diff --git "a/data/corpora/contrast/test_pos.jsonl" "b/data/corpora/contrast/test_pos.jsonl" new file mode 100644--- /dev/null +++ "b/data/corpora/contrast/test_pos.jsonl" @@ -0,0 +1,299 @@ +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00000", "text": "We carried out a wide-field V, I imaging survey of the Local Group dwarf spheroidal galaxy Leo II using the Subaru Prime Focus Camera on the 8.2-m Subaru Telescope. The survey covered an area of 26.67 x 26.67 arcmin^2, far beyond the tidal radius of Leo II (8.63 arcmin), down to the limiting magnitude of V ~26, which is roughly 1 mag deeper than the turn-off point of the main sequence stars of Leo II. Radial number density profiles of bright and faint red giant branch (RGB) stars were found to change their slopes at around the tidal radius, and extend beyond the tidal radius with shallower slopes. A smoothed surface brightness map of Leo II suggests the existence of a small substructure of globular cluster luminosity beyond the tidal radius. We investigated the properties of the stellar population by means of the color-magnitude diagram. The horizontal branch (HB) morphology index shows a radial gradient in which red HB stars are more concentrated than blue HB stars, which is common to many Local Group dwarf spheroidal galaxies. The color distribution of RGB stars around the mean RGB sequence shows a larger dispersion at the center than in the outskirts, indicating a mixture of stellar populations at the center and a more homogeneous population in the outskirts. Based on the age estimation using subgiant branch (SGB) stars, we found that although the major star formation took place ~8 Gyr ago, a considerable stellar population younger than 8 Gyr is found at the center; such a younger population is insignificant in the outskirts.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 324, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00227", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00001", "text": "I have undertaken a comprehensive statistical investigation of the ultracool dwarf companion distribution (spectral type M6 and later). Utilizing a Bayesian algorithm, I tested models of the companion distribution against data from an extensive set of space and ground-based imaging observations of nearby ultracool dwarfs. My main conclusions are fivefold: 1) Confirm that the concentration of high mass ratio ultracool binary systems is a fundamental feature of the companion distribution, not an observational or selection bias; 2) Determine that the wide (>~20 AU) binary frequency can be no more the 1-2%; 3) Show that the decreasing binary frequency with later spectral types is a real trend; 4) Demonstrate that a large population of currently undetected low mass ratio systems are not consistent with the current data; 5) Find that the population of spectroscopic binaries must be be at least 30% that of currently known ultracool binaries. The best fit value for the overall M6 and later binary frequency is ~20%-22%, of which only ~6% consists of currently undetected companions with separations less than 1 AU. If this is correct, then the upper limit of the ultracool binary population discovered to date is ~75%. I find that the numerical simulation results of the ejection formation method are inconsistent with the outcome of this analysis. However, dynamics do seem to play an important role as simulations of small-N clusters and triple system decays produce results similar to those of this work. The observational efforts required to improve these constraints are shown to be primarily large spectroscopic binary surveys and improved high-resolution imaging techniques.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 334, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00481", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00002", "text": "Reviewer shall determine whether credible scientific evidence supports the health claim. ``(e) Every Health Claim Shall Be Recommended for Approval That Is Supported by Credible Scientific Evidence.--If the Independent Scientific Reviewer finds that credible scientific evidence supports the health claim, the Independent Scientific Reviewer shall recommend to the Secretary that the health claim be approved. If the Independent Scientific Reviewer finds the scientific evidence in support of the claim less than conclusive, suggestive but not conclusive, preliminary and inconclusive, or generally accepted but not yet proven to a conclusive degree, or if the Independent Scientific Reviewer finds the claim to convey a potentially misleading connotation, the Independent Scientific Reviewer shall also recommend that the health claim be approved accompanied by a concise disclaimer carefully worded to render the claim nonmisleading. ``(f) Health Claims not Recommended for Approval.--If the Independent Scientific Reviewer finds that no credible scientific evidence supports the health claim and that no disclaimer can eliminate a misleading connotation conveyed by the claim, then the Independent Scientific Reviewer shall recommend that the Secretary not approve the health claim. ``(g) Compensation for Independent Scientific Reviewers and Sanctions for Noncompliance.--The Secretary shall pay each Independent Scientific Reviewer the sum of $40,000 no later than 60 days after the Secretary receives all publicly available scientific evidence reviewed and a complete evaluation of the health claim. If the Secretary finds that the Independent Scientific Reviewer has submitted a false certification under subsection (a)(4), the Secretary may debar the Independent Scientific Reviewer from the Independent Scientific Review program and shall refrain from paying the $40,000 fee.''. SEC. 7. LEGAL EFFECT OF HEALTH CLAIM RECOMMENDATION BY INDEPENDENT SCIENTIFIC REVIEWERS. Chapter IV of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. 341 et seq.), as amended by section 6 of this Act, is amended by inserting after section 403D the following new section: ``SEC. 403E. LEGAL EFFECT OF HEALTH CLAIM RECOMMENDATIONS. ``(a) Secretary's Response to Health Claim Evaluations by Independent Scientific Reviewers.--No later than 30 days after the Secretary receives from an Independent Scientific Reviewer copies of all publicly available scientific evidence reviewed and a complete written evaluation of a health claim, the Secretary shall-- ``(1) make the evaluation and all scientific evidence reviewed publicly available; and ``(2) publish in the Federal Register as a final and binding order of the Department", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01032", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00003", "text": "Under the assumption of Minimal Flavour Violation (MFV), the Unitarity Triangle (UT) can be determined by using only angle measurements and tree-level observables. In this respect, the most accurate quantities today available are sin 2 beta_{psi Ks}, |Vcb| and |Vub|. Among the latter, |Vub| is at present the quantity suffering from largest systematic uncertainties, given the discrepancy between the inclusive and the exclusive determinations. We show with a numerical fit how sensitively the MFV-UT determination depends on the choice of |Vub|. In addition, we focus on the implications of the inclusive value for |Vub|, which favors two non-SM like solutions in the rhobar - etabar plane. We study in detail the possibility of reproducing such solutions within the MFV MSSM. Our findings indicate that the case for the MFV MSSM is in this respect quite problematic, unless the non-perturbative parameters xi and BK are significantly different from those obtained by lattice methods. As a byproduct, we point out that scenarios with 200 GeV <~ MA <~ 500 GeV and tan beta =~ 50 that predict a significant suppression for Delta Ms in correlation with an enhancement for BR(Bs --> mu^+ mu^-) have to be fine-tuned in order not to violate the new combined bound on the latter decay mode from the CDF and D0 collaborations. Relatively large correlated effects can however still occur for negative values of mu and large values for MA >~ 500 GeV, increasing with increasing tan beta >~ 30.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 330, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00391", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00004", "text": "In this paper, it is shown that the cosmological model that was introduced in a sequence of three earlier papers under the title, A Dust Universe Solution to the Dark Energy Problem, can be used to resolve the problem of the great mismatch of numerical values between dark energy from cosmology and zero point energy from quantum theory. It is shown that, if the zero point energies for the cosmic microwave background and for all the rest of the universe that is not cosmic microwave background are introduced into this model as two entities, their separate values appear within this theory in the form of a numerical difference. It is this difference that gives the numerical value for the zero point value of Einstein's dark energy density. Consequently, although the two zero point energies may be large, their difference can give the known small dark energy value from cosmology for dark energy density. Issues relating to interpretation, calculation and measurement associated with this result and an interpretation of dark energy as a measure of polarisation of the vacuum are discussed. In the first appendix to this paper, problems associated with the standard model of cosmology are solved by redefining temperature in the dust universe model. In the second appendix of this paper, an examination of the dark matter problem in relation to a general relativistic generalisation of Newton's inverse square law is undertaken. In the third appendix to this paper, the formalism is used to derive a formula that gives a possible value for the mass of the universe in terms of Newton's gravitation constant, Einstein's Lambda and the velocity of light. All three appendices have their own detailed abstracts.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 318, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00110", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00005", "text": "maintenance responsibilities for the dam, reservoir, and water-based recreation in accordance with existing law. (4) The term ``Reclamation'' means the Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation. (5) The term ``Secretary'' means the Secretary of the Interior. (6) The term ``Southern Ute Indian Tribe'' or ``Tribe'' means a federally recognized Indian tribe, located on the Southern Ute Indian Reservation, La Plata County, Colorado. (7) The term ``Pine River Irrigation District'' or ``District'' means a political division of the State of Colorado duly organized, existing, and acting pursuant to the laws thereof with its principal place of business in the City of Bayfield, La Plata County, Colorado and having an undivided \\5/6\\ right and interest in the use of the water made available by Vallecito Reservoir for the purpose of supplying the lands of the District, pursuant to the Repayment Contract, and the decree in Case No. 1848-B, District Court, Water Division 7, State of Colorado, as well as an undivided \\5/6\\ right and interest in the Pine River Project. SEC. 3. TRANSFER OF THE PINE RIVER PROJECT. (a) Conveyance.--The Secretary is authorized to convey, without consideration or compensation to the District, by quitclaim deed or patent, pursuant to section 6, the United States undivided \\5/6\\ right and interest in the Pine River Project under the jurisdiction of Reclamation for the benefit of the Pine River Irrigation District. No partition of the undivided \\5/6\\ right and interest in the Pine River Project shall be permitted from the undivided \\1/6\\ right and interest in the Pine River Project described in subsection (b) and any quitclaim deed or patent evidencing a transfer shall expressly prohibit partitioning. Effective on the date of the conveyance, all obligations between the District and the Bureau of Indian Affairs on the one hand and Reclamation on the other hand, under the Repayment Contract or with respect to the Pine River Project are extinguished. Upon completion of the title transfer, said Repayment Contract shall become null and void. The District shall be responsible for paying 50 percent of all costs associated with the title transfer. (b) Bureau of Indian Affairs Interest.--At the option of the Tribe, the Secretary is authorized to convey to", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01114", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00006", "text": "The static Coulomb potential of Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) is calculated in the presence of a strong magnetic field in the lowest Landau level (LLL) approximation using two different methods. First, the vacuum expectation value of the corresponding Wilson loop is calculated perturbatively in two different regimes of dynamical mass $m_{dyn.}$, {\\it i.e.}, $|{\\mathbf{q}}_{\\|}^{2}|\\ll m_{dyn.}^{2}\\ll |eB|$ and $m_{dyn.}^{2}\\ll |\\mathbf{q}_{\\|}^{2}|\\ll|eB|$, where $\\mathbf{q}_{\\|}$ is the longitudinal components of the momentum relative to the external magnetic field $B$. The result is then compared with the static potential arising from Born approximation. Both results coincide. Although the arising potentials show different behavior in the aforementioned regimes, a novel dependence on the angle $\\theta$ between the particle-antiparticle's axis and the direction of the magnetic field is observed. In the regime $|{\\mathbf{q}}_{\\|}^{2}|\\ll m_{dyn.}^{2}\\ll |eB|$, for strong enough magnetic field and depending on the angle $\\theta$, a qualitative change occurs in the Coulomb-like potential; Whereas for $\\theta=0,\\pi$ the potential is repulsive, it exhibits a minimum for angles $\\theta\\in]0,\\pi[$.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 309, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00273", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00007", "text": "Payments pursuant to a defined benefit plan to a beneficiary that had been a participant in said defined benefit plan (within the meaning of section 410 of the Internal Revenue Code as in effect prior to the enactment of this Act) for less than 5 years shall not be qualified fixed income payments. (e) Qualified Fixed Income Payment Amount.--The qualified fixed income payment amount is \\1/12\\ of qualified fixed income payments that an eligible person is entitled to receive during the calendar year subsequent to the year for which the compensating payment is calculated, provided, however, that the qualified fixed income payment amount shall not exceed $5,000. (f) Excess Inflation Rate Defined.--The term ``excess inflation rate'' shall mean the excess, if any, of the consumer price index (all urban) during the 18-month period ending December 31, 2004, over the increase projected for the consumer price index (all urban) in the Office of Management and Budget baseline reported in the Budget of the United States for Fiscal Year 2003 for said 18-month period. The baseline assumption for the 6 months in 2003 shall be \\1/2\\ of the assumed increase for the entire calendar year 2003. (g) Application Required.--In order to receive compensating payments, each eligible person must apply in a form prescribed by the Secretary of Health and Human Services and provide such documentation as the Secretary may reasonably require. (h) Means of Payment.--Each person entitled to a compensating payment shall receive the compensating payment with their Social Security benefit payment. The compensating payment shall be separately indicated but may be included in one check. The funds to make compensating payments shall come from the general fund. (i) The Secretary of Health and Human Services may require insurers that are parties to annuity contracts and defined benefit plan sponsors to issue a statement to annuitants or plan participants including such information as the Secretary may require to determine the qualified fixed income payment amount. SEC. 10. INTEREST. Section 6621 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 is amended by striking the last sentence in section 6621(a)(1) and by striking ``3'' in section 6621(a)(2)(B) and substituting in its stead ``2''. SEC. 11. SUPERMAJORITY REQUIRED TO RAISE RATE. (a) In General.--It shall not be in order in the House of Representatives", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00922", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00008", "text": "VANCOUVER, British Columbia (AP) — Sven Baertschi scored 1:07 into overtime and the Vancouver Canucks defeated the Colorado Avalanche 4-3 on Tuesday night. The Swiss forward took a feed in the extra period and ripped his 11th of the season high past Jonathan Bernier's glove. Bo Horvat, Michael Del Zotto and Daniel Sedin also scored for Vancouver. Jacob Markstrom stopped 27 shots, and Christopher Tanev had three assists. Gabriel Landeskog scored twice and J.T. Compher had the other goal for Colorado, which got 22 saves from Bernier. Mikko Rantanen added two assists for the Avalanche, who lost leading scorer Nathan MacKinnon to an upper-body injury in the second period. Colorado has dropped three in row after winning 10 straight games. Trailing 3-2 after allowing three straight goals in the second period, the Canucks tied it two minutes into the third when Sedin scored his 12th of the season on a 5-on-3 power play as he fell to the ice. The Avalanche nearly went back ahead on a man advantage of their own, but Rantanen hit the post behind Markstrom before Sedin also clanged one off the iron behind Bernier a couple of minutes later. Markstrom made a big stop on Colin Wilson with just more than a minute to go in regulation. Down 2-0 after the first period, Colorado got on the board at 4:20 of the second when Erik Johnson's shot deflected off Tanev's stick in front and changed direction on its way toward Markstrom. The goalie appeared to try to head butt the puck to safety, but Compher was there to tap home his ninth. Colorado tied it 2:02 later when Tyson Barrie's shot from the slot that was stopped by Markstrom bounced off Landeskog and in for his 18th. Vancouver failed to connect on consecutive power plays despite a number of chances, and the Avalanche made the Canucks pay when Landeskog scored his second of the night on a Colorado man advantage at 15:05 with a shot that got stuck behind the middle post in Markstrom's net. MacKinnon, second in NHL scoring behind Tampa Bay's Nikita Kucherov with 61 points, was hurt shortly thereafter on a hit from Canucks defenseman Alexander Edler. The 22-year-old appeared to be favoring", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00825", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00009", "text": "(simplified) Results on the properties of warm H2 in 57 normal galaxies are derived from H2 rotational transitions, obtained as part of SINGS. This study extends previous extragalactic surveys of H2, the most abundant constituent of the molecular ISM, to more common systems (L_FIR = e7 to 6e10 L_sun) of all morphological and nuclear types. The S(1) transition is securely detected in the nuclear regions of 86% of SINGS galaxies with stellar masses above 10^9.5 M_sun. The derived column densities of warm H2 (T > ~100 K), even though averaged over kiloparsec-scale areas, are commensurate with those of resolved PDRs; the median of the sample is 3e20 cm-2. They amount to between 1% and >30% of the total H2. The power emitted in the sum of the S(0) to S(2) transitions is on average 30% of the [SiII] line power, and ~4e-4 of the total infrared power (TIR) within the same area for star-forming galaxies, which is consistent with excitation in PDRs. The fact that H2 emission scales tightly with PAH emission, even though the average radiation field intensity varies by a factor ten, can also be understood if both tracers originate predominantly in PDRs, either dense or diffuse. A large fraction of the 25 LINER/Sy targets, however, strongly depart from the rest of the sample, in having warmer H2 in the excited states, and an excess of H2 emission with respect to PAHs, TIR and [SiII]. We propose a threshold in H2 to PAH power ratios, allowing the identification of low-luminosity AGNs by an excess H2 excitation. A dominant contribution from shock heating is favored in these objects. Finally, we detect, in nearly half the star-forming targets, non-equilibrium ortho to para ratios, consistent with FUV pumping combined with incomplete ortho-para thermalization by collisions, or possibly non-equilibrium PDR fronts advancing into cold gas.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 449, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00421", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00010", "text": "The cosmic abundance of the 3-He isotope has important implications for many fields of astrophysics. We are using the 8.665 GHz hyperfine transition of 3-He+ to determine the 3-He/H abundance in Milky Way HII regions and planetary nebulae. This is one in a series of papers in which we discuss issues involved in deriving accurate 3-He/H abundance ratios from the available measurements. Here we describe the ionization correction we use to convert the 3-He+/H+ abundance, y3+, to the 3-He/H abundance, y3. In principle the nebular ionization structure can significantly influence the y3 derived for individual sources. We find that in general there is insufficient information available to make a detailed ionization correction. Here we make a simple correction and assess its validity. The correction is based on radio recombination line measurements of H+ and 4-He+, together with simple core-halo source models. We use these models to establish criteria that allow us to identify sources that can be accurately corrected for ionization and those that cannot. We argue that this effect cannot be very large for most of the sources in our observational sample. For a wide range of models of nebular ionization structure we find that the ionization correction factor varies from 1 to 1.8. Although large corrections are possible, there would have to be a conspiracy between the density and ionization structure for us to underestimate the ionization correction by a substantial amount.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 310, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00340", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00011", "text": "We have combined multi-wavelength observations of a selected sample of starforming galaxies with galaxy evolution models in order to compare the results obtained for different SFR tracers and to study the effect that the evolution of the starforming regions has on them. We also aimed at obtaining a better understanding of the corrections due to extinction and nuclear activity on the derivation of the SFR. We selected the sample from Chandra data for the well studied region Chandra Deep Field South (CDFS) and chose the objects that also have UV and IR data from GALEX and GOODS-Spitzer respectively. Our main finding is that there is good agreement between the extinction corrected SFR(UV) and the SFR(X), and we confirm the use of X-ray luminosities as a trustful tracer of recent star formation activity. Nevertheless, at SFR(UV) larger than about 5Msol/year there are several galaxies with an excess of SFR(X) suggesting the presence of an obscured AGN not detected in the optical spectra. We conclude that the IR luminosity is driven by recent star formation even in those galaxies where the SFR(X) is an order of magnitude higher than the SFR(UV) and therefore may harbour an AGN. One object shows SFR(X) much lower than expected based on the SFR(UV); this SFR(X) `deficit' may be due to an early transient phase before most of the massive X-ray binaries were formed. An X-ray deficit could be used to select extremely young bursts in an early phase just after the explosion of the first supernovae associated with massive stars and before the onset of massive X-ray binaries.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 338, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00183", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00012", "text": "In Volborthite, spin-1/2 moments form a distorted Kagom\\'e lattice, of corner sharing isosceles triangles with exchange constants $J$ on two bonds and $J'$ on the third bond. We study the properties of such spin systems, and show that despite the distortion, the lattice retains a great deal of frustration. Although sub-extensive, the classical ground state degeneracy remains very large, growing exponentially with the system perimeter. We consider degeneracy lifting by thermal and quantum fluctuations. To linear (spin wave) order, the degeneracy is found to stay intact. Two complementary approaches are therefore introduced, appropriate to low and high temperatures, which point to the same ordered pattern. In the low temperature limit, an effective chirality Hamiltonian is derived from non-linear spin waves which predicts a transition on increasing $J'/J$, from $\\sqrt 3\\times \\sqrt 3$ type order to a new ferrimagnetic {\\em striped chirality} order with a doubled unit cell. This is confirmed by a large-N approximation on the O($n$) model on this lattice. While the saddle point solution produces a line degeneracy, $O(1/n)$ corrections select the non-trivial wavevector of the striped chirality state. The quantum limit of spin 1/2 on this lattice is studied via exact small system diagonalization and compare well with experimental results at intermediate temperatures. We suggest that the very low temperature spin frozen state seen in NMR experiments may be related to the disconnected nature of classical ground states on this lattice, which leads to a prediction for NMR line shapes.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 334, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00025", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00013", "text": "John Stewart Bell's famous 1964 theorem is widely regarded as one of the most important developments in the foundations of physics. It has even been described as \"the most profound discovery of science.\" Yet even as we approach the 50th anniversary of Bell's discovery, its meaning and implications remain controversial. Many textbooks and commentators report that Bell's theorem refutes the possibility (suggested especially by Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen in 1935) of supplementing ordinary quantum theory with additional (\"hidden\") variables that might restore determinism and/or some notion of an observer-independent reality. On this view, Bell's theorem supports the orthodox Copenhagen interpretation. Bell's own view of his theorem, however, was quite different. He instead took the theorem as establishing an \"essential conflict\" between the now well-tested empirical predictions of quantum theory and relativistic \\emph{local causality}. The goal of the present paper is, in general, to make Bell's own views more widely known and, in particular, to explain in detail Bell's little-known mathematical formulation of the concept of relativistic local causality on which his theorem rests. We thus collect and organize many of Bell's crucial statements on these topics, which are scattered throughout his writings, into a self-contained, pedagogical discussion including elaborations of the concepts \"beable\", \"completeness\", and \"causality\" which figure in the formulation. We also show how local causality (as formulated by Bell) can be used to derive an empirically testable Bell-type inequality, and how it can be used to recapitulate the EPR argument.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 329, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00422", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00014", "text": "We report on the transport and magnetic properties of hybrid trilayers and bilayers that consist of low spin-polarized Ni80Fe20 exhibiting in-plane but no uniaxial anisotropy and low-Tc Nb. We reveal a magnetoresistance effect that is pronounced. In our trilayers the magnetoresistance exhibits an increase of two orders of magnitude when the superconducting state is reached: from the conventional normal-state values 0.6 % it goes up to 1000 % for temperatures below Tc. In contrast, in the bilayers the effect is only minor since from 3% in the normal state increases only to 70 % for temperatures below Tc. Magnetization data of both the longitudinal and transverse magnetic components are presented. Most importantly, we present data not only for the normal state of Nb but also in its superconducting state. Strikingly, these data show that below its Tc SC the Nb interlayer under the influence of the outer Ni80Fe20 layers attains a magnetization component transverse to the external field. By comparing the transport and magnetization data we propose a candidate mechanism that could motivate the pronounced magnetoresistance effect observed in the trilayers. Adequate magnetostatic coupling of the outer Ni80Fe20 layers is motivated by stray fields that emerge naturally in their whole surface due to the multidomain magnetic structure that they attain near coercivity. Atomic force microscopy is employed in order to examine the possibility that such magnetostatic coupling could be promoted by interface roughness. Referring to the bilayers, although out-of-plane rotation of the magnetization of the single Ni80Fe20 layer is still observed, in these structures magnetostatic coupling does not occur due to the absence of a second Ni80Fe20 one so that the observed magnetoresistance peaks are only modest.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 377, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00181", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00015", "text": "We test the theory that lenticular (S0) galaxies form from spirals whose star formation has been shut down. We use the globular cluster specific frequency S_N, defined as the number of globular clusters normalised by the galaxy luminosity as a diagnostic. NTT/EMMI long-slit spectroscopic observations of 11 S0 galaxies at z < 0.006 are used to measure the absorption-line indices, Hdelta, Hgamma, Mgb, Fe5270 and Fe5335 within the central r_e/8. By inverting single-stellar population models, luminosity-weighted mean ages, metallicities and alpha-element abundance ratios are derived. We estimate the amount of fading a galaxy has undergone by comparing each galaxy's S_N with its deviation from the mean spiral S_N. Galaxies with higher S_N have older stellar populations. Moreover, we find that the zero-point and amount of fading is consistent with a scenario where lenticulars are formed by the quenching of star formation in spiral galaxies. Our data also rule out any formation method for S0s which creates a large number of new globular clusters. We confirm that previous results showing a relationship between S_N and color are driven by the S_N - Age relation. Five galaxies show detectable Hbeta, [OIII], Halpha or [NII] emission lines. However, only in the two youngest galaxies is this emission unambiguously from star formation. Our results are consistent with the theory that S0 galaxies are formed when gas in normal spirals is removed, possibly as a result of a change in environment. The on-going star formation in the youngest galaxies hints that the timescale of quenching is ~< 1 Gyr. We speculate, therefore, that the truncation of star formation is a rather gentle process unlikely to involve a rapid burst of star formation.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 384, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00166", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00016", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Pharmacy Education Aid Act of 2003''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. Congress makes the following findings: (1) Pharmacists are an important link in our Nation's health care system. A critical shortage of pharmacists is threatening the ability of pharmacies to continue to provide important prescription related services. (2) In the landmark report entitled ``To Err is Human: Building a Safer Health System'', the Institute of Medicine reported that medication errors can be partially attributed to factors that are indicative of a shortage of pharmacists (such as too many customers, numerous distractions, and staff shortages). (3) Congress acknowledged in the Healthcare Research and Quality Act of 1999 (Public Law 106-129) a growing demand for pharmacists by requiring the Secretary of Health and Human Services to conduct a study to determine whether there is a shortage of pharmacists in the United States and, if so, to what extent. (4) As a result of Congress' concern about how a shortage of pharmacists would impact the public health, the Secretary of Health and Human Services published a report entitled ``The Pharmacist Workforce: A Study in Supply and Demand for Pharmacists'' in December of 2000. (5) ``The Pharmacist Workforce: A Study in Supply and Demand for Pharmacists'' found that ``While the overall supply of pharmacists has increased in the past decade, there has been an unprecedented demand for pharmacists and for pharmaceutical care services, which has not been met by the currently available supply'' and that the ``evidence clearly indicates the emergence of a shortage of pharmacists over the past two years''. (6) The same study also found that ``The most striking evidence of a pharmacist shortage stems from demonstrably increased vacancy rates, difficulties in hiring, and unprecedented increases in the volume and range of activities demanded of today's pharmacist.'' (7) The study found that ``The factors causing the current shortage are of a nature not likely to abate in the near future without fundamental changes in pharmacy practice and education.'' The study projects that the number of prescriptions filled by community pharmacists will increase by 20 percent by 2004. In contrast, the number of community pharmacists is expected to increase by only 6 percent by 2005. (8) Regarding access to pharmacy services in rural areas, the study found that ``Remoteness, isolation from other professionals, lower", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00911", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00017", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Protecting Girls' Access to Education in Vulnerable Settings Act''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. Congress finds the following: (1) As of June 2018, more than 68,000,000 people have been displaced by disasters and conflicts around the world, the highest number recorded since the end of World War II, of which more than 25,000,000 people are refugees. (2) More than half of the population of refugees are children and, according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, nearly 4,000,000 school-aged refugee children lack access to primary education. (3) Education offers socioeconomic opportunities, psychological stability, and physical protection for displaced people, particularly for women and girls, who might otherwise be vulnerable to severe forms of trafficking in persons (as such term is defined in section 103(9) of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 (22 U.S.C. 7102(9)), child marriage, sexual exploitation, or economic disenfranchisement. (4) Displaced children face considerable barriers to accessing educational services and, because the duration of such displacement is, on average, 26 years, such children may spend the entirety of their childhood without access to such services. (5) Despite the rising need for educational services, as of 2016, less than two percent of humanitarian aid was directed toward educational services. SEC. 3. SENSE OF CONGRESS. It is the sense of Congress that-- (1) it is critical to ensure that children, particularly girls, displaced by conflicts overseas are able to access educational services because such access can combat extremism and reduce exploitation and poverty; and (2) the educational needs of vulnerable women and girls should be considered in the design, implementation, and evaluation of related United States foreign assistance policies and programs. SEC. 4. STATEMENT OF POLICY. It is the policy of the United States to-- (1) partner with and encourage other countries, public and private multilateral institutions, and nongovernmental and civil society organizations, including faith-based organizations and organizations representing parents and children, to support efforts to ensure that displaced children have access to safe primary and secondary education; (2) work with donors to enhance training and capacity- building for the governments of countries hosting significant numbers of displaced people to design, implement, and monitor programs to effectively address", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00896", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00018", "text": "Image via SNL. Harry Styles was the musical guest on Saturday Night Live this weekend and, in debuting his new solo material, excelled on the notoriously difficult (both acoustically and logistically) SNL stage. He also looked very hot while doing it—which may have been a surprise to my coworkers, but could NEVER be a surprise to me. Oh, Harry. My sweet elven prince. Many doubted that your solo material would be good, but I didn’t because I love and support you, as I always have, as if you were my own step son or, better yet, pool boy. You won my affection when work forced me to sit through two showings of Morgan Spurlock’s One Direction documentary This Is Us and my heart has not doubted that investment, never once. Advertisement “Ever Since New York,” one of the songs you performed, shocked those who do not know you like I do. It was a little Ryan Adams, a little ‘70s roots rock at the chorus, and 100 percent HOTTIE WITH A BODY (he’s 23, it’s fine!), even with your wonky singing faces and the guitar it looks like you’re barely playing. Point being, I will buy/illegally download this album and very much enjoy it. In return, all I ask is that you take me out to dinner and kiss me on the mouth. You also appeared looking very handsome in a patterned suit (“you should get a patterned suit,” I texted my partner while watching you perform) to sing “Sign of the Times,” another song I enjoyed very much. It felt a lot like an Aerosmith ballad, which might sound like an insult, but I promise you that I mean it as a compliment. Point is you can really sing and wear a suit, two special skills that most people don’t have. You were even adorable playing Mick Jagger in a sketch that was likely only written so that Jimmy Fallon could trot out a very untimely John Travolta impression: Babe, I think you did a great job across the board and now, finally, everyone else agrees.", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 433, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00635", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00019", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Teri Zenner Social Worker Safety Act''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. Congress finds the following: (1) According to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, some 2 million American workers are victims of job-related violence each year. (2) On August 17, 2004, Teri Zenner, a social worker and case manager with Johnson County Mental Health Center, was stabbed and killed during a routine, in-home visit with a client. (3) Based on OSHA's most recently published ``Guidelines for Preventing Workplace Violence for Health Care & Social Service Workers'', 48 percent of all non-fatal injuries from occupational assaults and violent acts occurred in the fields of health care and social services. (4) A major study by the American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees, found that 70 percent of front-line child welfare workers had been victims of violence or threats in the line of duty. A review of the 585 exit interviews found that 90 percent of former child welfare workers experienced verbal threats, 30 percent experienced physical attacks, and 13 percent had been threatened with weapons. (5) Based on 2000 Bureau of Labor Statistics findings, social service workers in the public sector, including social workers and case workers, are approximately 7 times more likely to be the victims of violent assaults while at work than are workers in the private sector. (6) States such as California, New Jersey, and Washington, and the National Association of Social Workers, have all developed various safety programs with safety guidelines for social workers and case workers to follow while in the course of their employment. (7) Social workers and case workers elevate service to others above self-interest, and draw on their knowledge, values and skills to help people in need and to address social problems. Job-related violence against social workers and case workers affects these hard-working and dedicated individuals, their families, their clients, and their communities throughout the United States. (8) There is a need to increase public awareness and understanding of job-related violence in the field of social services and to meet the needs of social workers and case workers in preventing such violence. Although not every incident of job-related violence can be prevented, many can, and the severity of injuries sustained by social workers and case workers can be reduced. SEC. 3. SOCIAL WORKER SAFETY GRANT PROGRAM. (a) Grants", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01007", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00020", "text": "Often, individuals begin their management careers by being thrust into management roles after they demonstrate outstanding operational performance. Unfortunately, few companies prepare these new managers for management responsibilities. Worse yet, a crisis in leadership can become a personal trauma. \"I hate my job,\" said a manager-colleague last week as we were having coffee. \"All I ever wanted to do was develop software, and now my company's asking me to manage it.\" There are many individual like this in tech. Entrepreneurs innovate new products and then just as zealously set out to find a CEO or COO to run their companies. In other cases, individuals who are managing really do want to become the great managers that their companies expect them to be—but they are afraid of failing. SEE: How to manage job stress: An IT leader's guide (free PDF) (TechRepublic) If you're operating in a management capacity, but find yourself needing coaching and mentoring, you may want to consider engaging a personal coach. Here are a few tips for doing so: Know what you are looking for One of the reasons managers pursue career and personal coaching is that they feel something is missing from their management styles and techniques, but they don't know what. A personal management coach can help you identify shortcomings in your management style and how to address them—but it's still good to have some idea of what your shortfalls might be before you engage an outside coach to help you. Having an idea of what you think the problems are is a great way to starting the conversation. Seek measurable and results-oriented coaching Manager coaching shouldn't be used just to make you feel better about your job — it should be intended to actually improve your performance and effectiveness. If your coach doesn't have a results-oriented methodology for coaching you, you will want look at other options. One of the more established management coaching methods is goals-reality-options-will, or GROW. GROW was first developed in the UK in the 1980s. In the process, the person being coached develops goals that they would like to attain, and identifies the obstacles that have prevented attainment. In step two, the person and coach look at the realities of the situation. In step three, the person works with a coach to discover options, such as what would happen if the obstacles didn't exist, or what else they could do, and in step four a specific goal attainment plan with timelines is developed. Pursue your coaching in a trusted environment I once worked alongside", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00573", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00021", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Lower Muscogee-Creek Indian Tribe of Georgia Recognition Act''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. The Congress declares and finds the following: (1) The Lower Muscogee-Creek Indian Tribe of Georgia are descendants of and political successors to those Indians known as the original Creek Indian Nation at the time of initial European contact with America. (2) The Lower Muscogee-Creek Indian Tribe of Georgia are descendants and political successors to the signatories of the 1832 Treaty of Washington which was a treaty made while the Creeks were one nation, before removal. The Treaty involved all Creeks, including the Upper, Middle, and Lower Creeks, when the Creek Nation was whole and intact. (3) The Lower Muscogee-Creek Indian Tribe of Georgia consists of over 2,500 eligible members, most of whom continue to reside close to their ancestral homeland within the State of Georgia. Pursuant to Article XII of the 1832 Treaty of Washington, the Lower Muscogee-Creek Indian Tribe of Georgia declined to be removed and continued to operate as a sovereign Indian tribe comprising those Lower Creeks declining removal under the Treaty of 1832. (4) The Lower Muscogee-Creek Indian Tribe of Georgia continues its political and social existence with a viable tribal government carrying out many of its governmental functions through its traditional form of collective decisionmaking and social interaction. (5) In 1972, when the Lower Muscogee-Creek Indian Tribe of Georgia (also known as the Muscogee-Creek Indian Tribe East of the Mississippi River) petitioned the Bureau of Indian Affairs for Federal recognition, the tribal leaders were not well educated and the Tribe could not afford competent counsel adequately versed in Federal Indian law. The Tribe was unable to obtain technical assistance in its petition which consequently lacked critical and pertinent historical information necessary for recognition. Thus, due to technical omissions, the petition was denied on December 21, 1981. (6) Despite the denial of the petition, the United States Government, the government of the State of Georgia, and local governments, have recognized the political leaders of the Lower Muscogee-Creek Indian Tribe of Georgia as leaders of a distinct political governmental entity. SEC. 3. DEFINITIONS. For the purposes of this Act-- (1) the term ``Tribe'' means the", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01126", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00022", "text": "When two-photon interactions are induced by down-converted light with a bandwidth that exceeds the pump bandwidth, they can obtain a behavior that is pulse-like temporally, yet spectrally narrow. At low photon fluxes this behavior reflects the time and energy entanglement between the down-converted photons. However, two-photon interactions such as two-photon absorption (TPA) and sum-frequency generation (SFG) can exhibit such a behavior even at high power levels, as long as the final state (i.e. the atomic level in TPA, or the generated light in SFG) is narrowband enough. This behavior does not depend on the squeezing properties of the light, is insensitive to linear losses, and has potential applications. In this paper we describe analytically this behavior for travelling-wave down-conversion with continuous or pulsed pumping, both for high- and low-power regimes. For this we derive a quantum-mechanical expression for the down-converted amplitude generated by an arbitrary pump, and formulate operators that represent various two-photon interactions induced by broadband light. This model is in excellent agreement with experimental results of TPA and SFG with high power down-converted light and with entangled photons [Dayan et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 023005 (2004), Dayan et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 043602, (2005), Pe'er et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 073601 (2005)].", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 314, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00105", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00023", "text": "ERIN, Wis. (AP) — Dustin Johnson has been in complete control of his golf game during his rise to No. 1. But at home? Paulina Gretzky calls the shots, especially when it comes to naming their children. Johnson revealed Monday that their second child, another boy, was named River Jones Johnson. Asked where the name River came from, he said, \"Mama.\" The middle name was easy to explain. Jones is the maiden name of Gretzky's mother (Janet Jones), and the last name of Johnson's late grandmother (Carole Jones), his biggest influence during his teenage years. But back to River. What was Paulina thinking? \"I can't think how she thinks, that's for sure,\" Johnson said. \"I don't know where she got it. I tried to ask. She said, 'I don't know, I just like the name.'\" They plan on calling him Riv, which is how several people refer to Riviera. That's where Johnson won big this year at the Genesis Open to reach No. 1 in the world and start his three-tournament winning streak. So maybe there's something to that. \"That was how she got started was from Riviera,\" Johnson said. \"But I didn't come up with that on my own.\" ___ WHAT WILL PHIL DO NEXT?: Bad news for Phil Mickelson without even being at Erin Hills: The forecast calls for a reasonable chance of storms for all but one day this week — Thursday, when he'll be in California for his daughter's high school graduation. Mickelson has yet to withdraw, saying he will need a four-hour delay in the first round of the U.S. Open to have any chance of flying to Wisconsin (more than three hours in the air) and getting to the first tee. He is to play at 2:20 p.m. in Wisconsin. Graduation is noon (Wisconsin time). At least his caddie, Jim \"Bones\" Mackay, made it to Erin Hills to scout the course on the rare chance of Mickelson making it to the U.S. Open. Mackay thinks Erin Hills is perfect for Mickelson, mainly because of wide fairways and the need for a great short game. \"He wants it, obviously, as badly as he wants anything else,\" Mackay told Fox Sports. \"So it would be a really cool thing if it worked out for him tomorrow", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00682", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00024", "text": "also found that ``The most striking evidence of a pharmacist shortage stems from demonstrably increased vacancy rates, difficulties in hiring, and unprecedented increases in the volume and range of activities demanded of today's pharmacist.'' (7) The study found that ``The factors causing the current shortage are of a nature not likely to abate in the near future without fundamental changes in pharmacy practice and education.'' The study projects that the number of prescriptions filled by community pharmacists will increase by 20 percent by 2004. In contrast, the number of community pharmacists is expected to increase by only 6 percent by 2005. (8) Regarding access to pharmacy services in rural areas, the study found that ``Remoteness, isolation from other professionals, lower economic returns, reduced opportunities for advancement, and other rural practice characteristics remain obstacles'' to attracting pharmacists. (9) In June 2002, the American Hospital Association's Commission on Workforce for Hospitals and Health Systems released a report entitled ``In Our Hands: How Hospital Leaders Can Build A Thriving Workforce''. The report included a finding that 46 percent of our Nation's hospitals are experiencing a shortage of pharmacists, with hospitals averaging a vacancy rate for pharmacists of 12.7 percent. (10) The demand for pharmacists will increase as prescription drug use continues to grow. SEC. 3. HEALTH PROFESSIONS PROGRAMS RELATED TO THE PRACTICE OF PHARMACY. Part E of title VII of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 294n et seq.) is amended by adding at the end the following: ``Subpart 3--Pharmacy Workforce Development ``SEC. 781. LOAN REPAYMENT PROGRAM FOR PHARMACISTS SERVING IN CRITICAL SHORTAGE FACILITIES. ``(a) In General.--In the case of any individual-- ``(1) who has received a baccalaureate degree in pharmacy or a Doctor of Pharmacy degree from an accredited program; ``(2) who obtained an educational loan for pharmacy education costs; and ``(3) who is licensed without restrictions in the State in which the designated health care facility is located; the Secretary may enter into an agreement with such individual who agrees to serve as a full-time pharmacist for a period of not less than 2 years at a designated health care facility, to make payments in accordance with subsection (b), for and on behalf of that individual, on the principal of and interest on", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00912", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00025", "text": "BEIJING (AP) — In a story Jan. 28 about Swedish bookseller Gui Minhai, who was taken away by people who appeared to be Chinese police while traveling to Beijing by in the company of Swedish diplomats, the headline erroneously referred to Gui as a Chinese citizen. Gui is a naturalized Swedish citizen. A corrected version of the story is below. US calls for release of missing Swedish bookseller BEIJING (AP) — President Donald Trump's administration has joined European governments in urging China to release a Swedish citizen who sold gossipy books about Chinese leaders. A U.S. State Department spokeswoman called on China to disclose Gui Minhai's location and allow him to leave China if he wishes. \"We call on Chinese authorities to explain the reasons and legal basis for Mr. Gui's arrest and detention, disclose his whereabouts, and allow him freedom of movement and the freedom to leave China,\" spokeswoman Heather Nauert said in a statement. The U.S. \"will continue to coordinate with our partners, allies and regional organizations on promoting greater respect for human rights in China,\" Nauert said. Around 10 Chinese police officers surrounded Gui and Swedish diplomats on Jan. 20 as they traveled by train to Beijing. Gui, a naturalized Swedish citizen, was seized and his whereabouts remain unknown. Gui had disappeared from his home in Thailand in 2015 and reappeared months later in China after being sentenced for a decade-old traffic violation. In a videotaped confession that supporters believe was coerced, Gui stated that he had turned himself in to mainland authorities over a hit-and-run accident. That spurred suspicions that he had been abducted by the Chinese security services. He remained closely supervised even after his release from prison. His latest detention has particularly rattled Western governments after it unfolded in the presence of diplomats. The Chinese Foreign Ministry says it has no information about Gui's whereabouts, but has suggested that he may have been breaking the terms of his release. The ministry did not immediately respond to a request for comment Sunday. Gui was one of five Hong Kong booksellers whose disappearances symbolized China's determination to enforce its hard line on squelching political dissent and a free press __ despite international criticism. He was released into house arrest in October in the eastern city of Ningbo, living in what his daughter Angela called a police-managed apartment. Under Chinese law, those convicted of a crime generally have their civil rights suspended for a period of time, although it wasn", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00698", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00026", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; REFERENCE; TABLE OF CONTENTS. (a) Short Title.--This Act may be cited as the ``Health Information Independence Act of 2001''. (b) Reference.--Whenever in this Act an amendment or repeal is expressed in terms of an amendment to, or repeal of, a section or other provision, the reference shall be considered to be made to a section or other provision of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. (c) Table of Contents.--The table of contents of this Act is as follows: Sec. 1. Short title; reference; table of contents. Sec. 2. Findings. Sec. 3. Definitions. Sec. 4. Health claims. Sec. 5. Independent scientific review. Sec. 6. Legal effect of health claim recommendation by Independent Scientific Reviewers. Sec. 7. Department of Health and Human Services budget allocation for independent scientific reviews. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. Congress finds as follows: (1) Access to accurate information at the point of sale concerning the effect of nutrients on disease is indispensable to the exercise of informed consumer choice in the marketplace and to the health and welfare of the American people. (2) In 1999, 2000, and 2001, Federal courts have held that Food and Drug Administration suppression of nutrient-disease information is a violation of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. (3) Despite those holdings and despite the courts' orders, the Food and Drug Administration continues to suppress nutrient-disease information that could improve public health, reduce the costs of health care, and promote the welfare of the American people. (4) The history of the Food and Drug Administration review of nutrient-disease relationships reveals a strong and unscientific bias against food and dietary supplement health claims in direct violation of the constitutional mandates of Federal courts and the intent of Congress. (5) The Food and Drug Administration favors suppression of health claims over disclosure, despite court imposed constitutional requirements to the contrary. (6) To ensure that health claims are evaluated rationally, fairly, and in compliance with constitutional requirements and the intent of Congress, jurisdiction over health claims evaluation must be removed from the Food and Drug Administration and placed in the hands of Independent Scientific Reviewers who do not harbor a bias against food and dietary supplement health claims. SEC. 3. DEFINITIONS. Section 201 (21 U.S.C. 321) is amended", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00897", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00027", "text": "X-ray observations of galaxy cluster merger shocks can be used to constrain nonthermal processes in the intracluster medium (ICM). The presence of nonthermal pressure components in the ICM, as well as the shock acceleration of particles and their escape, all affect shock jump conditions in distinct ways. Therefore, these processes can be constrained using X-ray surface brightness and temperature maps of merger shock fronts. Here we use these observations to place constraints on particle acceleration efficiency in intermediate Mach number (M ~ 2-3) shocks and explore the potential to constrain the contribution of nonthermal components (e.g., cosmic rays, magnetic field, and turbulence) to ICM pressure in cluster outskirts. We model the hydrodynamic jump conditions in merger shocks discovered in the galaxy clusters A520 (M ~ 2) and 1E 0657-56 (M ~ 3) using a multifluid model comprised of a thermal plasma, a nonthermal plasma, and a magnetic field. Based on the published X-ray spectroscopic data alone, we find that the fractional contribution of cosmic rays accelerated in these shocks is lower than about 10% of the shock downstream pressure. Current observations do not constrain the fractional contribution of nonthermal components to the pressure of the undisturbed shock upstream. Future X-ray observations, however, have the potential to either detect particle acceleration in these shocks through its effect on the shock dynamics, or to place a lower limit on the nonthermal pressure contributions in the undisturbed ICM. We briefly discuss implications for models of particle acceleration in collisionless shocks and the estimates of galaxy cluster masses derived from X-ray and Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect observations.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 337, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00366", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00028", "text": "Mark or Notice.--Whoever in the business of selling sexually oriented products or materials knowingly sends, through an instrumentality in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce, an e-mail that includes a sexually oriented advertisement but does not include a mark or notice prescribed under subsection (a) shall be fined under this title, imprisoned not more than one year, or both. ``(c) Production of Mail Matter Intended for E-Mail to Minors Without Mark or Notice.--Whoever produces, reproduces, or manufactures any sexually related mail matter, intending or knowing that such mail matter will be sent to a minor in an e-mail in violation of subsection (b)-- ``(1), shall be fined under this title, imprisoned not more than 5 years, or both, in the case of an offense which does not occur after another offense under this subsection; and ``(2) shall be fined under this title, imprisoned not more than 10 years, or both, in the case of an offense which occurs after another offense under this subsection. ``(d) Definitions.--In this section: ``(1) Minor.--The term `minor' means any individual who has not yet attained the age of 18 years. ``(2) Sexually oriented advertisement.--The term `sexually oriented advertisement' means any advertisement that depicts, in actual or simulated form, or explicitly describes, in a predominantly sexual context, human genitalia, any act of natural or unnatural sexual intercourse, any act of sadism or masochism, or any other erotic subject directly related to the foregoing, except that material otherwise within the definition of this paragraph shall be deemed not to constitute a sexually oriented advertisement if such material constitutes only a small and insignificant part of the whole, the remainder of which is not primarily devoted to sexual matters. ``(3) Sexually related mail matter.--The term `sexually related mail matter' means any mail matter containing a sexually oriented advertisement.''. (b) Clerical Amendment.--The table of sections at the beginning of chapter 71 of title 18, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following new item: ``1471. E-mail of sexually oriented advertisements to minors.''. SEC. 202. PROHIBITION ON VIDEO VOYEURISM. (a) In General.--Chapter 71 of title 18, United States Code, as amended by section 201 of this Act, is further amended by adding at the end the following new section: ``Sec.", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00836", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00029", "text": "We analyze high resolution, N-body hydrodynamical simulations of fiducial galaxy clusters to probe tidal stripping of the dark matter subhalos. These simulations include a prescription for star formation allowing us to track the fate of the stellar component as well. We investigate the effect of tidal stripping on cluster galaxies hosted in these dark matter subhalos as a function of cluster-centric radius. To quantify the extent of the dark matter halos of cluster galaxies, we introduce the half mass radius r_half as a diagnostic, and study its evolution with projected cluster-centric distance R as a function of redshift. We find a well defined trend for (r_half,R): the closer the galaxies are to the center of the cluster, the smaller the half mass radius. Interestingly, this trend is inferred in all redshift frames examined in this work ranging from z=0 to z=0.7. At z=0, galaxy halos in the central regions of clusters are found to be highly truncated, with the most compact half mass radius of 10 kpc. We also find that r_half depends on luminosity and we present scaling relations of r_half with galaxy luminosity. The corresponding total mass of the cluster galaxies is also found to increase with projected cluster-centric distance and luminosity, but with more scatter than the (r_half,R) trend. Comparing the distribution of stellar mass to total mass for cluster galaxies, we find that the dark matter component is preferentially stripped, whereas the stellar component remains protected by the halo and is much less affected by tidal forces. We compare these results with galaxy-galaxy lensing probes of r_half and find qualitative agreement. (Abridged)", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 338, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00373", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00030", "text": "We present phase-resolved spectroscopy of the short period cataclysmic variable WZ Sge obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope. We were able to resolve the orbital motion of a number of absorption lines that likely probe the environment near the accreting white dwarf. The radial velocities derived from simultaneous fits to 13 absorption lines indicate an orbital velocity semi-amplitude of K_UV = 47 +/- 3 km/s. However, we find that the phase zero is offset from the white dwarf ephemeris by +0.1. Our offset and velocity amplitude are very similar to constraints derived from optical emission lines from the quiescent accretion disk, despite the fact that we are probing material much closer to the primary. If we associate the UV amplitude with K_1, our dynamical constraints together with the K_2 estimates from Steeghs et al. (2001) and the known binary inclination of i=77+/-2 imply 0.881) and a \\emph{compact-support} one for (q<1), allows for a controlled exploration of the effects of the departure from Gaussian statistics. As done before with stochastic resonance and other phenomena, we now exploit this tool to study--within a simple mean-field approximation and with an emphasis on the \\emph{order parameter} and the ``\\emph{susceptibility}''--the combined effect on NIPT of the noises' statistics and spectrum. Even for relatively small (\\tau), it is shown that whereas fat-tail noise distributions ((q>1)) counteract the effect of self-correlation, compact-support ones ((q<1)) enhance it. Also, an interesting effect on the susceptibility is seen in the last case.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 353, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00042", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00032", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Family Life Education Act''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. The Congress finds as follows: (1) The American Medical Association (``AMA''), the American Nurses Association (``ANA''), the American Academy of Pediatrics (``AAP''), the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (``ACOG''), the American Public Health Association (``APHA''), and the Society of Adolescent Medicine (``SAM''), support responsible sexuality education that includes information about both abstinence and contraception. (2) Recent scientific reports by the Institute of Medicine, the American Medical Association and the Office on National AIDS Policy stress the need for sexuality education that includes messages about abstinence and provides young people with information about contraception for the prevention of teen pregnancy, HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases (``STDs''). (3) Research shows that teenagers who receive sexuality education that includes discussion of contraception are more likely than those who receive abstinence-only messages to delay sexual activity and to use contraceptives when they do become sexually active. (4) Comprehensive sexuality education programs respect the diversity of values and beliefs represented in the community and will complement and augment the sexuality education children receive from their families. (5) The median age of puberty is 13 years and the average age of marriage is over 26 years old. American teens need access to full, complete, and medically and factually accurate information regarding sexuality, including contraception, STD/ HIV prevention, and abstinence. (6) Although teen pregnancy rates are decreasing, there are still between 750,000 and 850,000 teen pregnancies each year. Between 75 and 90 percent of teen pregnancies among 15- to 19- year olds are unintended. (7) Research shows that 75 percent of the decrease in teen pregnancy between 1988 and 1995 was due to improved contraceptive use, while 25 percent was due to increased abstinence. (8) More than eight out of ten Americans believe that young people should have information about abstinence and protecting themselves from unplanned pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases. (9) United States teens acquire an estimated 4,000,000 sexually transmitted infections each year. By age 24, at least one in three sexually active people will have contracted a sexually transmitted disease. (10) An average of two young people in the United States are infected with HIV every hour of every", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01061", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00033", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS. (a) Short Title.--This Act may be cited as the ``Working Families Child Care Act of 1997''. (b) Table of Contents.--The table of contents for this Act is as follows: Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents. Sec. 2. Findings. Sec. 3. Authorization of appropriations for child care for low-income working families and for child care supply shortages. Sec. 4. Expenditures for child care service for low-income working families and for child care supply shortages. Sec. 5. Report on access to child care by low-income working families. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. Congress makes the following findings: (1) Availability and affordability of quality child care is a major obstacle for working parents who struggle to remain self-sufficient. (A) Compared to all other income groups, the working poor are the least likely to receive assistance with their child care costs. (B) Low-income families spend 24 percent of their household income on child care, whereas middle-income families spend 6 percent of their household income on child care. (C) 38 States have waiting lists for child care for the working poor. Among those States, Georgia has 41,000 individuals on its waiting list, Texas has 36,000 individuals on its waiting list, and Illinois and Alabama each have 20,000 individuals on their waiting lists. (D) One survey of low-income families on a waiting list for subsidized child care found that of those families paying for child care out of their own funds, 71 percent faced serious debt or bankruptcy. (E) Half of the States and the District of Columbia, even before the enactment of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (Public Law 104-193, 110 Stat. 2105) during the 104th Congress, increased the proportion of child care slots or dollars going to families on welfare, rather than to working poor families. (2) The Congressional Budget Office estimates that there will be $1,400,000,000 less expenditures of child care funds for working poor families as a result of the States implementing the work requirements imposed under the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (Public Law 104-193, 110 Stat. 2105). (3) Important types of child care are not available in certain States", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01136", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00034", "text": "Context: HCOOH is one of the more common species in interstellar ices with abundances of 1-5% with respect to solid H2O. Aims: This study aims at characterizing the HCOOH spectral features in astrophysically relevant ice mixtures in order to interpret astronomical data. Methods: The ices are grown under high vacuum conditions and spectra are recorded in transmission using a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. Pure HCOOH ices deposited at 15 K and 145 K are studied, as well as binary and tertiary mixtures containing H2O, CO, CO2 and CH3OH. The mixture concentrations are varied from 50:50% to ~10:90% for HCOOH:H2O. Binary mixtures of HCOOH:X and tertiary mixtures of HCOOH:H2O:X with X = CO, CO2, and CH3OH, are studied for concentrations of ~10:90% and ~7:67:26%, respectively. Results: Pure HCOOH ice spectra show broad bands which split around 120 K due to the conversion of a dimer to a chain-structure. Broad single component bands are found for mixtures with H2O. Additional spectral components are present in mixtures with CO, CO2 and CH3OH. The resulting peak position, full width at half maximum and band strength depend strongly on ice structure, temperature, matrix constituents and the HCOOH concentration. Comparison of the solid HCOOH 5.9, 7.2, and 8.1 micron features with astronomical data toward the low mass source HH 46 and high mass source W 33A shows that spectra of binary mixtures do not reproduce the observed ice features. However, our tertiary mixtures especially with CH3OH match the astronomical data very well. Thus interstellar HCOOH is most likely present in tertiary or more complex mixtures with H2O, CH3OH and potentially also CO or CO2, providing constraints on its formation.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 416, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00151", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00035", "text": "Image: iStock/bernardbodo In early 2018, I received an email from a TechRepublic member asking me to revise and update an article I wrote back in 2012. In Add Google Docs to the Windows 7 New menu (revised), I showed how to add various links to Google Docs to the New section of the Windows 7 context menu. It was a complicated hack of the Windows Registry and not something anyone should undertake lightly. Since receiving that email, we have been exploring other options users can take to add easy access to Google Docs to Microsoft Windows 10. The simplest and most efficient way is to add links to the Chrome jump list located on the Taskbar as explained in How to create new Google Docs using jump lists in the Microsoft Windows 10 taskbar. SEE: Comparison chart: Enterprise collaboration tools (Tech Pro Research) However, despite showing you an easier way, and despite the warnings, some of you will still want to use the method that involves hacking the Windows 10 Registry file. Here are the steps you can take to add links to the Windows context menu (Figure A) that will allow you to start a new Google Doc, Spreadsheet, Presentation, or Drawing. Figure A WARNING! This technique involves the edit of the Windows 10 Registry file. The Registry is vital to the operation of the Windows operating system. A corrupted Registry could render Windows inoperable and require a complete re-installation to repair. Backup the Registry and create a System Restore point before you attempt this technique. SEE: Windows 10 power tips: Secret shortcuts to your favorite settings (Tech Pro Research) Editing the Registry The total amount of editing to be done to the Windows Registry with this technique is too great and too rife with the possibility of error to list in this article. Instead, to simplify the process, I have created a downloadable file that you can use to do the edit for you. Click the link below to download the file and then extract its contents into an empty folder. AddGoogleDocsToNewMenu.zip The file was originally created by HowToGeek for Windows 7 but has been modified to reflect changes made by Google over the years. That is the other major drawback of this technique, besides editing the Windows Registry, Google could change the links to create new documents at any time, which would break this hack and require another revision. Figure B The folder with the extracted files should look like Figure B. Copy the four icon files", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00565", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00036", "text": "What we eat can influence more than our waistlines. It turns out, our diets also help determine what we smell like. A recent study found that women preferred the body odor of men who ate a lot of fruits and vegetables. Whereas men who ate a lot of carbohydrates gave off a smell that was less appealing. Skeptical? At first, I was, too. I thought this line of inquiry must have been dreamed up by the produce industry. (Makes a good marketing campaign, right?!) But it's legit. \"We've known for a while that odor is an important component of attractiveness, especially for women,\" says Ian Stephen of Macquarie University in Australia. He studies evolution, genetics and psychology and is an author of the study. From an evolutionary perspective, scientists say our sweat can help signal our health status, and could possibly play a role in helping attract a mate. So, how did scientists evaluate the link between diet and the attractiveness of body odor? They began by recruiting a bunch of healthy, young men. They assessed the men's skin using an instrument called a spectrophotometer. When people eat a lot of colorful veggies, their skin takes on the hue of carotenoids, the plant pigments that are responsible for bright red, yellow and orange foods. \"The carotenoids get deposited in our skin,\" explains Stephen. The spectrophotometer \"flashes a light onto your skin and measures the color reflected back,\" says Stephen. The results are \"a good indicator of how much fruits and vegetables we're eating,\" he says. Stephen and his colleagues also had the men in the study compete food frequency questionnaires, so they could determine the men's overall patterns of eating. Then, men were given clean T-shirts and asked to do some exercise. Afterwards, women in the study were asked to sniff the sweat. (Note: The methodology was much more scientific and precise than my breezy explanation, but you get the picture!) \"We asked the women to rate how much they liked it, how floral, how fruity,\" and a bunch of other descriptors, explains Stephen. It's a small study, but the results were pretty consistent. \"Women basically found that men who ate more vegetables smelled nicer,\" Stephen told us. Men who ate a lot of meat did not produce a sweat that was any more — or less — attractive to women. But meat did tend to make men's odor more intense. \"This is not the first study", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00596", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00037", "text": "-point range. \"The move is not without risk. We gave up a lot to get him, including Tobias Harris — one of the hardest-working, highest-character players I know — and two high-quality young men in Avery Bradley and Boban Marjanovic,\" Gores said. \"But we are very excited to bring Blake Griffin to Detroit. He is a great fit for our team and will bring a combination of toughness and athleticism that will elevate our team and excite our fans.\" Detroit's season was looking promising until a late-December injury to point guard Reggie Jackson. The Pistons have stumbled while he's been out with a sprained right ankle, and the team is facing the prospect of missing the playoffs in its first season at its new downtown arena. Detroit's next six games are at home, so the Pistons will have a chance to turn this season around — and an opportunity to build for a future with both Griffin and Drummond. \"His presence will help us offensively and his size gives us another rebounder and weapon in the paint,\" said Stan Van Gundy, Detroit's coach and team president. \"Willie Reed and Brice Johnson are two young players that give us size and depth.\" For the Clippers, moving Griffin continues a makeover of a franchise that has never made it past the second round of the playoffs. The Clippers traded All-Star point guard Chris Paul to Houston last summer. He had been credited with bringing respectability to the team that was once the laughingstock of the league. Without Paul, Los Angeles won its first four games to open the season, and then lost nine of its next 11. The team is one game above.500 going into Tuesday night's game against Portland. Paul's replacement, Patrick Beverley, has missed the entire season after right knee surgery. Also missing time have been DeAndre Jordan, Danilo Gallinari, Austin Rivers and Milos Teodosic. Los Angeles receives a protected first-round draft choice and a second-round pick from the Pistons. The Clippers drafted Griffin first overall out of Oklahoma in 2009. However, he missed the 2009-10 season after surgery on his broken left kneecap, the first of several injuries that have marred his career. Griffin missed 21 games last season and 47 in 2015-16 because of injuries. As a rookie, he was an All-Star, won the slam dunk contest and was named NBA Rookie of the Year. He has averaged", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00797", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00038", "text": "The contribution of a spin-rich $qqq$ force (in conjunction with pairwise $qq$ forces) to the analytical structure of the $qqq$ wave function is worked out in the high momentum regime of QCD where the confining interaction may be ignored, so that the dominant effect is $Coulombic$. A distinctive feature of this study is that the spin-rich $qqq$ force is generated by a $ggg$ vertex (a genuine part of the QCD Lagrangian) wherein the 3 radiating gluon lines end on as many quark lines, giving rise to a (Mercedes-Benz type) $Y$-shaped diagram. The dynamics is that of a Salpeter-like equation (3D support for the kernel) formulated covariantly on the light front, a la Markov-Yukawa Transversality Principle (MYTP) which warrants a 2-way interconnection between the 3D and 4D Bethe-Salpeter (BSE) forms for 2 as well as 3 fermion quarks. With these ingredients, the differential equation for the 3D wave function $\\phi$ receives well-defined contributions from the $qq$ and $qqq$ forces. In particular a $negative$ eigenvalue of the spin operator $i \\sigma_1.\\sigma_2\\times \\sigma_3$ which is an integral part of the $qqq$ force, causes a characteristic singularity in the differential equation, signalling the dynamical effect of a spin-rich $qqq$ force not yet considered in the literature. The potentially crucial role of this interesting effect vis-a-vis the so-called `spin anomaly' of the proton, is a subject of considerable physical interest.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 357, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00036", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00039", "text": "The First Amendment gives Americans freedom of speech, however, it does not give citizens freedom from consequences of their speech, says tech author and BlogHer co-founder Elisa Camahort Page. Recently, a Google engineer was fired after releasing a controversial memo stating women don't advance in the tech industry because of biological differences. Page uses this issue to shed light on how companies can manage free expression in the workplace. SEE: Employee political activity policy (Tech Pro Research) In the situation of the Google memo, the employee was fired not because he broke a law, but because he broke a company policy. \"When people talk about having open discourse and people being able to be free to express their opinions, what they mean is about 'how to develop a product' or 'how to address company services,' Page said. \"They want to have alternative points of view around making the best possible product.\" This freedom of expression in the workplace isn't an excuse to get into political debates, and most companies don't want you to do that, she said. It also becomes a liability issue for a company when its employees make derogatory comments about their colleagues—especially in an environment where collaboration is critical—because it affects employees' comfort levels and deters the best talent. SEE: Hostile workplace prevention policy (Tech Pro Research) Page suggested that companies of every size should have a code of conduct about internal and external communications. Companies need have policies in place about the type of speech that's appropriate for their employees about their colleagues. Employees should also know that they represent the company when talking about anything relevant to their industry. \"This should be normal for companies and employees to understand,\" she said. Page said that all companies with over 50 employees should have an HR manager. Once a company reaches that size, there are a lot more policies and regulations that need to be put in place. \"There are baseline HR things that you should do at every company, that's the biggest lesson, and if you're not doing them, you're missing out.\" Discover the secrets to IT leadership success with these tips on project management, budgets, and dealing with day-to-day challenges. Subscribe to TechRepublic's Executive Briefing newsletter. Subscribe See also:", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 448, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00558", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00040", "text": "The physical characteristics of the Lyman-alpha forest cloud systems are combined with observations on the baryonic mass density of the Universe and constraints from primordial nucleosynthesis to set boundary conditions on the Intergalactic Medium (IGM) at the epoch of z=2.5. The Universe is considered a closed system and allowed to expand adiabatically from the epoch when QSOs first ionized the IGM (5 <= z_on <= 20). The average kinetic energy of a gas is calculated in the region where the gas transitions from relativistic to non-relativistic behavior. All of the above measurements are then used to determine the thermal history of the IGM in the redshift range 2.5 <= z <= z_on. The hot IGM is assumed to inverse Compton scatter photons from the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMBR) and consequently distort the CMBR as seen at the present epoch. The temperature of the IGM at z=2.5 and the epoch z_on are adjusted, within the constraints defined above, to give the best overall agreement with published data on the temperature of the IGM. We find that the model of the IGM proposed here does not grossly distort the CMBR, and in fact agrees quite closely with the preliminary results from the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) satellite. However, our model of the IGM cannot explain the observed cosmic x ray background. This paper was originally written in 1990. It was never submitted for publication.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 308, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00152", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00041", "text": "BIRMINGHAM, Ala. (AP) — Inbee Park's 12th U.S. Women's Open already stands out for a gloomy reason: the rain-soaked course at Shoal Creek. The picturesque course in suburban Birmingham had been drenched by nearly five inches of rain this week as of Wednesday afternoon, with the effects of Subtropical Storm Alberto adding onto earlier rains. \"This is probably the wettest conditions I have ever seen in a U.S. Women's Open,\" said Park, a Korean who won in 2008 and 2013. \"We just don't know what's going to happen. \"Coming into the U.S. Women's Open, I always try to play the ball with the mud or try to play with like a wet ground condition because we've never played lift, clean and place. We just play from wherever it is and however the condition is.\" Practice rounds were canceled Tuesday and the course closed, other than some late-afternoon trips to the driving range. More rain followed overnight and into Wednesday on the eve of the major championship, when the course finally reopened by early afternoon in time for some of the 156 players to get in practice. The field will be cut to the low 60 scorers and ties after two rounds. John Bodenhamer, USGA's senior managing director, said officials didn't plan to use lift, clean and place for the first time in one of the organization's championships. \"It remains our intention to play 72 holes and play the ball as it lies,\" Bodenhamer said Wednesday. The LPGA Tour's Kingsmill Championship two weeks ago was shortened to 54 holes because of rain. The field, which includes 10 past Open champions, arrived in Alabama hoping to avoid a similar fate. Pernilla Lindberg won the year's first major at the ANA Inspiration, the 11th consecutive women's major with a different winner. The LPGA Tour has not had a multiple winner through 13 tournaments this season. Korean Sung Hyun Park won last year at Trump National Golf Club in Bedminster, New Jersey, by two strokes over amateur Hye-Jin Choi. Some players, including Inbee Park, Karrie Webb and No. 3-ranked Lexi Thompson, got a full 18 holes in Monday. Thompson said some parts of fairways were \"a little muddy and a little patchy.\" After that experience, she was hoping to play", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00707", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00042", "text": "metric tons being used in Kosovo, Serbia, and Montenegro. (4) The United States has provided or sold depleted uranium and depleted uranium munitions to allied nations, and the United Kingdom used depleted uranium munitions during the Persian Gulf War. (5) Depleted uranium munitions have been used at numerous United States military installations, proving grounds, and testing facilities. (6) The Yugoslav and Iraqi Governments have claimed that depleted uranium is affecting the health of their people, although such claims have yet to be independently verified. (7) No definitive cause has been established for the various illnesses (commonly referred to as ``Gulf War Syndrome'') that currently affect approximately 130,000 United States servicemembers and veterans who served in Southwest Asia during the Persian Gulf War. (8) The British Royal Navy, Canadian Navy, and United States Navy have all announced that they would phase out use of depleted uranium munitions. (9) It has been reported that depleted uranium munitions use has proliferated to more than 20 nations. (10) Crash investigators of the Federal Aviation Administration are instructed, in FAA Advisory Circular 20-123, dated December 20, 1984, to ``handle with caution'' any depleted uranium that they encounter in crash investigations, and are instructed that ``the main hazard associated with depleted uranium is the harmful effect the material could have if it enters the body,'' and that ``[i]f particles are inhaled or digested, they can be chemically toxic and cause a significant and long-lasting irradiation of internal tissues,''. (11) The 1949 Geneva Convention specifically outlines the precautions warring nations must take to avoid harming civilian populations, and it would be a violation of the 1977 Protocol to that Convention to cause superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering to civilians, as depleted uranium has the potential to cause. (12) The Department of Defense has acknowledged that stocks of depleted uranium munitions have been contaminated with transuranic elements, including plutonium. (13) Plutonium is an extremely toxic, carcinogenic, and radioactive material with a half-life of 4.5 billion years. SEC. 3. PURPOSES. The purposes of this Act are the following: (1) To eliminate health threats from depleted uranium munitions to-- (A) United States military personnel and United States civilian employees; (B) military personnel and employees of member nations of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization; and (", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00910", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00043", "text": "operations are extended beyond 2010, the United States will be heavily reliant on Russia to supply crew and possibly cargo transport services to the International Space Station during the gap period of 2010 through 2015. There is no other proven and reliable means of transporting our astronauts into space during this period. (9) The United States should not increase its reliance on Russia to transport American astronauts into space, given the increasingly divergent views and posturing from Russia. Russia opposes the United States plan to base an antimissile radar system in the Czech Republic and interceptor missiles in Poland to counter the threat posed by the Iranian nuclear weapons and missile programs. Russia also suspended its participation in the Conventional Forces in Europe (CFE) treaty, one of the most significant arms control agreements of the Cold War years. Additionally, Russia continues to arm some of America's adversaries. Despite United States objections, Russia provided billions of dollars worth of weapons to the regime of Hugo Chavez in Venezuela in 2006. Such meddling is a possible violation of the Monroe Doctrine and a throwback to the Cold War era. Even more troublesome is the Russian history of weapons trading with Iran. Russia has supplied advanced conventional arms technology, missile technology, and nuclear technologies to this very anti-American regime. (10) In the late 1990s, Russia fell short in fulfilling its commitment to the International Space Station. (11) NASA was forced to transfer hundreds of millions of dollars to enable the Russians to complete the critical Space Station service module Zvezda, without which the International Space Station could not operate. (12) Russia delayed completion of the Zvezda service module for several years. Under the International Space Station agreement, the Russian government had committed to fund as well as build the Zvezda service module. Subsequent transfers from the United States, in order to complete the module, reflect serious Russian mismanagement in the field of space. (13) In 2000, while Russia was failing to meet its commitment to the International Space Station, Russia was diverting financial and human resources away from fulfilling its International Space Station commitments in order to keep the Russian's Mir Space Station aloft. (14) Russia's past shortcomings in fulfilling commitments to its international space partners should serve as a warning to the United States as we consider increased reliance on Russian space services in the future. It is not prudent for the United States to depend on Russia for access to space given our past experience with this relationship. (15)", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01092", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00044", "text": "WASHINGTON (AP) — Lawmakers spend their careers eying coveted committee chairmanships, angling for the chance at the perks and power that came with the top spot. New Jersey Republican Rep. Rodney Frelinghuysen is bowing out after one term. Frelinghuysen's announcement Monday that he would not seek re-election, giving up the chairmanship of the House Appropriations Committee, punctuated the dwindling prestige and influence of the positions once consider an apex of power on Capitol Hill. Term limits, legislative dysfunction and gridlock-inducing polarization have gradually tarnished the very chairmanships that are so prized. \"Before the farm bill and my tenure as chairman, I had neither grey hair nor did I take hypertension medicine. I now have both for the rest of my life,\" said former House Agriculture Committee Chairman Frank Lucas, R-Okla. \"Right now you have to deal with a situation where you have the extreme demands of the left on one side of the room and the extreme demands of the right on the other side.\" Frelinghuysen is the eighth House committee chair to head for the exits, and a striking case study for the dynamics at play. The New Jersey Republican became chairman of the Appropriations Committee last year after serving for several years as chairman of its defense subcommittee. But Frelinghuysen's year in charge of the panel has been frustrating. In theory, he manages the process of doling out one-third the federal budget. But he's had scant success on that front. Although he helped successfully negotiate a catchall spending bill last spring, the appropriations process for the ongoing budget year has been hamstrung by delays in the Senate and faces the very real danger of running aground completely amid an unrelated months-long battle over immigration. \"Serving as chairman of the Appropriations Committee is a difficult and sometimes thankless job,\" said Rep. Nita Lowey of New York, the panel's top Democrat. There have been fewer thank-yous since a series of GOP reforms changed the rules. In a push to curb corruption in 2010, Republicans officially banned \"earmarks,\" severally limiting lawmakers' capacity to direct tens or even hundreds of millions to one's district or state for \"earmarked\" pet projects. The earmarks were a prerogative of the chairman, both to bolster his political standing at home and to court votes with fellow lawmakers of either party. House GOP rules mean chairmen cycle through", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00811", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00045", "text": "If you're after a computer close to the size of the tiny Raspberry Pi but approaching the power of the MacBook, then you may want to check out the LattePanda Alpha. However, it's worth noting the LattePanda Alpha is not a Pi competitor. While the Pi costs just $35, the LattePanda Alpha starts at $289. The difference is reflected in the specs, with the LattePanda Alpha having more in common with a laptop than a low-cost board like the Pi. The LattePanda Alpha uses the same class of Intel processor as found in this year's 12-inch MacBook, a 7th generation, Intel Core m3. Backing up this processor is 8GB of DDR3 memory and 64GB Flash storage, alongside Gigabit Ethernet, 802.11ac Wi-Fi and USB 3.0 ports, a USB Type-C port, 4K video out. While the board's makers DFRobot say the Alpha will ship with Windows 10 Pro, they add it will also be compatible with a range of Linux-based OSes. The board—which is about 70% the length of the iPhone 7 Plus—is designed to be used to be used by developers working in a wide range of fields, from robotics to internet of things, and as such has the necessary electronics for adding a wide-range of custom hardware to the board. SEE: Hardware spotlight: The Raspberry Pi The Alpha has 2 x 50-Pin headers for hooking up hardware, as well as an Arduino Leonardo co-processor. Alongside the Alpha, the board's makers will also release a version of the board without the eMMC storage for $269, as well as the lower-specced LattePanda Delta, which starts at $129. The Delta runs on an Intel Celeron N4100 processor, has 4GB of RAM but still keeps many of the advantages of the Alpha board, such as 802.11ac Wi-Fi and 3 x USB 3.0 ports. Both boards are being crowdfunded via Kickstarter, and as of publication have passed their £72,611 funding target, with just shy of £97,000 raised with 56 days left to go. DFRobot estimate that the boards, which are also available with a 7-inch touchscreen display, will ship in May next year. It is not the first Windows 10-based, developer board", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00574", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00046", "text": "We study systematically which features in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and large-scale structure (LSS) probe various inhomogeneous properties of the dark sectors (including neutrinos, dark matter, and dark energy). We stress, and quantify by simple formulas, that the primary CMB anisotropies are very susceptible to the gravitational potentials during horizon entry, less at recombination. The CMB thus allows us to scan \\Phi+\\Psi and the underlying dark kinetics for all redshifts z~1-10^5. LSS, on the other hand, responds strongest to \\Phi at low redshifts. Dark perturbations are often parameterized by the anisotropic stress and effective sound speed (stiffness). We find that the dark anisotropic stress and stiffness influence the visible species at the correspondingly early and late stages of horizon entry, and affect stronger respectively the CMB and LSS. The CMB yet remains essential to probing the stiff perturbations of light neutrinos and dark energy, detectable only during horizon entry. The clustering of dark species and large propagation speed of their inhomogeneities also map to distinctive features in the CMB and LSS. -Any parameterization of the signatures of dark kinetics that assumes general relativity can effectively accommodate any modified gravity (MG) that retains the equivalence principle for the visible sectors. This implies that formally the nonstandard structure growth or \\Phi/\\Psi ratio, while indicative, are not definitive MG signatures. The definitive signatures of MG may include the strong dependence of the apparent dark dynamics on visible species, its superluminality, and the nonstandard phenomenology of gravitational waves.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 338, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00437", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00047", "text": "TOKYO (AP) — Shares were mostly lower in Asia on Tuesday as investors stepped back after several days of advances, erasing early gains. Markets are awaiting the Federal Reserve meeting on Wednesday and the outcome of a major Chinese planning conference. KEEPING SCORE: Japan's Nikkei 225 index lost 0.3 percent to 22,866.17 while South Korea's Kospi dropped 0.5 percent to 2,458.56. The Hang Seng index in Hong Kong shed 0.2 percent to 28,894.58. The Shanghai Composite index shed 0.7 percent to 3,300.24. The S&P ASX 200 added 0.3 percent to 6,013.20, but India's Sensex dropped 0.4 percent to 33,314.89. Other regional markets were mostly lower. WALL STREET: Technology and health-cre companies led U.S. stocks modestly higher Monday, driving the market to another set of milestones, with the Standard & Poor's 500 index and Dow Jones industrial average finishing at new highs. The S&P 500 index rose 0.3 percent to 2,659.99. The Dow gained 0.2 percent to 24,386.03 and the Nasdaq composite added 0.5 percent to 6,875.08. The Russell 2000 index of smaller-company stocks slipped 0.1 percent to 1,519.84. ANALYST VIEWPOINT: \"The market is kind of in a holding pattern, just sort of waiting for the Fed meeting,\" said Randy Frederick, vice president of trading & derivatives at Charles Schwab. \"The Fed sees enough strength in the overall economy, despite the lack of inflation, to still go ahead and continue to hike rates.\" FEDERAL RESERVE: The Fed is expected to lift short-term interest rates by 0.25 percent on Wednesday, the third interest rate hike by the central bank this year. While inflation has remained low, the central bank has seen a path to gradually raise rates as the economy and labor market have strengthened. CHINA: Investors are watching for details from an annual economic planning conference in Beijing that will set the pace for reforms and growth in the world's second-largest economy. The state-run Xinhua News Agency reported Friday that President Xi Jinping told fellow leaders that the focus should shift to quality of life and improve innovation and competitiveness", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00722", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00048", "text": "An unusual Android bug found by a Reddit user is causing a lot of people to scratch their heads: When typing \"the1975..com\" (note the extra dot) the poster found all of his recent text messages displayed through Google instead of the content he was searching for. Other Reddit users chimed in saying that they were getting the same results, with some even experiencing it when they performed a search for \"Vizela viagens\" (a travel agency in one Reddit user's home town), and the glitch also appeared with variant spellings too. Reddit users with a wide variety of Android devices said they were affected as well. Particularly interesting is one comment stating that if you type \"my text messages\" into the search bar you receive the same result. What this means for how Google may be caching text messages is unknown. Is it a security risk? Google has yet to issue a statement regarding the bug, and without some acknowledgement of the issue and its scope it's difficult to know if there is any real risk of data exposure. More likely is the possibility that the bug is connected to Google Assistant, as pointed out by an article on MSPoweruser: \"upon testing, I found out that any Android device with Google Assistant has this issue. It isn't certain if this is a deliberate action by Google or just a weird glitch that [lets] Google access the messages stored on the device.\" SEE: Mobile device computing policy (Tech Pro Research) Google Assistant has been able to read text messages aloud for some time, raising the distinct possibility that Google simply overlooked a few precise search terms that would generate the same result. Those concerned about the privacy and security of their text messages can protect themselves, and the process is easy. Open the Settings app, tap on the Apps option, and then revoke SMS permissions from the Google app. There's a good chance this isn't anything more than a simple bug, but taking precautions to protect your personal messages is good to do just in case. The big takeaways for tech leaders: Android users are reportedly finding their text messages in Google Search results when typing specific things like \"the1975..com\" or \"Vizela viagens.\" It's not known at this point if there is a security risk inherent in this glitch. It's more likely that this is a bug tied to Google Assistant's ability to read text messages aloud. If you're still concerned about device security you can disable Google's SMS permissions in the Android Settings app.", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00564", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00049", "text": "We present simultaneous spectropolarimetric observations of four visible and three infrared spectral lines from the VTT (Tenerife), together with speckle-reconstructed filtergrams in the G band and the CaII H line core from the DOT (La Palma). After alignment of the data sets, we used the G-band intensity to locate bright points (BPs) in the moat of a regular sunspot. With the cospatial and cotemporal information provided by the polarimetric data, we characterize the magnetic, kinematic, and thermal properties of the BPs. We find that (a) 94 % of the BPs are associated with magnetic fields; (b) their field strengths range between 500 and 1400 G, with a rather flat distribution; (c) the contrast of BPs in the G band depends on the angle between the vector magnetic field and the line of sight; (d) the BPs harbor downflows of magnetized plasma and exhibit Stokes V profiles with large area and amplitude asymmetries; (e) the magnetic interior of BPs is hotter than the immediate field-free surroundings by about 1000 K at equal optical depth; and (f) the mean effective diameter of BPs in our data set is 150 km, with very few BPs larger than 300 km. Most of these properties can be explained by the classical magnetic flux tube model. However, the wide range of BP parameters found in this study indicates that not all G-band BPs are identical to stable long-lived flux tubes or sheets of kG strength.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 322, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00452", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00050", "text": "The differing M_bh-Luminosity relations presented in McLure & Dunlop, Marconi & Hunt and Erwin et al. have been investigated. A number of issues have been identified and addressed in each of these studies, including but not limited to: the removal of a dependency on the Hubble constant; a correction for dust attenuation in the bulges of disc galaxies; the identification of lenticular galaxies previously treated as elliptical galaxies; and application of the same (Y|X) regression analysis. These adjustments result in relations which now predict similar black hole masses. The optimal K-band relation is log(M_bh/M_sun) = -0.37(+/-0.04)[M_K +24] + 8.29(+/-0.08), with a total (not intrinsic) scatter in log M_bh equal to 0.33 dex. This level of scatter is similar to the value of 0.34 dex from the M_bh-sigma relation of Tremaine et al. and compares favourably with the value of 0.31 dex from the M_bh-n relation of Graham & Driver. Using different photometric data, consistent relations in the B- and R-band are also provided, although we do note that the small (N=13) R-band sample used by Erwin et al. is found here to have a slope of -0.30(+/-0.06) and a total scatter of 0.31 dex. Performing a symmetrical regression on the larger K-band sample gives a slope of -0.40, implying M_bh ~ L^{1.00}. Implications for galaxy-black hole coevolution, in terms of dry mergers, are briefly discussed, as are predictions for intermediate mass black holes. Finally, as previously noted by Tundo et al., a potential bias in the galaxy sample used to define the M_bh-L relations is shown and a corrective formula provided.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 390, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00165", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00051", "text": "Coulomb repulsion between electrons moving on a frustrated lattice can give rise, at simple commensurate electronic densities, to exotic insulating phases of matter. Such a phenomenon is illustrated using an extended t--J model on a planar pyrochlore lattice for which the work on the quarter-filled case [cond-mat/0702367] is complemented and extended to 1/8- and 3/8-fillings. The location of the metal-insulator transition as a function of the Coulomb repulsion is shown to depend strongly on the sign of the hopping. Quite generally, the metal-insulator transition is characterized by lattice symmetry breaking but the nature of the insulating Mott state is more complex than a simple Charge Density Wave. Indeed, in the limit of large Coulomb repulsion, the physics can be described in the framework of (extended) quantum fully-packed loop or dimer models carrying extra spin degrees of freedom. Various diagonal and off-diagonal plaquette correlation functions are computed and the low-energy spectra are analyzed in details in order to characterize the nature of the insulating phases. We provide evidence that, as for an electronic density of n=1/2 (quarter-filling), the system at $n=1/4$ or $n=3/4$ exhibits also plaquette order by forming a (lattice rotationally-invariant) Resonating-Singlet-Pair Crystal, although with a quadrupling of the lattice unit cell (instead of a doubling for $n=1/2$) and a 4-fold degenerate ground state. Interestingly, qualitative differences with the bosonic analog (e.g. known to exhibit columnar order at n=1/4) emphasize the important role of the spin degrees of freedom in e.g. stabilizing plaquette phases w.r.t. rotational symmetry-breaking phases.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 379, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00268", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00052", "text": ", you embody the goodness of our nation. Thank you. Thank you, Ryan and Rebecca. As we rebuild America's strength and confidence at home, we are also restoring our strength and standing abroad. Around the world, we face rogue regimes, terrorist groups, and rivals like China and Russia that challenge our interests, our economy, and our values. In confronting these horrible dangers, we know that weakness is the surest path to conflict, and unmatched power is the surest means to our true and great defense. For this reason, I am asking Congress to end the dangerous defense sequester and fully fund our great military. As part of our defense, we must modernize and rebuild our nuclear arsenal, hopefully never having to use it, but making it so strong and so powerful that it will deter any acts of aggression by any other nation or anyone else. Perhaps some day in the future there will be a magical moment when the countries of the world will get together to eliminate their nuclear weapons. Unfortunately, we are not there yet, sadly. Last year, I also pledged that we would work with our allies to extinguish ISIS from the face of the Earth. One year later, I am proud to report that the coalition to defeat ISIS has liberated very close to 100 percent of the territory just recently held by these killers in Iraq and in Syria and in other locations, as well. But there is much more work to be done. We will continue our fight until ISIS is defeated. Army Staff Sergeant Justin Peck is here tonight. Near Raqqa last November, Justin and his comrade, Chief Petty Officer Kenton Stacy, were on a mission to clear buildings that ISIS had rigged with explosive so that civilians could return to that city, hopefully soon and hopefully safely. Clearing the second floor of a vital hospital, Kenton Stacy was severely wounded by an explosion. Immediately, Justin bounded into the booby-trapped and unbelievably dangerous and unsafe building and found Kenton, but in very, very bad shape. He applied pressure to the wound and inserted a tube to reopen an airway. He then performed CPR for 20 straight minutes during the ground transport and maintained artificial respiration through two-and-a-half hours and through emergency surgery. Kenton Stacy would have died if it were not for Justin's selfless love for his fellow warrior. Tonight, Kenton is recovering in Texas. Raqqa is liberated. And Justin is wearing his new Bronze Star, with a V for Valor. Staff", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00652", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00053", "text": "We report the discovery of one of the most powerful sunquakes detected to date, produced by an X1.2-class solar flare in active region 10720 on 2005 January 15. We used helioseismic holography to image the source of seismic waves emitted into the solar interior from the site of the flare. Acoustic egression power maps at 3 and 6 mHz with a 2 mHz bandpass reveal a compact acoustic source strongly correlated with impulsive hard X-ray and visible-continuum emission along the penumbral neutral line separating the two major opposing umbrae in the $\\delta$-configuration sunspot that predominates AR10720. The acoustic emission signatures were directly aligned with both hard X-ray and visible continuum emission that emanated during the flare. The visible continuum emission is estimated at $2.0 \\times 10^{23}$ J, approximately 500 times the seismic emission of $\\sim 4 \\times 10^{20}$ J. The flare of 2005 January 15 exhibits the same close spatial alignment between the sources of the seismic emission and impulsive visible continuum emission as previous flares, reinforcing the hypothesis that the acoustic emission may be driven by heating of the low photosphere. However, it is a major exception in that there was no signature to indicate the inclusion of protons in the particle beams thought to supply the energy radiated by the flare. The continued strong coincidence between the sources of seismic emission and impulsive visible continuum emission in the case of a proton-deficient white-light flare lends substantial support to the ``back -- warming'' hypothesis, that the low photosphere is significantly heated by intense Balmer and Paschen continuum-edge radiation from the overlying chromosphere in white-light flares.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 360, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00133", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00054", "text": "In 2005, Shen introduced a new invariant, $\\mathcal G(N)$, of a diffuse von Neumann algebra $N$ with a fixed faithful trace, and he used this invariant to give a unified approach to showing that large classes of ${\\mathrm{II}}_1$ factors $M$ are singly generated. This paper focuses on properties of this invariant. We relate $\\mathcal G(M)$ to the number of self-adjoint generators of a ${\\mathrm{II}}_1$ factor $M$: if $\\mathcal G(M)0$. In particular, if $\\mathcal G(\\mathcal L\\mathbb F_r)>0$ for any particular $r>1$, then the free group factors are pairwise non-isomorphic and are not singly generated for sufficiently large values of $r$. Estimates are given for forming free products and passing to finite index subfactors and the basic construction. We also examine a version of the invariant $\\mathcal G_{\\text{sa}}(M)$ defined only using self-adjoint operators; this is proved to satisfy $\\mathcal G_{\\text{sa}}(M)=2\\mathcal G(M)$. Finally we give inequalities relating a quantity involved in the calculation of $\\mathcal G(M)$ to the free-entropy dimension $\\delta_0$ of a collection of generators for $M$.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 376, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00341", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00055", "text": "We have performed a detailed analysis of orbital motion in the vicinity of a nearly extremal Kerr black hole. For very rapidly rotating black holes (spin a=J/M>0.9524M) we have found a class of very strong field eccentric orbits whose angular momentum L_z increases with the orbit's inclination with respect to the equatorial plane, while keeping latus rectum and eccentricity fixed. This behavior is in contrast with Newtonian intuition, and is in fact opposite to the \"normal\" behavior of black hole orbits. Such behavior was noted previously for circular orbits; since it only applies to orbits very close to the black hole, they were named \"nearly horizon-skimming orbits\". Our analysis generalizes this result, mapping out the full generic (inclined and eccentric) family of nearly horizon-skimming orbits. The earlier work on circular orbits reported that, under gravitational radiation emission, nearly horizon-skimming orbits tend to evolve to smaller orbit inclination, toward prograde equatorial configuration. Normal orbits, by contrast, always demonstrate slowly growing orbit inclination (orbits evolve toward the retrograde equatorial configuration). Using up-to-date Teukolsky-fluxes, we have concluded that the earlier result was incorrect: all circular orbits, including nearly horizon-skimming ones, exhibit growing orbit inclination. Using kludge fluxes based on a Post-Newtonian expansion corrected with fits to circular and to equatorial Teukolsky-fluxes, we argue that the inclination grows also for eccentric nearly horizon-skimming orbits. We also find that the inclination change is, in any case, very small. As such, we conclude that these orbits are not likely to have a clear and peculiar imprint on the gravitational waveforms expected to be measured by the space-based detector LISA.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 358, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00003", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00056", "text": "We report the detection of five Jovian mass planets orbiting high metallicity stars. Four of these stars were first observed as part of the N2K program and exhibited low RMS velocity scatter after three consecutive observations. However, follow-up observations over the last three years now reveal the presence of longer period planets with orbital periods ranging from 21 days to a few years. HD 11506 is a G0V star with a planet of \\msini = 4.74 \\mjup in a 3.85 year orbit. HD 17156 is a G0V star with a 3.12 \\mjup planet in a 21.2 day orbit. The eccentricity of this orbit is 0.67, one of the highest known for a planet with a relatively short period. The orbital period for this planet places it in a region of parameter space where relatively few planets have been detected. HD 125612 is a G3V star with a planet of \\msini = 3.5 \\mjup in a 1.4 year orbit. HD 170469 is a G5IV star with a planet of \\msini = 0.67 \\mjup in a 3.13 year orbit. HD 231701 is an F8V star with planet of 1.08 \\mjup in a 142 day orbit. All of these stars have supersolar metallicity. Three of the five stars were observed photometrically but showed no evidence of brightness variability. A transit search conducted for HD 17156 was negative but covered only 25% of the search space and so is not conclusive.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 336, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00045", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00057", "text": "a determination that a dietary supplement may pose a significant risk to individuals who are under the age of 18 (referred to in this section individually as a `minor'). ``(2) Product determination; prohibited act.--The Secretary may, by order or by regulation, make a determination described in paragraph (1) with respect to a dietary supplement. Effective upon the expiration of a period designated by the Secretary in publishing such determination in the Federal Register, the act of selling the dietary supplement to a minor shall be deemed to be an act which results in such supplement being misbranded while held for sale. During the two-year period referred to in paragraph (1), an order making such a determination may be issued notwithstanding that criteria have not yet been established in accordance with such paragraph. ``(g) Recordkeeping on Safety Issues.-- ``(1) In general.--The Secretary shall by regulation require manufacturers of dietary supplements to maintain records regarding reports of serious adverse experiences under subsection (c) and records regarding compliance with section 402. ``(2) Retention period.--Regulations under paragraph (1) shall specify the number of years for which records required in such paragraph are required to be retained, except that, if under section 402(g)(1) the Secretary makes a determination that expiration date labeling is necessary for dietary supplements, records regarding dietary supplements in a lot shall be retained for not less than one year after the expiration date of supplements in the lot.''. (b) Prohibited Acts.-- (1) In general.--Section 301 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. 331) is amended by adding at the end the following: ``(hh) The failure of a person to comply with any requirement under section 416, other than an order under subsection (e)(1) of such section.''. (2) Adulterated dietary supplements.-- (A) Order regarding demonstration of safety.-- Section 402 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. 342) is amended by adding at the end the following: ``(i) If it is a dietary supplement and the manufacturer of the supplement fails to comply with an order of the Secretary under section 416(e)(1) that is issued with respect to the supplement.''. (B) Certain court procedures; determination of unreasonable risk.--Section 402(f) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. 342(f)) is", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01070", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00058", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; FINDINGS. (a) Short Title.--This Act may be cited as the ``Children's Hospitals Education and Research Act of 1998''. (b) Findings.--Congress finds the following: (1) Freestanding children's teaching hospitals receive almost no Federal graduate medical education funding. (2) Increasingly, Federal graduate medical education funding, through the medicare program, has become the major source of support for the academic missions of all teaching hospitals as the medical marketplace has led to a growing inability to gain such support from other payers. (3) With few medicare patients, these children's teaching hospitals receive less than $400 in Federal funds for each medical resident they train, while other teaching hospitals receive on average more than $79,000 for each resident they train, creating a very serious inequity in the competitive market for these children's hospitals. (4) Children's teaching hospitals make an essential contribution to training our children's doctors. Although less than one percent of all hospitals, they train 5 percent of all physicians, 25 percent of all pediatricians, and the majority of most pediatric specialists. (5) They serve as regional and national pediatric referral centers and provide research discoveries and technological advancements which benefit all children, conducting along with their affiliated departments of pediatrics almost 20 percent of all pediatric research sponsored by the National Institutes of Health. (6) Their ability to sustain their academic and patient care missions is increasingly threatened by the lack of graduate medical education funding, which represents the major source of shortfall between patient costs and patient revenues for many children's hospitals with significant teaching programs, even as these hospital strive to reduce their costs. SEC. 2. PROGRAM OF PAYMENTS TO CHILDREN'S HOSPITALS THAT OPERATE GRADUATE MEDICAL EDUCATION PROGRAMS. (a) Payments.--The Secretary shall make payment under this section to each children's hospital for each hospital cost reporting period beginning during fiscal year 1999 or fiscal year 2000 for the direct and indirect expenses associated with operating approved medical residency training programs. (b) Amount of Payment.-- (1) In general.--Subject to paragraph (3), the amount payable under this section to a children's hospital for direct and indirect expenses relating to approved medical residency training programs for a cost reporting period is equal to the product of-- (A) the per resident rate, as determined under paragraph (2); and (B) the weighted", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01074", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00059", "text": "QINGDAO, China--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Apr 23, 2018--On April 22nd, a post on Facebook which said \"Because of a product, I fell in love with a brand. Three generations of my family fell in love with three generations of Haier refrigerators\" aroused wide attention and discussion. According to Jason who created the post, his family, headed by his grandfather Andrew, a 75-year-old retired teacher, live in Saint-Cyr town, Paris. His parents are professors at Université Paris Dauphine, and he has been working for Union Européenne de CIC after graduating from Harvard University. This press release features multimedia. View the full release here: https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180423005063/en/ Three generations of a family in Saint-Cyr, Paris use Haier (Photo: Business Wire) Andrew was the first to use the Haier refrigerator, who chose it for its larger cold storage space. This refrigerator brought Jason many fond memories of childhood, and is still in normal use now. Jason studied the Haier case at Harvard University, which enabled him to better understand the Haier mode and aroused his respect for the brand. After graduation, he bought a Haier full-space fresh-keeping refrigerator for his apartment and was greatly satisfied with its powerful preservation function. Jason's parents are keen on food, and they attach great importance to the preservation of food. When Jason wanted to prepare a special gift for his parents, he considered both the hobby of his parents and the good experience of using the Haier refrigerator, and finally in April this year, he brought the latest Haier T-door refrigerator for his parents. \"I have a special feeling and trust in Haier. When choosing refrigerators, Haier is my first choice,\" Jason said. Haier is growing fast and its products are commonly seen in the French market, so it is not surprising that it is so much embraced by the \"three generations\" in the Saint Cyr town. According to statistics, Haier’s brand awareness in France has reached 39%, and its multi-fridge refrigerators rank first in France with a 47% market share. Although the unit price of Haier refrigerator is 1.6 times the industry average, the online growth rate has reached 4 times the industry average. In future, Haier looks to bring a better life to more people with its products. View source version", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00766", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00060", "text": "The cycling operation is a special kind of conjugation that can be applied to elements in Artin's braid groups, in order to reduce their length. It is a key ingredient of the usual solutions to the conjugacy problem in braid groups. In their seminal paper on braid-cryptography, Ko, Lee et al. proposed the {\\it cycling problem} as a hard problem in braid groups that could be interesting for cryptography. In this paper we give a polynomial solution to that problem, mainly by showing that cycling is surjective, and using a result by Maffre which shows that pre-images under cycling can be computed fast. This result also holds in every Artin-Tits group of spherical type. On the other hand, the conjugacy search problem in braid groups is usually solved by computing some finite sets called (left) ultra summit sets (left-USS), using left normal forms of braids. But one can equally use right normal forms and compute right-USS's. Hard instances of the conjugacy search problem correspond to elements having big (left and right) USS's. One may think that even if some element has a big left-USS, it could possibly have a small right-USS. We show that this is not the case in the important particular case of rigid braids. More precisely, we show that the left-USS and the right-USS of a given rigid braid determine isomorphic graphs, with the arrows reversed, the isomorphism being defined using iterated cycling. We conjecture that the same is true for every element, not necessarily rigid, in braid groups and Artin-Tits groups of spherical type.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 337, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00094", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00061", "text": "In most theories of gravity involving torsion, the source for torsion is the intrinsic spin of matter. Since the spins of fermions are normally randomly oriented in macroscopic bodies, the torsion generated is normally negligible. However, in a recent paper, Mao et al. point out that there is a class of theories in which the angular momentum of macroscopic spinning bodies generates a significant amount of torsion. They argue that by the principle of action equals reaction, one would expect the angular momentum of test bodies to couple to a background torsion field, and therefore the precession of the GPB gyroscopes should be affected in these theories by the torsion generated by the Earth. We show that in fact the principle of action equals reaction does not apply to these theories. We examine in detail a generalization of the Hayashi-Shirafuji theory suggested by Mao et al. called Einstein-Hayashi-Shirafuji theory. There are a variety of different versions of this theory, depending on the precise form of the coupling to matter chosen for the torsion. We show that for any coupling to matter that is compatible with the spin transport equation postulated by Mao et al., the theory has either ghosts or an ill-posed initial value formulation. These theoretical problems can be avoided by specializing the parameters of the theory and in addition choosing the standard minimal coupling to matter of the torsion tensor. This yields a consistent theory, but one in which the action equals reaction principle is violated, and in which the angular momentum of the gyroscopes does not couple to the Earth's torsion field. Thus, the Einstein-Hayashi-Shirafuji theory does not predict a detectable torsion signal for Gravity Probe B. There may be other torsion theories which do.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 356, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00052", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00062", "text": "We investigate the phenomenology of the Randall-Sundrum radion in realistic models of electroweak symmetry breaking with bulk gauge and fermion fields, since the radion may turn out to be the lightest particle in such models. We calculate the coupling of the radion in such scenarios to bulk fermion and gauge modes. Special attention needs to be devoted to the coupling to massless gauge fields (photon, gluon), since it is well known that loop effects may be important for these fields. We also present a detailed explanation of these couplings from the CFT interpretation. We then use these couplings to determine the radion branching fractions and discuss some of the discovery potential of the LHC for the radion. We find that the gamma-gamma signal is enhanced over most of the range of the radion mass over the gamma-gamma signal of a SM Higgs, as long as the RS scale is sufficiently low. However, the signal significance depends strongly on free parameters that characterize the magnitude of bare brane-localized kinetic terms for the massless gauge fields. In the absence of such terms, the signal can be be enhanced over the traditional RS1 models (where all standard model fields are localized on the IR brane), but the signal can also be reduced compared to RS1 if the brane localized terms are sizeable. We also show that for larger radion masses, where the gamma-gamma signal is no longer significant, one can use the usual 4 lepton signal to discover the radion.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 310, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00257", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00063", "text": "Literary Roots E.T.A. Hoffmann, a German writer, penned the eerie and dark tale \"Nutcracker and Mouse King\" in 1816. About 30 years later, the French writer Alexandre Dumas took the Nutcracker story into his own hands, lightening things up and softening the character descriptions. Dumas even cheered up the name of the protagonist. \"Marie Stahlbaum\" (meaning \"steel tree,\" representing the repressive family Marie found herself in, which led her imagination to run wild) became \"Clara Silberhaus\" (translated to \"silver house,\" a magnificent home filled with shiny magic.) Snowflakes of the original cast, \"The Nutcracker\" at the Mariinsky Theatre, 1892. Photo by Walter E. Owen, Courtesy Dance Magazine Archives. From Page to Stage In 1892 St. Petersburg, choreographer Marius Petipa and composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky pulled the story off the page and onto the stage of the Mariinsky Theatre. But Petipa fell ill while choreographing The Nutcracker and handed his duties over to his assistant, Lev Ivanov. Critics at the 1892 premiere were not pleased. Balletomanes felt the work to be uneven, and lamented the lack of a main ballerina in the first act. Many thought that the story was too light compared to historically based stories. Out of Russia Despite its initial reception, the ballet survived, partially due to the success of Tchaikovsky's score. Performances were scarce, though, as the Russian Revolution scattered its original dancers. The Nutcracker's first major exposure outside of Russia took place in London in 1934. Former Mariinsky ballet master Nikolas Sergeyev was tasked with staging Petipa's story ballets on the Vic-Wells Ballet (today The Royal Ballet) from the original notation. The notes were incomplete and difficult to read, yet Sergeyev persisted, and The Nutcracker made it to the stage. Dancers from ballet Russe de Monte Carlo in \"The Nutcracker\" pas de deux. Photo Courtesy Dance Magazine Archives. An American Premiere The Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo brought an abridged version of The Nutcracker to the U.S. in 1940. Over the next decade, the company toured the ballet extensively, exposing it to audiences nationwide. Willam Christensen (center) with his brothers Lew and Harold.", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00500", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00064", "text": "Unfortunately, it seems there's a phishing scheme to go along with virtually every event in life, whether a holiday, a tragedy, or an annual ritual. Tax time is not exempt, so to speak. Whether you work in finance or you support users who do, it's important to be on the lookout this tax season for phishing schemes geared towards obtaining confidential information from unsuspecting individuals. What should users look out for? A common phishing attempt involves compromised or spoofed emails which purport to be from an executive at your organization and are sent either to human resources or finance/payroll employees. The email requests a list of employees and their related W-2 forms. That's not all, however. Another common scam (which can occur throughout the year) involves receiving a phone call from an individual claiming to be from the IRS (caller ID can be spoofed to show this as well) who informs you that you owe money for back taxes and often threatens law enforcement retribution if payment (usually via credit card over the phone) isn't provided. The IRS will never call you on the phone to report you owe them money nor demand money over the phone; they utilize the postal service for such notifications. They also will not engage in threats and are supposed to provide an opportunity for you to work constructively with them or negotiate payment. SEE: IT leader's guide to cyberattack recovery (Tech Pro Research) What standard protection methods should be used? The typical safeguards against phishing can protect you and your employees; establish a policy against requesting confidential information through email, call people directly to verify such requests, arrange for secure transfer of data, and limit the number of employees who possess the authority to access or handle W-2 forms. The IRS also recommends contacting them about any malicious activity. Phishing attempts can be reported to phishing@irs.gov. If someone from your company has given out W-2 information, contact dataloss@irs.gov with a description of what happened and how many employees were affected. Also make sure not to attach any confidential information! If your company is contacted by scammers claiming you owe the IRS money, report it via the IRS Impersonation Scam Reporting webpage. You can also call 800-366-4484. You should also report this to the Federal Trade Commission via the FTC Complaint Assistant on FTC.gov. What else is available to help here? Education and establishing proper procedures can be helpful in minimizing risk, but I also highly recommend using technology to safeguard", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00517", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00065", "text": "___ Bitcoin futures soar amid frenzy over virtual currency NEW YORK (AP) — Wall Street got its first taste of bitcoin on Monday, with the price of the first-ever futures contract for the digital currency jumping 20 percent. It's a step forward for the bitcoin, which has soared this year despite concerns that the surge of investor interest has transformed it from a new-age currency into just the latest speculative bubble. ___ Trump to make final pitch for GOP tax plan WASHINGTON (AP) — President Donald Trump will make his final pitch for the Republican tax plan in a speech to the American people. The White House says Trump will give a speech Wednesday on how tax reform will help taxpayers and their families. Trump and Republican leaders in Congress have promoted the massive tax plan by promising the tax cuts will boost the economy. The $1.5 trillion House and Senate tax bills combine steep tax cuts for corporations with modest reductions for individuals. ___ Apple orchestrates deal for song-recognition app Shazam SAN FRANCISCO (AP) — Apple has bought Shazam, the maker of a song-recognition app that Apple's digital assistant Siri has already been using to help people identify the music playing on their iPhones. The companies didn't disclose the price of the acquisition announced Monday, but previous reports placed the value at about $400 million. Siri began drawing upon Shazam's technology to answer questions about songs in a 2014 update to the iPhone's operating system. ___ Some glitches seen in deadline week for 'Obamacare' sign-ups WASHINGTON (AP) — Consumer advocates are reporting some glitches in the final days for \"Obamacare\" sign-ups, but the Trump administration largely seems to be keeping its promise of a smooth enrollment experience. Some HealthCare.gov customers got an incorrect message that no plans were available. President Donald Trump came into office promising to dismantle the Affordable Care Act, but it survived. Now his administration is overseeing the finale to sign-ups. Friday, Dec. 15 is the last day in most states. ___ Will misconduct scandals make men wary of women at work? NEW YORK (AP) — Some people worry that the same climate that's embolden women to speak out against sexual harassment could make some men wary of female colleagues. The Miami-based owner of a food line says her business involves working mostly with men, and business often ends over lunch or drinks. But Ana Quincoces says those opportunities are dwindling because many of the men she encounters on the job", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00780", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00066", "text": "feel it,\" McBride said. But home and auto loan rates are another story: Despite the Fed's moves, they've barely budged since December 2015, when the central bank announced its first increase after seven years of near-zero rates. Here are some questions and answers on what the Fed's moves could mean for consumers, businesses, investors and the economy: ___ Q. Why haven't mortgage rates increased? A. Because fixed-rate mortgage rates don't typically follow the Fed's changes. Sometimes they even move in the opposite direction. So it doesn't necessarily make sense to rush into buying a home or refinancing a mortgage. The hike often won't translate into higher mortgage rates. Fixed long-term mortgages tend to track the rate on the 10-year Treasury, which, in turn, is influenced by such factors as investors' expectations of future inflation to global demand for U.S. Treasurys. In December 2015, a week before the first increase, the average 30-year fixed mortgage rate was 4.06 percent, according to Bankrate.com. It actually fell for most of 2016, then jumped later in the year and peaked at 4.44 percent in mid-March this year. But since then, long-term mortgage rates have declined and are back to almost exactly where they began: The 30-year averaged 4.04 percent last week. Even the increase that began in late 2016 had little to do with the Fed. Rather, investors dumped Treasurys and bought stocks in anticipation of faster growth and higher inflation after Donald Trump's election. Better growth overseas also raised optimism. But as Trump's tax and infrastructure spending proposals have stalled, investors' outlooks have dimmed. Demand for the 10-year Treasury has risen, and so its yield has dropped, reducing mortgage rates with it. Other factors can also keep rates low. When global investors grow nervous, they often pour money into Treasurys because they're seen as ultra-safe. That buying pressure holds down Treasury rates. ___ Q. So where will home loan rates go from here? A. Hard to tell. The Fed expects to lift its benchmark rate one more time this year and three times in 2018. Eventually, those increases should put upward pressure on mortgage rates, but it's impossible to say when. Mortgage rates are still very low by historical standards. Before the Great Recession, the 30-year rate had never dipped below", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00649", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00067", "text": "social media to claim he had written in a 2011 textbook that women shouldn't hold elected office. He didn't. In his final pitch before polls open, Jones called the choice a \"crossroads\" and asked that \"decency\" prevail. \"We've had this history in the past, going down the road that... has not been productive,\" Jones said. \"We've lagged behind in industry. We've lagged behind in education. We've lagged behind in health care. It's time we take the road that's going to get us on the path to progress.\" At his own election eve rally, Moore again denied all the allegations, calling them \"disgusting\" and offering voters a clear measure: \"If you don't believe in my character, don't vote for me.\" Earlier in the day, Moore cast himself as the victim. \"It's just been hard, a hard campaign,\" he said. For Alabama, the outcome could be defining. Democrats and moderate Republicans see an opportunity to reject a politician who is already regular fodder for late-night television and enough of a curiosity that Chinese leader Xi Jinping paused a presidential meeting in Beijing recently to ask Trump through an interpreter, \"Who is Roy Moore?\" Alabama's senior senator, Richard Shelby, confirmed publicly that he wrote in a \"distinguished Alabama Republican\" rather than vote for Moore. Many Republicans, however, see an opportunity to defend the state's conservative, evangelical bent in the face of unfair liberal criticism while delivering another victory for Trump and sending an anti-establishment senator into a federal government that has been reflexively unpopular among Alabama majorities for generations. Trump's campaign architect and former White House adviser Steve Bannon told Moore supporters Monday evening that the race is a \"national election\" that will determine whether the \"Trump miracle\" continues. Moore says he is aligned with the president and he makes similar arguments to Trump, blasting \"the elite\" in the \"swamp\" of Washington, D.C. For Jones to win, he must build an atypical coalition, maximizing turnout among African-American voters and white liberals who often don't combine for more than 40 percent of the electorate, while coaxing votes from enough white Republicans who can't pull the lever for Moore. One of Jones' celebrity backers framed the choice as being much less complicated. \"I love Alabama,\" said Leeds native and former NBA basketball star Charles Barkley, \"but at some point we've got to draw a line in the sand", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00703", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00068", "text": "We present Spitzer observations of the dark globule CB190 (L771). We observe a roughly circular 24 micron shadow with a 70 arcsec radius. The extinction profile of this shadow matches the profile derived from 2MASS photometry at the outer edges of the globule and reaches a maximum of ~32 visual magnitudes at the center. The corresponding mass of CB190 is ~10 Msun. Our 12CO and 13CO J = 2-1 data over a 10 arcmin X 10 arcmin region centered on the shadow show a temperature ~10 K. The thermal continuum indicates a similar temperature for the dust. The molecular data also show evidence of freezeout onto dust grains. We estimate a distance to CB190 of 400 pc using the spectroscopic parallax of a star associated with the globule. Bonnor-Ebert fits to the density profile, in conjunction with this distance, yield xi_max = 7.2, indicating that CB190 may be unstable. The high temperature (56 K) of the best fit Bonnor-Ebert model is in contradiction with the CO and thermal continuum data, leading to the conclusion that the thermal pressure is not enough to prevent free-fall collapse. We also find that the turbulence in the cloud is inadequate to support it. However, the cloud may be supported by the magnetic field, if this field is at the average level for dark globules. Since the magnetic field will eventually leak out through ambipolar diffusion, it is likely that CB190 is collapsing or in a late pre-collapse stage.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 320, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00208", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00069", "text": "The Hyades K2V+WD system 471 Tau is a prototype post-common envelope system and a likely cataclysmic binary progenitor. We present 10 days of nearly continuous optical photometry by the MOST (Microvariability & Oscillations of STars) satellite and partly simultaneous optical spectroscopy from DDO (David Dunlap Observatory) of the binary. The photometric data indicate that the spot coverage of the K dwarf component was less than observed in the past, suggesting that we monitored the star close to a minimum in its activity cycle. Despite the low spot activity, we still detected seven flare-like events whose estimated energies are among the highest ever observed in V471 Tau and whose times of occurrence do not correlate with the binary orbital phase. A detailed O-C analysis of the times of eclipse over the last ~35 years reveals timing variations which could be explained in several ways, including perturbations by an as-yet-undetected third body in the system or by a small orbital eccentricity inducing slow apsidal motion. The DDO spectra result in improved determinations of the K dwarf projected rotation velocity, V_K sin i = 92 km s^-1, and the orbital amplitude, K_K=150.5 km s^-1. The spectra also allow us to measure changes in H_alpha emission strength and radial velocity (RV) variations. We measure a larger H_alpha velocity amplitude than found previously suggesting that the source of the emission in V471 Tau was less concentrated around the sub-white-dwarf point on the K star than had been observed in previous studies.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 322, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00351", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00070", "text": "MOSCOW (AP) — Now that President Vladimir Putin has overwhelmingly won re-election for another six years, some are wondering whether he will try to stay in power in Russia for life. Chinese leader Xi Jinping recently managed it, scrapping term limits — and was among the first world leaders to congratulate Putin on his victory Sunday. Leaders across the former Soviet Union also have guaranteed themselves lifetime presidencies. It wouldn't be that hard for Putin to follow suit. He would have to change Russia's constitution to get rid of term limits, but he has both houses of parliament at his service to rubber stamp it. Putin has faced this question before. In 2008, he had reached his limit of two four-year terms and couldn't run again. So he anointed loyal associate Dmitry Medvedev as his approved candidate for president, and Medvedev named Putin to the post of prime minister, where he continued to call the shots for the next four years. While president, Medvedev changed the constitution to extend presidential terms to six years instead of four. That paved the way for another 12 years of Putin after he returned to the presidency in 2012. When his new term expires in 2024, Putin may find a malleable successor and create a new role for himself to keep running Russia from behind the scenes. Experts say Putin is keeping all options open but probably won't make a decision until midway through his term. He has insisted on respecting the constitution, and said Sunday night he has no plans to change it — \"yet.\" Whatever happens, he's not likely to do away with elections. Although he has stifled serious opponents, Putin likes elections because they give him democratic legitimacy in the West. He laughed off the option of taking a six-year break after 2024 before moving to reclaim the presidency in 2030. The 65-year-old leader responded to a reporter: \"It's a bit ridiculous, let's do the math. Shall I sit here until I turn 100? No!\"", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 410, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00734", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00071", "text": "We compare the use of galaxy asymmetry and pair proximity for measuring galaxy merger fractions and rates for a volume limited sample of 3184 galaxies with -21 < M(B) -5 log h < -18 mag. and 0.010 < z < 0.123 drawn from the Millennium Galaxy Catalogue. Our findings are that: (i) Galaxies in close pairs are generally more asymmetric than isolated galaxies and the degree of asymmetry increases for closer pairs. At least 35% of close pairs (with projected separation of less than 20 h^{-1} kpc and velocity difference of less than 500 km s^{-1}) show significant asymmetry and are therefore likely to be physically bound. (ii) Among asymmetric galaxies, we find that at least 80% are either interacting systems or merger remnants. However, a significant fraction of galaxies initially identified as asymmetric are contaminated by nearby stars or are fragmented by the source extraction algorithm. Merger rates calculated via asymmetry indices need careful attention in order to remove the above sources of contamination, but are very reliable once this is carried out. (iii) Close pairs and asymmetries represent two complementary methods of measuring the merger rate. Galaxies in close pairs identify future mergers, occurring within the dynamical friction timescale, while asymmetries are sensitive to the immediate pre-merger phase and identify remnants. (iv) The merger fraction derived via the close pair fraction and asymmetries is about 2% for a merger rate of (5.2 +- 1.0) 10^{-4} h^3 Mpc^{-3} Gyr^{-1}. These results are marginally consistent with theoretical simulations (depending on the merger time-scale), but imply a flat evolution of the merger rate with redshift up to z ~1.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 368, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00215", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00072", "text": "A nonprofit organization that has orchestrated a wide-reaching campaign against foreign drug imports has deep ties to the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, or PhRMA, the powerful lobbying group that includes Eli Lilly, Pfizer and Bayer. The nonprofit, called the Partnership for Safe Medicines, has recently emerged as a leading voice against Senate bills that would allow drugs to be imported from Canada. Both the lobbying group and the nonprofit partnership have gone to great lengths to show that drugmakers are not driving what they describe as a grass-roots effort to fight imports, including an expensive advertising blitz and an event last week that featured high-profile former FBI officials and a former Food and Drug Administration commissioner. However, a Kaiser Health News analysis of groups involved in the partnership shows more than one-third have received PhRMA funding or are local chapters of groups that have received PhRMA funding, according to PhRMA tax disclosures from 2013 to 2015. Forty-seven of the organizations listed in the ads appear to be advocacy organizations that received no money from PhRMA in those years. A PhRMA senior vice president, Scott LaGanga, previously led the Partnership for Safe Medicines for 10 years. At PhRMA, LaGanga was responsible for the lobbying group's alliances with patient advocacy groups, and he was simultaneously listed as the executive director of the Partnership for Safe Medicines on each of that group's annual tax filings since 2007, the earliest year for which they are available from ProPublica's Nonprofit Explorer. LaGanga wrote a 2011 article about the partnership's origins. Published in the Journal of Commercial Biotechnology, it described \"public-private partnerships in addressing counterfeit medicines.\" His PhRMA job was not disclosed in the article. From 2010 to 2014, the organization hosted a conference called the Partnership for Safe Medicines Interchange. In a video from a 2013 event, LaGanga thanks pharmaceutical companies, most of them PhRMA members, for sponsoring the event. In February, LaGanga moved to a senior role at PhRMA and stepped down as executive director of the Partnership for Safe Medicines, just as the group's campaign to stop import legislation was revving up. The partnership's new executive director, Shabbir Safdar, said LaGanga resigned from the group to avoid the appearance of a conflict of interest. \"That's why Scott's not executive director anymore,\" he said. Ph", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00619", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00073", "text": "The evolution of the phase-space density profile in dark matter (DM) halos is investigated by means of constrained simulations, designed to control the merging history of a given DM halo. Halos evolve through a series of quiescent phases of a slow accretion intermitted by violent events of major mergers. In the quiescent phases the density of the halo closely follows the NFW profile and the phase-space density profile, Q(r), is given by the Taylor & Navarro power law, r^{-beta}, where beta ~ 1.9 and stays remarkably stable over the Hubble time. Expressing the phase-space density by the NFW parameters, Q(r)=Qs (r/Rs)^{-beta}, the evolution of Q is determined by Qs. We have found that the effective mass surface density within Rs, Sigma_s = rhos Rs, remains constant throughout the evolution of a given DM halo along the main branch of its merging tree. This invariance entails that Qs ~ Rs^{-5/2} and Q(r) ~ Sigma_s^{-1/2} Rs^{-5/2} (r/ Rs)^{-beta}. It follows that the phase-space density remains constant, in the sense of Qs=const., in the quiescent phases and it decreases as Rs^{-5/2} in the violent ones. The physical origin of the NFW density profile and the phase-space density power law is still unknown. Yet, the numerical experiments show that halos recover these relations after the violent phases. The major mergers drive Rs to increase and Qs to decrease discontinuously while keeping Qs Rs^{5/2} = const. The virial equilibrium in the quiescent phases implies that a DM halos evolves along a sequence of NFW profiles with constant energy per unit volume (i.e., pressure) within Rs.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 380, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00288", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00074", "text": "Based on the fact that the underpotential electrochemical deposition of Ag atoms on the $Au(100)$ surface exhibits sharp first-order phase transitions at well-defined values of the (coexistence) chemical potential ($\\mu_{coex}$), we performed extensive simulations aimed at investigating the hysteretic dynamic behavior of the system close to coexistence upon the application of a periodic signal of the form $\\mu(t) = \\mu_{coex} + \\mu_{o}sin(2\\Pi t/\\tau) $, where $\\mu_{o}$ and $\\tau$ are the amplitude and the period of the sweep, respectively. For relatively short periods and small enough amplitudes the system becomes trapped either at low or high Ag coverage states, as evidenced by recording hysteresis loops. This scenario is identified as dynamically ordered states (DOS), such that the relaxation time $(\\tau_{relax})$ of the corresponding metastable state obeys $\\tau_{relax} > \\tau $. On the other hand, by properly increasing $\\mu_{o}$ or/and $\\tau$, one finds that the $Ag$ coverage gently follows the external drive (here $\\tau_{relax} < \\tau $) and the system is said to enter into dynamically disordered states (DDS), where hysteresis loops show almost symmetric limiting cycles. This symmetry breaking between limiting cycles driven by an external signal is discussed in terms of the concept of (out-of-equilibrium) Dynamic Phase Transitions between DOS and DDS, similar to those encountered when a magnetic system is placed in the presence of a variable external magnetic field. However, a careful finite-size scaling study reveals that, at least at $T = 300K$, the $Ag/Au(100)$ system does not exhibit true second-order phase transitions but rather a crossover behavior between states. A diagram showing the location of the ordered and disordered states in the $\\mu$ versus $\\tau$ plane is obtained and discussed.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 402, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00278", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00075", "text": "We explore the thermodynamic and global structural properties of a local patch of an accretion disk whose parameters were chosen so that radiation pressure and gas pressure would be comparable in magnitude. Heating, radiative transport, and cooling are computed self-consistently with the structure by solving the equations of radiation MHD in the shearing-box approximation. Using a fully 3-d and energy-conserving code, we compute the structure and energy balance of this disk segment over a span of more than forty cooling times. As is also true when gas pressure dominates, the disk's upper atmosphere is magnetically-supported. However, unlike the gas-dominated case, no steady-state is reached; instead, the total (i.e., radiation plus gas) energy content fluctuates by factors of 3--4 over timescales of several tens of orbits, with no secular trend. Because the radiation pressure varies much more than the gas pressure, the ratio of radiation pressure to gas pressure varies over the approximate range 0.5--2. The volume-integrated dissipation rate generally increases with increasing total energy, but the mean trend is somewhat slower than linear, and the instantaneous dissipation rate is often a factor of two larger or smaller than the mean for that total energy level. Locally, the dissipation rate per unit volume scales approximately in proportion to the current density; the time-average dissipation rate per unit mass is proportional to m^{-1/2}, where m is the horizontally-averaged mass column density to the nearer of the top or bottom surface. As in our earlier study of a gas-dominated shearing-box, we find that energy transport is completely dominated by radiative diffusion, with Poynting flux carrying less than 1% of the energy lost from the box.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 355, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00159", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00076", "text": "and too rife with the possibility of error to list in this article. Instead, to simplify the process, I have created a downloadable file that you can use to do the edit for you. Click the link below to download the file and then extract its contents into an empty folder. AddGoogleDocsToNewMenu.zip The file was originally created by HowToGeek for Windows 7 but has been modified to reflect changes made by Google over the years. That is the other major drawback of this technique, besides editing the Windows Registry, Google could change the links to create new documents at any time, which would break this hack and require another revision. Figure B The folder with the extracted files should look like Figure B. Copy the four icon files to the Windows folder so the system can find them. Next, run the AddGoogleDocsToNewMenu.reg file by double-clicking it. The system will warn you about editing the Registry file, click OK and let the edit take place. It may take a few seconds for the change to finish processing, but the next time you right-click on an empty spot on the Windows Desktop and navigate to the New menu item you should see four new entries, as shown in Figure C. Figure C Domain This edit is specific to the free version of the Google productivity suite. Subscribers often use Google Docs from within a domain structure. In this situation, the AddGoogleDocsToNewMenu.reg file must be changed to reflect the domain. Links to each type of document will have to be modified to look like this: https://docs.google.com/a/YOURDOMAIN/document/crea... Right-click on the AddGoogleDocsToNewMenu.reg file and open it with Notepad or some other text editor. Do not just double-click it or select Open—that will just run the file with the wrong links. Change the links of each section to reflect your domain and then save the file. Revert to normal If you want to remove the links from the New item list of the Windows context menu, double-click and run the other file located in the download called: UninstallGoogleNewMenu.reg. This file will eliminate the keys created by the other file and revert the New menu back to its default settings. SEE: How to create new Google Docs using jump lists in the Microsoft Windows 10 taskbar (TechRepublic) Be careful This technique should work for any version of Windows 10 and as long as Google maintains the current file reference system. However", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00566", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00077", "text": "Chile. The 49-year-old coach's target is making the round of 16. There have been signs so far of an attempt to introduce more of a passing style instead of the direct strategy used in the two years under Van Marwijk. GOALKEEPERS Four goalkeepers were called up for the recent warm-up games and Pizzi isn't fixed on a starter. Walled Abdullah and Yasser Al Mosailem appear to be vying for the role. Abdullah is more experienced and is likely to be better able to handle physical challenges, although Mosailem performed well in a 1-1 draw with Ukraine in March. DEFENDERS The back four is an experienced unit but with three likely starters over 30 they are susceptible to pace from opponents. The 34-year-old Omasa Hawsawi and 32-year-old Omar Hawsawi are set to partner in the center. MIDFIELDERS Much depends on Abdullah Otayf, a holding midfielder who has drawn comparisons with Luka Modric of Real Madrid. If Saudi Arabia can start to play out from the back, the 25-year-old Otayf can make the team tick. Taisir Al-Jassim, who has made more than 130 international appearances, adds to the solidity in the center while Al-Shehri provides creativity going forward. FORWARDS The team lacks a proven scorer at the top level with Mohammad Al-Sahlawi and Nasser Al-Shamrani both over 30 and not convincing against strong defenses. The wide players are vital. Salem Al Dawsari and Fahad Al Muwallad, the most talented player available, provide much of the threat, although both have been sitting on the sidelines in Spain. GROUP GAMES The Saudis will be based in St. Petersburg but will play their opening match against host Russia in Moscow on June 14. That will be followed by a trip to Rostov-on-Don to play Uruguay on June 20 and to Volgograd to take on Egypt on June 25. ___ More AP World Cup coverage: www.apnews.com/tag/WorldCup", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 433, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00760", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00078", "text": "The photospheres of stars hosting planets have larger metallicity than stars lacking planets. In the present work we study the possibility of an earlier metal enrichment of the photospheres by means of impacting planetesimals during the first 20-30Myr. Here we explore this contamination process by simulating the interactions of an inward migrating planet with a disc of planetesimal interior to its orbit. The results show the percentage of planetesimals that fall on the star. We identified the dependence of the planet's eccentricity ($e_p$) and time scale of migration ($\\tau$) on the rate of infalling planetesimals. For very fast migrations ($\\tau=10^2$yr and $\\tau=10^3$yr) there is no capture in mean motion resonances, independently of the value of $e_p$. Then, due to the planet's migration the planetesimals suffer close approaches with the planet and more than 80% of them are ejected from the system. For slow migrations ($\\tau=10^5$yr and $\\tau=10^6$yr) the percentage of collisions with the planet decrease with the increase of the planet's eccentricity. For $e_p=0$ and $e_p=0.1$ most of the planetesimals were captured in the 2:1 resonance and more than 65% of them collided with the star. Whereas migration of a Jupiter mass planet to very short pericentric distances requires unrealistic high disc masses, these requirements are much smaller for smaller migrating planets. Our simulations for a slowly migrating 0.1 $M_{\\rm Jupiter}$ planet, even demanding a possible primitive disc three times more massive than a primitive solar nebula, produces maximum [Fe/H] enrichments of the order of 0.18 dex. These calculations open possibilities to explain hot Jupiters exoplanets metallicities.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 386, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00109", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00079", "text": "of the President to encourage the governments of other countries to impose sanctions that are similar to the sanctions authorized by section 3. (b) Dates for Submission.-- (1) Initial report.--The President shall submit the initial report under subsection (a) not later than 120 days after the date of the enactment of this Act. (2) Subsequent reports.-- (A) In general.--The President shall submit a subsequent report under subsection (a) on December 10, or the first day thereafter on which both Houses of Congress are in session, of-- (i) the calendar year in which the initial report is submitted if the initial report is submitted before December 10 of that calendar year; and (ii) each calendar year thereafter. (B) Congressional statement.--Congress notes that December 10 of each calendar year has been recognized in the United States and internationally since 1950 as ``Human Rights Day''. (c) Form of Report.-- (1) In general.--Each report required by subsection (a) shall be submitted in unclassified form, but may include a classified annex. (2) Exception.--The name of a foreign person to be included in the list required by subsection (a)(1) may be submitted in the classified annex authorized by paragraph (1) only if the President-- (A) determines that it is vital for the national security interests of the United States to do so; (B) uses the annex in a manner consistent with congressional intent and the purposes of this Act; and (C) not later than 15 days before submitting the name in a classified annex, provides to the appropriate congressional committees notice of, and a justification for, including the name in the classified annex despite any publicly available credible information indicating that the person engaged in an activity described in section 3(a). (d) Public Availability.-- (1) In general.--The unclassified portion of the report required by subsection (a) shall be made available to the public, including through publication in the Federal Register. (2) Nonapplicability of confidentiality requirement with respect to visa records.--The President shall publish the list required by subsection (a)(1) without regard to the requirements of section 222(f) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1202(f)) with respect to confidentiality of records pertaining to the issuance or refusal of visas or permits to enter the United States. (e) Appropriate Congressional Committees Defined.--In this section", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01027", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00080", "text": "At least two arguments suggest that the orbits of a large fraction of binary stars and extrasolar planets shrank by 1-2 orders of magnitude after formation: (i) the physical radius of a star shrinks by a large factor from birth to the main sequence, yet many main-sequence stars have companions orbiting only a few stellar radii away, and (ii) in current theories of planet formation, the region within ~0.1 AU of a protostar is too hot and rarefied for a Jupiter-mass planet to form, yet many \"hot Jupiters\" are observed at such distances. We investigate orbital shrinkage by the combined effects of secular perturbations from a distant companion star (Kozai oscillations) and tidal friction. We integrate the relevant equations of motion to predict the distribution of orbital elements produced by this process. Binary stars with orbital periods of 0.1 to 10 days, with a median of ~2 d, are produced from binaries with much longer periods (10 d to 10^5 d), consistent with observations indicating that most or all short-period binaries have distant companions (tertiaries). We also make two new testable predictions: (1) For periods between 3 and 10 d, the distribution of the mutual inclination between the inner binary and the tertiary orbit should peak strongly near 40 deg and 140 deg. (2) Extrasolar planets whose host stars have a distant binary companion may also undergo this process, in which case the orbit of the resulting hot Jupiter will typically be misaligned with the equator of its host star.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 328, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00270", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00081", "text": "The effect of Li substitution for Mg and of Li-C co-substitution on the superconducting properties and crystal structure of MgB2 single crystals has been investigated. It has been found that hole doping with Li decreases the superconducting transition temperature Tc, but at a slower rate than electron doping with C or Al. Tc of MgB2 crystals with simultaneously substituted Li for Mg and C for B decreases more than in the case where C is substituted alone. This means that holes introduced by Li cannot counterbalance the effect of decrease of Tc caused by introduction of electrons coming from C. The possible reason of it can be that holes coming from Li occupy the pi band while electrons coming from C fill the sigma band. The temperature dependences of the upper critical field Hc2 for Al and Li substituted crystals with the same Tc show a similar dHc2/dT slope at Tc and a similar Hc2(T) behavior, despite of much different substitution level. This indicates that the mechanism controlling Hc2 and Tc is similar in both hole and electron doped crystals. Electrical transport measurements show an increase of resistivity both in Li substituted crystals and in Li and C co-substituted crystals. This indicates enhanced scattering due to defects introduced by substitutions including distortion of the lattice. The observed behavior can be explained as a result of two effects, influencing both Tc and Hc2. The first one is doping related to the changes in the carrier concentration, which may lead to the decrease or to the increase of Tc. The second one is related to the introduction of new scattering centers leading to the modification of the interband and/or intraband scattering and therefore, to changes in the superconducting gaps and to the reduction of Tc.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 358, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00137", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00082", "text": "Semiconductor devices continue to press into the nanoscale regime, and new applications have emerged for which the quantum properties of dopant atoms act as the functional part of the device, underscoring the necessity to probe the quantum structure of small numbers of dopant atoms in semiconductors[1-3]. Although dopant properties are well-understood with respect to bulk semiconductors, new questions arise in nanosystems. For example, the quantum energy levels of dopants will be affected by the proximity of nanometer-scale electrodes. Moreover, because shallow donors and acceptors are analogous to hydrogen atoms, experiments on small numbers of dopants have the potential to be a testing ground for fundamental questions of atomic and molecular physics, such as the maximum negative ionization of a molecule with a given number of positive ions[4,5]. Electron tunneling spectroscopy through isolated dopants has been observed in transport studies[6,7]. In addition, Geim and coworkers identified resonances due to two closely spaced donors, effectively forming donor molecules[8]. Here we present capacitance spectroscopy measurements of silicon donors in a gallium-arsenide heterostructure using a scanning probe technique[9,10]. In contrast to the work of Geim et al., our data show discernible peaks attributed to successive electrons entering the molecules. Hence this work represents the first addition spectrum measurement of dopant molecules. More generally, to the best of our knowledge, this study is the first example of single-electron capacitance spectroscopy performed directly with a scanning probe tip[9].", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 319, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00106", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00083", "text": "by shoddy defense. It was the first time they've held a team under 90 points since Nov. 20. Despite going just 1 of 16 on 3-pointers, Miami overcame a 14-point deficit to take a 50-48 lead at halftime. TIP-INS Heat: The tragic death of former NBA player Rasual Butler devastated Miami coach Erik Spoelstra and forward Udonis Haslem. Butler was drafted by Miami and played three seasons there. \"I'm shocked. It's horrible, horrible news for all of us,\" said Spoelstra, who got emotional talking about Butler, who was killed along with his wife in a single-vehicle rollover in Los Angeles. \"He's one of our favorite people that's come through the organization.\" Haslem is the only player left with the Heat who played with Butler. \"Blindsided me,\" he said. \"I immediately took to Rasual when I got here. Another competitor, guy like myself, fearless. We just hung out a lot.\"... Miami fell to 17-6 when holding opponents under 100 points. Cavaliers: James committed six of his seven turnovers in the first half and didn't get his first assist until 11:16 remained in the third quarter.... Lue started Crowder because he wanted to match up with Johnson, but Cleveland's lineup could change on a game-to-game basis.... James has scored in double digits in 841 consecutive games — 25 shy of Michael Jordan's record.... In the loss at Detroit, James (10,932) passed Dirk Nowitzki (10,917) for eighth place on the career field goals list. Next up is Elvin Hayes (10,976). UP NEXT Heat: Continue a four-game trip Friday in Philadelphia. Cavaliers: Host the Houston Rockets on Saturday. ___ More AP NBA: https://apnews.com/tag/NBAbasketball", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 390, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00679", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00084", "text": "We presented the result of a high resolution (FWHM~0.5'') 12 ks Chandra HRC-I observation of the starburst galaxy IC342 taken on 2 April 2006. We identified 23 X-ray sources within the central 30' x 30' region of IC342. Our HRC-I observation resolved the historical Ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULX), X3, near the nucleus into 2 sources, namely C12 and C13, for the first time. The brighter source C12, with L(0.08-10keV)=(6.66\\pm0.45)\\times10^{38}ergs^-1, was spatially extended (~82 pc x 127 pc). From the astrometric registration of the X-ray image, C12 was at R.A.=03h:46m:48.43s, decl.=+68d05m47.45s, and was closer to the nucleus than C13. Thus we concluded that source was not an ULX and must instead be associated with the nucleus. The fainter source C13, with L(0.08-10keV)=(5.1\\pm1.4) x 10^{37}ergs^-1 was consistent with a point source and located $6.51'' at P.A. 240 degree of C12. We also analyzed astrometrically corrected optical Hubble Space Telescope and radio Very Large Array images, a comparison with the X-ray image showed similarities in their morphologies. Regions of star formation within the central region of IC342 were clearly visible in HST H alpha image and this was the region where 3 optical star clusters and correspondingly our detected X-ray source C12 were observed. We found that a predicted X-ray emission from starburst was very close to the observed X-ray luminosity of C12, suggesting that nuclear X-ray emission in IC342 was dominated by starburst. Furthermore, we discussed the possibility of AGN in the nucleus of IC342. Although our data was not enough to give a firm existence of an AGN, it could not be discarded.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 442, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00306", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00085", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Haitian Protection Act of 2007''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. The Congress finds the following: (1) Haiti remains severely devastated by the combined effects of ongoing political turmoil and the aftermath of the natural disasters of 2004, such as Tropical Storm Jeanne and Hurricane Ivan. (2) In Haiti, more than 2,500 people died as a result of Tropical Storm Jeanne in 2004. (3) The civil protection agency of Haiti stated that 250,000 people were homeless across the country and at least 4,000 homes were destroyed, with thousands more damaged, as a result of the storm. (4) When Tropical Storm Jeanne hit, Haiti was already struggling to deal with political instability and the aftermath of serious floods from a heavy rain on May 26, 2004, which killed over 3,000 people. (5) Despite President Preval's popular internal and international support, his nascent democratic government still faces immense political and institutional challenges, including a sharp increase in common crime, especially kidnappings which continue to plague the capital and other cities and regions, and the rebuilding of Haiti's police and judicial institutions to achieve the fair and prompt tackling of this ongoing political and criminal violence. (6) On Thursday, December 21, 2006, UNICEF issued a statement condemning the increased kidnappings of children in Haiti. (7) As of January 2007, the Department of State maintains a travel warning to United States citizens warning them of the absence of an effective police force in much of Haiti; the potential for looting; the presence of intermittent roadblocks set by armed gangs or by the police; and the possibility of random violent crime, including carjacking and assault. The warning states that kidnapping for ransom remains a serious threat, with more than 50 American citizens, including children, kidnapped over the past year. (8) As of January 2007, the Department of State's Consular Information Sheet states that ``United States Embassy personnel are under an embassy-imposed curfew and must remain in their homes or in United States government facilities during the curfew. The embassy has limited travel by its staff outside of Port-au-Prince and therefore its ability to provide emergency services to United States citizens outside of Port-au-Prince is constrained''. (9) While United States policy advises Americans that current conditions make", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00979", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00086", "text": "Macedonian Prime Minister Zoran Zaev said on Wednesday that any new name proposed for his country would be put to a public referendum. His comment came as the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Greece appeared to be nearing agreement on a name-change for Athens' northern neighbor. \"We agree on the foundations and principles of the accord,\" Zaev told journalists. He said more details would be disclosed after a phone call with his Greek counterpart Alexis Tsipras on Wednesday evening or Thursday. \"We'll only reveal all the details afterwards,\" Zaev said. The name dispute goes back to 1991 when Skopje declared its independence from war-torn Yugoslavia, and the new government chose the name \"Republic of Macedonia.\" The name choice infuriated Athens. Historically Macedonia or Macedon was a sizable country that included territory that today is northern Greece. Ancient Greek ruler Alexander the Great was also known as Alexander III of Macedon. Concerned that the new country might have territorial ambitions, Greece insisted that their new neighbor be referred to as the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, or FYROM. That is the name under which they were admitted to the United Nations in 1993. As a member of both NATO and the European Union, Greece has veto power over prospective members, and has used that authority to block their neighbor from joining both organizations. Some possible names Athens is demanding that any name change for its northern neighbor be backed with a constitutional amendment and for it to be applied to the \"erga omnes\" (\"towards all\") legal principle, meaning it is to be used universally both in and out of Macedonia. Several countries, including the United States and Russia, have already recognized the country as \"Macedonia.\" Prime Minister Zaev said parliaments in both countries would need to ratify any agreement before it could be put to a public vote. He said that the time between parliamentary approval and a plebiscite would be \"around a month,\" adding that a referendum would likely be held in September or October. Zaev also said it was important to resolve the issue well ahead of a NATO summit meeting on July 11-12. \"We want to give Greece sufficient time to send a letter to NATO,\" ahead of the summit, he said. Among the names being rumored are \"New Macedonia\" and \"Upper Macedonia.\" The latter is reportedly a favorite, a senior Macedonian official told AFP. Zaev, however, remained tight-lipped on the", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00683", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00087", "text": "Given a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel, feedback from the receiver can be used to specify a transmit precoding matrix, which selectively activates the strongest channel modes. Here we analyze the performance of Random Vector Quantization (RVQ), in which the precoding matrix is selected from a random codebook containing independent, isotropically distributed entries. We assume that channel elements are i.i.d. and known to the receiver, which relays the optimal (rate-maximizing) precoder codebook index to the transmitter using B bits. We first derive the large system capacity of beamforming (rank-one precoding matrix) as a function of B, where large system refers to the limit as B and the number of transmit and receive antennas all go to infinity with fixed ratios. With beamforming RVQ is asymptotically optimal, i.e., no other quantization scheme can achieve a larger asymptotic rate. The performance of RVQ is also compared with that of a simpler reduced-rank scalar quantization scheme in which the beamformer is constrained to lie in a random subspace. We subsequently consider a precoding matrix with arbitrary rank, and approximate the asymptotic RVQ performance with optimal and linear receivers (matched filter and Minimum Mean Squared Error (MMSE)). Numerical examples show that these approximations accurately predict the performance of finite-size systems of interest. Given a target spectral efficiency, numerical examples show that the amount of feedback required by the linear MMSE receiver is only slightly more than that required by the optimal receiver, whereas the matched filter can require significantly more feedback.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 319, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00008", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00088", "text": "Tribe or the residence of any member on or near an Indian reservation. (c) Service Area.-- (d) Indian Reorganization Act Applicability.--The Act of June 18, 1934 (25 U.S.C. 461 et seq.) shall be applicable to the Tribe and its members. SEC. 5. RESERVATION. (a) Lands Taken Into Trust.--Notwithstanding any other provision of law, if, not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this Act, the Tribe transfers interest in land within the boundaries of Grady County, Carroll County, and such other counties in the State of Georgia to the Secretary, the Secretary shall take such interests in land into trust for the benefit of the Tribe. (b) Reservation Established.--Land taken into trust pursuant to subsection (a) shall be the initial reservation land of the Tribe. SEC. 6. BASE MEMBERSHIP ROLL. (a) In General.--Not later than 120 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the Tribe shall submit to the Secretary a membership roll consisting of all individuals who are members of the Tribe. The qualifications for inclusion in the membership roll of the Tribe shall be developed and based upon the membership provisions as contained in the Tribe's Constitution and Bill of Rights. Upon completion of the membership roll, the Secretary shall publish notice of such in the Federal Register. The Tribe shall ensure that such roll is maintained and kept current. (b) Future Membership.--The Tribe shall have the right to determine future membership in the Tribe; however, in no event may an individual be enrolled as a member of the Tribe unless the individual is a lineal descendant of a person on the base membership roll, and has continued to maintain political relations with the Tribe. SEC. 7. JURISDICTION. The reservation established pursuant to this Act shall be Indian country under Federal and tribal jurisdiction.", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 388, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01128", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00089", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Clean Vehicle Corridors Act''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. Congress makes the following findings: (1) Traditional transportation refueling networks are well- established, but market uncertainties regarding alternative fuel infrastructure continue to hamper the full use of cleaner alternative domestic energy resources in transportation. (2) Despite considerable investor interest, higher capital costs and an uncertain consumer base has limited expansion of cleaner alternative refueling and recharging options. (3) Reduced pollution and energy independence are important factors at a National level, but they are not a sufficient inducement to create large-scale changes. (4) While American-made fuels provide many energy security and environmental benefits, a significant portion of imported petroleum continues to be consumed as fuel in on-road motor vehicles. (5) Motor vehicles fueled by domestically generated, cleaner alternative transportation fuels, such as compressed natural gas, liquefied natural gas, propane, electricity, hydrogen, and advanced biofuels, can pay for themselves over time, but sales of such vehicles, other than return-to-base vehicles, have been hampered because of insufficient refueling infrastructure. (6) Simultaneous facilitation of infrastructure development and a robust customer base is needed to avoid penalizing current users or early adopters. (7) Facilitating focused infrastructure development along designated routes will foster an expansion of cleaner alternative fuel vehicles and increase the likelihood for commercial success. (8) Eliminating the logistical barriers that are delaying infrastructure development along Clean Vehicle Corridors will-- (A) provide cleaner alternative refueling stations with a larger customer base; (B) attract more buyers to the purchase of clean vehicles; and (C) provide new market outlets for clean fuel providers. SEC. 3. PURPOSES. The purposes of this Act are-- (1) to provide market certainty to drive private and commercial capital investment in clean transportation options; (2) to promote clean transportation technologies that will-- (A) lead to increased diversity and dissemination of cleaner alternative fuel options; and (B) enable the United States to bridge the gap from foreign energy imports to secure, domestically produced energy; and (3) to facilitate clean transportation incentives that will-- (A) attract a critical mass of clean transportation vehicles that will give cleaner alternative fueling stations an assured customer base and market certitude; (B) provide for ongoing increases in energy demands; (C) support the growth of jobs and businesses in the", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00932", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00090", "text": "A few years ago, my daughter requested that her nightly lullaby be replaced with a bedtime story. I was happy to comply, and promptly invented stories full of imaginary creatures in elaborate plots intended to convey some important lesson about patience or hard work or being kind to others. But my daughter was not pleased. She had very particular ideas about what her bedtime stories should be about. She wanted stories about a little girl planning a birthday party. A human girl. A human girl about her age. And what fascinated her were the mundane details: the theme for the party, the location, who was invited, and (most importantly) what they had for dessert. It turns out my daughter is not alone. Her passion for birthday party stories, in particular, may be somewhat idiosyncratic, but children often prefer the factual over the fantastical. And a growing body of work suggests that when it comes to storybooks, they also learn better from stories that are realistic. For example, preschool-aged children are more likely to learn new facts about animals when the animals are portrayed realistically as opposed to anthropomorphically, and they're more likely to apply the solution to a problem presented in a storybook to a new scenario when the storybook involves real people (as opposed to fictional characters) and a realistic plot (as opposed to a space adventure). A new study by Nicole Larson, Kang Lee, and Patricia Ganea, forthcoming in the journal Developmental Science, reveals that learning about good behavior is no exception. When children read a realistic storybook about humans who shared, they were more likely to do so themselves. In the study, 4- to 6-year-old children were read a story about sharing that featured either human characters or anthropomorphic animals. Both before and after the story, children had the opportunity to share stickers with other children. The number of stickers each child set aside for others provided a quantifiable measure of sharing. The key finding was that, on average, children who heard the story featuring a human who shared increased the number of stickers they shared, whereas those who heard the story featuring an anthropomorphic animal that shared did not. In other words, young children applied the lesson from the story to their own behavior, but only when the story featured humans. The researchers also found that when children in another group were allowed to choose whether to read the story about humans or the story about anthropomorphic animals, they had no reliable preference. This suggests that the story", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00626", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00091", "text": "Ultraviolet (UV) galaxies have been selected from GALEX. The presence of a FUV-dropout in their spectral energy distributions proved to be a very complete (83.3%) but not very efficient (21.4%) tool for identifying Lyman Break Galaxies (LBGs) at z~1. We divide the LBG sample into two sub-classes: red LBGs (RLBGs) detected at 24 micron which are mainly Luminous IR Galaxies (LIRGs) and blue LBGs (BLBGs) undetected at 24 microns down to 83 microJy. Two of the RLBGs are also detected at 70 micron. The median SED of the RLBGs is similar (above lambda~1 micron) to the dusty starburst HR10. However, unlike local (U)LIRGs, RLBGs are UV bright objects. We suggest that these objects contain a large amount of dust but that some bare stellar populations are also directly visible. The median SED of the BLBGs is consistent with their containing the same stellar population as the RLBGs but with a lower dust content. The luminosity function of our LBG sample at z~1 is similar to the luminosity function of NUV-selected galaxies at the same redshift. The integrated luminosity densities of z~1 LBGs and NUV-selected galaxies are very consistent. We show that star formation rates (SFRs) estimated from UV measurements and corrected using the IRX-beta method provide average total SFR_TOT in agreement with SFR_UV + SFR_dust. However, IRX-beta-based SFR_TOT shows a large dispersion. Summing up the detected UV (1150A rest-frame) and IR-based star formation rates of the detected objects, we find that only one third of the total (i.e. UV + dust) LBG SFR resides in BLBGs and two thirds in RLBGs, even though most LBGs at z~1 are BLBGs. On the other hand, the total SFR of LBGs accounts for only 11% of the total SFR at z~1. Finally, we observe a regular decrease of L_TIR / L_FUV from z=0 to z~2 for UV-selected samples.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 481, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00309", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00092", "text": "LOS ANGELES (AP) — A judge has thrown out a 2016 California law allowing terminally ill people to end their lives after finding that the Legislature unconstitutionally approved it during a special session. State Attorney General Xavier Becerra asked an appeals court to block and reverse last week's decision by Riverside County Superior Court Judge Daniel Ottolia. The court denied the request to immediately block the ruling. But experts say Becerra has other legal options and could ask the state Supreme Court to weigh in to try to restore the law. For now, there are many questions on the impact of the ruling. Here are some of them: WHAT DID THE LAW ALLOW? Adults could obtain a prescription for life-ending drugs if a doctor determined they had six months or less to live. To ensure they didn't have a change of heart, patients had to make two verbal requests at least 15 days apart and submit a written request. California health officials reported 111 terminally ill people took drugs to end their lives in the first six months the law was in effect. Compassion & Choices, a national organization that supports the law and wants it reinstated, estimated that 504 Californians requested prescriptions in the law's first year. The next state report on the number of people who took the drugs is expected in July. WHAT DID THE JUDGE DECIDE? Ottolia didn't address the legal issue of whether it was proper to allow people to end their own lives. Rather, he found the law should not have been passed during a special session in 2015. Those who supported the measure say state lawmakers were justified in taking up the issue because the session was devoted to health-related topics. The appeals court that refused to block Ottolia's order has not yet considered the state's request to reverse the ruling. Ottolia on Wednesday rejected a request by Compassion & Choices to vacate his decision and scheduled a June 29 hearing on a similar request from the attorney general's office. What does all this mean for now? \"We are in the world that we were before the law went into effect,\" said Erwin Chemerinsky, dean of the law school at the University of California, Berkeley. WHAT HAPPENS TO THOSE WHO PLANNED TO USE THE LAW? Patients who have not obtained prescriptions for life-ending medications can't legally get them now, said Dr. Lonny Shavelson, whose practice was solely focused on those cases. Shavelson said he still is meeting", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00720", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00093", "text": "or act performed for ritual or obligation all rob our limited mental bandwidth, and many perform these actions unquestioningly. If you allocate your focus as you see fit, and actively choose what you want to focus on, you'll be in command of your mental bandwidth even when faced with unmovable obligations ranging from work to civic duties. SEE: Time management tips for tech professionals (free PDF) (TechRepublic) 3. Do a bandwidth cost/benefit Most of us are awash in meeting requests and accept without question. Everyone complains about excessive meetings, yet it's often a guilty pleasure to summon a group at your whim, or join a discussion under the assumption that your input is necessary and valuable. In the worst case, this might extend to accepting vague requests for \"coffee\" or \"catch-up\" sessions without thinking through whether the commitment is worth the cost in allocating your focus elsewhere. The world is awash in advice on how to make meetings more productive; simply asking yourself whether requesting or attending is worth the cost in mental bandwidth is a great start. 4. Plan for focus time There are tasks that require great focus, whether performing precision or dangerous manual work, or designing a complex system or bit of code. Or, you may need to spend some time with a small group, free from distraction. Book a block in your calendar, shut off your phone, move to a different physical location, or do whatever is required to create the right circumstances to have the necessary focus to get the job done. Creating the right environment and circumstances can be a critical element in how you'll deploy your mental bandwidth to achieve the best result. 5. Know when to throw in the towel Thankfully, most work cultures are evolving away from rewarding \"time served\" to outcomes produced, but for many of us it can be tempting to put in the extra hour at the office, or delay vacations for what's perceived as a critical set of meetings or deadlines. Trying to squeeze out the last ounce of mental bandwidth can be tempting in the moment, but it's ultimately an effort with rapidly diminishing returns. Calling it a night, taking that long-delayed vacation, or even the simple act of a quick walk around the office will recharge your mental energy and make you more effective in the long run. 6. Don't make assumptions about your team A locked door and giant pair of headphones might be just the thing you need to focus and deploy your mental energies most effectively. It can be tempting to assume", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00556", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00094", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Haitian-American Enterprise Fund Act''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. Congress makes the following findings: (1) The 7.3-magnitude earthquake that struck Haiti on January 12, 2010-- (A) was Haiti's worst natural catastrophe in 200 years; (B) caused the deaths of more than 200,000 people; (C) destroyed 105,000 homes, 50 hospitals and health centers, and 1,300 school and university buildings; and (D) significantly damaged the Presidential Palace, the National Assembly building, and most of the other government buildings in the capital city of Port-au- Prince. (2) Even before the earthquake, Haiti was the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere, with-- (A) 80 percent of the population living below the poverty line; (B) 54 percent of the population in abject poverty; and (C) more than \\2/3\\ of the labor force believed to lack formal employment. (3) Although Haiti's per capita gross domestic product is among the world's lowest, positive economic growth trends were slowly emerging before the earthquake and Haiti was 1 of 2 Caribbean countries expected to experience positive economic growth in 2009. (4) At a March 2010 meeting convened in Haiti by the Inter- American Development Bank and the United Nations, which brought together Haitian government and private sector leaders to discuss the country's most critical needs, meeting participants agreed that 2 critical catalysts for creating potentially hundreds of thousands of jobs are-- (A) modernizing Haitian policies and infrastructure; and (B) improving the flow of foreign private investment into Haiti. (5) In section 201(b)(1) of the Support for East European Democracy Act of 1989 (Public Law 101-279; 22 U.S.C. 5421), Congress authorized USAID to provide a grant of $240,000,000 to the Polish-American Enterprise Fund (referred to in this section as the ``Polish Fund''), which was organized and incorporated on April 27, 1990. (6) The Polish Fund-- (A) used the USAID grant to raise $2,300,000,000 in private funds for investment in Poland; and (B) used the reflows from the USAID grant to establish the Polish-American Freedom Foundation,", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00990", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00095", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the `` Mercury Pollution Reduction Act of 2009''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. Congress finds that-- (1) mercury and mercury compounds are highly toxic to humans, ecosystems, and wildlife; (2) as many as 10 percent of women in the United States of childbearing age have mercury in their bloodstreams at a level that could pose risks to their unborn babies, and hundreds of thousands of children born annually in the United States are at risk of neurological problems relating to mercury exposure in utero; (3) the most significant source of mercury exposure to people in the United States is ingestion of mercury- contaminated fish; (4) the long-term solution to mercury pollution is to minimize global mercury use and releases of mercury to eventually achieve reduced contamination levels in the environment, rather than reducing fish consumption, since uncontaminated fish represents a critical and healthy source of nutrition for people worldwide; (5) mercury pollution is a transboundary pollutant that-- (A) is deposited locally, regionally, and globally; and (B) affects bodies of water near industrial areas, such as the Great Lakes, as well as bodies of water in remote areas, such as the Arctic Circle; (6) of the approximately 30 plants in the United States that produce chlorine, only 5 use the obsolete ``mercury cell'' chlor-alkali process, and 4 have not yet committed to phasing out mercury use; (7)(A) less than 5 percent of the total quantity of chlorine and caustic soda produced in the United States comes from the chlor-alkali plants described in paragraph (6) that use the mercury cell chlor-alkali process; (B) cost-effective alternatives are available and in use in the remaining 95 percent of chlorine and caustic soda production; and (C) other countries, including Japan, have already banned the mercury cell chlor-alkali process; (8) the chlor-alkali industry acknowledges that-- (A) mercury can contaminate products manufactured at mercury cell facilities; and (B) the use of some of those products results in the direct and indirect release of mercury; (9) despite those quantities of mercury known to have been used or to be in use, neither the chlor-alkali industry nor the Environmental Protection Agency is able-- (A) to adequately account for the disposition of the mercury used at those facilities;", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00852", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00096", "text": "In this paper, we describe a procedure for modelling strong lensing galaxy clusters with parametric methods, and to rank models quantitatively using the Bayesian evidence. We use a publicly available Markov chain Monte-Carlo (MCMC) sampler ('Bayesys'), allowing us to avoid local minima in the likelihood functions. To illustrate the power of the MCMC technique, we simulate three clusters of galaxies, each composed of a cluster-scale halo and a set of perturbing galaxy-scale subhalos. We ray-trace three light beams through each model to produce a catalogue of multiple images, and then use the MCMC sampler to recover the model parameters in the three different lensing configurations. We find that, for typical Hubble Space Telescope (HST)-quality imaging data, the total mass in the Einstein radius is recovered with ~1-5% error according to the considered lensing configuration. However, we find that the mass of the galaxies is strongly degenerated with the cluster mass when no multiple images appear in the cluster centre. The mass of the galaxies is generally recovered with a 20% error, largely due to the poorly constrained cut-off radius. Finally, we describe how to rank models quantitatively using the Bayesian evidence. We confirm the ability of strong lensing to constrain the mass profile in the central region of galaxy clusters in this way. Ultimately, such a method applied to strong lensing clusters with a very large number of multiple images may provide unique geometrical constraints on cosmology. The implementation of the MCMC sampler used in this paper has been done within the framework of the Lenstool software package, which is publicly available.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 338, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00291", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00097", "text": "In this letter we report {\\it in situ} small--angle neutron scattering results on the high--density (HDA) and low-density amorphous (LDA) ice structures and on intermediate structures as found during the temperature induced transformation of HDA into LDA. We show that the small--angle signal is characterised by two $Q$ regimes featuring different properties ($Q$ is the modulus of the scattering vector defined as $Q = 4\\pi\\sin{(\\Theta)}/\\lambda_{\\rm i}$ with $\\Theta$ being half the scattering angle and $\\lambda_{\\rm i}$ the incident neutron wavelength). The very low--$Q$ regime ($< 5\\times 10^{-2}$ \\AA $^{-1}$) is dominated by a Porod--limit scattering. Its intensity reduces in the course of the HDA to LDA transformation following a kinetics reminiscent of that observed in wide--angle diffraction experiments. The small--angle neutron scattering formfactor in the intermediate regime of $5 \\times 10^{-2} < Q < 0.5$ \\AA$^{-1}$ HDA and LDA features a rather flat plateau. However, the HDA signal shows an ascending intensity towards smaller $Q$ marking this amorphous structure as heterogeneous. When following the HDA to LDA transition the formfactor shows a pronounced transient excess in intensity marking all intermediate structures as strongly heterogeneous on a length scale of some nano--meters.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 303, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00378", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00098", "text": "We jointly model 22 early-type gravitational lens galaxies with stellar dynamical measurements using standard CDM halo models. The sample is inhomogeneous in both its mass distributions and the evolution of its stellar populations unless the true uncertainties are significantly larger than the reported measurement errors. In general, the individual systems cannot constrain halo models, in the sense that the data poorly constrains the stellar mass fraction of the halo. The ensemble of systems, however, strongly constrains the average stellar mass represented by the visible galaxies to $0.026\\pm0.006$ of the halo mass if we neglect adiabatic compression, rising to $0.056\\pm0.011$ of the halo mass if we include adiabatic compression. Both estimates are significantly smaller than the global baryon fraction, corresponding to a star formation efficiency for early-type galaxies of $10%-30%$. In the adiabatically compressed models, we find an average local B-band stellar mass-to-light ratio of $(M/L)_0 = (7.2\\pm0.5)(M_{\\sun}/L_{\\sun})$ that evolves by $d\\log(M/L)/dz = -0.72\\pm0.08$ per unit redshift. Adjusting the isotropy of the stellar orbits has little effect on the results. The adiabatically compressed models are strongly favored if we impose either local estimates of the mass-to-light ratios of early-type galaxies or the weak lensing measurements for the lens galaxies on 100 kpc scales as model constraints.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 317, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00250", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00099", "text": "50 years of age to 64 years of age declined from about 79 percent to 73 percent. (9) In 2009, only 53 percent of 18- to 64-year-olds in the United States reported having ever received an HIV test. (10) The proportion of women in the United States 22 years of age to 30 years of age who reported never having had a Pap test increased from 6.6 percent in 2000 to 9.0 percent in 2010 despite current recommendations that they receive a Pap test every three years. (11) In 2007, 29.3 percent of women in the United States delivering a live birth did not receive any prenatal care in the first trimester, even though first trimester prenatal care is recommended. (12) Among sexually active females in the United States who are 16 years of age to 20 years of age, only 52.7 percent of such females receiving benefits under the Medicaid program and 40.1 percent of such females with health insurance coverage under commercial health insurance plans were screened for genital Chlamydia infections during the measurement year, as reported in 2008. A 2013 analysis published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found that for Chlamydia cases diagnosed in 2008 alone, the associated lifetime direct medical costs amount to $516.7 million. (13) Almost half (49 percent) of the 6.7 million pregnancies in the United States each year (3.2 million) are unintended. Multiple studies have shown that improved access to birth control significantly improves the health of women and their families, as it is directly linked to improved maternal and infant health outcomes. Women that plan their pregnancies are more likely to access prenatal care, improving their own health and the health of their children. (14) Between 2006 and 2010, one-third of all pregnancies were conceived within 18 months of a previous birth, an interval that is potentially harmful to the health of the mother. (15) Improved access to family planning also saves money. For every $1.00 invested in family planning, taxpayers save nearly $4.00 in Medicaid-related expenses. (16) During the 2011-2012 flu season, 53 percent of pregnant women did not receive recommended vaccination against influenza. SEC. 3. WOMEN'S PREVENTIVE HEALTH AWARENESS CAMPAIGN. Part P", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00847", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00100", "text": "The AMIGA project aims to build a well defined and statistically significant reference sample of isolated galaxies in order to estimate the environmental effects on the formation and evolution of galaxies. The goal of this paper is to provide a measure of the environment of the isolated galaxies in the AMIGA sample, quantifying the influence of the candidate neighbours identified in our previous work and their potential effects on the evolution of the primary galaxies. Here we provide a quantification of the isolation degree of the galaxies in this sample. Our starting sample is the Catalogue of Isolated Galaxies (CIG). We used two parameters to estimate the influence exerted by the neighbour galaxies on the CIG galaxy: the local number density of neighbour galaxies and the tidal strength affecting the CIG galaxy. We show that both parameters together provide a comprehensive picture of the environment. For comparison, those parameters have also been derived for galaxies in denser environments such as triplets, groups and clusters. The CIG galaxies show a continuous spectrum of isolation, as quantified by the two parameters, from very isolated to interacting. The fraction of CIG galaxies whose properties are expected to be influenced by the environment is however low (159 out of 950 galaxies). The isolated parameters derived for the comparsion samples gave higher values than for the CIG and we found clear differences for the average values of the 4 samples considered, proving the sensitivity of these parameters. The environment of the galaxies in the CIG has been characterised, using two complementary parameters quantifying the isolation degree, the local number density of the neighbour galaxies and the tidal forces affecting the isolated galaxies. (Abridged)", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 330, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00357", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00101", "text": "-- (1) by striking ``Each loan'' and inserting the following: ``(i) In general.--Except as provided in clause (ii), each loan''; and (2) by adding at the end the following: ``(ii) Exception.--A loan under this paragraph may be secured by a second lien position on the property or equipment financed by the loan or on other assets of the small business concern, if the Administrator determines the lien provides adequate assurance of the payment of the loan.''. SEC. 5. SENSE OF CONGRESS RELATING TO ASSISTANT UNITED STATES TRADE REPRESENTATIVE FOR SMALL BUSINESS. (a) Findings.--Congress finds the following: (1) According to the Office of Advocacy of the Small Business Administration, small business concerns (as that term is defined in section 3 of the Small Business Act (15 U.S.C. 632)) represent 97 percent of all exporters in the United States and account for 29 percent of the total exporting volume. Despite the overwhelming majority of exporters that are small business concerns, fewer than 1 percent of all small business concerns in the United States are engaged in trade- related business activities. (2) According to the Office of Advocacy of the Small Business Administration, more than 72 percent of all exporters in the United States employ fewer than 20 employees. Small business concerns often do not have the sales volume or resources to overcome the costs of trade barriers and overhead expenses in international transactions, nor can small business concerns afford to maintain employees with international trade expertise to resolve trade problems. (3) Small business advocacy groups often lack political influence in foreign countries, which hinders efforts to solve problems outside the legal process. Small business advocates are not as visible or vocal on issues relating to international trade as are the advocates for other issues, due to a lack of resources for advocacy. (4) In 1988, Congress passed section 8012 of the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988 (15 U.S.C. 631 note), which expressed the sense of Congress that the United States Trade Representative should appoint a special trade assistant for small business. As of June 2009, the position has not been established by the United States Trade Representative. (b) Sense of Congress.--It is the sense of Congress that the United States Trade Representative should establish the position of Assistant United States Trade Representative for Small Business, to-- (1) promote the trade interests of small business concerns", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00956", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00102", "text": "7) Girls' schooling, creating safe community spaces for girls, and programs for skills building for out-of-school girls are all effective and evidence-based strategies for preventing child marriage and creating a pathway to the empowerment of girls by addressing conditions of poverty, low status, and norms that contribute to child marriage. (8) Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton has stated that, ``Stopping child marriage is not just a must for moral or human rights reasons--it lays the foundation for so many other things we hope to achieve. Primary education. Improved child and maternal health. Sustainable economic development that includes girls.''. SEC. 3. CHILD MARRIAGE DEFINED. In this Act, the term ``child marriage'' means the marriage of a girl or boy, not yet the minimum age for marriage stipulated in law in the country in which the girl or boy is a resident or, where there is no such law, under the age of 18. SEC. 4. SENSE OF CONGRESS. It is the sense of Congress that-- (1) child marriage is a violation of human rights and the prevention and elimination of child marriage should be a foreign policy goal of the United States; (2) the practice of child marriage undermines United States investments in foreign assistance to promote education and skills building for girls, reduce maternal and child mortality, reduce maternal illness, halt the transmission of HIV/AIDS, prevent gender-based violence, and reduce poverty; and (3) educational opportunities for girls, economic opportunities for women, and reducing maternal and child mortality are critical to achieving the global health and development objectives of the United States, including efforts to prevent HIV/AIDS. SEC. 5. RESEARCH AND DATA. (a) In General.--The Secretary of State, the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, and the heads of other relevant departments and agencies shall-- (1) collect and make publicly available data on the incidence of child marriage in countries that receive foreign or development assistance from the United States where the practice of child marriage is prevalent, including to the extent appropriate the countries listed in subsection (b); and (2) collect and make publicly available data on the impact of the incidence of child marriage and the age at marriage on progress in meeting key development goals. (b) Countries.--The countries referred to in subsection (a)(1) are Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Chad, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01088", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00103", "text": "Smart locks began appearing on doors when building automation and the Internet of Things (IoT) went mainstream. However, the public's acceptance of smart locks has been less than stellar—initial cost vs. actual benefits are seemingly the primary reason why. Image: Amazon The low adoption of smart locks may soon change if the powers that be at Amazon have their way. The company recently introduced Amazon Key, a remotely-controlled building-access platform—consisting of Amazon's Cloud Cam, a compatible smart lock, and smartphone app (shown to the right)—that allows Amazon-approved delivery personnel to open locked doors and leave deliveries inside the customer's home or office. A slew of additional conveniences not related to package delivery may also help the acceptance of smart locks. That said, the public's interest in smart locks will only improve if the benefits outweigh the costs, and the technology is proven to be physically safe and electronically secure. Security issues have already been reported about Amazon Key. Liam Tung in his ZDNet article Amazon: We're fixing a flaw that leaves Key security camera open to Wi-Fi jamming writes, \"A malicious courier could easily freeze the Key's Cloud Cam and roam a customer's house unmonitored.\" Concerns about smart locks and security were raised way back in 2013. My TechRepublic article High-tech home security products: Who are they really helping? quotes several experts who question the security of smart locks and the technology supporting them. SEE: Internet of Things Policy (Tech Pro Research) AV-TEST put six smart locks' data security through their paces Knowing what experts were saying about smart-lock systems four years ago and the likelihood of smart locks becoming popular, the people at AV-TEST, an independent IT-security testing lab, decided to see if things have improved. The lab's engineers developed a test program and put these six smart locks through their paces: August Smart Lock (USA) Burg-Wachter secuENTRY easy 501 (Germany) Danalock V3 (Denmark) eQ-3 Equiva Bluetooth Smart Lock (Germany) Noke Padlock (USA) Nuki Combo (Austria) Test environments Data security was the first thing considered by the engineers with special emphasis on acquisition, storage, and transmission of data; the following image depicts how they employed Wireshark to capture traffic between the smart lock being tested and the controlling smartphone application. Besides communications, the team examined each system's hardware and software, tested the software-update process", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00518", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00104", "text": ", particularly for political activists, remained a problem'', with the Government of Vietnam sentencing 29 arrested activists during 2014. Of those, 6 activists were convicted on national security charges in the penal code for ``undermining the unity policy'', 17 for ``causing public disorder'', and 6 for ``abusing democratic freedoms''. (7) At the end of 2014, the Government of Vietnam reportedly held more than 125 political prisoners. (8) On September 24, 2012, 3 prominent Vietnamese bloggers--Nguyen Van Hai (also known as Dieu Cay), Ta Phong Tan, and Phan Thanh Hai (also known as Anh Ba Saigon)--were sentenced to prison based on 3-year-old blog postings criticizing the Government and leaders of Vietnam and the Communist Party of Vietnam. Nguyen Van Hai served 2 years of a 12-year prison sentence on charges of ``conducting propaganda against the state'' but was later released and departed from Vietnam. If he were to return, he would likely have to complete his prison sentence. (9) United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay responded to the sentencing of the bloggers on September 25, 2012, stating that ``[t]he harsh prison terms handed down to bloggers exemplify the severe restrictions on freedom of expression in Vietnam'' and calling the sentences an ``unfortunate development that undermines the commitments Vietnam has made internationally... to protect and promote the right to freedom of expression''. (10) On March 21, 2013, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor Daniel B. Baer testified before the Subcommittee on East Asian and Pacific Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate that ``in Vietnam we've been disappointed in recent years to see backsliding, particularly on... freedom of expression issues... people are being prosecuted for what they say online under really draconian national security laws... that is an issue that we continue to raise, both in our human rights dialogue with the Vietnamese as well as in other bilateral engagements''. (11) Although the Constitution of Vietnam provides for freedom of religion, the Department of State's 2013 International Religious Freedom Report maintains, ``Government practices and bureaucratic impediments restricted religious freedom. Unregistered and unrecognized religious groups were often subject to harassment, as well as coercive and punitive actions by authorities.''. (12) Likewise, the United States Commission", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 492, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01050", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00105", "text": "Building a slide deck, pitch, or presentation? Here are the big takeaways: Drupal developers have announced another emergency patch for release on Wednesday. Drupal administrators are advised to patch urgently. Last month's Drupalgeddon 2 vulnerability is presently being exploited by at least three different malware families. Once again, the developers of Drupal are preparing an emergency out-of-band patch for a critical vulnerability in the popular content management system. The security advisory indicates that another patch will be released between 16:00 - 18:00 UTC on April 25th, 2018. (For reference, that is between 12:00 - 2:00 pm on the same day, in Eastern Daylight Time.) Patches will be provided for the 7.x, 8.4.x, and 8.5.x branches of Drupal. Specific details of the vulnerability are unclear, as the developers have not provided any hints of the nature of the issue prior to the release of the patch. However, the advisory does note that it is a follow-up to the patch issued last month in response to the \"Drupalgeddon 2\" security vulnerability, which related to a conflict between how PHP handles arrays in parameters, and Drupal's use of the hash (#) at the beginning of array keys to signify special keys that typically result in further computation. In order to patch that vulnerability, an input sanitation check was added to /includes/bootstrap.inc in the Drupal code. Noted developer Scott Arciszewski of Paragon Initiative indicated that the new vulnerability \"probably doesn't involve breaking the PHP interpreter.\" SEE: Information security incident reporting policy (Tech Pro Research) Despite the care to pre-announce an urgent out-of-band vulnerability by the developers, seemingly many Drupal installations remain unpatched. The Muhstik botnet has been observed by Netlab 360 infecting vulnerable Drupal instances and implanting xmrig and cgminer cryptocurrency mining software. The Netlab 360 report posits that propagation is also happening from the servers with infected Drupal instances. The botnet is also targeting since-patched vulnerabilties in ClipBucket, DasanNetwork Solution, Webdav, WebLogic, Webuzo, and WordPress, the report said. In addition to Muhstik, two other groups of malware have also been identified as actively exploiting the vulnerability. Content management systems such as Drupal, as well as blogging platforms like WordPress, are popular targets for hackers, due to their widespread", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00550", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00106", "text": "The cross-correlations between price fluctuations of 201 frequently traded stocks in the National Stock Exchange (NSE) of India are analyzed in this paper. We use daily closing prices for the period 1996-2006, which coincides with the period of rapid transformation of the market following liberalization. The eigenvalue distribution of the cross-correlation matrix, $\\mathbf{C}$, of NSE is found to be similar to that of developed markets, such as the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE): the majority of eigenvalues fall within the bounds expected for a random matrix constructed from mutually uncorrelated time series. Of the few largest eigenvalues that deviate from the bulk, the largest is identified with market-wide movements. The intermediate eigenvalues that occur between the largest and the bulk have been associated in NYSE with specific business sectors with strong intra-group interactions. However, in the Indian market, these deviating eigenvalues are comparatively very few and lie much closer to the bulk. We propose that this is because of the relative lack of distinct sector identity in the market, with the movement of stocks dominantly influenced by the overall market trend. This is shown by explicit construction of the interaction network in the market, first by generating the minimum spanning tree from the unfiltered correlation matrix, and later, using an improved method of generating the graph after filtering out the market mode and random effects from the data. Both methods show, compared to developed markets, the relative absence of clusters of co-moving stocks that belong to the same business sector. This is consistent with the general belief that emerging markets tend to be more correlated than developed markets.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 328, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00075", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00107", "text": "Using mappings to computer-science problems and by applying sophisticated algorithms, one can study numerically many problems much better compared to applying standard approaches like Monte Carlo simulations. Here, using calculations of ground states of suitable perturbed systems, droplets are obtained in two-dimensional +-J spin glasses, which are in the focus of a currently very lifely debate. Since a sophisticated matching algorithm is applied here, exact ground states of large systems up to L^2=256^2 spins can be generated. Furthermore, no equilibration or extrapolation to T=0 is necessary. Three different +-J models are studied here: a) with open boundary conditions, b) with fixed boundary conditions and c) a diluted system where a fraction p=0.125 of all bonds is zero. For large systems, the droplet energy shows for all three models a power-law behavior E_D L^\\theta'_D with \\theta'_D<0. This is different from previous studies of domain walls, where a convergence to a constant non-zero value (\\theta_dw=0) has been found for such models. After correcting for the non-compactness of the droplets, the results are likely to be compatible with \\theta_D= -0.29 for all three models. This is in accordance with the Gaussian system where \\theta_D=-0.287(4) (\\nu=3.5 via \\nu=-1/\\theta_D). Nevertheless, the disorder-averaged spin-spin correlation exponent \\eta is determined here via the probability to have a non-zero-energy droplet, and \\eta~0.22$ is found for all three models, this being in contrast to the behavior of the model with Gaussian interactions, where exactly \\eta=0.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 353, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00102", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00108", "text": "The event marked the 60th anniversary of the landing of the Granma yacht which brought the Castro brothers and their bearded rebels from Mexico to Cuba to start their revolution against a U.S.-backed dictatorship. Troops wielding automatic rifles marched in lock step behind a replica of the Granma on Monday, followed by a sea of banner- and flag-waving Cubans, many bussed in and organized through their workplaces and neighborhoods. \"This is an important message of unity and strength,\" said Rene Lazo, 66, who, like most, got up well before the crack of dawn to participate in the parade. \"This is going to be a difficult year but we will keep working hard to bring our people forwards\". Communist-ruled Cuba fell into an economic recession in the second half of last year, its first since the collapse of the Soviet Union a quarter century ago, as its strategic ally Venezuela floundered. Meanwhile its historic detente with the United States came under threat with the election of Donald Trump as President. Trump, who takes office on Jan. 20, has said he would unravel attempts to normalize relations unless he gets a “better deal\". All this is taking place as Cuba is also coming to terms with the loss of its revolutionary leader, Fidel Castro. While \"El Comandante\" had handed the presidency over to his younger brother Raul in 2008, he remained a key figurehead. Some of those marching held up images of Castro or banners reading \"We are Fidel\". While the parade normally takes place every five years on Dec. 2, it was postponed a month due to his death in late November. \"He may not be present physically but he is in all our hearts,\" said Natalia Gonzales, who had painted \"I am Fidel\" on the foreheads of her three grandchildren. Raul Castro and his family watched and waved at those marching from the foot of the towering monument to independence hero Jose Marti in the center of the square. The mood on Monday was of defiance although many Cubans said they hoped there would not be a return of Cold War-era politics. \"We are braced for conflict with the USA, we always have been,\" said 70-year-old Marcial Garcia. \"But I hope Trump will instead follow the path... towards normalization.\" Trump's threat to gradual and still fragile detente could not come at a worse time for Cuba. A tourism boom in part sparked by", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00576", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00109", "text": "Images via American Girl Since its founding in 1986, American Girl has focused its energies on “fueling connection among girls and helping them to unleash their full potential.” But of the over 29 million American Girl dolls that have been sold in the past 31 years, I’ve personally identified with exactly zero. I felt left out and woefully unimportant. Until now. Advertisement Though the cast of dolls includes dozens of unique and wonderful characters any child would be lucky to meet—let alone own—none have ever acted as mirrors in which I could see myself. Take last year’s Girl of the Year, Gabriela. She’s a dreamer who loves “expressing herself through dance”? Nope! Not me! What about Julie, “a fun-loving, happy, spirited girl, full of energy and new ideas but prone to fits of despair at the upheaval of the world around her”? Close, but I still don’t know her. Kitt Kitteridge? Please, we all know she’s my nemesis. But take a look at Logan Everett, their newest addition. He’s “a boy who plays drums alongside his friend Tenney Grant, a singer-songwriter in Nashville, Tennessee”? Wait just a second. That American Girl doll is...me. Like me, Logan is pale and sort of sickly looking, with an obvious Vitamin D deficiency and a haircut that’s not quite right for his face shape. His smile is only convincing half the time, and eyes are kind, but sad—like blueish windows into the mind of someone who’s trying (and failing) to mask a perpetual state of worry. Though his mother may approve of his wardrobe, more fashionable minds (such as Jezebel Culture Editor Julianne Escobedo Shepherd) would call it “wack.” Logan also has a ton of girl friends. Not girlfriends girl friends, obviously, but friends who happen to be girls. They find Logan nonthreatening and fun to be around. He always compliments their cute new outfits, notices when they changed their hair, and will gladly listen to stories about their personal lives without ever feeling compelled to discuss that time he fucked Ken while Barbie was on a shoot, or that G.I. Joe swore up and down he was straight despite seeming totally into it. He’s quiet, you know? Happy to be in the background. So I’d like to thank you, American Girl, for giving all the Logan Everetts of the world a voice.", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00636", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00110", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``First Amendment Defense Act''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. Congress finds the following: (1) Leading legal scholars concur that conflicts between same-sex marriage and religious liberty are real and should be addressed through legislation. (2) As President Obama stated in response to the decision of the Supreme Court in United States v. Windsor, 133 S. Ct. 2675 (2013), ``Americans hold a wide range of views'' on the issue of same-sex marriage, and ``maintaining our Nation's commitment to religious freedom'' is ``vital''. (3) Nevertheless, in 2015, when asked whether a religious school could lose its tax-exempt status for opposing same-sex marriage, the Solicitor General of the United States Donald Verrilli represented to the United States Supreme Court that ``[i]t's certainly going to be an issue''. (4) Protecting religious freedom from government intrusion is a government interest of the highest order. Legislation advances this interest by remedying, deterring, and preventing government interference with religious exercise in a way that complements the protections mandated by the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. (5) Laws that protect the free exercise of religious beliefs and moral convictions about marriage will encourage private citizens and institutions to demonstrate tolerance for those beliefs and convictions and therefore contribute to a more respectful, diverse, and peaceful society. (6) In a pluralistic society, in which people of good faith hold more than one view of marriage, it is possible for the government to recognize same-sex marriage as required by the United States Supreme Court without forcing persons with sincerely held religious beliefs or moral convictions to the contrary to conform. SEC. 3. PROTECTION OF THE FREE EXERCISE OF RELIGIOUS BELIEFS AND MORAL CONVICTIONS. (a) In General.--Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Federal Government shall not take any discriminatory action against a person, wholly or partially on the basis that such person speaks, or acts, in accordance with a sincerely held religious belief, or moral conviction, that-- (1) marriage is or should be recognized as a union of-- (A) one man and one woman; or (B) two individuals as recognized under Federal law; or (2) sexual relations outside marriage are improper. (b) Discriminatory Action Defined.--As used in subsection (a), a discriminatory", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01091", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00111", "text": "The identification of basaltic asteroids in the asteroid Main Belt and the description of their surface mineralogy is necessary to understand the diversity in the collection of basaltic meteorites. Basaltic asteroids can be identified from their visible reflectance spectra and are classified as V-type in the usual taxonomies. In this work, we report visible spectroscopic observations of two candidate V-type asteroids, (7472) Kumakiri and (10537) 1991 RY16, located in the outer Main Belt (a > 2.85 UA). These candidate have been previously identified by Roig and Gil-Hutton (2006, Icarus 183, 411) using the Sloan Digital Sky Survey colors. The spectroscopic observations have been obtained at the Calar Alto Observatory, Spain, during observational runs in November and December 2006. The spectra of these two asteroids show the steep slope shortwards of 0.70 microns and the deep absorption feature longwards of 0.75 microns that are characteristic of V-type asteroids. However, the presence of a shallow but conspicuous absorption band around 0.65 microns opens some questions about the actual mineralogy of these two asteroids. Such band has never been observed before in basaltic asteroids with the intensity we detected it. We discuss the possibility for this shallow absorption feature to be caused by the presence of chromium on the asteroid surface. Our results indicate that, together with (1459) Magnya, asteroids (7472) Kumakiri and (10537) 1991 RY16 may be the only traces of basaltic material found up to now in the outer Main Belt.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 339, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00009", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00112", "text": "We present observations of the (1,1), (2,2), (4,4) and (5,5) inversion transitions of para-ammonia (NH3) and 24 GHz continuum, taken with the Australia Telescope Compact Array toward 21 southern Galactic hot molecular cores traced by 6.7 GHz methanol maser emission. We detect NH3(1,1) emission toward all 21 regions and 24 GHz continuum emission toward 12 of the regions, including 6 with no reported 8 GHz continuum counterparts. In total, we find the 21 regions contain 41 NH3(1,1) cores. We extract characteristic spectra for every core at each of the NH3 transitions and present both integrated intensity maps and channel maps for each region. The NH3(4,4)+(5,5) emission is always unresolved and found at the maser position indicating that the methanol masers are found at the warmest part of the core. We observe large asymmetries in the NH3(1,1) hyperfine line profiles and conclude this is due to a number of dense, small clumps within the beam. We derive properties of the ionised gas and find the 24 GHz continuum sources not detected at 8 GHz are always coincident with both NH3 and methanol masers in contrast to those detected at 8 + 24 GHz which are generally offset from the methanol masers. We investigate the possibility that the former may be hyper-compact HII regions. Finally, we separate the cores into five groups, based on their association with NH3, methanol maser and continuum emission. From the different physical properties of the cores in the groups, we discuss the possibility that these groups may represent cores at different evolutionary stages of the massive star formation process.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 370, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00074", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00113", "text": "LONDON (AP) — Here are words millions of readers have waited many years to hear: Lyra Belacqua, and her daemon, are back. The irrepressible young heroine of Philip Pullman's fantasy trilogy \"His Dark Materials\" returns in a new novel being published in Britain and the U.S. on Oct. 19, the first part of a new three-book series collectively entitled \"The Book of Dust.\" For readers and booksellers, this is news to rival the discovery of a new Harry Potter story. \"His Dark Materials\" has sold more than 17.5 million copies around the world. It spawned a Hollywood movie, \"The Golden Compass,\" and a hit stage adaptation. Published between 1995 and 2000, the first three novels — \"Northern Lights,\" ''The Subtle Knife\" and \"The Amber Spyglass\" — took Lyra from her home at Oxford University's ancient Jordan College to the North Pole and into parallel worlds on a twisting, hazardous quest. (The first book was retitled \"The Golden Compass\" in North America). In Lyra's intriguingly unfamiliar world, Victorian-style technology mixes with advanced science and society is overshadowed by an oppressive religious hierarchy known as the Magisterium. Humans live alongside witches and armored polar bears, and every person is accompanied by an animal companion known as a daemon (pronounced demon) — essentially their soul made flesh. Yet the 70-year-old Pullman hesitates to call his books fantasy. \"I prefer to think I am writing realism,\" he said. \"I'm writing realism about a different place.\" Speaking to The Associated Press from his home in Oxford, Pullman scrupulously guards the secrets of the new book. Even its title has yet to be disclosed. The new book begins a decade before the start of the original trilogy, but Pullman says is not a prequel. Nor is it a sequel. Pullman prefers to call it an \"equel,\" or companion story. \"The first part will deal with something that happened when Lyra was less than 1 year old,\" he said. \"So in that sense she's the center of the story, but she's not actually an agent in the story. She is acted upon, so to speak, by other people who are very important. \"The second part, which will come out later, will deal with events when Lyra is about 20.\" There's a new hero — a boy", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00769", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00114", "text": "my stick because sometimes (if it's) off your skates, the coach makes a challenge,\" Malkin said. \"I know the puck was coming.\" Vancouver's defense couldn't say the same when Malkin and Kessel broke in on Ryan Miller late in the third. Racing down the right wing, Malkin dangled the puck on his stick and waited while defenseman Luca Sbisa slid harmlessly out of the way before slipping it Kessel, who buried it into the open net to make it 3-0 with just over six minutes to go. \"The first time we went 2-on-1, I tried to pass to him and he tried to pass it back and it didn't work,\" Malkin said. \"Now I passed to him and he shoot. It's more fun.\" Miller made 38 saves while under siege for most of the night, particularly in the third as Pittsburgh pulled away. \"We knew what game we had to play,\" Miller said. \"You saw what happened when we got away from it in the third. We started stretching things out and leaving good ice. It didn't turn out so well.\" Despite a series of injuries, the defending Stanley Cup champions have managed to keep pace in the supremely tight Metropolitan Division, where the Penguins, Columbus and the New York Rangers are separated by all of two points as they try to keep first-place Washington in striking distance. Murray was spectacular at times. He snagged Jack Skille's wrist shot on a breakaway out of midair late in the second and stoned Skille again when he skated in all alone early in the third. By then, the Penguins were firmly in control after Crosby set up Guentzel's sixth of the season. The Penguins captain came in having gone scoreless in consecutive games for the first time in nearly a year. The drought was on its way to stretching to three games heading into the third, but Crosby nudged closer to becoming the 86th NHL player with 1,000 points when he completed a give-and-go by feeding a streaking Guentzel down the slot 2:27 into the third. \"It's pretty easy when you're playing with the best player,\" said Guentzel, a rookie who has six goals in 18 games.", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 464, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00828", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00115", "text": "The thermal plasma of galaxy clusters lost most of its information on how structure formation proceeded as a result of dissipative processes. In contrast, non-equilibrium distributions of cosmic rays (CR) preserve the information about their injection and transport processes and provide thus a unique window of current and past structure formation processes. This information can be unveiled by observations of non-thermal radiative processes, including radio synchrotron, hard X-ray, and gamma-ray emission. To explore this, we use high-resolution simulations of a sample of galaxy clusters spanning a mass range of about two orders of magnitudes, and follow self-consistent CR physics on top of the radiative hydrodynamics. We model CR electrons that are accelerated at cosmological structure formation shocks and those that are produced in hadronic interactions of CRs with ambient gas protons. We find that CR protons trace the time integrated non-equilibrium activities of clusters while shock-accelerated CR electrons probe current accretion and merging shock waves. The resulting inhomogeneous synchrotron emission matches the properties of observed radio relics. We propose a unified model for the generation of radio halos. Giant radio halos are dominated in the centre by secondary synchrotron emission with a transition to the synchrotron radiation emitted from shock-accelerated electrons in the cluster periphery. This model is able to explain the observed correlation of mergers with radio halos, the larger peripheral variation of the spectral index, and the large scatter in the scaling relation between cluster mass and synchrotron emission. Future low-frequency radio telescopes (LOFAR, GMRT, MWA, LWA) are expected to probe the accretion shocks of clusters. [abridged]", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 351, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00468", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00116", "text": "(Abridged) We have obtained radial velocities of a sample of 18 ultracool dwarfs (M6.5-T8) using high-resolution, near-infrared spectra obtained with NIRSPEC and the Keck II telescope. We have confirmed that the radial velocity of Gl 570 D is coincident with that of the K-type primary star Gl 570 A, thus providing additional support for their true companionship. The presence of planetary-mass companions around 2MASS J05591914-1404488 (T4.5V) has been analyzed using five NIRSPEC radial velocity measurements obtained over a period of 4.37 yr. We have computed UVW space motions for a total of 21 L and T dwarfs within 20 pc of the Sun. This population shows UVW velocities that nicely overlap the typical kinematics of solar to M-type stars within the same spatial volume. However, the mean Galactic (44.2 km/s) and tangential (36.5 km/s) velocities of the L and T dwarfs appear to be smaller than those of G to M stars. A significant fraction (~40%) of the L and T dwarfs lies near the Hyades moving group (0.4-2 Gyr), which contrasts with the 10-12% found for earlier-type stellar neighbors. Additionally, the distributions of all three UVW components (sigma_{UVW} = 30.2, 16.5, 15.8 km/s) and the distributions of the total Galactic (sigma_{v_tot} = 19.1 km/s) and tangential (sigma_{v_t} = 17.6 km/s) velocities derived for the L and T dwarf sample are narrower than those measured for nearby G, K, and M-type stars, but similar to the dispersions obtained for F stars. This suggests that, in the solar neighborhood, the L- and T-type ultracool dwarfs in our sample (including brown dwarfs) is kinematically younger than solar-type to early M stars with likely ages in the interval 0.5-4 Gyr.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 435, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00307", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00117", "text": "3-Dec. 3 vacation, and got a discount rate for verandah suites, which you need on a long voyage. Cost of cruise: around $10,000, including $400 for visas. I found a good business-class fare to our departure city of Lisbon and home from our last port, Cape Town. Oceania offered discounted airfares for coach. This December, Oceania offers a 30-day Africa voyage, Dubai to Cape Town with stops in Kenya, Mozambique and Tanzania, starting at $8,000. Cruise lines visiting Gambia in 2018 include Holland America, Silversea and Regent. Our rooms were beautifully appointed with amenities that included Bulgari bath and beauty products; two bottles of Champagne awaited us in the cabin. The ship had 2,000 artworks hand-picked by Oceania founder Frank Del Rio (an audio tour is available), nine restaurants featuring just about every cuisine, and various bars, boutiques, a casino, music areas, a theater. Oceania prides itself on fine dining and upscale menus. Jacques Pepin is the line's consultant and the food does not disappoint. The trip was amazing, informative, fun and adventurous. It was also deeply emotional at times as we viewed the devastation and horrors of the slave trade and European colonialism. The cruise traced the Portuguese exploration and enslavement of West Africa, with stops in countries colonized by other European powers. (Gambia was colonized by Great Britain.) The melodic Portuguese language is still spoken in certain regions and remnants of Portuguese culture are everywhere, including cuisine. From Lisbon, we went to Madeira, Portugal, the Canary Islands (La Palma and Tenerife), Cape Verde, Senegal, Gambia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Sao Tome, Angola, Namibia and South Africa. We stayed in Cape Town a few days, rented a car and went on safari for a couple days along the Garden Route. Although Europeans flock to Gambia's pretty beaches during winter's chill, few Americans give it much thought. It is one of Africa's poorest countries. Shore excursions booked through cruise lines can be pricey. On The Marina, tours ran over $300 apiece. We booked our tours online with local vendors; all cost well under $100. Not only did we get what amounted to private tours, but we got to do and see more than those on ship tours. We also had", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00660", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00118", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Expanding Research for Women in Trauma Act of 2002''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. Congress finds the following: (1) Most studies of violence against women currently focus on physical abuse or rape, primarily because they are easier to identify and measure and are potentially lethal, however, almost all battered women describe psychological abuse as the most harmful. (2) Much of the research on violence against women has not focused on nontraditional populations, although available data shows that incarcerated women, women living in poverty, women belonging to minority ethnic and language groups, older women, and women with mental and physical disabilities report especially high rates of victimization. (3) Victims of violence are at increased risk for a number of physical and mental health problems, for example, in primary care practice, women who have been raped report more symptoms of illness and more negative health behaviors than nonvictimized women. (4) Effective methods for screening to identify women affected by violence are prerequisite to understanding the outcomes of abuse-sensitive medical care, for example, the effect of medical attention to violence on perceived health utilization of health services over time, and patient satisfaction. (5) Violence against women occurs in a sociocultural context. More research should be conducted to identify sociocultural factors that promote and maintain violence against women and to learn how sociocultural factors, such as gender roles and poverty, mediate the effects of interpersonal victimization. (6) There are a number of community-based and legal system interventions available to victims of interpersonal violence. However, there is little evaluation research on the effectiveness of these interventions, especially for various subpopulations of women. More research needs to be conducted on the effectiveness of legal and community-based interventions, not only those with the goal of changing the behavior of assailants but also those with the goal of helping women take safety-promoting actions. (7) Much of the research on violence against women examines continuing rates of physical or psychological abuse as outcome measures and measures the behavior of the perpetrators, not something over which the woman has direct and immediate control. However, research on the women's attempts to manage and end the violence in their lives is rare. (8) Much of the extant research has focused on violence against women in the streets (sexual assault) or in their homes (domestic violence, battering, or marital rape). However, consistent focus on violence against women in work", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00993", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00119", "text": "We report the serendipitous findings of 13 faint meteors and 44 artificial space objects by Subaru SuprimeCam imaging observations during 11-16 August 2004. The meteors, at about 100km altitude, and artificial satellites/debris in orbit, at 500km altitude or higher, were clearly discriminated by their apparent defocused image sizes. CCD photometry of the 13 meteors, including 1 Perseid, 1 Aquarid, and 11 sporadic meteors, was performed. We defined a peak video-rate magnitude by comparing the integrated photon counts from the brightest portion of the track traversed within 33ms to those from a 0-mag star during the same time duration. This definition gives magnitudes in the range 4.0< V_{vr} <6.4 and 4.1< I_{vr}<5.9 for these 13 meteors. The corresponding magnitude for virtual naked-eye observers could be somewhat fainter especially for the V-band observation, in which the [OI] 5577 line lasting about 1 sec as an afterglow could contribute to the integrated flux of the present 5-10 min CCD exposures. Although the spatial resolution is insufficient to resolve the source size of anything smaller than about 1 m, we developed a new estimate of the collisionally excited column diameter of these meteors. A diameter as small as a few mm was derived from their collisionally excited photon rates, meteor speed, and the volume density of the oxygen atoms at the 100km altitude. The actual column diameter of the radiating zone, however, could be as large as few 100m because the excited atoms travel that distance before they emit forbidden lines in 0.7 sec of its average lifetime. Among the 44 artificial space objects, we confirmed that 17 were cataloged satellites/space debris.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 394, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00134", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00120", "text": "The sum theorem and its corollaries are proved for a countable family of zero-dimensional (in the sense of small and large inductive bidimensions) p-closed sets, using a new notion of relative normality whose topological correspondent is also new. The notion of almost $n$-dimensionality is considered from the bitopological point of view. Bitopological spaces in which every subset is i-open in its $j$-closure (i.e.,(i,j)-submaximal spaces) are introduced and their properties are studied. Based on the investigations begun in [5] and [14], sufficient conditions are found for bitopological spaces to be(1,2)-Baire in the class of p-normal spaces. Furthermore, (i,j)-I-spaces are introduced and both the relations between(i,j)-submaximal, (i,j)-nodec and (i,j)-I-spaces, and their properties are studied when two topologies on a set are either independent of each other or interconnected by the inclusion, S-, C- and N-relations or by their combinations. The final part of the paper deals with the questions of preservation of $(i,j)$-submaximal and $(2,1)\\dd I$-spaces to an image, of $D$-spaces to an image and an inverse image for both the topological and the bitopological cases. Two theorems are formulated containing, on the one hand, topological conditions and, on the other hand, bitopological ones, under which a topological space is a $D$-space.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 330, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00405", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00121", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Commission on the Advancement of Women in the Science and Engineering Work Forces Act''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. The Congress finds that-- (1) despite a consistently high presence of women in the professional and total work forces of the United States, women continue to be underrepresented in the science and engineering work forces; (2) women scientists and engineers have higher rates of unemployment and underemployment than their male counterparts, although the number of women receiving degrees in scientific and engineering disciplines has increased since 1981; (3) artificial barriers exist in the recruitment, retention, and advancement of women in the science and engineering work forces; (4) academia, industry, and government are increasingly aware of the necessity of and the advantages derived from diverse science and engineering work forces; (5) initiatives of the White House Task Force on Women, Minorities, and the Handicapped in Science and Technology and of the Federal Coordinating Council on Science, Engineering, and Technology have been instrumental in raising public awareness of-- (A) the underrepresentation of women in the science and engineering work forces; and (B) the desirability of eliminating artificial barriers to the recruitment, retention, and advancement of women in such work forces; and (6) the establishment of a commission to examine issues raised by these initiatives would help to-- (A) focus greater attention on the importance of eliminating artificial barriers to the recruitment, retention, and advancement of women in the science and engineering work forces and in all employment sectors of the United States; (B) promote work force diversity; and (C) encourage the replication of successful recruitment and retention programs by universities, corporations, and Federal agencies having difficulties in employing women scientists and engineers. SEC. 3. ESTABLISHMENT. There is established a commission to be known as the ``Commission on the Advancement of Women in the Science and Engineering Work Forces'' (hereinafter in this Act referred to as the ``Commission''). SEC. 4. DUTY OF COMMISSION. The Commission shall conduct a study to-- (1) identify the number of women in the United States in the science and engineering work forces, and the specific types of occupations in such workforces in which women scientists and engineers are underrepresented; (2) examine the preparedness of women to-- (A) pursue careers in the science and engineering work forces; and (B)", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00907", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00122", "text": "We perform a set of non--radiative cosmological simulations of a preheated intracluster medium in which the entropy of the gas was uniformly boosted at high redshift. The results of these simulations are used first to test the current analytic techniques of preheating via entropy input in the smooth accretion limit. When the unmodified profile is taken directly from simulations, we find that this model is in excellent agreement with the results of our simulations. This suggests that preheated efficiently smoothes the accreted gas, and therefore a shift in the unmodified profile is a good approximation even with a realistic accretion history. When we examine the simulation results in detail, we do not find strong evidence for entropy amplification, at least for the high-redshift preheating model adopted here. In the second section of the paper, we compare the results of the preheating simulations to recent observations. We show -- in agreement with previous work -- that for a reasonable amount of preheating, a satisfactory match can be found to the mass-temperature and luminosity-temperature relations. However -- as noted by previous authors -- we find that the entropy profiles of the simulated groups are much too flat compared to observations. In particular, while rich clusters converge on the adiabatic self--similar scaling at large radius, no single value of the entropy input during preheating can simultaneously reproduce both the core and outer entropy levels. As a result, we confirm that the simple preheating scenario for galaxy cluster formation, in which entropy is injected universally at high redshift, is inconsistent with observations.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 325, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00244", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00123", "text": ";''. (d) No Impact on Payment for Other Services.--Nothing in this section shall be construed to affect or otherwise authorize any reduction or modification, in the Medicare payment amounts otherwise established for chemotherapy infusion or injection codes with respect to the calculation and payment of minutes for chemotherapy teaching or related services. (e) Effective Date.--The amendments made by this section shall apply to services furnished on or after the first day of the first calendar year that begins after the date of the enactment of this Act. TITLE II--RESEARCH ON CANCER SYMPTOM MANAGEMENT IMPROVEMENT SEC. 201. SENSE OF CONGRESS. It is the sense of Congress that-- (1) many people with cancer experience side effects, symptoms, and late side effects associated with their disease and their treatment, and such effects can have a serious adverse impact on the effectiveness of their treatment, their health, well-being, and quality of life; (2) with the number of cancer survivors continuing to grow, addressing the effects of their symptoms and side effects are becoming increasingly critical in reducing the burden of cancer and its treatments; (3) although research is producing new insights into the causes of and cures for cancer, efforts to manage the symptoms and side effects of the disease and its treatments have not kept pace; and (4) the National Institutes of Health should continue to support research in the area of symptom management and the role that nurses play in providing those interventions. SEC. 202. NIH RESEARCH ON CANCER SYMPTOM MANAGEMENT IMPROVEMENT. (a) In General.--The Director of the National Institutes of Health shall expand, intensify, and coordinate programs for the conduct and support of research with respect to-- (1) improving the treatment and management of symptoms and side effects associated with cancer and cancer treatment; and (2) evaluating the role of nursing interventions in the amelioration of such symptoms and side effects. (b) Administration.--The Director of the National Institutes of Health is encouraged to carry out this section through the Director of the National Cancer Institute, in collaboration with at least the directors of the National Institute of Nursing Research, the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, the National Institute of Mental Health, the National Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities, the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 483, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01146", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00124", "text": "Pederson said. Foles replaced Wentz the next drive after the Rams took a 35-31 lead. He led the Eagles to a pair of field goals on consecutive drives. Second-year pro Nate Sudfeld is Philadelphia's No. 3 quarterback. Wentz arrived in Philadelphia as the No. 2 pick in the 2016 draft out of North Dakota State. On Sunday, he outperformed Rams quarterback Jared Goff, the No. 1 pick in that draft. Despite the injury, Wentz celebrated the victory over the Rams (9-4) with teammates. \"He's one of the leaders on the team. He was there congratulating and celebrating with everyone,\" Foles said. Foles, a third-round pick by former Eagles coach Andy Reid in 2012, is in his second stint in Philadelphia. He replaced an injured Michael Vick in 2013 and led the Eagles to an NFC East title during Chip Kelly's first season as coach. Foles tied an NFL record with seven TD passes in a game at Oakland in November 2013 and finished that season with 27 TDs and only two picks. The Eagles lost at home to New Orleans in the playoffs. Foles went to the Pro Bowl and was the offensive MVP. But Kelly traded Foles to St. Louis for Sam Bradford after the 2014 season. Foles spent a year with the Rams, a season with the Chiefs and returned to Philadelphia as a free agent this season. \"I'm absolutely ready to go — need be,\" Foles said. \"I prepare every day.\" ___ AP Sports Writer Bernie Wilson contributed to this report from Los Angeles. ___ For more NFL coverage: http://pro32.ap.org and https://twitter.com/AP_NFL", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 356, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00733", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00125", "text": "-free and hand-held cellular phones is significant enough to degrade a driver's performance, particularly teenage drivers between 15 and 20 years of age. (5) Although only 20 percent of driving by teenage drivers occurs at night, more than 50 percent of the motor vehicle crash fatalities involving teenage drivers occur at night. (6) According to the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, in 1997, the first full year of Florida's graduated driver licensing system, the number of fatal and injurious crashes among teenage drivers between 15 and 18 years of age was 9 percent lower than in 1995. (7) The Journal of the American Medical Association reports that crashes involving 16-year-old drivers decreased between 1995 and 1999 by 25 percent in Michigan and by 27 percent in North Carolina. Comprehensive graduated driver licensing systems were implemented in 1997 in these States. (8) According to the Automobile Club of Southern California, between 1998 and 2000, the first 3 years of California's graduated driver licensing program-- (A) teenage passenger deaths and injuries resulting from crashes in California involving 16-year-old drivers declined by 40 percent; and (B) the number of at-fault collisions in California involving 16-year-old drivers declined by 24 percent. (9) The National Transportation Safety Board reports that-- (A) more than 40 States and the District of Columbia have implemented 3-stage graduated driver licensing systems; and (B) many States have not yet implemented other basic safety features of graduated driver licensing laws to protect the lives of teenage and novice drivers. (10) A 2001 Harris Poll indicates that-- (A) 95 percent of Americans support a requirement of 30 to 50 hours of practice driving with and adult; (B) 92 percent of Americans support a 6-month learner's permit period; and (C) 74 percent of Americans support limiting the number of teenage passengers in a car with a teenage driver and supervised driving during high-risk driving periods, such as night. SEC. 3. STATE GRADUATED DRIVER LICENSING LAWS. (a) Minimum Requirements.-- (1) In general.--A State is in compliance with this section if the State has a graduated driver licensing law that requires novice drivers younger than 21 years of age to comply with the 2-stage licensing process described in paragraph (2) before receiving an unrestricted driver's license.", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00960", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00126", "text": "-stage graduated driver licensing systems. Many States have not yet implemented these and other basic safety features of graduated driver licensing laws to protect the lives of teenage and novice drivers. (9) A 2001 Harris Poll indicates that-- (A) 95 percent of Americans support a requirement of 30 to 50 hours of practice driving with an adult; (B) 92 percent of Americans support a 6-month learner's permit period; and (C) 74 percent of Americans support limiting the number of teen passengers in a car with a teen driver and supervised driving during high-risk driving periods, such as night. SEC. 3. STATE GRADUATED DRIVER LICENSING LAWS. (a) Minimum Requirements.--A State is in compliance with this section if the State has a graduated driver licensing law that includes, for novice drivers under the age of 21-- (1) a 3-stage licensing process, including a learner's permit stage and an intermediate stage before granting an unrestricted driver's license; (2) a prohibition on nighttime driving during the learner's permit and intermediate stages; (3) a prohibition, during the learner's permit intermediate stages, from operating a motor vehicle with more than 1 non- familial passenger under the age of 21 if there is no licensed driver 21 years of age or older present in the motor vehicle; and (4) any other requirement that the Secretary of Transportation (referred to in this Act as the ``Secretary'') may require, including-- (A) a learner's permit stage of at least 6 months; (B) an intermediate stage of at least 6 months; (C) for novice drivers in the learner's permit stage-- (i) a requirement of at least 30 hours of behind-the-wheel training with a licensed driver who is over 21 years of age; and (ii) a requirement that any such driver be accompanied and supervised by a licensed driver 21 years of age or older at all times when such driver is operating a motor vehicle; and (D) a requirement that the grant of full licensure be automatically delayed, in addition to any other penalties imposed by State law for any individual who, while holding a provisional license, convicted of an offense, such as driving while intoxicated, misrepresentation of their true age, reckless driving, unbelted driving, speeding, or other violations, as determined by the Secretary. (b) Rulemaking.--After public notice and comment rule", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01134", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00127", "text": "The Infrared Camera (IRC) is one of two focal-plane instruments on the AKARI satellite. It is designed for wide-field deep imaging and low-resolution spectroscopy in the near- to mid-infrared (1.8--26.5um) in the pointed observation mode of AKARI. IRC is also operated in the survey mode to make an all-sky survey at 9 and 18um. It comprises three channels. The NIR channel (1.8--5.5um) employs a 512 x 412 InSb array, whereas both the MIR-S (4.6--13.4um) and MIR-L (12.6--26.5um) channels use 256 x 256 Si:As impurity band conduction arrays. Each of the three channels has a field-of-view of about 10' x 10' and are operated simultaneously. The NIR and MIR-S share the same field-of-view by virtue of a beam splitter. The MIR-L observes the sky about $25' away from the NIR/MIR-S field-of-view. IRC gives us deep insights into the formation and evolution of galaxies, the evolution of planetary disks, the process of star-formation, the properties of interstellar matter under various physical conditions, and the nature and evolution of solar system objects. The in-flight performance of IRC has been confirmed to be in agreement with the pre-flight expectation. This paper summarizes the design and the in-flight operation and imaging performance of IRC.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 307, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00267", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00128", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Vietnam Human Rights Sanctions Act''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. Congress makes the following findings: (1) The relationship between the United States and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam has grown substantially since the end of the trade embargo in 1994, with annual trade between the countries reaching more than $36,000,000,000 in 2014. (2) However, the transition by the Government of Vietnam toward greater economic activity and trade, which has led to increased bilateral engagement between the United States and Vietnam, has not been matched by greater political freedom or substantial improvements in basic human rights for the people of Vietnam. (3) Vietnam remains an authoritarian state ruled by the Communist Party of Vietnam, which continues to deny the right of the people of Vietnam to participate in free and fair elections. (4) According to the Department of State's 2014 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, Vietnam's ``most significant human rights problems... were severe government restrictions of citizens' political rights, particularly their right to change their government through free and fair elections; limits on citizens' civil liberties, including freedom of assembly and expression; and inadequate protection of citizens' due process rights, including protection against arbitrary detention''. (5) The Country Reports also state that the Government of Vietnam ``continued to restrict speech that criticized individual government leaders; promoted political pluralism or multi-party democracy; or questioned policies on sensitive matters, such as human rights, religious freedom, or sovereignty disputes with China'' and ``sought to impede criticism by monitoring meetings and communications of political activists''. (6) Furthermore, the Department of State documents that ``arbitrary arrest and detention, particularly for political activists, remained a problem'', with the Government of Vietnam sentencing 29 arrested activists during 2014. Of those, 6 activists were convicted on national security charges in the penal code for ``undermining the unity policy'', 17 for ``causing public disorder'', and 6 for ``abusing democratic freedoms''. (7) At the end of 2014, the Government of Vietnam reportedly held more than 125 political prisoners. (8) On September 24, 2012, 3 prominent Vietnamese bloggers--Nguyen Van Hai (also known as Dieu Cay), Ta Phong Tan, and Phan Thanh Hai (also known as Anh Ba Saigon)--were sentenced to prison based on 3-year", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01049", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00129", "text": "etc. But in 2015, it began putting a pair of RFID tags from Zebra Technologies on the shoulder pads of every NFL player in order to track speed, field location, and movement patterns. Now, it also has sensors on the referees, first down markers, and end zone pylons. How to fully take advantage of all this data and convert it into value for the NFL and its customers was the big challenge. When Amazon learned that the NFL now had all this player telemetry data, the AWS team suggested that they could help create more value with analytics—similar to what AWS had famously done with Major League Baseball Advanced Media. \"We started working with [the NFL] to help them apply machine learning to that data,\" AWS vice president of marketing Ariel Kelman told TechRepublic. \"They're recording things like when the ball was snapped, what the formation was, how many of which type of player was on the field, what the result of the play was. A lot of that is pattern recognition... The idea is there's a whole bunch of things that require manual detection and tagging that they want to be able to automate.\" So AWS and the NFL drew up a partnership where the NFL used the Amazon cloud, its advanced analytics tools and the new SageMaker machine learning product—while Amazon got to slap the AWS logo on Next Gen Stats as the official sponsor and get a bunch of promotional opportunities that show off what its big data tools can do. The deal kicked off about six months ago, before the start of the 2017 football season, and culminates on Sunday in Super Bowl LII—although both the AWS and NFL folks were even more excited about what they're going to be able to do with the data next year. Here are the three main ways it's changing the game: 1. The impact of Next Gen Stats on NFL teams One week of NFL games now creates 3TB of data, NFL CIO Michelle McKenna-Doyle said in her presentation at Amazon's re:Invent conference last November. After each game, the league now exports a trove of data to each team to help them evaluate their overall performance and their players. The league provides some basic tools to help the teams evaluate the data along with a few basic insights. Some teams have their own data scientists or analytics partners to take it further. The teams are using the data to help inform their training, fitness, and game preparation. But there's one big caveat that", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00535", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00130", "text": "The Knights received goals from 10 different players in cruising to a 16-1 win over Grafton-Park River in the East Region tournament quarterfinals at Purpur Arena. No. 1 Central improved to 22-0 and will play No. 4 Devils Lake in the semifinals Friday at 6 p.m. at Purpur. \"We moved the puck well and shared the load,\" Central coach Grant Paranica said. \"Throughout the lineup, everybody played quite well.\" Central senior Grant Johnson, the state's leading scorer, led the way with a six-point night. He had three goals and three assists, despite playing limited minutes late in the game with the score out of hand. Boe Bjorge, Cam Olstad, Lucas Kanta and Zachary Murphy all had two goals for the Knights, while Judd Caulfield, Hunter Moreland, Cole Hanson, Parker Stroh (first varsity goal) and Mitch Idalski all scored once. Central defenders Brock Reller and Tate Steffan each had three assists. \"We played really well, passing the puck and not being selfish,\" Reller said. \"We can't get complacent now. We have to play our game, pass the puck and move our feet.\" Central outscored the Spoilers 35-2 in three meetings this season. Fourteen different Knights figured into the scoring. Central scored more goals in a game than it has in at least 10 years. \"From our third and fourth line, we logged quite a bit of minutes,\" Paranica said. \"They seemed to manage and actually create opportunities no matter who we played them against.\" Central led 7-1 after one period, with Grafton-Park River's lone goal coming from Wyatt Wardner, who made it 2-1 at 4 minutes, 39 seconds of the first period. The Knights led 12-1 after two periods and saw running time throughout the third period. The Spoilers, who dropped to 4-18 this season, will play No. 5 Fargo South/Shanley at noon on Friday in a tournament loser-out game at Purpur.", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 441, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00578", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00131", "text": "A century ago, it was one of the biggest names in retail. Now, even Sears officials say its future could be in doubt — though they say they have plans to make sure the retail icon survives. Nancy Koehn with the Harvard Business School says in its early days — Sears Roebuck and Co. was like Amazon is today — a retailer of great disruption. For Sears, it meant a path-breaking strategy of offering all sorts of merchandise in catalogs and building department stores in remote places with ample parking. \"It wasn't the Internet, but it was the same idea that no matter where you are you can touch and feel and imagine what these different products could mean in your life by virtue of an outreach, a distribution channel that an imaginative and gutsy retailer — in this case Sears — had created and then invested in and then enlarged,\" Koehn says. Elgin, Ill., about 40 miles northwest of Chicago, is one town where Sears' innovation is clearly visible. Drive through the streets of one neighborhood and more than likely there will be a Sears Roebuck mail order kit house on one of the lots. Dr. Rebecca Hunter, an architectural historian, stands on the porch of one of them — an arts and crafts style bungalow listed as \"The Osborne\" in the Sears catalog. It's one of about 200 Sears homes in Elgin. \"It's a phenomenon that gained popularity in the 1920s,\" Hunter says. \"Mostly your framing boards were cut at the mill and numbered so that your builder would know how to put them together.\" Between 1908 and 1940, Sears sold blueprints and approximately 70,000 pre-cut kit houses. It was a small part of the company's booming business. Sears' stature is far smaller these days amid a constantly changing retail landscape which brought with it the dominance of Amazon, the rise of e-commerce and big-box discount retailers. It's left brick-and-mortar stores reeling. Despite its merger with Kmart in 2005, Sears has consistently lost millions of dollars each quarter. The retailer has closed hundreds of stores, slashed jobs and sold off key assets like the Lands' End clothing line and its legendary Craftsman brand — although both brands continue to be sold at Sears. Independent retail analyst Sucharita Mulpuru says these changes haven't worked. \"There are just so many onerous forces relating to competition,\" she says. \"I think that no matter", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00597", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00132", "text": "CAIRO (AP) — Mohammed Salah has the ability to light up any team, including Egypt. The Liverpool striker has been in superb form this season, but playing at the World Cup will be a new experience for him. Egypt qualified for the tournament for the first time in 28 years, and its chances in Group A against host Russia, Saudi Arabia and Uruguay mainly rest on the 25-year-old Salah's shoulders. In last month's warm-up games, headers proved to be Egypt's undoing. Salah put Egypt in the lead against Portugal, but Cristiano Ronaldo scored two late goals with his head for the European champions. In a dour game against Greece, Egypt lost 1-0 after another goal was nodded in. Here's a closer look at the Egypt team: COACH Hector Cuper took over in 2015 after a dismal run under former United States coach Bob Bradley. The Argentine inherited a seven-time African champion that had failed to qualify for the last three continental championships. Not only did Cuper lead the team to the 2017 African Cup of Nations, but they reached the final before losing to Cameroon. The World Cup exile then ended with a game to spare in qualifying. The pair of feats halted media criticism of Cuper's tactics and turned him into a national hero. So much so that football federation officials are hoping Cuper reverses plans to leave the job after the World Cup. However, doubts persist over whether Cuper has done enough to improve a squad that is notorious for losing the ball, squandering chances in front of goal and aerial weaknesses. GOALKEEPERS At 45, Essam el-Hadary could become the oldest player to compete at a World Cup. Russia may be his last stop in an illustrious career spanning three decades which took him to clubs in Switzerland, Sudan and Saudi Arabia, where he plays for Al-Taawoun. Despite his vast international experience, El-Hadary must guard against some of the lapses of concentration and poor decision-making that surfaced in recent years. Ahmed el-Shennawy was El-Hadary's backup before being ruled out of the World Cup with a left knee injury. That leaves Al-Ahly goalkeeper Mohammed el-Shennawy, who is no relation, as a possible replacement. DEFENDERS Ahmed Hegazy is the rock of the defense. At 6-foot-4 (1.95 meters), the 29-year-old center back is formidable in the air and has been", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00673", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00133", "text": ",000,000,000 in costs to United States society and individuals yearly; (13) a year later, the National Academy of Sciences estimated that eliminating the use of all antibiotics as feed additives would cost each American consumer less than $5 to $10 per year; (14) the American Medical Association, the American Public Health Association, the National Association of County and City Health Officials, and the National Campaign for Sustainable Agriculture, are among the more than 300 organizations representing health, consumer, agricultural, environmental, humane, and other interests that support enactment of legislation to phase out nontherapeutic use in farm animals of medically important antibiotics; (15) the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. 301 et seq.)-- (A) requires that all drugs be shown to be safe before the drugs are approved; and (B) places the burden on manufacturers to account for health consequences and prove safety; (16)(A) the Food and Drug Administration recently modified the drug approval process for antibiotics to recognize the development of resistant bacteria as an important aspect of safety; (B) however, most antibiotics currently used in animal production systems for nontherapeutic purposes were approved before the Food and Drug Administration began giving in-depth consideration to resistance during the drug-approval process; and (C) the Food and Drug Administration has not established a schedule for reviewing those existing approvals; and (17) certain non-routine uses of antibiotics in animal agriculture are legitimate to prevent animal disease. SEC. 3. PURPOSE. The purpose of this Act is to preserve the effectiveness of medically important antibiotics used in the treatment of human and animal diseases by phasing out use of certain antibiotics for nontherapeutic purposes in food-producing animals. TITLE I--SAFETY OF CRITICAL ANTIMICROBIAL ANIMAL DRUGS SEC. 101. PROOF OF SAFETY OF CRITICAL ANTIMICROBIAL ANIMAL DRUGS. (a) Definitions.--Section 201 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. 321) is amended by adding at the end the following: ``(rr) Critical Antimicrobial Animal Drug.--The term `critical antimicrobial animal drug' means a drug that-- ``(1) is intended for use in food-producing animals; and ``(2) is composed wholly or partly of-- ``(A) any kind of penicillin, tetracycline, macrolide, lincos", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01104", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00134", "text": "We present evidence for the formation of dust grains in an unusual Type Ib SN based on late-time spectra of SN 2006jc. The progenitor suffered an LBV-like outburst just 2 yr earlier, and we propose that the dust formation is a consequence of the SN blast wave overtaking that LBV-like shell. The key evidence for dust formation is (a) the appearance of a red/near-IR continuum source fit by 1600 K graphite grains, and (b) fading of the redshifted sides of He I emission lines, yielding progressively more asymmetric blueshifted lines as dust obscures receding material. This provides the strongest case yet for dust formation in any SN Ib/c. Both developments occurred between 51 and 75 d after peak, while other SNe observed to form dust did so after a few hundred days. Geometric considerations indicate that dust formed in the dense swept-up shell between the forward and reverse shocks, and not in the freely expanding SN ejecta. Rapid cooling leading to dust formation may have been aided by extremely high shell densities, as indicated by He I line ratios. The brief epoch of dust formation is accompanied by He II 4686 emission and enhanced X-ray emission. These clues suggest that the unusual dust formation in this object was not due to properties of the SN itself, but instead -- like most peculiarities of SN 2006jc -- was a consequence of the dense environment created by an LBV-like eruption 2 yr before the SN.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 304, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00083", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00135", "text": "old an example of one of the many times a Sephora sample has worked on me. It tingles, which I love, and my skin definitely feels plumper after using. Looking back I don’t remember this costing damn near $40 especially because it comes in a very small jar, but that’s likely how I got myself in this VIB Rouge situation in the first place. Nothing on Earth smells better than this stuff. It’s your standard sparkly booty cream situation that does not actually tighten your butt—still a nice thing to carry around in the summertime nonetheless. I bought the travel size because I rightfully predicted that I would not need 8 ounces of butt cream. Purchased in the shade Conspiracy which is a metallic finish. I rarely buy non-matte lipstick anymore and I almost never wear this so... The consistency is very, very creamy and it takes quite a while to set, but I like it. It’s a very neutral brown (shade: Crop Top) on me and I love to throw it on when I’m not wearing makeup just to feel like I put in a bit of effort. Every single time I step out of the house wearing Tom Ford Noir Pour Femme, I get a compliment. This was yet another case of Sephora’s masterful ability to turn a sample into a purchase. Wearing the sample to a dinner party, I received no less than four compliments. I pulled the trigger the next day. I buy the 1 oz size even though, now on my second bottle, the 1.7 oz for $72 probably makes more financial sense. The greatest under eye concealer on Earth. I love travel versions of shit. I bought some these before my trip to Rio. I don’t generally like wipes but I think my rational was that this was better than makeup remover in terms of potential spillage. Sure. Another foot mask experiment that I assume I grabbed while waiting in line for another purchase. I later went back and bought it again, so I guess I was satisfied the first time. Not a lot of thoughts on this travel-sized hairspray. Nothing has been better for my face than these magic drops. I mix it in with my liquid foundation and it’s probably 60 percent of the reason why people are always asking me about or commenting on my skin. The secret is out. You are welcome. Mac’s Ruby Woo lipstick quite literally changed my life. Over the past couple years, I haven’t worn red lipstick as", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00634", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00136", "text": "It is known that when hard spheres are added to a pure system of hard rods the stability of the smectic phase may be greatly enhanced, and that this effect can be rationalised in terms of depletion forces. In the present paper we first study the effect of orientational order on depletion forces in this particular binary system, comparing our results with those obtained adopting the usual approximation of considering the rods parallel and their orientations frozen. We consider mixtures with rods of different aspect ratios and spheres of different diameters, and we treat them within Onsager theory. Our results indicate that depletion effects, and consequently smectic stability, decrease significantly as a result of orientational disorder in the smectic phase when compared with corresponding data based on the frozen--orientation approximation. These results are discussed in terms of the $\\tau$ parameter, which has been proposed as a convenient measure of depletion strength. We present closed expressions for $\\tau$, and show that it is intimately connected with the depletion potential. We then analyse the effect of particle geometry by comparing results pertaining to systems of parallel rods of different shapes (spherocylinders, cylinders and parallelepipeds). We finally provide results based on the Zwanzig approximation of a Fundamental--Measure density--functional theory applied to mixtures of parallelepipeds and cubes of different sizes. In this case, we show that the $\\tau$ parameter exhibits a linear asymptotic behaviour in the limit of large values of the hard--rod aspect ratio, in conformity with Onsager theory, as well as in the limit of large values of the ratio of rod breadth to cube side length, $d$, in contrast to Onsager approximation, which predicts $\\tau\\sim d^3$.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 349, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00040", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00137", "text": "played out during the 2016 presidential race happening — many different Republican candidates occupying different part of the GOP ideological spectrum fighting amongst themselves. There have been shots lobbed among the top Republican contenders during the campaign at each other as much as at Ossoff. Nevertheless, Republicans maintain they'll eventually come together. \"If you don't have a muddy, bloody fight in a Republican primary, you haven't had a Republican primary in this state. But we always get back together,\" said Sandy Springs Mayor Rusty Paul, a former Georgia GOP chairman who was campaigning Monday morning with Handel at the Egg Harbor Cafe. Still, he said he'll support whoever ends up against Ossoff. Handel, who has high name ID from several unsuccessful statewide runs, has come in second in most polls and said she feels good about her chances. And while other rivals have attacked her as a career politician, she argued that's an asset, not a liability. \"Our folks, it just took them a little more time to make their minds up because we believe in competition,\" Handel said, hitting Democrats for \"coronating\" Ossoff. \"And we've had a very spirited, competitive primary on our side.\" While Handel said she's supportive of the president, she's not exactly wearing it on her sleeve like Gray and other candidates are. \"This race is not about President Trump,\" she said. \"This race is about who is the best suited to to be the next congressman.\" Dalton State College students Jacob Ledford and Wesley Ross were canvassing on Saturday for former state Sen. Dan Moody, who's been endorsed by Sen. David Perdue. He's another candidate who could make the runoff, along with state Sen. Judson Hill — who has the backing of former House Speaker Newt Gingrich, who once represented parts of the district, and Florida Sen. Marco Rubio, who won this district in the GOP presidential primary. After knocking on door after door, Ledford and Ross were getting a lot of people not home or who didn't want to talk about the race — a common theme both sides are hearing in the closing days, with voters simply fed up with incessant calls and door knocks. They recalled how Democrats have boasted about turning Georgia blue before and have put up top-flight candidates in recent elections — Jason Carter, the grandson of former president Jimmy Carter, ran unsuccessfully for governor in 2014, while Michelle Nunn, daughter of former Sen. Sam N", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00608", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00138", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Neotropical Migratory Bird Conservation Act''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. Congress finds that-- (1)(A) birds constitute one of the most widely recognized and appreciated components of North American wildlife; (B) approximately 25,000,000 Americans travel to observe birds; and (C) more than 60,000,000 adult Americans watch and feed birds at home; (2) birds-- (A) are key indicators of environmental health; (B) play important roles in plant pollination and seed dispersal; (C) serve as critical links in the food web; and (D) maintain the health of the environment; (3)(A) healthy bird populations provide important economic benefits, such as control of noxious insects on agricultural crops, thereby preventing hundreds of millions of dollars in economic losses each year to farming and timber interests; and (B) more than $20,000,000,000 is spent in the United States each year on watching and feeding birds; (4)(A) despite their irreplaceable value, many North American bird species, once considered common, are in decline; (B) 90 North American bird species are listed as endangered or threatened in the United States; (C) another 124 North American bird species are of high conservation concern; and (D) Mexico's Secretariat of Environment, Natural Resources and Fisheries lists approximately 390 bird species as being endangered, threatened, vulnerable, or rare; (5)(A) of the nearly 800 bird species known to occur in the United States, approximately 500 migrate among nations; (B) the large majority of those species, the neotropical migrants, winter in Latin America and the Caribbean; and (C) neotropical migrants in particular have received much attention because of their population declines; (6)(A) the primary reason for the declines is habitat loss and degradation (including pollution and contamination); (B) because neotropical migrants range across numerous international borders each year, their conservation requires that safeguards be established at both ends of the migration routes, as well as at critical stopover areas along the way; and (C) establishing such safeguards necessitates the joint commitment and effort of all nations that support those species, as well as all levels of society; and (7) this Act constitutes an effort on the part of the United States to adopt appropriate measures for the", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01115", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00139", "text": "We present 2D multi-group flux-limited diffusion magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) simulations of the Accretion-Induced Collapse (AIC) of a rapidly-rotating white dwarf. We focus on the dynamical role of MHD processes after the formation of a millisecond-period protoneutron star. We find that including magnetic fields and stresses can lead to a powerful explosion with an energy of a few Bethe, rather than a weak one of at most 0.1 Bethe, with an associated ejecta mass of ~0.1Msun, instead of a few 0.001Msun. The core is spun down by ~30% within 500ms after bounce, and the rotational energy extracted from the core is channeled into magnetic energy that generates a strong magnetically-driven wind, rather than a weak neutrino-driven wind. Baryon loading of the ejecta, while this wind prevails, precludes it from becoming relativistic. This suggests that a GRB is not expected to emerge from such AICs during the early protoneutron star phase, except in the unlikely event that the massive white dwarf has sufficient mass to lead to black hole formation. In addition, we predict both negligible 56Ni-production (that should result in an optically-dark, adiabatically-cooled explosion) and the ejection of 0.1Msun of material with an electron fraction of 0.1-0.2. Such pollution by neutron-rich nuclei puts strong constraints on the possible rate of such AICs. Moreover, being free from ``fallback,'' such highly-magnetized millisecond-period protoneutron stars may later become magnetars, and the magnetically-driven winds may later transition to Poynting-flux-dominated, relativistic winds, eventually detectable as GRBs at cosmological distances. However, the low expected event rate of AICs will constrain them to be, at best, a small subset of GRB and/or magnetar progenitors.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 414, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00252", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00140", "text": "Whether it's the infamous \"Veterans For Standing Rock\" with their missing $1.1 million, or another organization in the litany of Standing Rock-based pages on the website, rough estimates for the amount raised on these pages have been reported to be around $11 million. Just as a point of reference, the state of North Dakota already has spent more than $30 million managing the crisis these donations were meant to fund. All of this begs the question of whether GoFundMe shoulders any of the blame for providing a platform to fundraise for illegal protest activities—activities that include repeated violent attacks against our North Dakota law enforcement officers, using everything from Molotov cocktails and other improvised explosive devices to actual guns. Do the site's owners care that they are actively enabling professional protesters to come into our community and disrupt the lives and livelihoods of both the residents of Morton County and members of the Standing Rock tribe alike? When you take a deeper look at GoFundMe, it becomes clear that the answer is no. GoFundMe is a business. And their business is fundraising for \"causes\" like these protesters. In 2015, Forbes magazine published an article outlining how GoFundMe earns \"profits off of controversy.\" As the company outlines in its \"Common Questions\" page, GoFundMe takes a 5 percent fee from every contribution made over the site, along with an additional 3 percent processing fee. Meaning the company has made roughly $880,000 off of these DAPL protests without having to do a thing beyond maintaining the website. Pretty good haul for just shy of six months. While the website has no official ideological loyalty, all you have to do is look at members of the company's senior leadership to get an idea of where they fall on the political spectrum. The company's chairman and CEO, Rob Solomon, gave the maximum amount in contributions allowed by law to Hillary Clinton's presidential campaign. President and Chief Product Officer David Hahn is a former staffer for ultra-liberal California Senator Diane Feinstein. And GoFundMe's vice president for communications and policy is none other than Dan Pfeiffer, former senior advisor, White House communications director and long-time confidant of President Obama. Shockingly, there are no former Republican political staff members serving as executives for GoFundMe. So the truth is, despite the violent and illegal behavior these GoFundMe pages are supporting, the company probably doesn't care. They are probably indifferent to the close to", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00583", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00141", "text": "We present a study of rotation (vsini) and chromospheric activity (Halpha EW) based on an extensive set of high-resolution optical spectra obtained with MIKE on the 6.5m Magellan Clay telescope. Our targets are 74 F-M dwarfs in the young stellar associations Eta Cha, TW Hydrae, Beta Pic, and Tuc-Hor, spanning ages from 6 to 30 Myr. While the Halpha EW for most F and G stars are consistent with pure photospheric absorption, most K and M stars show chromospheric emission. By comparing Halpha EW in our sample to results in the literature, we see a clear evolutionary sequence: Chromospheric activity declines steadily from the T Tauri phase to the main sequence. Using activity as an age indicator, we find a plausible age range for the Tuc-Hor association of 10-40 Myr. Between 5 and 30 Myr, we do not see evidence for rotational braking in the total sample, thus angular momentum is conserved, in contrast to younger stars. This difference indicates a change in the rotational regulation at 5-10 Myr, possibly because disk braking cannot operate longer than typical disk lifetimes, allowing the objects to spin up. The rotation-activity relation is flat in our sample; in contrast to main-sequence stars, there is no linear correlation for slow rotators. We argue that this is because young stars generate their magnetic fields in a fundamentally different way from main-sequence stars, and not just the result of a saturated solar-type dynamo. By comparing our rotational velocities with published rotation periods for a subset of stars, we determine ages of 13 (7-20) Myr and 9 (7-17} Myr for the Eta Cha and TWA associations, respectively, consistent with previous estimates. Thus we conclude that stellar radii from evolutionary models by Baraffe et al. (1998) are in agreement with the observed radii within +-15%. (abridged)", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 413, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00122", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00142", "text": "Matched filtering is used to search for gravitational waves emitted by inspiralling compact binaries in data from the ground-based interferometers. One of the key aspects of the detection process is the design of a template bank that covers the astrophysically pertinent parameter space. In an earlier paper, we described a template bank that is based on a square lattice. Although robust, we showed that the square placement is over-efficient, with the implication that it is computationally more demanding than required. In this paper, we present a template bank based on an hexagonal lattice, which size is reduced by 40% with respect to the proposed square placement. We describe the practical aspects of the hexagonal template bank implementation, its size, and computational cost. We have also performed exhaustive simulations to characterize its efficiency and safeness. We show that the bank is adequate to search for a wide variety of binary systems (primordial black holes, neutron stars and stellar mass black holes) and in data from both current detectors (initial LIGO, Virgo and GEO600) as well as future detectors (advanced LIGO and EGO). Remarkably, although our template bank placement uses a metric arising from a particular template family, namely stationary phase approximation, we show that it can be used successfully with other template families (e.g., Pade resummation and effective one-body approximation). This quality of being effective for different template families makes the proposed bank suitable for a search that would use several of them in parallel (e.g., in a binary black hole search). The hexagonal template bank described in this paper is currently used to search for non-spinning inspiralling compact binaries in data from the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO).", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 349, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00413", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00143", "text": "Using deep NIR VLT/ISAAC and optical HST/WFPC2 imaging in the fields of the HDFS and MS1054-03, we study the rest-frame UV-to-optical colors and magnitudes of galaxies to z~3. While there is no evidence for a red sequence at z~3, there does appear to be a well-defined color-magnitude relation (CMR) for blue galaxies at all redshifts, with more luminous galaxies having redder U-V colors. The slope of the blue CMR is independent of redshift d(U-V)/dMV = -0.09 (0.01) and can be explained by a correlation of dust-reddening with luminosity. The average color at fixed luminosity reddens strongly \\Delta(U-V) = 0.75 from z~3 to z=0, much of which can be attributed to aging of the stars. The color scatter of the blue sequence is relatively small sigma(U-V) = 0.25 (0.03) and constant to z~3, but notably asymmetrical with a sharp blue ridge and a wing towards redder colors. We explore sets of star formation histories to study the constraints placed by the shape of the scatter at z=2-3. One particular set of models, episodic star formation, reproduces the detailed properties very well. For a two-state model with high and low star formation, the duty cycle is constrained to be > 40% and the contrast between the states must be a factor > 5 (or a scatter in log(SFR) of > 0.35 dex around the mean). However, episodic models do not explain the observed tail of very red galaxies, primarily Distant Red Galaxies (DRGs), which may have ceased star formation altogether or are more heavily obscured. Finally, the relative number density of red, luminous MV < -20.5 galaxies increases by a factor of ~ 6 from z = 2.7 to z = 0.5, as does their contribution to the total rest-frame V-band luminosity density. We are likely viewing the progressive formation of red, passively evolving galaxies.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 445, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00240", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00144", "text": "is the betting favorite at the 117th U.S. Open on a course that would appear to suit his game perfectly, especially with more rain Wednesday afternoon and a forecast for occasional storms on Friday and Saturday. The greens are soft enough that Johnson is getting yardages to the hole, knowing his shots won't bounce away too far. \"I hope they play it all the way back on every hole,\" he said. \"Why not? It's going to be soft. I hope it's windy. I hope it's long, but it doesn't matter.\" Johnson isn't one to feel much pressure — he doesn't show much, anyway — even playing his first major as the No. 1 player in the world. If anything, the pressure is on the USGA in how they set up the golf course, and the meteorologist to give an accurate forecast of the wind. There are a few holes at Erin Hills where if the tees are all the way back and the wind shifts into the players, some won't be able to reach the fairway or will face blind shots. \"It's nerve-wracking, honestly, more than most Open sites,\" USGA executive director Mike Davis said. Johnson isn't the only long hitter whom Erin Hills favors. Rory McIlroy, who crushed U.S. Open scoring records on a rain-softened course at Congressional in 2011, was delighted to feel the soft turf under his feet. Jason Day is starting to turn his game around, finally. Along with his power, Day is an expert with the short game, which should come in handy around the greens that feature shaved slopes instead of dense rough. Johnson, however, is such an intimidating figure that even Curtis Strange is a little nervous. Strange, who now works for Fox Sports as the on-course analyst, won the 1989 U.S. Open at Oak Hill to become the first player since Ben Hogan (1950-51) to win the U.S. Open in consecutive years. \"Move over, Ben,\" Strange famously said after his second title. \"I've got to tell you, it's tailor-made for Dustin Johnson,\" Strange said after his first look at the course. The Masters (three times) and the PGA Championship in stroke play (twice, by Tiger Woods) have fewer back-to-back winners than the U.S. Open, but it's the major that has gone the longest without a repeat winner. The closest call for Strange", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00691", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00145", "text": "(a) In General.--Section 56(g)(4)(C) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (relating to disallowance of items not deductible in computing earnings and profits) is amended by adding at the end the following new clause: ``(v) Treatment of esop dividends.--Clause (i) shall not apply to any deduction allowable under section 404(k) if the deduction is allowed for dividends paid on employer securities held by an employee stock ownership plan established or authorized to be established before March 15, 1991.''. (b) Effective Date.--The amendment made by this section shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1989. (c) Waiver of limitations.--If refund or credit of any overpayment of tax resulting from the application of the amendment made by this section is prevented at any time before the close of the 1-year period beginning on the date of the enactment of this Act by the operation of any law or rule of law (including res judicata), such refund or credit may nevertheless be made or allowed if claim therefor is filed before the close of such period. SEC. 4. AMENDMENTS RELATED TO SECTION 1042. (a) Deferral of Tax for Certain Sales to Employee Stock Ownership Plan Sponsored by S Corporation.-- (1) In general.--Section 1042(c)(1)(A) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (defining qualified securities) is amended by striking ``C''. (2) Effective date.--The amendment made by paragraph (1) shall apply to sales after the date of the enactment of this Act. (b) Reinvestment in Certain Mutual Funds Permitted.-- (1) In general.--Clause (ii) of section 1042(c)(4)(B) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (defining operating corporation) is amended to read as follows: ``(ii) Financial institutions, insurance companies, and mutual funds.--The term `operating corporation' shall include-- ``(I) any financial institution described in section 581, ``(II) any insurance company subject to tax under subchapter L, and ``(III) any regulated investment company if substantially all of the securities held by such company are securities issued by operating corporations (determined without regard to this subclause).''. (2) Effective date.--The amendment made by paragraph (1) shall apply to sales of qualified securities after the date of the enactment", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01012", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00146", "text": "Judson Hill — who has the backing of former House Speaker Newt Gingrich, who once represented parts of the district, and Florida Sen. Marco Rubio, who won this district in the GOP presidential primary. After knocking on door after door, Ledford and Ross were getting a lot of people not home or who didn't want to talk about the race — a common theme both sides are hearing in the closing days, with voters simply fed up with incessant calls and door knocks. They recalled how Democrats have boasted about turning Georgia blue before and have put up top-flight candidates in recent elections — Jason Carter, the grandson of former president Jimmy Carter, ran unsuccessfully for governor in 2014, while Michelle Nunn, daughter of former Sen. Sam Nunn, lost to Perdue the same year. \"Republicans always get behind their candidate, we get out to vote, and that's something the other side struggles with a lot,\" said Ross. But as they were crossing the streets in a neighborhood in Alpharetta, they spied some Ossoff canvassers nearby — underscoring the massive presence the Democratic frontrunner has been able to build in the district with his army of volunteers and paid staff. Special elections — imperfect predictors? In some recent political cycles, special elections have been harbingers of things to come, and that's what Democrats hope Tuesday ends up being. In January 2010, Republican Scott Brown campaigned against the health care bill and ended up winning the Massachusetts special Senate election to succeed the late Democratic Sen. Edward Kennedy — foreshadowing major losses for Democrats that fall. But they're not always perfect predictors, either. Democrat Mark Critz won a special election in Pennsylvania in May 2010, giving his party hope going into the midterms. Democrats, however, would lose 63 House seats that cycle. But what special elections can be are snapshots in time to gauge how an issue is playing with the electorate. And for Democrats, the Georgia race is an important test of whether their months of marches and protests can translate into real votes at the ballot box. If Ossoff does win — either on Tuesday or in two months — he'll have a major target on his back from Republicans in 2018. But a victory would still fire up the Democratic grassroots and send a warning shot to already worried Republicans about the midterms, when the president's party typically loses an average of 29 seats. Democrats need 24 seats to take", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00609", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00147", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``War Crimes Prosecution Facilitation Act of 1997''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. The Congress finds the following: (1) In May 1993, the United Nations established the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. (2) The mandate of the Tribunal is to prosecute ``genocide, crimes against humanity, grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions, and violations of the laws and customs of war'' committed in the territory of the former Yugoslavia from January 1, 1991, until ``a date to be determined after restoration of peace''. (3) Parties to the Dayton Agreement, as well as subsequent agreements, agreed to cooperate fully with the ``investigation and prosecution of war crimes and other violations of international humanitarian law''. All members of the international community are required by the Tribunal Statute to cooperate in ``the identification and location of persons'', ``the arrest or detention of persons'', and ``the surrender or the transfer of the accused'' to the Tribunal. (4) Although 76 persons have been publicly indicted by the Tribunal, 66 remain at large. Of those publicly indicted, there are 51 Bosnian Serbs, 1 Croatian Serb, 3 Serbian Yugoslav Army officers, 18 Bosnian Croats, and 3 Bosniacs. (5) Credible reports indicate that some of the indicted war criminals are living in areas of Bosnia and Herzegovina that are under the effective control of Croatia or Serbia- Montenegro. Many of the indicted war criminals have been sighted living openly and freely in Croatia, the Croat- controlled areas of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republika Srpska, and Serbia-Montenegro. (6) An estimated 2,000,000 persons have been forced from their homes by the war, many of whom remain displaced and unable to return to their homes, in violation of the Dayton Accords, because their homes are in a jurisdiction controlled by a different ethnic group. (7) The fighting in Bosnia has ceased for more than a year, and international efforts are now focused on the economic reconstruction and implementation of the civilian aspects of the Dayton Accords. (8) The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the International Monetary Fund, and individual donor countries, including the United States, have begun disbursing funds toward meeting an", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01021", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00148", "text": "In this note, we consider possible constraints from $t \\bar t$ production on the gauge bosons of theories with an extended strong interaction sector such as axigluons or flavour universal colorons. Such constraints are found to be competitive with those obtained from the dijet data. The current $t \\bar t$ data from the Tevatron rule out axigluon masses ($m_A$) up to 900 GeV and 850 GeV at 2 $\\sigma$ and 4 $\\sigma$ levels respectively. For the case of flavour universal colorons the data rule out a mass ($m_C$) below 800 GeV (780 GeV) at the $2 (4) \\sigma $ level and also the mass range between 900 GeV to 2.1 TeV at 2 $\\sigma$ level, for $\\cot \\xi = 1$, where $\\xi$ is the mixing angle. For $\\cot \\xi =2$ on the other hand, the excluded range is $m_C \\lsim 950 (920)$ GeV and $m_C \\gsim 1.02 (1.15 \\lsim m_C \\lsim 1.8)$ TeV at $2 \\sigma$ ($4 \\sigma $) level. We point out that for higher axigluon/coloron masses, even for the dijet channel, the limits on the coloron mass, for $\\cot \\xi = 1$, may be different than those for the axigluon. We also compute the expected forward-backward asymmetry for the case of the axigluons which would allow it to be discriminated against the SM as also the colorons. We further find that at the LHC, the signal should be visible in the $t \\bar t$ invariant mass spectrum for a wide range of axigluon and coloron masses that are still allowed. We point out how top polarisation may be used to further discriminate the axigluon and coloron case from the SM as well as from each other.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 427, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00190", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00149", "text": "We carried out a target survey for Lyman break galaxies (LBGs) and Lyman alpha emitters (LAEs) around QSO SDSS J0211-0009 at z=4.87. The deep and wide broadband and narrowband imaging simultaneously revealed the perspective structure of these two high-z populations. The LBGs without Ly-alpha emission form a filamentary structure including the QSO, while the LAEs are distributed around the QSO but avoid it within a distance of ~4.5Mpc. On the other hand, we serendipitously discovered a protocluster with a significant concentration of LBGs and LAEs where no strongly UV ionizing source such as a QSO or radio galaxy is known to exist. In this cluster field, two populations are spatially cross-correlated with each other. The relative spatial distribution of LAEs to LBGs is in stark contrast between the QSO and the cluster fields. We also found a weak trend showing that the number counts based on Ly-alpha and UV continuum fluxes of LAEs in the QSO field are slightly lower than in the cluster field, whereas the number counts of LBGs are almost consistent with each other. The LAEs avoid the nearby region around the QSO where the local UV background radiation could be ~100 times stronger than the average for the epoch. The clustering segregation between LBGs and LAEs seen in the QSO field could be due to either enhanced early galaxy formation in an overdense environment having caused all the LAEs to evolve into LBGs, or local photoionization due to the strong UV radiation from the QSO effectively causing a deficit in low-mass galaxies like LAEs.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 348, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00082", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00150", "text": "with local Wi-Fi networks; this allows location-independent remote control using the mobile device's smart-lock app. According to the report, neither Bluetooth nor SSL-encrypted Wi-Fi connections introduce any detectable vulnerabilities. Data protection: AV-TEST's engineers measured each smart lock's privacy policy against European data-protection law. One concern centered on whether systems save more data than what is needed to operate properly. From the report: \"For August, Danalock, and Noke, the testers see a need for improvement, e.g., in terms of information on stored data and its use by third parties. An adaptation to European data-protection law would easily remedy these defects.\" SEE: Cybersecurity in an IoT and mobile world (free PDF) (ZDNet/TechRepublic special report) Smartphone-app security: The report warns that apps are a potential target for attackers, in particular how each app manages access permissions and log files. All smart-lock systems but August and Danalock handled access and log files adequately. The engineers are concerned that August and Danalock generate comprehensive debug logs that provide clues to how the app functions. Additionally, August keeps debug logs in a protected area, whereas Danalock does not, making it possible to read the log files using tools like Android Logcat. The report suggests both August and Danalock need to improve security in this area. One serious misstep: The AV-TEST paper took issue with the smart lock from Burg-Wachter because the lock system does not require the user to change the default admin password. \"A dangerous complacency, as IoT devices with unchanged default login details are easy prey for attackers,\" mentions the report. Overall results Each smart lock was rated on local communications, external communications, app security, and data protection, with three stars holding top honors. The following graph shows the overall results. Image: AV-TEST On a positive note, the AT-TEST report notes, \"All in all, it appears the manufacturers of smart door locks, unlike many other manufacturers of smart home products, did their homework.\" The report concludes by saying, \"The AV-TEST Institute rated five out of six of the locking systems evaluated in the quick test as having solid basic security with theoretical vulnerabilities at the most.\" Stay informed about IT security news, tips, and tutorials—subscribe to our Cybersecurity Insider newsletter. Subscribe Also see", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 478, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00520", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00151", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Border Law Enforcement Relief Act of 2005''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. Congress finds the following: (1) It is the obligation of the Federal Government of the United States to adequately secure the Nation's borders and prevent the flow of undocumented persons and illegal drugs into the United States. (2) Despite the fact that the United States Border Patrol apprehends over 1,000,000 people each year trying to illegally enter the United States, according to the Congressional Research Service, the net growth in the number of unauthorized aliens has increased by approximately 500,000 each year. The Southwest border accounts for approximately 94 percent of all migrant apprehensions each year. Currently, there are an estimated 11,000,000 unauthorized aliens in the United States. (3) The border region is also a major corridor for the shipment of drugs. According to the El Paso Intelligence Center, 65 percent of the narcotics that are sold in the markets of the United States enter the country through the Southwest Border. (4) Border communities continue to incur significant costs due to the lack of adequate border security. A 2001 study by the United States-Mexico Border Counties Coalition found that law enforcement and criminal justice expenses associated with illegal immigration exceed $89,000,000 annually for the Southwest border counties. (5) In August 2005, the States of New Mexico and Arizona declared states of emergency in order to provide local law enforcement immediate assistance in addressing criminal activity along the Southwest border. (6) While the Federal Government provides States and localities assistance in covering costs related to the detention of certain criminal aliens and the prosecution of Federal drug cases, local law enforcement along the border are provided no assistance in covering such expenses and must use their limited resources to combat drug trafficking, human smuggling, kidnappings, the destruction of private property, and other border-related crimes. (7) The United States shares 5,525 miles of border with Canada and 1,989 miles with Mexico. Many of the local law enforcement agencies located along the border are small, rural departments charged with patrolling large areas of land. Counties along the Southwest United States-Mexico border are some of the poorest in the country and lack the financial resources to cover the additional costs associated with illegal immigration, drug trafficking, and other border-related crimes. (8) Federal assistance is required to help local law enforcement operating along the border", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00858", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00152", "text": "SECTION 1. FINDINGS. The Congress finds that-- (1) the Augusta Canal National Landmark in the State of Georgia, listed on the National Historic Register of Historic Places, and designated by the Governor of Georgia as one of four regionally important resources in the State, is one of the last unspoiled areas in the State of Georgia; (2) the Augusta Canal National Historic Landmark possesses excellent water quality, beautiful rural and historic cultural landscapes, architecturally significant mill structures and mill villages, and large acreages of parks and permanent open space; (3) three national historic districts, the Harrisburg, Laney Walker, and Greene Street districts, and 2 national historic landmarks, Stallings Island, located in the Savannah River, and Meadow Garden, are connected by the Augusta Canal Area; (4) the beautiful rural landscapes and historic cultural landscapes, scenic vistas and excellent water quality of the Augusta Canal contain significant undeveloped recreational opportunities for people throughout the United States; (5) the Augusta Canal and related mill sites, structures, and associated neighborhoods are representative of the development of the cotton textile industry and associated agriculture and trade in the South; (6) the transformation of the agrarian economy of the area into an early industrial economy was precipitated by the development and use of the Augusta Canal; (7) several significant sites associated with the American Revolution, the Civil War, Native Americans, Colonial Americans, African Americans, Chinese Americans, and Irish Americans are located within the Augusta Canal area; (8) despite the efforts by the State of Georgia, political subdivisions of the State, volunteer organizations, and private businesses, the cultural, historical, natural, and recreational resources of the area have not realized full potential and may be lost without assistance from the Federal Government; (9) the Secretary of the Interior considers this landmark threatened and has designated it a priority for protection; and (10) many local, regional, and State agencies, businesses, and private citizens have expressed an overwhelming desire to combine forces to work cooperatively to preserve and enhance the resources of the Augusta Canal National Historic Landmark and better plan for its future. SEC. 2. PURPOSE. It is the purpose of this Act to provide a cooperative management framework to assist the State of Georgia, its units of local government, and area citizens in retaining, enhancing, and interpreting the significant features of the lands, water, and structures of the Augusta Canal, in a manner consistent with positive economic impact and development for", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01045", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00153", "text": "high marks almost every other feature received in the survey. But Siri's very low score dovetails with the years of complaints users have had with how Siri functions. The Street's Leon Lazaroff wrote that Siri's main problem is a consumer base expecting it to function like other virtual assistants, which it cannot do because it was designed for a very specific purpose. \"Siri's job is to integrate those devices, it's meant to grease the connections between Apple devices, making the iPhone integral to the iPad, AppleWatch and AppleTV — and all points in between,\" Lazaroff wrote. \"The problem for Apple is that people have come to expect a voice-activated device that can answer relatively easy questions fast and efficiently, and Siri...has mostly fallen short.\" Siri's inability to answer basic questions like Amazon's Alexa, Microsoft's Cortana, and Google Assistant has left users confused about what the feature is actually supposed to do. Verge journalist Walt Mossberg wrote in 2016 that Apple \"wasted its lead\" with Siri and was too slow to add features and functionality that its rivals had already mastered. \"Siri's huge promise has been shrunk to just making voice calls and sending messages to contacts, and maybe getting the weather, using voice commands. If you try and treat Siri like a truly intelligent assistant, aware of the wider world, it often fails, even though Apple presentations and its Siri website suggest otherwise,\" Mossberg wrote. A study done by Stone Temple last year found that Siri \"only answered 21.7 percent of questions and nailed 62.2 percent of them completely, correctly,\" noting that \"Alexa and Siri both face the limitation of not being able to leverage a full crawl of the web to supplement their knowledge bases. It will be interesting to see how they both address that challenge.\" Despite the challenges with Siri, Apple should be heartened to know that most users gave the iPhone X very high scores on almost everything else, and Bajarin said Apple is set up nicely for the future. \"Overall, the data we collected around iPhone X show that if Apple is truly using this product as the baseline for innovation for the next decade, then they are off to a strong start and have built a solid foundation,\" Bajarin wrote in the report. Bajarin later added: \"If Apple can bring Siri back to a leadership position and in combination continue to build on the hardware and software around iPhone X base foundation, then they will remain well", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00543", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00154", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Church Arson Prevention Act of 1996''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. The Congress finds the following: (1) The incidence of arson or other destruction or vandalism of places of religious worship, and the incidence of violent interference with an individual's lawful exercise or attempted exercise of the right of religious freedom at a place of religious worship pose a serious national problem. (2) The incidence of arson of places of religious worship is particularly acute in the context of places of religious worship that serve predominantly African-American congregations. (3) Damage to religious property based on the religious, racial, or ethnic character of that property-- (A) hinders interstate commerce by impeding the movement of members of targeted groups in areas of our Nation and preventing them from engaging in commerce in those areas on account of their race, color, religion, or national origin; (B) impedes individuals in moving interstate because of their race, color, religion, or national origin; (C) is often committed by individuals with ties to groups that operate nationwide; and (D) disrupts the tranquility and safety of communities and is deeply divisive. (4) Changes in Federal law are necessary to deal properly with this problem. (5) Although local jurisdictions have attempted to respond to the challenges posed by such acts of destruction or damage to religious property, the problem is sufficiently serious, widespread, and interstate in scope to warrant Federal intervention to assist State and local jurisdictions. (6) Congress has authority pursuant to the Commerce clause of the Constitution to make acts of destruction or damage to religious property a violation of Federal law. (7) Congress has authority pursuant to section 2 of the 13th amendment to make actions of private citizens motivated by race, color, or ethnicity that interfere with the ability of citizens to hold or use religious property without fear of attack, violations of Federal criminal law. (8) Congress has authority pursuant to section 2 of the 13th amendment to make the commission of an arson or other bias motivated destruction or vandalism of a place of religious worship violations of Federal criminal law. (9) Congress has the authority pursuant to section 5 of the 14th amendment to make violent interference with a citizen's free exercise of the right of religious worship through damage to religious property a violation of Federal law. SEC. 3. PROHIBITION OF VIOLENT INTERFERENCE WITH REL", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01057", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00155", "text": "We present the results of an ongoing weak lensing survey conducted with the Subaru telescope whose initial goal is to locate and study the distribution of shear-selected structures or halos. Using a Suprime-cam imaging survey spanning 21.82 square degree, we present a catalog of 100 candidate halos located from lensing convergence maps. Our sample is reliably drawn from that subset of our survey area, (totaling 16.72 square degree) uncontaminated by bright stars and edge effects and limited at a convergence signal to noise ratio of 3.69. To validate the sample detailed spectroscopic measures have been made for 26 candidates using the Subaru multi-object spectrograph, FOCAS. All are confirmed as clusters of galaxies but two arise as the superposition of multiple clusters viewed along the line of sight. Including data available in the literature and an ongoing Keck spectroscopic campaign, a total of 41 halos now have reliable redshifts. For one of our survey fields, the XMM LSS (Pierre et al. 2004) field, we compare our lensing-selected halo catalog with its X-ray equivalent. Of 15 halos detected in the XMM-LSS field, 10 match with published X-ray selected clusters and a further 2 are newly-detected and spectroscopically confirmed in this work. Although three halos have not yet been confirmed, the high success rate within the XMM-LSS field (12/15) confirms that weak lensing provides a reliable method for constructing cluster catalogs, irrespective of the nature of the constituent galaxies or the intracluster medium.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 329, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00488", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00156", "text": "the company's booming business. Sears' stature is far smaller these days amid a constantly changing retail landscape which brought with it the dominance of Amazon, the rise of e-commerce and big-box discount retailers. It's left brick-and-mortar stores reeling. Despite its merger with Kmart in 2005, Sears has consistently lost millions of dollars each quarter. The retailer has closed hundreds of stores, slashed jobs and sold off key assets like the Lands' End clothing line and its legendary Craftsman brand — although both brands continue to be sold at Sears. Independent retail analyst Sucharita Mulpuru says these changes haven't worked. \"There are just so many onerous forces relating to competition,\" she says. \"I think that no matter what they do, they are fighting a losing battle.\" In a memo, CEO Eddie Lampert says Sears is taking decisive action to return to profitability and to become a new kind of retailer. Some analysts accuse Lampert of sucking the value out of the company, selling off its most marketable assets. Then there's that line in Sears' recent annual report to federal regulators — which states \"substantial doubt exists related to the Company's ability to continue as a going concern.\" But Leena Munjal, a Sears senior vice president in charge of retail operations, says that reports of the company's demise are exaggerated. \"Do we have challenges? Absolutely,\" she says. \"Just like many of the retailers out there and we are all trying to figure out what are the changes we need to make to our business models to be able to rise to those challenges.\" Sears' transformation plan includes a membership program called Shop Your Way. Customers collect points they can redeem when they shop at Sears. The company's also worked on ways to make it more convenient for customers to shop online, or on their phones. The Sears at Woodfield Mall, about 30 miles northwest of Chicago, is huge. There are clothes, fitness equipment and aisles of gleaming appliances. Carla and Jeremy Lang push their twin 18-month-old sons in a stroller while looking at ovens and stoves. Carla Lang says they've heard about the store's financial troubles. \"We've read stuff online that they may be closing stores and what not, but we still come here,\" she says. \"It's close by, and like I said we've had success with purchasing things.\" There are others though, loyal past shoppers, who haven't been in a Sears for", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00598", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00157", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be referred to as the ``Gallatin Range Consolidation and Protection Act of 1993''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. The Congress finds that: (1) It has been the clear policy of the Federal Government since 1925 to consolidate the checkerboard lands along the Gallatin Range north of Yellowstone National Park. (2) These lands north of Yellowstone possess outstanding natural characteristics and wildlife habitat which give them high value as lands added to the National Forest System. (3) Although these lands have remained pristine up till now failure to consolidate at this time will in the near future lead to fragmentation and development. (4) The Federal Government has already invested a great deal in keeping the lands along the Gallatin Range protected from excess development. SEC. 3. PLUM CREEK LAND EXCHANGE--GALLATIN AREA. (a) In General.--The Secretary of Agriculture, hereinafter called the Secretary, shall, subject to the provisions of section 4(b) and section 5(b) and, notwithstanding any other law, acquire by exchange and cash equalization in the amount of $3,400,000, certain lands and interests in land of the Plum Creek Timber, L.P. (referred to in this section as the ``company'') in and adjacent to the Hyalite-Porcupine- Buffalo Horn Wilderness Study Area, the Scapegoat Wilderness Area, and other land in the Gallatin National Forest in accordance with this section. (b)(1) Description of Lands.--If the company offers to the United States the fee title, including mineral interests, to approximately 37,752 and \\15/100\\ acres of land owned by the company which is available for exchange to the United States as depicted on a map entitled ``Plum Creek Timber and Forest Service Proposed Gallatin Land Exchange'', dated May 20, 1988, the Secretary shall accept a warranty deed to such land and, in exchange therefor, and subject to valid existing rights, recommend that the Secretary of the Interior convey, subject to valid existing rights, by patent the fee title to approximately 12,414 and \\6/100\\ acres of National Forest system lands available for exchange to the company as depicted on such map, subject to-- (A) the reservation of ditches and canals required by the Act entitled ``An Act making appropriations for sundry civil expenses of the Government", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00954", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00158", "text": "We present a new catalog of star cluster candidates in the nearby spiral galaxy M33. It is based on eight existing catalogs wherein we have cross-referenced identifications and endeavored to resolve inconsistencies between them. Our catalog contains 451 candidates of which 255 are confirmed clusters based on HST and high resolution ground-based imaging. The catalog contains precise cluster positions (RA and Dec), magnitudes and colors in the UBVRIJHKs filters, metallicities, radial velocities, masses and ages, where available, and galactocentric distances for each cluster. The color distribution of the M33 clusters appears to be similar to those in the Large Magellanic Cloud with major peaks at (B-V)o~0.15, and (B-V)o~0.65. The intrinsic colors are correlated with cluster ages, which range from 10^{7.5} to 10^{10.3} years. The age distribution of the star clusters supports the notion of rapid cluster disruption with a slope of alpha=-1.09 +/- 0.07 in the dN_{cluster}/dt ~ t^{alpha} relation. In addition, comparison to theoretical single stellar population models suggests the presence of an age-metallicity relation among these clusters with younger clusters being more metal-rich. Analysis of the radial distribution of the clusters yields some evidence that younger clusters (age <~ 1 Gyr) may be more concentrated toward the center of M33 than older ones. A similar comparison with the radial profile of the M33 field stars shows the clusters to be more centrally concentrated at the greater than 99.9% confidence level. Possible reasons for this are presented and discussed; however, the overwhelming conclusion seems to be that a more complete and thorough cluster search is needed covering at least 4 square degrees centered on M33.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 369, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00058", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00159", "text": "We critically examine a scenario for the enrichment of the interstellar medium (ISM) in which supernova ejecta follow a long (10^8 yr) journey before falling back onto the galactic disk in the form of metal-rich ``droplets'', These droplets do not become fully mixed with the interstellar medium until they become photoionized in HII regions. We investigate the hypothesis that the photoionization of these highly metallic droplets can explain the observed ``abundance discrepancy factors'' (ADFs), which are found when comparing abundances derived from recombination lines and from collisionally excited lines, both in Galactic and extragalactic HII regions. We derive bounds of 10^{13}--10^{15} cm on the droplet sizes inside HII regions in order that (1) they should not have already been detected by direct imaging of nearby nebulae, and (2) they should not be too swiftly destroyed by diffusion in the ionized gas. From photoionization modelling we find that, if this inhomogeneous enrichment scenario holds, then the recombination lines strongly overestimate the metallicities of the fully mixed HII regions. The abundances derived from collisionally excited lines also suffer some bias, although to a much lesser extent. In the absence of any recipe for correcting these biases, we recommend the discarding of all objects showing large ADFs from studies of galactic chemical evolution. These biases must also be kept in mind when comparing the galactic abundance gradients for elements derived from recombination lines with those derived from collisionally excited lines. Finally, we propose a set of observations that could be undertaken to test our scenario and improve our understanding of element mixing in the ISM.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 347, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00321", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00160", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Border Tax Equity Act of 2009''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS AND DECLARATIONS OF POLICY. (a) Findings.--Congress makes the following findings: (1) The United States largely relies on a direct tax system, whereas 150 countries currently employ one particular form of indirect tax known as value-added taxes (VAT) as well as direct taxes. The worldwide VAT tax average in 2005 was 15.7 percent, and in countries of the European Union it ranges between 15 and 25 percent. (2) Under the rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO), direct taxes, such as corporate income taxes, if rebated or refunded upon the export of goods are viewed as export subsidies and prohibited on most goods and are at least potentially actionable on all goods. However, indirect taxes, such as sales taxes and VAT, may be rebated or refunded upon the export of goods and such rebate or refund is not defined as constituting a subsidy and hence is not actionable under WTO rules. (3) At present, there are no WTO rules on subsidies as applied to trade in services. However, a number of countries currently impose taxes on the import of services and exempt or rebate or refund taxes upon the export of services, to the disadvantage of United States services providers. (4) The disparate treatment of border taxes detrimentally affects United States agricultural producers, manufacturers, and service providers in that-- (A) refunds of indirect taxes effectively act as export subsidies to foreign exporters; and (B) United States exporters are subject to double taxation, by paying direct taxes on domestic production in the United States and having their exported product or service face a border tax in the importing country consisting of indirect taxes. (5) Foreign governments paid their producers an estimated $369 billion of VAT rebates on goods exported to the United States. Foreign governments collected from United States producers an estimated $122.4 billion of VAT equivalent taxes on their imported goods. The combined goods and services disadvantage in 2007 was $474 billion. (6) For more than 40 years, United States businesses have complained of border tax inequity and, since 1968, prior United States Administrations and Congresses have sought to resolve it. (7) Congress has repeatedly recognized the prejudicial effect of the disparate treatment of border taxes with respect to goods and has directed the United States to seek", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01037", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00161", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Cardiac Arrest Survival Act''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. The Congress finds as follows: (1) A significant increase in the number of individuals trained in lifesaving first aid would save many lives, particularly an increase in the number of individuals trained in responding to cardiac arrest. (2) Each year approximately 350,000 individuals die from cardiac arrest resulting from cardiovascular diseases. (3) Cardiac arrest can arise in other circumstances, including drownings, cases of drug sensitivity or drug toxicity, and cases of electrical shock. (4) More than 65 percent of deaths from cardiac arrest occur before the victims reach hospitals. (5) Although cardiopulmonary resuscitation (commonly known as CPR) is an important technique in responding to cardiac arrest, the technique alone cannot terminate ventricular fibrillation in the heart. (6) Ventricular fibrillation often can be terminated through use of an electrical device known as a defibrillator, and one that is automated and is designed for external application is well-suited to responding to instances of cardiac arrest in circumstances in which the victim is not at a hospital. (7) In the typical nonhospital circumstances, the most effective response to cardiac arrest is to recognize the warning signs for an imminent attack and request emergency medical services through the telephone number 911; to use the technique of cardiopulmonary resuscitation; and to apply an automatic external defibrillator. SEC. 3. ESTABLISHMENT OF PROGRAM REGARDING TRAINING IN LIFESAVING FIRST AID. Title XII of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 300d et seq.) is amended by adding at the end the following part: ``Part G--Lifesaving First Aid ``SEC. 1271. PROGRAM REGARDING TRAINING. ``(a) In General.--The Secretary shall carry out a program for the following purposes: ``(1) To develop and operate demonstration projects to provide training in the provision of lifesaving first aid. ``(2) To develop and disseminate recommendations regarding the provision of such training. ``(3) To collect data in accordance with section 1273. ``(4) To conduct evaluations in accordance with such section. ``(b) Training Criteria.-- ``(1) In general.--In carrying out subsection (a), the Secretary shall develop criteria for training individuals in the provision of lifesaving first aid, including the following", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01048", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00162", "text": "Time is an interesting thing. It's the one \"commodity\" that cannot be created or destroyed, and you can't acquire more than 24 hours each day. What we do with those 24 hours ultimately impacts everything from our long-term success to how we relate with the important people in our lives. Key to utilizing our limited amount of time is successfully allocating our mental focus, or to use the technology vernacular, our \"mental bandwidth.\" Just as you can only perform so many simultaneous computing tasks for a given amount of network bandwidth, so too can we as human only focus on, and be successful at, a certain amount of tasks. Here are some tips for managing your mental bandwidth. 1. Ignore the dogma and experiment The world is ripe with prescriptive advice, yet as individuals what works for me may not work for you, and oftentimes the advice is conflicting. For instance, a penny saved might be a penny earned, yet we're also told not to be penny smart and pound foolish. The same holds true with advice for mental bandwidth, where one \"reputable\" source might encourage multitasking, while another demand absolute singularity of focus. Rather than trying to adapt your working style to someone else's, experiment with different techniques and keep those that help, while casting aside those that don't, even if they work for a well-regarded guru, loved one, or friend. There's no harm in mixing, modifying, and abandoning in an effort to find techniques that work best for how your individual brain is \"wired.\" 2. Actively manage your mental bandwidth Perhaps the biggest mistake many people make is allowing their mental bandwidth to be managed for them. The beeping phone, meeting request, or act performed for ritual or obligation all rob our limited mental bandwidth, and many perform these actions unquestioningly. If you allocate your focus as you see fit, and actively choose what you want to focus on, you'll be in command of your mental bandwidth even when faced with unmovable obligations ranging from work to civic duties. SEE: Time management tips for tech professionals (free PDF) (TechRepublic) 3. Do a bandwidth cost/benefit Most of us are awash in meeting requests and accept without question. Everyone complains about excessive meetings, yet it's often a guilty pleasure to summon a group at your whim, or join a discussion under the assumption that your input is necessary and valuable. In the worst case, this might extend to", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00555", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00163", "text": "And there he was again — The man for whom dozens of obituaries had just been written and whose name had been added to journalists' memorial in Moscow only hours before. Arkady Babchenkoreturned to the land of the living in the company of Ukraine’s secret service chief and prosecutor general. The journalist was found by his wife outside the couple’s apartment, bleeding and apparently having been shot multiple times. Reporters had gathered on Wednesday to find out more about the \"murder\" investigation, with the official line being that he had died. It was then that Vasyl Gritsak, head of the Ukrainian Security Service, announced that the press would have the opportunity to speak to Babchenko themselves. The 41-year-old entered the room, clad in a black sweater, to applause and gasps. \"I’m still alive,\" he said. Proving a link Babchenko thanked Ukraine's security services for saving his life before apologizing to his wife for putting her through such an ordeal. His hosts explained that the stunt had been necessary to lull the individuals suspected of ordering and organizing a hit against the Kremlin critic into a false sense of security. The aim all along had been to collect further evidence linking the plot's alleged lynchpin with Russian secret services. They presented grainy footage purporting to show the plot's organizer handing over thousands of dollars to the man tasked with shooting Babchenko. The intended shooter turned out to be working for Ukrainian security services. Minutes later yet more footage was shown – this time of a middle-aged man being arrested on a busy city street before being bundled away by plainclothes agents. This, they said, was the organizer of the plot to kill Babchenko. Not only Babchenko, but as many as 30 other Russian exiles in Ukraine. Read more: 'Killing' of Babchenko: A big show raises lots of questions Barely able to contain his satisfaction, Ukraine's Prosecutor General Yuriy Lutsenko read out a series of earlier comments from political opponents inside and outside the country – slamming Ukraine's inability to protect journalists like Arkady Babchenko. The critics, he said, had been proved wrong. Political killings to destabilize? President Petro Poroshenko hailed the news as a sign that Ukraine had \"passed the sovereignty test\" and called the day a \"birthday\" of sorts for the nation. But even beyond government circles there was much vocal approval online for the government", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00753", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00164", "text": "of the radical AIDS advocacy group ACT UP. The slogan helped change the way the world looked at AIDS. At one point, Silence=Death was the most powerful protest slogan around. It became an iconic backdrop to the group's chant for \"ACT UP, FIGHT BACK, FIGHT AIDS!\" Now, at 65, Finkelstein is one of several ACT UP veterans from the 1980s and '90s who today is helping shepherd new protesters train and strategize, including the anti-Trump collective Rise and Resist. \"Many people are younger people who work with organizations that were formed by ACT UP. Or were in ACT UP themselves,\" he says. He recently led a teach-in on design and imagery for Rise and Resist. \"All of the civil disobedience training is being done by the same exact people who did them at ACT UP,\" Finkelstein says. \"So here is this perfect cross-section of this moment. Here is an inter-generational activist organization. And its meetings are in the community center a spitting distance from where the original ACT UP meetings took place.\" In January, Rise and Resist took one of its first actions: scores of members booked brunch reservations at restaurants in several Trump-owned properties including Trump Tower. Over eggs Benedict in the crowded eateries, protesters began to cough and cough some more. The \"cough-in\" protesters held up signs saying \"Trumpcare is making us sick.\" \"That's the kind of mediagenic sort of action that ACT UP used to needle their opponent,\" says filmmaker and writer David France, who's behind the book and film How To Survive A Plague. \"And Trump is an easy target for needling, and they're working on trying to exploit that weakness of his. The more time he spends in the early morning hours fashioning his tweets in response to perceived slights, the less time he has to advance his agenda.\" France and others note the feeling of total powerlessness in the face of Trump and Republican control of Washington echoes the early days of the AIDS crisis. \"Younger generations, the millennials, and even Gen X and Gen Y, have the sense of never having had power, really,\" France says. \"And it's kind of a learning experience for them to realize that there were times in history when others felt the same, and were yet not dispirited by it, but found a way to plow through it and find that power.\" ACT UP was certainly not immune to", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00593", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00165", "text": "We have selected a sample of 88 nearby (z<0.1) galaxy clusters from the SDSS-DR4 with redshift information for the cluster members. We have derived global properties for each cluster, such as their mean recessional velocity, velocity dispersion, and virial radii. Cluster galaxies have been grouped in two families according to their $u-r$ colours. The total sample consists of 10865 galaxies. As expected, the highest fraction of galaxies (62%) turned to be early-type (red) ones, being located at smaller distances from the cluster centre and showing lower velocity dispersions than late-type (blue) ones. The brightest cluster galaxies are located in the innermost regions and show the smallest velocity dispersions. Early-type galaxies also show constant velocity dispersion profiles inside the virial radius and a mild decline in the outermost regions. In contrast, late-type galaxies show always decreasing velocity dispersions profiles. No correlation has been found between the fraction of blue galaxies and cluster global properties, such as cluster velocity dispersion and galaxy concentration. In contrast, we found correlation between the X-ray luminosity and the fraction of blue galaxies. These results indicate that early- and late-type galaxies may have had different evolution. Thus, blue galaxies are located in more anisotropic and radial orbits than early-type ones. Their star formation seems to be independent of the cluster global properties in low mass clusters, but not for the most massive ones. These observational results suggest that the global environment could be important for driving the evolution of galaxies in the most massive cluster ($\\sigma > 800$ km s$^{-1}$). However, the local environment could play a key role in galaxy evolution for low mass clusters.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 346, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00059", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00166", "text": "In Chile and Uruguay,the gregarious Pteromalidae (Monoksa dorsiplana) has been discovered emerging from seeds of the persistent pods of Acacia caven attacked by the univoltin bruchid Pseudopachymeria spinipes. We investigated the potential for mass rearing of this gregarious ectoparasitoid on an alternative bruchid host, Callosobruchus maculatus, to use it against the bruchidae of native and cultured species of Leguminosea seeds in South America. The mass rearing of M.dorsiplana was carried out in a population cage where the density of egg-laying females per infested seed was increased from 1:1 on the first day to 5:1 on the last (fifth) day. Under these experimental conditions egg-clutch size per host increased, and at the same time the mortality of eggs laid also increased. The density of egg-laying females influenced the sex ratio which tended towards a balance of sons and daughters,in contrast to the sex ratio of a single egg-laying female per host (1 son to 7 daughters). The mean weight of adults emerging from a parasitized host was negatively correlated with the egg-clutch size, i.e., as egg-clutch size increased, adult weight decreased. All these results show that mass rearing of the gregarious ectoparasitoid M.dorsiplana was possible under laboratory conditions on an alternative bruchid host C.maculatus. As M.dorsiplana is a natural enemy of larval and pupal stages of bruchidae, the next step was to investigate whether the biological control of bruchid C.maculatus was possible in an experimental structure of stored beans.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 361, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00222", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00167", "text": "We present Keck/DEIMOS spectroscopy of stars in 8 of the newly discovered ultra-faint dwarf galaxies around the Milky Way. We measure the velocity dispersions of Canes Venatici I and II, Ursa Major I and II, Coma Berenices, Hercules, Leo IV and Leo T from the velocities of 18 - 214 stars in each galaxy and find dispersions ranging from 3.3 to 7.6 km/s. The 6 galaxies with absolute magnitudes M_V < -4 are highly dark matter-dominated, with mass-to-light ratios approaching 1000. The measured velocity dispersions are inversely correlated with their luminosities, indicating that a minimum mass for luminous galactic systems may not yet have been reached. We also measure the metallicities of the observed stars and find that the 6 brightest of the ultra-faint dwarfs extend the luminosity-metallicity relationship followed by brighter dwarfs by 2 orders of magnitude in luminosity; several of these objects have mean metallicities as low as [Fe/H] = -2.3 and therefore represent some of the most metal-poor known stellar systems. We detect metallicity spreads of up to 0.5 dex in several objects, suggesting multiple star formation epochs. Having established the masses of the ultra-faint dwarfs, we re-examine the missing satellite problem. After correcting for the sky coverage of the SDSS, we find that the ultra-faint dwarfs substantially alleviate the discrepancy between the predicted and observed numbers of satellites around the Milky Way, but there are still a factor of ~4 too few dwarf galaxies over a significant range of masses. We show that if galaxy formation in low-mass dark matter halos is strongly suppressed after reionization, the simulated circular velocity function of CDM subhalos can be brought into approximate agreement with the observed circular velocity function of Milky Way satellite galaxies. [slightly abridged]", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 396, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00303", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00168", "text": "OFFICERS. ``The State Administrator shall establish a Problem Resolution Office. Problem Resolution Officers shall have the authority to investigate taxpayer complaints and enjoin collection activity if, in the opinion of the Problem Resolution Officer, said collection activity is reasonably likely to not be in compliance with law. Said administrative injunction may only be reversed by the highest official in the relevant State or Federal taxing authority or by its General Counsel upon a finding that the collection activity is justified by clear and convincing evidence. The authority to reverse this administrative injunction may not be delegated. Problem Resolution Officers shall not be disciplined or adversely affected for the issuance of administrative injunctions unless a pattern or issuing injunctions that are manifestly unreasonable is proven in an administrative hearing. Nothing in this section shall limit the authority of the State Administrators or the taxpayer to pursue any legal remedy in any court with jurisdiction over the dispute at issue. ``SEC. 53. JURISDICTION AND INTERSTATE ALLOCATION. ``(a) Allocation Rules.--For purposes of allocating revenue between or among administering states from taxes imposed by this subtitle, the revenue shall be allocated to those states that are the destination of the taxable property or services. The destination of the purchase of taxable property and services shall be determined in accordance with this section. ``(b) Federal Office of Revenue Allocation.--The Secretary shall establish an Office of Revenue Allocation to arbitrate any claims or disputes among administering states as to the destination of taxable property and services for purposes of allocating revenue between or among the states from taxes imposed by this subtitle. The determination of the Administrator of the Office of Revenue Allocation shall be subject to judicial review in any federal court with competent jurisdiction provided, however, that the standard of review shall be abuse of discretion. ``(c) Tangible Personal Property.--The destination of tangible personal property shall be the state or territory in which the property was first delivered to the purchaser. Tangible personal property shipped by means of the mail or common carrier shall be deemed delivered to the location of the purchaser for purposes of this subsection upon shipment by mail or common carrier. ``(d) Real Property.--The destination of real property or rents or leaseholds on real property shall be state or territory in which the real property is located. ``(e) Other Property.--The destination of other property shall be residence of the purchaser. ``(f) Services.-- ``(1) General rule.--The destination of services shall be state or territory in which the use, consumption or enjoyment of the services occurred. Allocation of service invoices", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00920", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00169", "text": "Gravitational waves (GWs) from the inspiral of a neutron star (NS) or stellar-mass black hole (BH) into an intermediate-mass black hole (IMBH) with mass between ~50 and ~350 solar masses may be detectable by the planned advanced generation of ground-based GW interferometers. Such intermediate mass ratio inspirals (IMRIs) are most likely to be found in globular clusters. We analyze four possible IMRI formation mechanisms: (1) hardening of an NS-IMBH or BH-IMBH binary via three-body interactions, (2) hardening via Kozai resonance in a hierarchical triple system, (3) direct capture, and (4) inspiral of a compact object from a tidally captured main-sequence star; we also discuss tidal effects when the inspiraling object is an NS. For each mechanism we predict the typical eccentricities of the resulting IMRIs. We find that IMRIs will have largely circularized by the time they enter the sensitivity band of ground-based detectors. Hardening of a binary via three-body interactions, which is likely to be the dominant mechanism for IMRI formation, yields eccentricities under 10^-4 when the GW frequency reaches 10 Hz. Even among IMRIs formed via direct captures, which can have the highest eccentricities, around 90% will circularize to eccentricities under 0.1 before the GW frequency reaches 10 Hz. We estimate the rate of IMRI coalescences in globular clusters and the sensitivity of a network of three Advanced LIGO detectors to the resulting GWs. We show that this detector network may see up to tens of IMRIs per year, although rates of one to a few per year may be more plausible. We also estimate the loss in signal-to-noise ratio that will result from using circular IMRI templates for data analysis and find that, for the eccentricities we expect, this loss is negligible.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 400, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00158", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00170", "text": "In Refs.[1] and [2], calculation of effective resistances on distance-regular networks was investigated, where in the first paper, the calculation was based on the stratification of the network and Stieltjes function associated with the network, whereas in the latter one a recursive formula for effective resistances was given based on the Christoffel-Darboux identity. In this paper, evaluation of effective resistances on more general networks called pseudo-distance-regular networks [21] or QD type networks \\cite{obata} is investigated, where we use the stratification of these networks and show that the effective resistances between a given node such as $\\alpha$ and all of the nodes $\\beta$ belonging to the same stratum with respect to $\\alpha$ ($R_{\\alpha\\beta^{(m)}}$, $\\beta$ belonging to the $m$-th stratum with respect to the $\\alpha$) are the same. Then, based on the spectral techniques, an analytical formula for effective resistances $R_{\\alpha\\beta^{(m)}}$ such that $L^{-1}_{\\alpha\\alpha}=L^{-1}_{\\beta\\beta}$ (those nodes $\\alpha$, $\\beta$ of the network such that the network is symmetric with respect to them) is given in terms of the first and second orthogonal polynomials associated with the network, where $L^{-1}$ is the pseudo-inverse of the Laplacian of the network. From the fact that in distance-regular networks, $L^{-1}_{\\alpha\\alpha}=L^{-1}_{\\beta\\beta}$ is satisfied for all nodes $\\alpha,\\beta$ of the network, the effective resistances $R_{\\alpha\\beta^{(m)}}$ for $m=1,2,...,d$ ($d$ is diameter of the network which is the same as the number of strata) are calculated directly, by using the given formula.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 400, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00498", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00171", "text": "SECTION 1. FINDINGS. Congress finds the following: (1) Hours after the attacks on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, Imperial Japanese forces launched an attack on the Philippines, cutting off vital lines of communication to members of the Armed Forces of the United States (referred to in this Act as the ``Armed Forces'') and Filipino troops in the Far East under the command of General Douglas MacArthur. (2) On May 6, 1942, Corregidor fell after a weeklong siege and its defenders were surrendered. On May 10, 1942, American forces under the command of Major General William F. Sharp surrendered after fighting the Japanese from April 29, 1942, to May 9, 1942, on the island of Mindanao in the southernmost portion of the Philippine Archipelago. It was on this date, May 10, 1942, that General Wainwright, as Supreme Allied Commander, surrendered all Allied Forces in the Philippine Archipelago. (3) Despite being cut off from supply lines and reinforcements, members of the Armed Forces and Philippine troops quickly executed a plan to delay the Japanese invasion and defend the Philippines against that invasion. (4) By April 1942, troops from the United States and the Philippines had bravely and staunchly fought off enemy attacks in Bataan for more than 4 months under strenuous conditions that resulted in widespread starvation and disease. (5) By maintaining their position and engaging the enemy for as long as they did, the troops at Bataan were able to change the momentum of the war, delaying the Japanese timetable to take control of the Southeast Pacific for needed war materials. Because of the heroic actions of the defenders of Bataan, members of the Armed Forces and other Allied forces throughout the Pacific had time to regroup and prepare for the successful liberation of the Pacific and the Philippines. (6) On April 9, 1942, Major General Edward King, whose troops suffered from starvation and a lack of supplies, surrendered the soldiers from the United States and the Philippines into enemy hands. (7) Over the next week, troops from the Armed Forces and the Philippines were taken prisoner and forced to march 65 miles without any food, water, or medical care in what came to be known as the ``Bataan Death March''. (8) During this forced march, thousands of soldiers died, either from starvation, lack of medical", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01130", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00172", "text": "Dmitry Peskov said. \"There are athletes who are disputing their rights in a legal context. There are athletes who are appealing to public opinion. There are athletes who are appealing to the Olympic committee leadership. That is their right.\" The IOC hasn't confirmed which Russians will be invited to compete in Pyeongchang, and hasn't explained any individual decisions. However, it has said newly obtained records from the Moscow anti-doping laboratory played a role in the decision-making. Russia announced 169 athletes would represent the \"Olympic Athlete from Russia\" (OAR) team on Thursday. The list didn't contain Ahn or some other Russian medal contenders, including cross-country skiing world champion Sergei Ustyugov and biathlete Anton Shipulin. The IOC refusals for some are separate from the doping bans for 43 Russian athletes because of what the Olympic body ruled was a doping program and cover-up at the Sochi Games. Of those, 42 have launched appeals at the Court of Arbitration for Sport, and verdicts in 39 cases heard in Geneva are due to be published next week. Strict rules imposed on Russian medal winners in Pyeongchang were published in the IOC conduct guidelines Friday. The official Russian flag can be hung in an athlete's bedroom in Olympic villages, though with \"no public visibility.\" Inside Olympic venues, athletes must not accept the Russian flag from a spectator nor sing the national anthem. \"Any 'alternate' victory ceremonies organized for OAR athletes and/or team officials are not permitted.\" Also, the International Biathlon Union said it could cancel a World Cup in Russia in March in light of \"newly available information.\" The IBU didn't say what it received, though the IOC said on Wednesday it was sharing doping-related information from its vetting process with international sports federations. The World Cup in Tyumen is due to be the first in Russia since 2015. ___ AP Sports Writer Graham Dunbar in Geneva contributed to this report", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 404, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00677", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00173", "text": ".--Section 1114 is amended-- (A) by redesignating subsections (d) and (e) as subsections (e) and (f), respectively; and (B) by inserting after subsection (e) the following: ``(d) Surface Vehicle Recordings and Transcripts.-- ``(1) Confidentiality of recordings.--The Board may not disclose publicly any part of a surface vehicle voice or video recorder recording or transcript of oral communications by or among drivers, train employees, or other operating employees responsible for the movement and direction of the vehicle or vessel, or between such operating employees and company communication centers, related to an accident investigated by the Board. However, the Board shall make public any part of a transcript or any written depiction of visual information that the Board decides is relevant to the accident-- ``(A) if the Board holds a public hearing on the accident, at the time of the hearing; or ``(B) if the Board does not hold a public hearing, at the time a majority of the other factual reports on the accident are placed in the public docket. ``(2) References to information in making safety recommendations.--This subsection does not prevent the Board from referring at any time to voice or video recorder information in making safety recommendations.''. (2) Conforming amendment.--The first sentence of section 1114(a) is amended by striking ``and (e)'' and inserting ``(d), and (f)''. (c) Discovery and Use of Cockpit and Surface Vehicle Recordings and Transcripts.-- (1) In general.--Section 1154 is amended-- (A) by striking the section heading and inserting the following: ``Sec. 1154. Discovery and use of cockpit and surface vehicle recordings and transcripts''; (B) by striking ``cockpit voice recorder'' each place it appears in subsection (a) and inserting ``cockpit or surface vehicle recorder''; (C) by striking ``section 1114(c)'' each place it appears in subsection (a) and inserting ``section 1114(c) or 1114(d)''; and (D) by adding at the end the following: ``(6) In this subsection: ``(A) Recorder.--The term `recorder' means a voice or video recorder. ``(B) Transcript.--The term `transcript' includes any written depiction of visual information obtained from a video recorder.''. (2) Conforming amendment.--The chapter analysis for chapter 11", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00881", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00174", "text": "HUNTSVILLE, Ala. (AP) — Alabama Democrats see Tuesday's special Senate election as a chance to renounce a history littered with politicians whose race-baiting, bombast and other baggage have long soiled the state's reputation beyond its borders. Many Republicans see the vote as chance to ratify their conservative values and protect President Donald Trump's agenda ahead of the 2018 midterm elections. At the center are Republican Roy Moore, a former jurist twice removed as state chief justice and now accused of sexual misconduct with teenage girls decades ago, and Democrat Doug Jones, an erstwhile federal prosecutor best known for prosecuting two Ku Klux Klansmen responsible for killing four black girls in the 1963 bombing of Birmingham's 16th Street Baptist Church. The winner will take the seat held previously by Trump's attorney general, Jeff Sessions. Republicans control the Senate with 52 seats. In truth, the matchup mixes both Alabama's tortured history and the nation's current divisive, bitterly partisan politics, and it has made a spectacle of a Deep South state well acquainted with national scrutiny but not accustomed to competitive general elections. \"This is an election to tell the whole world what we stand for,\" Jones told supporters at one stop Sunday, adding that his campaign \"is on the right side of history.\" At an earlier appearance, he declared Alabama is \"at a crossroads\" and that Moore, an unapologetic evangelical populist, tries only to \"create conflict and division.\" Jones, 63, stops short of explicitly comparing Moore to the four-term Gov. George Wallace, whose populism was rooted in segregation. But Jones alluded Sunday to that era of Alabama politics. \"Elect a responsible man to a responsible office,\" Jones said, repeating the campaign slogan of another Alabama governor, Albert Brewer, who nearly defeated Wallace in 1970 in a contest Alabama liberals and many moderates still lament as a lost opportunity. Some of Jones' supporters put it even more bluntly. \"I thought Alabama's image was pretty much at the bottom,\" said Pat Lawrence, a retired software engineer in Huntsville. A Moore win, Lawrence added, \"will be a whole new bottom.\" Those concerns extend even to some GOP quarters. Alabama's senior senator, Richard Shelby, confirmed Sunday that he did not vote for Moore, saying he wrote in another \"distinguished\" party figure he declined to name. Yet for many Republicans, Moore is a paragon of traditional values. They reject", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00748", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00175", "text": "WASHINGTON (AP) — The Trump administration's drive to wean poor people from government benefits by making them work has been slowed by a federal judge framing a fundamental question: Are poverty programs meant to show tough love or to help the needy? U.S. District Judge James E. Boasberg in Washington last week halted Kentucky's first-in-the-nation experiment with Medicaid work requirements, ruling that the Trump administration glossed over potential coverage losses. He sent the state's plan back to federal authorities for a harder look. The debate goes well beyond Medicaid, the federal-state health program for low-income and disabled people. This spring, President Donald Trump signed an executive order directing cabinet agencies to add or strengthen work requirements for programs including subsidized housing, food stamps and cash welfare. The government's biggest assistance program for low-income people — the Earned Income Tax Credit — is already designed to supplement earnings from work. Boasberg found that \"medical assistance\" is by law a \"central objective\" of Medicaid. While work requirements might be allowable if that's what a state wants, \"there may be limits to how much (coverage) loss is too much,\" he wrote. Kentucky's Republican Gov. Matt Bevin wanted to impose work requirements on some 428,000 state residents who got Medicaid under the Affordable Care Act's expansion. Optional for states, the expansion passed under former President Barack Obama covers about 12 million people nationally, mainly adults. Kentucky expanded Medicaid under a Democratic governor. Bevin argues that the cost is unsustainable for his state, even with Washington paying at least 90 percent of the bill, because many more people signed up than initially expected. The state estimated that work requirements would save money, reducing the Medicaid rolls by about 95,000 people over five years. That number got the judge's attention. Boasberg ruled that the federal Health and Human Services department didn't dig deeply enough into the potential coverage losses. The department \"paid no attention to that deprivation,\" he wrote, and \"this oversight is glaring,\" amounting to rubber-stamping the state's request. Although state and federal officials contend that many people leaving Medicaid would find private coverage, Boasberg said there was no hard analysis, no \"bottom-line estimate.\" The ruling seemed to catch the Trump administration unprepared. Seema Verma, head of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, called it \"disappointing.\" The administration may appeal, or it may re-run its evaluation of the Kentucky plan", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00713", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00176", "text": "Statutes or other statute requiring competitive bidding, contract with qualified carriers to provide group long-term care insurance under this chapter, except that the Office may not have contracts in effect under this section with more than 3 qualified carriers as of any given time. ``(b) Qualified Carriers.--To be considered a qualified carrier under this chapter, a company must be licensed to issue group long-term care insurance in all the States and the District of Columbia. ``(c) Terms and Conditions.-- ``(1) In general.--Each contract under this section shall contain a detailed statement of the benefits offered (including any maximums, limitations, exclusions, and other definitions of benefits), the rates charged (including any limitations or other conditions on their subsequent adjustment), and such other terms and conditions as may be mutually agreed to by the Office and the carrier involved, consistent with the requirements of this chapter. ``(2) Rates.--The rates charged under any contract under this section shall reasonably reflect the cost of the benefits provided under such contract. ``(d) Noncancelability.--The benefits and coverage made available to individuals under any contract under this section shall be guaranteed to be renewable and may not be canceled by the carrier except for nonpayment of charges. ``(e) Payment of Required Benefits; Dispute Resolution.--Each contract under this section shall require the carrier to agree-- ``(1) to pay or provide benefits in an individual case if the Office (or a duly designated third-party administrator) finds that the individual involved is entitled thereto under the terms of the contract; and ``(2) to participate in administrative procedures designed to bring about the expeditious resolution of disputes arising under such contract, including, in appropriate circumstances, one or more alternative means of dispute resolution. ``(f) Duration.-- ``(1) In general.--Each contract under this section shall be for a term of 5 years, but may be made automatically renewable from term to term in the absence of notice of termination by either party. However, the rights and responsibilities of the enrolled individual, the insurer, and the Office (or duly designated third-party administrator) under any such contract shall continue until the termination of coverage of the enrolled individual. ``(2) Termination of individual coverage.--Group long-term care insurance coverage obtained by an individual under this chapter shall terminate only upon the occurrence of any of the following: ``(A) Death.--The death of the insured. ``(B) Exhaustion of benefits.--Exhaustion of benefits, as determined under the", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01080", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00177", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Truth in Regulating Act of 2000''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS AND PURPOSES. (a) Findings.--Congress finds that-- (1) many Federal regulations have improved the quality of life of the American public, however, uncontrolled increases in regulatory costs and lost opportunities for better regulation should not be continued; (2) the legislative branch has a responsibility to ensure that laws passed by Congress are properly implemented by the executive branch; and (3) in order for the legislative branch to fulfill its responsibilities to ensure that laws passed by Congress are implemented in an efficient, effective, and fair manner, the Congress requires accurate and reliable information on which to base decisions. (b) Purposes.--The purposes of this Act are to-- (1) increase the transparency of important regulatory decisions; (2) promote effective congressional oversight to ensure that agency rules fulfill statutory requirements in an efficient, effective, and fair manner; and (3) increase the accountability of Congress and the agencies to the people they serve. SEC. 3. DEFINITIONS. In this Act, the term-- (1) ``agency'' has the meaning given such term under section 551(1) of title 5, United States Code; (2) ``economically significant rule'' means any proposed or final rule, including an interim or direct final rule, that may have an annual effect on the economy of $100,000,000 or more or adversely affect in a material way the economy, a sector of the economy, productivity, competition, jobs, the environment, public health or safety, or State, local, or tribal governments or communities, or for which an agency has prepared an initial or final regulatory flexibility analysis pursuant to section 603 or 604 of title 5, United States Code; and (3) ``independent evaluation'' means a substantive evaluation of the agency's and the public's data, methodology, and assumptions used in developing the economically significant rule, and any additional evaluation that the Comptroller General determines to be necessary, including-- (A) an explanation of how any strengths or weaknesses in those data, methodology, and assumptions support or detract from conclusions reached by the agency; and (B) the implications, if any, of those strengths or weaknesses for the rulemaking. SEC. 4. REPORT ON RULES. (a) In General.-- (1) Request", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01079", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00178", "text": "In this article, we review the current status of Finsler-Lagrange geometry and generalizations. The goal is to aid non-experts on Finsler spaces, but physicists and geometers skilled in general relativity and particle theories, to understand the crucial importance of such geometric methods for applications in modern physics. We also would like to orient mathematicians working in generalized Finsler and Kahler geometry and geometric mechanics how they could perform their results in order to be accepted by the community ''orthodox'' physicists. Although the bulk of former models of Finsler-Lagrange spaces where elaborated on tangent bundles, the surprising result advocated in our works is that such locally anisotropic structures can be modelled equivalently on Riemann-Cartan spaces, even as exact solutions in Einstein and/or string gravity, if nonholonomic distributions and moving frames of references are introduced into consideration. We also propose a canonical scheme when geometrical objects on a (pseudo) Riemannian space are nonholonomically deformed into generalized Lagrange, or Finsler, configurations on the same manifold or on a corresponding tangent bundle. Such canonical transforms are defined by the coefficients of a prime metric (it can be a solution of the Einstein equations) and generate target spaces as generalized Lagrange structures, their models of almost Hermitian/ Kahler, or nonholonomic Riemann spaces with constant curvature, for some Finsler like connections. There are formulated the criteria when such constructions can be redefined equivalently in terms of the Levi Civita connection.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 318, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00465", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00179", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Four Corners Interpretive Center Act''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS AND PURPOSES. (a) Findings.--Congress finds that-- (1) the Four Corners Monument is nationally significant as the only geographic location in the United States where 4 State boundaries meet; (2) the States with boundaries that meet at the Four Corners area are Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah; (3) between 1868 and 1875 the boundary lines that created the Four Corners were drawn, and in 1899 a monument was erected at the site; (4) a United States postal stamp will be issued in 1999 to commemorate the centennial of the original boundary marker; (5) the Four Corners area is distinct in character and possesses important historical, cultural, and prehistoric values and resources within the surrounding cultural landscape; (6) although there are no permanent facilities or utilities at the Four Corners Monument Tribal Park, each year the park attracts approximately 250,000 visitors; (7) the area of the Four Corners Monument Tribal Park falls entirely within the Navajo Nation or Ute Mountain Ute Tribe reservations; (8) the Navajo Nation and the Ute Mountain Ute Tribe have entered into a Memorandum of Understanding governing the planning and future development of the Four Corners Monument Tribal Park; (9) in 1992, through agreements executed by the governors of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah, the Four Corners Heritage Council was established as a coalition of State, Federal, tribal, and private interests; (10) the State of Arizona has obligated $45,000 for planning efforts and $250,000 for construction of an interpretive center at the Four Corners Monument Tribal Park; (11) numerous studies and extensive consultation with American Indians have demonstrated that development at the Four Corners Monument Tribal Park would greatly benefit the people of the Navajo Nation and the Ute Mountain Ute Tribe; (12) the Arizona Department of Transportation has completed preliminary cost estimates that are based on field experience with rest-area development for the construction for a Four Corners Monument Interpretive Center and surrounding infrastructure, including restrooms, roadways, parking, water, electrical, telephone, and sewage facilities; (13) an interpretive center would provide important educational and enrichment opportunities for all Americans; and (14) Federal financial assistance and technical", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00949", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00180", "text": "He also overlapped with first baseman Mitch Moreland for about five days with the Rangers in 2010.) It's this that made him an intriguing choice to replace John Farrell, who was fired last fall at the age of 55 despite leading Boston to the first back-to-back AL East titles in franchise history. Farrell's predecessor, Bobby Valentine, was 62 for his lone season in Boston; you'd have to go back to Kevin Kennedy, who was 41 when he was hired in 1995, to find a younger Red Sox skipper. \"I'm 42. I'm young,\" Cora said at the team's Christmas festival in December. \"You'll see me around with my backpack and sneakers and jeans. I'm going to live my life.... Nothing has changed. I went home and (it was) shorts, sandals and a T-shirt.\" Speaking to reporters before the awards dinner for the Boston chapter of the Baseball Writers Association of America this month, Cora seemed completely at home in a knit hoodie and low-top Converse All-Stars. He mingled cheerfully with his players, then looked equally at home at the dinner in a sport coat and tie. \"He has the ability to communicate with the younger players, just the ability to talk to them,\" said Dombrowski, who was the youngest general manager in the game when he took over the Montreal Expos at the age of 31 — three decades ago. \"He has that respect,\" Dombrowski said. \"He knows how to handle them. He's been in the game a long time, and he's done everything in the game.\" Cora has been retired as a player less than six years, after failing to make the St. Louis Cardinals in spring training in 2012. He remained in the game, working as an analyst for ESPN, and spending two years managing his hometown team, Caguas, in the Puerto Rican winter league. He has also served as the club's general manager for five years. In winter ball, Cora said, \"For some reason, I wasn't the manager I wanted to be. I was very serious, very strict with the guys. I don't think they had fun with me, and I didn't have fun myself. \"I promised myself,\" he said, \"when the opportunity came, I was going to enjoy it.\" As a bench coach for the Houston Astros last season, Cora was reminded how", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00802", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00181", "text": "3. APPOINTMENT, QUALIFICATIONS, AND PROSECUTORIAL JURISDICTION OF SPECIAL ADVOCATE, AND ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS RELATING TO THE SPECIAL ADVOCATE. (a) Appointment, Qualifications, and Prosecutorial Jurisdiction of Special Advocate.-- (1) Appointment and qualifications.--The Special Division of the Court shall appoint the special advocate, who must be an attorney in good standing with substantial prosecutorial experience who has not served in any capacity in the administration of the President who is or was in office when the Speaker of the House certified the finding of a violation. (2) Prosecutorial jurisdiction.--The Special Division of the Court shall define the special advocate's prosecutorial jurisdiction as comprising the investigation and prosecution of the alleged violation and any perjury, false statement, and any obstruction of justice occurring during and in relation to such investigation and prosecution. (b) Authority of Special Advocate With Respect to Matters Within Prosecutorial Jurisdiction.--With respect to all matters in that special advocate's prosecutorial jurisdiction, a special advocate appointed under this Act shall have full power and independent authority to exercise all prosecutorial functions and powers, and any other functions and powers normally ancillary thereto, of the Department of Justice, the Attorney General, and any other officer or employee of the Department of Justice, except that the Attorney General shall exercise direction or control as to those matters that specifically require the Attorney General's personal action under section 2516 of title 18, United States Code. (c) Salary.--The special advocate shall receive a salary equivalent to the salary of the United States Attorney for the District of Columbia. (d) Staff.--The special advocate may appoint and fix the salaries of such staff, not to exceed 12 in number, as the special advocate deems necessary to carry out the functions of the special advocate under this Act. However, no salary of a member of such staff may exceed the salary of the special advocate. (e) Expenses.--The Department of Justice shall pay all costs relating to the establishment and operation of any office of special advocate. The Attorney General shall submit to the Congress, not later than 30 days after the end of each fiscal year, a report on amounts paid during that fiscal year for expenses of investigations and prosecutions the special advocate. (f) Report to Congress.--Each special advocate shall report to Congress annually on the special advocate's activities under this Act. The report shall include a description of the progress of any investigation or", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01009", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00182", "text": "In Papers II and III we show that Transient Lunar Phenomena (TLPs) are likely related to lunar outgassing, albeit in ways not fully understood. Here we propose a path forward, in which current and forthcoming technologies provide a more controlled, sensitive probe of lunar outgassing. Many of these techniques are being realized for the first time. Given the optical transient/outgassing connection, progress can be made by remote sensing, and we suggest programs of imaging, spectroscopy and combinations thereof. However, as found in Paper II, many aspects of lunar outgassing seem covert in nature. TLPs betray outgassing, but not all outgassing produces TLPs. Some outgassing may never appear at the surface, but remain trapped in the regolith. We also suggest more intrusive techniques, from radar mapping to in-situ probes. Understanding these volatiles seems promising in terms of a resource for humans on the Moon and beyond, and offers an interesting scientific goal in its own right. Hence this paper is a series of proposed techniques, some in practice, some which might be soon, and some requiring significant future investment, some of which may prove unwise pending results from predecessor investigations. These point towards enhancement of our knowledge of lunar outgassing, its relation to other lunar processes, and an increase in our understanding of how volatiles are involved in the evolution of the Moon. We emphasize certain ground-based observations in time for flights of SELENE, LRO and other robotic missions, and others before extensive human xploration. We discuss how study of the pristine lunar atmosphere pertains to understanding the role of anthropogenic volatiles, an important confusing signal", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 345, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00399", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00183", "text": "We present semi-analytical constraint on the amount of dark matter in the merging bullet galaxy cluster using the classical Local Group timing arguments. We consider particle orbits in potential models which fit the lensing data. {\\it Marginally consistent} CDM models in Newtonian gravity are found with a total mass M_{CDM} = 1 x 10^{15}Msun of Cold DM: the bullet subhalo can move with V_{DM}=3000km/s, and the \"bullet\" X-ray gas can move with V_{gas}=4200km/s. These are nearly the {\\it maximum speeds} that are accelerable by the gravity of two truncated CDM halos in a Hubble time even without the ram pressure. Consistency breaks down if one adopts higher end of the error bars for the bullet gas speed (5000-5400km/s), and the bullet gas would not be bound by the sub-cluster halo for the Hubble time. Models with V_{DM}~ 4500km/s ~ V_{gas} would invoke unrealistic large amount M_{CDM}=7x 10^{15}Msun of CDM for a cluster containing only ~ 10^{14}Msun of gas. Our results are generalisable beyond General Relativity, e.g., a speed of $4500\\kms$ is easily obtained in the relativistic MONDian lensing model of Angus et al. (2007). However, MONDian model with little hot dark matter $M_{HDM} \\le 0.6\\times 10^{15}\\msun$ and CDM model with a small halo mass $\\le 1\\times 10^{15}\\msun$ are barely consistent with lensing and velocity data.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 363, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00002", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00184", "text": "(abridged) We present spectroscopy data for a sample of 14 FUors and 2 TTauri stars observed with the Spitzer Space Telescope or with the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO). Based on the appearance of the 10 micron silicate feature we define 2 categories of FUors. Objects showing the silicate feature in absorption (Category 1) are still embedded in a dusty and icy envelope. The shape of the 10 micron silicate absorption bands is compared to typical dust compositions of the interstellar medium and found to be in general agreement. Only one object (RNO 1B) appears to be too rich in amorphous pyroxene dust, but a superposed emission feature can explain the observed shape. We derive optical depths and extinction values from the silicate band and additional ice bands at 6.0, 6.8 and 15.2 micron. In particular the analysis of the CO_2 ice band at 15.2 micron allows us to search for evidence for ice processing and constrains whether the absorbing material is physically linked to the central object or in the foreground. For objects showing the silicate feature in emission (Category 2), we argue that the emission comes from the surface layer of accretion disks. Analyzing the dust composition reveals that significant grain growth has already taken place within the accretion disks, but no clear indications for crystallization are present. We discuss how these observational results can be explained in the picture of a young, and highly active accretion disk. Finally, a framework is proposed as to how the two categories of FUors can be understood in a general paradigm of the evolution of young, low-mass stars. Only one object (Parsamian 21) shows PAH emission features. Their shapes, however, are often seen toward evolved stars and we question the object's status as a FUor and discuss other possible classifications.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 391, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00388", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00185", "text": "Intersecting stacks of supersymmetric fractional branes on the Z_6' orientifold may be used to construct the supersymmetric Standard Model. If a,b are the stacks that generate the SU(3)_{colour} and SU(2)_L gauge particles, then, in order to obtain {\\em just} the chiral spectrum of the (supersymmetric) Standard Model (with non-zero Yukawa couplings to the Higgs mutiplets), it is necessary that the number of intersections a \\cap b of the stacks a and b, and the number of intersections a \\cap b' of a with the orientifold image b' of b satisfy (a \\cap b,a \\cap b')=(2,1) or (1,2). It is also necessary that there is no matter in symmetric representations of the gauge group, and not too much matter in antisymmetric representations, on either stack. Fractional branes having all of these properties may be constructed on the Z_6' orientifold. We construct a (four-stack) model with two further stacks, each with just a single brane, which has precisely the matter spectrum of the supersymmetric Standard Model, including a single pair of Higgs doublets. However, the gauge group is SU(3)_{\\rm colour} x SU(2)_L x U(1)_Y x U(1)_H. Only the Higgs doublets are charged with respect to U(1)_H.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 302, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00168", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00186", "text": "that 90 percent of the women studied who had silicone implants showed silicone droplets in their lymph nodes. The study also showed that 95 percent of these women had abnormal cells in their lymph nodes, compared with only 33 percent of women who had breast cancer surgery without the addition of silicone implants. (E) In 2003, the U.S. government entered into a settlement with breast implant manufacturers for reimbursement for medical expenses paid by the Federal Government for women harmed by silicone gel breast implants. (F) FDA's Office of Criminal Investigations (``OCI'') has investigated whether one manufacturer of breast implants submitted inaccurate data on ruptures in its application. The FDA OCI also is investigating allegations regarding whether that same manufacturer failed to ensure that their implants were used in compliance with FDA restrictions for the Adjunct Study. (3) With respect to the applications submitted to the FDA by Barr Laboratories for approval of the contraceptive drug marketed as Plan B: (A) The FDA rejected the first Plan B application in May 2004 because of concerns that easier access to Plan B might result in increased promiscuity among women under 16, despite studies disproving this contention. (B) The FDA said it would not approve the Plan B application unless it included an age-based sales distinction. In response, Barr Laboratories submitted a new application to provide over-the-counter sales of plan B to women 16 years and older. More than one-year later, FDA expressed concern that the age-based sales distinction would present regulatory concerns, even though the amended application was the result of FDA's recommendations. (C) According to court documents released on August 3, 2006, the director of FDA's Office of New Drugs learned early in 2004 that the then-FDA Commissioner had decided against approval of Plan B before FDA staff could complete their analysis. (D) In another sworn deposition contained in the same court documents, one FDA official was told in January 2004 by the FDA Deputy Commissioner that Plan B needed to be rejected to ``appease the administration's constituents''. (E) In a letter and congressional testimony on August 1, the FDA Commissioner recommended that the appropriate age range for over-the-counter Plan B is 18 and older. This recommendation was established arbitrarily and acknowledged by FDA as not supported by scientific data. (F) A former FDA Commissioner testified in a sworn statement that he delayed approving over-the-counter sales of Plan B to determine how to restrict sales to young teens. (G", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00971", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00187", "text": "We suggest that the energy source of the observed diffuse gamma-ray emission from the direction of the Galactic center is the Galactic black hole Sgr A*, which becomes active when a star is captured at a rate of $\\sim 10^{-5} $ yr^{-1}. Subsequently the star is tidally disrupted and its matter is accreted into the black hole. During the active phase relativistic protons with a characteristic energy $\\sim 6\\times 10^{52}$ erg per capture are ejected. Over 90% of these relativistic protons disappear due to proton-proton collisions on a timescale $\\tau_{pp} \\sim 10^4$ years in the small central bulge region with radius $\\sim 50$ pc within Sgr A*, where the density is $\\ge 10^3$ cm^{-3}. The gamma-ray intensity, which results from the decay of neutral pions produced by proton-proton collisions, decreases according to $e^{-t/\\tau_{pp}}$, where t is the time after last stellar capture. Less than 5% of relativistic protons escaped from the central bulge region can survive and maintain their energy for >10^7 years due to much lower gas density outside, where the gas density can drop to $\\sim 1$ cm$^{-3}$. They can diffuse to a $\\sim 500$ pc region before disappearing due to proton-proton collisions. The observed diffuse GeV gamma-rays resulting from the decay of neutral pions produced via collision between these escaped protons and the gas in this region is expected to be insensitive to time in the multi-injection model with the characteristic injection rate of 10^{-5} yr^{-1}. Our model calculated GeV and 511 keV gamma-ray intensities are consistent with the observed results of EGRET and INTEGRAL, however, our calculated inflight annihilation rate cannot produce sufficient intensity to explain the COMPTEL data.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 396, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00410", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00188", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Heart Disease Education, Analysis, and Research, and Treatment for Women Act'' or the ``HEART for Women Act''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. Congress makes the following findings: (1) Heart disease, stroke, and other cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death among women. (2) Despite being the number 1 killer, only 13 percent of women are aware that cardiovascular diseases, including heart disease and stroke, are their greatest health risk. (3) Many minority women, including African American, Hispanic, and Native American women, are at a higher risk of death from heart disease, stroke, and other cardiovascular diseases, but they are less likely to know of this risk. (4) There is a pervasive lack of awareness among health care providers that cardiovascular disease is the leading killer of women. (5) Women are less likely than men to receive certain treatments for cardiovascular diseases, perhaps due to lack of awareness and the presence of different symptoms in women than in men. (6) Women tend to experience later onset of heart disease than men, and therefore more often suffer from multiple conditions that mask symptoms of heart disease and complicate treatment. (7) Certain diagnostic tests for cardiovascular disease may be less accurate in women than men. (8) Drug effectiveness and metabolism differ in women and men, impacting successful treatment of cardiovascular disease. (9) In addition, stroke kills 2.3 times as many females as does breast cancer. Nearly 61 percent of stroke-related deaths occur in females. Studies have found gender differences in the effects, diagnosis, and treatment of stroke. For instance-- (A) stroke severity is greater in women than in men; (B) women often receive fewer diagnostic tests and intervention procedures than men; and (C) strokes present treatment issues unique to women. SEC. 3. REPORTING OF GENDER DATA IN APPLICATIONS FOR DRUGS, BIOLOGICS, AND DEVICES. (a) New Drug Applications.--Section 505(b) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. 355(b)) is amended by adding at the end the following: ``(5)(A) Notwithstanding any other provision of this Act, the applicant shall include in any submission to the Secretary pursuant to this subsection, to the extent appropriate, information stratified by gender, race and ethnicity, including any differences in safety and effectiveness.", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00885", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00189", "text": "We present a mathematically justifiable, computationally simple, sample eigenvalue based procedure for estimating the number of high-dimensional signals in white noise using relatively few samples. The main motivation for considering a sample eigenvalue based scheme is the computational simplicity and the robustness to eigenvector modelling errors which are can adversely impact the performance of estimators that exploit information in the sample eigenvectors. There is, however, a price we pay by discarding the information in the sample eigenvectors; we highlight a fundamental asymptotic limit of sample eigenvalue based detection of weak/closely spaced high-dimensional signals from a limited sample size. This motivates our heuristic definition of the effective number of identifiable signals which is equal to the number of \"signal\" eigenvalues of the population covariance matrix which exceed the noise variance by a factor strictly greater than 1+sqrt(Dimensionality of the system/Sample size). The fundamental asymptotic limit brings into sharp focus why, when there are too few samples available so that the effective number of signals is less than the actual number of signals, underestimation of the model order is unavoidable (in an asymptotic sense) when using any sample eigenvalue based detection scheme, including the one proposed herein. The analysis reveals why adding more sensors can only exacerbate the situation. Numerical simulations are used to demonstrate that the proposed estimator consistently estimates the true number of signals in the dimension fixed, large sample size limit and the effective number of identifiable signals in the large dimension, large sample size limit.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 307, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00218", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00190", "text": "We investigate the impact of photometric signal-to-noise (S/N) on the precision of photometric redshifts in multi-band imaging surveys, using both simulations and real data. We simulate the optical 4-band (BVRz) Deep Lens Survey (DLS, Wittman etal 2002), and use the publicly available Bayesian Photometric Redshift code BPZ by Benitez (2000). The simulations include a realistic range of magnitudes and colors and vary from infinite S/N to S/N=5. The real data are from DLS photometry and two spectroscopic surveys, and explore a range of S/N by adding noise to initially very high S/N photometry. Precision degrades steadily as S/N drops, both because of direct S/N effects and because lower S/N is linked to fainter galaxies with a weaker magnitude prior. If a simple S/N cut were used, S/N>17 in R (corresponding, in the DLS, to lower S/N in other bands) would be required to keep the scatter in Deltaz = (zspec-zphot)/(1+zspec) to less than 0.1. However, cutting on ODDS (a measure of the peakiness of the probability density function provided by BPZ) greater than 0.4 provides roughly double the number of usable galaxies with the same scatter. Ellipticals form the tightest zspec-zphot relation, and cutting on type=elliptical provides better precision than the ODDS>0.9 cut, but this eliminates the vast majority of galaxies in a deep survey. In addition to being more efficient than a type cut, ODDS also has the advantages of working with all types of galaxies (although ellipticals are overrepresented) and of being a continuous parameter for which the severity of the cut can be adjusted as desired.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 377, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00492", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00191", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Safe Teen and Novice Driver Uniform Protection Act of 2010'' or the ``STANDUP Act''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. Congress finds the following: (1) The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has reported that-- (A) motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death of Americans between 15 and 20 years of age; (B) in the 10-year period ending in 2007, 86,981 Americans died in motor vehicle crashes involving drivers between 15 and 20 years of age, an average of 167 deaths per week; (C) drivers between 16 and 20 years of age have a fatality rate that is 4 times higher than the rate for drivers between 25 and 70 years of age; and (D) teenage drivers who are 16 years of age have a motor vehicle crash rate that is almost 10 times higher than the crash rate for drivers between 30 and 60 years of age. (2) According to the American Automobile Association-- (A) teenage drivers comprise slightly more than \\1/ 3\\ of all fatalities in motor vehicle crashes in which they are involved; and (B) nearly \\2/3\\ of all fatalities in those crashes are other drivers, passengers, and pedestrians. (3) According to the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, the chance of a crash by a 16- or 17-year-old driver is doubled if there are 2 peers in the vehicle and quadrupled if there are 3 or more peers in the vehicle. (4) According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, the cognitive distraction caused by hands-free and hand-held cellular phones is significant enough to degrade a driver's performance, particularly teenage drivers between 15 and 20 years of age. (5) Although only 20 percent of driving by teenage drivers occurs at night, more than 50 percent of the motor vehicle crash fatalities involving teenage drivers occur at night. (6) According to the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, in 1997, the first full year of Florida's graduated driver licensing system, the number of fatal and injurious crashes among teenage drivers between 15 and 18 years of age was 9 percent lower than in 1995. (7) The Journal of the American Medical Association reports that crashes involving 16-year-old drivers decreased between 1995 and", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00959", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00192", "text": "the cash transactions of government entities and depository institutions are likely of little or no use to law enforcement efforts and that cash transaction reports related to these entities are unnecessary. (8) The Comptroller General finds that, although the amendments made to chapter 53 of title 31, United States Code, by the Money Laundering Suppression Act of 1994 required the Secretary of the Treasury to exempt depository institutions from filing cash transaction reports on the transactions of government entities and depository institutions and did not explicitly require the filing of exemption forms or annual review of such information with respect to the exempt entities to effectuate any such exemption, the regulations prescribed by the Secretary nonetheless require depository institutions to file such exemption forms and annual reviews. (9) The Comptroller General finds that the requirement that depository institutions file forms to exempt government entities and depository institutions, and conduct annual reviews of related information, discourages the use of such exemptions and creates cash transaction reports that are of little or no value to law enforcement efforts. (10) The Comptroller General recommends eliminating the requirement that depository institutions file exemption forms and annually review the supporting information for government entities and depository institutions. (11) The Comptroller General finds that requiring depository institutions to wait 12 months before exempting certain customers with large numbers of cash transactions may needlessly create cash transaction reports that are not highly useful to law enforcement efforts. (12) The Comptroller General finds that allowing depository institutions to exempt clients with frequent cash transactions within a time period of less than a year could avoid the filing of unnecessary cash transaction reports. (13) The Comptroller General recommends considering a change in requirements to allow depository institutions to exempt otherwise-eligible customers with frequent large cash transactions within a period of time shorter than 12 months. SEC. 3. EXCEPTION FROM CURRENCY TRANSACTION REPORTS FOR SEASONED CUSTOMERS. Section 5313(e) of title 31, United States Code, is amended to read as follows: ``(e) Qualified Customer Exemption.-- ``(1) In general.--Before the end of the 270-day period beginning on the date of the enactment of the Seasoned Customer CTR Exemption Act of 2008, the Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe regulations that exempt any depository institution from filing a report pursuant to this section after the effective date of such regulations in connection with a transaction for the payment, receipt, or transfer of United States", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01097", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00193", "text": "We first present chemodynamical simulations to investigate how stellar winds of massive stars influence early dynamical and chemical evolution of forming globular clusters (GCs). In our numerical models, GCs form in turbulent,high-density giant molecular clouds (GMCs), which are embedded in a massive dark matter halo at high redshifts. We show how high-density, compact stellar systems are formed from GMCs influenced both by physical processes associated with star formation and by tidal fields of their host halos. We also show that chemical pollution of GC-forming GMCs by stellar winds from massive stars can result in star-to-star abundance inhomogeneities among light elements (e.g., C, N, and O) of stars in GCs. The present model with a canonical initial mass function (IMF) also shows a C-N anticorrelation that stars with smaller [C/Fe] have larger [N/Fe] in a GC. Although these results imply that ``self-pollution'' of GC-forming GMCs by stellar winds from massive stars can cause abundance inhomogeneities of GCs, the present models with different parameters and canonical IMFs can not show N-rich stars with [N/Fe] ~ 0.8 observed in some GCs (e.g., NGC 6752). We discuss this apparent failure in the context of massive star formation preceding low-mass one within GC-forming GMCs (``bimodal star formation scenario''). We also show that although almost all stars (~97%) show normal He abundances (Y) of ~0.24 some stars later formed in GMCs can have Y as high as ~0.3 in some models. The number fraction of He-rich stars with Y >0.26 is however found to be small (~10^-3) for most models.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 371, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00170", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00194", "text": "We report the detection of CN(N=3-2) emission towards the Cloverleaf quasar (z=2.56) based on observations with the IRAM Plateau de Bure Interferometer. This is the first clear detection of emission from this radical at high redshift. CN emission is a tracer of dense molecular hydrogen gas (n(H2) > 10^4 cm^{-3}) within star-forming molecular clouds, in particular in regions where the clouds are affected by UV radiation. The HCN/CN intensity ratio can be used as a diagnostic for the relative importance of photodissociation regions (PDRs) in a source, and as a sensitive probe of optical depth, the radiation field, and photochemical processes. We derive a lensing-corrected CN(N=3-2) line luminosity of L'(CN(3-2) = (4.5 +/- 0.5) x 10^9 K km/s pc^2. The ratio between CN luminosity and far-infrared luminosity falls within the scatter of the same relationship found for low-z (ultra-) luminous infrared galaxies. Combining our new results with CO(J=3-2) and HCN(J=1-0) measurements from the literature and assuming thermal excitation for all transitions, we find a CO/CN luminosity ratio of 9.3 +/- 1.9 and a HCN/CN luminosity ratio of 0.95 +/- 0.15. However, we find that the CN(N=3-2) line is likely only subthermally excited, implying that those ratios may only provide upper limits for the intrinsic 1-0 line luminosity ratios. We conclude that, in combination with other molecular gas tracers like CO, HCN, and HCO+, CN is an important probe of the physical conditions and chemical composition of dense molecular environments at high redshift.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 397, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00242", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00195", "text": "ed and Mount Miron'') lecture and essay; (47) ``Mentshen, Shtayner un Flantzen in Eretz-Isroel'' (``The People, the Stones and the Greening of Israel'') lecture and essay; (48) ``Mit Vos Vilna Iz Geven Andersh?'' (``What Made Vilna Unique?''); (49) ``Histadruth''; (50) ``Yiddish Lebn in Vilna far der Zvayter Velt Melhome'' (``Jewish Life in Vilna Before World War II'') alternate title is ``Yiddish Folk lebn un Traditzie in der Lite'' (``Jewish Folk-Life and Tradition in Lithuania''); (51) ``Di Naye Hebreishe Literatur un der Yunger Dor in Isroel'' (``The New Hebrew Literature and the Young Generation in Israel''); (52) ``Di Ibergeblibene'' (``The Survivors''); (53) (``To the Survivors of the German Concentration Camps, World Federation of Bergen-Belsen, Associations''); (54) ``Drayssik Yor Shpeter'' (``Thirty Years Later''); (55) ``Der Bodn un di Legende fun Eretz-Isroel,'' (``The Soil and the Legend of the Land of Israel''); (56) ``Di Letzte Mahlaykes tzvishn Rabonim in Vilna'' (``The Last Controversies Among the Rabbis of Vilna''); (57) ``Amerikaner Yiddishe Poetn, Morris Rosenfeld, Avrohom Reisen, Walt-Lessin un Mani Leib'', (``American Yiddish Poets, Morris Rosenfeld, Avrohom Reisen, Walt-Lessin un Mani Leib''); (58) Any other works of Chaim Grade, however created, whether published or unpublished.", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 416, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00869", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00196", "text": "PITTSBURGH (AP) — Joe Musgrove pitched seven strong innings and his hard slide led to both teams emptying their benches in another tense moment in the series between NL Central rivals, leading the Pittsburgh Pirates to a 2-1 victory over the Chicago Cubs 2-1 on Wednesday night. Musgrove (2-0) helped end the Pirates' four-game losing streak by overcoming a shaky first inning to allow one run on seven hits and four walks. He also had five strikeouts, five days after pitching seven scoreless innings against the St. Louis Cardinals to win his Pirates' debut. Musgrove slid hard into second baseman Javier Baez to break up a potential double play in the third inning. Baez was knocked off balance but did not hit the ground. No punches were thrown as both teams milled around the infield and there were no ejections. Umpire crew chief Gerry Davis instituted a video replay review to see if Musgrove interfered with Baez. However, replay officials at Major League Baseball's central office in New York informed Davis that it was not a reviewable play. The Pirates were angered Monday when Anthony Rizzo's slide upended catcher Elias Diaz at home plate, successfully breaking up a potential double play in the eighth inning of Chicago's 7-0 win. The umpiring crew and replay officials ruled Rizzo did not interfere with Diaz. However, Major League Baseball executive Joe Torre informed both clubs Tuesday that Rizzo should have been called for interference for swiping Diaz's right leg. Musgrove began the season on the disabled list with a strained right shoulder. He was acquired with three other players from the Houston Astros in an offseason trade for Gerrit Cole. He outpitched Kyle Hendricks (4-4), who surrendered two runs and seven hits in five innings while striking out one and walking one. The Cubs' three-game winning streak was snapped. Josh Harrison hit the sixth leadoff home run of his career in the bottom of the first inning and Gregory Polanco put the Pirates ahead 2-1 in the second with a sacrifice fly that scored Corey Dickerson, who led off with a triple. Polanco went 0 for 3 and is hitless in his last 21 at-bats. Albert Almora Jr. led off the game with a double and scored on Baez's single as the Cubs took a quick 1-0 lead. However", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00771", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00197", "text": "In the context of measuring structure and morphology of intermediate redshift galaxies with recent HST/ACS surveys, we tune, test, and compare two widely used fitting codes (GALFIT and GIM2D) for fitting single-component Sersic models to the light profiles of both simulated and real galaxy data. We find that fitting accuracy depends sensitively on galaxy profile shape. Exponential disks are well fit with Sersic models and have small measurement errors, whereas fits to de Vaucouleurs profiles show larger uncertainties owing to the large amount of light at large radii. We find that both codes provide reliable fits and little systematic error, when the effective surface brightness is above that of the sky. Moreover, both codes return errors that significantly underestimate the true fitting uncertainties, which are best estimated with simulations. We find that GIM2D suffers significant systematic errors for spheroids with close companions owing to the difficulty of effectively masking out neighboring galaxy light; there appears to be no work around to this important systematic in GIM2D's current implementation. While this crowding error affects only a small fraction of galaxies in GEMS, it must be accounted for in the analysis of deeper cosmological images or of more crowded fields with GIM2D. In contrast, GALFIT results are robust to the presence of neighbors because it can simultaneously fit the profiles of multiple companions thereby deblending their effect on the fit to the galaxy of interest. We find GALFIT's robustness to nearby companions and factor of >~20 faster runtime speed are important advantages over GIM2D for analyzing large HST/ACS datasets. Finally we include our final catalog of fit results for all 41,495 objects detected in GEMS.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 348, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00095", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00198", "text": "The presence of dust at high redshift requires efficient condensation of grains in SN ejecta, in accordance with current theoretical models. Yet, observations of the few well studied SNe and SN remnants imply condensation efficiencies which are about two orders of magnitude smaller. Motivated by this tension, we have (i) revisited the model of Todini & Ferrara (2001) for dust formation in the ejecta of core collapse SNe and (ii) followed, for the first time, the evolution of newly condensed grains from the time of formation to their survival - through the passage of the reverse shock - in the SN remnant. We find that 0.1 - 0.6 M_sun of dust form in the ejecta of 12 - 40 M_sun stellar progenitors. Depending on the density of the surrounding ISM, between 2-20% of the initial dust mass survives the passage of the reverse shock, on time-scales of about 4-8 x 10^4 yr from the stellar explosion. Sputtering by the hot gas induces a shift of the dust size distribution towards smaller grains. The resulting dust extinction curve shows a good agreement with that derived by observations of a reddened QSO at z =6.2. Stochastic heating of small grains leads to a wide distribution of dust temperatures. This supports the idea that large amounts (~ 0.1 M_sun) of cold dust (T ~ 40K) can be present in SN remnants, without being in conflict with the observed IR emission.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 315, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00015", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00199", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Silicone Breast Implant Research and Information Act''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS AND PURPOSE. (a) Findings.--Congress makes the following findings: (1) According to the Institute of Medicine, it is estimated that 1,000,000 to 2,000,000 American women have received silicone breast implants over the last 35 years. (2) Silicone breast implants have been used primarily for breast augmentation, but also as an important part of reconstruction surgery for breast cancer or other conditions. (3) Women with breast cancer or other medical conditions seek access to the broadest possible treatment options, including silicone breast implants. (4) Women need complete and accurate information about the potential health risks and advantages of silicone breast implants so that women can make informed decisions. (5) Although the rate of implant rupture and silicone leakage has not been definitively established, estimates are as high as 70 percent. (6) According to a 1997 Mayo Clinic study, 1 in 4 women required additional surgery because of their implants within 5 years of receiving them. (7) In addition to potential systemic complications, local changes in breast tissue such as hardening, contraction of scar tissue surrounding implants, blood clots, severe pain, burning rashes, serious inflammation, or other complications requiring surgical intervention following implantation have been reported. (8) According to the Institute of Medicine, concern remains that exposure to silicone or other components in silicone breast implants may result in currently undefined connective tissue or autoimmune diseases. (9) A group of independent scientists and clinicians convened by the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases in April of 1997 addressed concerns that an association may exist between atypical connective tissue disease and silicone breast implants, and called for additional basic research on the components of silicone as well as biological responses to silicone. (10) According to many reports, including a study published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute, the presence of silicone breast implants may create difficulties in obtaining complete mammograms. (11) According to a 1995 Food and Drug Administration publication, although silicone breast implants usually do not interfere with a woman's ability to nurse, if the implants leak, there is some concern that the silicone may harm the baby. Some studies suggest a link between breast feeding with implants and problems with the child's esophagus. (b) Purpose", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00856", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00200", "text": "Linux. And if you're wondering whether it's possible to hack the Classic Edition and load more games? That answer is also yes. There's plenty of information on the internet that will show you how to update the system's software and install additional games. But be warned: There's always a chance that modifying your system could cause irreparable damage. More importantly, downloading and using games for which you don't already own a license for is usually illegal. Yesterday's games running on today's tech The NES Classic Edition is pure retro gaming fun. It's a much easier way to play old NES games than hunting through flea markets or online auctions for original hardware. And, it's less complicated (and more legal) than running emulator software with downloaded games on a PC. Unfortunately, after selling over 2 million Classic Editions, Nintendo unexpectedly discontinued the console in April 2017. If you didn't manage to scoop one up then, you may still be able to buy one online, albeit at a likely inflated price. It's also being released again on June 29. We shelled out $200 for the one I cracked open, which is way more than the $60, £50 or AU$100 retail price. Perhaps what stood out the most to me after cracking open the NES Classic Edition was just how much technology has improved in the past three decades. The hardware inside the Classic Edition is tiny compared with the original system, yet it's so much more powerful. I can't wait to see how far technology advances in the next 30 years. Also see: Update, May 29 at 5:55 p.m. PT: Added information about the NES Classic Edition returning to stores in June 2018.", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 348, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00553", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00201", "text": "granted an easement to the Canadian company allowing the pipeline to go there. \"We know we have coating gaps. It's a violation of the easement and it only makes sense to shut down the pipeline until Enbridge can adequately address and fix the coating issues to ensure we don't have any type of rupture or leak,\" she said. The line transports about 23 million gallons (87 million liters) daily between Superior, Wisconsin, and Sarnia, Ontario. At least four board members expressed frustration that Snyder struck the agreement without their input, contending it short-circuited the public process and signals that tunneling the pipeline is ultimately the state's preference. State officials on the board, however, said the deal is an interim one and is not intended to \"prejudge\" the fate of the pipeline. \"Certainly apologies if there was any perceived disrespect,\" said Michigan Department of Natural Resources Director Keith Creagh. \"As we heard about the entire length of the pipeline, there were some measures put into place... to ensure that there was a higher standard essentially in the interim as this board contemplates the future of Line 5.\" While not ruling out a permanent shutdown, the agreement includes a series of steps intended to boost the underwater pipes' safety. Enbridge agreed to evaluate three options by June for routing the underwater segment through a tunnel or trench, on or beneath the lakebed — either using the existing pipes or building a new one. The company promised steps to prevent the lines from being damaged by a ship anchor, expedite monitoring of the pipelines with cameras or other devices, and speed up methods for detecting potential ruptures and responding to spills. Additionally, Enbridge said it would replace another section of Line 5 beneath the St. Clair River where it crosses the U.S.-Canadian border with a new pipe inside a tunnel after receiving federal and state permits. ___ Follow David Eggert on Twitter at https://twitter.com/DavidEggert00. His work can be found at https://apnews.com/search/David%20Eggert.", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 417, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00667", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00202", "text": "90 Stat. 1324), and identified in Article 3(a)(8) of the Repayment Contract; (3) assumption by the District of sole and absolute responsibility for the O&M of the Project Irrigation Works; (4) release and discharge by the District as to the United States from all past and future claims, whether now known or unknown, arising from or in any way related to the Project, including any arising from the Project Irrigation Works constructed pursuant to the 1964 Basic Contract or the 1979 Repayment Contract; (5) assumption by the District of full responsibility to indemnify and defend the United States against any third party claims associated with any aspect of the Project, except for that claim known as the Grillo Claim, government contractor construction claims accruing at any time, and any other suits or claims filed as of the date of the Settlement Agreement; and (6) continued obligation by the District to deliver water to and provide for O&M of the Wildlife Mitigation Facilities at its own expense in accordance with the Settlement Agreement. (b) Responsibilities of United States.--In return the United States shall-- (1) release and discharge the District's obligation, including any delinquent or accrued payments, or assessments of any nature under the 1979 Repayment Contract, including the unpaid obligation of the 1964 Basic Contract; (2) transfer title of the Project Irrigation Works to the District; (3) assign to the District all third party agreements associated with the Project Irrigation Works; (4) continue power deliveries provided under section 6 of this Act; and (5) assume full responsibility to indemnify and defend the District against any claim known as the Grillo Claim, government contractor construction claims accruing at any time, and any other suits or claims filed against the United States as of the date of the Settlement Agreement. SEC. 6. POWER. Nothing in this Act shall be construed as having any affect on power arrangements under Public Law 94-423 (90 Stat. 1324). The United States shall continue to provide to the District power and energy for irrigation water pumping for the Project, including Dairy Point Pumping Plant. However, the amount and term of reserved power shall not exceed, respectively-- (1) 27,100,000 kilowatt hours per year; and (2) 50 years commencing October 18, 1990. SEC. 7. CONVEYANCE", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01164", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00203", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Holocaust Victims Redress Act''. TITLE I--HEIRLESS ASSETS SEC. 101. FINDINGS AND PURPOSES. (a) Findings.--The Congress finds as follows: (1) Among the $198,000,000 in German assets located in the United States and seized by the United States Government in World War II were believed to be bank accounts, trusts, securities, or other assets belonging to Jewish victims of the Holocaust. (2) Among an estimated $1,200,000,000 in assets of Swiss nationals and institutions which were frozen by the United States Government during World War II (including over $400,000,000 in bank deposits) were assets whose beneficial owners were believed to include victims of the Holocaust. (3) In the aftermath of the war, the Congress recognized that some of the victims of the Holocaust whose assets were among those seized or frozen during the war might not have any legal heirs, and legislation was enacted to authorize the transfer of up to $3,000,000 of such assets to organizations dedicated to providing relief and rehabilitation for survivors of the Holocaust. (4) Although the Congress and the Administration authorized the transfer of such amount to the relief organizations referred to in paragraph (3), the enormous administrative difficulties and cost involved in proving legal ownership of such assets, directly or beneficially, by victims of the Holocaust, and proving the existence or absence of heirs of such victims, led the Congress in 1962 to agree to a lump-sum settlement and to provide $500,000 for the Jewish Restitution Successor Organization of New York, such sum amounting to \\1/ 6\\th the authorized maximum level of ``heirless'' assets to be transferred. (5) In June of 1997, a current representative of the Secretary of State, in testimony before the Congress, urged the reconsideration of the limited $500,000 settlement. (6) While a precisely accurate accounting of ``heirless'' assets may be impossible, good conscience warrants the recognition that the victims of the Holocaust have a compelling moral claim to the unrestituted portion of assets referred to in paragraph (3). (7) Furthermore, leadership by the United States in meeting obligations to Holocaust victims would strengthen-- (A) the efforts of the United States to press for the speedy distribution of the remaining nearly 6 metric tons of gold still held by the Tripart", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00930", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00204", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Investment in After-School Programs Act of 2009''. SEC. 2. FINDING. Congress finds that-- (1) 21 percent of the children in the United States attend public schools in rural areas; (2) more than 14,000,000 school-age children (25 percent of all school-age children) are left alone after school, including more than 40,000 kindergartners; (3) only 6,500,000 (11 percent) of children in kindergarten through twelfth grade participate in after-school programs, although an additional 15,000,000 would participate if a quality program were available in the communities of the children; (4) in rural areas of the United States, 2,500,000 children live in deep and persistent poverty; (5) among children living in rural areas, 19 percent live in poverty, compared to 15 percent among non-rural children; (6) rural schools have fewer financial resources that non- rural schools, largely as a result of diminished local property tax bases and inequitable distributions of State funds; (7) low literacy rates among parents in poor rural communities affect the early language development and educational aspirations of children; (8) children living in poverty experience less cognitive stimulation and enrichment than children living in middle- income households; (9) the poorer and more diverse the rural population, the lower the scores of the students of the population are on the National Assessment of Educational Progress; (10) academic outcomes that are linked to after-school programs include-- (A) better performance in school as measured by achievement test scores and grades; (B) better attitudes toward school and higher educational aspirations; (C) higher school attendance; and (D) less disciplinary action; (11) investing in after-school programs helps children in rural communities break out of the cycle of poverty and creates opportunities for at-risk youth; (12) in areas in which resources are limited, after-school programs are often the only source of supplemental enrichment in literacy, nutrition education, technology, and preparation for college entrance exams; (13) children attending rural schools have the lowest median per-student funding for after-school programs under the 21st century community learning center program under part B of title IV of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 7171 et seq.), as compared to children", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01163", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00205", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Federal Agency Customer Experience Act of 2017''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS; SENSE OF CONGRESS. (a) Findings.--Congress finds that-- (1) the Federal Government serves the people of the United States and should seek to continually improve public services provided by the Federal Government based on customer feedback; (2) the people of the United States deserve a Federal Government that provides efficient, effective, and high-quality services across multiple channels; (3) many agencies, offices, programs, and Federal employees provide excellent service to individuals, however many parts of the Federal Government still fall short on delivering the customer service experience that individuals have come to expect from the private sector; (4) according to the 2016 American Customer Satisfaction Index, the Federal Government ranks among the bottom of all industries in the United States in customer satisfaction; (5) providing quality services to individuals improves the confidence of the people of the United States in their government and helps agencies achieve greater impact and fulfill their missions; and (6) improving service to individuals requires agencies to work across organizational boundaries, leverage technology, collect and share standardized data, and develop customer- centered mindsets and service strategies. (b) Sense of Congress.--It is the sense of Congress that all agencies should strive to provide high-quality, courteous, effective, and efficient services to the people of the United States and seek to measure, collect, report, and utilize metrics relating to the experience of individuals interacting with agencies to continually improve services to the people of the United States. SEC. 3. DEFINITIONS. In this Act: (1) Administrator.--The term ``Administrator'' means the Administrator of General Services. (2) Agency.--The term ``agency'' has the meaning given the term in section 3502 of title 44, United States Code. (3) Covered agency.--The term ``covered agency'' means an agency or component of an agency that is required by the Director to collect voluntary feedback for purposes of section 6, based on an assessment of the components and programs of the agency with the highest impact on or number of interactions with individuals or entities. (4) Director.--The term ``Director'' means the Director of the Office of Management and Budget. (5) Voluntary feedback.--The term ``voluntary feedback'' has the meaning given the term in section 3502 of title 44, United States Code,", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00876", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00206", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Children and Media Research Advancement Act'' or the ``CAMRA Act''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS AND PURPOSE. (a) Findings.--Congress makes the following findings: (1) Congress has recognized the important role of electronic media in children's lives when it passed the Children's Television Act of 1990 (Public Law 101-437) and the Telecommunications Act of 1996 (Public Law 104-104), both of which documented public concerns about how electronic media products influence children's development. (2) Congress has held hearings over the past several decades to examine the impact of specific types of media products such as violent television, movies, and video games on children's and adolescents' health and development. These hearings and other public discussions about the role of media in children's and adolescents' development require behavioral and social science research to inform the policy deliberations. (3) There are important gaps in our knowledge about the role of electronic media and in particular, the newer interactive digital media, in children's and adolescents' healthy development. The consequences of very early screen usage by babies and toddlers on children's cognitive growth are not yet understood, nor has a research base been established on the psychological consequences of high definition interactive media and other format differences for child and adolescent viewers. (4) Studies have shown that children who primarily watch educational shows on television during their preschool years are significantly more successful in school 10 years later even when critical contributors to the child's environment are factored in, including their household income, parent's education, and intelligence. (5) The early stages of childhood are a critical formative period for development. Virtually every aspect of human development is affected by the environments and experiences that one encounters during his or her early childhood years, and media exposure is an increasing part of every child's social and physical environment. (6) As of the late 1990's, just before the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development funded 5 studies on the role of sexual messages in the media on children's and adolescents' sexual attitudes and sexual practices, a review of research in this area found only 15 studies ever conducted in the United States on this topic, even during a time of growing concerns about HIV infection. (7) In 2001, a National Academy of Sciences study group charged with studying Internet pornography exposure on youth found virtually no literature about how much", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00924", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00207", "text": "WASHINGTON (AP) — U.S. workers' wages and benefits grew 2.6 percent last year, the fastest 12-month pace since the spring of 2015. The 12-month gain in wages and benefits came despite a slight slowdown at the end of last year with wages and benefits rising 0.6 percent in the fourth quarter, a tiny dip from a 0.7 percent gain in the third quarter, the Labor Department reported Wednesday. Still, the 12-month gain was an improvement from a 2.2 percent gain for the 12 months ending in December 2016. In his State of the Union address Tuesday night, President Donald Trump touted the rise in wages as an accomplishment of his economic program. But private economists contend that wages should be rising at a faster pace given that unemployment is now at a 17-year low of 4.1 percent. The gain in the employment cost index showed that wages and salaries were up 2.5 percent for the 12 months ending in December while benefits such as employer contributions to health insurance and pension plans rose 2.5 percent. Wages and salaries make up about 70 percent of compensation costs while benefits make up the other 30 percent. Most economists believe that wages should be increasing at a faster pace given the drop in the jobless rate to 4.1 percent. The last time unemployment was this low, in the late 1990s, average hourly pay, another measure of wages, was rising at a 4 percent pace. Hourly wages rose 2.5 percent in 2017, down from a 2016 gain of 2.9 percent, according to a separate Labor Department report. The employment cost index, which tracks wages and compensation benefits, last rose faster than 2.6 percent over a 12-month period in September 2008 when the gain was 2.9 percent.", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 388, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00827", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00208", "text": "We present precise new V, I, and K-band photometry for the planetary transit candidate star OGLE-TR-82. Good seeing V-band images acquired with VIMOS instrument at ESO VLT allowed us to measure V=20.6+-0.03 mag star in spite of the presence of a brighter neighbour about 1\" away. This faint magnitude answers the question why it has not been possible to measure radial velocities for this object. One transit of this star has been observed with GMOS-S instrument of GEMINI-South telescope in i and g-bands. The measurement of the transit allows us to verify that this is not a false positive, to confirm the transit amplitude measured by OGLE, and to improve the ephemeris. The transit is well defined in i-band light curve, with a depth of A_i=0.034 mag. It is however, less well defined, but deeper (A_g=0.1 mag) in the g-band, in which the star is significantly fainter. The near-infrared photometry obtained with SofI array at the ESO-NTT yields K=12.2+-0.1 and V-K=8.4+-0.1, so red that it is unlike any other transit candidate studied before. Due to the extreme nature of this object, we have not yet been able to measure velocities for this star, but based on the new data we consider two different possible configurations:(1) a nearby M7V star, or (2) a blend with a very reddened distant red giant. The nearby M7V dwarf hypothesis would give a radius for the companion of R_p=0.3+-0.1 R_J, i.e. the size of Neptune. Quantitative analysis of near-IR spectroscopy finally shows that OGLE-TR-82 is a distant, reddened metal poor early K giant. This result is confirmed by direct comparison with stellar templates that gives the best match for a K3III star. Therefore, we discard the planetary nature of the companion. Based on all the new data, we conclude that this system is a main-sequence binary blended with a background red giant.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 447, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00453", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00209", "text": "Objectives: In this study, we quantify the growth variability of tumour cell clones from a human leukemia cell line. Materials and methods: We have used microplate spectrophotometry to measure the growth kinetics of hundreds of individual cell clones from the Molt3 cell line. The growth rate of each clonal population has been estimated by fitting experimental data with the logistic equation. Results: The growth rates were observed to vary among different clones. Up to six clones with a growth rate above or below the mean growth rate of the parent population were further cloned and the growth rates of their offsprings were measured. The distribution of the growth rates of the subclones did not significantly differ from that of the parent population thus suggesting that growth variability has an epigenetic origin. To explain the observed distributions of clonal growth rates we have developed a probabilistic model assuming that the fluctuations in the number of mitochondria through successive cell cycles are the leading cause of growth variability. For fitting purposes, we have estimated experimentally by flow cytometry the maximum average number of mitochondria in Molt3 cells. The model fits nicely the observed distributions of growth rates, however, cells in which the mitochondria were rendered non functional (rho-0 cells) showed only a 30% reduction in the clonal growth variability with respect to normal cells. Conclusions: A tumor cell population is a dynamic ensemble of clones with highly variable growth rate. At least part of this variability is due to fluctuations in the number of mitochondria.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 305, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00077", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00210", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Child Tax Credit Improvement Act''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. Congress finds the following: (1) According to the Supplemental Poverty Measure of the Bureau of the Census, the Child tax credit and earned income tax credit lift more children out of poverty than any other Federal policy. According to research published by the Century Foundation, the child tax credit alone now lifts nearly 1 in 8 children who would otherwise be poor out of poverty. (2) Despite the success of the child tax credit, economists have found that families with young children often receive the smallest child tax credits because they do not yet have enough income to receive the full benefit of the credit. (3) Pediatricians and other child development experts have long talked about the critical importance of the earliest years of life. (4) Economists have found similar effects of the importance of income in the earliest years with returns to school achievement. (5) Young children, including babies and toddlers, are among the poorest people in the country by age. (6) Economists have found that large fluctuations in a family's income can be detrimental to the development of young children. Research on scarcity has found it is hard for parents to focus on children if they are worrying about having sufficient income to meet their family's needs. (7) Indexing the value of the child tax credit would end the slow erosion of the child tax credit due to inflation. SEC. 3. YOUNG CHILD TAX CREDIT. (a) Special Rule for Young Children.--Section 24 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 is amended by adding at the end the following: ``(h) Young Child Tax Credit.-- ``(1) In general.--In the case of a young qualifying child, subsection (a) shall be applied for the taxable year (after the application of subsection (i)) by substituting `$3,600' for `$1,000'. ``(2) Young qualifying child.--For purposes of paragraph (1), the term `young qualifying child' means a qualifying child who has not attained age 6 as of the close of such taxable year. ``(3) Limitation based on adjusted gross income.--For purposes of applying subsection (b) with respect to a young qualifying child, paragraph (1) of subsection (b) shall be applied by substituting `$180' for `$50'. ``(4) Credit refundable.--The aggregate credits allowed", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00895", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00211", "text": "C) and subparagraphs (A), (B), (C), or (E) of paragraph (3)) with respect to such an adjustment for humanitarian purposes, to assure family unity, or when it is otherwise in the public interest. (d) Date of Approval.--Upon the approval of an application for adjustment of status under this section, the Attorney General shall create a record of the alien's admission as an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence as of the date of the alien's parole or other admission into the United States. (e) Offset in Number of Visas Available.--Upon each granting to an alien of the status of having been lawfully admitted for permanent residence under this section, the Secretary of State shall instruct the proper officer to reduce by 1, during the current or next following fiscal year, the total number of immigrant visas that are made available to natives of the country of the alien's birth under section 203(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act or, if applicable, the total number of immigrant visas that are made available to natives of the country of the alien's birth under section 202(e) of such Act. (f) Temporary Stay of Removal and Work Authorization.--The Attorney General-- (1) shall refrain from deporting or removing from the United States an alien who is eligible for adjustment of status under this section, but who is not yet lawfully admitted for permanent residence; and (2) shall authorize such an alien to engage in employment in the United States.", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 304, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01124", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00212", "text": "Magnetic activity in ultracool dwarfs, as measured in X-rays and H$\\alpha$, shows a steep decline after spectral type M7-M8. So far, no L dwarf has been detected in X-rays. In contrast, L dwarfs may have higher radio activity than M dwarfs. We observe L and T dwarfs simultaneously in X-rays and radio to determine their level of magnetic activity in the context of the general decline of magnetic activity with cooler effective temperatures. The field L dwarf binary Kelu-1 was observed simultaneously with Chandra and the Very Large Array. Kelu-1AB was detected in X-rays with $L_{\\rm X} = 2.9_{-1.3}^{+1.8} \\times 10^{25}$ erg/s, while it remained undetected in the radio down to a $3 \\sigma$ limit of $L_{\\rm R} \\leq 1.4 \\times 10^{13}$ erg/s/Hz. We argue that, whereas the X-ray and H$\\alpha$ emissions decline in ultracool dwarfs with decreasing effective temperature, the radio luminosity stays (more or less) constant across M and early-L dwarfs. The radio surface flux or the luminosity may better trace magnetic activity in ultracool dwarfs than the ratio of the luminosity to the bolometric luminosity. Deeper radio observations (and at short frequencies) are required to determine if and when the cut-off in radio activity occurs in L and T dwarfs, and what kind of emission mechanism takes place in ultracool dwarfs.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 331, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00473", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00213", "text": "of dollars in Byrne grant money in Kentucky and Massachusetts, wrongful convictions based on police perjury in Missouri, and negotiations with drug offenders to drop or lower their charges in exchange for money or vehicles in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Massachusetts, New York, Ohio, and Wisconsin. (4) The most well-known Byrne-funded task force scandal occurred in Tulia, Texas, where dozens of African American residents (totaling over 16 percent of the town's African American population) were arrested, prosecuted, and sentenced to decades in prison, based solely on the uncorroborated testimony of one undercover officer whose background included past allegations of misconduct, sexual harassment, unpaid debts, and habitual use of a racial epithet. The undercover officer was allowed to work alone, and not required to provide audiotapes, video surveillance, or eyewitnesses to corroborate his allegations. Despite the lack of physical evidence or corroboration, the charges were vigorously prosecuted. After the first few trials resulted in convictions and lengthy sentences, many defendants accepted plea bargains. Suspicions regarding the legitimacy of the charges eventually arose after two of the accused defendants were able to produce convincing alibi evidence to prove that they were out of State or at work at the time of the alleged drug purchases. Texas Governor Rick Perry eventually pardoned the Tulia defendants (after four years of imprisonment), but these kinds of scandals continue to plague Byrne grant program spending. (5) A case arose in a Federal court in Waco, Texas concerning the wrongful arrest of 28 African Americans out of 4,500 other residents of Hearne, Texas. In November 2000, these individuals were arrested on charges of possession or distribution of crack cocaine, and they subsequently filed a case against the county government. On May 11, 2005, a magistrate judge found sufficient evidence that a Byrne-funded anti-drug task force had routinely targeted African Americans to hold the county liable for the harm suffered by the plaintiffs. Plaintiffs in that lawsuit alleged that for the past 15 years, based on the uncorroborated tales of informants, task force members annually raided the African American community in eastern Hearne to arrest the residents identified by the confidential informants, resulting in the arrest and prosecution of innocent citizens without cause. On the eve of trial the counties involved in the Hearne task force scandal settled the case, agreeing to pay financial damages to the plaintiffs. (6) Byrne grant-related scandals have grown so prolific that", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00961", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00214", "text": "We present radio observations and optical spectroscopy of the giant low surface brightness (LSB) galaxy PGC 045080 (or 1300+0144). PGC 045080 is a moderately distant galaxy having a highly inclined optical disk and massive HI gas content. Radio continuum observations of the galaxy were carried out at 320 MHz, 610 MHz and 1.4 GHz. Continuum emission was detected and mapped in the galaxy. The emission appears extended over the inner disk at all three frequencies. At 1.4 GHz and 610 MHz it appears to have two distinct lobes. We also did optical spectroscopy of the galaxy nucleus; the spectrum did not show any strong emission lines associated with AGN activity but the presence of a weak AGN cannot be ruled out. Furthermore, comparison of the H$\\alpha$ flux and radio continuum at 1.4 GHz suggests that a significant fraction of the emission is non-thermal in nature. Hence we conclude that a weak or hidden AGN may be present in PGC 045080. The extended radio emission represents lobes/jets from the AGN. These observations show that although LSB galaxies are metal poor and have very little star formation, their centers can host significant AGN activity. We also mapped the HI gas disk and velocity field in PGC 045080. The HI disk extends well beyond the optical disk and appears warped. In the HI intensity maps, the disk appears distinctly lopsided. The velocity field is disturbed on the lopsided side of the disk but is fairly uniform in the other half. We derived the HI rotation curve for the galaxy from the velocity field. The rotation curve has a flat rotation speed of ~ 190 km/s.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 350, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00187", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00215", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Faster Care for Veterans Act of 2016''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. Congress finds the following: (1) In June 2014, an internal audit conducted by the Department of Veterans Affairs found more than 120,000 veterans waited at least 90 days for appointments for health care or never received appointments. (2) One year following such audit, and despite the Department handling more appointments than in previous years, reports indicate that the number of veterans waiting 30 days or more for health care increased by 50 percent. (3) In 2008, the Inspector General of the Department of Veterans Affairs estimated that 18 percent of outpatient appointment slots went unfilled because of patient no-shows or because facility personnel did not refill canceled appointments. (4) Wait times are not unique to the Department of Veterans Affairs. The average wait time in the private sector is more than 18 days, but private sector hospitals and health systems are now leveraging technology to eliminate wait times and ensure that every available appointment is used. (5) In June 2015, the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences called for a patient-oriented scheduling platform that allows patients to self-schedule care online at any time. SEC. 3. PILOT PROGRAM ESTABLISHING A PATIENT SELF-SCHEDULING APPOINTMENT SYSTEM. (a) Pilot Program.--Not later than 120 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary of Veterans Affairs shall commence a pilot program under which veterans use an Internet website to schedule and confirm appointments for health care at medical facilities of the Department of Veterans Affairs. (b) Selection of Locations.--The Secretary shall select not fewer than three Veterans Integrated Services Networks in which to carry out the pilot program under subsection (a). (c) Contracts.-- (1) Authority.--The Secretary shall seek to enter into a contract with one or more contractors that are able to meet the criteria under paragraph (3) to provide the scheduling and confirmation capability described in subsection (a). (2) Notice of competition.-- (A) In general.--Not later than 60 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall issue a request for proposals for the contract described in paragraph (1). (B) Open request.--The request for proposals issued under subparagraph (A) shall be full and open to any contractor that is able to", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01085", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00216", "text": "We present an exhaustive study of more than 250 ab initio potential energy surfaces (PESs) of the model dipeptide HCO-L-Ala-NH2. The model chemistries (MCs) used are constructed as homo- and heterolevels involving possibly different RHF and MP2 calculations for the geometry and the energy. The basis sets used belong to a sample of 39 selected representants from Pople's split-valence families, ranging from the small 3-21G to the large 6-311++G(2df,2pd). The reference PES to which the rest are compared is the MP2/6-311++G(2df,2pd) homolevel, which, as far as we are aware, is the more accurate PES of a dipeptide in the literature. The aim of the study presented is twofold: On the one hand, the evaluation of the influence of polarization and diffuse functions in the basis set, distinguishing between those placed at 1st-row atoms and those placed at hydrogens, as well as the effect of different contraction and valence splitting schemes. On the other hand, the investigation of the heterolevel assumption, which is defined here to be that which states that heterolevel MCs are more efficient than homolevel MCs. The heterolevel approximation is very commonly used in the literature, but it is seldom checked. As far as we know, the only tests for peptides or related systems, have been performed using a small number of conformers, and this is the first time that this potentially very economical approximation is tested in full PESs. In order to achieve these goals, all data sets have been compared and analyzed in a way which captures the nearness concept in the space of MCs.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 372, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00143", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00217", "text": "We compare H-alpha, radio continuum, and Spitzer Space Telescope (SST) images of 58 planetary nebulae (PNe) recently discovered by the Macquarie-AAO-Strasbo- urg H-alpha PN Project (MASH) of the SuperCOSMOS H-alpha Survey. Using InfraRed Array Camera (IRAC) data we define the IR colors of PNe and demonstrate good isolation between these colors and those of many other types of astronomical object. The only substantive contamination of PNe in the color-color plane we illustrate is due to YSOs. However, this ambiguity is readily resolved by the unique optical characteristics of PNe and their environs. We also examine the relationships between optical and MIR morphologies from 3.6 to 8.0um and explore the ratio of mid-infrared (MIR) to radio nebular fluxes, which is a valuable discriminant between thermal and nonthermal emission. MASH emphasizes late evolutionary stages of PNe compared with previous catalogs, enabling study of the changes in MIR and radio flux that attend the aging process. Spatially integrated MIR energy distributions were constructed for all MASH PNe observed by the GLIMPSE Legacy Project, using the H-alpha morphologies to establish the dimensions for the calculations of the Midcourse Space Experiment (MSX), IRAC, and radio continuum (from the Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope and the Very Large Array) flux densities. The ratio of IRAC 8.0-um to MSX 8.3-um flux densities provides a measure of the absolute diffuse calibration of IRAC at 8.0 um. We independently confirm the aperture correction factor to be applied to IRAC at 8.0um to align it with the diffuse calibration of MSX. The result agrees with the recommendations of the Spitzer Science Center and with results from a parallel study of HII regions. These PNe probe the diffuse calibration of IRAC on a spatial scale of 9-77 arcsec.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 415, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00459", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00218", "text": "Artificial intelligence (AI) may end up displacing more than just entry-level work, taking over management roles at some of the biggest companies in the world, according to a Wall Street Journal report. It all started in the gig economy, the report explained. Firms like Uber, for example, use machine learning and related technologies to manage some of the tasking assignments for the self-employed people who work through their platforms. However, now legacy organizations like GE and Shell are also jumping on the AI bandwagon, rolling out tools to their full-time workforce as well, The Wall Street Journal reported. The tech tools are handling tasks such as \"scheduling and shepherding strategic projects,\" the Journal reported, and researchers cited said that this could lead to the elimination of certain management roles of the displacing of other managers. SEE: IT leader's guide to the future of artificial intelligence (Tech Pro Research) These types of machine learning and AI software are also being leveraged in hiring and human resources as well, with Gartner predicting 25% growth in the overall human resources and workforce management software market by 2020. So, what makes AI so well-suited to take over certain management roles? It's all in the data. AI is good at making decisions based almost solely on available data. Humans can use data, but can also lean on their own intuition or fall into confirmation bias, the report said. AI could potentially help make more objective business decisions, but these tools and platforms could also have their own biases introduced by the humans that create them. Tomas Chamorro-Premuzic, a professor of business psychology at University College London, told The Wall Street Journal that managers primarily work to \"identify potential, build teams, assign tasks, measure performance and provide feedback\"—things that he said humans are not proficient at. However, AI can use data to do perform these tasks, which could lead to a day when we no longer need human managers, Chamorro-Premuzic said. Despite the use of AI in management, some companies utilize the technology only to eliminate administrative tasks, the report said. One also has to question the value of automating that may have been relegated to middle management—a demographic that's true value has been brought into question over the past few years and that has been shrinking in many organizations as they move toward more flat organizational structures. Of course, this further begs the question of what value can be gleaned from automating a position that may have been", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00549", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00219", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Local Community Radio Act of 2005''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. Congress makes the following findings: (1) The passage of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 led to increased ownership consolidation in the radio industry. (2) At a hearing before the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, on June 4, 2003, all 5 members of the Federal Communications Commission testified that there has been, in at least some local radio markets, too much consolidation. (3) A commitment to localism--local operations, local research, local management, locally-originated programming, local artists, and local news and events--would bolster radio listening. (4) Local communities have sought to launch radio stations to meet their local needs. However, due to the scarce amount of spectrum available and the high cost of buying and running a large station, many local communities are unable to establish a radio station. (5) In 2003, the average cost to acquire a commercial radio station was more than $2,500,000. (6) In January, 2000, the Federal Communications Commission authorized a new, affordable community radio service called ``low-power FM'' or ``LPFM'' to ``enhance locally focused community-oriented radio broadcasting''. (7) Through the creation of LPFM, the Commission sought to ``create opportunities for new voices on the air waves and to allow local groups, including schools, churches, and other community-based organizations, to provide programming responsive to local community needs and interests''. (8) The Commission made clear that the creation of LPFM would not compromise the integrity of the FM radio band by stating, ``We are committed to creating a low-power FM radio service only if it does not cause unacceptable interference to existing radio service.''. (9) Currently, FM translator stations can operate on the second- and third-adjacent channels to full power radio stations, up to an effective radiated power of 250 watts, pursuant to part 74 of title 47, Code of Federal Regulations, using the very same transmitters that LPFM stations will use. The FCC based its LPFM rules on the actual performance of these translators that already operate without undue interference to FM stations. The actual interference record of these translators is far more useful than any results that further testing could yield. (10) Small rural broadcasters were particularly concerned about a lengthy", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00945", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00220", "text": "We report the detection of CO(3-2) emission from a bright, gravitationally lensed Lyman Break Galaxy, LBGJ213512.73-010143 (the 'Cosmic Eye'), at z=3.07 using the Plateau de Bure Interferometer. This is only the second detection of molecular gas emission from an LBG and yields an intrinsic molecular gas mass of (2.4+/-0.4)x10^9 Mo. The lens reconstruction of the UV morphology of the LBG indicates that it comprises two components separated by ~2 kpc. The CO emission is unresolved, and appears to be centered on the intrinsically fainter (and also less highly magnified) of the two UV components. The width of the CO line indicates a dynamical mass of (8+/-2)x10^9csc(i)^2 Mo within the central 2 kpc. Employing mid-infrared observations from Spitzer we derive a stellar mass of ~(6+/-2)x10^9 Mo and a star-formation rate of ~60 Mo/yr, indicating that the molecular gas will be consumed in ~40 Myr. The gas fractions, star-formation efficiencies and line widths suggests that LBGJ213512 is a high-redshift, gas-rich analog of a local luminous infrared galaxy. This galaxy has a similar gas-to-dynamical mass fraction as observed in the submillimeter-selected population, although the gas surface density and star-formation efficiency is a factor of 3x less, suggesting less vigorous activity. We discuss the uncertainties in our conclusions arising from adopting a CO-to-H2 conversion factor appropriate for either the Milky Way or local luminous infrared galaxies. These observations demonstrate that current facilities, when aided by fortuitous gravitational magnification, can study 'ordinary' galaxies at high-redshift and so act as pathfinders for ALMA.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 389, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00196", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00221", "text": "Being motivated by John Tantalo's Planarity Game, we consider straight line plane drawings of a planar graph $G$ with edge crossings and wonder how obfuscated such drawings can be. We define $obf(G)$, the obfuscation complexity of $G$, to be the maximum number of edge crossings in a drawing of $G$. Relating $obf(G)$ to the distribution of vertex degrees in $G$, we show an efficient way of constructing a drawing of $G$ with at least $obf(G)/3$ edge crossings. We prove bounds $(\\delta(G)^2/24-o(1))n^2 < \\obf G <3 n^2$ for an $n$-vertex planar graph $G$ with minimum vertex degree $\\delta(G)\\ge 2$. The shift complexity of $G$, denoted by $shift(G)$, is the minimum number of vertex shifts sufficient to eliminate all edge crossings in an arbitrarily obfuscated drawing of $G$ (after shifting a vertex, all incident edges are supposed to be redrawn correspondingly). If $\\delta(G)\\ge 3$, then $shift(G)$ is linear in the number of vertices due to the known fact that the matching number of $G$ is linear. However, in the case $\\delta(G)\\ge2$ we notice that $shift(G)$ can be linear even if the matching number is bounded. As for computational complexity, we show that, given a drawing $D$ of a planar graph, it is NP-hard to find an optimum sequence of shifts making $D$ crossing-free.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 330, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00254", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00222", "text": "By 2D hydrodynamic simulations including a detailed equation of state and neutrino transport, we investigate the interplay between different non-radial hydrodynamic instabilities that play a role during the postbounce accretion phase of collapsing stellar cores. The convective mode of instability, which is driven by negative entropy gradients caused by neutrino heating or by time variations of the shock strength, can be identified clearly by the development of typical Rayleigh-Taylor mushrooms. However, in cases where the gas in the postshock region is rapidly advected towards the gain radius, the growth of such a buoyancy instability can be suppressed. In such a situation the shocked flow nevertheless can develop non-radial asymmetry with an oscillatory growth of the amplitude. This phenomenon has been termed ``standing accretion shock instability'' (SASI). It is shown here that the SASI oscillations can trigger convective instability and like the latter they lead to an increase of the average shock radius and of the mass in the gain layer. Both hydrodynamic instabilities in combination stretch the advection time of matter through the neutrino-heating layer and thus enhance the neutrino energy deposition in support of the neutrino-driven explosion mechanism. A rapidly contracting and more compact nascent NS turns out to be favorable for explosions, because the accretion luminosity and neutrino heating are larger and the growth rate of the SASI is higher. Moreover, we show that the oscillation period of the SASI and a variety of other features in our simulations agree with estimates for the advective-acoustic cycle (AAC), in which perturbations are carried by the accretion flow from the shock to the neutron star and pressure waves close an amplifying global feedback loop. (abridged)", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 355, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00111", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00223", "text": "ld(f)(1)(B)(ix)) is amended by striking ``2009'' and inserting ``2024''. (e) Passport Requirement.--Section 141 of Article IV of Title One of the Compact of Free Association shall be construed and applied as if it read as follows: ``SEC. 141. PASSPORT REQUIREMENT. ``(a) Any person in the following categories may be admitted to, lawfully engage in occupations, and establish residence as a nonimmigrant in the United States and its territories and possessions without regard to paragraphs (5) or (7)(B)(i)(II) of section 212(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(5) or (a)(7)(B)(i)(II)), provided that the passport presented to satisfy section 212(a)(7)(B)(i)(I) of such Act is a valid unexpired machine- readable passport that satisfies the internationally accepted standard for machine readability-- ``(1) a person who, on September 30, 1994, was a citizen of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, as defined in title 53 of the Trust Territory Code in force on January 1, 1979, and has become and remains a citizen of Palau; ``(2) a person who acquires the citizenship of Palau, at birth, on or after the effective date of the Constitution of Palau; or ``(3) a naturalized citizen of Palau, who has been an actual resident of Palau for not less than five years after attaining such naturalization and who holds a certificate of actual residence. ``(b) Such persons shall be considered to have the permission of the Secretary of Homeland Security of the United States to accept employment in the United States. ``(c) The right of such persons to establish habitual residence in a territory or possession of the United States may, however, be subjected to non-discriminatory limitations provided for-- ``(1) in statutes or regulations of the United States; or ``(2) in those statutes or regulations of the territory or possession concerned which are authorized by the laws of the United States. ``(d) Section 141(a) does not confer on a citizen of Palau the right to establish the residence necessary for naturalization under the Immigration and Nationality Act, or to petition for benefits for alien relatives under that Act. Section 141(a), however, shall not prevent a citizen of Pal", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00882", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00224", "text": "couldn't be afraid to be bold.\" Still, the move appeared to catch Griffin and his teammates by surprise. \"I know he was shocked,\" forward Sam Dekker said. \"This is his team. This is all he knows. I'm sure he's nervous and it kind of made him probably sit down for a second and re-evaluate everything.\" Austin Rivers, son of coach Doc Rivers, said, \"No one saw it coming. I didn't even believe it when I heard it.\" In exchange for their five-time All-Star forward, the Clippers got forward Tobias Harris, guard Avery Bradley and center Boban Marjanovic, along with draft picks. \"As long as I look around this place, I don't see any (championship) banners,\" the elder Rivers said. \"And until we do that, we've got to keep mixing it up.\" When Paul headed for Houston, the Clippers got Patrick Beverley in return and acquired Danilo Gallinari in a sign-and-trade deal. That hasn't worked out so well. Beverley has missed most of the season after having knee surgery in November. Gallinari returned Tuesday night from yet another injury, having missed 35 games this season with a variety of issues. At 25-25, the Clippers are unlikely to win 50 games for a sixth straight season. Griffin played a major role the first five times that happened in franchise history. But he was often injured during his nine years in Los Angeles, starting with a broken left kneecap that delayed his rookie season. \"You're looking at the other teams out there and comparing yourself. If you're not good enough or if you don't think you can beat them or if you think you need more help, then you have to do something about it,\" Rivers said. \"To do something, sometimes you have to take chances. You have to mix it up and change it and see where you can go in the future.\" ___ More AP NBA coverage: https://apnews.com/tag/NBAbasketball", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 412, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00819", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00225", "text": "Based on radial velocity measurements it has been found recently that the two giant planets detected around the star HD 73526 are in 2:1 resonance. However, as our numerical integration shows, the derived orbital data for this system result in chaotic behavior of the giant planets, which is uncommon among the resonant extrasolar planetary systems. We intend to present regular (non-chaotic) orbital solutions for the giant planets in the system HD 73526 and offer formation scenarios based on combining planetary migration and sudden perturbative effects such as planet-planet scattering or rapid dispersal of the protoplanetary disk. A comparison with the already studied resonant system HD 128311, exhibiting similar behavior, is also done. The new sets of orbital solutions have been derived by the Systemic Console (www.oklo.org). The stability of these solutions has been investigated by the Relative Lyapunov indicator, while the migration and scattering effects are studied by gravitational N-body simulations applying non-conservative forces as well. Additionally, hydrodynamic simulations of embedded planets in protoplanetary disks are performed to follow the capture into resonance. For the system HD 73526 we demonstrate that the observational radial velocity data are consistent with a coplanar planetary system engaged in a stable 2:1 resonance exhibiting apsidal corotation. We have shown that, similarly to the system HD 128311, the present dynamical state of HD 73526 could be the result of a mixed evolutionary process melting together planetary migration and a perturbative event.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 309, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00347", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00226", "text": ", a 2,000-yard season and seven consecutive playoff wins in which he topped 100 yards rushing. Davis, who will be inducted into the Hall of Fame this summer, said he uses that rags-to-riches anecdote all the time. \"Because it goes to show you that my thing is if you quit, the result is always failure,\" said Davis, now an analyst for the NFL Network. \"But if you don't quit, you never know what the outcome could be. So, quitting on yourself should never be an option, which I almost did. \"And for anybody that's out there struggling... I try to tell them even if your situation seems dire, don't give up. Just keep fighting, keep fighting, keep fighting. You never know. The only thing you can control is the effort. You can't control the outcome or the results, but just keep going at it and you never know how that plays out.\" Sticking it out landed Davis with football immortality. \"I think what's great about it is the story behind it, it's not (one of) a typical, first-round selection, big school, all-time leading rusher. I was totally sort of opposite of all those things and yet I was still able to make it to the Hall of Fame,\" Davis said. \"So, what does that tell a kid right now who is struggling and is not maybe first team or not at the school that he wants to be at, or whatever the situation may be?\" ___ For more NFL coverage: http://www.pro32.ap.org and http://www.twitter.com/AP_NFL ___ Follow Arnie Melendrez Stapleton on Twitter: http://twitter.com/arniestapleton", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 351, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00745", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00227", "text": "We examine aspects of primordial star formation in the presence of a molecular hydrogen-dissociating ultraviolet background. We compare a set of AMR hydrodynamic cosmological simulations using a single cosmological realization but with a range of ultraviolet background strengths in the Lyman-Werner band. This allows us to study the effects of Lyman-Werner radiation on suppressing H2 cooling at low densities as well as the high-density evolution of the collapsing core in a self-consistent cosmological framework. We find that the addition of a photodissociating background results in a delay of the collapse of high density gas at the center of the most massive halo in the simulation and, as a result, an increase in the virial mass of this halo at the onset of baryon collapse. We find that, contrary to previous results, Population III star formation is not suppressed for J$_{21} \\geq 0.1$, but occurs even with backgrounds as high as J$_{21} = 1$. We find that H2 cooling leads to collapse despite the depressed core molecular hydrogen fractions due to the elevated H2 cooling rates at $T=2-5 \\times 10^3$ K. We observe a relationship between the strength of the photodissociating background and the rate of accretion onto the evolving protostellar cloud core, with higher LW background fluxes resulting in higher accretion rates. Finally, we find that the collapsing halo cores in our simulations do not fragment at densities below $n \\sim 10^{10}$ cm$^{-3}$ regardless of the strength of the LW background, suggesting that Population III stars forming in halos with T$_{vir} \\sim 10^4$ K may still form in isolation.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 361, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00412", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00228", "text": "Planetary topography can either be modeled as a load supported by the lithosphere, or as a dynamical effect due to lithospheric flexure caused by mantle convection. In both cases the response of the lithosphere to external forces can be calculated with the theory of thin elastic plates or shells. On one-plate planets the spherical geometry of the lithospheric shell plays an important role in the flexure mechanism. So far the equations governing the deformations and stresses of a spherical shell have only been derived under the assumption of a shell of constant thickness. However local studies of gravity and topography data suggest large variations in the thickness of the lithosphere. In this article we obtain the scalar flexure equations governing the deformations of a thin spherical shell with variable thickness or variable Young's modulus. The resulting equations can be solved in succession, except for a system of two simultaneous equations, the solutions of which are the transverse deflection and an associated stress function. In order to include bottom loading generated by mantle convection, we extend the method of stress functions to include loads with a toroidal tangential component. We further show that toroidal tangential displacement always occurs if the shell thickness varies, even in the absence of toroidal loads. We finally prove that the degree-one harmonic components of the transverse deflection and of the toroidal tangential displacement are independent of the elastic properties of the shell and are associated with translational and rotational freedom. The flexure equations for a shell of variable thickness are useful not only for the prediction of the gravity signal in local admittance studies, but also for the construction of stress maps in tectonic analysis.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 334, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00062", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00229", "text": "AIM: We have recently developed a microscopic Monte Carlo approach to study surface chemistry on interstellar grains and the morphology of ice mantles. The method is designed to eliminate the problems inherent in the rate-equation formalism to surface chemistry. Here we report the first use of this method in a chemical model of cold interstellar cloud cores that includes both gas-phase and surface chemistry. The surface chemical network consists of a small number of diffusive reactions that can produce molecular oxygen, water, carbon dioxide, formaldehyde, methanol and assorted radicals. METHOD: The simulation is started by running a gas-phase model including accretion onto grains but no surface chemistry or evaporation. The starting surface consists of either flat or rough olivine. We introduce the surface chemistry of the three species H, O and CO in an iterative manner using our stochastic technique. Under the conditions of the simulation, only atomic hydrogen can evaporate to a significant extent. Although it has little effect on other gas-phase species, the evaporation of atomic hydrogen changes its gas-phase abundance, which in turn changes the flux of atomic hydrogen onto grains. The effect on the surface chemistry is treated until convergence occurs. We neglect all non-thermal desorptive processes. RESULTS: We determine the mantle abundances of assorted molecules as a function of time through 2x10^5 yr. Our method also allows determination of the abundance of each molecule in specific monolayers. The mantle results can be compared with observations of water, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and methanol ices in the sources W33A and Elias 16. Other than a slight underproduction of mantle CO, our results are in very good agreement with observations.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 342, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00100", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00230", "text": "WASHINGTON (AP) — The Trump administration has decided not to punish anybody for now under new sanctions retaliating for Russia's election-meddling, the State Department said Monday, in a surprising move that fueled further questions about whether President Donald Trump is too soft on Moscow. The government had until Monday to take two steps under a law passed by Congress last year in the wake of the 2016 presidential campaign. The first required the U.S. to slap sanctions on anyone doing \"significant\" business with people linked to Russia's defense and intelligence agencies, using a blacklist the U.S. released in October. The second required the administration to publish a list of Russian \"political figures and oligarchs\" who have grown rich under President Vladimir Putin. On the first item, the administration decided it didn't need to penalize anyone, even though several countries have had multibillion-dollar arms deals with Russia in the works. State Department officials said the threat of sanctions had been deterrent enough, and that \"sanctions on specific entities or individuals will not need to be imposed.\" \"We estimate that foreign governments have abandoned planned or announced purchases of several billion dollars in Russian defense acquisitions,\" said State Department spokeswoman Heather Nauert. She did not provide evidence or cite any examples. On the second item — the \"Putin list\" — the day came and went with no sign of if or when it would be released. The Treasury Department did not respond to several inquiries. In the past, the administration has breezed past several such deadlines, including the October deadline to produce a blacklist, only to follow through later after pressure from Congress mounted. By itself, being on the Putin list doesn't trigger U.S. sanctions. Yet the list, being developed by the Treasury Department, has induced fear among rich Russians who are concerned that it could lead later to U.S. sanctions or to being informally blacklisted in the global financial system. It has triggered a fierce lobbying campaign, with Russia hawks in Congress pushing the administration to include certain names and lobbyists hired by Russian businessmen urging the administration to keep their clients off. Companies or foreign governments that had been doing business with blacklisted Russian entities had been given a three-month grace period to extricate themselves from transactions, starting in October when the blacklist was published and ending Monday. But only those engaged in \"significant transactions\" are to be punished, and the United States has never defined that term or given a dollar figure. That ambiguity has made it impossible for the public to know", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00661", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00231", "text": "for the Braves, who had dropped seven consecutive road series against the Nationals and had lost 23 of their last 25 games in Washington before taking two of three this week. Braves outfielder Matt Kemp left the game in the third inning after suffering an apparent leg injury while sliding into third base. Atlanta was in control from the start against Washington starter Tanner Roark (6-4), who gave up two runs before he recorded an out and three total in the first inning. The Braves would add three more in the third, with Nick Markakis scoring from third after Nationals catcher Jose Lobaton's pickoff attempt of Kemp caught first baseman Ryan Zimmerman off guard and sailed into right field. Kemp was thrown out and injured at third on the play. ROCKIES 5, PIRATES 1 PITTSBURGH (AP) — Ian Desmond hit his fourth home run of the season and rookie German Marquez pitched effectively into the sixth inning as the Rockies beat the Pirates to snap a three-game losing streak. Marquez (5-3) gave up one run and four hits in five-plus innings as the Rockies avoided being swept for the first time this season. Raimel Tapia went 4 for 4 and scored three times for Colorado. Jake McGee bailed the Rockies out of a bases-loaded, one-out jam in the seventh. Colorado picked up its major-league best 25th road win. The Pirates managed just one extra-base hit and left eight men on as their season-high four-game winning streak came to an end. Chad Kuhl (1-6) remained winless since the first week of the season. He gave up three runs in five innings and his ERA sits at 5.61 through 12 starts. METS 9, CUBS 4 NEW YORK (AP) — Curtis Granderson opened a five-run eighth inning with his 300th homer, a tiebreaking shot that helped the Mets rally past the Cubs. Injury replacement Lucas Duda added a three-run homer off Hector Rondon, and T.J. Rivera capped the outburst with an RBI single for his third hit. With sluggers Yoenis Cespedes and Michael Conforto on the bench to begin the game, the resurgent Mets came back from a 4-1 deficit and took two of three from the defending World Series champions despite losing second baseman Neil Walker to a left leg injury. Granderson received a standing ovation and came out for a curtain", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00669", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00232", "text": "in tampon manufacturing. (7) Trace amounts of dioxins can also be found in tampons that use a chlorine-free bleaching process as well as 100 percent cotton tampons as the Environmental Protection Agency states that due to decades of pollution, dioxin can be found in the air, water, and ground and thus can be found in both cotton and wood pulp raw materials used in tampon production. (8) The effects of dioxin from various sources are cumulative. Women may be exposed to dioxin in tampons and other menstrual products for as long as 60 years over the course of their reproductive lives. (9) The Food and Drug Administration has historically relied on data provided by manufacturers of feminine hygiene products in determining product safety. (10) Although the Food and Drug Administration currently requires tampon manufacturers to monitor dioxin levels in their finished products, they do not generally collect this information and it is not readily available to the public. (11) Recent studies have produced conflicting information about the link between dioxin exposure and increased risks for endometriosis. (12) The Environmental Protection Agency has concluded that people with high levels of exposure to dioxins may be at risk for other noncancer effects that could suppress the immune system, increase the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease, reduce fertility, and interfere with fetal and childhood development. (13) Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) has been linked to tampon use especially those tampons containing synthetic fibers and the absorbency of the tampon. TSS is a rare bacterial illness that occurs mostly in menstruating women. During 1979 and 1980, the syndrome was responsible for at least 55 deaths and 1,066 nonfatal cases. (14) In response to a 1988 lawsuit, the Food and Drug Administration has required tampons to be labeled with reference to an absorbency standard (e.g., super tampons must absorb between 9 and 12 grams of liquid). (15) As a result of independent research that showed that synthetic fiber additives in tampons amplify toxin production, which is associated with toxic shock syndrome, manufacturers have ceased to include three of the four synthetic ingredients once often used to increase tampon absorbency. Highly absorbent viscose rayon is still used in tampon production. According to some TSS researchers incidence of menstrually related TSS is creeping up and strains of Staphylococcus aureus causing it are becoming", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01135", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00233", "text": "We characterize the crystalline silicate content and spatial distribution of small dust grains in a large sample of protoplanetary disks in the Taurus-Auriga young cluster, using Spitzer Space Telescope mid-infrared spectra. In turn we use the results to analyze the evolution of structure and composition of these 1-2 Myr-old disks around Solar- and later-type young stars, and test the standard models of dust processing which result in the conversion of originally amorphous dust into minerals. We find strong evidence of evolution of the dust crystalline mass fraction in parallel with that of the structure of the disks, in the sense that increasing crystalline mass fraction is strongly linked to dust settling to the disk midplane. We also confirm that the crystalline silicates are confined to small radii, r < 10 AU. However, we see no significant correlation of crystalline mass fraction with stellar mass or luminosity, stellar accretion rate, disk mass, or disk/star mass ratio, as would be expected in the standard models of dust processing based upon photo-evaporation and condensation close to the central star, accretion-heating-driven annealing at r < 1 AU, or spiral-shock heating at r < 10 AU, with or without effective radial mixing mechanisms. Either another grain-crystallizing mechanism dominates over these, or another process must be at work within the disks to erase the correlations they produce. We propose one of each sort that seem to be worth further investigation, namely X-ray heating and annealing of dust grains, and modulation of disk structure by giant-planetary formation and migration.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 327, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00055", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00234", "text": "JERUSALEM (AP) — Israeli leaders angrily criticized pending legislation in Poland that would outlaw blaming Poles for the crimes of the Holocaust, with some accusing the Polish government of outright denial Saturday as the world marked International Holocaust Remembrance Day. Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu called the proposed law \"baseless\" and ordered his country's ambassador to Poland to meet with Polish leaders to express his strong opposition. \"One cannot change history, and the Holocaust cannot be denied,\" he said. The lower house of the Polish parliament on Friday passed the bill, which prescribes prison time for using phrases such as \"Polish death camps\" to refer to the killing sites Nazi Germany operated in occupied Poland during World War II. Many Poles fear such phrasing makes some people incorrectly conclude that Poles had a role in running the camps. But critics say the legislation could have a chilling effect on debating history, harming freedom of expression and opening a window to Holocaust denial. The bill still needs approval from Poland's Senate and president. However, it marks a dramatic step by the country's current nationalist government to target anyone who tries to undermine its official stance that Poles only were heroes during the war, not Nazi collaborators who committed heinous crimes. Netanyahu's government generally has had good relations with Poland, which has been recently voting with Israel in international organizations. At Auschwitz on Saturday evening, Israel's ambassador to Poland, Anna Azari, abandoned a prepared speech to criticize the bill, saying that \"everyone in Israel was revolted at this news.\" In Israel, which was established three years after the Holocaust and is home to the world's largest community of survivors, the legislation provoked outrage. Israeli President Reuven Rivlin, noting that exactly 73 years had passed since the Auschwitz death camp on Polish soil was liberated, cited the words of a former Polish president about how history could not be faked and the truth could not be hidden. \"The Jewish people, the State of Israel, and the entire world must ensure that the Holocaust is recognized for its horrors and atrocities,\" Rivlin said. \"Also among the Polish people, there were those who aided the Nazis in their crimes. Every crime, every offense, must be condemned. They must be examined and revealed.\" Today's Poles have been raised on stories of their people's wartime suffering and heroism. Many react viscerally when confronted with the growing body of scholarship about Polish involvement in the killing of Jews. In a sign of the sensitivities on", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00746", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00235", "text": "15, 1991.''. (b) Effective Date.--The amendment made by this section shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1989. (c) Waiver of Limitations.--If refund or credit of any overpayment of tax resulting from the application of the amendment made by this section is prevented at any time before the close of the 1-year period beginning on the date of the enactment of this Act by the operation of any law or rule of law (including res judicata), such refund or credit may nevertheless be made or allowed if claim therefor is filed before the close of such period. SEC. 4. AMENDMENTS RELATED TO SECTION 1042. (a) Deferral of Tax for Certain Sales to Employee Stock Ownership Plan Sponsored by S Corporation.-- (1) In general.--Section 1042(c)(1)(A) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (defining qualified securities) is amended by striking ``C''. (2) Effective date.--The amendment made by paragraph (1) shall apply to sales after the date of the enactment of this Act. (b) Reinvestment in Certain Mutual Funds Permitted.-- (1) In general.--Clause (ii) of section 1042(c)(4)(B) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (defining operating corporation) is amended to read as follows: ``(ii) Financial institutions, insurance companies, and mutual funds.--The term `operating corporation' shall include-- ``(I) any financial institution described in section 581, ``(II) any insurance company subject to tax under subchapter L, and ``(III) any regulated investment company if substantially all of the securities held by such company are securities issued by operating corporations (determined without regard to this subclause).''. (2) Effective date.--The amendment made by paragraph (1) shall apply to sales of qualified securities after the date of the enactment of this Act. (c) Modification to 25-Percent Shareholder Rule.-- (1) In general.--Subparagraph (B) of section 409(n)(1) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (relating to securities received in certain transactions) is amended to read as follows: ``(B) for the benefit of any other person who owns (after the application of section 318(a)) more than 25 percent of-- ``(i) the total combined voting power of all classes of stock", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00884", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00236", "text": "The X-ray binary Cygnus X-3 is a highly variable X-ray source that displays a wide range of observed spectral states. One of the main states is significantly harder than the others, peaking at ~ 20 keV, with only a weak low-energy component. Due to the enigmatic nature of this object, hidden inside the strong stellar wind of its Wolf-Rayet companion, it has remained unclear whether this state represents an intrinsic hard state, with truncation of the inner disc, or whether it is just a result of increased local absorption. We study the X-ray light curves from RXTE/ASM and CGRO/BATSE in terms of distributions and correlations of flux and hardness and find several signs of a bimodal behaviour of the accretion flow that are not likely to be the result of increased absorption in a surrounding medium. Using INTEGRAL observations, we model the broad-band spectrum of Cyg X-3 in its apparent hard state. We find that it can be well described by a model of a hard state with a truncated disc, despite the low cut-off energy, if the accreted power is supplied to the electrons in the inner flow in the form of acceleration rather than thermal heating, resulting in a hybrid electron distribution and a spectrum with a significant contribution from non-thermal Comptonization, usually observed only in soft states. The high luminosity of this non-thermal hard state implies that either the transition takes place at significantly higher L/Ledd than in the usual advection models, or the mass of the compact object is > 20 Msun, possibly making it the most massive black hole observed in an X-ray binary in our Galaxy so far. We find that an absorption model as well as a model of almost pure Compton reflection also fit the data well, but both have difficulties explaining other results, in particular the radio/X-ray correlation.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 381, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00478", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00237", "text": "We present a comprehensive multi-wavelength study of the star-forming region NGC 1893 to explore the effects of massive stars on low-mass star formation. Using near-infrared colours, slitless spectroscopy and narrow-band $H\\alpha$ photometry in the cluster region we have identified candidate young stellar objects (YSOs) distributed in a pattern from the cluster to one of the nearby nebulae Sim 129. The $V, (V-I)$ colour-magnitude diagram of the YSOs indicates that majority of these objects have ages between 1 to 5 Myr. The spread in the ages of the YSOs may indicate a non-coeval star formation in the cluster. The slope of the KLF for the cluster is estimated to be $0.34\\pm0.07$, which agrees well with the average value ($\\sim 0.4$) reported for young clusters. For the entire observed mass range $0.6 < M/M_\\odot \\le 17.7$ the value of the slope of the initial mass function, $`\\Gamma$', comes out to be $-1.27\\pm0.08$, which is in agreement with the Salpeter value of -1.35 in the solar neighborhood. However, the value of $`\\Gamma$' for PMS phase stars (mass range $0.6 < M/M_\\odot \\le 2.0$) is found to be $-0.88\\pm0.09$ which is shallower than the value ($-1.71\\pm0.20$) obtained for MS stars having mass range $2.5 < M/M_\\odot \\le 17.7$ indicating a break in the slope of the mass function at $\\sim 2 M_\\odot$. Estimated $`\\Gamma$' values indicate an effect of mass segregation for main-sequence stars, in the sense that massive stars are preferentially located towards the cluster center. The estimated dynamical evolution time is found to be greater than the age of the cluster, therefore the observed mass segregation in the cluster may be the imprint of the star formation process. There is evidence for triggered star formation in the region, which seems to govern initial morphology of the cluster.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 464, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00420", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00238", "text": "the extent that to do so would be inconsistent with the purposes of this Act, comply with the written or other established policies of the Department of Justice respecting enforcement of the criminal laws. (2) National security.--A special counsel shall comply with guidelines and procedures used by the Department in the handling and use of classified material. (d) Salary.--The special counsel shall receive a salary equivalent to the salary of the United States Attorney for the District of Columbia. (e) Staff.--The special counsel may appoint and fix the salaries of such staff, not to exceed 12 in number, as the special counsel deems necessary to carry out the functions of the special counsel under this Act. However, no salary of a member of such staff may exceed the salary of the special counsel. (f) Expenses.--The Department of Justice shall pay all costs relating to the establishment and operation of any office of special counsel. The Attorney General shall submit to the Congress, not later than 30 days after the end of each fiscal year, a report on amounts paid during that fiscal year for expenses of investigations and prosecutions the special counsel. (g) Report to Congress.--Each special counsel shall report to Congress annually on the special counsel's activities under this Act. The report shall include a description of the progress of any investigation or prosecution conducted by the special counsel and provide information justifying the costs of the activities reported on. SEC. 4. REMOVAL OF SPECIAL COUNSEL. (a) In General.--A special counsel may be removed from office, other than by impeachment and conviction, only by the personal action of the Attorney General, and only for good cause, physical or mental disability, or any other condition that substantially impairs the performance of that special counsel's duties. (b) Report Upon Removal.--If a special counsel is removed from office, the Attorney General shall promptly submit to the Chief Judge and to Congress a report specifying the facts found and the ultimate grounds for the removal. (c) Judicial Review of Removal.--A special counsel removed from office may obtain judicial review of the removal in a civil action. The Chief Judge may not hear or determine any such civil action or any appeal of a decision in any such civil action. The special counsel may be reinstated or granted other appropriate relief by order of the court. (d) Appointment of Replacement.--Upon removal of a special counsel, the Chief Judge shall appoint a similarly qualified individual to continue the functions of the special counsel. SEC.", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01005", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00239", "text": "One of the main concerns in the design of low emittance linear accelerators (linacs) is the preservation of beam emittance. Here we discuss one possible source of emittance dilution, the coupler kick, due to transverse electromagnetic fields in the accelerating cavities of the linac caused by the power coupler geometry. In addition to emittance growth, the coupler kick also produces orbit distortions. It is common wisdom that emittance growth from coupler kicks can be strongly reduced by using two couplers per cavity mounted opposite each other or by having the couplers of successive cavities alternation from above to below the beam pipe so as to cancel each individual kick. We therefore analyze consequences of alternate coupler placements. We show here that for sufficiently large Q values, alternating the coupler location from before to after the cavity leads to a cancellation of the orbit distortion but not of the emittance growth, whereas alternating the coupler location from before and above to behind and below the cavity cancels the emittance growth but not the orbit distortion. These compensations hold even when each cavity is individually detuned, e.g. by microphonics. Another effective method for reducing coupler kicks that is studied is the optimization of the phase of the coupler kick. This technique is independent of the coupler geometry but relies on operating on crest. A final technique studied is symmetrization of the cavity geometry in the coupler region with the addition of a stub opposite the coupler, which reduces the amplitude of the off axis fields and is thus effective for off crest acceleration as well. We show applications of these techniques to the energy recovery linac (ERL) planned at Cornell University.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 343, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00362", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00240", "text": "We present a map of the major part of the central molecular zone (CMZ) of simultaneous observations in the NH3 (J,K) = (1,1) and (2,2) lines using the Kagoshima 6-m telescope. The mapped area is -1.000 < l < 1.625 deg, -0.375 < b < +0.250 deg. The kinetic temperatures derived from the (2,2) to (1,1) intensity ratios are 20--80 K or exceed 80 K. The gases corresponding to temperature of 20--80 K and > 80 K contain 75% and 25% of the total NH3 flux, respectively. These temperatures indicate that the dense molecular gas in the CMZ is dominated by gas that is warmer than the majority of the dust present there. A comparison with the CO survey by Sawada et al. (2001) shows that the NH3 emitting region is surrounded by a high pressure region on the l-v plane. Although NH3 emission traces dense gas, it is not extended into a high pressure region. Therefore, the high pressure region is less dense and has to be hotter. This indicates that the molecular cloud complex in the Galactic center region has a ``core'' of dense and warm clouds which are traced by the NH3 emission, and an ``envelope'' of less dense and hotter gas clouds. Besides heating by ambipolar diffusion, the hot plasma gas emitting the X-ray emission may heat the hot ``envelope''.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 312, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00441", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00241", "text": "stop in an illustrious career spanning three decades which took him to clubs in Switzerland, Sudan and Saudi Arabia, where he plays for Al-Taawoun. Despite his vast international experience, El-Hadary must guard against some of the lapses of concentration and poor decision-making that surfaced in recent years. Ahmed el-Shennawy was El-Hadary's backup before being ruled out of the World Cup with a left knee injury. That leaves Al-Ahly goalkeeper Mohammed el-Shennawy, who is no relation, as a possible replacement. DEFENDERS Ahmed Hegazy is the rock of the defense. At 6-foot-4 (1.95 meters), the 29-year-old center back is formidable in the air and has been growing in confidence and authority in the Premier League even as West Bromwich Albion has struggled. Ali Jabr, a teammate for club and country, has been rarely used by West Brom, but he could retain his place in the Egypt back four because of his international experience. Veterans Ahmed Fathy and Mohamed Abdel-Shafy look sure to start, with their runs on both flanks key to feeding the forwards. Substitute defenders will most likely include Saad Sameer and Ayman Ashraf, both of Egyptian club Al-Ahly, and Ahmed Elmohamady of Aston Villa. MIDFIELDERS Egypt will be hoping Mohammed Elneny fully recovers from an ankle injury sustained playing for Arsenal. Elneny and Abdullah Said, who has been playing at Finnish club Kuopion Palloseura, should provide a solid midfield backbone that's a big part of the machine feeding Salah up front. With their commitment and energy, the quality of the pair's performances could prove to be the difference between Egypt appearing disjointed or showing off its flowing football. Their backups include Tareq Hamed of Egyptian club Zamalek and Amr Warda, who plays for Greek club Atromitos. FORWARDS After scoring more than 40 goals this season with Liverpool, Salah will be looking to continue his prolific form on the biggest stage in Russia. Salah, the Professional Footballers' Association player of the year, doesn't get the same service with Egypt as he enjoys at Anfield. But he has shown versatility at Liverpool, changing positions to shake off markers. Salah's partners up front will include Mahmoud Hassan — better known by his nickname Trezeguet — and Mahmoud Abdel-Monaim — also known as Kahrabah. Tre", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00674", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00242", "text": "Massive stars, supernovae (SNe), and long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) have a huge impact on their environment. Despite their importance, a comprehensive knowledge of which massive stars produce which SN/GRB is hitherto lacking. We present a brief overview about our knowledge of mass loss in the Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram (HRD) covering evolutionary phases of the OB main sequence, the unstable Luminous Blue Variable (LBV) stage, and the Wolf-Rayet (WR) phase. Despite the fact that metals produced by ``self-enrichment'' in WR atmospheres exceed the initial -- host galaxy -- metallicity, by orders of magnitude, a particularly strong dependence of the mass-loss rate on the initial metallicity is found for WR stars at sub-solar metallicities (1/10 -- 1/100 solar). This provides a significant boost to the collapsar model for GRBs, as it may present a viable mechanism to prevent the loss of angular momentum by stellar winds at low metallicity, whilst strong Galactic WR winds may inhibit GRBs occurring at solar metallicities. Furthermore, we discuss recently reported quasi-sinusoidal modulations in the radio lightcurves of SNe 2001ig and 2003bg. We show that both the sinusoidal behaviour and the recurrence timescale of these modulations are consistent with the predicted mass-loss behaviour of LBVs, and we suggest LBVs may be the progenitors of some core-collapse SNe.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 305, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00099", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00243", "text": "ends its enrichment of uranium, as verified by the International Atomic Energy Agency. (5) Following Iran's failure to comply with Resolution 1737, on March 24, 2007, the United Nations Security Council unanimously approved Resolution 1747, to tighten sanctions on Iran, imposing a ban on arms sales and expanding the freeze on assets, in response to the country's uranium-enrichment activities. (6) There are now signs of domestic discontent within Iran, and targeted financial and economic measures could produce a change in Iranian policy. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit, the nuclear crisis ``is imposing a heavy opportunity cost on Iran's economic development, slowing down investment in the oil, gas, and petrochemical sectors, as well as in critical infrastructure projects, including electricity''. (7) Targeted financial measures represent one of the strongest non-military tools available to convince the Government of Iran that it can no longer afford to engage in dangerous, destabilizing activities such as its nuclear weapons program and its support for terrorism. (8) Foreign persons that have invested in Iran's energy sector, despite Iran's support of international terrorism and its nuclear program, have provided additional financial means for Iran's activities in these areas, and many United States persons have unknowingly invested in those same foreign persons. (9) There is an increasing interest by States, local governments, educational institutions, and private institutions to seek to disassociate themselves from companies that directly or indirectly support the Government of Iran's efforts to achieve a nuclear weapons capability. (10) Policy makers and fund managers may find moral, prudential, or reputational reasons to divest assets from persons that accept the business risk of operating in countries that are subject to international economic sanctions or that have business relationships with countries, governments, or entities with which any United States person would be prohibited from dealing because of economic sanctions imposed by the United States. SEC. 3. TRANSPARENCY IN UNITED STATES CAPITAL MARKETS. (a) List of Persons Investing in Iran Energy Sector.-- (1) Publication of list.--Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, and every 180 days thereafter, the Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary of Energy, the Secretary of State, the Securities and Exchange Commission, and the heads of other appropriate Federal departments and agencies, shall publish in the Federal Register a list of persons, whether within or outside of the United States, that, as of", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01066", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00244", "text": "Steady state accretion discs larger than ~ 0.01-0.1 pc are known to be gravitationally unstable for the accretion rates needed to explain super-massive black hole (SMBH) activity. We propose that SMBH are fed by a succession of mass deposition events with randomly directed angular momenta. Because of incomplete angular momentum cancellation a warped accretion disc forms in the inner few parsec. The orientation of the disc performs a random walk. Deposition of new material promotes SMBH accretion at rates much faster than viscous. Observational implications of this picture include: (i) lighter accretion discs that can fuel AGN and quasars and yet avoid star formation at R >> 0.1 pc; (ii) star formation inside the disc is not a function of mass accretion rate only. It can take place at high or low accretion rates, e.g., when too few clouds arrive in the inner region. An example of this might be the central parsec of our Galaxy. (iii) The discs can form Compton-thick obscuring structures of ~ parsec size as required in AGN unification models; (iv) faster black hole growth resulting from misalignment of the disc and the black hole spin in the early Universe; (v) Isotropic deposition of SMBH energy and momentum feedback in the galaxy bulge. This may help explain the high efficiency with which it seems to be operating in the Universe. (vi) No correlation between SMBH activity and the presence of kiloparsec scale bars or gaseous discs in galactic bulges; (vii) Bodily collisions between gaseous components of merging galaxies facilitate production of gas streams feeding the centre of the combined galaxy. Mergers should thus be catalysts of SMBH growth. (viii) Conversely, galaxies experiencing fewer mergers are more likely to form massive nuclear star clusters than feed their SMBHs.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 406, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00194", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00245", "text": "Let X be a scheme of finite type over a Noetherian base scheme S admitting a dualizing complex, and let U be an open subset whose complement has codimension at least 2. We extend the Deligne-Bezrukavnikov theory of perverse coherent sheaves by showing that a coherent middle extension (or intersection cohomology) functor from perverse sheaves on U to perverse sheaves on X may be defined for a much broader class of perversities than has previously been known. We also introduce a derived category version of the coherent middle extension functor. Under suitable hypotheses, we introduce a construction (called \"S2-extension\") in terms of perverse coherent sheaves of algebras on X that takes a finite morphism to U and extends it in a canonical way to a finite morphism to X. In particular, this construction gives a canonical \"S2-ification\" of appropriate X. The construction also has applications to the \"Macaulayfication\" problem, and it is particularly well-behaved when X is Gorenstein. Our main goal, however, is to address a conjecture of Lusztig on the geometry of special pieces (certain subvarieties of the unipotent variety of a reductive algebraic group). The conjecture asserts in part that each special piece is the quotient of some variety (previously unknown in the exceptional groups and in positive characteristic) by the action of a certain finite group. We use S2-extension to give a uniform construction of the desired variety.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 312, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00416", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00246", "text": "Compher was there to tap home his ninth. Colorado tied it 2:02 later when Tyson Barrie's shot from the slot that was stopped by Markstrom bounced off Landeskog and in for his 18th. Vancouver failed to connect on consecutive power plays despite a number of chances, and the Avalanche made the Canucks pay when Landeskog scored his second of the night on a Colorado man advantage at 15:05 with a shot that got stuck behind the middle post in Markstrom's net. MacKinnon, second in NHL scoring behind Tampa Bay's Nikita Kucherov with 61 points, was hurt shortly thereafter on a hit from Canucks defenseman Alexander Edler. The 22-year-old appeared to be favoring his left shoulder on the bench before heading to the locker room. The Canucks opened the scoring at 6:36 of the first after the Avalanche turned the puck over at the offensive blue line. Thomas Vanek poked the puck ahead to Horvat, who raced past Samuel Girard before beating Bernier low to the blocker side for his 11th — and first in four outings since returning from a broken foot that sidelined Vancouver's top center for 18 games. Colorado had a chance to get even a couple of minutes later, but Markstrom was there to stop Dominic Toninato on a 2-on-1 rush. Del Zotto stretched the Canucks' lead to 2-0 at 11:45 when his shot from the point through traffic beat Bernier over his blocker for the defenseman's third of the season. NOTES: Barrie returned to the lineup after missing 13 games with a broken hand. UP NEXT Avalanche: Visit the Edmonton Oilers on Thursday night. Canucks: Continue a five-game homestand Thursday against Chicago. ___ More AP hockey: https://apnews.com/tag/NHLhockey", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 376, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00826", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00247", "text": "There shall be no graphic portrayal of sexual acts by sight or sound. The portrayal of implied sexual acts must be essential to the plot and presented in a responsible and tasteful manner.''. (10) The National Association of Broadcasters abandoned the code of conduct in 1983 after three provisions of the code restricting the sale of advertising were challenged by the Department of Justice on antitrust grounds and a Federal district court issued a summary judgment against the National Association of Broadcasters regarding one of the provisions on those grounds. However, none of the programming standards of the code were challenged. (11) While the code of conduct was in effect, its programming standards were never found to have violated any antitrust law. (12) Since the National Association of Broadcasters abandoned the code of conduct, programming standards on broadcast and cable television have deteriorated dramatically. (13) In the absence of effective programming standards, public concern about the impact of television on children, and on society as a whole, has risen substantially. Polls routinely show that more than 80 percent of Americans are worried by the increasingly graphic nature of sex, violence, and vulgarity on television and by the amount of programming that openly sanctions or glorifies criminal, antisocial, and degrading behavior. (14) At the urging of Congress, the television industry has taken some steps to respond to public concerns about programming standards and content. The broadcast television industry agreed in 1992 to adopt a set of voluntary guidelines designed to ``proscribe gratuitous or excessive portrayals of violence''. Shortly thereafter, both the broadcast and cable television industries agreed to conduct independent studies of the violent content in their programming and make those reports public. (15) In 1996, the television industry as a whole made a commitment to develop a comprehensive rating system to label programming that may be harmful or inappropriate for children. That system was implemented at the beginning of 1999. (16) Despite these efforts to respond to public concern about the impact of television on children, millions of Americans, especially parents with young children, remain angry and frustrated at the sinking standards of television programming, the reluctance of the industry to police itself, and the harmful influence of television on the well-being of the children and the values of the United States. (17) The Department of Justice issued a ruling in 1993 indicating that additional efforts by the television industry to develop and implement voluntary programming guidelines would not violate the antitrust laws. The ruling states that ``such activities", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01002", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00248", "text": "CAPE TOWN, South Africa (AP) — Long lines of South Africans collect water daily from a natural spring pipeline in an upscale suburb of Cape Town, illustrating the harsh impact of a drought that authorities say could force the closure of most taps in the country's second largest city in just over two months, an occasion ominously known as \"Day Zero.\" The prospect that large sections of South Africa's showcase city, famously perched near two oceans, might go without running water has induced anxiety as well as resolve among its nearly 4 million residents. It has attracted scrutiny from scientists and city managers worldwide who also face the dual challenge of ballooning populations and shrinking resources. This would be the world's first major city to go dry. \"There are a lot of people who have been in denial and now they suddenly realize this is for real,\" said Shirley Curry, who waited to fill a plastic container with spring water from one of several taps outside a South African Breweries facility in the Newlands suburb. Security guards made sure people took only an allotted amount (25 liters maximum in one line and 15 liters in another \"express\" line). However, things were more freewheeling at a nearby spring water source with no oversight. Mayor Patricia de Lille this month threatened to fine those who use too much water and said the city can no longer ask people to comply: \"We must force them.\" The spectacle of people scrounging for water could become more common as \"Day Zero\" approaches in Cape Town, whose natural beauty has made it a coveted spot for international visitors. While the city urges people to restrict water usage, many living in poor areas already have limited access to water. They use communal taps in gritty neighborhoods such as Blue Downs on the Cape Flats, where people washed clothes outside and carried buckets of water to shack dwellings on a recent afternoon. Cape Town's leaders have instructed residents to use only 50 liters of water daily from Feb. 1, down from the current 87-liter limit. \"Day Zero\" is projected to arrive on April 12 but some fear it could come sooner, while others hope it won't happen if rationing works and rains eventually come. If \"Day Zero\" arrives, many people would have to go to collection points for a daily ration of 25 liters. Taps would continue to run in hospitals and provisions would be made for schools, some of which can pump water from boreholes. Communal taps in poor", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00803", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00249", "text": "We study the influence of the choice of transport coefficients (viscosity and resistivity) on MHD turbulence driven by the magnetorotational instability (MRI) in accretion disks. We follow the methodology described in paper I: we adopt an unstratified shearing box model and focus on the case where the net vertical magnetic flux threading the box vanishes. For the most part we use the finite difference code ZEUS, including explicit transport coefficients in the calculations. However, we also compare our results with those obtained using other algorithms (NIRVANA, the PENCIL code and a spectral code) to demonstrate both the convergence of our results and their independence of the numerical scheme. We find that small scale dissipation affects the saturated state of MHD turbulence. In agreement with recent similar numerical simulations done in the presence of a net vertical magnetic flux, we find that turbulent activity (measured by the rate of angular momentum transport) is an increasing function of the magnetic Prandtl number Pm for all values of the Reynolds number Re that we investigated. We also found that turbulence disappears when the Prandtl number falls below a critical value Pm_c that is apparently a decreasing function of Re. For the limited region of parameter space that can be probed with current computational resources, we always obtained Pm_c>1. We conclude that the magnitudes of the transport coefficients are important in determining the properties of MHD turbulence in numerical simulations in the shearing box with zero net flux, at least for Reynolds numbers and magnetic Prandtl numbers that are such that transport is not dominated by numerical effects and thus can be probed using current computational resources.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 337, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00248", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00250", "text": "Let $R=k[x_1,..., x_r]$ be the polynomial ring in $r$ variables over an infinite field $k$, and let $M$ be the maximal ideal of $R$. Here a \\emph{level algebra} will be a graded Artinian quotient $A$ of $R$ having socle $Soc(A)=0:M$ in a single degree $j$. The Hilbert function $H(A)=(h_0,h_1,... ,h_j)$ gives the dimension $h_i=\\dim_k A_i$ of each degree-$i$ graded piece of $A$ for $0\\le i\\le j$. The embedding dimension of $A$ is $h_1$, and the \\emph{type} of $A$ is $\\dim_k \\Soc (A)$, here $h_j$. The family $\\Levalg (H)$ of level algebra quotients of $R$ having Hilbert function $H$ forms an open subscheme of the family of graded algebras or, via Macaulay duality, of a Grassmannian. We show that for each of the Hilbert functions $H=H_1=(1,3,4,4)$ and $H=H_2=(1,3,6,8,9,3)$ the family $LevAlg (H)$ parametrizing level Artinian algebras of Hilbert function $H$ has several irreducible components. We show also that these examples each lift to points. However, in the first example, an irreducible Betti stratum for Artinian algebras becomes reducible when lifted to points. These were the first examples we obtained of multiple components for $\\Levalg(H)$ in embedding dimension three. We also show that the second example is the first in an infinite sequence of examples of type three Hilbert functions $H(c)$ in which also the number of components of LevAlg(H) gets arbitrarily large. The first case where the phenomenon of multiple components can occur (i.e. the lowest embedding dimension and then the lowest type) is that of dimension three and type two. Examples of this first case have been obtained by the authors and also by J.-O. Kleppe.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 467, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00484", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00251", "text": "that person who was safe to carry a gun when they were 21, or 31 or 41 still be totally completely together when they're 91?\" she asked. \"We have a serious issue with our aging population that is well-armed.\" Cornish dismissed concerns from Protect Minnesota, whom he called \"gun-haters.\" A former police officer who chairs the House Public Safety and Security Committee, Cornish said the initial training and background check would sufficiently vet applicants the first time. The lifetime permits holders, he said, could lose their permit if convicted of crimes that would bar them from carrying a handgun. Cornish's bill also aims to lower the cost of legally carrying a firearm by reducing the maximum permit fee counties can charge from $100 to $50. Applicants currently pay permit fees to counties in addition to the cost for permit to carry classes, which range from about $90 to $150. Although Protect Minnesota estimates the permit fees generate nearly $1 million for the state, Cornish said the process has become unduly expensive for applicants. \"There's a number of counties who've gotten more money in their pocket from that than they need,\" he said. \"It's not that expensive to do background checks and issue these cards any more.\" From the other side of the aisle, two bills to be reintroduced by Sen. Ron Latz, D-St. Louis Park, and Rep. Dave Pinto, D-St. Paul, next week have gained support from Protect Minnesota. One bill would require background checks for any gun purchases made by private sellers in Minnesota. Only licensed retailers now are required to conduct background checks. The second Latz-Pinto bill would establish \"red flag laws\" allowing families and law enforcement officers to petition courts to have guns temporarily confiscated from people at risk of hurting themselves or other people. The third bill to receive support from Protect Minnesota would allocate state funding into gun violence prevention programs. Sen. Jeff Hayden, D-Minneapolis, will introduce the bill in memory of his sister, who was killed in the crossfire of an Atlanta shooting last summer. Other Gun bills • Permitless carry bills proposed in both the House and Senate would allow any citizen to carry \"any firearm or self-defense device\" without a permit. A carry permit would would be optional, but not required to carry a handgun. Under this bill, any public official who \"interferes with the right to carry a pistol\" would be subject to misdemeanor charges. • A second set", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00590", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00252", "text": "per capita outside of New Hampshire and the most elected state officials outside of South Carolina. So there is room for a lot of reinventing, but the governor should be forewarned that the holder of every public office will fight him to the death. That's one reason we pretty much have the same government we started with in 1889. What this tells us is that North Dakotans like access, even when it means throwing efficiency under the bus. People want a role—a big role—in government. Having many points at which citizens can be a part of government implements the cultural idea that everybody is important and should \"have a say.\" If we haven't dissuaded the governor from reinventing, he would be well advised to choose only those entities that have no constituencies, because constituencies rise up with a wrath when abolition or consolidation of their entity is proposed. For example, if he told the barbers he was going to mess with their licensing board, he would have to go out-of-state for a haircut. While the office holders, agencies and their constituencies will be arrayed against him, the governor will be spending lot of political capital on something about which the citizenry does not care a hoot, meaning that the governor will have no citizen uprising on behalf of reinventing. He'll be out there alone. Reinventing North Dakota state and local governments would require the effort of a mountain to produce a molehill. As a recovering government reinventor, I wish the governor well but will just sit this one out. On the other hand, it has been said that those who say it can't be done are sometimes interrupted by somebody doing it. Omdahl is a retired professor of political science at UND and a former lieutenant governor of North Dakota.", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 359, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00584", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00253", "text": "1998 National Institutes of Health Consensus Conference said, ``... further research is necessary to firmly establish ADHD as a brain disorder. This is not unique to ADHD, but applies as well to most psychiatric disorders, including disabling diseases such as schizophrenia.... Although an independent diagnostic test for ADHD does not exist.... Finally, after years of clinical research and experience with ADHD, our knowledge about the cause or causes of ADHD remains speculative.''. (9) There has been a precipitous increase in the prescription rates of psychiatric drugs in children: (A) The use of antipsychotic medication in children has increased nearly fivefold between 1995 and 2002 with more than 2.5 million children receiving these medications, the youngest being 18 months old. (Vanderbilt University, 2006) (B) More than 2.2 million children are receiving more than one psychotropic drug at one time with no scientific evidence of safety or effectiveness. (Medco Health Solutions, 2006) (C) More money was spent on psychiatric drugs for children than on antibiotics or asthma medication in 2003. (Medco Trends, 2004) (10) A September 2004 Food and Drug Administration hearing found that more than two-thirds of studies of antidepressants given to depressed children showed that they were no more effective than placebo, or sugar pills, and that only the positive trials were published by the pharmaceutical industry. The lack of effectiveness of antidepressants has been known by the Food and Drug Administration since at least 2000 when, according to the Food and Drug Administration Background Comments on Pediatric Depression, Robert Temple of the Food and Drug Administration Office of Drug Evaluation acknowledged the ``preponderance of negative studies of antidepressants in pediatric populations''. The Surgeon General's report said of stimulant medication like Ritalin, ``However, psychostimulants do not appear to achieve long-term changes in outcomes such as peer relationships, social or academic skills, or school achievement.''. (11) The Food and Drug Administration finally acknowledged by issuing its most severe Black Box Warnings in September 2004, that the newer antidepressants are related to suicidal thoughts and actions in children and that this data was hidden for years. A confirmatory review of that data published in 2006 by Columbia University's department of psychiatry, which is also the originator of the TeenScreen instrument, found that ``in children and adolescents", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 492, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00903", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00254", "text": "SECTION 1. ESTABLISHMENT OF STATE DEPARTMENT REVIEW PANEL. (a) Findings and Purpose.--The Congress makes the following findings: (1) The Department of State, established in 1789, is responsible for representing the worldwide interests of the United States and its citizens and for advancing the policies of the United States Government. (2) The Department operates 249 posts in more than 180 countries throughout the world, has approximately 18,869 full- time staff, and spends a budget of approximately $4,250,000,000. (3) There have been dramatic changes in the world in which the Department must function, including changes in technology, changes in religious, ethnic, and regional conflicts, and changes in economic, political, and military relationships. Yet, there has been little change in the organization and structure of the Department or its posts throughout the world. (4) The Department and all United States diplomatic efforts should be the subject of a comprehensive review by an independent panel to assess how the Department can best fulfill its mission in the 21st century and meet the challenges of a rapidly changing world. (b) Establishment.--Not later than December 1, 1998, the Congress shall establish a nonpartisan independent panel to be known as the Department of State Review Panel (in this section referred to as the ``Panel''). The Panel shall have the duties set forth in this section. (c) Membership.-- (1) The Panel shall be composed of 10 members who are individuals in the private sector who are recognized experts in matters relating to foreign affairs and the national security of the United States. (2) Members of the Panel shall be appointed as follows: (A) 3 members appointed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives. (B) 3 members appointed by the Majority Leader of the Senate. (C) 2 members appointed by the Minority Leader of the House of Representatives. (D) 2 members appointed by the Minority Leader of the Senate. (3) The Panel shall have a chairman who shall be selected by the members of the panel from among the members. (d) Report.--Not later than 6 months after the appointment of the last member to the Panel, the Panel shall prepare and submit to the Congress a comprehensive report. The report shall include the following: (1) A review of current structures of the Department of State and related agencies, including the organization and operation of the embass", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01120", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00255", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Breastfeeding Promotion Act of 2007''. TITLE I--AMENDMENTS TO THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964 SEC. 101. FINDINGS; PURPOSES. (a) Findings.--Congress finds the following: (1) Women with infants and toddlers are a rapidly growing segment of the labor force today. (2) Statistical surveys of families show that over 50 percent of mothers with children less than 1 year of age are in the labor force. (3) The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that mothers breastfeed exclusively for six months but continuing for at least the 1st year of a child's life and that arrangements be made to allow a mother's expressing of milk if mother and child must separate. (4) Research studies show that children who are not breastfed have higher rates of mortality, meningitis, some types of cancers, asthma and other respiratory illnesses, bacterial and viral infections, diarrhoeal diseases, ear infections, allergies, and obesity. (5) Research studies have also shown that breastmilk and breastfeeding have protective effects against the development of a number of chronic diseases, including juvenile diabetes, lymphomas, Crohn's disease, celiac disease, some chronic liver diseases, and ulcerative colitis. (6) Maternal benefits of breastfeeding include a reduced risk for postpartum hemorrhage and decreased risk for developing osteoporosis, ovarian cancer, and premenopausal breast cancer. (7) The health benefits to children from breastfeeding translate into a threefold decrease in parental absenteeism due to infant illness. (8) Congress intended to include breastfeeding and expressing breast milk as protected conduct under the amendment made by the Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 to title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. (9) Although title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as so amended, applies with respect to ``pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions'', a few courts have failed to reach the conclusion that breastfeeding and expressing breast milk in the workplace are covered by such title. (b) Purposes.--The purposes of this title are-- (1) to promote the health and well-being of infants whose mothers return to the workplace after childbirth, and (2) to clarify that breastfeeding and expressing breast milk in the workplace are protected conduct under the amendment made by the Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 197", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01086", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00256", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Children's Recovery from Trauma Act''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. Congress makes the following findings: (1) According to a 2002 Government Accountability Office report (GAO-02-813), large numbers of children experience trauma-related mental health problems, while at the same time facing barriers to receiving appropriate mental health care. (2) According to the National Institute of Mental Health, only 36 percent of youth with any mental disorder received services, and only half of these youth who were severely impaired by their mental disorder received any professional mental health treatment. Of those with anxiety disorders (including post traumatic stress disorder), only 18 percent received services. Half of all lifetime cases of mental illness begin by age 14, and that despite effective treatments that have been developed, there are long delays, sometimes decades, between first onset of symptoms and when treatment is obtained. (3) Findings from the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study have shown that adverse childhood experiences predispose children towards negative trajectories from infancy to adulthood. (4) The Great Smoky Mountains Study, a representative longitudinal study of children, found that by age 16, more than 67 percent of the children had been exposed to one or more traumatic events, such as child maltreatment, domestic violence, or sexual assault (Copeland et al, 2007). (5) According to the National Institute of Mental Health, the lifetime prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder for 13 to 18 year olds is 4 to 6 percent (NIMH, 2010). In 2007, the National Institute of Mental Health reported that adults who were abused or neglected as children have increased risk of major depression, often beginning in childhood with long- lasting effects. (6) According to the Department of Defense, more than 700,000 children have experienced one or more parental deployments. Children's reactions to a parent's deployment vary by a child's developmental stage, age, and presence of any preexisting psychological or behavioral problems. The mental health of the parent is often a key factor affecting the child's distress level. Parents reporting clinically significant stress are more likely to have children identified as high risk for psychological and behavioral problems. (7) The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey revealed that nearly 1 in 5 women reported having been the victim of a rape at some time during their lives. Forty-two percent", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01020", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00257", "text": "We examine the structure of the post-shock region in supernova remnants (SNRs). The ``shock transition zone'' is set up by charge transfer and ionization events between atoms and ions, and has a width $\\sim 10^{15}$ cm$^{-2}$ $n^{-1}_0$, where $n_0$ is the total pre-shock density (including both atoms and ions). For Balmer-dominated SNRs with shock velocity $v_s \\gtrsim 1000$ km s$^{-1}$, the Rankine-Hugoniot conditions for ion velocity and temperature are obeyed instantly, leaving the full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of the broad H$\\alpha$ line versus $v_s$ relation intact. However, the spatial variation in the post-shock densities is relevant to the problem of Ly$\\alpha$ resonant scattering in young, core-collapse SNRs. Both two- (pre-shock atoms and ions) and three-component (pre-shock atoms, broad neutrals and ions) models are considered. We compute the spatial emissivities of the broad ($\\xi_b$) and narrow ($\\xi_n$) H$\\alpha$ lines; a calculation of these emissivities in SN 1006 is in general agreement with the computed ones of Raymond et al. (2007). The (dimensionless) spatial shift, $\\Theta_{\\rm{shift}}$, between the centroids of $\\xi_b$ and $\\xi_n$ is unique for a given shock velocity and $f_{\\rm{ion}}$, the pre-shock ion fraction. Measurements of $\\Theta_{\\rm{shift}}$ can be used to constrain $n_0$.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 350, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00219", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00258", "text": "It has been theorized that if heavy nuclei (e.g. Au, Pb) are collided at sufficiently high energies, we might be to recreate the conditions that existed in the universe a few microseconds after the Big Bang. The kinetic energy of the colliding nuclei gets converted into heat, leading to a phase transition into a new state of matter: the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP), in which quarks and gluons are deconfined. However, we never directly get to see the QGP because as the matter cools it recombines (hadronizes) into ordinary subatomic particles. We can only hope to infer its existence from indirect experimental signatures, after hadronization. In this dissertation we attempt to shed some light on: Properties of the final state of produced matter in Au+Au collisions at $\\sqrt{s_{NN}}=200$ GeV. As the hot, dense system of particles from the collision zone cools and expands, light nuclei like deuterons and anti-deuterons can be formed, with a probability proportional to the product of the phase space densities of its constituent nucleons. Thus, invariant yield of deuterons, compared to the protons and neutrons from which they coalesce, provides information about the size of the emitting system and its space-time evolution. The initial conditions that led to this. This is done by looking at the nuclear modification factor $R_{cp}$ from particle production in forward and backward directions in a ``control'' experiment using d+Au collisions at $\\sqrt{s_{NN}}=200$ GeV. This can allow us to distinguish between effects that could potentially be due to deconfinement, versus effects of cold nuclear matter.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 348, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00497", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00259", "text": "WASHINGTON (AP) — Janet Yellen's final Federal Reserve policy meeting will likely bring an uneventful end this week to her four-year tenure as Fed chair but perhaps offer hints of the central bank's approach to interest rates in the months to follow. Yellen, the first woman to lead the world's most influential central bank, will step down when her term expires at the end of this week. She will be succeeded by Jerome Powell, a Fed board member whose nomination as chairman the Senate approved 84-13 last week. Powell, who has served on the central bank's board since 2012, is a lawyer and investment manager by training and will be the first Fed leader in 30 years not to hold a Ph.D. in economics. President Donald Trump chose Powell for the post rather than offer Yellen a second term despite widespread praise for her performance as chair. The evidence so far suggests that a Powell-led Fed will generally follow the same cautious approach to raising interest rates that Yellen pursued during her tenure as Fed chair, at least in its early months. With the job market healthy and inflation tame, most economists say there is little reason for any abrupt change in Fed policy. \"Chair Yellen gets to leave on a high note, with strong growth and low unemployment,\" said Diane Swonk, chief economist and a managing director at audit firm Grant Thornton. The unemployment rate is at a 17-year low of 4.1 percent, and the economy expanded at a solid 2.6 percent annual rate in the October-December quarter, helping lift growth for all of 2017 to a decent 2.3 percent. Synchronized growth in major regions across the global economy has helped energize the U.S. economy. And a sweeping tax overhaul that Trump pushed through Congress last month is expected to further support U.S. growth. Traders in the financial markets foresee a 96 percent chance that they Fed will leave rates alone when its meeting ends Wednesday, according to data tracked by the CME Group. The next rate increase is expected in March; traders see a 78 percent likelihood then. The March policy meeting will also be the first time that Powell is scheduled to hold a news conference, something the leader of the Fed does four times a year. Economists are roughly divided on whether they think Fed's policymakers will raise rates three times this year, as they did in 2017, or four times. The pivotal factor will likely be how inflation", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00685", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00260", "text": "2003, the United States is on the verge of fighting yet another war against Iraq to further ensure access to vital oil supplies. (9) Many major oil producing nations do not share United States values of democracy, freedom of expression, thought, and religion, and equality for women. (10) During the Afghanistan conflict and the war on terrorism, many oil producing nations did not openly support the United States campaign to end the terror, and many of the terrorists of September 11 came from major OPEC nations. (11) It is in the highest national security interests of the United States to substantially reduce our dependence on oil as soon as possible, to secure our access to oil supplies, and to reduce our dependence on nations which do not share our interests and values. (12) Because most oil is consumed by the transportation sector, reduction of our dependence on oil can only come from major increases in fuel efficiency in cars, sport utility vehicles, light trucks, and other vehicles. (13) To protect United States national security interests after September 11, the United States Government has invested heavily in securing many industrial sectors, including airlines and the national health system. SEC. 2. FUEL EFFICIENCY VEHICLE CREDIT. (a) In General.--Subpart B of part IV of subchapter A of chapter 1 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (relating to foreign tax credit, etc.) is amended by adding at the end the following: ``SEC. 30B. FUEL EFFICIENCY VEHICLE CREDIT. ``(a) Allowance of Credit.-- ``(1) Fuel economy not less than 40 miles per gallon.--At the election of the taxpayer, there shall be allowed as a credit against the tax imposed by this chapter for the taxable year an amount equal to 25 percent of the cost of any qualified fuel-effi cient vehicle placed in service by the taxpayer during the taxable year. ``(2) Fuel economy not less than 50 miles per gallon.--In the case of a qualified fuel-efficient vehicle in which the fuel economy (within the meaning of subsection (c)(1)) is not less than 50 miles per gallon-- ``(A) paragraph (1) shall be applied by substituting `35 percent' for `25 percent', and ``(B) subsection (b) shall be applied by substituting `$6,000' for $5,000'. ``(b) Limitation.--The amount of the credit allowed by subsection (", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01077", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00261", "text": "With the goal of investigating the degree to which the mid-infrared emission traces the star formation rate (SFR), we analyze Spitzer 8 um and 24 um data of star-forming regions in a sample of 33 nearby galaxies with available HST/NICMOS images in the Paschen-alpha (1.8756 um) emission line. The galaxies are drawn from the Spitzer Infrared Nearby Galaxies Survey (SINGS) sample, and cover a range of morphologies and a factor ~10 in oxygen abundance. Published data on local low-metallicity starburst galaxies and Luminous Infrared Galaxies are also included in the analysis. Both the stellar-continuum-subtracted 8 um emission and the 24 um emission correlate with the extinction-corrected Pa-alpha line emission, although neither relationship is linear. Simple models of stellar populations and dust extinction and emission are able to reproduce the observed non-linear trend of the 24 um emission versus number of ionizing photons, including the modest deficiency of 24 um emission in the low metallicity regions, which results from a combination of decreasing dust opacity and dust temperature at low luminosities. Conversely, the trend of the 8 um emission as a function of the number of ionizing photons is not well reproduced by the same models. The 8 um emission is contributed, in larger measure than the 24 um emission, by dust heated by non-ionizing stellar populations, in agreement with previous findings. Two SFR calibrations, one using the 24 um emission and the other using a combination of the 24 um and H-alpha luminosities (Kennicutt et al. 2007), are presented. No calibration is presented for the 8 um emission, because of its significant dependence on both metallicity and environment. The calibrations presented here should be directly applicable to systems dominated by on-going star formation.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 385, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00243", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00262", "text": "Google Fiber showed new life in 2017, after a near death experience in late 2016. The fiber internet pioneer launched in three new cities—Huntsville, AL, Louisville, KY, and San Antonio, TX—this year. It also began to heavily rely on shallow trenching, a new method of laying cables, to expedite the construction process. SEE: Photos: How Google Fiber is using'shallow trenching' to outbuild its gigabit rivals \"We're very pleased with the response from residents in these markets—along with our other existing Google Fiber cities, where we worked hard throughout the year to bring Fiber service to even more people in many more neighborhoods,\" a Google Fiber spokesperson told TechRepublic. The comeback happened after a construction halt and the CEO stepping down in October 2016, which left some wondering if Fiber was on its last breath. SEE: Internet and Email usage policy (Tech Pro Research) But 2017 wasn't entirely a year of redemption. In February, hundreds of Fiber employees were moved to new jobs at Google. And Gregory McCray left the role of CEO in July after only holding the position for five months. And internet experts still have their doubts. Chris Antlitz, a senior analyst at Technology Business Research, labelled Fiber's year as \"not very good.\" Jim Hayes, president of the Fiber Optic Association, called Google Fiber a \"very distant player\" in the fiber market. However, Antlitz added that, for Alphabet—the parent company of both Google and Google Fiber—that means they're just not growing as fast as they wanted to. Google Fiber has still had an impact this year, he said. Fiber set a new bar for broadband by showing incumbent internet service providers (ISPs) that it is economically feasible to bring 1 gigabit internet to consumers, Antlitz said. Since Google Fiber led a connectivity renaissance in 2011 when it launched in its first city, Kansas City, KS, top telecom providers have been in an arms race to upgrade their broadband pipes to accommodate 1 gigabit, Antlitz said. Google Fiber's presence in the market has caused competition that has forced other fiber providers like Verizon and AT&T Fiber to offer cheaper, faster service. Adding a second provider to a market can reduce prices by around one-third, according to a study by the Fiber to the Home Council. SEE: Google Fiber 2.0 targets the city where it will stage its comeback", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00526", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00263", "text": "Over 30 years, spending on nuclear forces could exceed $1,000,000,000,000. (4) Numerous United States Government officials have warned of the affordability problem posed by the current nuclear weapons sustainment plans, cautioning that those plans cannot be executed in the absence of significant long-term increases to defense spending or cuts to other military priorities. For example, Brian McKeon, former Principal Deputy Under Secretary of Defense stated in October 2015, ``We're looking at that big bow wave [in nuclear weapons spending] and wondering how the heck we're going to pay for it, and probably thanking our lucky stars we won't be here to answer the question.''. (5) An April 2017 Government Accountability Office report found that there is a significant mismatch between the 25-year plan of the Department of Energy to refurbish the Nation's nuclear warheads and supporting infrastructure, and the Department's budget estimates. The report also found that key warhead life extension programs are likely underfunded. (6) According to the Congressional Budget Office's 2017 long-term budget outlook report, discretionary spending, including national defense spending, is likely to continue to be constrained even after the expiration of sequestration under part C of the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 (2 U.S.C. 900 et seq.), as amended by the Budget Control Act of 2011 (Public Law 112-25; 125 Stat. 240), as a result of an aging population, rising health care costs, and the rising interest on the national debt. (7) A substantial decrease in spending on the nuclear arsenal of the United States is prudent for both the budget and national security. The current plans to sustain the United States nuclear arsenal assume that the United States will maintain a nuclear arsenal like the one it has now for decades to come. However, the Department of Defense's June 2013 nuclear policy guidance entitled, ``Report on Nuclear Employment Strategy of the United States'' found that force levels under the Treaty between the United States of America and the Russian Federation on Measures for the Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms, signed on April 8, 2010, and entered into force on February 5, 2011 (commonly known as the ``New START Treaty''), ``are more than adequate for what the United States needs to fulfill its national security objectives'' and can be reduced by up to one-third", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00974", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00264", "text": "(abridged) The accretion disk in AGN is expected to produce strong outflows, in particular a UV-line driven wind. Despite providing a good fit to the data, current spectral models of the X-ray spectrum of AGN observed through an accretion disk wind are ad-hoc in their treatment of the properties of the wind material. In order to address these limitations we adopt a numerical computation method that links a series of radiative transfer calculations, incorporating the effect of a global velocity field in a self-consistent manner (XSCORT). We present a series of example spectra from the XSCORT code that allow us to examine the shape of AGN X-ray spectra seen through a wind, for a range of velocity and density distributions, total column densities and initial ionization parameters. These detailed spectral models clearly show considerable complexity and structure that is strongly affected by all these factors. The presence of sharp features in the XSCORT spectra contrasts strongly with both the previous models and with the smooth nature of the observed X-ray spectra of AGN with soft X-ray excesses, demonstrating that accretion disk winds are unlikely to be the origin of this mysterious spectral feature. The most significant parameter affecting the presence of the sharp features in the models is the terminal velocity of the wind. Increasing the terminal velocity of the absorbing material to ~c, and hence dramatically increasing the velocity dispersion across the wind, could potentially remove these features resulting in a spectrum similar to the previous models. Such a fast moving outflow cannot be associated with a radiatively driven accretion disk wind, however the presence of a highly relativistic jet may provide an origin for such material.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 334, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00338", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00265", "text": "amount that exceeds 15 percent of the annual rate of basic pay of the employee for such calendar year. ``(3) Limitation on total amount of overtime pay.--The Board may not make overtime payments under paragraph (1) for work performed in any fiscal year in a total amount that exceeds 1.5 percent of the amount appropriated to carry out this chapter for that fiscal year. ``(4) Basic pay defined.--In this subsection, the term `basic pay' includes any applicable locality-based comparability payment under section 5304 of title 5 (or similar provision of law) and any special rate of pay under section 5305 of title 5 (or similar provision of law). ``(5) Annual report.--Not later than January 31, 2002, and annually thereafter, the Board shall transmit to the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation and the House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee a report identifying the total amount of overtime payments made under this subsection in the preceding fiscal year, and the number of employees whose overtime pay under this subsection was limited in that fiscal year as a result of the 15 percent limit established by paragraph (2).''. SEC. 5. RECORDERS. (a) Cockpit Video Recordings.--Section 1114(c) is amended-- (1) by striking ``Voice'' in the subsection heading; (2) by striking ``cockpit voice recorder'' in paragraphs (1) and (2) and inserting ``cockpit voice or video recorder''; and (3) by inserting ``or any written depiction of visual information'' after ``transcript'' in the second sentence of paragraph (1). (b) Surface Vehicle Recordings and Transcripts.-- (1) In general.--Section 1114 is amended-- (A) by redesignating subsections (d) and (e) as subsections (e) and (f), respectively; and (B) by inserting after subsection (e) the following: ``(d) Surface Vehicle Recordings and Transcripts.-- ``(1) Confidentiality of recordings.--The Board may not disclose publicly any part of a surface vehicle voice or video recorder recording or transcript of oral communications by or among drivers, train employees, or other operating employees responsible for the movement and direction of the vehicle or vessel, or between such operating employees and company communication centers, related to an accident investigated by the Board. However, the Board shall make public any part of a transcript or any written depiction of", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00880", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00266", "text": "Motivated by recent inelastic neutron scattering (INS) experiments on La-based cuprates and based on the fermiology theories, we study the spin susceptibility for La-based (e.g., La$_{2-x}$Sr$_x$CuO$_4$) and Y-based (e.g., YBa$_2$Cu$_3$O$_y$) cuprates, respectively. The spin excitation in YBa$_2$Cu$_3$O$_y$ is dominated by a sharp resonance peak at the frequency 40 meV in the superconducting state. Below and above the resonance frequency, the incommensurate (IC) peaks develop and the intensity of the peaks decreases dramatically. In the normal state, the resonant excitation does not occur and the IC peaks are merged into commensurate ones. The spin excitation of La$_{2-x}$Sr$_x$CuO$_4$ is significantly different from that of Y-based ones, namely, the resonance peak does not exist due to the decreasing of the superconducting gap and the presence of the possible spin-stripe order. The spectra are only enhanced at the expected resonance frequency (about 18 meV) while it is still incommensurate. On the other hand, another frequency scale at the frequency 55 meV is also revealed, namely the spectra are commensurate and local maximum at this frequency. We elaborate all the results based on the Fermi surface topology and the d-wave superconductivity, and suggest that the spin-stripe order be also important in determining the spin excitation of La-based cuprates. A coherent picture for the spin excitations is presented for Y-based and La-based cuprates.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 349, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00032", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00267", "text": "SECTION 1. FINDINGS. Congress finds the following: (1) Methyl bromide is a broad spectrum pesticide which protects plants and agricultural products from a wide range of insects, rodents, viruses, fungi, weeds, and nematodes. (2) American farmers depend on methyl bromide to grow, store, ship, process, and trade over 100 different crops. (3) The agricultural community has no safe, effective, commercially available alternatives to methyl bromide. Some nonchemical pest control alternatives have proven effective in small scale tests but are largely untested, much less proven, for commercial food production purposes. The Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances reports that few substitutes exist, all of which pose potential human health and environmental risks. (4) In 1992, the Montreal Protocol on Substances Depleting the Ozone Layer was amended to include methyl bromide. Subsequent peer-reviewed research indicates that most methyl bromide is naturally occurring, that a significant percentage never reaches the ozone layer, and that methyl bromide clearly does not pose the threat initially believed. Scientists agree that much is yet to be learned about methyl bromide's effect on stratospheric ozone. (5) According to the 1992 Science Assessment Report to the Montreal Protocol, agricultural use of methyl bromide accounts for less than 3 percent of the threat to the ozone layer, and a similar report issued in 1994 notes that the Earth's ozone layer will return to normal by the middle of the next century even if methyl bromide remains available to farmers. (6) In 1993, despite the importance of methyl bromide, the lack of alternatives, and many scientific uncertainties, the Environmental Protection Agency, citing the Montreal Protocol, listed methyl bromide as an ozone depleting chemical under the provisions of the Clean Air Act and ordered United States production frozen at 1991 levels and an end to production by January 1, 2001. (7) Given current alternatives, analysis at the University of Florida predicts a 43 percent decline in affected vegetable acreage in Florida. A 1993 United States Department of Agriculture study finds that the ban will cost as much as $1,500,000,000 in Florida, Georgia, California, North Carolina, and South Carolina, the 5 States where methyl bromide is most utilized. SEC. 2. CONTROL OF METHYL BROMIDE. (a)", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00927", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00268", "text": "We compare waveforms obtained by numerically evolving nonspinning binary black holes to post-Newtonian (PN) template families currently used in the search for gravitational waves by ground-based detectors. We find that the time-domain 3.5PN template family, which includes the inspiral phase, has fitting factors (FFs) >= 0.96 for binary systems with total mass M = 10 ~ 20 Msun. The time-domain 3.5PN effective-one-body template family, which includes the inspiral, merger and ring-down phases, gives satisfactory signal-matching performance with FFs >= 0.96 for binary systems with total mass M = 10 ~ 120 Msun. If we introduce a cutoff frequency properly adjusted to the final black-hole ring-down frequency, we find that the frequency-domain stationary-phase-approximated template family at 3.5PN order has FFs >= 0.96 for binary systems with total mass M = 10 ~ 20 Msun. However, to obtain high matching performances for larger binary masses, we need to either extend this family to unphysical regions of the parameter space or introduce a 4PN order coefficient in the frequency-domain GW phase. Finally, we find that the phenomenological Buonanno-Chen-Vallisneri family has FFs >= 0.97 with total mass M=10 ~ 120Msun. The main analyses use the noise spectral-density of LIGO, but several tests are extended to VIRGO and advanced LIGO noise-spectral densities.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 313, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00069", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00269", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Precision Agriculture Connectivity Act of 2018''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. Congress finds the following: (1) Precision agriculture technologies and practices allow farmers to significantly increase crop yields, eliminate overlap in operations, and reduce inputs such as seed, fertilizer, pesticides, water, and fuel. (2) These technologies allow farmers to collect data in real time about their fields, automate field management, and maximize resources. (3) Studies estimate that precision agriculture technologies can reduce agricultural operation costs by up to 25 dollars per acre and increase farm yields by up to 70 percent by 2050. (4) The critical cost savings and productivity benefits of precision agriculture cannot be realized without the availability of reliable broadband Internet access service delivered to the agricultural land of the United States. (5) The deployment of broadband Internet access service to unserved agricultural land is critical to the United States economy and to the continued leadership of the United States in global food production. (6) Despite the growing demand for broadband Internet access service on agricultural land, broadband Internet access service is not consistently available where needed for agricultural operations. (7) The Federal Communications Commission has an important role to play in the deployment of broadband Internet access service on unserved agricultural land to promote precision agriculture. SEC. 3. TASK FORCE. (a) Definitions.--In this section-- (1) the term ``broadband Internet access service'' has the meaning given the term in section 8.2 of title 47, Code of Federal Regulations, or any successor regulation; (2) the term ``Commission'' means the Federal Communications Commission; (3) the term ``Department'' means the Department of Agriculture; (4) the term ``Secretary'' means the Secretary of Agriculture; and (5) the term ``Task Force'' means the Task Force for Reviewing the Connectivity and Technology Needs of Precision Agriculture in the United States established under subsection (b). (b) Establishment.--Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act, the Commission shall establish the Task Force for Reviewing the Connectivity and Technology Needs of Precision Agriculture in the United States. (c) Duties.-- (1) In general.--The Task Force shall consult with the Secretary, or a designee of the Secretary, and collaborate with public and private stakeholders in the agriculture and technology fields to-- (A) identify and measure current gaps in the availability", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01055", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00270", "text": "Swift triggered on a precursor to the main burst of GRB 061121 (z=1.314), allowing observations to be made from the optical to gamma-ray bands. Many other telescopes, including Konus-Wind, XMM-Newton, ROTSE and the Faulkes Telescope North, also observed the burst. The gamma-ray, X-ray and UV/optical emission all showed a peak ~75s after the trigger, although the optical and X-ray afterglow components also appear early on - before, or during, the main peak. Spectral evolution was seen throughout the burst, with the prompt emission showing a clear positive correlation between brightness and hardness. The Spectral Energy Distribution (SED) of the prompt emission, stretching from 1eV up to 1MeV, is very flat, with a peak in the flux density at ~1keV. The optical-to-X-ray spectra at this time are better fitted by a broken, rather than single, power-law, similar to previous results for X-ray flares. The SED shows spectral hardening as the afterglow evolves with time. This behaviour might be a symptom of self-Comptonisation, although circumstellar densities similar to those found in the cores of molecular clouds would be required. The afterglow also decays too slowly to be accounted for by the standard models. Although the precursor and main emission show different spectral lags, both are consistent with the lag-luminosity correlation for long bursts. GRB 061121 is the instantaneously brightest long burst yet detected by Swift. Using a combination of Swift and Konus-Wind data, we estimate an isotropic energy of 2.8x10^53 erg over 1keV - 10MeV in the GRB rest frame. A probable jet break is detected at ~2x10^5s, leading to an estimate of ~10^51 erg for the beaming-corrected gamma-ray energy.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 399, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00060", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00271", "text": "Secretary of State, the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, and the heads of other relevant departments and agencies shall-- (1) collect and make publicly available data on the incidence of child marriage in countries that receive foreign or development assistance from the United States where the practice of child marriage is prevalent, including to the extent appropriate the countries listed in subsection (b); and (2) collect and make publicly available data on the impact of the incidence of child marriage and the age at marriage on progress in meeting key development goals. (b) Countries.--The countries referred to in subsection (a)(1) are Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Chad, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Dominican Republic, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Guinea, Honduras, India, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia. SEC. 6. DEPARTMENT OF STATE'S COUNTRY REPORTS ON HUMAN RIGHTS PRACTICES. The Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 is amended-- (1) in section 116 (22 U.S.C. 2151n), by adding at the end the following new subsection: ``(g)(1) The report required by subsection (d) shall include, for each country in which child marriage is prevalent, including to the extent appropriate the countries listed in paragraph (2), a description of the status of the practice of child marriage in such country and the type and amount of United State foreign assistance being used for the primary goal of preventing child marriage in such country. ``(2) The countries referred to in paragraph (1) are Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Chad, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Dominican Republic, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Guinea, Honduras, India, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia. ``(3) In this subsection, the term `child marriage' means the marriage of a girl or boy, not yet the minimum age for marriage stipulated in law or under the age of 18 if no such law exists, in the country in which such girl or boy is a resident.''; and (2) in section 502B (22 U.S.C. 2304), by adding", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01089", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00272", "text": "a mountain some Native Hawaiians consider sacred; to challenge a contentious Honolulu rail project; and to support the Merrie Monarch Festival, a prestigious hula competition. She also has donated items owned by King Kalakaua and Queen Kapiolani for public display, including Kalakaua's nearly 14-carat diamond pinky ring. Kawananakoa is the granddaughter of the late Prince David Kawananakoa, who was named an heir to the throne. She has no official title or real power in the state, but that doesn't matter to many Native Hawaiians, who see her as a link to when Hawaii was its own nation — before American businessmen, backed by U.S. Marines, overthrew the Hawaiian kingdom 125 years ago. \"She was always called princess among Hawaiians because Hawaiians have acknowledged that lineage,\" said Kimo Alama Keaulana, assistant professor of Hawaiian language and studies at Honolulu Community College. \"Hawaiians hold dear to genealogy. And so genealogically speaking, she is of high royal blood.\" Some note that Prince David has other living descendants and say the heiress is held up as the last tie to the monarchy simply because of her wealth. Kawananakoa's riches come from being the great-granddaughter of James Campbell, an Irish businessman who made his fortune as a sugar plantation owner and one of Hawaii's largest landowners. But Kawananakoa's supporters say she is the closest connection to the throne because, although they were already related, the prince's widow formally adopted her as a daughter. Last princess or not, Kawananakoa's inheritance wields tangible power — and some worry about it falling into the wrong hands. In July, her longtime attorney James Wright filed an emergency petition seeking to be named successor trustee to all of her trust assets, saying in court documents that Kawananakoa is \"impaired as a result of an acute stroke.\" Two days later, a judge granted the request. In August, attorney Michael Lilly wrote a letter to the judge saying he now represents Kawananakoa and he strongly contests any contention she is incompetent. Lawyers for the heiress dispute she had a stroke, saying in court papers it was a transient ischemic attack, which has similar symptoms but caused no permanent damage. Wright's court filings also raise allegations that Veronica Gail Worth, Kawananakoa's 64-year-old wife, physically abused her. Neither Kawananakoa", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00724", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00273", "text": "We present millimeter and radio observations of 13 SDSS quasars at reshifts z~6. We observed eleven of them with the Max-Planck Millimeter Bolometer Array (MAMBO-2) at the IRAM 30m-telescope at 250 GHz and all of them with the Very Large Array (VLA) at 1.4 GHz. Four sources are detected by MAMBO-2 and six are detected by the VLA at >=3 sigma level. These sources, together with another 6 published in previous papers,yield a submillimeter/millimeter and radio observed SDSS quasar sample at z~6. We use this sample to investigate the far-infrared (FIR) andradio properties of optically bright quasars in the early universe. We compare this sample to lower redshift samples of quasars observed inthe submillimeter and millimeter wavelengths ((sub)mm), and find that the distribution of the FIR to B band optical luminosity ratio (L_FIR/L_B) is similar from z~2 to 6. We find a weak correlation between the FIR luminosity (L_FIR) and B band optical luminosity (L_B) byincluding the (sub)mm observed samples at all redshifts. Some strong (sub)mm detections in the z~6 sample have radio-to-FIR ratios within the range defined by star forming galaxies, which suggests possible co-eval star forming activity with the powerful AGN in these sources. We calculate the rest frame radio to optical ratios (R*_1.4=L_{v, 1.4GHz}/L_{v, 4400A}) for all of the VLA observed sources in the z~6 quasar sample. Only one radio detection in this sample, J083643.85+005453.3, has R*_1.4~40 and can be considered radio loud. There are no strong radio sources (R*_1.4>=100) among these SDSS quasars at z~6. These data are consistent with, although do not set strong constraints on, a decreasing radio-loud quasar fraction with increasing redshift.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 451, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00072", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00274", "text": "We present a Spitzer based census of the IC 348 nebula and embedded star cluster. Our Spitzer census supplemented by ground based spectra has added 42 class II T-Tauri sources to the cluster membership and identified ~20 class 0/I protostars. The population of IC 348 likely exceeds 400 sources after accounting statistically for unidentified diskless members. Our Spitzer census of IC 348 reveals a population of protostars that is anti-correlated spatially with the T-Tauri members, which comprise the centrally condensed cluster around a B star. The protostars are instead found mostly at the cluster periphery about 1 pc from the B star and spread out along a filamentary ridge. We find that the star formation rate in this protostellar ridge is consistent with that rate which built the exposed cluster while the presence of fifteen cold, starless, millimeter cores intermingled with this protostellar population indicates that the IC 348 nebula has yet to finish forming stars. We show that the IC 348 cluster is of order 3-5 crossing times old, and, as evidenced by its smooth radial profile and confirmed mass segregation, is likely relaxed. While it seems apparent that the current cluster configuration is the result of dynamical evolution and its primordial structure has been erased, our findings support a model where embedded clusters are built up from numerous smaller sub-clusters. Finally, the results of our Spitzer census indicate that the supposition that star formation must progress rapidly in a dark cloud should not preclude these observations that show it can be relatively long lived.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 325, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00007", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00275", "text": "Examining a sample of massive galaxies at 1.410^{11}L_sun, show a mid-IR excess which is likely due to the presence of obscured active nuclei, as shown in a companion paper. There is a tight and roughly linear correlation between stellar mass and SFR for 24um-detected galaxies. For a given mass, the SFR at z=2 was larger by a factor of ~4 and ~30 relative to that in star forming galaxies at z=1 and z=0, respectively. Typical ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs) at z=2 are relatively 'transparent' to ultraviolet light, and their activity is long lived (~400 Myr), unlike that in local ULIRGs and high redshift submillimeter-selected galaxies. ULIRGs are the common mode of star formation in massive galaxies at z=2, and the high duty cycle suggests that major mergers are not the dominant trigger for this activity.Current galaxy formation models underpredict the normalization of the mass-SFR correlation by about a factor of 4, and the space density of ULIRGs by an orderof magnitude, but give better agreement for z>1.4 quiescent galaxies.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 389, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00225", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00276", "text": "unlock the benefits of such claims and other data because the HIPAA Privacy Rule assigns clearinghouses a dual role. Such clearinghouses are not only covered entities, but are also business associates. The latter role substantially restricts the ability of clearinghouses to analyze claims data. (8) Clearinghouses should not be considered business associates and should instead have the same ability to use and disclose health-related data as other types of covered entities. (9) Eliminating the business-associate role of clearinghouses would not affect the applicability of the civil and criminal penalties that enforce the HIPAA Privacy Rule. Clearinghouses would continue to be subject to such penalties in their role as covered entities. (10) In addition to the uses of health-related information that the HIPAA Privacy Rule currently authorizes for covered entities, there are several particular analytical uses that should be authorized specifically for clearinghouses because of the unique benefits that would result from authorizing those uses. Although these particular new analytical uses should be authorized for clearinghouses, the disclosure of health information pursuant to these uses should be subject to the protection principles currently underlying the HIPAA Privacy Rule, including enforcement principles. SEC. 3. TREATMENT OF CERTAIN HIPAA-RELATED ACTIVITIES OF HEALTH CARE CLEARINGHOUSES. (a) In General.--Subtitle D of the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (42 U.S.C. 17921 et seq.) is amended by adding at the end the following: ``PART 5--HEALTH CARE CLEARINGHOUSES; ANALYTICAL FUNCTIONS TOWARD IMPROVING THE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM ``SEC. 13451. AUTHORITY REGARDING ANALYTICAL FUNCTIONS TOWARD IMPROVING THE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM. ``(a) In General.--With respect to the use and disclosure of protected health information, the Secretary-- ``(1) shall not consider health care clearinghouses to be business associates under this subtitle, part C of title XI of the Social Security Act, or the regulations promulgated pursuant to section 264(c) of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 for purposes of carrying out activities described in section 1171(2) of the Social Security Act and subsections (b) and (c) of this section; and ``(2) shall consider such clearinghouses to be covered entities under such provisions of law for such purposes. ``(b) Certain Functions.--The functions that may be carried out by a", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00980", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00277", "text": "We study the two-photon process for the transitions ns --> 1s and nd --> 1s in hydrogen up to large n. For n<=20 we provide simple analytic fitting formulae to describe the non-resonant part of the two-photon emission profiles. Combining these with the analytic form of the cascade-term yields a simple and accurate description of the full two-photon decay spectrum, which only involves a sum over a few intermediate states. We demonstrate that the cascade term naturally leads to a nearly Lorentzian shape of the two-photon profiles in the vicinity of the resonances. However, due to quantum-electrodynamical corrections, the two-photon emission spectra deviate significantly from the Lorentzian shape in the very distant wings of the resonances. We investigate up to which distance the two-photon profiles are close to a Lorentzian and discuss the role of the interference term. We then analyze how the deviation of the two-photon profiles from the Lorentzian shape affects the dynamics of cosmological hydrogen recombination. Since in this context the escape of photons from the Lyman-alpha resonance plays a crucial role, we concentrate on the two-photon corrections in the vicinity of the Lyman-alpha line. Our computations show that the changes in the ionization history due to the additional two-photon process from high shell (n>2) likely do not reach the percent-level. For conservative assumptions we find a correction DN_e/N_e~-0.4% at redshift z~1160. This is numerically similar to the result of another recent study; however, the physics leading to this conclusion is rather different. In particular, our calculations of the effective two-photon decay rates yield significantly different values, where the destructive interference of the resonant and non-resonant terms plays a crucial role in this context (abridged)", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 380, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00235", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00278", "text": "Building a slide deck, pitch, or presentation? Here are the big takeaways: An unpatchable flaw in Nvidia Tegra X1 SoCs makes it possible for an attacker to gain control over a device to run arbitrary code. The flaw applies to all Tegra X1 SoCs and can't be fixed—Tegra X1 bootROMs can't be patched once they leave the factory. A vulnerability in Nvidia Tegra X1 system on a chip (SoC) processors allows an attacker total control over the device at the bootROM level, and there's nothing Nvidia or Tegra X1 hardware manufacturers can do about it. The exploit, called Fusée Gelée by its discoverers Kate Temkin and ReSwitch, has already been used to install a custom ROM on a Nintendo Switch. Nintendo's tablet-like Switch runs on a Tegra X1, as do other Android tablets, making this vulnerability concerning to any manufacturer who builds systems on the X1, and even those building on other Tegra chips, Temkin said. The nature of the attack makes a software patch impossible, and Temkin recommends anyone with an affected device should move on to a new one when possible. Why Fusée Gelée is unpatchable The Fusée Gelée vulnerability requires gaining access to the Tegra X1's USB recovery mode, which has an inherent flaw that allows an improperly coded USB control request to overflow the bootROM's direct memory access (DMA) buffer. Several requests that can be sent to the bootROM are improperly coded: A proper request would only return the amount of bytes the handler has available, but some return however many bytes a host requests. That coding error allows a host to request up to 65,535 bytes, more than enough to overflow the DMA buffer. Once overflowed, an attacker can copy data into the protected application stack and execute any code they desire. The most obvious solution to Fusée Gelée would be to issue a software patch to fix the bootROM, but here's where a problem arises: bootROM patches on Tegra X1 chips are impossible once a chip leaves the factory. Ipatches, which are patches released at the factory during chip production, would be able to fix the flaw on X1 devices that haven't left the assembly line yet, but anyone who has a current Tegra X1 device is vulnerable to a Fusée Gelée exploit. An important warning about hardware and firmware security There are several lessons to be taken away", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00567", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00279", "text": "A rally with white nationalists chanting phrases like \"Jews will not replace us\" and \"end immigration, one people, one nation\" was, as many expressed online, disturbing yet not really all that surprising. Within hours of the tragedy in Charlottesville, journalists, scholars and other leading voices weighed in around the Internet, with analysis and deeper understanding of how this unfolded. Below are some of the most revealing pieces we read. Here at Code Switch, my teammate Gene Demby wrote about about how white nationalists are edging their movement out of the shadows: \"Richard Spencer, the white nationalist leader and University of Virginia alum who coined the term 'alt-right,' would likely count that openness as its own incremental success. 'If you greeted someone in 1985 and you said, 'all gays should marry,' you actually would get a lot of laughs,' Spencer told The Atlantic last year, not long after the election. 'By 2015, gay marriage is popular. What is possible has shifted. That's what the alt-right is doing. It's shifting the reality of what's possible, and imagining a reality in which they are.' \" Code Switch alum Matt Thompson, now executive editor at The Atlantic, riffed on the brazenness of the white supremacists who marched this weekend, compared with Klan members of decades past who hid under white hoods. \"The shameless return of white supremacy into America's public spaces seems to be happening by degrees, and quickly,\" Thompson wrote. Dara Lind, a reporter at Vox who wrote an explainer of the rally and its origins, described it as a \"coming-out party for resurgent white nationalism in America.\" Nathan Guttman, a reporter with Forward, an online news site aimed at Jewish Americans, penned a vivid piece about covering the march. He recounted watching as Spencer launched into a rant about the mayor of Charlottesville, Michael Signer. \" '[L]ittle Mayor Signer — SEE-NER — how do you pronounce this little creep's name?' asked Richard Spencer, a right-wing leader who dreams of a 'white ethnostate,' as he stood on a bench under a tree to rally his troops, deprived of their protest. The crowd knew exactly how to pronounce his name: 'Jew, Jew, Jew, Jew' some shouted out. The rest burst out in laughter. And that was one of the only moments of levity the alt-right audience gathered under the tree enjoyed.\" And Jia Tolentino", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00602", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00280", "text": "A quantum system composed of two or more subsystems can be in an entangled state, i.e. a state in which the properties of the global system are well defined but the properties of each subsystem are not. Entanglement is at the heart of quantum physics, both for its conceptual foundations and for applications in information processing and quantum communication. Remarkably, entanglement can be \"swapped\": if one prepares two independent entangled pairs A1-A2 and B1-B2, a joint measurement on A1 and B1 (called a \"Bell-State Measurement\", BSM) has the effect of projecting A2 and B2 onto an entangled state, although these two particles have never interacted or shared any common past[1,2]. Experiments using twin photons produced by spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) have already demonstrated entanglement swapping[3-6], but here we present its first realization using continuous wave (CW) sources, as originally proposed[2]. The challenge was to achieve sufficiently sharp synchronization of the photons in the BSM. Using narrow-band filters, the coherence time of the photons that undergo the BSM is significantly increased, exceeding the temporal resolution of the detectors. Hence pulsed sources can be replaced by CW sources, which do not require any synchronization[6,7], allowing for the first time the use of completely autonomous sources. Our experiment exploits recent progress in the time precision of photon detectors, in the efficiency of photon pair production by SPDC with waveguides in nonlinear crystals[8], and in the stability of narrow-band filters. This approach is independent of the form of entanglement; we employed time-bin entangled photons[9] at telecom wavelengths. Our setup is robust against thermal or mechanical fluctuations in optical fibres thanks to cm-long coherence lengths.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 369, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00021", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00281", "text": "One of the puzzling findings in the study of the chemical evolution of (post-)AGB stars is why very similar stars (in terms of metallicity, spectral type, infrared properties, etc...) show a very different photospheric composition. We aim at extending the still limited sample of s-process enriched post-AGB stars, in order to obtain a statistically large enough sample that allows us to formulate conclusions concerning the 3rd dredge-up occurrence. We selected two post-AGB stars on the basis of IR colours indicative of a past history of heavy mass loss: IRAS08281-4850 and IRAS14325-6428. They are cool sources in the locus of the Planetary Nebulae (PNe) in the IRAS colour-colour diagram. Abundances of both objects were derived for the first time on the basis of high-quality UVES and EMMI spectra, using a critically compiled line list with accurate log(gf) values, together with the latest Kurucz model atmospheres. Both objects have very similar spectroscopically defined effective temperatures of 7750-8000K. They are strongly carbon and s-process enriched, with a C/O ratio of 1.9 and 1.6, and an [ls/Fe] of +1.7 and +1.2, for IRAS08281 and IRAS14325 resp. Moreover, the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) point to heavy mass-loss during the preceding AGB phase. IRAS08281 and IRAS14325 are prototypical post-AGB objects in the sense that they show strong post 3rd dredge-up chemical enrichments. The neutron irradiation has been extremely efficient, despite the only mild sub-solar metallicity. This is not conform with the recent chemical models. The existence of very similar post-AGB stars without any enrichment emphasizes our poor knowledge of the details of the AGB nucleosynthesis and dredge-up phenomena. We call for a very systematic chemical study of all cool sources in the PN region of the IRAS colour-colour diagram.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 428, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00346", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00282", "text": ", Burkina Faso, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Chad, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Dominican Republic, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Guinea, Honduras, India, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia. ``(3) In this subsection, the term `child marriage' means the marriage of a girl or boy, not yet the minimum age for marriage stipulated in law or under the age of 18 if no such law exists, in the country in which such girl or boy is a resident.''; and (2) in section 502B (22 U.S.C. 2304), by adding at the end the following new subsection: ``(j)(1) The report required by subsection (b) shall include, for each country in which child marriage is prevalent, including to the extent appropriate the countries listed in paragraph (2), a description of the status of the practice of child marriage in such country and the type and amount of United State foreign assistance being used for the primary goal of preventing child marriage in such country. ``(2) The countries referred to in paragraph (1) are Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Chad, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Dominican Republic, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Guinea, Honduras, India, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia. ``(3) In this subsection, the term `child marriage' means the marriage of a girl or boy, not yet the minimum age for marriage stipulated in law or under the age of 18 if no such law exists, in the country in which such girl or boy is a resident.''.", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 380, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01090", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00283", "text": "IRAM 30m observations reveal that the deeply obscured IR-luminous galaxy NGC4418 has a rich molecular chemistry - including unusually luminous HC3N line emission. We furthermore detect: ortho-H2CO 2-1, 3-2; CN 1-0, 2-1; HCO+, 1-0. 3-2, HCN 3-2, HNC 1-0, 3-2 (and tentatively OCS 12-11). The HCN, HCO+, H2CO and CN line emission can be fitted to densities of n=5 x 10E4 - 10E5 cm-3 and gas temperatures Tk=80-150 K. Both HNC and HC3N are, however, significantly more excited than the other species which requires higher gas densities - or radiative excitation through e.g. mid-IR pumping. The HCN line intensity is fainter than that of HCO+ and HNC for the 3-2 transition, in contrast to previous findings for the 1-0 lines where the HCN emission is the most luminous. We tentatively suggest that the observed molecular line emission is consistent with a young starburst, where the emission can be understood as emerging from dense, warm gas with an additional PDR component. We find that X-ray chemistry is not required to explain the observed mm line emission, including the HCN/HCO+ 1-0 and 3-2 line ratios. The luminous HC3N line emission is an expected signature of dense, starforming gas. A deeply buried AGN can not be excluded, but its impact on the surrounding molecular medium is then suggested to be limited. However, detailed modelling of HC3N abundances in X-ray dominated regions (XDRs) should be carried out. The possibility of radiative excitation should also be further investigated", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 394, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00230", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00284", "text": "We present the first results of a Spitzer IRAC (Infrared Array Camera) wide-field survey of the Coma cluster. The observations cover two fields of different galaxy densities; the first is a 0.733 deg^2 region in the core of the cluster (Coma 1), the second a 0.555 deg^2 off-center region located ~57 arcmin (1.7 Mpc) south-west from the core (Coma 3). The observations, although short 70-90 s exposures, are very sensitive; we detect ~29,200 sources at 3.6 micron over the total ~1.3 deg^2 survey area. We construct 3.6 micron galaxy luminosity functions (LFs) for each field using selection functions based on spectroscopic redshifts. At the bright end, the LFs are well modeled by a traditional Schechter function; [M^star (3.6 micron), alpha_1] = [-25.17, -1.18] and [-24.69, -1.30] for Coma 1 and Coma 3 respectively. However, at the faint end (M(3.6 micron) > -20.5), there is a steep increase in the LF slope in both fields indicative of large numbers of red dwarf galaxies. The reality of this population is examined using optical counterparts in SDSS data with optical color filtering (g-r<1.3). The steep increase can be modeled with a power-law function, with slopes of alpha_2 = -2.18 (Coma 1) and alpha_2 = -2.60 (Coma 3). A qualitative comparison with optical (B- and R-band) LFs shows that we are likely to be observing a larger population of dwarf galaxies in the near-IR, which may be a low-surface-brightness (LSB) population that IRAC is particularly sensitive to, or a population too red to be detected in existing optical surveys down to R~20.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 418, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00253", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00285", "text": "In several classes of particle physics models -- ranging from the classical Majoron models, to the more recent scenarios of late neutrino masses or Mass-Varying Neutrinos -- one or more of the neutrinos are postulated to couple to a new light scalar field. As a result of this coupling, neutrinos in the early universe instead of streaming freely could form a self-coupled fluid, with potentially observable signatures in the Cosmic Microwave Background and the large scale structure of the universe. We re-examine the constraints on this scenario from the presently available cosmological data and investigate the sensitivity expected from the Planck satellite. In the first case, we find that the sensitivity strongly depends on which piece of data is used. The SDSS Main sample data, combined with WMAP and other data, disfavors the scenario of three coupled neutrinos at about the 3.5$\\sigma$ confidence level, but also favors a high number of freely streaming neutrinos, with the best fit at 5.2. If the matter power spectrum is instead taken from the SDSS Large Red Galaxy sample, best fit point has 2.5 freely streaming neutrinos, but the scenario with three coupled neutrinos becomes allowed at $2\\sigma$. In contrast, Planck alone will exclude even a single self-coupled neutrino at the $4.2\\sigma$ confidence level, and will determine the total radiation at CMB epoch to $\\Delta N_\\nu^{eff} = ^{+0.5}_{-0.3}$ ($1\\sigma$ errors). We investigate the robustness of this result with respect to the details of Planck's detector. This sensitivity to neutrino free-streaming implies that Planck will be capable of probing a large region of the Mass-Varying Neutrino parameter space. Planck may also be sensitive to a scale of neutrino mass generation as high as 1 TeV.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 391, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00123", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00286", "text": "Numerous studies focus on the relationships between chemical composition and OHband positions in the infrared (IR) spectra of micaceous minerals. These studies are based on the coexistence, in dioctahedral micas or smectites, of several cationic pairs around the hydroxyl group which each produce a characteristic band in the IR spectrum. The aim of this work is to obtain the wavenumber values of the IR OH vibration bands of the (Al-Fe3+)-OH and (Fe3+-Fe3+)-OH local cationic environments of 'pyrophyllite type' in order to prove, disprove or modify a model of dioctahedral phyllosilicate OH-stretching band decomposition. Natural samples are characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopies and electron microprobe; the hydrothermal synthesis products are also analysed by powder XRD and FTIR after inductively coupled plasma measurements to obtain the chemical compositions of nascent gel phases. Natural samples contain some impurities which were eliminated after acid treatment; nevertheless, a small Fe content is found in the pyrophyllite structure. The amount of Fe which is incorporated within the pyrophyllite structure is much more important for the synthetic samples than for the natural ones. The IR OH bands were clearly observed in both natural and synthetic pyrophyllites and assigned to hydroxides bonded to (Al-Al), (Al-Fe) and (Fe-Fe) cationic pairs. During this study, three samples were analysed by DTG to check the cis- or trans-vacant character of the layers and to determine the influence of this structural character on the OH-stretching band position in IR spectroscopy.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 363, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00462", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00287", "text": "Should world governments have backdoors to encrypted applications? Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull recently made a proposal to ensure that law enforcement can still gain access to information despite its' protection by encryption. Access Now's US Policy Manager Amie Stepanovich met with TechRepublic's Dan Patterson to explain why that may be a bad idea. \"The problem with [this proposal] is that by allowing that law enforcement access, what you're doing is you're creating a security technology that fails sometimes,\" Stepanovich said. See: IT security and privacy: Concerns, initiatives, and predictions (Tech Pro Research) Encryption is the first defense against people trying to compromise your personal data. Since encryption isn't a failproof technology, building it in can lead to more data breaches and crime because it's facilitating a much less secure internet, she said. The policy requested by Turnbull affects the rest of the world because Australia's encryption policy could set a precedent for other countries. Stepanovich noted that it's important to understand that this policy would likely not stop criminals or terrorists from accessing secure communications technologies. The math used in encrypted applications, she said, is not subject to the whims of politicians, which means bad actors will still be able to cover their tracks. See: Encryption Policy (Tech Pro Research) In the past, other governments have pursued similar policies. For example, some require keys to be stored in third-party facilities and are easily stolen. Some countries restrict the strength of encryption or even prevent the use of end-to-end encryption. These tactics are easily circumvented, said Stepanovich. She reiterated the need for privacy as a tool that protects consumer privacy, communication between journalists and sources, whistleblowers, and corporate intellectual property. \"We're at a time where we need to be facilitating research into and development of the strongest security tools possible,\" she said. \"We need to be investing in security as much as we possibly can,\" said Stepanovich. Strengthen your organization's IT security defenses by keeping abreast of the latest cybersecurity news, solutions, and best practices. Subscribe Also see:", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 420, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00529", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00288", "text": "I) the sales tax rate (as defined in section 1 of title 26), divided by ``(II) the quantity that is one minus the sales tax rate.''. SEC. 9. COMPENSATING PAYMENTS TO CERTAIN PERSONS ON FIXED INCOME. (a) Compensating Payment.--Eligible persons (as defined in subsection (c)) shall receive a compensating payment (as defined in subsection (b)) provided that they comply with subsection (g) (relating to applications). (b) Compensating Payment Defined.--The term ``compensating payment'' means the product of the qualified fixed income payment amount (as defined in subsection (e)) and the excess inflation rate (as defined in subsection (f)). (c) Eligible Person Defined.--An eligible person is any person with respect to any calendar year who is entitled to-- (1) Social Security benefits; and (2) qualified fixed income payments (as defined in subsection (d)). (d) Qualified Fixed Income Payment Defined.--A qualified fixed income payment is a payment received by-- (1) a beneficiary under a defined benefit plan (within the meaning of section 414(j) of the Internal Revenue Code as in effect prior to the enactment of this Act) whether sponsored by a private or Government employer; or (2) by an annuitant pursuant to an annuity contract between the annuitant and a bona fide insurance company. A payment pursuant to a plan or annuity contract is not a qualified fixed income payment if the payment varies with investment performance, interest rates, or inflation. Payments pursuant to an annuity contract entered into after June 30, 2003, shall not be qualified fixed income payments. Payments pursuant to a defined benefit plan to a beneficiary that had been a participant in said defined benefit plan (within the meaning of section 410 of the Internal Revenue Code as in effect prior to the enactment of this Act) for less than 5 years shall not be qualified fixed income payments. (e) Qualified Fixed Income Payment Amount.--The qualified fixed income payment amount is \\1/12\\ of qualified fixed income payments that an eligible person is entitled to receive during the calendar year subsequent to the year for which the compensating payment is calculated, provided, however, that the qualified fixed income payment amount shall not exceed $5,000. (f) Excess Inflation Rate Defined.--The term ``excess inflation rate'' shall mean the excess", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00921", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00289", "text": "We study the nonlinear evolution of the magnetic Rayleigh-Taylor instability using three-dimensional MHD simulations. We consider the idealized case of two inviscid, perfectly conducting fluids of constant density separated by a contact discontinuity perpendicular to the effective gravity g, with a uniform magnetic field B parallel to the interface. Modes parallel to the field with wavelengths smaller than l_c = [B B/(d_h - d_l) g] are suppressed (where d_h and d_l are the densities of the heavy and light fluids respectively), whereas modes perpendicular to B are unaffected. We study strong fields with l_c varying between 0.01 and 0.36 of the horizontal extent of the computational domain. Even a weak field produces tension forces on small scales that are significant enough to reduce shear (as measured by the distribution of the amplitude of vorticity), which in turn reduces the mixing between fluids, and increases the rate at which bubbles and finger are displaced from the interface compared to the purely hydrodynamic case. For strong fields, the highly anisotropic nature of unstable modes produces ropes and filaments. However, at late time flow along field lines produces large scale bubbles. The kinetic and magnetic energies transverse to gravity remain in rough equipartition and increase as t^4 at early times. The growth deviates from this form once the magnetic energy in the vertical field becomes larger than the energy in the initial field. We comment on the implications of our results to Z-pinch experiments, and a variety of astrophysical systems.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 309, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00448", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00290", "text": "We investigate the relationship between several previously identified Galactic halo stellar structures in the direction of Virgo using imaging and spectroscopic observations of F turnoff stars and blue horizontal branch stars from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and the Sloan Extension for Galactic Understanding and Exploration (SEGUE). We show that the Sagittarius dwarf leading tidal tail does not pass through the solar neighborhood; it misses the Sun by more than 15 kpc, passing through the Galactic plane outside the Solar Circle. It also is not spatially coincident with the large stellar overdensity S297+63-20.5 in the Virgo constellation. S297+63-20.5 has a distinct turnoff color and kinematics. Faint (g ~ 20.3) turnoff stars in S297+63-20.5 have line-of-sight, Galactic standard of rest velocities V(GSR)= 130 +/- 10 km/s, opposite in sign to infalling Sgr tail stars. The path of the Sgr leading tidal tail is also inconsistent with the positions of some of the nearer stars with which it has been associated, and whose velocities have favored models with prolate Milky Way potentials. We additionally show that the number densities of brighter (g ~ 19.8) F turnoff stars are not symmetric about the Galactic center, and that this discrepancy is not primarily due to the S297+63-20.5 moving group. Either the spheroid is asymmetric about the Galactic center, or there are additional substructures that conspire to be on the same side of the Galaxy as S297+63-20.5. The S297+63-20.5 overdensity in Virgo is likely associated with two other previously identified Virgo substructures: the Virgo Stellar Stream (VSS) and the Virgo Overdensity (VOD). However, the velocity difference between the VSS and S297+63-20.5 and the difference in distance estimates between the VOD and S297+63-20.5 must be reconciled.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 419, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00382", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00291", "text": "round. TOP 60 LOOMS Patton Kizzire already has two PGA Tour victories this season and is No. 2 in the FedEx Cup. That still might not be enough to avoid qualifying for the U.S. Open. The USGA in 2012 eliminated its exemption for multiple winners on the PGA Tour from the previous U.S. Open when it revamped its criteria that focused more on the top 60 in the world ranking. Kizzire is at No. 57 this week. The cutoff for being among the top 60 is on May 21, after the AT&T Byron Nelson. There also is another cutoff for the top 60 on June 11, the final ranking going into the U.S. Open on June 14-17 at Shinnecock Hills. Chief among the prominent names not yet eligible is Adam Scott, who has played in 67 consecutive majors dating to the 2001 British Open at Royal Lytham & St. Annes. Scott, who missed the cut last week in the Texas Open, is at No. 64. Alexander Levy of France moved up 19 spots to No. 47 with his victory last week on the European Tour, and that might be enough to secure his spot. Among those near the top 60 with three tournaments remaining — the Zurich Classic in New Orleans does not offer world ranking points as a team event — are Luke List and Thomas Pieters (tied at No. 54), Bernd Wiesberger (No. 60), Ryan Moore (No. 62), Charles Howell III (No. 63) and former Masters champion Charl Schwartzel (No. 65). Schwartzel has played in every major dating to the 2009 U.S. Open at Bethpage Black. The winner of The Players Championship in three weeks gets a three-year exemption. NIEMANN'S DEBUT Joaquin Niemann already has shown a knack for the big occasion this year. The 19-year-old from Chile thought he was playing his final round as an amateur in January until he shot a 63 in the last round to win the Latin American Amateur Championship, which got him into the Masters. He delayed turning pro to play at Augusta National. And in his pro debut, Niemann shot 67-67 on the weekend to finish sixth in the Texas Open. The top-10 finish will get him into the Wells Fargo Championship next week at Quail Hollow, along", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00665", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00292", "text": "There were condolences and tears for nearly 24 hours. Politicians from around the world commented on the tragedy. Journalists have been working non-stop. Then it turns out that there was no assassination after all. Instead, it was a special operation conducted by Ukraine's security services that has left more questions than answers. Was it necessary for Ukraine's security services to fake the death of Russian journalist Arkady Babchenko in order to foil a genuine assassination attempt? Solving a crime does not require such a performance. Perhaps, Kyiv wanted a wider audience for what was planned and felt a staged assassination could ensure the international publicity it wanted. Kyiv can use the case to blame Russia for organizing Babchenko's murder, but, on the other hand, the Kremlin now is accusing Kyiv of manipulating the international community with a fake story. Can the Ukrainian authorities be trusted? How will the world react now if a tragedy in Ukraine really happens? Wait a day or two just in case? Kyiv is driving itself into a blind corner if it does not present solid evidence in the future. Even if there is comprehensive support for allegations against the alleged organizer of the planned crime on behalf of Russia, Ukraine runs the risk of losing whatever trust and credibility it has. Could Babchenko's wife had been kept in the dark? As stated at a press conference after the special operation, Babchenko'sfamily was not informed of the plan. The journalist apologized in a live broadcast to his wife: \"Special apologies to my wife, Olechka, there was no other option.\" Earlier it was reported in a police statement that his wife has found Arkady wounded and called the police and an ambulance. This is a contradiction that needs to be clarified. How did Ukraine's security services manage to reach an agreement with the perpetrator of the crime? The man who allegedly killed a journalist collaborated with Ukraine's security services. According to Ukrainian Prosecutor General Yuriy Lutsenko, after Ukraine's security services found out about the assassination plans, they managed to achieve cooperation with the perpetrator. But so far there have been no more additional details. That's not enough information to get the full picture of what really happened.", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 441, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00687", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00293", "text": "We present a photoionization model study of the effects of micro-turbulence and dissipative heating on emission lines for number and column densities, elemental abundances, and ionizations typical for the narrow emission line regions (NLRs) of Seyfert galaxies. Earlier studies of NLR spectra generally found good agreement between the observations and the model predictions for most strong emission lines, such as [O III] $\\lambda$5007, [O II] $\\lambda$3727, [N II] $\\lambda$6583, [Ne III] $\\lambda$3869, and the H and He recombination lines. Nevertheless, the strengths of lines from species with ionization potentials greater than that of He$^{+}$(54.4 eV), e.g. N$^{+4}$ and Ne$^{+4}$, were often under-predicted. Among the explanations suggested for these discrepancies were (selectively) enhanced elemental abundances and contributions from shock heated gas. Interestingly, the NLR lines have widths of several 100 km s$^{-1}$, well in excess of the thermal broadening. If this is due to micro-turbulence, and the turbulence dissipates within the emission-line gas, the gas can be heated in excess of that due to photoionization. We show that the combined effects of turbulence and dissipative heating can strongly enhance N V $\\lambda$1240 (relative to He II $\\lambda$1640), while the heating alone can boost the strength of [Ne V] $\\lambda$3426. We suggest that this effect is present in the NLR, particularly within $\\sim$ 100 pc of the central engine. Finally, since micro-turbulence would make clouds robust against instabilities generated during acceleration, it is not likely to be a coincidence that the radially outflowing emission-line gas is turbulent.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 383, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00408", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00294", "text": "The purpose of this paper is to find optimal estimates for the Green function of a half-space of {\\it the relativistic $\\alpha$-stable process} with parameter $m$ on $\\Rd$ space. This process has an infinitesimal generator of the form $mI-(m^{2/\\alpha}I-\\Delta)^{\\alpha/2},$ where $0<\\alpha<2$, $m>0$, and reduces to the isotropic $\\alpha$-stable process for $m=0$. Its potential theory for open bounded sets has been well developed throughout the recent years however almost nothing was known about the behaviour of the process on unbounded sets. The present paper is intended to fill this gap and we provide two-sided sharp estimates for the Green function for a half-space. As a byproduct we obtain some improvements of the estimates known for bounded sets specially for balls. The advantage of these estimates is a clarification of the relationship between the diameter of the ball and the parameter $m$ of the process. The main result states that the Green function is comparable with the Green function for the Brownian motion if the points are away from the boundary of a half-space and their distance is greater than one. On the other hand for the remaining points the Green function is somehow related the Green function for the isotropic $\\alpha$-stable process. For example, for $d\\ge3$, it is comparable with the Green function for the isotropic $\\alpha$-stable process, provided that the points are close enough.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 310, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00319", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00295", "text": "BUFFALO, N.Y. (AP) — Pekka Rinne stopped 35 shots for his eighth shutout of the season and the Nashville Predators set a franchise record by earning a point in their 15th consecutive game with a 4-0 win over the Buffalo Sabres on Monday night. Mike Fisher and Ryan Johansen scored goals 4:34 apart in the second period, and Filip Forsberg and Ryan Hartman sealed the victory by scoring in the final four minutes. The NHL-leading Predators improved to 14-0-1 in their past 15, and also extended their team-best road winning streak to nine straight. Rinne won his 11th straight to match his personal best in a stretch in which he's allowed just 18 goals. The shutout was the 51st of his 12-year career and third in nine games. And Rinne also improved to 40-9-4 in becoming the NHL's seventh goalie to win 40 games in a season three or more times. The Predators haven't lost in regulation since a 3-1 defeat to Detroit at home on Feb. 17. And they improved to 12-0-3 in their past 15 road games since a 3-0 loss at Vegas on Jan. 2. The Sabres were unable to build off a 5-3 win over Chicago on Saturday and lost in rookie coach Phil Housley's first meeting against his former team. The Hockey Hall of Fame defenseman spent the previous four seasons as a Predators assistant coach. Buffalo ranks last in the Eastern Conference and had its NHL-worst home record drop to 11-21-5. Minor-league call-up Linus Ullmark stopped 28 shots, starting in place of Robin Lehner, who was sidelined with an undisclosed injury. Ullmark had little chance on Fisher's goal that opened the scoring 12:29 into the second period. Fisher and teammate Scott Hartnell were both parked in front when Fisher deflected in Mikka Salomaki's shot from the blue line. The Sabres challenged the goal by arguing Fisher interfered with Ullmark. The goal was allowed to stand despite a replay showing Fisher nudged the back of Ullmark's skate in the crease and also got a hand on the goalie's glove. There was no disputing Johansen's goal. Ullmark stopped Viktor Arvidsson's initial shot from the", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00730", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00296", "text": "We show that dynamical relaxation in the aftermath of a galactic merger and the ensuing formation and decay of a binary massive black hole (MBH), are dominated by massive perturbers (MPs) such as giant molecular clouds or clusters. MPs accelerate relaxation by orders of magnitude relative to 2-body stellar relaxation alone, and efficiently scatter stars into the binary MBH's orbit. The 3-body star-binary MBH interactions shrink the binary MBH to the point where energy losses from the emission of gravitational waves (GW) lead to rapid coalescence. We model this process based on observed and simulated MP distributions and take into account the decreased efficiency of the star-binary MBH interaction due to acceleration in the galactic potential. We show that mergers of gas-rich galactic nuclei lead to binary MBH coalescence well within the Hubble time. Moreover, lower-mass binary MBHs (<10^8 Msun) require only a few percent of the typical gas mass in a post-merger nucleus to coalesce in a Hubble time. The fate of a binary MBH in a gas poor galactic merger is less certain, although massive stellar structures (e.g. clusters, stellar rings) could likewise lead to efficient coalescence. These coalescence events are observable by their strong GW emission. MPs thus increase the cosmic rate of such GW events, lead to a higher mass deficit in the merged galactic core and suppress the formation of triple MBH systems and the resulting ejection of MBHs into intergalactic space.", "label": 1, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 315, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00205", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00297", "text": "to the safe zone of Canada? Better positioned is Nick (Max Minghella), who was tapped by infertile Serena to stand in with June for the apparently sterile Fred. The now-pregnant June and Nick form an emotional bond. Luke and Nick resist in \"very, very different ways,\" said executive producer Bruce Miller. \"One from the inside, pulling strings to keep (June) alive, the other from the outside. And they're both at some times thwarted in frustrating ways as the season goes on.\" But neither can shake \"the dogged nature of hope,\" Miller said. Holding back spoilers, the men of \"The Handmaid's Tale\" weighed in on what they see for their characters and the story's direction over season two's 13 episodes on the streaming service. How many seasons to come remains to be determined, Miller said. PREPARE TO BE SUPRISED \"We are now very far away from the novel, and so there is an unpredictability which as a viewer and a reader I found to be very satisfying,\" said Minghella. \"I didn't, however, anticipate where we were going to go next and I was often wrong in my predictions.\" Minghella's Nick is \"somebody who's trying to control an uncontrollable circumstance, and he can't. He has to face some obstacles that are not surmountable,\" he said. \"That's true of all the characters in the show, so we're all thrown into the drama.\" In Canada, Fagbenle's Luke is grappling with the loss of his family and in the company of escaped handmaids Moira (Samira Wiley) and Erin (Erin Way), both deeply traumatized. \"He's trying to manage that dynamic to some extent, deal with impotency and his lack of ability to get back to his wife,\" Fagbenle said. \"And then things unfold during the series which reinvigorate his drive and determination to make a difference, no matter the cost.\" Fiennes said that with Fred, a window opens into where he stands in the hierarchy of the commanders' world amid the pressure to be recognized and promoted. \"When he feels his masculinity amongst other men is being questioned or lessened, he invariably comes back into his own household and inflicts his feelings against the women,\" said Fiennes, calling it \"one of many complicated roots causes to the way people and men behave\" in the quest for power", "label": 1, "domain": "news", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00706", "split": "test"} +{"id": "contrast_test_1_00298", "text": "vehicle with the teen driver; (ii) drivers and passengers in other vehicles involved in a crash with the teen driver's vehicle; and (iii) pedestrians. (4) According to the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety-- (A) the chance that a vehicle driven by a 16- or 17-year-old will be involved in an accident-- (i) doubles when there are 2 other teens in the vehicle; and (ii) quadruples when there are 4 teens in the vehicle; (B) States with strong nighttime driving restrictions experience lower fatal crash rates among drivers ages 15 to 17 years old; and (C) a higher age requirement for licensing teen drivers is correlated with a lower number of fatal crashes per capita. (5) The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has found that distraction caused by cellular phones is significant enough to degrade driver performance, and is particularly dangerous for inexperienced drivers between 15 and 20 years of age. (6) That National Transportation Safety Board has found that although only 20 percent of driving by teenage drivers occurs at night, more than 50 percent of the motor vehicle crash fatalities involving teenage drivers occur at night. (7) According to a 2007 report from the Texas Transportation Institute at Texas A&M University-- (A) teenage drivers in rural areas are less likely to be aware of the risks and dangers associated with driving, placing them at higher risk of involvement in crashes; (B) teen drivers are more likely than other drivers-- (i) to drive with other teenage passengers; (ii) to drive late at night; (iii) to exceed the speed limit; (iv) to use cell phones while driving; and (v) to fail to use seat belts while driving. (8) The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration reports that although 23 percent of the population of the United States lives in rural areas, 57 percent of all traffic fatalities occur on rural roads, underscoring the elevated crash risk for teen drivers in rural areas. (9) The American Academy of Pediatrics has found evidence that the area of the brain responsible for planning, impulse control, and executive decisionmaking does not fully mature until a person is between 20 and 25 years of age, placing teen drivers at greater risk of being involved in an accident. (10) The Journal of the American Medical Association reports that after Michigan and North Carolina adopted comprehensive graduated driver licensing systems in 1997, crashes involving 16-year-old drivers decreased", "label": 1, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01108", "split": "test"}