gradient whose direction lies roughly along the line of sight. The faint central region shows strong line emission from heavy elements of Si and Fe, which is related to the presence of the overabundant stellar ejecta there. We find no evidence for stellar ejecta enriched in light elements of O and Ne. The observed abundance structure of the metal-rich ejecta supports a Type Ia origin for G299.2$-$2.9.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 408, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00338", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00264", "text": "and section 206(d) of FLPMA (43 U.S.C. 1716(d)). If the values are not equal, they shall be equalized by the payment of cash to the Secretary or DPSHA pursuant to section 206(b) of FLPMA (43 U.S.C. 1716(b)). Public Law 90-171 (16 U.S.C. 484a; commonly known as the ``Sisk Act'') shall, without further appropriation, apply to any cash equalization payment received by the United States under this section. (e) Special Use Permit Termination.--Upon execution of the land exchange authorized by this section, all special use cabin permits on the Federal land shall be terminated. SEC. 105. MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS. (a) Exchange Timetable.--Not later than 6 months after the Secretary receives an offer under section 103 or 104, the Secretary shall execute the exchange under section 103 or 104, respectively, unless the Secretary and MCJV or DPSHA, respectively, mutually agree to extend such deadline. (b) Exchange Processing.--Prior to executing the land exchanges authorized by this title, the Secretary shall perform any necessary land surveys and required preexchange clearances, reviews, and approvals relating to threatened and endangered species, cultural and historic resources, wetlands and floodplains and hazardous materials. If 1 or more of the Federal land parcels or lots, or portions thereof, cannot be transferred to MCJV or DPSHA hazardous materials, threatened or endangered species, cultural or historic resources, or wetland and flood plain problems, the parcel or lot, or portion thereof, shall be deleted from the exchange, and the values of the lands to be exchanged adjusted in accordance with subsections (d) and (e) of section 103 or section 104(d), as appropriate. In order to save administrative costs to the United States, the costs of performing such work, including the appraisals required pursuant to this title, shall be paid by MCJV or DPSHA for the relevant property, except for the costs of any such work (including appraisal reviews and approvals) that the Secretary is required or elects to have performed by employees of the Department of Agriculture. (c) Federal Land Reservations and Encumbrances.--The Secretary shall convey the Federal land under this title subject to valid existing rights, including easements, rights-of-way, utility lines and any other", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00880", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00265", "text": "Using numerical simulations, we investigate vortex configurations and pinning in superconductors with honeycomb and kagome pinning arrays. We find that a variety of novel vortex crystal states can be stabilized at integer and fractional matching field densities. The honeycomb and kagome pinning arrays produce considerably more pronounced commensuration peaks in the critical depinning force than triangular pinning arrays, and also cause additional peaks at noninteger matching fields where a portion of the vortices are located in the large interstitial regions of the pinning lattices. For the honeycomb pinning array, we find matching effects of equal strength at most fillings B/B_\\phi=n/2 for n>2, where n is an integer, in agreement with recent experiments. For kagome pinning arrays, pronounced matching effects generally occur at B/B_\\phi=n/3 for n>3, while for triangular pinning arrays pronounced matching effects are observed only at integer fillings B/B_\\phi=n. At the noninteger matching field peaks in the honeycomb and kagome pinning arrays, the interstitial vortices are arranged in dimer, trimer, and higher order n-mer states that have an overall orientational order. We call these n-mer states \"vortex molecular crystals\" and \"vortex plastic crystals\" they are similar to the states recently observed in colloidal molecular crystal systems. We argue that the vortex molecular crystals have properties in common with certain spin systems such as Ising and n-state Potts models. We show that kagome and honeycomb pinning arrays can be useful for increasing the critical current above that of purely triangular pinning arrays.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 341, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00032", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00266", "text": "- to medium-sized trucking firms throughout the Northeast region are on the verge of bankruptcy of the rise in diesel oil prices to more than $2 per gallon--a 43 percent increase in the Central Atlantic region and a 55 percent increase in the New England region--an increase that has had the effect of requiring these trucking firms to use up to 20 percent of their operating budgets for the purchase of diesel oil. (7) Many elderly and retired Americans on fixed incomes throughout the Northeast region of the United States cannot afford to pay the prevailing heating oil costs and all too often are faced with the choice of paying the grocery bills or staying warm. (8) Several key oil producing nations relied on the United States military for their protection in 1990 and 1991, including during the Persian Gulf Conflict, and these nations still depend on the United States for their security. (9) Many of these nations enjoy a close economic and security relationship with the United States which is a fundamental underpinning of global security and cooperation. (10) A continuation of the present policies put in place at a meeting of OPEC Ministers in March and September of 1999 threatens the relationship that many of the OPEC nations enjoy with the United States. SEC. 3. POLICY OF THE UNITED STATES. (a) Policy With Respect to Oil Exporting Countries.--It shall be the policy of the United States that its political, economic, and security relations with countries that are major net oil exporters will be determined to a great extent by whether such countries engage in oil price fixing. (b) Policy With Respect to Oil Importing Countries.--It shall be the policy of the United States to work multilaterally with other countries that are major net oil importers to bring about the complete dismantlement of international oil price fixing arrangements. SEC. 4. REPORT TO CONGRESS. Not later than 30 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the President shall transmit to the Congress a report that contains the following: (1) A description of the overall economic and security relationship between the United States and each country that is a major net oil exporter, including each country that is a member of OPEC. (2) A description of the effect that coordination among the countries described in paragraph (1) with respect to oil production and pricing has had on the United States economy and global energy supplies. (3) Detailed information on any and all assistance programs under the Foreign Assistance Act", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00927", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00267", "text": "We quantify the effect of supernova Type Ia peculiar velocities on the derivation of cosmological parameters. The published distant and local Ia SNe used for the Supernova Legacy Survey first-year cosmology report form the sample for this study. While previous work has assumed that the local SNe are at rest in the CMB frame (the No Flow assumption), we test this assumption by applying peculiar velocity corrections to the local SNe using three different flow models. The models are based on the IRAS PSCz galaxy redshift survey, have varying beta = Omega_m^0.6/b, and reproduce the Local Group motion in the CMB frame. These datasets are then fit for w, Omega_m, and Omega_Lambda using flatness or LambdaCDM and a BAO prior. The chi^2 statistic is used to examine the effect of the velocity corrections on the quality of the fits. The most favored model is the beta=0.5 model, which produces a fit significantly better than the No Flow assumption, consistent with previous peculiar velocity studies. By comparing the No Flow assumption with the favored models we derive the largest potential systematic error in w related to ignoring peculiar velocities to be Delta w = +0.04. For Omega_Lambda, the potential error is Delta Omega_Lambda = -0.04 and for Omega_m, the potential error is Delta Omega_m < +0.01. The favored flow model (beta=0.5) produces the following cosmological parameters: w = -1.08 (+0.09,-0.08), Omega_m = 0.27 (+0.02,-0.02) assuming a flat cosmology, and Omega_Lambda = 0.80 (+0.08,-0.07) and Omega_m = 0.27 (+0.02,-0.02) for a w = -1 (LambdaCDM) cosmology.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 388, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00069", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00268", "text": "content in their programming and make those reports public. (15) In 1996, the television industry as a whole made a commitment to develop a comprehensive rating system to label programming that may be harmful or inappropriate for children. That system was implemented at the beginning of this year. (16) Despite these recent efforts to respond to public concern about the impact of television on children, millions of Americans, especially parents with young children, remain angry and frustrated at the sinking standards of television programming, the reluctance of the industry to police itself, and the harmful influence of television on the well-being of the children and the values of the United States. (17) The Department of Justice issued a ruling in 1993 indicating that additional efforts by the television industry to develop and implement voluntary programming guidelines would not violate the antitrust laws. The ruling states that ``such activities may be likened to traditional standard setting efforts that do not necessarily restrain competition and may have significant procompetitive benefits.... Such guidelines could serve to disseminate valuable information on program content to both advertisers and television viewers. Accurate information can enhance the demand for, and increase the output of, an industry's products or services.''. (18) The Children's Television Act of 1990 (Public Law 101- 437) states that television broadcasters in the United States have a clear obligation to meet the educational and informational needs of children. (19) Several independent analyses have demonstrated that the television broadcasters in the United States have not fulfilled their obligations under the Children's Television Act of 1990 and have not noticeably expanded the amount of educational and informational programming directed at young viewers the enactment of that Act. SEC. 3. PURPOSE. (a) Purpose.--The purpose of this Act is to permit the broadcast and cable television industry-- (1) to work collaboratively to respond to growing public concern about the current content of television programming and the harmful influence of such programming on children; (2) to develop a set of voluntary programming guidelines similar to those contained in the Television Code of the National Association of Broadcasters; and (3) to implement the guidelines in a manner that alleviates the negative impact of television programming on the development of children in the United States and stimulates the development and broadcast of educational and informational programming for such children. (b) Construction.--This Act may not be construed as-- (1) providing the Federal Government with any authority to restrict the content of television programming that is in addition to", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 496, "matched_pair_id": "causation_01055", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00269", "text": "Abridged... Blue stragglers (BSS) are thought to be the product of either primordial or collisional binary systems. In the context of dwarf spheroidal galaxies it is hard to firmly disentangle a genuine BSS population from young main sequence (MS) stars tracing a ~1-2 Gyr old star forming episode. Assuming that their blue plume populations are made of BSS, we estimate the BSS frequency for 8 Local Group non star-forming dwarf galaxies, using a compilation of ground and space based photometry. Our results can be summarized as follows: (i) The BSS frequency in dwarf galaxies, at any given Mv, is always higher than that in globular clusters of similar luminosities; (ii) the BSS frequency for the lowest luminosity dwarf galaxies is in excellent agreement with that observed in the Milky Way halo; and most interestingly (iii) derive a statistically significant anti-correlation between the BSS frequency and the galaxy Mv. The low density, almost collision-less, environments of our dwarf galaxy sample allow us to infer (i) their very low dynamical evolution; (ii) a negligible production of collisional BSS; and (iii) that their blue plumes are mainly made of primordial binaries. The dwarf galaxies anti-correlation can be used as a discriminator: galaxies obeying the anti-correlation are more likely to possess genuine primordial BSS rather than young main sequence stars.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 300, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00060", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00270", "text": "ds insurer, fraternal benefit society, or other legal entity engaged in the business of insurance, including agents, brokers, adjusters, and third party administrators. The term also includes health carriers, health benefit plans, and life, disability, and property and casualty insurers. (8) Policy.--The term ``policy'' means a contract of insurance, certificate, indemnity, suretyship, or annuity issued, proposed for issuance or intended for issuance by an insurer, including endorsements or riders to an insurance policy or contract. (9) Subject of abuse.--The term ``subject of abuse'' means a person against whom an act of abuse has been directed, a person who has prior or current injuries, illnesses, or disorders that resulted from abuse, or a person who seeks, may have sought, or had reason to seek medical or psychological treatment for abuse, protection, court-ordered protection, or shelter from abuse. SEC. 3. DISCRIMINATORY ACTS PROHIBITED. (a) In General.--No insurer or health carrier may, directly or indirectly, engage in any of the following acts or practices on the basis that the applicant or insured, or any person employed by the applicant or insured or with whom the applicant or insured is known to have a relationship or association, is, has been, or may be the subject of abuse: (1) Denying, refusing to issue, renew or reissue, or canceling or otherwise terminating an insurance policy or health benefit plan. (2) Restricting, excluding, or limiting insurance or health benefit plan coverage for losses incurred of abuse or denying a claim incurred by an insured of abuse, except as otherwise permitted or required by State laws relating to life insurance beneficiaries. (3) Adding a premium differential to any insurance policy or health benefit plan. (4) Terminating health coverage for a subject of abuse coverage was originally issued in the name of the abuser and the abuser has divorced, separated from, or lost custody of the subject of abuse or the abuser's coverage has terminated voluntarily or involuntarily and the subject of abuse does not qualify for extension of coverage under part 6 of subtitle B of title I or the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (29 U.S.C. 1161 et seq.) or 4980B of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. Nothing in this paragraph prohibits the insurer from requiring the subject", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 493, "matched_pair_id": "causation_01089", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00271", "text": "PARIS (AP) — A young American man tried an underhand serve while cramping during a five-setter at the French Open. Hmm. Seen that before, haven't we? Except there was one key difference this time: For 21-year-old Jared Donaldson against No. 4-seed Grigor Dimitrov on Wednesday, unlike for 17-year-old — and eventual tournament champion — Michael Chang against Ivan Lendl in 1989, the unorthodox strategy didn't come in a victory. Dimitrov came back to beat the 57th-ranked Donaldson 6-7 (2), 6-4, 4-6, 6-4, 10-8 in a second-round match that lasted 4 hours, 19 minutes on the new Court 18 at Roland Garros. The most memorable aspect was Donaldson's two unusual service motions; he won the point the first time, but not the other. \"I would never try it if I was feeling 100 percent and stuff,\" said Donaldson, who could barely move by the end of painful cramps in his legs. \"But obviously Grigor was playing so far back on the return that I felt like, 'You know, maybe it's just something that I'll try.' He obviously wasn't expecting it, you know what I mean? It's kind of a cheeky way to get a point.\" Donaldson said he has never seen footage of what Chang did 29 years ago. He did, however, know of the episode: Chang used an underhand serve while cramping during a fourth-round win over Lendl on the way to the French Open title; he remains the youngest man to win a major singles championship. Dimitrov was not angered by the tactic. Quite the opposite, actually, shrugging his shoulders and conceding it was smart for Donaldson to try it. \"It was beautiful, right?\" Dimitrov said. \"He wanted to use something different to kind of try to put me off guard.\" Before his first underhand attempt, Donaldson was actually two points from the victory, leading 6-5 in the fifth set and at love-30 on Dimitrov's serve. But Dimitrov took the next four points. In the next game, at 6-all, 40-30, Donaldson successfully used the underhand motion. He hit a short serve that two-time Grand Slam semifinalist Dimitrov returned long", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00724", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00272", "text": "Let $z=(z_1, ..., z_n)$ and $\\Delta=\\sum_{i=1}^n \\frac {\\partial^2}{\\partial z^2_i}$ the Laplace operator. A formal power series $P(z)$ is said to be {\\it Hessian Nilpotent}(HN) if its Hessian matrix $\\Hes P(z)=(\\frac {\\partial^2 P}{\\partial z_i\\partial z_j})$ is nilpotent. In recent developments in [BE1], [M] and [Z], the Jacobian conjecture has been reduced to the following so-called {\\it vanishing conjecture}(VC) of HN polynomials: {\\it for any homogeneous HN polynomial $P(z)$ $($of degree $d=4$$)$, we have $\\Delta^m P^{m+1}(z)=0$ for any $m>>0$.} In this paper, we first show that, the VC holds for any homogeneous HN polynomial $P(z)$ provided that the projective subvarieties ${\\mathcal Z}_P$ and ${\\mathcal Z}_{\\sigma_2}$ of $\\mathbb C P^{n-1}$ determined by the principal ideals generated by $P(z)$ and $\\sigma_2(z):=\\sum_{i=1}^n z_i^2$, respectively, intersect only at regular points of ${\\mathcal Z}_P$. the Jacobian conjecture holds for the symmetric polynomial maps $F=z-\\nabla P$ with $P(z)$ HN if $F$ has no non-zero fixed point $w\\in \\mathbb C^n$ with $\\sum_{i=1}^n w_i^2=0$. Secondly, we show that the VC holds for a HN formal power series $P(z)$ if and only if, for any polynomial $f(z)$, $\\Delta^m (f(z)P(z)^m)=0$ when $m>>0$.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 414, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00072", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00273", "text": "The longitudinal and transversal spin decoherence times, $T_1$ and $T_2$, in semiconductor quantum dots are investigated from equation-of-motion approach for different magnetic fields, quantum dot sizes, and temperatures. Various mechanisms, such as the hyperfine interaction with the surrounding nuclei, the Dresselhaus spin-orbit coupling together with the electron--bulk-phonon interaction, the $g$-factor fluctuations, the direct spin-phonon coupling the phonon-induced strain, and the coaction of the electron--bulk/surface-phonon interaction together with the hyperfine interaction are included. The relative contributions from these spin decoherence mechanisms are compared in detail. In our calculation, the spin-orbit coupling is included in each mechanism and is shown to have marked effect in most cases. The equation-of-motion approach is applied in studying both the spin relaxation time $T_1$ and the spin dephasing time $T_2$, either in Markovian or in non-Markovian limit. When many levels are involved at finite temperature, we demonstrate how to obtain the spin relaxation time from the Fermi Golden rule in the limit of weak spin-orbit coupling. However, at high temperature and/or for large spin-orbit coupling, one has to use the equation-of-motion approach when many levels are involved. Moreover, spin dephasing can be much more efficient than spin relaxation at high temperature, though the two only differs by a factor of two at low temperature.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 302, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00007", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00274", "text": "Context. Although Blazars are a small fraction of the overall AGN population they are expected to be the dominant population of extragalactic sources in the hard X-ray and gamma-ray bands and have been shown to be the largest contaminant of CMB fluctuation maps. So far the number of known blazars is of the order of several hundreds, but the forthcoming AGILE, GLAST and Planck space observatories will detect several thousand of objects of this type. Aims. In preparation for these missions it is necessary to identify new samples of blazars to study their multi-frequency characteristics and statistical properties. Methods. We compiled a sample of objects with blazar-like properties via a cross-correlation between large radio (NVSS, ATCAPMN) and X- ray surveys (RASS) using the SDSS-DR4 and 2dF survey data to spectroscopically identify our candidates and test the validity of the selection method. Results. We present the Radio - Optical - X-ray catalog built at ASDC (ROXA), a list of 816 objects among which 510 are confirmed blazars. Only 19% of the candidates turned out to be certainly non-blazars demonstrating the high efficiency of our selection method. Conclusions. Our catalog includes 173 new blazar identifications, or about 10% of all presently known blazars. The relatively high flux threshold in the X-ray energy band (given by the RASS survey) preferentially selects objects with high fx / fr ratio leading to the discovery of new High Energy Peaked BL Lac (HBLs). Our catalog includes many new potential targets for GeV-TeV observations.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 342, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00225", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00275", "text": "under the Act of June 18, 1934 (25 U.S.C. 461 et seq.; commonly referred to as the ``Indian Reorganization Act''), to form a government on behalf of the Band. Again, in spite of the Band's eligibility, the Bureau of Indian Affairs failed to act. (7) The United States Government, the government of the State of Michigan, and local governments have had continuous dealings with the recognized political leaders of the Band from 1836 to the present. SEC. 3. DEFINITIONS. For purposes of this Act the following definitions apply: (1) Band.--The term ``Band'' means the Burt Lake Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians. (2) Member.--The term ``member'' means those individuals enrolled in the Band pursuant to section 7. (3) Secretary.--The term ``Secretary'' means the Secretary of the Interior. SEC. 4. FEDERAL RECOGNITION. (a) Federal Recognition.--Federal recognition of the Burt Lake Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians is hereby reaffirmed. All laws and regulations of the United States of general application to Indians or nations, tribes, or bands of Indians, including the Act of June 18, 1934 (25 U.S.C. 461 et seq., commonly referred to as the ``Indian Reorganization Act''), which are inconsistent with any specific provision of this Act shall not be applicable to the Band and its members. (b) Federal Services and Benefits.-- (1) In general.--The Band and its members shall be eligible for all services and benefits provided by the Federal Government to Indians of their status as federally recognized Indians, and notwithstanding any other provision of law, such services and benefits shall be provided after the date of the enactment of this Act to the Band and its members without regard to the existence of a reservation or the location of the residence of any member on or near any Indian reservation. (2) Service areas.--For purposes of the delivery of Federal services to the enrolled members of the Band, the area of the State of Michigan within 70 miles of the boundaries of the reservation for the Burt Lake Band as set out in article I, paragraph ``seventh'' of the Treaty of 1855 (11 Stat. 621), shall be deemed to be within or near a reservation, notwithstanding the establishment of a reservation for the tribe after the date of the enactment of this Act", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00980", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00276", "text": "We have investigated the influence of nuclear parameters such as black hole (BH) mass and photoionizing luminosity on the FRI/FRII transition in a sample of nearby (z<0.2) 3CR radio galaxies. The sample was observed with medium-resolution, optical spectroscopy and contains some galaxies with unpublished velocity dispersion measurements and emission-line fluxes. Measured velocity dispersions are 130-340 km/s with a mean of 216 km/s. Converting to BH mass, we find that the BH mass distribution is identical for FRIs and FRIIs, with a mean of approximately 2.5x10^8 Msun. We convert [OII] and [OIII] emission-line luminosities to photoionizing luminosity under the assumption that the gas is ionized by the nuclear UV continuum. Most of the galaxies with FRI morphology and/or low-excitation emission-line spectra have progressively lower BH masses at lower photoionizing (and jet) luminosities. This agrees with the Ledlow-Owen relation which states that the radio luminosity at the FRI/FRII transition depends on the optical luminosity of the host, L_radio ~ L_optical^1.8, both L_radio and L_optical relate to AGN nuclear parameters. When recasting the Ledlow-Owen relation into BH mass versus photoionizing and jet luminosity, we find that the recasted relation describes the sample quite well. The FRI/FRII transition occurs at approximately an order of magnitude lower luminosity relative to the Eddington luminosity than the soft-to-hard transition in X-ray binaries. This difference is consistent with the Ledlow-Owen relation, which predicts a weak BH mass dependence in the transition luminosity. We conclude that the FRI/FRII dichotomy is related to a combination of external and nuclear factors, with the latter dominating.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 386, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00235", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00277", "text": "can make a difference. If the parents aren't able to be present in a child's life, who else can step up? Q. What kind of programs did you offer that helped bring about your results? Hall-Jiran: At CVIC and elsewhere, we were involved in the actual counseling and intervention piece. We knew that the awareness-building and school-based efforts would lead to huge referrals, which they did. We saw a 213 percent increase in the number of kids that we served over that time, and we helped nearly 1,000 children through the trauma. And so, some of the results we're seeing, 96 percent of kids that go through our programming have an increase in their coping skills and their emotional well-being. That's going to lead to better grades at school, and is reflected in a lot of the results that we've been finding. Janell Regimbal, vice president of children and family services at Lutheran Social Services: At the school level, the programming goes from that preschool age with our Al's Pals program—which is helping those younger kids know how to deal with conflict, to respect and understand differences, to regulate their own emotions better—all the way up to the high school. And in the high schools—to use just one example—we're involved with the Fourth R. That's a curriculum that looks beyond reading, 'riting and 'rithmetic to the fourth R, which is relationships. It helps kids understand how to form and treat relationships. It's an evidence-based curriculum that the health teachers are able to take and infuse into what they're already doing. So that's a unique aspect. It's not just middle school or elementary school, but that entire span of childhood and adolescence, such an important time in the growth and development of kids. Jody Thompson, assistant superintendent for Grand Forks Public Schools: Pete referred to the sunsetting and the sunrising. The sunrise part of the plan is that we've had multiple staff members who've been trained nationally in the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program, a research-based and nationally proven model that involves surveys, curriculum and training. And Olweus is one that has just blended perfectly with our character-education themes and what we would do normally. We're big on the sustainability. Thanks to Safer Tomorrows, we were the recipients of some outstanding training and curriculum expertise. As a school district, we don't take that very lightly, we haven't had to pay", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00567", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00278", "text": "The letter, dated Monday and addressed to a White House ethics official, asked President Donald Trump's administration to investigate the incident and gave it two weeks to provide its findings and detail any disciplinary steps taken. Conway, Trump's presidential campaign manager and now a senior counselor, said on Fox News last week that Americans should \"go buy Ivanka's stuff.\" She spoke after retailer Nordstrom announced it was dropping the branded line of Ivanka Trump, the president's older daughter. Federal ethics rules prohibit executive branch employees from using their positions to endorse products. \"There is strong reason to believe that Ms. Conway has violated the Standards of Conduct and that disciplinary action is warranted,\" Office of Government Ethics Director Walter Shaub wrote in the letter. Stefan Passantino, the White House ethics official named in the letter, declined to comment. A White House spokesman did not reply to a request for comment. The ethics office has little enforcement power. It can formally recommend disciplinary action if the White House does not act, Shaub said in a separate letter to two U.S. lawmakers who sought a review of Conway's remarks. Following video from Feb. 10 That recommendation would not be binding, and the process would take until late April or early May, Shaub said. If the ethics office does formally recommend discipline, it would be up to the White House to decide any steps against Conway. Norman Eisen, who was ethics chief under President Barack Obama, said Congress also could call hearings or subpoena documents if the White House did not act. Trump himself earlier attacked Nordstrom for dropping his daughter's brand. The ethics rules that bar endorsements do not apply to the president, though critics said his comments were inappropriate. Nordstrom said it made the decision sales had steadily declined, especially in the last half of 2016, to where carrying the line \"didn't make good business sense.\" In his letter to the White House, Shaub wrote that his office's regulatory guidelines include an example violation in which a hypothetical presidential appointee promotes a product in a television commercial. He said Conway's remarks closely mirrored that example of what not to do. White House spokesman Sean Spicer said on Thursday that Conway had been \"counseled,\" but Shaub wrote that the Office of Government Ethics had not been informed of any corrective steps.", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 459, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00602", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00279", "text": "IGR J11215-5952 is a hard X-ray transient source discovered in April 2005 with INTEGRAL and a confirmed member of the new class of High Mass X-ray Binaries, the Supergiant Fast X-ray Transients (SFXTs). Archival INTEGRAL data and RXTE observations showed that the outbursts occur with a periodicity of ~330 days. Thus, IGR J11215-5952 is the first SFXT displaying periodic outbursts, possibly related to the orbital period. We performed a Target of Opportunity observation with Swift with the main aim of monitoring the source behaviour around the time of the fifth outburst, expected on 2007 Feb 9. The source field was observed with Swift twice a day (2ks/day) starting from 4th February, 2007, until the fifth outburst, and then for ~5 ks a day afterwards, during a monitoring campaign that lasted 23 days for a total on-source exposure of ~73 ks. This is the most complete monitoring campaign of an outburst from a SFXT. The spectrum during the brightest flares is well described by an absorbed power law with a photon index of 1 and N_H~1 10^22 cm^-2. A 1-10 keV peak luminosity of ~10^36 erg s^-1 was derived (assuming 6.2 kpc, the distance of the optical counterpart). These Swift observations are a unique data-set for an outburst of a SFXT, thanks to the combination of sensitivity and time coverage, and they allowed a study of IGR J11215-5952 from outburst onset to almost quiescence. We find that the accretion phase lasts longer than previously thought on the basis of lower sensitivity instruments observing only the brightest flares. The observed phenomenology is consistent with a smoothly increasing flux triggered at the periastron passage in a wide eccentric orbit with many flares superimposed, possibly episodic or inhomogeneous accretion.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 416, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00021", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00280", "text": "We formulate a bosonic dynamical mean-field theory (B-DMFT) which provides a comprehensive, thermodynamically consistent framework for the theoretical investigation of correlated lattice bosons. The B-DMFT is applicable for arbitrary values of the coupling parameters and temperature and becomes exact in the limit of high spatial dimensions d or coordination number Z of the lattice. In contrast to its fermionic counterpart the construction of the B-DMFT requires different scalings of the hopping amplitudes with Z depending on whether the bosons are in their normal state or in the Bose-Einstein condensate. A detailed discussion of how this conceptual problem can be overcome by performing the scaling in the action rather than in the Hamiltonian itself is presented. The B-DMFT treats normal and condensed bosons on equal footing and thus includes the effects related to their dynamic coupling. It reproduces all previously investigated limits in parameter space such as the Beliaev-Popov and Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov approximations and generalizes the existing mean-field theories of interacting bosons. The self-consistency equations of the B-DMFT are those of a bosonic single-impurity coupled to two reservoirs corresponding to bosons in the condensate and in the normal state, respectively. We employ the B-DMFT to solve a model of itinerant and localized, interacting bosons analytically. The local correlations are found to enhance the condensate density and the Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) transition temperature T_{BEC}. This effect may be used experimentally to increase T_{BEC} of bosonic atoms in optical lattices.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 339, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00346", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00281", "text": "State laws relating to life insurance beneficiaries. (3) Adding a premium differential to any insurance policy or health benefit plan. (4) Terminating health coverage for a subject of abuse coverage was originally issued in the name of the abuser and the abuser has divorced, separated from, or lost custody of the subject of abuse or the abuser's coverage has terminated voluntarily or involuntarily and the subject of abuse does not qualify for extension of coverage under part 6 of subtitle B of title I or the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (29 U.S.C. 1161 et seq.) or 4980B of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. Nothing in this paragraph prohibits the insurer from requiring the subject of abuse to pay the full premium for the subject's coverage under the health plan if the requirements are applied to all insureds of the health carrier. The insurer may terminate group coverage after the continuation coverage required by this paragraph has been in force for 18 months if it offers conversion to an equivalent individual plan. The continuation of health coverage required by this paragraph shall be satisfied by any extension of coverage under part 6 of subtitle B of title I or the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (29 U.S.C. 1161 et seq.) or 4980B of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 provided to a subject of abuse and is not intended to be in addition to any extension of coverage provided under part 6 of subtitle B of title I or the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (29 U.S.C. 1161 et seq.) or 4980B of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. (b) Use of Information.-- (1) In general.--No person employed by or contracting with an insurer or health benefit plan may use, disclose, or transfer information relating to an applicant's or insured's abuse status or abuse-related medical condition or the applicant's or insured's status as a family member, employer, or associate, person in a relationship with a subject of abuse for any purpose unrelated to the direct provision of health care services unless such use, disclosure, or transfer is required by an order of an entity with authority to regulate insurance or an order of a court of competent jurisdiction. In addition, such a person may not disclose or transfer information relating to an applicant's or insured's location or telephone number. Nothing in this paragraph shall be construed as limiting or precluding", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "causation_01090", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00282", "text": "We determine the contribution of stars in galaxies, intracluster stars, and the intracluster medium to the total baryon budget in nearby galaxy clusters and groups. We find that the baryon mass fraction (f_b) within r500 is constant for systems with M500 between 6e13 and 1e15 Msun. Although f_b is lower than the WMAP value, the shortfall is on the order of both the observational systematic uncertainties and the depletion of baryons within r500 that is predicted by simulations. The data provide no compelling evidence for undetected baryonic components, particularly any that vary in importance with cluster mass. A unique feature of the current analysis is direct inclusion of the contribution of intracluster light (ICL) in the baryon budget. The increase in X-ray gas mass fraction with increasing total mass is entirely accounted for by a decrease in the total stellar mass fraction, supporting the argument that the behavior of both the stellar and X-ray gas components is dominated by a decrease in star formation efficiency in more massive environments. Within just the stellar component, the fraction of the total stellar luminosity in the BCG and ICL decreases as velocity dispersion increases, suggesting that the BCG+ICL component, and in particular the dominant ICL component, grows less efficiently in higher mass environments. The degree to which this behavior arises from our sample selection, which favored systems with central, giant elliptical galaxies, remains unclear. A more robust result is the identification of low mass groups with large BCG+ICL components, demonstrating that the creation of intracluster stars does not require a massive cluster environment. Within r500 and r200, the BCG+ICL contributes on average 40% and 33% of the total stellar light, respectively.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 362, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00230", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00283", "text": "We make a further study of the very deep Chandra observation of the X-ray brightest galaxy cluster, A426 in Perseus. We examine the radial distribution of energy flux inferred by the quasi-concentric ripples in surface brightness, assuming they are sound waves, and show that it is a significant fraction of the energy lost by radiative cooling within the inner 75-100 kpc, where the cooling time is 4-5 Gyr, respectively. The wave flux decreases outward with radius, consistent with energy being dissipated. Some newly discovered large ripples beyond 100 kpc, and a possible intact bubble at 170 kpc radius, may indicate a larger level of activity by the nucleus a few 100 Myr ago. The distribution of metals in the intracluster gas peaks at a radius of about 40 kpc and is significantly clumpy on scales of 5 kpc. The temperature distribution of the soft X-ray filaments and the hard X-ray emission component found within the inner 50 kpc are analysed in detail. The pressure the nonthermal electrons, responsible for a spectral component interpreted as inverse Compton emission, is high within 40 kpc of the centre and boosts the power in sound waves there; it drops steeply beyond 40 kpc. We find no thermal emission from the radio bubbles; in order for any thermal gas to have a filling factor within the bubbles exceeding 50 per cent, the temperature of that gas has to exceed 50 keV.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 304, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00253", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00284", "text": "We present a detailed analysis of the prompt and afterglow emission of GRB 050410 and GRB 050412 detected by Swift for which no optical counterpart was observed. The 15-150 keV energy distribution of the GRB 050410 prompt emission shows a peak energy at 53 keV. The XRT light curve of this GRB decays as a power law with a slope of alpha=1.06+/-0.04. The spectrum is well reproduced by an absorbed power law with a spectral index Gamma_x=2.4+/-0.4 and a low energy absorption N_H=4(+3;-2)x10^21 cm^(-2) which is higher than the Galactic value. The 15-150 keV prompt emission in GRB 050412 is modelled with a hard (Gamma=0.7+/-0.2) power law. The XRT light curve follows a broken power law with the first slope alpha_1=0.7+/-0.4, the break time T_break=254(-41;+79) s and the second slope alpha_2=2.8(-0.8;+0.5). The spectrum is fitted by a power law with spectral index Gamma_x=1.3+/-0.2 which is absorbed at low energies by the Galactic column. The GRB 050410 afterglow reveals the expected characteristics of the third component of the canonical Swift light curve. Conversely, a complex phenomenology was detected in the GRB 050412 of the presence of the very early break. The light curve in this case can be interpreted as being the last peak of the prompt emission. The two bursts present tight upper limits for the optical emission, however, neither of them can be clearly classified as dark. For GRB 050410, the suppression of the optical afterglow could be attributed to a low density interstellar medium surrounding the burst. For GRB 050412, the evaluation of the darkness is more difficult the ambiguity in the extrapolation of the X-ray afterglow light curve.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 431, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00123", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00285", "text": "Infrared Dark Clouds are expected to harbor sources in different, very young evolutionary stages. To better characterize these differences, we observed a sample of 43 massive Infrared Dark Clouds, originally selected as candidate high-mass starless cores, with the IRAM 30m telescope covering spectral line tracers of low-density gas, high-density gas, molecular outflows/jets and temperature effects. The SiO(2-1) observations reveal detections toward 18 sources. Assuming that SiO is exclusively produced by sputtering from dust grains, this implies that at least in 40% of this sample star formation is on-going. A broad range of SiO line-widths is observed (between 2.2 and 65km/s), and we discuss potential origins for this velocity spread. While the low-density tracers 12CO(2-1) and 13CO(1-0) are detected in several velocity components, the high-density tracer H13CO+(1--0) generally shows only a single velocity component and is hence well suited for kinematic distance estimates of IRDCs. Furthermore, the H13CO+ line-width is on average 1.5 times larger than that of previously observed NH3(1,1). This is indicative of more motion at the denser core centers, either turbulence or beginning star formation activity. In addition, we detect CH3CN toward only six sources whereas CH3OH is observed toward approximately 40% of the sample. Estimates of the CH3CN and CH3OH abundances are low with average values of 1.2x10^{-10} and 4.3x10^{-10}, respectively. These results are consistent with chemical models at the earliest evolutionary stages of high-mass star formation. Furthermore, the CH3OH abundances compare well to recently reported values for low-mass starless cores.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 384, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00462", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00286", "text": "to boil it down to a few \"essential\" items. First and foremost: the design. As I said, it's gorgeous. But even the titanium sides and ceramic back take a seat to the display. No it's not the most cutting edge (Essential went with an LCD display, instead of the more popular, flagship level, OLED option), but the edge to edge is absolutely beautiful. Essential essentially proved that a bezel-less device is very much possible and their home screen launcher makes perfect use of the screen real estate (Figure A). Figure A The one downfall is that not every app found in the Google Play Store makes use of that full screen. To Essential's credit, so far I've only found one app that didn't—Discogs (Figure B). Figure B Beyond the hardware, there's the stock Android (shipping with Android 7.1.1). If you're looking for nothing but essential Android, the PH-1 delivers. Upon arrival the device included the bare minimum software. There was zero bloat. Couple that with the speedy Qualcomm Snapdragon 835 processor paired with 4GB of RAM and 128GB of internal storage, and that barebones Android runs as smoothly as any flagship device. Period. Apps install quickly, start instantly, and run smoothly. The PH-1 easily stands toe-to-toe with my wife's Samsung Galaxy S8. One very crucial aspect many users will appreciate is how quickly the PH-1 receives the Android Security Patch. initially turning on the device, my PH-1 has received four Android updates. Even though the device is running Android 7.1.1, it enjoys the most recent Security Patch (Figure C). Figure C The combination of beautiful and powerful hardware, and up-to-date barebones software make for an incredible experience. Who's the ideal PH-1 user? Let's make this easy: If you're tired of devices shipping with bloat—and who isn't—the PH-1 might be the ideal device for you. If you're constantly on-the-go, the titanium case is strong enough to withstand your brutal abuse. If you're a fan of the underdog, the PH-1 is the perfect smartphone for you. The ratio of price to performance will absolutely blow you away. No other smartphone, regardless of manufacturer, enjoys this level of form and function. Essential has every right to stand with the leaders in the industry. It's every bit as cool as the iPhone X and", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00529", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00287", "text": "to avail itself of all rights under the World Trade Organization with respect to Cuba. SEC. 3. REMOVAL OF PROVISIONS RESTRICTING TRADE AND OTHER RELATIONS WITH CUBA. (a) Authority for Embargo and Sugar Quota.--Section 620(a) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2370(a)) is repealed. (b) Trading With the Enemy Act.--The authorities conferred upon the President by section 5(b) of the Trading With the Enemy Act (50 U.S.C. App. 5(b)), which were being exercised with respect to Cuba on July 1, 1977, of a national emergency declared by the President before that date, and are being exercised on the day before the effective date of this Act, may not be exercised on or after such effective date with respect to Cuba. Any regulations in effect on the day before such effective date pursuant to the exercise of such authorities shall cease to be effective on such date. (c) Exercise of Authorities Under Other Provisions of Law.-- (1) Removal of prohibitions.--Any prohibition on exports to Cuba that is in effect on the day before the effective date of this Act under the Export Administration Act of 1979 (50 U.S.C. App. 2401 et seq.) shall cease to be effective on such effective date. (2) Authority for new restrictions.--The President may, on and after the effective date of this Act-- (A) impose export controls with respect to Cuba under section 5, 6(j), 6(l), or 6(m) of the Export Administration Act of 1979, and (B) exercise the authorities the President has under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act with respect to Cuba pursuant to a declaration of national emergency required by that Act that is made on account of an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security, foreign policy, or economy of the United States, that did not exist before the enactment of this Act. (d) Cuban Democracy Act.--The Cuban Democracy Act of 1992 (22 U.S.C. 6001 et seq.) is repealed. (e) Repeal of Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity (LIBERTAD) Act of 1996.-- (1) Repeal.--The Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity (LIBERTAD) Act of 1996 (22 U.S.C. 6021", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00921", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00288", "text": "A major challenge of interdisciplinary description of complex system behaviour is whether real systems of higher complexity levels can be understood with at least the same degree of objective, \"scientific\" rigour and universality as \"simple\" systems of classical, Newtonian science paradigm. The problem is reduced to that of arbitrary, many-body interaction (unsolved in standard theory). Here we review its causally complete solution, the ensuing concept of complexity and applications. The discovered key properties of dynamic multivaluedness and entanglement give rise to a qualitatively new kind of mathematical structure providing the exact version of real system behaviour. The extended mathematics of complexity contains the truly universal definition of dynamic complexity, randomness (chaoticity), classification of all possible dynamic regimes, and the unifying principle of any system dynamics and evolution, the universal symmetry of complexity. Every real system has a non-zero (and actually high) value of unreduced dynamic complexity determining, in particular, \"mysterious\" behaviour of quantum systems and relativistic effects causally explained now as unified manifestations of complex interaction dynamics. The observed differences between various systems are different regimes and levels of their unreduced dynamic complexity. We outline applications of universal concept of dynamic complexity emphasising cases of \"truly complex\" systems from higher complexity levels (ecological and living systems, brain operation, intelligence and consciousness, autonomic information and communication systems) and show that the urgently needed progress in social and intellectual structure of civilisation inevitably involves qualitative transition to unreduced complexity understanding (we call it \"revolution of complexity\").", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 309, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00448", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00289", "text": "We explore the Magellanic Stream (MS) using a Gaussian decomposition of the HI velocity profiles in the Leiden-Argentine-Bonn (LAB) all-sky HI survey. This decomposition exposes the MS to be composed of two filaments distinct both spatially (as first pointed out by Putman et al.) and in velocity. Using the velocity coherence of the filaments, one can be traced back to its origin in what we identify as the SouthEast HI Overdensity (SEHO) of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), which includes 30 Doradus. Parts of the Leading Arm (LA) can also be traced back to the SEHO in velocity and position. at least one-half of the trailing Stream and most of the LA originates in the LMC, contrary to previous assertions that both the MS and the LA originate in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) and/or in the Magellanic Bridge. The two MS filaments show strong periodic, undulating spatial and velocity patterns that we speculate are an imprint of the LMC rotation curve. If true, then the drift rate of the Stream gas away from the Magellanic Clouds is ~49 km/s and the age of the MS is ~1.74 Gyr. The Staveley-Smith et al. high-resolution HI data of the LMC show gas outflows from supergiant shells in the SEHO that seem to be creating the LA and LMC filament of the MS. Blowout of LMC gas is an effect not previously accounted for but one that probably plays an important role in creating the MS and LA.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 330, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00382", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00290", "text": "Two Kenyan runners, both of them making their Boston Marathon debut, have won the prestigious race. Edna Kiplagat, a Kenyan policewoman and two-time world champion marathoner, finished first in the women's race with a time of 2:21:52. Rose Chelimo, a Kenyan-born Bahraini runner, placed second. Geoffrey Kirui, also of Kenya, won the mens' race at 2:09:37 — his first-ever marathon victory. He edged out Portland runner Galen Rupp by 21 seconds. It was a big day for debut runners at Boston, according to Runner's World. In the women's race, 25-year-old Jordan Hasay ran her first-ever marathon in 2:23:00 to place third. It was the fastest-ever debut by an American woman, Runner's World says. And in the men's race, 26-year-old Suguru Osako of Japan — also competing in his first marathon — placed third with 2:10:28. Meanwhile, competitors in the wheelchair race finished in world-best times, The Associated Press reports: \"Manuela Schar of Switzerland finished in 1 hour, 28 minutes, 17 seconds — shattering the world best by more than five minutes. Fellow Swiss Marcel Hug took the men's race in 1:18:04, also the fastest time ever. \"The winners' times are considered a world best and not a world record. The straight-line Boston course doesn't qualify for world records of the possibility of a supportive tailwind like the one on Monday.\" The athletes had a tailwind of 13 mph, the AP reports.", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 343, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00665", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00291", "text": "amian. The two did a Facebook Live interview with him on September 7. Phelps also posted about shooting that day. Strange given that, in a later scene, we see Kris telling Kendall about the review—which was also published September 7—as she shoots a campaign for will.i.am’s headphones or something, which appears to have taken place that week as well. “I know how nervous you were about the Vogue review,” Kris says to Kendall, before showing it to her and telling her “I heard they don’t really give them this early” (whatever that is supposed to signify). Then we hear (though do not see) Kris saying “They love every single piece,” with a very large pause between “love” and “every,” suggesting that the sentence was spliced together. Advertisement Advertisement “They don’t just pass those out on a whim,” Kris adds. The Vogue “review” in question is not much of one. Phelps talks about Kanye West’s Yeezy collection, and notes, “Clearly, the Jenner name, like West’s, moves product.” She quotes the sisters explaining who their clothes are for, but quite honestly, most of it comes off as factual, not as commentary, and could even perhaps be taken as a dig at them if you’re reading hard enough. The Jenners are the “creative forces” behind the brand; they prefer not to have official titles. If their hands aren’t getting dirty in the actual crafting of the clothes and accessories, the selling point is that the pieces are made in their image—their everyday style more than their red carpet getups. “The pieces with the most personality are the result of collaborations with artists,” Phelps writes. “A satin souvenir jacket embroidered with a map of California and ‘West Side Till I Die’ spelled out in gothic font qualifies as the coolest item in the lineup; it could appeal to shoppers for whom the Jenner name has no resonance, if indeed there are any of those left out there.” Sponsored But to Kendall and her mother, this short piece of writing counts as a rave, and KUWTK features the only two quotes that could be spun as more than neutral. “I was bracing myself for a bad review, but instead we got a really good one, and it was a nice surprise,” Kendall says. Earlier in the episode, she had clarified that it’s of her closeness with Vogue that she was nervous, not in spite of it. “I feel", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00687", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00292", "text": "2MASS J11011926-7732383 AB (hereafter 2M1101AB), located in the Cha I star forming region, is a rare wide-separation brown dwarf binary. XMM-Newton and Chandra observations of 2M1101AB have allowed us to examine the influence of physical parameters (mass, bolometric luminosity and effective temperature) on X-ray emission from a coeval pair of substellar objects. The spatial resolution of XMM-Newton is not sufficient to separate contributions from the two components in the binary. The X-ray source detected with XMM-Newton has a column density compatible with the infrared extinction of component A. On the other hand, the binary is resolved with Chandra, and the bulk of the X-ray emission is clearly associated with the photospherically cooler component B. These apparently contradictory results point at strong variability of 2M1101's X-ray emission. Combined with previous sensitive X-ray observations from low-mass members of ChaI, we find a decline of X-ray luminosity with decreasing (sub)stellar mass that is typical for star forming regions. 2M1101B is the coolest (spectral type M8.25) and least massive brown dwarf of ChaI detected in X-rays so far. It is also among the youngest (~1 Myr) substellar ChaI members, and relatively luminous. Most bona fide brown dwarfs of Cha I have remained below the sensitivity limits of available X-ray observations, of their low luminosity associated with higher age.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 315, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00408", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00293", "text": "We study the late evolution of solar metallicity stars in the transition region between white dwarf formation and core collapse. This includes the super-asymptotic giant branch (super-AGB, SAGB) stars, which have massive enough cores to ignite carbon burning and form an oxygen-neon (ONe) core. The most massive SAGB stars have cores that may grow to the Chandrasekhar mass of continued shell-burning. Their cores collapse, triggering a so called electron capture supernovae (ECSN). From stellar evolution models we find that the initial mass range for SAGB evolution is 7.5 ... 9.25\\msun. We perform calculations with three different stellar evolution codes to investigate the sensitivity of this mass range to some of the uncertainties in current stellar models. The mass range significantly depends on the treatment of semiconvective mixing and convective overshooting. To consider the effect of a large number of thermal pulses, as expected in SAGB stars, we construct synthetic SAGB models that include a semi-analytical treatment of dredge-up, hot-bottom burning, and thermal pulse properties. This synthetic model enables us to compute the evolution of the main properties of SAGB stars from the onset of thermal pulses until the core reaches the Chandrasekhar mass or is uncovered by the stellar wind. Thereby, we determine the stellar initial mass ranges that produce ONe-white dwarfs and electron-capture supernovae. The latter is found to be 9.0 ... 9.25\\msun for our fiducial model, implying that electron-capture supernovae would constitute about 4% of all supernovae in the local universe. Our synthetic approach allows us to explore the uncertainty of this number imposed by uncertainties in the third dredge-up efficiency and ABG mass loss rate. We find for ECSNe a upper limit of ~20% of all supernovae (abridged).", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 400, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00319", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00294", "text": "agents — these are great people, these are great, great people that work so hard in the midst of such danger — so that this can never happen again. The United States is a compassionate nation. We are proud that we do more than any other country anywhere in the world to help the needy, the struggling, and the underprivileged all over the world. But as president of the United States, my highest loyalty, my greatest compassion, my constant concern is for America's children, America's struggling workers, and America's forgotten communities. I want our youth to grow up to achieve great things. I want our poor to have their chance to rise. So tonight, I am extending an open hand to work with members of both parties — Democrats and Republicans — to protect our citizens of every background, color, religion, and creed. My duty, and the sacred duty of every elected official in this chamber, is to defend Americans, to protect their safety, their families, their communities, and their right to the American dream. Americans are dreamers, too. Here tonight is one leader in the effort to defend our country, Homeland Security Investigations Special Agent Celestino Martinez. He goes by DJ. And CJ. He said call me either one. So we'll call you CJ. Served 15 years in the Air Force before becoming an ICE agent and spending the last 15 years fighting gang violence and getting dangerous criminals off of our streets. Tough job. At one point, MS-13 leaders ordered CJ's murder, and they wanted it to happen quickly. But he did not cave to threats or to fear. Last May, he commanded an operation to track down gang members on Long Island. His team has arrested nearly 400, including more than 220 MS-13 gang members. And I have to tell you what the Border Patrol and ICE have done. We have sent thousands and thousands and thousands of MS-13 horrible people out of this country or into our prisons. So I just want to congratulate you, CJ. You're a brave guy. Thank you very much. And I asked CJ, what's the secret? He said, \"We're just tougher than they are.\" And I like that answer. Now let's get Congress to send you — and all of the people in this great chamber have to do it, we have no choice — CJ, we're going to send you reinforcements and we're going to send them to you quickly. It's what", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00730", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00295", "text": "Recent galaxy redshift surveys have brought in a large amount of accurate cosmological data out to redshift 0.3, and future surveys are expected to achieve a high degree of completeness out to a redshift exceeding 1. a numerical programme for determining the metric of the universe from observational data will soon become practical; and thereby realise the ultimate application of Einstein's equations. Apart from detailing the cosmic geometry, this would allow us to verify and quantify homogeneity, rather than assuming it, as has been necessary up to now, and to do that on a metric level, and not merely at the mass distribution level. This paper is the beginning of a project aimed at such a numerical implementation. The primary observational data from our past light cone consists of galaxy redshifts, apparent luminosities, angular diameters and number densities, together with source evolution functions, absolute luminosities, true diameters and masses of sources. Here we start with the simplest case, that of spherical symmetry and a dust equation of state, and execute an algorithm that determines the unknown metric functions from this data. We discuss the challenges of turning the theoretical algorithm into a workable numerical procedure, particularly addressing the origin and the maximum in the area distance. Our numerical method is tested with several artificial data sets for homogeneous and inhomogeneous models, successfully reproducing the original models. This demonstrates the basic viability of such a scheme. Although current surveys don't have sufficient completeness or accuracy, we expect this situation to change in the near future, and in the meantime there are many refinements and generalisations to be added.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 320, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00205", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00296", "text": "LANSING, Mich. (AP) — State Attorney General Bill Schuette is asking Michigan State University for emails and text messages related to Larry Nassar, an initial salvo in his investigation into how the college handled complaints against the longtime campus sports doctor who was sentenced to decades in prison last week for sexually assaulting female athletes. In a letter released Monday, Schuette and his special independent counsel, William Forsyth, requested the communications of 20 current and former school officials, including the entire eight-member governing board of trustees and President Lou Anna Simon and athletic director Mark Hollis — who both quit last week after Nassar's sentencing. Also being sought by Feb. 9 are records related to three people who have been under heightened scrutiny Nassar was fired in September 2016: longtime gymnastics coach Kathie Klages, who retired last February after being suspended for defending Nassar in a team meeting; sports medicine doctor Brooke Lemmen, who resigned in January 2017 amid allegations that she did not tell the university in 2015 that Nassar was being investigated by USA Gymnastics after the school had cleared him in a 2014 Title IX probe; and William Strampel, the former dean of the College of Osteopathic Medicine who began a leave of absence for medical reasons in December. In the letter dated Saturday, investigators asked for Strampel's work computer, his work cellphone and his work calendars \"immediately.\" They also requested \"all records\" of any university investigation into the Nassar matter, including a review conducted by former Chicago federal prosecutor Patrick Fitzgerald. He was hired by the school and has said no one there knew that Nassar committed crimes. A message seeking comment was left with a university spokesman on Monday. Nassar was sentenced to 40 to 175 years in prison last week at the end of an extraordinary seven-day hearing at which more than 150 women and girls said he had molested them under the guise of medical treatment. Victims blamed Michigan State, USA Gymnastics and the U.S. Olympic Committee for not doing more earlier to stop him. One woman, Larissa Boyce, said she and a fellow teenage teammate complained about Nassar to Klages in 1997, when they trained with the Spartan youth gymnastics team. \"Instead of notifying authorities or even my parents, we were interrogated,\" Boyce said in her statement to the court. \"We were led to believe we were misunderstanding a", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "causation_00706", "split": "test"} +{"id": "causation_test_0_00297", "text": "paid, narcotics or controlled substances, or prostitution offenses in violation of the laws of the State in which the offense is committed or of the United States; ``(C) extortion, bribery, arson, robbery, burglary, assault with a deadly weapon, retaliation against or intimidation of witnesses, victims, jurors, or informants, assault with bodily injury, possession of or trafficking in stolen property, illegally trafficking in firearms, kidnapping, alien smuggling, or shooting at an occupied dwelling or motor vehicle, in each case, in violation of the laws of the State in which the offense is committed or of the United States; or ``(D) any act that is indictable under section 1956 or 1957 of this title or under subchapter II of chapter 53 of title 31.''. (b) Amendment of Sentencing Guidelines.-- (1) In general.--Pursuant to its authority under section 994(p) of title 28, United States Code, the United States Sentencing Commission shall amend chapter 2 of the Federal sentencing guidelines so that-- (A) the base offense level for traveling in interstate or foreign commerce in aid of a criminal street gang or other unlawful activity is increased to 12; and (B) the base offense level for the commission of a crime of violence in aid of a criminal street gang or other unlawful activity is increased to 24. (2) Definitions.--In this subsection-- (A) the term ``crime of violence'' has the same meaning as in section 16 of title 18, United States Code; (B) the term ``criminal street gang'' has the same meaning as in 521(a) of title 18, United States Code, as amended by section 3 of this Act; and (C) the term ``unlawful activity'' has the same meaning as in section 1952(b) of title 18, United States Code, as amended by this section. SEC. 5. SOLICITATION OR RECRUITMENT OF PERSONS IN CRIMINAL GANG ACTIVITY. (a) Prohibited Acts.--Chapter 26 of title 18, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following: ``Sec. 522. Recruitment of persons to participate in criminal street gang activity ``(a) Prohibited Act.--It shall be unlawful for any person to-- ``(1) use any facility in, or travel in, interstate or foreign commerce, or cause another to", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "causation_01108", "split": "test"}