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+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00000", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Young Americans Financial Literacy Act''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. The Congress finds as follows: (1) Since 2007, there has been a nearly 20-percent drop in the number of 18-year-olds with bank accounts, and in 2012, nearly one in three Americans don't pay their bills on time. (2) Ninety percent of Americans believe all high school students should be required to take a class in financial education. (3) Eighty percent of parents believe schools are teaching money management and budgeting, while over 70 percent of teachers are not teaching financial literacy. (4) According to a 2010 survey, only a few States have adopted varying degrees of financial literacy curriculum, and only four States require high school students to take a semester long course. (5) Two in five U.S. adults gave themselves a C, D or F on their knowledge of personal finance. In 2011, 76 percent admitted they could benefit from additional advice and answers to everyday financial questions from a professional. (6) Two in five adults indicated that they are now saving less than they were one year ago. (7) Most adults feel that their financial literacy skills are inadequate, they do not rely on anyone else to handle their finances; they feel it is important to know more but have received no financial education. (8) It is necessary to respond immediately to the pressing needs of individuals faced with the loss of their financial stability, increased attention must also be paid to financial literacy education reform and long-term solutions to prevent future personal financial disasters. (9) There is an urgent need to respond to the economic recovery with research-based financial literacy education programs to reach individuals at all ages and socioeconomic levels, particularly those facing unique and challenging financial situations, such as high school graduates entering the workforce, soon-to-be and recent college graduates, young families, and the unique needs of military personnel and their families. (10) More than 70 percent of parents say they have spoken with their teens about credit and using credit cards wisely, while less than 44 percent of the teenaged children of those respondents say their parents have talked to them about credit cards. (11) Seventy-six percent of parents surveyed said their high school student does not have a budget. (12) Seventy-five percent of 16 to 18-year-olds say learning more about budget", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00970", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00001", "text": "As remnants of Subtropical Storm Alberto spread into the Great Lakes region, people are keeping a weary watch on dams and hillsides as rains from the storms have triggered floods and mudslides in the Appalachians of the Southeast. So far, four dams being closely watched by a state team of special engineers were holding up, North Carolina Gov. Roy Cooper said Wednesday. But Cooper went ahead and declared a state of emergency for his hard-hit mountain counties, saying the forecast for the rest of the week calls for isolated heavy rain storms that could instantly cause flooding in areas that have had 20 inches (50 centimeters) of rain in the past 15 days. \"This storm isn't over. I'm urging people to keep a close eye on forecasts,\" Cooper said. Alberto, while still spinning like a classic tropical storm, has managed to make its way since a Memorial Day landfall in the Florida Panhandle to just outside of Chicago. Forecasters said it would still bring rain and gusty winds to the Great Lakes this week. Alberto's heavy rains have been widespread. Scattered flooding was reported in several states from Alabama through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, the Carolinas and Virginia and West Virginia. In Hopkinsville, Kentucky, high winds and heavy rains gave Sherry Key a fitful night's sleep. \"I have dogs and they're terribly afraid of storms, so they were on top on top me all night,\" said Key, an airport office manager. The worst of the flooding was in the Appalachian Mountains. Up to 7 inches (18 centimeters) of rain caused flooding in Helen, a mountain town in Georgia, the National Weather Service said. Atlanta station WAGA-TV reported that several roads near the downtown area of that German-styled tourist destination were shut down because of the rising water. No injuries or structural damage have been reported. Two deaths had been reported during the storm's passage. A television news anchor and a photojournalist were killed Monday in North Carolina while covering the weather, when a tree became uprooted from rain-soaked ground and toppled onto their SUV, authorities said. WYFF-TV of Greenville, South Carolina, said news anchor Mike McCormick and photojournalist Aaron Smeltzer died. In the mountains of North Carolina, two Department of Transportation workers survived a close call when their dump truck was swept away by a mudslide in McDowell County while trying to clean debris from an earlier slide. The men were able to climb", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00813", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00002", "text": "Image: HPE Hewlett Packard Enterprise (HPE) and NASA will partner to send a supercomputer to space, the companies announced in a blog post on Monday. The \"Spaceborne Computer\" will be sent up to the International Space Station (ISS), first by being launched on the SpaceX CRS-12 rocket, and then sent via the SpaceX Dragon Spacecraft. It will be a year-long experiment, with aims to eventually land on a mission to Mars—a trip of the same length. Why? Advanced computing, currently done on land, could help astronauts survive in gruelling conditions by allowing for processing of information in real-time in space. The Spaceborne Computer comes equipped with the HPE Apollo 40 class systems, the blog post stated, which includes a high-speed HPC interconnect running an open-source Linux operating system. Importantly, this system could eliminate communication latencies, which can take up to 40 minutes, and can \"make any on-the-ground exploration challenging and potentially dangerous if astronauts are met with any mission critical scenarios that they're not able to solve themselves,\" Alain Andreoli, SVP and GM of HPE's data center infrastructure group, wrote in the blog post. A computer this advanced has never run in space before, since most computing systems are not developed to survive in brutal conditions that include factors such as radiation, solar flares, micrometeoroids, unstable electrical power and irregular cooling. the software on this computer was developed to withstand these types of conditions, and its water-cooled enclosure for the hardware was created to help keep the system safe. The project, Andreoli wrote, has implications beyond what it can do for a voyage to Mars. \"The Spaceborne Computer experiment will not only show us what needs to be done to advance computing in space, it will also spark discoveries for how to improve high performance computing (HPC) on Earth and potentially have a ripple effect in other areas of technology innovation,\" Andreoli wrote. SEE: How Mark Shuttleworth became the first African in space and launched a software revolution (PDF download) The 3 big takeaways for TechRepublic readers: On Monday, a blog post by HPE announced a partnership with NASA that will send a \"Spaceborne Computer\"—a supercomputer—on a year-long experiment to the ISS. The project is intended to eventually end up on a voyage to Mars—which also takes a year—with the intention of helping astronauts perform high-level computation in space,", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00524", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00003", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Nigeria Democracy Act''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. The Congress makes the following findings: (1) The November 10, 1995, execution by hanging of Ken Saro-Wiwa and eight other Ogoni environmental activists was carried out by the Government of Nigeria after a trial that ignored the fundamental standards of legal process, and the pleas for clemency by the African and international community, as well as the United States Administration, the Chairman and ranking minority member of the Committee on International Relations of the House of Representatives, and the Chairman of the Congressional Black Caucus and the co- chairs of the Human Rights Caucus of the House of Representatives. (2) The United Nations recommended in both March and April of 1996 that the Government of Nigeria release the bodies of the Ogoni Nine for proper burial and paid compensation to the families of the deceased. (3) This heinous action followed an October 1, 1995, ambiguous statement by Nigerian military leader General Sani Abacha, that the country would be returned to civilian democratic rule in three years, and a lifting of the ban on political parties while at the same time not repealing the Treasonable Offenses Decree which allows the arrest of anyone speaking against the government. (4) General Abacha's announcement was pressured by the outrage of the international community for his March 1995 arrest and conviction to long prison terms by secret trial of some 43 persons for involvement in a so-called coup. Among those convicted and still incarcerated are former President General Olusegun Obasanjo, the only military leader in Nigeria to return power to democratic civilian rule, General Shehu Musa Yar-Adua, deputy to the President in Abaasanjo's Administration, and later, human rights activist Beko Ransome- Kuti. (5) The people of Nigeria and the international community had been led to believe that the presidential election held in Nigeria on June 12, 1993, would result in a return to full democratic civilian rule in Nigeria. (6) General Ibrahim Babangida, the head of Nigeria's military government at the time of the June 12, 1993, election interrupted the release of the election results on June 23, 1993, and later annulled the election, thereby preventing a return to civilian rule. (7) The election process indicated that", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00926", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00004", "text": "Some things to know about mass shootings: HOW IS 'MASS SHOOTING' DEFINED? There is no concrete definition of \"mass shooting.\" Most researchers who study mass shootings define it as four or more killed (excluding the shooter) in a public place. They do not count domestic violence cases that take place in the home nor do they include gang-related violence. That is also the definition used by the Congressional Research Service. tucked into a law enacted by Congress in 2013 in the immediate aftermath of the Sandy Hook school shooting in Newtown, Connecticut, to provide federal law enforcement assistance for active shooter situations was a description of mass killings as three or more killed. Some other entities include cases in which four or more people are killed or injured. ARE MASS SHOOTINGS HAPPENING MORE OFTEN? Researchers say the number of mass shootings has remained fairly steady over the past three decades with occasional fluctuations. \"Some years are worse than others and bad years tend to be followed by not so bad years,\" said James Alan Fox, a professor at Northeastern University in Boston who has been studying mass shootings since the early 1980s. he and other researchers say it does appear that mass shootings have been deadlier in recent years. Since Sandy Hook, Americans have experienced five of the 10 deadliest mass shootings in modern U.S. history — two of those happening this year alone. WHAT TYPE OF GUNS ARE USED IN MASS SHOOTINGS? Researchers say the majority of mass shootings are carried out with handguns. of the 10 deadliest mass shootings in modern U.S. history, half of them had a cache of firearms that included AR-style \"assault weapons,\" one of them included an Uzi submachine gun, and the rest used standard rifles and/or handguns. WHAT WEAPON WAS USED IN THE SANDY HOOK SHOOTING? Adam Lanza, the gunman who killed 20 children and six adults at the school in Newtown, used a Bushmaster XM15. That firearm, made by Remington Arms, is an AR-style of firearm that was designed in a way to avoid being among the firearms prohibited by the decade-long \"assault weapons\" ban. Relatives of the Sandy Hook victims allege in a lawsuit that the maker of the Bushmaster was negligent by marketing military-style weapons to young people who may be unstable and intent on inflicting mass casualties. The lawsuit against Remington Arms was dismissed because of broad immunity granted to the gun industry", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 494, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00643", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00005", "text": "Young planets embedded in their protoplanetary disk interact gravitationally with it leading to energy and angular momentum exchange. This interaction determines the evolution of the planet through changes to the orbital parameters. We investigate changes in the orbital elements of a 20 Earth--mass planet due to the torques from the disk. We focus on the non-linear evolution of initially non-vanishing eccentricity $e$ and/or inclination $i$. We treat the disk as a two- or three-dimensional viscous fluid and perform hydrodynamical simulations with an embedded planet. We find rapid exponential decay of the planet orbital eccentricity and inclination for small initial values of $e$ and $i$, in agreement with linear theory. For larger values of $e > 0.1$ the decay time increases and the decay rate scales as $\\dot{e} \\propto e^{-2}$, consistent with existing theoretical models. For large inclinations ($i$ > 6 deg) the inclination decay rate shows an identical scaling $di/dt \\propto i^{-2}$. We find an interesting dependence of the migration on the eccentricity. In a disk with aspect ratio $H/r=0.05$ the migration rate is enhanced for small non-zero eccentricities ($e < 0.1$), while for larger values we see a significant reduction by a factor of $\\sim 4$. We find no indication for a reversal of the migration for large $e$, the torque experienced by the planet becomes positive when $e \\simeq 0.3$. This inward migration is caused by the persisting energy loss of the planet. For non gap forming planets, eccentricity and inclination damping occurs on a time scale that is very much shorter than the migration time scale. The results of non linear hydrodynamic simulations are in very good agreement with linear theory for small $e$ and $i$.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 383, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00487", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00006", "text": "it is still an operational facility for adults with really serious disabilities, it is in the process of closing. But like a lot of things in Virginia, it was initially built on an enormous amount of land. And, so, a really interesting thing happened, which is that as the buildings that were originally part of the colony fell into disrepair, they were largely just moved out of — and new buildings were built on accompanying land, but those original buildings were not necessarily torn down. So the place itself is this really strange combination of functioning facility and ghost town of everything that it has been. I've never been in a place that felt more acutely haunted in my life. On how some people assume her physical disability means she also has an intellectual disability We do have a strange tendency in this country to equate any kind of disability with less intellectual capability and with even a less complete humanity. Certainly as a child and as a teenager — and even now as an adult — [I] encountered people who assumed that just because I used a wheelchair, maybe I couldn't even speak to them. I often get questions directed at people I'm with, as opposed to me, and that's a really interesting phenomenon. On the connection between poetry and theology Both poetry and theology for me are about paying attention to the world in a very intentional way, and about admitting a mystery that is bigger than anything that I rationally understand.... I think poetry has always been for me a kind of prayer. So those things feel very linked for me. And, again, poetry does feel like the first — and in some ways best — language I ever had for mystery and for my sense of what exists beyond the world we're currently living in. On how Catholicism has helped her accept her body One of the things that I find so moving about Catholicism is that it never forgets that to be a person is inherently and inescapably and necessarily to be in a body — a body that brings you pain, a body that brings you pleasure, a body that can be a barrier to thinking more completely about your life and your soul — but [that it] can also be a vehicle to delivering you into better communion with the world, with other people and to whatever divinity it is that you believe in. What Catholicism did for me, in part, is give me a framework in which to understand my body as not an accident or a punishment or a mistake, but as the body that I", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00616", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00007", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Young Americans Financial Literacy Act''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. The Congress finds as follows: (1) That 87 percent of Americans believe finance education should be taught in schools and 92 percent of K-12 teachers believe that financial education should be taught in school, but only 12 percent of teachers actually teach the subject. (2) According to a 2016 survey, 1 in 3 States require high school students to take a personal finance course, and only 5 States require high school students to take a semester long personal finance course. (3) The percentage of Americans grading themselves with an A or B in personal finance knowledge has declined from 60 percent in 2013 to 56 percent in 2016. In 2016, 75 percent of Americans admitted they could benefit from additional advice and answers to everyday financial questions from a professional. Most adults feel that their financial literacy skills are inadequate, they do not rely on anyone else to handle their finances; they feel it is important to know more but have received no financial education. (4) It is necessary to respond immediately to the pressing needs of individuals faced with the loss of their financial stability; increased attention must also be paid to financial literacy education reform and long-term solutions to prevent future personal financial disasters. (5) Research-based financial literacy education programs are needed to reach individuals at all ages and socioeconomic levels, particularly those facing unique and challenging financial situations, such as high school graduates entering the workforce, soon-to-be and recent college graduates, young families, and to address the unique needs of military personnel and their families. (6) High school and college students who are exposed to cumulative financial education show an increase in financial knowledge, which in turn drives increasingly responsible behavior as they become young adults. (7) Sixty percent of parents identify their teens as ``quick spenders'', and most acknowledge they could do a better job of teaching and preparing kids for the financial challenges of adulthood, including budgeting, saving, and investing. (8) The majority (52 percent) of young adults ages 23 through 28 consider ``making better choices about managing money'', the single most important issue for individual Americans to act on today. (9) According to the Government Accountability Office, giving Americans the information they need to make effective financial decisions can be key to their well-being and to the country's economic health", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01017", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00008", "text": "We consider the extent to which future imaging surveys of galaxies can distinguish between dark energy and modified gravity models for the origin of the cosmic acceleration. Dynamical dark energy models may have similar expansion rates as models of modified gravity, predict different growth of structure histories. We parameterize the cosmic expansion by the two parameters, $w_0$ and $w_a$, and the linear growth rate of density fluctuations by Linder's $\\gamma$, independently. Dark energy models generically predict $\\gamma \\approx 0.55$, while the DGP model $\\gamma \\approx 0.68$. To determine if future imaging surveys can constrain $\\gamma$ within 20 percent (or $\\Delta\\gamma<0.1$), we perform the Fisher matrix analysis for a weak lensing survey such as the on-going Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) project. Under the condition that the total observation time is fixed, we compute the Figure of Merit (FoM) as a function of the exposure time $\\texp$. We find that the tomography technique effectively improves the FoM, which has a broad peak around $\\texp\\simeq {\\rm several}\\sim 10$ minutes; a shallow and wide survey is preferred to constrain the $\\gamma$ parameter. While $\\Delta\\gamma < 0.1$ cannot be achieved by the HSC weak-lensing survey alone, one can improve the constraints by combining with a follow-up spectroscopic survey like WFMOS and/or future CMB observations.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 306, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00107", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00009", "text": "Context: Weak flares are supposed to be an important heating agent of the outer layers of stellar atmospheres. due to instrumental limitations, only large X-ray flares have been studied in detail until now. Aims: We used an XMM-Newton observation of the very active BY-Dra type binary star CC Eri in order to investigate the properties of two flares that are weaker than those typically studied in the literature. Methods: We performed time-resolved spectroscopy of the data taken with the EPIC-PN CCD camera. A multi-temperature model was used to fit the spectra. We inferred the size of the flaring loops using the density-temperature diagram. The loop scaling laws were applied for deriving physical parameters of the flaring plasma. We also estimated the number of loops involved in the observed flares. Results: A large X-ray variability was found. Spectral analysis showed that all the regions in the light curve, including the flare segments, are well-described by a 3-T model with variable emission measures but, surprisingly, with constant temperatures (values of 3, 10 and 22 MK). The analysed flares lasted ~ 3.4 and 7.1 ks, with flux increases of factors 1.5-1.9. They occurred in arcades made of a few tens of similar coronal loops. The size of the flaring loops is much smaller than the distance between the stellar surfaces in the binary system, and even smaller than the radius of each of the stars. The obtained results are consistent with the following ideas: (i) the whole X-ray light curve of CC Eri could be the result of a superposition of multiple low-energy flares, and (ii) stellar flares can be scaled-up versions of solar flares.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 363, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00380", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00010", "text": "WASHINGTON (AP) — The Latest on investigations into contacts between President Donald Trump's campaign and Russia. (all times local): 9:31 a.m. Rep. Adam Schiff, the top-ranking Democrat on the House Intelligence Committee, says there is nothing in a classified Republican memo on the Russia investigation that vindicates President Donald Trump. He says Rep. Devin Nunes of California, the committee chairman, is pushing a \"misleading narrative\" to undermine the FBI and special counsel Robert Mueller, who is investigating Russian meddling in the 2016 election and whether Trump's campaign was involved. Schiff says, \"This is not about the facts.\" He says Trump also incorrectly claimed to be vindicated last year when Nunes shared evidence with the White House of a \"vast unmasking conspiracy\" that allegedly involved Obama officials inappropriately making requests to uncover the identities of Trump campaign officials in intelligence reports. Schiff spoke at an event sponsored by the news site Axios. ____ 9:10 a.m. A White House spokeswoman says she is not aware that President Donald Trump has seen a classified memo on the Russia investigation that he favors releasing. Trump was overheard Tuesday night telling a Republican lawmaker he is \"100 percent\" in favor of releasing the memo. He spoke on the House floor after his first State of the Union address. Sarah Huckabee Sanders said on CNN Wednesday morning that she was not aware Trump had seen the memo, adding that he had not \"prior to and immediately after\" the address. Sanders said a legal and national security review into the memo continues. The memo purports to show improper use of surveillance by the FBI and Justice Department in the Russia investigation. It has sparked a political fight pitting Republicans against the FBI and the Justice Department. __ 2:02 a.m. The White House says it will give a controversial memo connected to the Russia election meddling probe a legal and national security check before President Donald Trump decides whether to release it. Trump was overhead at Tuesday night's State of the Union address telling a Republican lawmaker that he is \"100 percent\" in favor of releasing the memo. Television cameras captured the exchange as Trump was leaving the House chamber. Republicans say the memo reveals improper use of surveillance by the FBI and the Justice Department, a description Democrats dispute. The memo arrived at the White House on Monday after the House intelligence committee brushed aside opposition from the Justice Department and voted to release it. Under committee rules, the president has five days to object to its release.", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00800", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00011", "text": "search warrant request submitted to a judge nine days after the shooting stopped. Clark County Sheriff Joe Lombardo released a preliminary report on Jan. 19 saying police and the FBI believe Paddock acted alone before he killed himself as police closed in. It did not answer the key question: What made Paddock stockpile a cache of assault-style weapons and fire for about 10 minutes out the windows of Mandalay Bay hotel-casino into a crowd of 22,000 people. Haig's name was blacked out in the more than 270 pages of search warrant records released by a Nevada judge to The Associated Press, but remained on one page of documents provided to the Las Vegas Review-Journal. The newspaper published the name online. Clark County District Court Judge Elissa Cadish later ordered the full document not be published without redactions, but she acknowledged she couldn't order the newspaper to retract the name. Authorities previously said an unnamed person could face unspecified federal charges in shooting that also injured more than 800 other people. The warrants show that investigators found 23 rifles and a handgun in Paddock's 32nd-floor hotel suite and an adjoining room. Police also found five suitcases, five rifle cases, binoculars, a spotter scope, portable solar generator and 1,050 empty bullet casings. Police reported finding just $273 in cash in the room of the 64-year-old retired accountant who amassed a millionaire's fortune, owned homes in Reno and Mesquite, Nevada, and earned casino perks wagering thousands of dollars on high-stakes video poker. Authorities previously characterized Paddock as a gambler on a losing streak who was obsessed with cleanliness, may have been bipolar and was having difficulties with his live-in girlfriend. The name of Paddock's girlfriend, Marilou Danley, was not redacted from documents released Tuesday in response to a public records lawsuit filed by media companies including AP and the Review-Journal. Danley was in the Philippines at the time of the attack and is cooperating with investigators. She was initially considered a person of interest but authorities later said she is not likely to face criminal charges. Separately, Clark County District Court Judge Timothy Williams ruled Tuesday that the coroner in Las Vegas should release autopsy records of Paddock and the people killed by gunfire, with victims' names blacked out. Those documents were not immediately made public. County Coroner John Fudenberg later released a statement later promising victims' autopsy reports \"", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00718", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00012", "text": "Coherence and phase synchronization between time series corresponding to different spatial locations are usually interpreted as indicators of the connectivity between locations. In neurophysiology, time series of electric neuronal activity are essential for studying brain interconnectivity. Such signals can either be invasively measured from depth electrodes, or computed from very high time resolution, non-invasive, extracranial recordings of scalp electric potential differences (EEG: electroencephalogram) and magnetic fields (MEG: magnetoencephalogram) by means of a tomography such as sLORETA (standardized low resolution brain electromagnetic tomography). There are two problems in this case. First, in the usual situation of unknown cortical geometry, the estimated signal at each brain location is a vector with three components (i.e. a current density vector), which means that coherence and phase synchronization must be generalized to pairs of multivariate time series. Second, the inherent low spatial resolution of the EEG/MEG tomography introduces artificially high zero-lag coherence and phase synchronization. In this report, solutions to both problems are presented. Two additional generalizations are briefly mentioned: (1) conditional coherence and phase synchronization; and (2) non-stationary time-frequency analysis. Finally, a non-parametric randomization method for connectivity significance testing is outlined. The new connectivity measures proposed here can be applied to pairs of univariate EEG/MEG signals, as is traditional in the published literature. these calculations cannot be interpreted as connectivity, since it is in general incorrect to associate an extracranial electrode or sensor to the underlying cortex.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 323, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00335", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00013", "text": "CLEVELAND (AP) — A smiling reminder of lazy summer days. An ugly depiction of racism. Beloved by some, reviled by others. Chief Wahoo — the grinning, wide-eyed, feather-wearing logo that has divided baseball fans and even families in Cleveland — is being tossed from the game. Major League Baseball announced Monday that starting in the 2019 season, the Indians will no longer have the polarizing Wahoo logo — used by the club since 1947 — on their jersey sleeves or caps. Following discussions over the past year between Commissioner Rob Manfred and team owner Paul Dolan, the sides agreed that the cartoonish caricature is \"no longer appropriate for on-field use.\" It's being applauded as a significant step by some Native American groups, who hope the move pushes other major league franchises, like the NFL's Washington Redskins, to abolish logos or change nicknames deemed offensive. \"It's a step in the right direction,\" said Philip Yenyo, executive director of the American Indian Movement of Ohio. While Yenyo was elated when the AP informed him of Wahoo's diminishing status, he also expressed deep disappointment that the Indians will continue to wear the logo during the upcoming season and sell merchandise featuring the big-toothed emblem. \"I don't understand why they're drawing this out,\" Yenyo said. \"It doesn't make any sense to me, unless they want to continue to make what's basically blood money. Just make the leap already.\" It may be more complicated than that in Cleveland. the club won't acknowledge it publicly, there were financial reasons to consider in banning Wahoo. The team will still profit from its use by selling caps, T-shirts and others products featuring Wahoo in the Cleveland area. By maintaining the trademark, the Indians will keep control of the logo and its usage. If they surrendered the trademark, another party could use Wahoo anyway it wished. Manfred said the impetus to remove Wahoo came from MLB's commitment to \"building a culture of diversity and inclusion throughout the game.\" The Commissioner had been urging the Indians to drop the logo since 2016, when the club made its first World Series in 19 years and the national spotlight further illuminated an already touchy subject. MLB and the Indians claim that Cleveland being awarded the 2019 All-Star Game did not play into the decision, it's clear that Manfred, who has been exerting more pressure on Dolan to", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00762", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00014", "text": "ABU DHABI, United Arab Emirates (AP) — DarkMatter, a growing cybersecurity company in the United Arab Emirates that's recruited Western intelligence analysts, is stepping out of the shadows amid concerns by activists about its power and potential targets. The company's founder and CEO, Faisal al-Bannai, says DarkMatter takes part in no hacking, he acknowledges the firm's close business ties to the Emirati government, as well as its hiring of former CIA and National Security Agency analysts. Activists warn such expertise could be used to target human rights campaigners, some of whom already have been jailed in the UAE, a major U.S. ally in the Mideast. Al-Bannai told The Associated Press his company carefully chooses its clients, while leaving the ethical decisions about privacy and surveillance in wielding its powerful technology to its governmental customers, which include the Dubai police. \"Ignoring that use, in my view, would be silly,\" he said. \"I think tackling that issue and saying, 'What is the right balance,' is the right question and the one I think everyone is trying to figure out.\" Surveillance is prolific across the UAE, a federation of seven sheikhdoms on the Arabian Peninsula. Flashing cameras capture license plates of vehicles pulling into gas stations. At Dubai's Mall of the Emirates, home to an indoor ski slope, shoppers can use a kiosk to find their cars via the mall's surveillance system. Authorities say surveillance keeps the UAE safe. Surveillance footage helped authorities quickly identify the woman who stabbed an American school teacher to death at an Abu Dhabi mall in 2014. It also aided Dubai police in identifying members of what it described as an Israeli hit squad that killed an operative with the Palestinian militant Hamas group in 2010, an attack never acknowledged by Israel. For al-Bannai, whose father is a retired major general with the Dubai police, cybersecurity seemed like a good bet after he found success with his mobile phone reselling firm Axiom Telecom. He formed DarkMatter in 2015 and today, he said the company has some 650 employees. Most work out of its headquarters in the disc-shaped Aldar building along a major highway connecting Dubai and Abu Dhabi. The firm also has research-and-development centers in China, Finland and Toronto, he said. \"The only country in the region that's strong in cybersecurity is Israel,\" al-Bannai told foreign journalists who visited DarkMatter on Tuesday. \"", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00806", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00015", "text": "Relaxor ferroelectric PbMg_1/3Ta_2/3O_3 ceramics and thin films were investigated by means of broad-band dielectric, time-domain terahertz (THz) and Fourier-transform infrared (IR) spectroscopy in the frequency range 100 Hz - 90 THz at temperatures 100 - 490 K, the THz and IR spectra were studied from 20 to 900K. Diffused and strongly temperature dependent peak in the complex permittivity is caused by a dielectric relaxation due to the dynamics of polar clusters. The relaxation appears below Burns temperature T_d in the THz range, slows down on cooling through the microwave and MHz range and anomalously broadens. The shortest and longest relaxation times of the distribution of relaxation times follow Arrhenius and Vogel-Fulcher law, respectively. The degree of B-site order has only a small influence on the parameters of the dielectric relaxation and almost no influence on the phonon parameters. Below T_m ~ 180K, the distribution of relaxation frequencies becomes broader than our experimental spectral range and frequency independent dielectric losses develop below 100 GHz in the spectra. the macroscopic crystal structure is cubic, IR spectra give evidence about the lower local symmetry which can be assigned to the presence of polar clusters below T_d. Infrared spectra above T_d still reveal more modes than predicted by selection rules in the paraelectric phase of the Fm-3m space group so that we suggest selection rules which take into account chemical inhomogeneity in the beta''-perovskite sublattice.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 325, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00479", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00016", "text": "4) in subsection (e)-- (A) in paragraph (1)-- (i) by striking ``10 years'' and inserting ``a period of at least 10 years beginning on the last date on which the recipient of a contract under this section receives Federal funds under this section''; and (ii) by striking the second sentence and inserting ``The Secretary shall ensure that no Federal funds shall be obligated under any such contract after the date that is 5 years after the date on which the contract is entered into, except as provided in paragraphs (2) and (3).''; (B) in paragraph (2)-- (i) in the matter preceding subparagraph (A)-- (I) by striking ``Subject to paragraph (1)(B), the'' and inserting ``The''; and (II) by striking ``3'' and inserting ``5''; (ii) in subparagraph (A) by striking ``150,000'' and all that follows through ``and'' at the end and inserting ``the inventory goal described in subsection (a) has not been met;''; (iii) in subparagraph (B)-- (I) by inserting ``meeting the requirements under subsection (d)'' after ``receive an application for a contract under this section''; and (II) by striking ``or the Secretary'' and all that follows through the period at the end and inserting ``; or''; and (iv) by adding at the end the following: ``(C) the Secretary determines that the outstanding inventory need cannot be met by the qualified cord blood banks under contract under this section.''; and (C) by striking paragraph (3) and inserting the following: ``(3) Extension eligibility.--A qualified cord blood bank shall be eligible for a 5-year extension of a contract awarded under this section, as described in paragraph (2), provided that the qualified cord blood bank-- ``(A) demonstrates a superior ability to satisfy the requirements described in subsection (b) and achieves the overall goals for which the contract was awarded; ``(B) provides a plan for how the qualified cord blood bank will increase cord blood unit collections at collection sites that exist at the time of consideration for such extension of a contract, assist with the establishment of new collection sites, or contract with new collection sites; and ``(C) annually provides to the Secretary a plan for, and demonstrates, ongoing measurable progress toward achieving self-sufficiency of cord blood unit collection and banking operations.''; (5)", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00925", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00017", "text": "CO observations have been so far the best way to trace molecular gas in external galaxies, but at low metallicity the gas mass deduced could be largely underestimated. At present, the kinematic information of CO data cubes are used to estimate virial masses and trace the total mass of the molecular clouds. Millimeter dust emission can also be used as a dense gas tracer and could unveil H2 envelopes lacking CO. These different tracers must be compared in different environments. This study compares virial masses to masses deduced from millimeter emission, in two GMC samples: the local molecular clouds in our Galaxy and their equivalents in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), one of the nearest low metallicity dwarf galaxy. In our Galaxy, mass estimates deduced from millimeter emission are consistent with masses deduced from gamma ray analysis and trace the total mass of the clouds. Virial masses are systematically larger (twice on average) than mass estimates from millimeter dust emission. This difference decreases toward high masses and has already been reported in previous studies. In the SMC molecular cloud masses deduced from SIMBA millimeter observations are systematically higher (twice on average for conservative values of the dust to gas ratio and dust emissivity) than the virial masses from SEST CO observations. The observed excess can not be accounted for by any plausible change of dust properties. Taking a general form for the virial theorem, we show that a magnetic field strength of ~15 micro Gauss in SMC clouds could provide additional support to the clouds and explain the difference observed. Masses of SMC molecular clouds have therefore been underestimated so far. Magnetic pressure may contribute significantly to their support.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 337, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00121", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00018", "text": "NEW YORK (AP) — The actors from HBO's limited series \"Big Little Lies\" will have quite an internal competition at the Golden Globes next month. Powerhouse actresses Nicole Kidman and Reese Witherspoon are both nominated for best actress for a limited TV series, while colleagues Laura Dern, Shailene Woodley and Alexander Skarsgard are up for supporting awards. The Globes announced their television nominations on Monday, and the HBO series led the way with six nods. The Globes offered 32 nominations for programs from cable networks, led by HBO's dozen. Streaming services had 15 nominations, with Netflix on top with nine. The only broadcast networks with nominations were NBC, with five, and ABC, with three. CBS, the most-watched network on television, was shut out. While the Fox network also came up empty, its cable cousin FX was second only to HBO among the cable networks with eight nominations. They include Jessica Lange and Susan Sarandon, stars of \"Feud: Bette and Joan.\" Netflix's \"The Crown\" and \"Stranger Things\" are both up for best drama series. HBO's \"Game of Thrones\" and Hulu's \"The Handmaid's Tale\" are also up for best drama, with NBC's \"This is Us\" carrying the flag for broadcast television. \"The Good Doctor,\" ABC's series about an autistic doctor and the biggest new broadcast hit, didn't land in the top five, lead actor Freddie Highmore will compete for best drama actor. \"Veep\" and star Julia Louis-Dreyfus are used to picking up fistfuls of Emmy awards, but they can stay home on Golden Globes night — one of the most notable snubs in the comedy category. In a retro touch, NBC's reboot of \"Will & Grace\" was nominated for best comedy or musical, with star Eric McCormack earning a nod for best actor. ABC's \"black-ish\" and star Anthony Anderson will be among the competition. Netflix's \"Master of None\" and Showtime's \"Smilf\" will also compete for best comedy, along with one relative surprise contender in Amazon's \"The Amazing Mrs. Maisel,\" about a housewife turned comic from \"Gilmore Girls\" creator Amy Sherman-Palladino. Globe voters may be looking to lift the series from obscurity, since \"Maisel\" star Rachel Brosnahan was also nominated. Along with Highmore, best drama actor", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00808", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00019", "text": "way in which Pakistan was created and the very purpose which it was supposed to serve of being a Muslim state,\" he says. \"By its very definition, it has already singled out a community in opposition to another one,\" he says, referring to Muslims and Hindus. \"And it's very easy for that community to be to be narrowed further.\" Over the decades, he argues, the narrowing has been exacerbated by the military, Pakistan's most powerful institution, which cultivated hard-line Islamists to wage a jihad in the disputed region of Kashmir, among other things. This has given right-wing religious groups outsize influence. \"never having won an election,\" Rehman says, \"they are nonetheless able to dictate the narrative in the country because of the support that they have from the military establishment.\" Perhaps none have suffered more than members of a small Muslim sect, known as Ahmadis, whose beliefs clash with the dominant Sunni version of Islam. They played a key role in founding Pakistan. They are a community of over-achievers: An Ahmadi physicist, Abdus Salam, received one of only two Nobel prizes awarded to Pakistanis. But the state declared Ahmadis as heretics via a constitutional amendment in the 1970s and restricted their rights further in the 1980s. They're not allowed to call themselves Muslims, and can't refer to their houses of worship as mosques. Over the years, militants have attacked their mosques and targeted them in killings. In a leafy suburb near Lahore, the Khans live in a two-story home behind a high gate that's firmly bolted. Mrs. Khan stands on the balcony every morning, waiting for her husband to return from prayers at their local mosque. She's terrified that somebody will kill him. \"We are frightened,\" she says. \"For the life.\" (Her first name isn't being published out of concern for the family's safety.) Most of her family already fled overseas. So far, Mrs. Khan insists on staying. She runs a clinic that dispenses free medicine to her poorer neighbors. \"If I go, the people will suffer,\" she says. She doesn't want to \"just sit and eat\" in exile. \"This is not the meaning of life.\" She's also worried about her nephew. Twice, somebody threw a note into his house warning him to convert to Sunni Islam — or die. He hides out here when he's afraid. He repeatedly tried to flee Pakistan – but", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00613", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00020", "text": ", is the individual responsible for the compliance of the State or unit of local government, respectively, with the registry requirements under this subparagraph; or ``(II) the designee of such officer may fulfill the responsibility described in subclause (II) so long as such designee is an employee of the State or unit of local government, respectively, and is not an employee of any governmental laboratory or non- governmental vendor laboratory. ``(3) Extension of initial deadline.--The Attorney General may grant an extension of the deadline under paragraph (2)(B)(i) to a State or unit of local government that demonstrates that more time is required for compliance with such paragraph. ``(4) Samples exempt from registry requirement.--A State or unit of local government is not required under paragraph (2) to enter into the Registry described in such paragraph information with respect to a sample of sexual assault evidence if-- ``(A) the sample is not considered criminal evidence (such as a sample collected anonymously from a victim who is unwilling to make a criminal complaint); or ``(B) the sample relates to a sexual assault for which the prosecution of each perpetrator is barred by a statute of limitations. ``(5) Definitions.--In this subsection: ``(A) Awaiting testing.--The term `awaiting testing' means, with respect to a sample of sexual assault evidence, that-- ``(i) the sample has been collected and is in the possession of a State or unit of local government; ``(ii) DNA and other appropriate forensic analyses have not been performed on such sample; and ``(iii) the sample is related to a criminal case or investigation in which final disposition has not been reached. ``(B) Final disposition.--The term `final disposition' means, with respect to a criminal case or investigation to which a sample of sexual assault evidence relates-- ``(i) the conviction or acquittal of all suspected perpetrators of the crime involved; ``(ii) a determination by the State or unit of local government in possession of the sample that the case is unfounded; or ``(iii) a declaration by the victim of the crime involved that the act constituting the basis of the crime was not committed. ``(C) Possession.-- ``(i) In general.--The term `possession', used with respect to possession of a sample of sexual assault evidence by a State or unit of local government, includes possession by an individual who is acting as an agent of the State or unit of local government for the collection of the sample. ``(ii", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00848", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00021", "text": "left knee while diving into the end zone for a touchdown that was called back because of a holding penalty. Wentz is scheduled to have an MRI on Monday to evaluate the severity of the injury. Two people familiar with the injury told Associated Press that Wentz tore his ACL and would be out for the season. The people did not want their names used because they were not authorized to discuss the injury. Other QBs hurt Sunday were Marcus Mariota of the Titans (knee) and Josh McCown of the Jets (hand). BIG BEN: Ben Roethlisberger became the first quarterback to throw for 500 yards in three games and the Steelers, after squandering an early 14-point lead, rallied from 11 down for a 39-38 win over Baltimore. Roethlisberger's numbers: 44 for 66 for 506 yards and two touchdowns. Roethlisberger's previous 500-yard games came in 2014 (522 yards vs. Colts) and 2009 (503 vs. Packers). SNOW DAY: Snowball fight! On a day like this, Bills linebacker Ryan Davis could hardly resist. Davis scooped up handfuls of the white stuff and started pelting teammates to celebrate a sack. It was one of dozens of must-see moments from Buffalo's 13-7 overtime win over Indianapolis that will be remembered for one thing: snow. Fans built snowmen in the stands, players did snow angels on the field and all 11 members of the Colts special teams — plus some sideline personnel who were later removed from the field by officials — had to kick away piles of ankle-high snow to clear a spot for Adam Vinatieri to try the game-tying extra point late in the fourth quarter. WALK-OFF WIN: Davante Adams closed out Green Bay's comeback win over the Browns in style. After catching the pass from Brett Hundley and spinning away, he scooted into the end zone, then kept right on running into the tunnel. Final score: Green Bay 27, Cleveland 21. It was Green Bay's second straight overtime win and it kept the Packers alive in the playoff hunt, at 7-6, with Aaron Rodgers rounding into health and possibly available to return next week. Oh, and poor Cleveland found another way to lose. The Browns led 21-7 with 13 minutes left, but fell to 0-13. FINE TIME: The NFL might be getting into", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00655", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00022", "text": "threshold. Since lead was banned in paint and phased out of gasoline nearly 40 years ago, average childhood blood lead levels have fallen more than 90 percent. The average is now around 1 microgram per deciliter. progress has been uneven, and lead poisoning remains an urgent problem in many U.S. communities. A Reuters investigation published this month found nearly 3,000 areas with recently recorded lead poisoning rates of at least 10 percent, or double those in Flint, Michigan, during that city's water crisis. More than 1,100 of these communities had a rate of elevated blood tests at least four times higher than in Flint. In the worst-affected urban areas, up to 50 percent of children tested in recent years had elevated lead levels. The CDC has estimated that as many as 500,000 U.S. children have lead levels at or above the current threshold. The agency encourages \"case management\" for these children, which is often carried out by state or local health departments and can involve educating families about lead safety, ordering more blood tests, home inspections or remediation. Any change in the threshold level carries financial implications. The CDC budget for assisting states with lead safety programs this year was just $17 million, and many state or local health departments are understaffed to treat children who test high. Another concern: Many lead testing devices or labs currently have trouble identifying blood lead levels in the 3 micrograms per deciliter range. Test results can have margins of error. \"You could get false positives and false negatives,\" said Rad Cunningham, an epidemiologist with the Washington State Department of Health. \"It's just not very sensitive in that range.\" The CDC doesn't hold regulatory power, leaving states to make their own decisions on how to proceed. Many have to adapt their lead poisoning prevention programs to the last reference change, implemented four years ago, when the level dropped from 10 to 5 micrograms per deciliter. Other states, including Virginia and Maine, made changes this year. The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development is close to adopting a rule requiring an environmental inspection—and lead cleanup if hazards are found—in any public housing units where a young child tests at or above the CDC threshold. If the CDC urges public health action under a new threshold, HUD said it will follow through. \"The only thing that will affect our policy is the CDC recommendation for environmental intervention,\" said Dr. Warren Friedman, with", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00588", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00023", "text": "We conjecture that the set of all Hilbert functions of (artinian) level algebras enjoys a very natural form of regularity, which we call the {\\em Interval Conjecture} (IC): If, for some positive integer $\\alpha $, $(1,h_1,...,h_i,...,h_e)$ and $(1,h_1,...,h_i+\\alpha ,...,h_e)$ are both level $h$-vectors, then $(1,h_1,...,h_i+\\beta ,...,h_e)$ is also level for each integer $\\beta =0,1,..., \\alpha .$ In the Gorenstein case, i.e. when $h_e=1$, we also supply the {\\em Gorenstein Interval Conjecture} (GIC), which naturally generalizes the IC, and basically states that the same property simultaneously holds for any two symmetric entries, say $h_i$ and $h_{e-i}$, of a Gorenstein $h$-vector. These conjectures are inspired by the research performed in this area over the last few years. A series of recent results seems to indicate that it will be nearly impossible to characterize explicitly the sets of all Gorenstein or of all level Hilbert functions. Therefore, our conjectures would at least provide the existence of a very strong - and natural - form of order in the structure of such important and complicated sets. We are still far from proving the conjectures at this point. we will already solve a few interesting cases, especially when it comes to the IC, in this paper. Among them, that of Gorenstein $h$-vectors of socle degree 4, that of level $h$-vectors of socle degree 2, and that of non-unimodal level $h$-vectors of socle degree 3 and any given codimension.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 388, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00171", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00024", "text": "From observations of almost 500 RGB stars in 29 Galactic open and globular clusters, we have investigated the behaviour of the infrared Ca II triplet (8498, 8542 and 8662 \\AA) in the age range 13$\\leq$Age/Gyr$\\leq$0.25 and the metallicity range $-2.2\\leq$ [Fe/H] $\\leq$+0.47. These are the widest ranges of ages and metallicities in which the behaviour of the Ca II triplet lines has been investigated in a homogeneous way. We report the first empirical study of the variation of the CaII triplet lines strength, for given metallicities, with respect to luminosity. We find that the sequence defined by each cluster in the Luminosity-$\\Sigma$Ca plane is not exactly linear. when only stars in a small magnitude interval are observed, the sequences can be considered as linear. We have studied the the Ca II triplet lines on three metallicities scales. While a linear correlation between the reduced equivalent width ($W'_V$ or $W'_I$) versus metallicity is found in the \\citet{cg97} and \\citet{ki03} scales, a second order term needs to be added when the \\citet{zw84} scale is adopted. We investigate the role of age from the wide range of ages covered by our sample. We find that age has a weak influence on the final relationship. Finally, the relationship derived here is used to estimate the metallicities of three poorly studied open clusters: Berkeley 39, Trumpler 5 and Collinder 110. For the latter, the metallicity derived here is the first spectroscopic estimate available.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 353, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00241", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00025", "text": "Employing Big Bear Solar Observatory (BBSO) deep magnetograms and H${\\alpha}$ images in a quiet region and a coronal hole, observed on September 14 and 16, 2004, respectively, we have explored the magnetic flux emergence, disappearance and distribution in the two regions. The following results are obtained: (1) The evolution of magnetic flux in the quiet region is much faster than that in the coronal hole, as the flux appeared in the form of ephemeral regions in the quiet region is 4.3 times as large as that in the coronal hole, and the flux disappeared in the form of flux cancellation, 2.9 times as fast as in the coronal hole. (2) More magnetic elements with opposite polarities in the quiet region are connected by arch filaments, estimating from magnetograms and H${\\alpha}$ images. (3) We measured the magnetic flux of about 1000 magnetic elements in each observing region. The flux distribution of network and intranetwork (IN) elements is similar in both polarities in the quiet region. For network fields in the coronal hole, the number of negative elements is much more than that of positive elements. for the IN fields, the number of positive elements is much more than that of negative elements. (4) In the coronal hole, the fraction of negative flux change obviously with different threshold flux density. 73% of the magnetic fields with flux density larger than 2 Gauss is negative polarity, and 95% of the magnetic fields is negative, if we only measure the fields with their flux density larger than 20 Gauss. Our results display that in a coronal hole, stronger fields is occupied by one predominant polarity; the majority of weaker fields, occupied by the other polarity.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 365, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00164", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00026", "text": "Using galaxy samples drawn from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and the DEEP2 Galaxy Redshift Survey, we study the relationship between star formation and environment at z ~ 0.1 and z ~ 1. We estimate the total star-formation rate (SFR) and specific star-formation rate (sSFR) for each galaxy according to the measured [O II] nebular line luminosity, corrected using empirical calibrations to match more robust SFR indicators. Echoing previous results, we find that in the local Universe star formation depends on environment such that galaxies in regions of higher overdensity, on average, have lower star-formation rates and longer star-formation timescales than their counterparts in lower-density regions. At z ~ 1, we show that the relationship between specific SFR and environment mirrors that found locally. we discover that the relationship between total SFR and overdensity at z ~ 1 is inverted relative to the local relation. This observed evolution in the SFR-density relation is driven, in part, by a population of bright, blue galaxies in dense environments at z ~ 1. This population, which lacks a counterpart at z ~ 0, is thought to evolve into members of the red sequence from z ~ 1 to z ~ 0. Finally, we conclude that environment does not play a dominant role in the cosmic star-formation history at z < 1: the dependence of the mean galaxy SFR on local galaxy density at constant redshift is small compared to the decline in the global SFR space density over the last 7 Gyr.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 322, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00401", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00027", "text": "SECTION 1. FINDINGS. The Congress makes the following findings: (1) Ensuring secure access to energy is in the highest national security interests of the United States. (2) Without secure access to oil supplies, the United States economy, which depends heavily on oil for transportation, could be severely affected. Two-thirds of the oil used in the United States is consumed by the transportation sector. Passenger vehicles alone account for 40 percent of United States oil use. (3) In the year 2000, the United States imported 58 percent of its oil needs, 45 percent of which came from Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) nations. (4) Over the next 20 years, according to the Energy Information Administration, the United States's demand for oil is projected to increase by 33 percent. (5) In 1973 OPEC placed an embargo on sales of oil to the United States, creating severe oil shortages and driving up oil prices in the United States. OPEC's action was a major factor in the recession which followed shortly thereafter. (6) Under the ``Carter Doctrine'', announced by President Carter in 1980, ``An attempt by any outside forces to gain control of the Persian Gulf region will be regarded as an assault on the vital interests of the United States of America, and such an assault will be repelled by any means necessary, including military force.''. (7) Following the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990, the United States sent more than 500,000 troops to the Persian Gulf to expel the Iraqi troops, liberate Kuwait, protect Saudi Arabia, and ensure access to Persian Gulf oil. (8) As of March 19, 2003, the United States is on the verge of fighting another war against Iraq to further ensure access to vital oil supplies. (9) Many major oil producing nations do not share United States values of democracy, freedom of expression, thought, and religion, and equality for women. (10) During the Afghanistan conflict and the war on terrorism, many oil producing nations did not openly support the United States campaign to end the terror, and many of the terrorists of September 11 came from major OPEC nations. (11) It is in the highest national security interests of the United States to substantially reduce our dependence on oil as soon as possible, to secure our access to oil supplies, and to reduce our dependence on nations which do not share our", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01076", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00028", "text": "Agencies, Bhopal Congress MP and ex-Union minister Jyotiraditya Scindia will sit on a ‘satyagraha’ in the Madhya Pradesh capital tomorrow in the support of farmers’ demand. Mr Scindia’s ‘satyagraha’ comes in the wake of Chief Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan’s fast for restoration of peace in t he state. “Necessary arrangements for the ‘satyagraha’ have been completed at the Dussehra Ground here. Besides Mr Scindia, Leader of the Opposition Ajay Singh and the Congress’ state chief Arun Yadav would take part in the ‘satyagraha’. People from across the state would place their views during the ‘satyagraha’,” the Congress’ state spokesperson JP Dhaopiya said. Asked whether the party intended to bring the deceased peasants’ kin at the ‘satyagraha’ venue, he said Mr Scindia has gone to meet them in Mandsaur. Therefore, there is no plan to call them here. Mr Scindia was on his way to meet the deceased ryots’ family members. the district administration has not provided him requisite permission. “Madhya Pradesh’s farmers were agitating over their demands from June 1. On June 6, six peasants were killed in police firing in Mandsaur. Leader of the Opposition Ajay Singh and I rushed from Dindori to Mandsaur but were not allowed to meet the peasants. Likewise, Congress Vice-President Rahul Gandhi tried to reach Mandsaur but was prevented,” Mr Yadav told media here.", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 333, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00633", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00029", "text": "The longitudinal and transversal spin decoherence times, $T_1$ and $T_2$, in semiconductor quantum dots are investigated from equation-of-motion approach for different magnetic fields, quantum dot sizes, and temperatures. Various mechanisms, such as the hyperfine interaction with the surrounding nuclei, the Dresselhaus spin-orbit coupling together with the electron--bulk-phonon interaction, the $g$-factor fluctuations, the direct spin-phonon coupling due to the phonon-induced strain, and the coaction of the electron--bulk/surface-phonon interaction together with the hyperfine interaction are included. The relative contributions from these spin decoherence mechanisms are compared in detail. In our calculation, the spin-orbit coupling is included in each mechanism and is shown to have marked effect in most cases. The equation-of-motion approach is applied in studying both the spin relaxation time $T_1$ and the spin dephasing time $T_2$, either in Markovian or in non-Markovian limit. When many levels are involved at finite temperature, we demonstrate how to obtain the spin relaxation time from the Fermi Golden rule in the limit of weak spin-orbit coupling. at high temperature and/or for large spin-orbit coupling, one has to use the equation-of-motion approach when many levels are involved. Moreover, spin dephasing can be much more efficient than spin relaxation at high temperature, though the two only differs by a factor of two at low temperature.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 302, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00004", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00030", "text": "House Bill 1366, which relates to the way oil tax revenue is distributed to cities, counties and schools in the Bakken, failed with a 37-54 vote. House Majority Leader Al Carlson, R-Fargo, urged lawmakers to vote no to the bill, emphasizing that it would be better to address funding for oil-impacted areas after the March revenue forecast is released. \"A no vote doesn't mean you're against the west,\" Carlson said. Rep. Gary Sukut, R-Williston, the primary sponsor of the bill, said communities in the Bakken rely on oil tax revenue to pay for expanded law enforcement facilities, new water plants and other infrastructure they added to meet unprecedented growth spurred by oil development. Officials from so-called Bakken hub cities of Dickinson, Williston and Minot, as well as smaller communities in the Oil Patch, testified during a hearing on the bill that the funding is essential so they can continue making debt payments. Initially the bill had a $33.5 million fiscal impact to keep the communities receiving the same amount of funding they received last biennium. The bill was amended to have a $7.65 million fiscal impact. In addition, the bill includes funding for airports in Williston and Dickinson and other oil impact grant funding that was approved during the last session but has not been delivered due to budget shortfalls. Several legislators from western North Dakota spoke in favor of the bill. \"Many people feel that things are dead or dying in western North Dakota, but it couldn't be further from the truth,\" said Rep. Denton Zubke, R-Watford City. Carlson and other legislators said they'll discuss funding for western North Dakota again in a different budget after they have an updated picture of the revenue forecast. \"It does not need to be decided today. It needs to be decided in the second half,\" Carlson said.", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 381, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00581", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00031", "text": "Starting from the Liouville equation, we derive the exact hierarchy of equations satisfied by the reduced distribution functions of the single species point vortex gas in two dimensions. Considering an expansion of the solution in powers of 1/N in a proper thermodynamic limit $N\\to +\\infty$, and neglecting some collective effects, we derive a kinetic equation satisfied by the smooth vorticity field which is valid at order $O(1/N)$. This equation was obtained previously [P.H. Chavanis, Phys. Rev. E, 64, 026309 (2001)] from a more abstract projection operator formalism. If we consider axisymmetric flows and make a markovian approximation, we obtain a simpler kinetic equation which can be studied in great detail. We discuss the properties of these kinetic equations in regard to the $H$-theorem and the convergence (or not) towards the statistical equilibrium state. We also study the growth of correlations by explicitly calculating the time evolution of the two-body correlation function in the linear regime. In a second part of the paper, we consider the relaxation of a test vortex in a bath of field vortices and obtain the Fokker-Planck equation by directly calculating the second (diffusion) and first (drift) moments of the increment of position of the test vortex. A specificity of our approach is to obtain general equations, with a clear physical meaning, that are valid for flows that are not necessarily axisymmetric and that take into account non-Markovian effects. A limitations of our approach, is that it ignores collective effects.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 324, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00148", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00032", "text": "We present optical and near-infrared light curves of SN 2001el from 310 to 445 days past maximum light, obtained with the Very Large Telescope. The late-time optical (UBVRI) light curves decay in a nearly linear fashion with decay time scales of 1.43\\pm0.14, 1.43\\pm0.06, 1.48\\pm0.06, 1.45\\pm0.07, and 1.03\\pm0.07 magnitudes (per hundred days) in the U, B, V, R and I bands, respectively. in the near-infrared (JHKs) bands the time evolution of the flux appears to be nearly constant at these epochs. We measure decline rates (per hundred days) of 0.19\\pm0.10 and 0.17\\pm0.11 magnitudes in the J and H bands, respectively. We construct a UVOIR light curve, and find that the late-time luminosity has a decay time scale nearly consistent with complete depostion of positron kinetic energy. The late-time light curves of the normal type Ia SN 2001el demonstrate the increased importance of the near-infrared contribution. This was previously observed in the peculiar SN 2000cx, and the results for SN 2001el thus ensure that the conclusions previously based on a single peculiar event are applicable to normal type Ia supernovae. The measured late-time UVOIR decline rate suggests that a majority of the positrons are trapped within the ejecta. This results does not favor the predictions of a weak and/or radially combed magnetic field configuration.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 344, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00212", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00033", "text": "of title 49, United States Code, is amended-- (1) in subsection (a)-- (A) in paragraph (2)(A), by striking ``, and the Sherman Act (15 U.S.C. 1 et seq.),'' and all that follows through ``or carrying out the agreement'' in the third sentence; (B) in paragraph (4)-- (i) by striking the second sentence; and (ii) by striking ``the'' in the third sentence and inserting ``The''; and (C) in paragraph (5)(A), by striking ``, and the antitrust laws set forth in paragraph (2) of this subsection do not apply to parties and other persons with respect to making or carrying out the agreement''; and (2) by striking subsection (e) and inserting the following: ``(e) Application of Antitrust Laws.-- ``(1) In general.--Nothing in this section exempts a proposed agreement described in subsection (a) from the application of the Sherman Act (15 U.S.C. 1 et seq.), the Clayton Act (15 U.S.C. 12, 14 et seq.), the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.), section 73 or 74 of the Wilson Tariff Act (15 U.S.C. 8 and 9), or the Act of June 19, 1936 (15 U.S.C. 13, 13a, 13b, 21a). ``(2) Antitrust analysis to consider impact.--In reviewing any such proposed agreement for the purpose of any provision of law described in paragraph (1), the Board shall take into account, among any other considerations, the impact of the proposed agreement on shippers, on consumers, and on affected communities.''. (b) Combinations.--Section 11321 of title 49, United States Code, is amended-- (1) in subsection (a)-- (A) by striking ``The authority'' in the first sentence and inserting ``Except as provided in sections 4 (15 U.S.C. 15), 4C (15 U.S.C. 15c), section 15 (15 U.S.C. 25), and section 16 (15 U.S.C. 26) of the Clayton Act (15 U.S.C. 21(a)), the authority''; and (B) by striking ``is exempt from the antitrust laws and", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00916", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00034", "text": "Topological quantum computation has recently emerged as one of the most exciting approaches to constructing a fault-tolerant quantum computer. The proposal relies on the existence of topological states of matter whose quasiparticle excitations are neither bosons nor fermions, but are particles known as {\\it Non-Abelian anyons}, meaning that they obey {\\it non-Abelian braiding statistics}. Quantum information is stored in states with multiple quasiparticles, which have a topological degeneracy. The unitary gate operations which are necessary for quantum computation are carried out by braiding quasiparticles, and then measuring the multi-quasiparticle states. The fault-tolerance of a topological quantum computer arises from the non-local encoding of the states of the quasiparticles, which makes them immune to errors caused by local perturbations. To date, the only such topological states thought to have been found in nature are fractional quantum Hall states, most prominently the \\nu=5/2 state, several other prospective candidates have been proposed in systems as disparate as ultra-cold atoms in optical lattices and thin film superconductors. In this review article, we describe current research in this field, focusing on the general theoretical concepts of non-Abelian statistics as it relates to topological quantum computation, on understanding non-Abelian quantum Hall states, on proposed experiments to detect non-Abelian anyons, and on proposed architectures for a topological quantum computer. We address both the mathematical underpinnings of topological quantum computation and the physics of the subject using the \\nu=5/2 fractional quantum Hall state as the archetype of a non-Abelian topological state enabling fault-tolerant quantum computation.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 353, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00474", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00035", "text": ") Adult day programs can offer services, including medical care, rehabilitation therapies, dignified assistance with the activities of daily living, nutrition therapy, health monitoring, social interaction, stimulating activities, and transportation to seniors, people with disabilities, and younger adults with chronic diseases. (8) Adult day programs geared toward people living with neurological diseases or conditions such as MS, Parkinson's disease, TBI, or other similar diseases or conditions provide an important response to the needs of people living with these conditions and their family caregivers. Adult day programs can help to ameliorate symptoms, reduce dependency, provide important socialization opportunities, and maintain quality of life. (9) Adult day programs have been shown to provide a range of documented benefits including improvements in functional status, social support, and reductions in fatigue, depression and pain. Adult day programs also reduce ongoing medical care and hospital costs and decrease admissions to nursing home facilities, which can be costly for many families, by allowing individuals to receive health and social services while continuing to live at home. (10) There are currently few adult day programs focused on younger adult populations in the United States. young people living with neurological diseases or conditions may be able to access existing adult day programs, such programs are not typically intended for younger adults living with chronic diseases or conditions, and may not provide the appropriate services to meet the age-related or disability status of these individuals. SEC. 3. ESTABLISHMENT OF ADULT DAY PROGRAMS. (a) Survey of Existing Adult Day Programs.-- (1) In general.--Not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this section, the Assistant Secretary for Aging shall initiate a comprehensive survey of current adult day programs that provide care and support to individuals including young adults living with neurological diseases or conditions such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, traumatic brain injury, or any similar disease or condition. (2) Survey elements.--In carrying out the survey under paragraph (1), the Assistant Secretary for Aging may utilize existing publicly available research on adult day programs, and shall-- (A) identify ongoing successful adult day programs, including by providing a brief description of how such programs were initially established and funded; (B) identify which adult day programs are serving young adults living with neurological diseases or conditions; (C) develop a set of best practices to help guide the establishment and replication of additional successful adult day programs, including-- (i) program guidelines; (ii) recommendations on the scope of services that", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01082", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00036", "text": "with particular consideration given to reducing class size in the early elementary grades for which some research has shown class size reduction is most effective. ``(2) Permissible uses.-- ``(A) In general.--Each such local educational agency may use funds made available under this section for-- ``(i) recruiting (including through the use of signing bonuses, and other financial incentives), hiring, and training fully qualified regular and special education teachers (which may include hiring special education teachers to team-teach with regular teachers in classrooms that contain both children with disabilities and non-disabled children) and teachers of special needs children; ``(ii) testing new teachers for academic content knowledge, and to meet State certification or licensing requirements that are consistent with title II of the Higher Education Act of 1965; and ``(iii) providing professional development (which may include such activities as promoting retention and mentoring) for teachers, including special education teachers and teachers of special needs children, in order to meet the goal of ensuring that all teachers have the general knowledge, teaching skills, and subject matter knowledge necessary to teach effectively in the content areas in which the teachers teach, consistent with title II of the Higher Education Act of 1965. ``(B) Limitation on testing and professional development.-- ``(i) In general.--Except as provided in clause (ii), a local educational agency may use not more than a total of 25 percent of the funds received by the agency under this section for activities described in clauses (ii) and (iii) of subparagraph (A). ``(ii) Special rule.--A local educational agency may use more than 25 percent of the funds the agency receives under this section for activities described in subparagraph (A)(iii) for the purpose of helping teachers who are not fully qualified in attaining full qualification if 10 percent or more of the elementary school classes in a school are taught by individuals who are not fully qualified teachers or the State educational agency has waived State certification or licensing requirements for 10 percent or more of such teachers. ``(C) Use of funds by agencies that have reduced class size.--Notwithstanding subparagraph (B), a local educational agency that has already reduced class size in the early elementary grades to 18 or fewer children (or has already reduced class size to a State or local class size reduction goal that was in effect on November 28, 1999 if that goal is 20 or fewer children) may use funds received under this section-- ``(i) to make further class size reductions in", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01060", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00037", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Women's Preventive Health Awareness Campaign''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. Congress makes the following findings: (1) Well-woman visits are the foundation on which women's preventive care is built. Such visits include not only specific screening tests, but also a medical history, physical examination, evaluation and counseling, and, as indicated, vaccinations. (2) Over the past 20 years, it has become clear that ``one size does not fit all'' when it comes to prevention. a 30-year-old woman without risk factors for cervical cancer may only need a Pap test with HPV co-testing every 5 years, the same woman would need more frequent screening if she were infected with HIV or had a history of cervical cancer precursors. (3) It is only after taking a medical history and evaluating and counseling a patient that a physician can make patient-specific recommendations for screening tests, vaccinations, preventive medications, and other preventive services. (4) Well-woman visits facilitate increased access to health care that is shown to identify chronic disease risk factors, promote well-being, and decrease the likelihood or delay the onset of a targeted disease or condition. (5) Heart disease, stroke, and other cardiovascular diseases are the number one cause of death in American women, claiming over 400,000 lives each year, or nearly one death each minute. (6) Women are less likely than men to receive aggressive diagnosis and treatment for cardiovascular diseases. (7) Women are more likely than men to have forgone needed health care due to cost. (8) Between 2002 and 2010, screening mammography rates among women in the United States who were 50 years of age to 64 years of age declined from about 79 percent to 73 percent. (9) In 2009, only 53 percent of 18- to 64-year-olds in the United States reported having ever received an HIV test. (10) The proportion of women in the United States 22 years of age to 30 years of age who reported never having had a Pap test increased from 6.6 percent in 2000 to 9.0 percent in 2010 current recommendations that they receive a Pap test every three years. (11) In 2007, 29.3 percent of women in the United States delivering a live birth did not receive any prenatal care in the", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00846", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00038", "text": "for widespread human rights abuses, including killings and the diversion of food supplies resulting in the displacement of thousands of persons.'' (11) In June 2007, in response to this violence, including the deadly April 2007 attacks on a Chinese oil exploration site in the Ogaden and at a May 2007 political rally, the Prime Minister of Ethiopia, Meles Zenawi, announced that the Government of Ethiopia was launching a ``political and military operation to contain the activities of the ONLF,'' which, according to credible reports, has resulted in the displacement of thousands of civilians to government-designated ``protection zones,'' while thousands more have fled across Ethiopia's borders. (12) the Government of Ethiopia has legitimate security concerns in the Ogaden, and, according to the Department of State's 2007 Country Report on Terrorism, ``Ethiopian forces [also] countered Somali-based extremists who attempted to conduct attacks inside Ethiopia,'' a number of credible media accounts, human rights organizations, and humanitarian agencies have documented the ENDF's unjustifiably brutal tactics against its own citizens there, as has been previously been reported in other regions of the country including Oromiya, Amhara, and Gambella. (13) In May 2008, the Government of Ethiopia circulated a draft law that claims to be a tool to enhance the transparency and accountability of civil society organizations, but if enacted, is instead likely to create a complex web of onerous bureaucratic hurdles, draconian criminal penalties, and intrusive powers of surveillance that would further decrease the political space available for civil society activities. SEC. 3. STATEMENT OF POLICY. It is the policy of the United States-- (1) to support the efforts by the people and Government of Ethiopia-- (A) to achieve a participatory multiparty democracy, an active and unhindered civil society, rule of law and accountability, judicial capacity and independence, freedom of the press, respect for human rights, and economic development; and (B) to combat extremism and terrorism in their country and the region; (2) to promote stability, democracy, accountability, social and economic development, human and political rights, humanitarian assistance, the rule of law and accountability, and counterterrorism efforts in Ethiopia and the wider Horn of Africa; (3) to seek the unconditional release of all political prisoners and prisoners of conscience in Ethiopia; (4) to prohibit United States funding to any unit of the Ethiopian security forces if there is credible", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00967", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00039", "text": "Jan. 8 that he felt \"resentment\" about Ragbir's previously scheduled check-in on March 9. She said Mechkowski told her that he had heard statements that Ragbir had made to the press and that he continues to see him at prayer vigils outside his Manhattan office. She said he also expressed anger that elected officials accompanied Ragbir to his check-ins, and he asked why lawyers bother to include so many letters from the community in efforts to keep Ragbir in the country. Assistant U.S. Attorney Brandon Waterman labeled the claim that Ragbir was targeted as \"pure speculation\" and said the government had seen no evidence in support of that contention. In a statement, ICE said it \"does not target unlawfully present aliens for arrest based on advocacy positions they hold or in retaliation for critical comments they make. Any suggestion to the contrary is irresponsible, speculative and inaccurate.\" Immigrants and their advocates have been claiming in recent weeks that ICE is targeting those who speak out against detention and deportation, pointing to Ragbir and his group's co-founder, Jean Montrevil, who was deported to Haiti a couple of weeks ago. They also cite cases like that of Eliseo Jurado, the detained husband of an immigrant woman who is an activist and has claimed sanctuary from deportation in a church, and Maru Mora Villalpando, an activist and citizen of Mexico living in Bellingham, Washington, who said she got a letter from ICE putting her in deportation proceedings her not having any kind of criminal record. Ragbir's wife, immigration attorney Amy Gottlieb, said she was moved \"by the judge's powerful language about what it means to live in a democracy.\" U.S. Rep. Nydia M. Velázquez, a New York Democrat, said she hopes Ragbir will go to Washington for Tuesday's State of the Union address. Gottlieb had already accepted Velazquez's invitation. The citizen of Trinidad and Tobago, a legal U.S. resident since 1994, fought deportation after his Sept. 12, 2001, conspiracy and wire fraud conviction for accepting fraudulent loan applications while working at a now-defunct loan company. Placed into removal proceedings, he was detained nearly two years before his 2008 release. The U.S. Supreme Court refused legal relief in October 2011. Subsequent court efforts failed. His attorneys have filed other appeals, which have still to be decided.", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00793", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00040", "text": "Cosmic acceleration is investigated through a kink-like expression for the deceleration parameter (q). The new parametrization depends on the initial (q_i) and final (q_f) values of q, on the redshift of the transition from deceleration to acceleration (z_{t}) and the width of such transition (\\tau). We show that supernovae (SN) observations (Gold182 and SNLS data samples) indicate, at high confidence, that a transition occurred in the past (z_{t}>0) they do not, by themselves, impose strong constraints on the maximum value of z_{t}. when we combine SN with the measurements of the ratio between the comoving distance to the last scattering surface and the SDSS+2dfGRS BAO distance scale (S_{k}/D_{v}) we obtain, at 95.4% confidence level, z_{t}=0.84+{0.17}-{0.13} and \\tau =0.51-{0.17}+{0.23} for (S_{k}/D_{v}+Gold182), and z_{t}=0.88-{0.10}+{0.12} and \\tau =0.35-{0.10}+{0.12} for (S_{k}/D_{v} + SNLS), assuming q_i=0.5 and q_f=-1. We also analyze the general case, q_f\\in(-\\infty,0) finding the constraints that the combined tests (S_{k}/D_{v} + SNLS) impose on the present value of the deceleration parameter (q_0).", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 349, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00304", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00041", "text": "Federal recognition, the tribal leaders were not well educated and the Tribe could not afford competent counsel adequately versed in Federal Indian law. The Tribe was unable to obtain technical assistance in its petition which consequently lacked critical and pertinent historical information necessary for recognition. Thus, due to technical omissions, the petition was denied on December 21, 1981. (6) the denial of the petition, the United States Government, the government of the State of Georgia, and local governments, have recognized the political leaders of the Lower Muscogee-Creek Indian Tribe of Georgia as leaders of a distinct political governmental entity. SEC. 3. DEFINITIONS. For the purposes of this Act-- (1) the term ``Tribe'' means the Lower Muscogee-Creek Indian Tribe of Georgia; (2) the term ``Secretary'' means the Secretary of the Interior; and (3) The term ``member'' means an enrolled member of the Tribe, as of the date of enactment of this Act, or an individual who has been placed on the membership rolls of the Tribe in accordance with this Act. SEC. 4. FEDERAL RECOGNITION. (a) In General.--Federal recognition is hereby extended to the Tribe. All laws and regulations of general application to Indians or nations, tribes, or bands of Indians that are not inconsistent with any specific provision of this Act shall be applicable to the Tribe and its members. (b) Federal Benefits and Services.--The Tribe and its members shall be eligible, on or after the date of enactment of this Act, for all Federal benefits and services furnished to federally recognized Indian tribes and their members because of their status as Indians without regard to the existence of a reservation for the Tribe or the residence of any member on or near an Indian reservation. (c) Service Area.-- (d) Indian Reorganization Act Applicability.--The Act of June 18, 1934 (25 U.S.C. 461 et seq.) shall be applicable to the Tribe and its members. SEC. 5. RESERVATION. (a) Lands Taken Into Trust.--Notwithstanding any other provision of law, if, not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this Act, the Tribe transfers interest in land within the boundaries of Grady County, Carroll County, and such other counties in the State of Georgia to the Secretary, the Secretary shall take such interests in land into trust for the benefit of the Tribe", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01127", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00042", "text": "use social media, it's not only the pastor communicating on behalf of the church, but Christians communicating among each other.\" such Twitter services are to catch on, embracing the latest media trend is nothing new for Protestants. Five-hundred years ago, when Martin Luther first protested against corruption in the Catholic Church, it was the then relatively new printing press that helped his challenge to papal authority to \"go viral.\" Luther's supporters printed his radical ideas in pamphlets. Cheap to produce and easy to distribute, these pamphlets fostered public debate. Ulrike Zitzlsperger, a professor of German studies at the University of Exeter in England, says the 16th century pamphlet was the social media of Luther's day. \"I think the parallels with the use of Twitter today are really strong,\" Zitzlsperger says. \"You've got a topic that engages not just an educated public but really the wider public, the lay people. Everybody has a say.\" Luther's followers shared these pamphlets and responded to them by printing their own. These Twitter-like discussions spread so rapidly that the Catholic Church could do little to censor what it called heresy. Today though, it's no longer dissent but disinterest that threatens the Christian church in Europe. Back in Magdeburg, the Twitter service is in full swing. Messages from around Germany, where dozens of others participated, are displayed on the church's interactive screen in front of the altar. Some posts are encouraging, like the one from a Twitter user who tweets in German, \"We all make mistakes. God will show us the right way.\" Some users share their private prayers, like one who posts: \"I pray for the unborn child in my belly and that it is blessed with good health.\" Other users are less convinced. \"Sorry, this is too hectic,\" one writes. \"I go to church to find inner peace. I'm signing off.\" It's also too much for 86-year-old Ingeborg Brunner, who tiptoes out of church before the Twitter service is over. Brunner doesn't own a smartphone, so she feels somewhat left out. \"It was certainly interesting, but it's not my cup of tea\" Brunner admits. \"I'm a little old for Twitter. I prefer a proper service, when we get to sing hymns.\" While Brunner says she's pleased the church is appealing to the digitally devout, regular churchgoers like her", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00595", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00043", "text": "companies sprouted around the country, The Nutcracker became a staple.Today it's a holiday tradition that keeps families coming back year after year; its mass appeal keeps ballet in mainstream culture. Many companies attract audiences by infusing the classic with their own regional heritage: Christopher Wheeldon's Nutcracker for the Joffrey Ballet is set at Chicago's 1893 world's fair and The Washington Ballet serves a dose of American history with characters such as George Washington and King George III. George Washington in The Washington Ballet's Nutcracker.\" Photo by Carol Pratt, Courtesy The Washington Ballet. The Nutcracker also serves as the financial backbone of companies nationwide. Last year San Francisco Ballet sold a total of 87,926 tickets to the holiday ballet and Boston Ballet sold a total of 92,907. its humble roots, The Nutcracker is now the show that companies rely on to put on inventive and cutting-edge works throughout the rest of the year. More secrets and surprises… According to dance historian Doug Fullington, in the original 1892 scenario the Nutcracker has two sisters who graciously welcome Clara to the Land of Sweets with warm hugs. Pennsylvania Ballet's Craig Wasserman in the Candy Cane variation. Photo by Alexander Iziliaev, Courtesy Pennsylvania Ballet. The Candy Cane variation (danced to the Russian Trepak music) was choreographed by its original 1892 dancer, Alexandre Shiryaev. Dance critic Mindy Aloff says that Shiryaev was \"possibly the first practitioner of hand-drawn animation; he notated his choreography in sequential drawings that could be projected to show the dance in movement.\" Balanchine included Shiryaev's original choreography in his Nutcracker. The ethereal twinkling sound in the Sugar Plum Fairy's solo comes from the celesta, a rare instrument Tchaikovsky heard in France. \"He had one sent to him essentially in secret,\" says Fullington. Balanchine was given a budget of $40,000 for his 1954 premiere and, according to Aloff, he spent $25,000 on the Christmas tree alone. When asked if he could do without the tree Balanchine responded, \"[The ballet] is the tree.\" Today, New York City Ballet's tree weighs one ton and can reach a full height of 41 feet. 1892 \"Nutcracker\" costume sketch by Ivan Vsevolozhsky of the Sugar", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00502", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00044", "text": "GRB 060614 is a remarkable GRB observed by Swift with puzzling properties, which challenge current progenitor models. The lack of any bright SN down to very strict limits and the vanishing spectral lags are typical of short GRBs, strikingly at odds with the long (102s) duration of this event. Here we present spectral and temporal analysis of the Swift observations. We show that the burst presents standard optical, UV and X-ray afterglows. An achromatic break is observed simultaneously in optical and X-rays, at a time consistent with the break in the R-band light curve measured by the VLT. The achromatic behaviour and the consistent post-break decay slopes make GRB 060614 one of the best examples of a jet break for a Swift burst. The optical, UV and X-rays afterglow light curves have also an earlier break at ~30 ks. In the optical, there is strong spectral evolution around this break, suggesting the passage of a break frequency through the optical/UV band. The very blue spectrum at early times and the trend in the light curves (rising at low frequencies, and decaying at higher energies) suggest this may be the injection frequency. The early X-ray light curve is well interpreted as the X-ray counterpart of the burst extended emission. Spectral analysis of BAT/XRT data in the 80s overlap time show that the Ep of the burst has decreased to as low as 8keV at the beginning of the XRT observation. The Ep continues to decrease through the XRT energy band and exits it at about 500s after the trigger. The average Ep of the burst is likely < 24 keV but larger than 8 keV. The initial peak observed by BAT is distinctly harder than the rest with Ep ~300 keV as measured by Konus Wind. Considering the time-averaged spectral properties, GRB 060614 is consistent with the Eiso-Ep_rest, Egamma-Ep_rest, and Liso-Ep correlations.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 409, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00081", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00045", "text": "LOS ANGELES (AP) — Helen Mirren says her new film \"Winchester \" isn't a horror flick, but rather a ghost story with foreign roots and a distinct American element — the psychological impact of gun deaths. Mirren plays the real-life Sarah Winchester, a 19th-century heiress who inherited a massive fortune from her husband's creation of the Winchester repeating rifle shortly after the Civil War. In the film, Winchester believes she is haunted by those killed by the firearm, which allowed for more rapid firing than previous rifles. \"It's a ghost story, hopefully in the tradition, the very grand tradition, of Japanese ghost stories, ghost films,\" Mirren said in a recent interview. \"You know, the Japanese love ghost stories and have great belief in the power of the ancestor spirits, of the ancestors, as many cultures do.\" Part of the film was shot at Winchester's mansion in San Jose, California, where she moved after the death of her husband in 1881. Now known as the \"Winchester Mystery House,\" it is a popular tourist attraction and has more than 160 rooms, 10 thousand windows, two thousand doors and forty staircases. According the lore around Winchester's life, she ordered constant construction on the home to try to confuse the ghosts she believed were haunting her. \"There are many theories why she did this,\" Mirren said. \"And one of the theories that we explore in the film. She was trying to placate the ghosts of the people who'd been killed by the Winchester rifle. She felt their deaths very strongly. She felt responsible. She felt the weight of their deaths upon them. And she was trying, in her own way, to placate their spirits.\" \"Winchester's\" themes, Mirren, 72, said the film isn't trying to make any broad statements about gun ownership in America. \"What I like about it and I think... about America is that it doesn't deal with whether you can carry guns or not. That's kind of not the issue,\" she said. \"The issue is more putting the question mark or the weight of moral decision upon the people who make a fortune from making arms — whether they're guns, bombs, grenades... or whatever it is. It puts a moral decision upon the people who make huge fortunes from making and then I would say the armaments dealers in the world I would like to see it... I see it personally in a much more", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00705", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00046", "text": "of the Government of the People's Republic of China to maintain the freedoms now enjoyed by the people of Hong Kong and to rely on the people of Hong Kong to govern themselves. SEC. 4. CONGRESSIONAL DECLARATIONS. The Congress makes the following declarations: (1) Recognizing that the United States Government and the Hong Kong Government have long enjoyed a close and beneficial working relationship, for example between the United States Customs Service, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Drug Enforcement Administration, the Immigration and Naturalization Service, the Secret Service, and their corresponding agencies of the Hong Kong Government, the United States urges the two governments to continue their effective cooperation. (2) Recognizing that the preservation of Hong Kong's autonomous customs territory has important security and commercial implications for the United States and the people of Hong Kong, the United States calls upon the People's Republic of China to fully respect the autonomy of the Hong Kong customs territory. (3) Recognizing that Hong Kong has historically been an important port of call for United States naval vessels, the United States urges the Government of the People's Republic of China to consider in a timely and routine manner United States requests for port calls at Hong Kong. (4) Recognizing that Hong Kong enjoys a robust and professional free press with important guarantees on the freedom of information, the United States declares that a free press and access to information are fundamentally important to the economic and commercial success of Hong Kong and calls upon the Government of the People's Republic of China to fully respect these essential rights of the Hong Kong people. (5) Recognizing that the first fully democratic elections of a legislature in Hong Kong took place in 1995, following nearly 150 years of colonial rule, the United States recognizes that the Joint Declaration of 1984 requires that the Special Administrative Region legislature ``shall be constituted by elections'', declares that the failure to have an elected legislature would be a violation of the Joint Declaration of 1984, and calls upon the Government of the People's Republic of China to honor its treaty obligations. (6) Recognizing that the United Kingdom belatedly reformed Hong Kong laws with respect to the civil rights of the Hong Kong people, the Hong Kong people have long enjoyed essential rights and freedoms as enumerated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; therefore, the United States declares that the decision of the National People's Congress to repeal or amend certain ordinances is a serious threat to the Hong Kong people's continued enjoyment of their freedom", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01044", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00047", "text": ", the comic sold billions of copies worldwide and inspired several television shows including \"Sabrina the Teenage Witch\" and \"Riverdale.\" In a book about Montana's life, author Carol Lee Anderson noted that he placed Archie at various New Hampshire landmarks, including Lake Winnipesaukee, and even modeled characters after people in the Lakes Region town. Archie's gang of friends were said to be inspired by the cartoonist's high school classmates in Haverhill, Massachusetts, and Montana used drawings of his characters for community fundraisers, including an effort to save a mill building in Laconia. \"My father was very proud to be able to earn his living by bringing a smile to people's faces,\" said his daughter Lynn Montana, who lives in Meredith. \"He wanted to empower Archie as a force of good that was bigger than the comic strip.\" his fame, Lynn said her father was a humble and private man, partially why he raised his family in \"peaceful\" Meredith. \"In his eyes, Archie was famous, but he was not,\" Lynn said. Montana's impact in Meredith went beyond the comic strip. He had a vision of turning Meredith into an art colony, his daughter said, at one point converting a gas station into an art studio and frame shop. He introduced several artists to the small town and created a local theater group. Montana once united the community to change zoning laws, which prevented commercial development from being built along the waterfront in Meredith. He also successfully fought to have the town's parking meters removed, according to his daughter. \"He was a lot more than just a cartoonist, he was a wonderful friend, neighbor and leader in our community,\" said the project's chairman, Jim McFarlin, adding that there are still people in Meredith who remember the days when Montana would take children out for rides in his 1923 Model T Ford, the same car Archie drove in early comics. The beaming statue will sit on a bench and look toward his workshop, now vacant, where Montana spent his days quietly drawing cartoons. The Belarusian artist commissioned to do the sculpture, Valery Mahuchy, said he wants to bring people together and offer unity with the statue. \"It's like a dream come true to have my father permanently honored in the town and we're so grateful to the community for supporting it in the way they have,\" Lynn said. \"It's a testament to my dad's work that it's still alive and meaningful to people", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00659", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00048", "text": "LAS VEGAS (AP) — An Arizona man named in court documents as a \"person of interest\" during the investigation of the deadliest mass shooting in modern U.S. history said he had met the shooter one time and sold ammunition to him. Douglas Haig told The Associated Press on Tuesday that he had been contacted earlier by investigators in the case. Speaking at his suburban home in Mesa, Haig said he planned to hold a news conference later this week to answer questions about his name surfacing in the investigation. \"I am the guy who sold ammunition to Stephen Paddock,\" Haig said without disclosing any details. Police say Paddock was the gunman and killed himself as officers converged on him. A law enforcement official told the AP in October that Paddock bought 1,000 rounds of tracer ammunition from a private seller he met at a Phoenix gun show. The official spoke anonymously because they weren't authorized to disclose case information. It was not immediately clear if that person was Haig. Records show Haig owns Specialized Military Ammunition LLC. The company's website says it sold tracer and incendiary ammunition but is now \"closed indefinitely.\" Haig's name emerged by mistake Tuesday when court documents were released nearly four months after the shooting. The documents did not disclose why authorities considered Haig a person of interest. Police officials did not respond to telephone, text and email messages about Haig from AP. FBI and U.S. attorney's office spokeswomen in Las Vegas declined to comment. The documents show that early in the investigation, police believed Paddock must have had help. \"Given the magnitude of the incident, it is reasonable to believe multiple suspects and months of planning were involved in this premeditated massacre,\" said one search warrant request submitted to a judge nine days after the shooting stopped. Clark County Sheriff Joe Lombardo released a preliminary report on Jan. 19 saying police and the FBI believe Paddock acted alone before he killed himself as police closed in. It did not answer the key question: What made Paddock stockpile a cache of assault-style weapons and fire for about 10 minutes out the windows of Mandalay Bay hotel-casino into a crowd of 22,000 people. Haig's name was blacked out in the more than 270 pages of search warrant records released by a Nevada judge to The Associated Press, but remained on one page of documents provided to the Las Vegas Review-Journal. The newspaper published the name online.", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00717", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00049", "text": "for login credentials. Log in with the user admin and the password you set when you created admin user earlier. You can also login with the non-admin user you created. There is actually no difference between the users (which could be a deal-breaker for some). One thing to note: If you need more users, you'll create them from the command line (in similar fashion as you did above). For every user you need to add to Trac, issue the command: sudo htdigest /var/lib/trac/test/.htdigest \"test\" USER Where USER is the username. The above command will add the user to the project test. If you need to create more projects, you must go back through the process of creating a new project directory and then add users to it. Once you've successfully authenticated, you'll be presented with the Trac web interface, were you can begin working (Figure A). Figure A You can now go to Preferences and configure your installation of Trac. Once you've completed that, you can begin creating new tickets. If you get the (please configure the [header_logo] section in trac.ini) error, you can configure this with the command: sudo nano /var/lib/trac/test/conf/trac.ini In that file, you'll see the section: [header_logo] alt = (please configure the [header_logo] section in trac.ini) height = -1 link = src = site/your_project_logo.png width = -1 That is where you'll configure a header logo to suit your company. SEE: IT project management: 10 ways to stay under budget (free PDF) (TechRepublic) Congratulations You now have your Trac system up and running. you might find systems with more features (and a more powerful configuration system), Trac is very simple to set up and use. If you're looking for a basic ticketing system that can serve as a project management tool, Trac just might fit the bill. Automatically sign up for TechRepublic's Open Source Weekly Newsletter for more hot tips and tricks. Subscribe Also see", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 423, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00508", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00050", "text": "reduce the risk of and manage adverse effects and maximize well-being. Helping patients to manage their side effects reduces adverse events and the need for urgent or inpatient care. (5) The Oncology Nursing Society has received reports from its members that, because the Medicare program and other payers do not cover the provision of patient treatment education, patients and their caregivers often do not receive adequate education before the onset of such patients' treatment for cancer regarding the course of such treatment and the possible side effects and symptoms such patients may experience. The Oncology Nursing Society recommends that all patients being treated for cancer have a one-on-one educational session with a nurse in advance of the onset of such treatment so that such patients and their caregivers receive the information they need to help minimize adverse events related to such treatment and maximize the well-being of such patients. (6) Insufficient or non-existent Medicare payments coupled with poor investment in symptom management research contribute to the inadequate education of patients, poor management and monitoring of cancer symptoms, and inadequate handling of late effects of cancer and its treatment. (7) People with cancer often do not have the symptoms associated with their disease and the associated treatment managed in a comprehensive or appropriate manner. (8) People with cancer deserve to have access to comprehensive care that includes appropriate treatment and symptom management. (9) Patients who receive infused chemotherapy likely obtain some treatment education during the course of the administration of their treatment; many do not, and individuals who may receive a different type of cancer care, such as radiation or surgical interventions or oral chemotherapy taken at home, likely do not receive treatment education during their treatment. (10) Comprehensive cancer care must include access to services and management associated with nausea, vomiting, fatigue, depression, pain, and other symptoms. (11) The Institute of Medicine report, ``Ensuring Quality Cancer Care'' asserts that ``much can be done to relieve the symptoms, ease distress, provide comfort, and in other ways improve the quality of life of someone with cancer. For a person with cancer, maintenance of quality of life requires, at a minimum, relief from pain and other distressing symptoms, relief from anxiety and depressions, including the fear of pain, and a sense of security that assistance with be readily available if needed.''. (12) The Institute of Medicine report, ``Cancer Care for the Whole Patient: Meeting Psychosocial Health Needs'' recognizes that cancer patients' psychosocial needs include information about their therapies and the potential side effects", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01145", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00051", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Keep Our Promise to America's Military Retirees Act''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. Congress finds the following: (1) No statutory health care program existed for members of the uniformed services who entered service prior to December 7, 1956, and retired after serving a minimum of 20 years. (2) Recruiters, re-enlistment counselors, and officers at all levels of the uniformed services, and other government officials, as agents of the United States Government, used recruiting tactics that allowed members who entered the uniformed services prior to December 7, 1956, to believe they would be entitled to fully paid lifetime health care upon retirement. (3) In the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit decision of November 18, 2002, in Schism v. United States (No. 99-1402), the Court said: ``Accordingly, we must affirm the district court's judgment and can do no more than hope Congress will make good on the promises recruiters made in good faith to plaintiffs and others of the World War II and Korean War era--from 1941 to 1956, when Congress enacted its first health care insurance act for military members, excluding older retirees.... We cannot readily imagine more sympathetic plaintiffs than the retired officers of the World War II and Korean War era involved in this case. They served their country for at least 20 years with the understanding that when they retired they and their dependents would receive full free health care for life. The promise of such health care was made in good faith and relied upon. Again, because no authority existed to make such promises in the first place, and because Congress has never ratified or acquiesced to this promise, we have no alternative but to uphold the judgment against the retirees' breach-of-contract claim.... Perhaps Congress will consider using its legal power to address the moral claims raised by Schism and Reinlie on their own behalf, and indirectly for other affected retirees.''. (4) Only the United States Congress can make good on the promises recruiters made in good faith to plaintiffs and others of the World War II and Korean War era. (5) Statutes enacted in 1956 allowed those who entered service on or after December 7, 1956, and retired after serving a minimum of 20 years or by", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 492, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00936", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00052", "text": "The evolution of magnetic fields in Ap stars during the main sequence phase is presently mostly unconstrained by observation because of the difficulty of assigning accurate ages to known field Ap stars. We are carrying out a large survey of magnetic fields in cluster Ap stars with the goal of obtaining a sample of these stars with well-determined ages. In this paper we analyse the information available from the survey as it currently stands. We select from the available observational sample the stars that are probably (1) cluster or association members and (2) magnetic Ap stars. For the stars in this subsample we determine the fundamental parameters T_eff, log(L/L_o), and M/M_o. With these data and the cluster ages we assign both absolute age and fractional age (the fraction of the main sequence lifetime completed). For this purpose we have derived new bolometric corrections for Ap stars. Magnetic fields are present at the surfaces of Ap stars from the ZAMS to the TAMS. Statistically for the stars with M > 3 M_o the fields decline with advancing age approximately as expected from flux conservation together with increased stellar radius, or perhaps even faster than this rate, on a time scale of about 3 10^7 yr. lower mass stars show no compelling evidence for field decrease even on a timescale of several times 10^8 yr. Study of magnetic cluster stars is now a powerful tool for obtaining constraints on evolution of Ap stars through the main sequence. Enlarging the sample of known cluster magnetic stars, and obtaining more precise RMS fields, will help to clarify the results obtained so far. Further field observations are in progress.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 324, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00300", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00053", "text": "LOS GATOS, Calif.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Apr 24, 2018--Roku, Inc. (Nasdaq: ROKU) today announced the addition of live and linear news content and new discovery features to The Roku Channel, an ad-supported streaming channel on the Roku® platform specifically dedicated to giving customers free access to top films and more. The Roku Channel is the OTT launch destination for ABC News Live, a new 24/7 live and linear news stream from anchor partner, ABC News. In addition, Roku customers will be able to access live and linear news feeds from premium news partners such as Cheddar, People TV and others. The Roku Channel is now a top #15 channel on the Roku platform as well as the #3 ad-supported channel. It continues to have, on average, approximately half the advertising per programming hour as compared to traditional ad-supported linear TV. This press release features multimedia. View the full release here: https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180424005658/en/ The Roku Channel (Photo: Business Wire) New features such as “Collections,” lets customers dive in deeper to explore content in curated thematic collections, and “Continue Watching,” lets customers easily get back into content they've started watching, will improve content discovery and accessibility. These updates will be available to customers through a phased software roll out starting in May. “We built The Roku Channel so it’s easy to navigate, offers great content and brings real value to our customers,” said Rob Holmes, Vice President of Programming, Roku. “Today, we’re working with some of the industry’s most forward-looking news organizations such as ABC News, Cheddar, People TV, and others, to deliver another customer-requested feature to The Roku Channel – live and linear news. ABC News has been at the forefront of producing and delivering live news for OTT viewing and we're excited to have them on-board as one of our anchor news partners.” ABC News Live, the network’s new 24/7 live streaming channel will be available on The Roku Channel, giving users access to breaking news and live event coverage. It will utilize the worldwide resources of ABC News and their people in the field to deliver news in a modern package and take users live, on location to show – not tell them – what’s happening in the world. “Now more than ever people want to find out what’s happening in the world from a straightforward news source", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00640", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00054", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Parental Consent Act of 2007''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. The Congress finds as follows: (1) The United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) issued findings and recommendations against screening for suicide that corroborate those of the Canadian Preventive Services Task Force. ``USPSTF found no evidence that screening for suicide risk reduces suicide attempts or mortality. There is limited evidence on the accuracy of screening tools to identify suicide risk in the primary care setting, including tools to identify those at high risk.''. (2) The 1999 Surgeon General's report on mental health admitted the serious conflicts in the medical literature regarding the definitions of mental health and mental illness when it said, ``In other words, what it means to be mentally healthy is subject to many different interpretations that are rooted in value judgments that may vary across cultures. The challenge of defining mental health has stalled the development of programs to foster mental health (Secker, 1998)....''. (3) A 2005 report by the National Center for Infant and Early Childhood Health Policy admitted, with respect to the psychiatric screening of children from birth to age 5, the following: ``We have mentioned a number of the problems for the new field of IMH [Infant Mental Health] throughout this paper, and many of them complicate examining outcomes.''. Briefly, such problems include: (A) Lack of baseline (B) Lack of agreement about diagnosis. (C) Criteria for referrals or acceptance into services are not always well defined. (D) Lack of longitudinal outcome studies. (E) Appropriate assessment and treatment requires multiple informants involved with the young child: parents, clinicians, child care staff, preschool staff, medical personnel, and other service providers. (F) Broad parameters for determining socioemotional outcomes are not clearly defined, much attention is now being given to school readiness. (4) Authors of the bible of psychiatric diagnosis, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, admit that the diagnostic criteria for mental illness are vague, saying, ``DSM-IV criteria remain a consensus without clear empirical data supporting the number of items required for the diagnosis.... Furthermore, the behavioral characteristics specified in DSM- IV, efforts to standardize them, remain subjective....'' (American Psychiatric Association Committee on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DS", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 490, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00901", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00055", "text": "SEATTLE (AP) — The Latest on courts blocking the president's efforts to keep transgender people from enlisting in the military (all times local): 5:20 p.m. A third federal judge has blocked President Donald Trump's ban on transgender people joining the military. U.S. District Judge Marsha Pechman issued her ruling Monday in a case brought by several plaintiffs, including a soldier based in Washington state and two young men who hope to enlist. Washington Attorney General Bob Ferguson also intervened in the case to challenge Trump's policy. Pechman found that the ban likely violates the plaintiffs' rights to due process and to equal protection under the law without advancing any government interest. She also said it would harm the state's efforts to protect its residents from discrimination. Pechman blocked the government from imposing the ban pending further proceedings. Judges in Maryland and Washington, D.C., also have ruled against the ban. It had been due to take effect Jan. 1. ___ 8:10 a.m. The Pentagon official tells The Associated Press that transgender people can enlist in the military beginning Jan. 1, President Donald Trump's opposition. The new policy reflects growing legal pressure on the issue and the difficult hurdles the federal government would have to cross to enforce Trump's demand to ban transgender individuals from the military. Two federal courts already have ruled against the ban. Potential transgender recruits will have to overcome a lengthy and strict set of physical, medical and mental conditions that make it possible, though difficult, for them to join the armed services. Maj. David Eastburn says the enlistment of transgender recruits will start Jan. 1 and go on amid the legal battles. The Department of Defense also is studying the issue.", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 347, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00752", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00056", "text": "Not only Babchenko, but as many as 30 other Russian exiles in Ukraine. Read more: 'Killing' of Babchenko: A big show raises lots of questions Barely able to contain his satisfaction, Ukraine's Prosecutor General Yuriy Lutsenko read out a series of earlier comments from political opponents inside and outside the country – slamming Ukraine's inability to protect journalists like Arkady Babchenko. The critics, he said, had been proved wrong. Political killings to destabilize? President Petro Poroshenko hailed the news as a sign that Ukraine had \"passed the sovereignty test\" and called the day a \"birthday\" of sorts for the nation. But even beyond government circles there was much vocal approval online for the government's strategy and its willingness to take risks. Read more: Ukraine foreign minister urges tougher Russia action, World Cup boycott But what about the cost to Ukraine's international credibility? The hours following Babchenko's \"killing” saw Prime Minister Volodymyr Groysman slam Russia's \"totalitarian machine” and call for his \"killer” to be punished in a late night Facebook post. Could Groysman not have known what was going on? At about the same time Foreign Minister Pavlo Klimkin was at the UN in New York, where he spoke of his government's reasons for believing that Russia would not shy away from political killings to destabilize Ukraine. But, he stressed, the investigation had only just got underway. With hindsight it seems like a remarkably measured statement. An attempt to avoid saying anything more compromising? Perhaps we'll never know. Elementary methods Ukrainian MP Anton Gerashenko was adamant that the ends very definitely justified the means, \"Even Sherlock Holmes successfully faked his own death in order to get to the bottom of difficult and complex crimes. painful that might have been for his family and Doctor Watson\" - a sentiment that was echoed by many in Kyiv's political classes. Read more: Ukraine: The forgotten victims of Donbass But beyond Ukraine's borders the reaction has been much less forgiving. The head of Reporters without Borders, Christophe Deloire, called the day's developments \"pathetic and regrettable.” The the OSCE's Representative on Media Freedom, Harlem Desir, was on his way to Kyiv when news emerged that Babchenko was not after all dead. So far Ukraine's European allies have to respond, but they are unlikely to appreciate being dragged into a stunt", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00754", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00057", "text": "preponderance of negative studies of antidepressants in pediatric populations''. The Surgeon General's report said of stimulant medication like Ritalin, ``psychostimulants do not appear to achieve long-term changes in outcomes such as peer relationships, social or academic skills, or school achievement.''. (11) The Food and Drug Administration finally acknowledged by issuing its most severe Black Box Warnings in September 2004, that the newer antidepressants are related to suicidal thoughts and actions in children and that this data was hidden for years. A confirmatory review of that data published in 2006 by Columbia University's department of psychiatry, which is also the originator of the TeenScreen instrument, found that ``in children and adolescents (aged 6-18 years), antidepressant drug treatment was significantly associated with suicide attempts... and suicide deaths.... ''. The Food and Drug Administration had over 2000 reports of completed suicides from 1987 to 1995 for the drug Prozac alone, which by the agency's own calculations represent but a fraction of the suicides. Prozac is the only such drug approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in children. (12) Other possible side effects of psychiatric medication used in children include mania, violence, dependence, weight gain, and insomnia from the newer antidepressants; cardiac toxicity including lethal arrhythmias from the older antidepressants; growth suppression, psychosis, and violence from stimulants; and diabetes from the newer anti-psychotic medications. (13) Parents are already being coerced to put their children on psychiatric medications and some children are dying because of it. Universal or mandatory mental health screening and the accompanying treatments recommended by the President's New Freedom Commission on Mental Health will only increase that problem. Across the country, Patricia Weathers, the Carroll Family, the Johnston Family, and the Salazar Family were all charged or threatened with child abuse charges for refusing or taking their children off of psychiatric medications. (14) The United States Supreme Court in Pierce versus Society of Sisters (268 U.S. 510 (1925)) held that parents have a right to direct the education and upbringing of their children. (15) Universal or mandatory mental health screening violates the right of parents to direct and control the upbringing of their children. (16) Federal funds should never be used to support programs that could lead to the increased over-medication of children, the stigmatization of children and adults", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 493, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00904", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00058", "text": "We present mid-IR spectral decomposition of a sample of 48 Spitzer-selected ULIRGs spanning z~1-3 and likely L_IR~10^12-10^13Lsun. Our study aims at quantifying the star-formation and AGN processes in these sources which recent results suggest have evolved strongly between the observed epoch and today. To do this, we study the mid-IR contribution of PAH emission, continuum, and extinction. About 3/4 of our sample are continuum- (i.e. AGN) dominated sources, but ~60% of these show PAH emission, suggesting the presence of star-formation activity. These sources have redder mid-IR colors than typical optically-selected quasars. About 25% of our sample have strong PAH emission, but none are likely to be pure starbursts as reflected in their relatively high 5um hot dust continua. their steep 30um-to-14um slopes suggest that star-formation might dominate the total infrared luminosity. Six of our z~2 sources have EW6.2>~0.3um and L_14um>~10^12Lsun (implying L_IR>~10^13Lsun). At these luminosities, such high EW6.2 ULIRGs do not exist in the local Universe. We find a median optical depth at 9.7um of <tau_9.7>=1.4. This is consistent with local IRAS-selected ULIRGs, but differs from early results on SCUBA-selected z~2 ULIRGs. Similar to local ULIRGs about 25% of our sample show extreme obscuration (tau_9.7>~3) suggesting buried nuclei. In general, we find that our sources are similar to local ULIRGs, but are an order of magnitude more luminous. It is not clear whether our z~2 ULIRGs are simply scaled-up versions of local ULIRGs, or subject to fundamentally different physical processes.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 418, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00066", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00059", "text": "We show that all static spacetimes in higher dimensions are of Weyl types G, I_i, D or O. This applies also to stationary spacetimes if additional conditions are fulfilled, as for most known black hole/ring solutions. (The conclusions change when the Killing generator becomes null, such as at Killing horizons.) Next we demonstrate that the same Weyl types characterize warped product spacetimes with a one-dimensional Lorentzian (timelike) factor, warped spacetimes with a two-dimensional Lorentzian factor are restricted to the types D or O. By exploring the Bianchi identities, we then analyze the simplest non-trivial case from the above classes - type D vacuum spacetimes, possibly with a cosmological constant, dropping, the assumptions that the spacetime is static, stationary or warped. It is shown that for ``generic'' type D vacuum spacetimes the corresponding principal null directions are geodetic in any dimension (this applies also to type II spacetimes). For n>=5, there may exist particular cases of type D spacetimes which admit non-geodetic multiple principal null directions and we present such examples in any n>=7. Further studies are restricted to five dimensions, where the type D Weyl tensor is described by a 3x3 matrix \\Phi_{ij}. In the case with ``twistfree'' (A_{ij}=0) principal null geodesics we show that in a ``generic'' case \\Phi_{ij} is symmetric and eigenvectors of \\Phi_{ij} coincide with those of the expansion matrix S_{ij}, providing us with three preferred spacelike directions of the spacetime. Similar results are also obtained when relaxing the twistfree condition and assuming instead that \\Phi_{ij} is symmetric. The n=5 Myers-Perry black hole and Kerr-NUT-AdS metrics in arbitrary dimension are briefly studied as specific examples of type D vacuum spacetime.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 396, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00012", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00060", "text": "Stellar oscillations are an important tool to probe the interior of a star. Subdwarf B stars are core helium burning objects, but their formation is poorly understood as neither single star nor binary evolution can fully explain their observed properties. Since 1997 an increasing number of sdB stars has been found to pulsate forming two classes of stars (the V361 Hya and V1093 Her stars). We focus on the bright V 361 Hya star PG1605+072 to characterize its frequency spectrum. While most previous studies relied on light variations, we have measured radial velocity variations for as much as 20 modes. In this paper we aim at characterizing the modes from atmospheric parameter and radial velocity variations. Time resolved spectroscopy ($\\approx$9000 spectra) has been carried out to detect line profile variations from which variations of the effective temperature and gravity are extracted by means of a quantitative spectral analysis. We measured variations of effective temperatures and gravities for eight modes with semi-amplitudes ranging from $\\Delta T_{\\rm{eff}}=880$ K to as small as 88 K and $\\Delta\\log{g}$ of 0.08 dex to as low as 0.008 dex. Gravity and temperature vary almost in phase, phase lags are found between temperature and radial velocity. This profound analysis of a unique data set serves as sound basis for the next step towards an identification of pulsation modes. As rotation may play an important role the modelling of pulsation modes is challenging but feasible.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 309, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00439", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00061", "text": "MOSCOW (AP) — Six-time Olympic gold medalist Viktor Ahn wants to know why he has been barred from next month's Pyeongchang Games. Ahn is a short-track speed skater who was born in South Korea but switched allegiance to Russia ahead of the 2014 Sochi Games. Russian officials say the International Olympic Committee has refused to grant Ahn an invitation amid its vetting of the country's athletes for possible doping links. \"It is outrageous that there is no concrete reason which explains my exclusion from the Olympics, and furthermore people now view me as an athlete who used doping,\" Ahn wrote in an open letter to IOC President Thomas Bach. Competing in South Korea would have been \"an especially significant part of my career for several reasons,\" said Ahn, who won his first three Olympic titles while competing for his native country. \"I hope that the IOC will ultimately declare their reason for my exclusion, so I will be able to defend my honor and dignity.\" Ahn's letter was published on Friday by the Russian Skating Union, hours before the IOC published its rules of conduct for Russian athletes and officials who will be at Pyeongchang. All Russian athletes must sign an IOC-drafted integrity declaration confirming they are not currently under investigation for a doping violation, and agree to be removed from the team if their statement proves incorrect. The spokesman for President Vladimir Putin, when asked about Ahn's letter, said Russia would support all athletes, whether they take part in the Olympics or are barred. \"Intensive contacts are under way with the International Olympic Committee to clarify the situation and so that the interests of our athletes who are able to take part in the Olympics are completely secured and respected,\" spokesman Dmitry Peskov said. \"There are athletes who are disputing their rights in a legal context. There are athletes who are appealing to public opinion. There are athletes who are appealing to the Olympic committee leadership. That is their right.\" The IOC hasn't confirmed which Russians will be invited to compete in Pyeongchang, and hasn't explained any individual decisions. it has said newly obtained records from the Moscow anti-doping laboratory played a role in the decision-making. Russia announced 169 athletes would represent the \"Olympic Athlete from Russia\" (OAR) team on Thursday. The list didn't contain Ahn or some other Russian medal contenders, including cross-country skiing world champion Sergei Ustyugov and biathlete Anton", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00676", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00062", "text": "'s inquiry into the FBI's handling of the Hillary Clinton email investigation. Many of the texts between the agent, Peter Strzok, and an FBI lawyer, Lisa Page, included their observations of the 2016 election and sometimes colorful opinions of Trump, Clinton and other politicians. Strzok also worked on the Clinton email case; Page left Mueller's team before the texts were discovered. Some Republicans have seized on the communications as proof that the FBI is anti-Trump and Mueller's probe is tainted. FBI Director Christopher Wray has denied that. ___ HILLARY CLINTON EMAIL The most pronounced and long-lasting grievance took root in the summer of 2016, when then-FBI Director James Comey announced his determination that Clinton should not face criminal charges in connection with her use of a private email server. For the majority of his extraordinary public statement at FBI headquarters, Comey appeared to be laying out a case for prosecution on charges of mishandling classified information. He criticized Clinton and her aides for being \"extremely careless\" with sensitive material. Comey also said that contrary to Clinton's repeated public assertions, dozens of email chains reviewed by agents contained classified information at the time they were sent and received. at the end of his announcement, Comey contended that \"no reasonable prosecutor\" would bring such a case in part because there was no evidence that anyone involved had intended to break the law. The decision infuriated Republicans, not least because Comey appeared to substitute his own judgment in place of that of career prosecutors ultimately tasked with deciding whether charges were merited. Republicans were further angered because the statute that Comey cited did not require criminal intent, even though Comey said the Justice Department had historically required it for prosecution. Several developments involving senior career FBI and Justice Department officials — among them, Attorney General Loretta Lynch's impromptu airport tarmac meeting with Bill Clinton, and campaign contributions from a Clinton ally that flowed to the wife of FBI Deputy Andrew McCabe — only fueled Republican suspicion that Clinton was afforded special treatment. Democrats, see the exact opposite. They argue that Comey undermined the Clinton campaign by first criticizing her while acknowledging he didn't have a basis for charges, then briefly reopening the investigation in the final days of the 2016 campaign following the discovery of a trove of emails. ___ MUELLER'S TEAM Republicans also have complained of political bias among the lawyers serving on Mueller's team investigating the Trump campaign and Russia. One of the more prominent prosecutors on the team", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00829", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00063", "text": "aims: Our aim is to determine Li abundances in TO stars of the Globular Cluster 47 Tuc and test theories about Li variations among TO stars. method: We make use of high resolution (R~ 43000), high signal-to-noise ratio (S/N=50--70) spectra of 4 turn off (TO) stars obtained with the UVES spectrograph at the 8.2m VLT Kueyen telescope. results: The four stars observed, span the range 1.6<~A(Li)} <~ 2.14, providing a mean A(Li) = 1.84 with a standard deviation of 0.25 dex. When coupled with data of other two TO stars of the cluster, available in the literature, the full range in Li abundances observed in this cluster is 1.6<~A(Li)<~ 2.3. The variation in A(Li) is at least 0.6 dex (0.7 dex considering also the data available in the literature) and the scatter is six times larger than what expected from the observational error. We claim that these variations are real. A(Li) seems to be anti-correlated with A(Na) exactly as observed in NGC 6752. No systematic error in our analysis could produce such an anti-correlation. conclusions: Na production through p captures on 22Ne at temperatures in excess of 3x10^7 K and the contemporary Li destruction could result in this anti-correlation. such nuclear processing cannot have taken place in the stars themselves, which do not reach such high temperatures, even at their centre. This points towards the processing in a previous generation of stars. The low N/O ratios in the observed stars and the apparent lack of correlation between N an Li abundances, place a strong constraint on the properties of this previous generation. Our results indicate a different behaviour among the Globular Clusters so far studied as far as the abundance patterns are concerned.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 409, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00087", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00064", "text": "We study the electronic instabilities in a 2D Hubbard model where one of the dimensions has a finite width, so that it can be considered as a large array of coupled chains. The finite transverse size of the system gives rise to a discrete string of Fermi points, with respective electron fields that, due to their mutual interaction, acquire anomalous scaling dimensions depending on the point of the string. Using bosonization methods, we show that the anomalous scaling dimensions vanish when the number of coupled chains goes to infinity, implying the Fermi liquid behavior of a 2D system in that limit. when the Fermi level is at the Van Hove singularity arising from the saddle points of the 2D dispersion, backscattering and Cooper-pair scattering lead to the breakdown of the metallic behavior at low energies. These interactions are taken into account through their renormalization group scaling, studying in turn their influence on the nonperturbative bosonization of the model. We show that, at a certain low-energy scale, the anomalous electron dimension diverges at the Fermi points closer to the saddle points of the 2D dispersion. The d-wave superconducting correlations become also large at low energies, but their growth is cut off as the suppression of fermion excitations takes place first, extending progressively along the Fermi points towards the diagonals of the 2D Brillouin zone. We stress that this effect arises from the vanishing of the charge stiffness at the Fermi points, characterizing a critical behavior that is well captured within our nonperturbative approach.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 324, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00364", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00065", "text": "NEW YORK (AP) — Didi Gregorius had another big game at Yankee Stadium with a two-run homer and three RBIs, and Gary Sanchez homered twice to help CC Sabathia and New York romp past the Minnesota Twins again, 8-3 on Tuesday night. Aaron Judge hit his seventh home run as the Yankees went deep four times for the second straight night. Gleyber Torres had a pair of hits and his first RBI for New York, which extended a winning streak to four for the first time under new manager Aaron Boone and sent the Twins to their season-worst fifth consecutive loss. A night after a 14-1 drubbing, New York beat Minnesota for the sixth straight time and improved to 27-9 against the Twins at new Yankee Stadium, including the playoffs. Judge was a triple short of the cycle and Gregorius also had three hits. Sabathia (1-0) rarely allowed hard contact in his second start back from the disabled list and gave up an unearned run and two hits in six innings. He is 20-9 in 39 regular-season starts against the Twins. Gregorius hit an RBI single for a 2-1 lead in the third and pulled a changeup just inside the right-field foul pole and into the second deck for a 5-1 margin in the fifth. All eight of his home runs and 23 of his 27 RBIs this year have come at home. Babe Ruth (1921) and Alex Rodriguez (2007) are the only other Yankees with that many homers and RBIs in the first 22 games. Jose Berrios (2-2) entered with 14 consecutive scoreless innings and had 29 strikeouts and one walk in his first four outings. He allowed five runs, six hits and two walks in four-plus innings, raising his ERA from 1.63 to 2.84. Dellin Betances entered with a 5-1 lead in the sixth but lasted just four batters, giving up a pair of walks, a hit and another unearned run. David Robertson pitched out of two-on, one-out trouble by striking out Ehire Adrianza and retiring pinch-hitter Joe Mauer on a comebacker. Judge led off the bottom half with a loud, opposite-field drive to right off Tyler Duffey, who was brought up from the minors before the game for his season debut. Judge became the fastest", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00699", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00066", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the Howard M. Metzenbaum ``Menu Education and Labeling Act'' or the ``MEAL Act''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. Congress finds that-- (1) research continues to reveal that-- (A) there is a strong link between diet and health; and (B) diet-related diseases start early in life; (2)(A) increased caloric intake is a key factor contributing to the alarming increase in obesity in the United States; (B) according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, \\2/3\\ of American adults are overweight or obese, and the rates of obesity have doubled in children and tripled in teens since 1980; (C) obesity increases the risk of diabetes, heart disease, stroke, several types of cancer, and other health problems; and (D) the annual cost of obesity to families, businesses, and governments in the United States is $117,000,000,000; (3) over the past 2 decades, there has been a significant increase in the number of meals prepared or eaten outside the home, with an estimated \\1/3\\ of calories and almost half of total food dollars being spent on food purchased from or eaten at restaurants and other food-service establishments; (4)(A) excess saturated fat intake is a major risk factor for heart disease, which is the leading cause of death in the United States; and (B) heart disease is a leading cause of disability among working adults and its impact on the United States economy is significant, estimated in 2005 to total $142,000,000,000 in healthcare expenditures and lost productivity; (5)(A) increased sodium intake is associated with increased risk of high blood pressure, or hypertension, a condition that can lead to cardiovascular disease, especially stroke; and (B) the proportion of adults with high blood pressure is 45 percent at age 50, 60 percent at age 60, and more than 70 percent at age 70; (6) the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990 (Public Law 101-535) requires food manufacturers to provide nutrition information on almost all packaged foods, restaurant foods are exempt from those requirements unless a nutrient content or health claim is made for a menu item; (7) about 75 percent of adults report using food labels on packaged foods, which is associated with eating more health", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00886", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00067", "text": "We present the first comparison of the dynamical properties of different samples of z~1.4-3.4 star forming galaxies from spatially resolved imaging spectroscopy from SINFONI/VLT integral field spectroscopy and IRAM CO millimeter interferometry. Our samples include 16 rest-frame UV-selected, 16 rest-frame optically-selected and 13 submillimeter galaxies (SMGs). We find that restframe UV- and optically bright (K<20) z~2 star forming galaxies are dynamically similar, and follow the same velocity-size relation as disk galaxies at z~0. In the theoretical framework of rotating disks forming from dissipative collapse in dark matter halos, the two samples require a spin parameter ranging from 0.06 to 0.2. bright SMGs have larger velocity widths and are much more compact. Hence, SMGs have lower angular momenta and higher matter densities than either of the UV- or optically selected populations. This indicates that dissipative major mergers may dominate the SMGs population, resulting in early spheroids, and that the majority of UV/optically bright galaxies have evolved less violently [...]. These early disks may later evolve into spheroids via disk instabilities or mergers. Because of their small sizes and large densities, SMGs lie at the high surface density end of a universal (out to z=2.5) \"Schmidt-Kennicutt\" relation between gas surface density and star formation rate surface density with a slope of ~1.7.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 311, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00363", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00068", "text": "Many industries have adopted blockchain technology as a core part of their operations. It creates transparency and trust between parties so that trust is no longer needed, which is why industries such as real estate, finance, and advertising are beginning to use it. And now, Wikipedia's cofounder Larry Sanger wants blockchain to replace the free online encyclopedia. TechRepublic's Dan Patterson met with Sanger to discuss why he joined Everipedia, and why the blockchain should replace Wikipedia. Everipediais the encyclopedia of everything, where topics are unrestricted, unlike on Wikipedia, Sanger said. More technically, it's a blockchain encyclopedia with a decentralized protocol for accessing and sharing knowledge. SEE: Cheat sheet: Blockchain A blockchain is a list of transactions, or a ledger, that can be used to represent a database. By putting all of Everipedia's content on the blockchain, it creates a transparency between writers and readers. When it's all set up, it will be possible for people to propose adding information to the blockchain, Sanger explained, and people who have tokens (which are earned by adding to the blockchain) come to a consensus about what information gets added to the blockchain. \"In terms of editorial standards, just to get on an encyclopedia blockchain will be relatively easy,\" Sanger said. When the initial protocol is adopted, it should be a very low bar that allows encyclopedia articles to get onto the blockchain, he said. the actual editorial decisions that are made won't happen on that level. Different users of the information that make up the blockchain and Everipedia will make the decisions on the ratings of articles, and what order they will be placed. Users will be able to go in, read those articles, and visit our interface to submit their own ratings, he said. Find out The Next Big Thing and subscribe to TechRepublic's newsletter. Subscribe Also see", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 373, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00536", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00069", "text": "Over the past few years, long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), including the subclass of X-ray flashes (XRFs), have been revealed to be a rare variety of Type Ibc supernova (SN Ibc). While all these events result from the death of massive stars, the electromagnetic luminosities of GRBs and XRFs exceed those of ordinary Type Ibc SNe by many orders of magnitude. The observed diversity of stellar death corresponds to large variations in the energy, velocity, and geometry of the explosion ejecta. Using multi-wavelength (radio, optical, X-ray) observations of the nearest GRBs, XRFs, and SNe Ibc, I show that while GRBs and XRFs couple at least 10^48 erg to relativistic material, SNe Ibc typically couple less than 10^48 erg to their fastest (albeit non-relativistic) outflows. Specifically, I find that less than 3% of local SNe Ibc show any evidence for association with a GRB or XRF. Recently, a new class of GRBs and XRFs has been revealed which are under-luminous in comparison with the statistical sample of GRBs. Owing to their faint high-energy emission, these sub-energetic bursts are only detectable nearby (z < 0.1) and are likely 10 times more common than cosmological GRBs. In comparison with local SNe Ibc and typical GRBs/XRFs, these explosions are intermediate in terms of both volumetric rate and energetics. the essential physical process that causes a dying star to produce a GRB, XRF, or sub-energetic burst, and not just a SN, remains a crucial open question. Progress requires a detailed understanding of ordinary SNe Ibc which will be facilitated with the launch of wide-field optical surveys in the near future.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 387, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00370", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00070", "text": "We derive the CMB radiative transfer equation in the form of a multipole hierarchy in the nearly-Friedmann-Robertson-Walker limit of homogeneous, but anisotropic, universes classified via their Bianchi type. Compared with previous calculations, this allows a more sophisticated treatment of recombination, produces predictions for the polarization of the radiation, and allows for reionization. Our derivation is independent of any assumptions about the dynamical behaviour of the field equations, except that it requires anisotropies to be small back to recombination; this is already demanded by observations. We calculate the polarization signal in the Bianchi VIIh case, with the parameters recently advocated to mimic the several large-angle anomalous features observed in the CMB. We find that the peak polarization signal is ~ 1.2 micro K for the best-fit model to the temperature anisotropies, and is mostly confined to multipoles l<10. Remarkably, the predicted large-angle EE and TE power spectra in the Bianchi model are consistent with WMAP observations that are usually interpreted as evidence of early reionization. the power in B-mode polarisation is predicted to be similar to the E-mode power and parity-violating correlations are also predicted by the model; the WMAP non-detection of either of these signals casts further strong doubts on the veracity of attempts to explain the large-angle anomalies with global anisotropy. given that there exist further dynamical degrees of freedom in the VIIh universes that are to be compared with CMB observations, we cannot at this time definitively reject the anisotropy explanation.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 332, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00345", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00071", "text": "(1) each parent in the family has attained 16 years of age; and (2) the family has at least one child from birth who has not attained 8 years of age. SEC. 5. TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE AND TRAINING. (a) Activities by Secretary.--The Secretary, acting through the Assistant Secretary for Elementary and Secondary Education, shall provide technical assistance and training to grantees under this Act for the purposes described in subsection (c). (b) Activities by National Organizations.-- (1) In general.--The Secretary shall make grants to, or enter into contracts with, at least 2 eligible national organizations to provide technical assistance and training to grantees under this Act for the purposes described in subsection (c). (2) Definition.--In this section, the term ``eligible national organization'' means a national organization with expertise in providing family literacy services to limited English proficient populations. (c) Purposes.--The purposes of technical assistance and training provided under this section are the following: (1) Assisting grantees under this Act to improve the quality of their family literacy services. (2) Enabling such grantees that demonstrate the effective provision of family literacy services, based on improved outcomes for children and their parents, to provide technical assistance and training to government agencies and to family literacy providers that work in collaboration with such agencies to improve the quality of their family literacy services. (3) Assisting such grantees in the implementation of literacy curriculum and training activities, including curriculum and training activities that support building on a child's native language. (d) Reports to Congress.--Not later than 90 days after the end of each fiscal year, the Secretary shall submit to the Committee on Education and Labor of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions of the Senate a report on the technical assistance and training provided pursuant to subsections (a) and (b). Each such report shall describe the actions taken by the Secretary to ensure that such technical assistance and training is of high-quality and is responsive to the needs of grantees under this Act. SEC. 6. OUTCOME MEASURES. The Secretary shall require each family literacy provider receiving a grant under this Act to meet culturally appropriate and competent outcome measures described in the provider's application under section 4, including outcome measures with respect to-- (1) acquisition of the English language, including improved educational levels; (2", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00947", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00072", "text": "The Bel and Bel-Robinson tensors were introduced nearly fifty years ago in an attempt to generalize to gravitation the energy-momentum tensor of electromagnetism. This generalization was successful from the mathematical point of view because these tensors share mathematical properties which are remarkably similar to those of the energy-momentum tensor of electromagnetism. the physical role of these tensors in General Relativity has remained obscure and no interpretation has achieved wide acceptance. In principle, they cannot represent {\\em energy} and the term {\\em superenergy} has been coined for the hypothetical physical magnitude lying behind them. In this work we try to shed light on the true physical meaning of {\\em superenergy} by following the same procedure which enables us to give an interpretation of the electromagnetic energy. This procedure consists in performing an orthogonal splitting of the Bel and Bel-Robinson tensors and analysing the different parts resulting from the splitting. In the electromagnetic case such splitting gives rise to the electromagnetic {\\em energy density}, the Poynting vector and the electromagnetic stress tensor, each of them having a precise physical interpretation which is deduced from the {\\em dynamical laws} of electromagnetism (Poynting theorem). The full orthogonal splitting of the Bel and Bel-Robinson tensors is more complex but, as expected, similarities with electromagnetism are present. Also the covariant divergence of the Bel tensor is analogous to the covariant divergence of the electromagnetic energy-momentum tensor and the orthogonal splitting of the former is found. The ensuing {\\em equations} are to the superenergy what the Poynting theorem is to electromagnetism. See paper for full abstract.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 332, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00461", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00073", "text": "Jeremy Kessler, 33, surrendered just before noon at his home in Crosby, where officers had been stationed since 3 a.m. after a 911 caller reported multiple gunshots coming from the house. No one was injured, and Kessler was taken into custody without incident, Chief Deputy Rob Melby of the Divide County Sheriff’s Office said. Official charges have to be filed by the Divide County State’s Attorney’s Office. As of Tuesday afternoon, it was still unclear why Keller, who was alone in his house in northwest Crosby, allegedly began firing. A neighbor said gunshots continued throughout the early morning hours after six shots were heard initially, along with someone yelling. “He emptied a full mag,” Huntter Lacey, who lives next door to Kessler, said. Police issued an emergency notification to surrounding residents, but did not order evacuations, Melby said. “We told them to shelter in place,” he said. Both the elementary and high school in Crosby were put on lockdown as well, according to Divide County School Superintendent Sherlock Hirning. The alert was lifted around 11:15 a.m. when police notified administrators that Kessler was in custody. The incident prompted a response from the U.S. Border Patrol, the North Dakota Highway Patrol, the Burke County Sheriff’s Office, Bureau of Criminal Investigation, several deputies from the Williams County Sheriff’s Office and members of the Minot SWAT team, who surrounded the home before Kessler came out. Investigators from the Divide County Sheriff’s Office and the Bureau of Criminal Investigation spent hours Tuesday afternoon combing through the small house and inspecting the surrounding property, including the exterior of other houses nearby. Agents removed a number of rifles from the residence, along with what appeared to be ammunition boxes.", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 355, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00577", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00074", "text": "Aims: Some theoretical scenarios suggest the formation of brown dwarfs as ejected stellar embryos in star-forming clusters. Such a formation mechanism can result in different spatial distributions of stars and substellar objects. We aim to investigate the spatial structure of stellar and substellar objects in two well sampled and nearby embedded clusters, namely IC348 and the Orion Trapezium Cluster (OTC) to test this hypothesis. Methods:Deep near-infrared K-band data complete enough to sample the substellar population in IC348 and OTC are obtained from the literature. The spatial distribution of the K-band point sources is analysed using the Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) method. The Q parameter and the spanning trees are evaluated for stellar and substellar objects as a function of cluster core radius R$_c$. Results: The stellar population in both IC348 and OTC display a clustered distribution the substellar population is distributed homogeneously in space within twice the cluster core radius. the substellar objects do not appear to be bound by the cluster potential well, they are still within the limits of the cluster and not significantly displaced from their birth sites. Conclusions: The spatially homogeneous distribution of substellar objects is best explained by assuming higher initial velocities, distributed in a random manner and going through multiple interactions. The overall spatial coincidence of these objects with the cluster locations can be understood if these objects are travelling slowly enough so as to feel the gravitational effect of the cluster. The observations support the formation of substellar objects as ``ejected stellar embryos''. Higher ejection velocities are necessary but net spatial displacements may not be necessary to explain the observational data.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 328, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00379", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00075", "text": "going down there wearing headdresses and painted in red face,\" he said. There was no immediate reaction from Indians players to MLB's decision. Cleveland fans were quick to respond on social media, weighing in on a topic that has become engrained in the Cleveland sports lexicon for decades. \"It's a big disappointment,\" Jeremiah Baker of North Ridgeville, Ohio, said after picking through a clearance bin of caps with his wife and two children at a suburban sporting goods store. \"Chief Wahoo has been so iconic for so many years, and I understand that some people may be offended, but it's a blow to native Clevelanders.\" It will be interesting to see if Wahoo gains popularity following the decision to remove the scarlet-faced insignia. Cleveland's players may no longer be adorned with the logo in '19, but it will remain prominent in the stands as fans won't be denied for wearing caps and T-shits or bringing signs backing the infamous chief into the ballpark. And to some, that's a sign of the times. \"That's the way it is, I guess,\" said Baker, wearing one of the team's blue caps with a red 'C'. \"I know people get offended about just about everything nowadays. It's disappointing.\" Change was inevitable, and it finally happened as the Indians near the start of a new season — the last one with Chief Wahoo on the field. ___ More AP baseball: https://apnews.com/tag/MLBbaseball", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 300, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00764", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00076", "text": "The Star Formation (SF) rate in galaxies is an important parameter at all redshifts and evolutionary stages of galaxies. In order to understand the increased SF rates in intermediate redshift galaxies one possibility is to study star formation in local galaxies with properties frequently found at this earlier epoch like low metallicity and small size. We present sensitive observations of the molecular gas in M 33, a small Local Group spiral at a distance of 840 kpc which shares many of the characteristics of the intermediate redshift galaxies. The observations were carried out in the CO(2--1) line with the HERA heterodyne array on the IRAM 30 m telescope. A 11\\arcmin$\\times$22\\arcmin region in the northern part of M 33 was observed, reaching a detection threshold of a few 10$^{3}$ \\msol. The correlation in this field between the CO emission and tracers of SF (8\\mum, 24\\mum, \\Ha, FUV) is excellent and CO is detected very far North, showing that molecular gas forms far out in the disk even in a small spiral with a subsolar metallicity. One major molecular cloud was discovered in an interarm region with no HI peak and little if any signs of SF -- without a complete survey this cloud would never have been found. The radial dependence of the CO emission has a scale length similar to the dust emission, less extended than the \\Ha or FUV. If, the $\\ratioo$ ratio varies inversely with metallicity, then the scale length of the H$_2$ becomes similar to that of the \\Ha or FUV. Comparing the SF rate to the H$_2$ mass shows that M 33, like the intermediate redshift galaxies it resembles, has a significantly higher SF efficiency than large local universe spirals.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 378, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00491", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00077", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Ex-Offenders Voting Rights Act of 2008''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS AND PURPOSE. (a) Findings.--Congress makes the following findings: (1) The right to vote is the most basic constitutive act of citizenship and regaining the right to vote reintegrates offenders into free society. The right to vote may not be abridged or denied by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, gender, or previous condition of servitude. Basic constitutional principles of fairness and equal protection require an equal opportunity for United States citizens to vote in Federal elections. (2) Since the founding of the Nation, most States have enacted laws disenfranchising convicted felons and ex-felons. In the last 30 years, due to the dramatic expansion of the criminal justice system, these laws have significantly affected the political voice of many American communities. The momentum toward reform of these policies has been based on a reconsideration of their wisdom in meeting legitimate correctional objectives and the interests of full democratic participation. Forty-eight States and the District of Columbia prohibit inmates from voting while incarcerated for a felony offense. (3) Congress has ultimate supervisory power over Federal elections, an authority that has repeatedly been upheld by the Supreme Court. (4) State laws determine the qualifications for voting in Federal elections, Congress must ensure that those laws are in accordance with the Constitution. Currently, those laws vary throughout the Nation, resulting in discrepancies regarding which citizens may vote in Federal elections. (5) Only two States (Maine and Vermont) permit inmates to vote. Thirty-five States prohibit felons from voting while they are on parole and 30 of these States exclude felony probationers as well. Two States deny the right to vote to all ex-offenders who have completed their sentences. Nine others disenfranchise certain categories of ex-offenders or permit application for restoration of rights for specified offenses after a waiting period (e.g., 5 years in Delaware and Wyoming, and 2 years in Nebraska). Each State has developed its own process of restoring voting rights to ex-offenders but most of these restoration processes are so cumbersome that few ex- offenders are able to take advantage of them. (6) An estimated 5,300,000 million Americans, or one in 41 adults, have currently or permanently lost their voting rights as a result of a felony conviction. (", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00944", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00078", "text": "In the framework of the Glauber approach we analyze the shape parameters of the early-formed system and their event-by-event fluctuations. We test a variety of models: the conventional wounded nucleon model, a model admixing binary collisions to the wounded nucleons, a model with hot spots, as well as the hot-spot model where the deposition of energy occurs with a superimposed probability distribution. We look in detail at the so-called participant multipole moments, obtained by an averaging procedure where in each event the system is translated to its center of mass and aligned with the major principal axis of the ellipse of inertia. Quantitative comparisons indicate substantial relative effects for eccentricity in variants of Glauber models. the dependence of the scaled standard deviation of the participant eccentricity on the chosen model is weak. For all models the values range from about 0.5 for the central collisions to about 0.3-0.4 for peripheral collisions, both for the gold-gold and copper-copper collisions. They are dominated by statistics and change only by 10-15% from model to model. We provide an approximate analytic expansion for the multipole moments and their fluctuations given in terms of the fixed-axes moments. For central collisions and in the absence of correlations it gives the simple formula for the scaled standard deviation of the participant eccentricity: sqrt(4/pi-1). Similarly, we obtain expansions for the radial profiles of the multipole distributions. We investigate the relevance of the shape-fluctuation effects for jet quenching and find them important only for very central events. Finally, we argue how smooth hydro leads to the known result v_4 ~ v_2^2, and further to the prediction Delta v_4/v_4 = 2 Delta v_2/v_2.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 364, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00406", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00079", "text": "LONDON--(BUSINESS WIRE)--May 30, 2018--Market research firm has announced the release of their latest report on the. This new report will provide expert market insights for the forecast period 2018-2022. This press release features multimedia. View the full release here: https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180530005988/en/ Technavio has published a new market research report on the global allergy immunotherapies market from 2018-2022. (Graphic: Business Wire) The report will follow up on Technavio’s previous allergy immunotherapies research, offering an up-to-date analysis of the market concerning the current market scenario, latest trends and drivers, and the overall global environment. The report will also provide new predictions for the forecast period based on an in-depth analysis of the market. The upgraded research report on the global allergy immunotherapies market is an integral part of Technavio’s portfolio. Technavio covers an extensive range of market research reports on the infectious and rare diseases market, covering different regions and top industry segments. Some of the topics include conjunctivitis, gaucher disease, animal wound care, and veterinary clostridium vaccine. This report is available at a USD 1,000 discount for a limited time only: Save more with Technavio. Buy2 reports and get the third for FREE: Global market growth opportunities Technavio’s previous report on the global market projected that in terms of geography, Europe dominated the global immunotherapies market. During 2015, around 90 million individuals were reported with respiratory allergies in Europe. In the previous report, a senior research analyst at Technavio stated, “the existing therapies are highly effective in relieving and controlling allergy symptoms, the market still requires drugs that not only reduce inflammation but also prevent irreversible airway remodeling. Globally, only 55% of all allergic rhinitis cases have been diagnosed. Additionally, allergic rhinitis and asthma are chronic diseases that cannot be cured completely, so most patients need lifelong treatment and lifestyle adjustments.” Technavio’s new report on the global market will evaluate the key geographical regions and their behavior over the past four years, introducing new data and observations and providing new predictions. Looking for the latest information on the global allergy immunotherapies market? Technavio’s sample reports are free of charge and contain multiple sections of the report such as", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00695", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00080", "text": "We quantify the variability of faint unresolved optical sources using a catalog based on multiple SDSS imaging observations. The catalog covers SDSS Stripe 82, and contains 58 million photometric observations in the SDSS ugriz system for 1.4 million unresolved sources. In each photometric bandpass we compute various low-order lightcurve statistics and use them to select and study variable sources. We find that 2% of unresolved optical sources brighter than g=20.5 appear variable at the 0.05 mag level (rms) simultaneously in the g and r bands. The majority (2/3) of these variable sources are low-redshift (<2) quasars, they represent only 2% of all sources in the adopted flux-limited sample. We find that at least 90% of quasars are variable at the 0.03 mag level (rms) and confirm that variability is as good a method for finding low-redshift quasars as is the UV excess color selection (at high Galactic latitudes). We analyze the distribution of lightcurve skewness for quasars and find that is centered on zero. We find that about 1/4 of the variable stars are RR Lyrae stars, and that only 0.5% of stars from the main stellar locus are variable at the 0.05 mag level. The distribution of lightcurve skewness in the g-r vs. u-g color-color diagram on the main stellar locus is found to be bimodal (with one mode consistent with Algol-like behavior). Using over six hundred RR Lyrae stars, we demonstrate rich halo substructure out to distances of 100 kpc. We extrapolate these results to expected performance by the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope and estimate that it will obtain well-sampled 2% accurate, multi-color lightcurves for ~2 million low-redshift quasars, and will discover at least 50 million variable stars.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 399, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00017", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00081", "text": "We study the distinct effects of Dark Matter and Dark Energy on the future evolution of nearby large scale structures using constrained N-body simulations. We contrast a model of Cold Dark Matter and a Cosmological Constant (LCDM) with an Open CDM (OCDM) model with the same matter density Omega_m =0.3 and the same Hubble constant h=0.7. Already by the time the scale factor increased by a factor of 6 (29 Gyr from now in LCDM; 78 Gyr from now in OCDM) the comoving position of the Local Group is frozen. Well before that epoch the two most massive members of the Local Group, the Milky Way and Andromeda, will merge. as the expansion rates of the scale factor in the two models are different, the Local Group will be receding in physical coordinates from Virgo exponentially in a LCDM model and at a roughly constant velocity in an OCDM model. More generally, in comoving coordinates the future large scale structure will look like a sharpened image of the present structure: the skeleton of the cosmic web will remain the same, but clusters will be more `isolated' and the filaments will become thinner. This implies that the long-term fate of large scale structure as seen in comoving coordinates is determined primarily by the matter density. We conclude that the LCDM model is accelerating at present due to its Dark Energy component while the OCDM model is non accelerating, their large scale structure in the future will look very similar in comoving coordinates.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 313, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00280", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00082", "text": "Year 2005 was the World Year of Physics, and it was commemorated worldwide as the 100th anniversary of Albert Einstein's legendary works in which the foundations of at least three areas of modern physics were laid: statistical mechanics, quantum mechanics and special relativity. These works turned year 1905 in what deservedly was called the \"miraculous year\" (annus mirabilis) of Einstein. the influence of this great mind was not limited to science. As it is well known, his fingerprint remains engraved in many aspects of our daily life. Because of that, in this work we have tried to cover almost all the subjects in which Einstein was involved during the last century and, of course, try and reveal the future projection his actions will have in this new century that has just begun. Among the subjects covered in the volume one can find the possible connection between Einstein and the artistic vanguard movement, his religiosity, his days in Argentina, the Nobel Prize, the Einstein-Freud correspondence, his pacifism and the nuclear energy, science and politics under the Second Empire and the Weimar Republic, and even a description of his patents and experiments, the studies performed to search for \"built-in\" features in his brain and the doubts many had regarding whether Einstein was a genius or a crank. Also included are essays on Einstein and Borges, philosophy and relativity, Mach's principle, the relation among science, arts and humanities, and, closer to Einstein's own theoretical research, the twin paradox, chance and quantum mechanics, the arrow of time, gravitational lenses, string theory, holography and black holes, gravitomagnetism, superconductivity, gravitational waves, the photoelectric effect and the alternative theories for gravitation.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 355, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00269", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00083", "text": "at issue in this action. Duke was aware of these issues, it continued to operate its unlined ash ponds for decades,\" the companies' lawyers said. Duke Energy has estimated its liability for cleanup and storage efforts at $5.1 billion for 14 North Carolina coal ash sites and one in South Carolina. The utility had spent more than $725 million through November. Money recovered from insurers would reduce the price tag for consumers, the company has said. The utility earlier this month asked North Carolina regulators for rate increases starting next year that include passing along to customers about $977 million over five years. South Carolina's utilities commission allowed Duke Energy Progress to start recouping coal ash cleanup costs as part of a $56 million rate increase approved in December. Coal ash contains arsenic, lead, mercury and other elements that may be hazardous in sufficient concentrations. Environmentalists and state regulators have alleged those heavy metals have been draining through the unlined bottoms of pits where liquefied coal ash has been stored for decades. A pit at a Duke Energy plant in North Carolina ruptured in 2014, coating miles of the Dan River in gray sludge. Duke Energy said it stored coal ash in line with industry practices and regulations that were in place over preceding decades. Duke Energy delivers electricity to about 7.4 million customers in the Carolinas, Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky and Florida. ___ Follow Emery P. Dalesio at http://twitter.com/emerydalesio. His work can be found at http://bigstory.ap.org/content/emery-p-dalesio.", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 318, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00693", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00084", "text": "We present results of a photometric survey whose aim was to derive structural and astrophysical parameters for 42 open clusters. While our sample is definitively not representative of the total open cluster sample in the Galaxy, it does cover a wide range of cluster parameters and is uniform enough to allow for simple statistical considerations. BV wide-field CCD photometry was obtained for open clusters for which photometric, structural, and dynamical evolution parameters were determined. The limiting and core radii were determined by analyzing radial density profiles. The ages, reddenings, and distances were obtained from the solar metallicity isochrone fitting. The mass function was used to study the dynamical state of the systems, mass segregation effect and to estimate the total mass and number of cluster members. This study reports on the first determination of basic parameters for 11 out of 42 observed open clusters. The angular sizes for the majority of the observed clusters appear to be several times larger than the catalogue data indicate. The core and limiting cluster radii are correlated and the latter parameter is 3.2 times larger on average. The limiting radius increases with the cluster's mass, and both the limiting and core radii decrease in the course of dynamical evolution. For dynamically not advanced clusters, the mass function slope is similar to the universal IMF slope. For more evolved systems, the effect of evaporation of low-mass members is clearly visible. The initial mass segregation is present in all the observed young clusters, the dynamical mass segregation appears in clusters older than about log(age)=8. Low-mass stars are deficient in the cores of clusters older than log(age)=8.5 and not younger than one relaxation time.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 340, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00049", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00085", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Melanie Blocker-Stokes Postpartum Depression Research and Care Act''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. The Congress finds as follows: (1) Postpartum depression is a devastating mood disorder which strikes many women during and after pregnancy. (2) Postpartum mood changes are common and can be broken into three subgroups: ``baby blues,'' which is an extremely common and the less severe form of postpartum depression; postpartum mood and anxiety disorders, which are more severe than baby blues and can occur during pregnancy and anytime within the first year of the infant's birth; and postpartum psychosis, which is the most extreme form of postpartum depression and can occur during pregnancy and up to twelve months after delivery. (3) ``Baby blues'' is characterized by mood swings, feelings of being overwhelmed, tearfulness, irritability, poor sleep, mood changes, and a sense of vulnerability. (4) The symptoms of postpartum mood and anxiety disorders are the worsening and the continuation of the baby blues beyond the first days or weeks after delivery. (5) The symptoms of postpartum psychosis include losing touch with reality, distorted thinking, delusions, auditory hallucinations, paranoia, hyperactivity, and rapid speech or mania. (6) Each year over 400,000 women suffer from postpartum mood changes, with baby blues afflicting up to 80 percent of new mothers; postpartum mood and anxiety disorders impairing around 10-20 percent of new mothers; and postpartum psychosis striking 1 in 1,000 new mothers. (7) The causes of postpartum depression are complex and unknown at this time; theories include a steep and rapid drop in hormone levels after childbirth; difficulty during labor or pregnancy; a premature birth; a miscarriage; feeling overwhelmed, uncertain, frustrated or anxious about one's new role as a mother; a lack of support from one's spouse, friends or family; marital strife; stressful events in life such as death of a loved one, financial problems, or physical or mental abuse; a family history of depression or mood disorders; a previous history of major depression or anxiety; or a prior postpartum depression. (8) Postpartum depression is a treatable disorder if promptly diagnosed by a trained provider and attended to with a personalized regimen of care including social support, therapy", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01112", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00086", "text": "burg plant, more than half its total production. Of those, 81,000 — worth $2.37 billion — went to China. BMW says its exports reduced the U.S. trade deficit by around $1 billion. By themselves, the tariffs that take effect Friday won't immediately have a dramatic impact on global trade. The fear is that retaliation will spiral, hitting the total amount of global commerce. Even if the overall effect is to harm growth, there could be benefits for some European companies and sectors. Economists Alicia Garcia Herrero and Jianwei Xu at the French bank Natixis say that European makers of cars, aircraft, chemicals, computer chips and factory machinery could in theory snare market gains by substituting for Chinese or American products in the two markets. But that's only if Europe's own trade dispute with the U.S. does not escalate — a big if. Europe is waiting to see whether the Trump administration will go ahead separately with tariffs on auto imports. European companies like BMW, Daimler's Mercedes-Benz, Volkswagen's Porsche and Audi divisions, and Fiat Chrysler send $46.6 billion worth of vehicles every year to the U.S. Some 13.3 million people, or 6.1 percent of the employed population of the EU, work in the automotive sector, according to the European Automobile Manufacturers Association. \"Europe cannot win anything\" on an overall basis \"for one obvious reason: we are net exporters,\" said Garcia Herrero, chief economist for Asia Pacific at Natixis and a senior fellow at European research institute Bruegel. \"But we should not understate the view that some sectors could get something out of a U.S.-China trade war.\" Amid the brewing conflict, China has sought to get Europe on its side, put on a diplomatic charm offensive during visits by Merkel and French Prime Minister Edouard Philippe. The EU and China agreed last month to deepen commercial ties and support trade rules. But the EU remains a close, longtime ally of the U.S. on a range of issues, the current tensions with the Trump administration. One negative outcome for Europe, Herrero said, would be if Trump can push the Chinese into a trade agreement aimed at reducing the U.S. trade deficit. The additional U.S. goods to China could come at the expense of European competitors. \"If China concedes to the U.S. proposed agreement, the whole situation faced by the EU would be much tougher,\" she and Xu", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00782", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00087", "text": "We present X-ray spectral analyses of low mass X-ray binary Cir X-1 during X-ray dips, using the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) data. Each dip was divided into several segments, and the spectrum of each segment was fitted with a three-component blackbody model, in which two components are affected by partial covering and the third one is unaffected. A Gaussian emission line is also included in the spectral model to represent the Fe Ka line at ~ 6.4 keV. The fitted temperatures of the two partially covered components are about 2 keV and 1 keV, while the uncovered component has a temperature of ~ 0.5-0.6 keV. The equivalent blackbody emission radius of the hottest component is the smallest and that of the coolest component is the biggest. During dips, the fluxes of the two hot components are linearly correlated, while that of the third component doesn't show any significant variation. The Fe line flux remains constant within errors during the short dips. during the long dips the line flux changes significantly and is positively correlated with the fluxes of the two hot components. These results suggest: (1) the temperature of the X-ray emitting region decreases with radius, (2) the Fe Ka line emitting region is close to the hot continuum emitting region, and (3) the size of the Fe line emitting region is bigger than the size of the obscuring matters causing short dips but smaller than the sizes of those causing long dips.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 302, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00262", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00088", "text": "Image via Getty. Pope Francis was criticized this summer for waffling on plans to put child abusers on trial within the Catholic Church, as well as those who facilitated abuse with cover ups. Instead, he strengthened the rules agains sexually abusing children that already existed, which he reminded bishops about one more time for the new year. Advertisement The Associated Press reports that the Vatican released a letter on Monday that the Pope sent to bishops on December 28, outlining the suffering of children in their domain, such as: child labor, malnutrition, access to education and, of course, sexual abuse. More specifically, sexual abuse committed by priests. Pope Francis wrote of the Church’s long history of abuse scandals, saying, “It is a sin that shames us. Persons responsible for the protection of those children destroyed their dignity.” Expressing the church’s “regret,” and begging forgiveness, the pope denounced the “sin of what happened, the sin of failing to help, the sin of covering up and denial, the sin of the abuse of power.” Francis also asked bishops for “complete commitment to ensuring that these atrocities will no longer take place in our midst.” “Let us find the courage needed to take all necessary measures and to protect in every way the lives of our children, so that such crimes may never be repeated,” the pope said. “In this area, let us adhere, clearly and faithfully, to ‘zero tolerance.’” these pleas, Pope Francis did appoint Bishop Juan Barros to Osorno, Chile, in 2015. Barros allegedly protected Father Fernando Karadima, who was accused of sexually abusing multiple children, according to Reuters. Karadima was never prosecuted, though a judge ruled the accusations were valid, as the statute of limitations had passed. In 2011, the Vatican sentenced Karadima to “a life of prayer and penitence.”", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 381, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00637", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00089", "text": "and unwilling patients in developing countries. (13) On June 10, 2004, the FDA issued a proposed rule that would, among other things, replace the existing requirement that foreign clinical studies be conducted in accordance with the ethical principles which are contained in the Declaration of Helsinki (described in section 312.120(c) of title 21, Code of Federal Regulations), with a requirement that such studies comply with good clinical practice (GCP). (14) pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies and their lobbyists, in submitted public comment, generally support the proposed rule, other organizations, such as the AIDS Vaccine Advocacy Coalition and Public Citizen, have objected to the proposed deletion of the Declaration of Helsinki from applicable regulations because the removal may result in the use of placebos or other drugs which are less effective than established treatments in control groups facing life-threatening medical conditions. (15) As of June 15, 2006, the FDA has not promulgated a final version of the June 2004 proposed rule. SEC. 3. STATEMENT OF POLICY. It is the policy of the United States to control the export of test articles which are intended for clinical investigations involving human participants in order to-- (1) foster public health and safety; (2) prevent injury to the foreign policy of the United States; and (3) preserve the credibility of the United States as a responsible trading partner. SEC. 4. MEASURES TO PROTECT THE PUBLIC HEALTH. (a) In General.--In order to carry out the policy set forth in section 3, test articles intended for clinical investigations may be exported only pursuant to an export license approved by the President. The President may exercise the authorities of the Export Administration Act of 1979, as continued in effect pursuant to the International Emergency Economic Powers Act, to carry out this section. (b) Criteria for Export License.--In addition to any other requirements that may apply, including under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, the Public Health Service Act, and regulations issued under either such Act, the President shall require, as a prerequisite for approval of an export license for a test article required by subsection (a) of this section, that an applicant for such license-- (1) identify each clinical investigation for which the test article is intended; (2) secure a certification from an institutional review board that each of the protocols for every clinical investigation identified under paragraph (1) has been reviewed by", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00875", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00090", "text": "We measure the application of simple and compound pulses consisting of time-dependent spatial translations to coupling vibrational states of ultracold 85Rb atoms in a far-detuned 1D optical lattice. The lattice wells are so shallow as to support only two bound states, and we prepare the atoms in the ground state. The lattice is oriented vertically, leading to a tilted-washboard potential analogous to those encountered in condensed-matter systems. Experimentally, we find that a square pulse consisting of lattice displacements and a delay is more efficient than single-step and Gaussian pulses. This is described as an example of coherent control. It is striking that contrary to the intuition that soft pulses minimize loss, the Gaussian pulse is outperformed by the square pulse. Numerical calculations are in strong agreement with our experimental results and show the superiority of the square pulse to the single-step pulse for all lattice depths and to the Gaussian pulse for lattice depths greater than 7 lattice recoil energies. We also compare the effectiveness of these pulses for reviving oscillations of atoms in vibrational superposition states using the pulse-echo technique. We find that the square and Gaussian pulses result in higher echo amplitudes than the single-step pulse. These improved echo pulses allow us to probe coherence at longer times than in the past, measuring a plateau which has to be explained. In addition, we show numerically that the vibrational state coupling due to such lattice manipulations is more efficient in shallow lattices than in deep lattices.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 303, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00371", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00091", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Safe Communities and Safe Schools Mercury Reduction Act of 2004''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. The Congress finds the following: (1) Mercury is a naturally occurring element and bioaccumulative toxin that is easily absorbed through skin and respiratory and gastrointestinal tissues. (2) mercury is naturally occurring, studies have shown that its concentration has increased dramatically over the past 150 to 200 years due to mining and industrial activities. (3) Common sources of mercury released into the environment include breakage of mercury-containing products like fluorescent bulbs and thermometers, the manufacturing of mercury-containing products, and incineration of mercury- containing products. (4) According to recent studies, mercury deposits are a significant public health threat in many States throughout the United States. (5) Fetuses, infants, and young children are at the greatest risk from chronic low level mercury exposure. (6) A study by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found that approximately 8 percent of women of childbearing age in the United States had mercury levels exceeding the level considered safe by the Environmental Protection Agency for protecting the fetus. This translates into approximately 60,000 babies born each year in the United States at risk of developmental harm due to mercury exposure in the womb. (7) A study published in the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology found that elevated mercury exposures associated with seafood could be linked to an increased risk of infertility in both men and women. (8) Mercury pollution is widespread. As of early 2003, 43 States had issued mercury fish consumption advisories for one or more freshwater or marine fish. (9) Mercury is the most common pollutant triggering fish consumption advisories in the United States. The number of mercury advisories has increased 138 percent from 1994 to 2002. In 2002, mercury advisories covered 12,000,000 lake acres and 470,000 river miles. (10) According to the Mercury Study Report, prepared by the Environmental Protection Agency and submitted to Congress in 1997, mercury fever thermometers contribute approximately 17 tons of mercury to solid waste each year. (11) Numerous mercury spills have been documented in schools, often causing thousands of dollars to clean up. A mercury spill in Washington, D.C., in September of 2003 cost over $1,000,000 to clean up and resulted in a temporary school", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00839", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00092", "text": "At Syracuse, Switzer began running with Arnie Briggs, a mail carrier at Syracuse who was also an avid runner. Briggs, too, argued that women were “too fragile” to run the race, but Switzer was determined to prove him wrong. When she began running 30-plus mile distances, Briggs conceded and encouraged her to sign up for Boston officially. She signed up as “K.V. Switzer” along with Arnie, her boyfriend Tom Miller, and another friend. Advertisement But when Jock Semple, the race co-director, discovered a woman had registered in the marathon, he was furious. In the middle of the race, Semple tried to shove Switzer and physically pull her out. “He was pulling at me and screaming, ‘Get the hell out of my race and give me that number,’” Switzer told Deadspin in 2015. “Arnie was screaming at Jock, and then Tom smashed Jock out of the way.” The moment was captured by photographer Harry Trask, instantly turning Switzer into an icon. But Switzer wasn’t the only woman—or even the first—to complete the Boston Marathon that year. Bobbi Gibb, who had run the race unofficially in 1966, was on the course in 1967 and finished ahead of Switzer at 3:27:17. Gibb did not register for the race, and according to Switzer, therefore did not threaten the supposed integrity of Semple’s men-only competition. Semple disqualified Switzer from the race and the Amateur Athletic Union suspended her and Miller. Advertisement Sponsored Switzer, who was attacked simply for wanting to run, became an international feminist symbol and helped break the long-held barriers against women in long distance running. In a recent interview with WBZ-TV, she recalled, “I said, ‘This is going to change my life, maybe going to change women’s sports and change the world.’” The Boston Marathon officially opened to women in 1972. That same year, gender equality law Title IX was signed into law, allowing more women to join cross country and track and field programs at college. In 1984, the Olympics introduced the first women’s marathon. Switzer went on to run 39 marathons and organized the Avon International Running Circuit, a series of women’s-only races. In 1974, she won the New York City marathon. In 1975, she returned to", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00639", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00093", "text": "SECTION 1. DECLARATION OF POLICY. It is the policy of the United States to end the needless maiming and suffering inflicted upon animals through the use of steel jaw leghold traps by prohibiting the shipment in interstate or foreign commerce of such traps and of articles of fur from animals that were trapped in such traps. SEC. 2. DEFINITIONS. As used in this Act-- (1) The term ``article of fur'' means-- (A) any furskin bearing hair, raw or not dressed, or dressed; or (B) any article, produced, that consists in whole or part of any furskin. For purposes of subparagraph (A), the terms ``furskin'', ``raw or not dressed'', and ``dressed'' have the same respective meanings that are given them in headnote 2 of subpart B of part 5 of schedule 1 of the Tariff Schedules of the United States (19 U.S.C. 1202). (2) The term ``interstate or foreign commerce'' shall have the same meaning as that given to such term in section 10 of title 18, United States Code. (3) The term ``import'' means to land on, bring into, or introduce into, any place subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, whether or not such landing, bringing, or introduction constitutes an importation within the meaning of the customs laws of the United States. (4) The term ``person'' includes any individual, partnership, association, corporation, trust, or any officer, employee, agent, department, or instrumentality of the Federal Government or of any State or political subdivision thereof, or any other entity subject to the jurisdiction of the United States. (5) The term ``Secretary'' means the Secretary of the Interior. (6) The term ``steel jaw leghold trap'' means any spring- powered pan- or sear-activated device with two opposing steel jaws which is designed to capture an animal by snapping closed upon the animal's limb or part thereof. SEC. 3. PROHIBITED ACTS AND PENALTIES. (a) No article of fur shall be imported, exported, or shipped in interstate or foreign commerce if any part or portion of such article is derived from an animal that was trapped in a steel jaw leghold trap. (b) It is unlawful for any person knowingly-- (1) to import, export,", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01084", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00094", "text": "U.S. law enforcement and intelligence agencies intercepted the communications around the same time they were discovering evidence that Russia was trying to disrupt the presidential election by hacking into the Democratic National Committee, three of the officials said, according to the Times. The intelligence agencies then sought to learn whether the Trump campaign was colluding with the Russians on the hacking or other efforts to influence the election, the newspaper said. The officials interviewed in recent weeks said they had seen no evidence of such cooperation so far, it said. the intercepts alarmed U.S. intelligence and law enforcement agencies, in part because of the amount of contact that was occurring while Trump was speaking glowingly about Russian President Vladimir Putin. The intercepted calls are different from the wiretapped conversations last year between Michael Flynn, Trump's former national security adviser, and Sergei I. Kislyak, the Russian ambassador to the United States, the Times said. During those calls, the two men discussed sanctions that the Obama administration imposed on Russia in December. Flynn misled the White House about those calls and was asked to resign on Monday night. The White House did not immediately respond to a request from Reuters for comment on the Times story. The Times reported that the officials said the intercepted communications were not limited to Trump campaign officials, and included other Trump associates. On the Russian side, the contacts also included members of the Russian government outside the intelligence services, the officials told the Times. All of the current and former officials spoke on the condition of anonymity because the continuing investigation is classified, the newspaper reported. The officials said one of the advisers picked up on the calls was Paul Manafort, who was Trump's campaign chairman for several months last year and had worked as a political consultant in Russia and Ukraine, the Times said. The officials declined to identify the other Trump associates on the calls. Manafort, who has not been charged with any crimes, dismissed the accounts of the U.S. officials in a telephone interview with the Times on Tuesday. Several of Trump's associates, like Manafort, have done business in Russia. It is not unusual for U.S. businessmen to come in contact with foreign intelligence officials, sometimes unwittingly, in countries like Russia and Ukraine, where the spy services are deeply embedded in society, according to the Times. Law enforcement officials did not say to what extent the contacts may have been about business, the Times said. Officials would not disclose many details, including what was discussed on the calls, which Russian intelligence officials were on the calls,", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00575", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00095", "text": "2003. A State or subdivision may not assess or collect any tax which by reason of this section the State or subdivision may not impose.''. (c) Effective Date of Subsection (a) Amendments.--The amendments made by subsection (a) shall apply with respect to the imposition, assessment, and collection of taxes for taxable periods beginning on or after the first day of the first calendar year that begins after the date of the enactment of the Business Activity Tax Simplification Act of 2003. SEC. 3. JURISDICTIONAL STANDARD FOR STATE AND LOCAL NET INCOME TAXES AND OTHER BUSINESS ACTIVITY TAXES. (a) In General.--Except as otherwise provided by this Act, no taxing authority of a State shall have power to impose, assess, or collect a net income tax or other business activity tax on any person relating to such person's activities in interstate commerce, unless such person has a physical presence in the State during the taxable period with respect to which the tax is imposed. (b) Requirements for Physical Presence.--Except as otherwise provided by this Act, for the purposes of subsection (a), a person has a physical presence in a State only if such person's business activities within such State include any of the following during the person's taxable year: (1) Being an individual physically within the State, or assigning one or more employees to be in such State, on more than 21 days. the following shall be disregarded in determining whether such 21-day limit has been exceeded: (A) Activities in connection with a possible purchase of goods or services for the business. (B) Gathering news and covering events for print, broadcast, or other distribution through the media. (C) Meeting government officials for purposes other than selling goods or services. (D) Participation in educational or training conferences, seminars or other similar functions. (E) Participating in charitable activities. (2) Using the services of another person, except an employee, in such State, on more than 21 days to establish or maintain the market in that State, unless that other person performs similar functions on behalf of at least one additional business entity during the taxable year. (3) The leasing or owning of tangible personal property or real property in such State on more than 21 days. the following shall be disregarded in determining whether such 21- day limit has been exceeded: (A) Tangible property located in the State for purposes of", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 496, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00888", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00096", "text": "A new model for the explanation of the high frequency quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) in pulsars, black holes and white dwarfs is presented. Three circular tori are assumed to be present around the star: an inner torus with charge $Q_i$, an outer torus with charge $Q_o$ and a torus with electrically neutral mass $m_m$ in the middle, the star bears a charge $Q_s$ ($Q_o$ and $Q_s$ have the same sign, $Q_i$ the opposite one). The frequency $\\nu_m$ of the mass current is approximately given by the Kepler frequency, the frequencies of $Q_i$ and $Q_o$, $\\nu_i$ and $\\nu_o$, respectively, are calculated from classical mechanics and Coulomb's law. For the explanation of the low frequency QPOs in pulsars and black holes a special interpretation of the gravitomagnetic theory may be essential. From the latter theory four new gravitomagnetic precession frequencies are deduced, which may be identified with the observed low frequency QPOs. Predictions of the presented model are compared with observed high frequency and low frequency QPOs of the pulsars SAX J1808.4--3658, XTE J1807--294, IGR J00291+5934, SGR 1806--20 and the black hole XTE J1550--564. In addition, charge flow near the pole of pulsars may explain frequency drift of burst oscillations. Moreover, charge flow at the equator of SAX J1808.4--3658 may be the cause of the enigmatic 410 kHz QPO. Furthermore, the Lense-Thirring frequency is discussed and a modified formula is compared with data of the pulsars. Contrary to pulsars and black holes, the low frequency QPOs of white dwarfs might be attributed to electromagnetic precession frequencies, deduced in this work. Predictions are compared with data of the dwarf nova VW Hyi.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 416, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00299", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00097", "text": "Apple's iOS 11.4 has left beta and is now officially available for public installation on compatible iPhones and iPads. Two of the three major updates to iOS in 11.4 are centered around the HomePod, Apple's Siri-powered Amazon Echo competitor, adding features such as easier pairing and AirPlay 2-enabled speaker support. The biggest change that business users should be aware of is the addition of iCloud storage for iMessages. Users who choose to store iMessages in iCloud will free up device space and automatically sync iMessages across devices, but there is a trade-off: iCloud has been hacked before. The more personal, or sensitive business, information you store in iCloud the more you stand to lose if your account is compromised. Storing iMessages in iCloud: How to do it safely iOS users who want to store their iMessages in iCloud can do so with very few steps: Just open the Settings app, tap on your name, then on iCloud, and make sure the Messages option is toggled on. iOS will then offload all your iMessages to your iCloud storage space and you should see some freed up storage pretty quickly. If your iCloud account were to be hacked, the attacker could gain access to all your iMessage conversations as well as the attachments they contain. There's no surefire way to prevent your iCloud account from being compromised: If an attacker finds a backdoor in Apple's security (which happens with some degree of regularity) they will gain access, like it or not. SEE: Research: Defenses, response plans, and greatest concerns about cybersecurity in an IoT and mobile world (Tech Pro Research) That doesn't mean you can't defend yourself. The simplest method is to enable two-factor authentication on your iCloud account. Two-factor authentication, like most other methods of cybersecurity, isn't foolproof but it's the best step you can take to avoid ending up like the dozens of celebrities who had their iCloud data stolen in 2014. A good rule of thumb when it comes to personal cloud storage services like iCloud is to avoid storing anything truly confidential in it. For business users this can be a variety of things—proposals, internal use documents, and other records should only be stored in business-controlled cloud accounts. Should businesses allow iCloud syncing for iMessages? Businesses that use iOS should be wary of allowing users to sync iMessages to iCloud: It's convenient, but it's simply too great a risk for companies concerned with data", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00537", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00098", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Pulmonary Hypertension Research Act of 2003''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. The Congress finds as follows: (1) In order to take full advantage of the tremendous potential for finding a cure or effective treatment, the Federal investment in pulmonary hypertension must be expanded, and coordination among the national research institutes of the National Institutes of Health must be strengthened. (2) Primary, or unexplained, pulmonary hypertension (``PPH'') is a rare lung disorder which occurs for no apparent reason. It has been historically chronic and incurable with a poor survival rate. (3) In the United States it has been estimated that 300 new cases of PPH are diagnosed each year, or about two persons per million population per year; the greatest number are reported in women between the ages of 21 and 40. While at one time the disease was thought to occur among young women almost exclusively; we now know, that men and women in all age ranges, from very young children to elderly people, can develop PPH. It also affects people of all racial and ethnic origins equally. (4) The low prevalence of PPH makes learning more about the disease extremely difficult. Studies of PPH also have been difficult because a good animal model of the disease has not been available. (5) In about 6 to 10 percent of cases, PPH is familial. (6) In the more advanced stages of PPH, the patient is able to perform only minimal activity and has symptoms even when resting. The disease may worsen to the point where the patient is completely bedridden. (7) PPH remains a diagnosis of exclusion and is rarely picked up in a routine medical examination. Even in its later stages, the signs of the disease can be confused with other conditions affecting the heart and lungs. (8) In 1981, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute established the first PPH-patient registry in the world. The registry followed 194 people with PPH over a period of at least 1 year and, in some cases, for as long as 7.5 years. Much of what we know about the illness today stems from this study. (9) Because we still do not understand the cause or have a cure for PPH, basic research studies are focusing on the possible involvement of immunologic and genetic factors in the cause", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01072", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00099", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS. (a) Short Title.--This Act may be cited as the ``Preservation of Antibiotics for Medical Treatment Act of 2005''. (b) Table of Contents.--The table of contents of this Act is as follows: Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents. Sec. 2. Findings. Sec. 3. Purpose. TITLE I--SAFETY OF CRITICAL ANTIMICROBIAL ANIMAL DRUGS Sec. 101. Proof of safety of critical antimicrobial animal drugs. TITLE II--USE OF CRITICAL ANTIMICROBIAL ANIMAL DRUGS IN AGRICULTURE Sec. 201. Collection of data on critical antimicrobial animal drugs. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. The Congress finds that-- (1)(A) in January 2001, a Federal interagency task force released an action plan to address the continuing decline in effectiveness of antibiotics against common bacterial infections, referred to as antibiotic resistance; (B) the task force determined that antibiotic resistance is a growing menace to all people and poses a serious threat to public health; and (C) the task force cautioned that if current trends continue, treatments for common infections will become increasingly limited and expensive, and, in some cases, nonexistent; (2) antibiotic resistance, resulting in a reduced number of effective antibiotics, may significantly impair the ability of the United States to respond to terrorist attacks involving bacterial infections or a large influx of hospitalized patients; (3)(A) any overuse or misuse of antibiotics contributes to the spread of antibiotic resistance, whether in human medicine or in agriculture; and (B) recognizing the public health threat caused by antibiotic resistance, Congress took several steps to curb antibiotic overuse in human medicine through amendments to the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 201 et seq.) made by section 102 of the Public Health Threats and Emergencies Act (Public Law 106-505, title I; 114 Stat. 2315), but has not addressed antibiotic overuse in agriculture; (4) in a March 2003 report, the National Academy of Sciences stated that-- (A) a decrease in antimicrobial use in human medicine alone will have little effect on the current situation; and (B) substantial efforts must be made to decrease inappropriate overuse in animals and agriculture; (5)(A) an estimated 70", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01102", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00100", "text": "We test our capability of deriving stellar physical parameters of giant stars by analysing a sample of field stars and the well studied open cluster IC 4651 with different spectroscopic methods. The use of a technique based on line-depth ratios (LDRs) allows us to determine with high precision the effective temperature of the stars and to compare the results with those obtained with a classical LTE abundance analysis. (i) For the field stars we find that the temperatures derived by means of the LDR method are in excellent agreement with those found by the spectral synthesis. This result is extremely encouraging because it shows that spectra can be used to firmly derive population characteristics (e.g., mass and age) of the observed stars. (ii) For the IC 4651 stars we use the determined effective temperature to derive the following results. a) The reddening E(B-V) of the cluster is 0.12+/-0.02, largely independent of the color-temperature calibration used. b) The age of the cluster is 1.2+/-0.2 Gyr. c) The typical mass of the analysed giant stars is 2.0+/-0.2M_sun. Moreover, we find a systematic difference of about 0.2 dex in log g between spectroscopic and evolutionary values. We conclude that, in spite of known limitations, a classical spectroscopic analysis of giant stars may indeed result in very reliable stellar parameters. We caution that the quality of the agreement, depends on the details of the adopted spectroscopic analysis.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 311, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00117", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00101", "text": "in Messenger Kids.\" KIDS AND FACEBOOK A variety of experts and technology insiders have begun questioning the effects smartphones and social media apps are having on people's health and mental well-being — whether kids, teens or adults. Sean Parker, Facebook's first president, said late last year that the social media platform exploits \"vulnerability in human psychology\" to addict users. A chorus of other early employees and investors piled on with similar criticisms. Many preteens have already found their way onto Facebook and more youth-oriented social media platforms such as Snapchat and Facebook's own Instagram, internal rules that require users to be at least 13 years old. Those rules are based in part on federal law, which prohibits internet companies from collecting personal information on children without their parents' permission and imposes restrictions on advertising to them. Some companies have offered parental controls as a way of curbing unauthorized preteen use of their platforms. But Facebook's new kid-focused app, which features animations and emojis, seems to cater to a younger audience, said Josh Golin, executive director of Campaign for a Commercial-Free Childhood. \"It looks like something that would appeal to a 6-year-old or 7-year-old,\" he said. UNCERTAIN IMPACT Facebook wouldn't answer questions about said how popular the messaging app has been. But App Annie, an app analytics firm, said Messenger Kids has been downloaded about 80,000 times on iOS since it launched on Dec. 4. It's been in the top 40 most popular kids' apps since then. That sounds like a lukewarm reception at best. University of Michigan developmental behavioral pediatrician Jenny Radesky, who co-signed the letter, said she's never met a parent who was clamoring to get their children onto social media at an earlier age. \"One can only assume that Facebook introduced it to engage users younger and younger,\" Radesky said. That's troubling, she said, because younger children haven't developed the cognitive skills that enable them to think about and regulate their thoughts and actions and \"allow them to realize when persuasive technology design might be manipulating them.\" At the time it launched Messenger Kids, Facebook said it won't show ads or collect data for marketing to kids. And it stressed that it won't automatically move users to the regular Messenger or Facebook when they get old enough — though it might give them the option to move contacts to Messenger down the line.", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 487, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00786", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00102", "text": "(Abridged) The two-dimensional distribution and kinematics of the molecular, ionized, and highly ionized gas in the nuclear regions of Seyfert 1 galaxies have been measured using high spatial resolution (~0''.09) near-infrared spectroscopy from NIRSPEC with adaptive optics on the Keck telescope. Molecular hydrogen, H2, is detected in all nine Seyfert 1 galaxies and, in the majority of galaxies, has a spatially resolved flux distribution. the narrow component of the BrG emission has a distribution consistent with that of the K-band continuum. In general, the kinematics of H2 are consistent with thin disk rotation, with a velocity gradient of over 100 km/s measured across the central 0''.5 in three galaxies, and across the central 1''.5 in two galaxies. The kinematics of BrG are in agreement with the H2 rotation, except in all four cases the central 0''.5 is either blue- or redshifted by more than 75 km/s. The highly ionized gas, measured with the [Ca VIII] and [Si VII] coronal lines, is spatially and kinematically consistent with BrG in the central 0''.5. Dynamical models have been fitted to the two-dimensional H2 kinematics, taking into account the stellar mass distribution, the emission line flux distribution, and the point spread function. For NGC 3227 the modeling indicates a black hole mass of Mbh = 2.0{+1.0/-0.4} x 10^7 Msun, and for NGC 4151 Mbh = 3.0{+0.75/-2.2} x 10^7 Msun. In NGC 7469 the best fit model gives Mbh < 5.0 x 10^7 Msun. In all three galaxies, modeling suggests a near face-on disk inclination angle, which is consistent with the unification theory of active galaxies. The direct black hole mass estimates verify that masses determined from the technique of reverberation mapping are accurate to within a factor of three with no additional systematic errors.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 437, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00431", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00103", "text": "War era, the country over the past half century has become a powerhouse on the world stage, thanks to its fortunes in tech, cultural reach from pop music, and famously rigorous education system. All the while, a majority of those South Korean orphans landed in the U.S. They grew up largely with white parents in the western world where adoption is seen as a humanitarian endeavor. Now adults, they've come of age and some have risen in the worlds of politics, fashion and entertainment. That such orphans are now successful enough to afford an elite experience like the Olympic Games has surprised some of the locals in a patriarchal society where adoption is taboo. Keziah Park of the International Korean Adoptee Service called it a \"slap in the face\" for status-driven South Koreans. The Seoul-based nonprofit since the 1990s has organized trips and birth-search pilgrimages for adoptees. \"When they left, they were orphans and they were abandoned. No could take care of them. But when they come back, it's a symbolic journey to Koreans observing them,\" Park said. She added: \"It really changes the mindset of Koreans. It allows Korea as a society to reflect on the choices they made.\" The pressure to justify being there can also be distressing if they have already gone back to find their birth stories as a practical matter: to learn about their genetic health, or find out what happened to them as young children. And even if their adoptive families are supportive of their pilgrimage back, it can be difficult to reconcile their identity and feelings for the country when they lack Korean family ties. Park organized the week-long Olympics tourism trip hoping to ease that internal conflict. It will include the opening ceremony and sporting events. They're also hoping to meet Marissa Brandt, an adoptee raised in America who will play for the Korean women's hockey team. \"they have an intrinsic purpose to be there, they don't have anyone welcoming them to be there, so they felt it was meaningless,\" Park said. \"That purpose to be there, the adoptees want more than you think.\" More than two dozen adoptees are expected on the trip, including those now living in Norway, Denmark, Italy, France, Australia and the U.S. Olson, of Robbinsdale, Minnesota, said she thinks about going back to South Korea so often that it can wear on her husband. But each time she's there, she asks herself if it should be the last", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00783", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00104", "text": "We systematically explore the evolution of the merger of two carbon-oxygen (CO) white dwarfs. The dynamical evolution of a 0.9 Msun + 0.6 Msun CO white dwarf merger is followed by a three-dimensional SPH simulation. We use an elaborate prescription in which artificial viscosity is essentially absent, unless a shock is detected, and a much larger number of SPH particles than earlier calculations. Based on this simulation, we suggest that the central region of the merger remnant can, once it has reached quasi-static equilibrium, be approximated as a differentially rotating CO star, which consists of a slowly rotating cold core and a rapidly rotating hot envelope surrounded by a centrifugally supported disc. We construct a model of the CO remnant that mimics the results of the SPH simulation using a one-dimensional hydrodynamic stellar evolution code and then follow its secular evolution. The stellar evolution models indicate that the growth of the cold core is controlled by neutrino cooling at the interface between the core and the hot envelope, and that carbon ignition in the envelope can be avoided high effective accretion rates. This result suggests that the assumption of forced accretion of cold matter that was adopted in previous studies of the evolution of double CO white dwarf merger remnants may not be appropriate. Our results imply that at least some products of double CO white dwarfs merger may be considered good candidates for the progenitors of Type Ia supernovae. In this case, the characteristic time delay between the initial dynamical merger and the eventual explosion would be ~10^5 yr. (Abridged).", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 324, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00011", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00105", "text": "The EU's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) went into effect in May, requiring all organizations that handle the data of EU citizens to comply with its provisions regarding collecting and using personal data. a majority of companies likely missed the compliance deadline, and many employees remain unaware of the policies needed to keep data safe. \"Data privacy is a hot topic with GDPR going into effect,\" said Dave Rickard, technical director at CIPHER Security. \"An awful lot of companies may not think they have exposure to it, but there are lots of variables in that.\" For example, one online retailer Rickard works with has many customers from the EU, but can't geolocate them from the website. Others don't work with EU citizens, but have data processing and storage facilities there, which are also subject to GDPR. SEE: EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) policy (Tech Pro Research) GDPR will likely influence data privacy policies in other countries, Rickard said. cultural differences, particularly between the EU and US, may make this difficult. \"In the EU people are very centered on the perspective that 'My name, my social security number, my passport information, everything that is PII about me, belongs to me. It's part of my individuality,'\" he said. \"in North America, people have long since taken the perspective instead that data is currency. There are so many business models that are built on it. Data is money.\" The majority of companies that need to be compliant with GDPR are not Rickard said. \"I'd say compliance right now is only at about 35% or 40% at the most,\" he said. \"I think a lot of people are taking a wait and see approach.\" Some of the bigger players like Facebook, Google, and Amazon are going to be the canaries in the coal mine, Rickard said. \"I think that they'll have actions taken on them first, and people are going to wait and see if the actual GDPR penalties play out the way that they've been published.\" Companies that fail to comply with GDPR will face a penalty of either 4% of their global revenue or €20 million, whichever is greater. Here are five types of policies that companies must ensure they have in place and have trained employees on in the age of GDPR, according to Rickard. 1. Encryption policies Most companies lack policies around data encryption, Rickard said. \"Most", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 492, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00513", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00106", "text": "We study scaling relations of compressible strongly magnetized turbulence. We find a good correspondence of our results with the Fleck (1996) model of compressible hydrodynamic turbulence. In particular, we find that the density-weighted velocity, i.e. $u \\equiv \\rho^{1/3} v$, proposed in Kritsuk et al. (2007) obeys the Kolmogorov scaling, i.e. $E_{u}(k)\\sim k^{-5/3}$ for the high Mach number turbulence. Similarly, we find that the exponents of the third order structure functions for $u$ stay equal to unity for the all the Mach numbers studied. The scaling of higher order correlations obeys the She-Leveque (1994) scalings corresponding to the two-dimensional dissipative structures, and this result does not change with the Mach number either. to $v$ which exhibits different scaling parallel and perpendicular to the local magnetic field, the scaling of $u$ is similar in both directions. In addition, we find that the peaks of density create a hierarchy in which both physical and column densities decrease with the scale in accordance to the Fleck (1996) predictions. This hierarchy can be related ubiquitous small ionized and neutral structures (SINS) in the interstellar gas. We believe that studies of statistics of the column density peaks can provide both consistency check for the turbulence velocity studies and insight into supersonic turbulence, when the velocity information is not available.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 304, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00214", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00107", "text": "an RFU conference in September by police and detained, reportedly in connection with an investigation into fan violence. FARE says Russia has made some progress, and that it didn't observe monkey chants or openly Nazi flags in any top-flight games this season. it warns far-right fans instead fly banners with concealed messages such as runes and number codes used by Nazi and ultranationalist groups. The RFU punished two clubs in the 2015-16 season for such banners, but didn't pursue any such cases this season — something which Powar says indicates it may be \"turning a blind eye.\" That was cases of anti-Semitic banners being flown by Spartak fans, including taunts aimed at rival CSKA Moscow, whose club president and then-coach are both Jewish. Another Spartak banner showed a Russian rock singer caricaturized as an Orthodox Jew, accompanied by personal abuse. CSKA fans also targeted their own coach, Leonid Slutsky — now at England's Hull City — with a banner linking his Jewish faith to poor results. FARE says the number of violent racist incidents fell from five to two last season compared to the year before. There was also no repeat of large-scale violent attacks on foreign fans, such as those which took place between Russian and English fans in Marseille a year ago during the European Championship. there are indications that football-related violence between different ethnic groups in Russia is becoming more entrenched, with fans from Russia's largely Muslim regions in the North Caucasus forming \"fan groups which adopt football hooligans' rules and initiate fights with Moscow teams.\" In another case last month at a playoff game for a place in the Russian Premier League, one fan group from the Yenisei Krasnoyarsk team issued a statement on social media saying that its sector of the stadium was only available to fans of \"Slavic appearance.\" A member of the group, Artyom Kirillov, suggested the group had been misunderstood. \"A lot was made up\" in local media reports of the incident, he told the AP. \"We are loyal to all Russian citizens.\" FIFA said Wednesday that Confederations Cup games will use a three-stage process in the event of fan racism. Referees will first request a public announcement, then suspend the game if the behavior doesn't stop. If racist incidents still persist, they can stop the game.", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 477, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00657", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00108", "text": "There exist many observational evidences implying the expansion of our universe is undergoing a late-time acceleration, the mechanism of this acceleration is unknown. In the so-called thick brane model this phenomena is attributed to the thickness of the brane along the extra dimension. In this study we mainly rely to the consistency of this model with most recent observational data related to the background evolution. The new Supernova Type Ia (SNIa) Gold sample and Supernova Legacy Survey (SNLS) data, the position of the acoustic peak at the last scattering surface from the WMAP observations and the baryon acoustic oscillation peak found in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) are used to constrain the free parameter of the thick codimension 1 brane model. To infer its consistency with age of our universe, we compare the age of old cosmological objects with what computed using the best fit values for the model parameters. When the universe is matter dominated, $w=0$, at 68% level of confidence, the combination of Gold sample SNIa, CMB shift parameter and SDSS databases provides $\\Omega_m=0.31_{-0.02}^{+0.02}$, $\\Omega_{\\cal{C}}=0.05_{-0.01}^{+0.01}$, $w_r=-1.40_{-0.20}^{+0.20}$, hence a spatially open universe with $\\Omega_k=0.21_{-0.08}^{+0.08}$. The same combination with SNLS supernova observation gives $\\Omega_m=0.28_{-0.02}^{+0.03}$, $\\Omega_{\\cal{C}}=0.037_{-0.004}^{+0.003}$, $w_r=-2.05_{-0.15}^{+0.15}$ consequently provides a spatially open universe $\\Omega_k=0.11_{-0.07}^{+0.10}$. These results obviously seem to be in contradiction with the most recent WMAP results indicating a flat universe.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 436, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00258", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00109", "text": "LEX identified third-party enterprise software support as a credible and strategic solution, and selected Rimini Street as the best option for its needs. “There is a common predicament in Korea, where CIOs and IT leaders are tasked with the challenge to reduce overall cost across their IT landscape, and at the same time improve efficiency, support their organization’s growth strategy, and execute digital transformation projects,” said Tae-joon Park, manager of the Management Information Team at SIFLEX. “SIFLEX had the same predicament and when we evaluated our entire IT cost structure to find savings opportunities, the annual spend on our SAP maintenance stood out as a large proportion of our overall IT spend, we were receiving subpar service, far below our expectations in return. When we spoke to Rimini Street clients we realized that we would be in good company amongst other CIOs who had made the decision to switch, and who are reaping the benefits of that strategic decision – not only in terms of the cost savings, but in liberating their resources and budget to enable their digital transformation initiatives.” Expert Engineers with an Average of 15 Years’ Experience Rimini Street’s third-party support includes support for an organizations’ software customizations, which are not supported as part of SAP’s annual support program. According to Rimini Street data from nearly 2,000 clients signed to date, 85% of all critical Priority 1 cases are related to a company’s customization to the software. Traditional software vendor support explicitly excludes support for software customizations, forcing customers to self-support their own customizations or outsourcing this support to an external consultant – adding to the overall IT spend and draining internal resources. When considering support alternatives, SIFLEX wanted immediate access to expert engineers who would quickly respond to any issues that arose and provide a timely resolution. As with all Rimini Street clients, SIFLEX was assigned a primary support engineer (PSE) with an average of 15 years’ experience with SAP software, and the company now enjoys a premium level of service compared to the call-center level support model provided by SAP. Rimini Street has nearly 450 PSE’s around the world, who provide support 24/7 365 days a year, and a guaranteed service level agreement of 15 minutes response time for all critical cases. “The biggest service advantage we found moving to Rimini Street support was the fact that we could speak directly to our assigned support engineer. Previously when I", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00832", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00110", "text": "Transient lunar phenomena (TLPs) have been reported for centuries, but their nature is largely unsettled. A review of TLP reports shows regularities in the observations; a key question is whether this structure is imposed by human observer effects, terrestrial atmospheric effects or processes tied to the lunar surface. I interrogate an extensive TLP catalog to determine if human factors determine the distribution of TLP reports. I divide the sample according to variables which should produce varying results if determining factors involve humans e.g., historical epoch or geographical location of the observer, not reflecting phenomena tied to the lunar surface. Regardless of how we split the ample, the results are similar: ~50% of the reports involve crater Aristarchus nd vicinity, ~16% from Plato, ~6% from other recent, major impacts, plus a few at Grimaldi. Mare Crisium produces a robust signal for three of five averages of up to 7% of the reports (Crisium is an extended feature). The consistency in TLP report counts for specific features indicates that >~80% of reports are consistent with being real (perhaps excepting Crisium). Some commonly reported sites disappear from the robust averages, including Alphonsus, Ross D and Gassendi. TLP reports supporting these sites originate almost entirely after year 1955, when TLPs became more popular targets of observation and many more (and inexperienced) observers searched for TLPs. In a companion paper, we compare the spatial distribution of robust TLP sites of transient outgassing (seen on Apollo and Lunar Prospector). To a high confidence against the random hypothesis, robust TLP sites and those of lunar outgassing correlate strongly, further arguing for the reality of TLPs. [Abstract abridged.]", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 361, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00397", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00111", "text": "\"The Wedding Date\" (Berkley), by Jasmine Guillory If you've ever met someone and felt an instant connection, you're not alone. It happened to Alexa Monroe, who was visiting her out-of--town sister at San Francisco's Fairmont hotel. Shortly after she walked into the elevator, it stalled. Conversation ensued with the disabled lift's other rider, a hot doctor named Drew Nichols. This is the premise of \"The Wedding Date,\" Jasmine Guillory's debut novel. Readers are taken on a journey following the main characters' relationship. The elevator pair start by sharing cheese and crackers and a bottle of champagne originally meant for Alexa's sister as they wait for a repairman. Drew is in town from Los Angeles for an ex-girlfriend's wedding. He has no date. After a drink and light flirting, he asks Alexa to accompany him to the soiree, to be held the next day. \"I am a dateless groomsman in the wedding of my ex-girlfriend and former best friend,\" Drew says. \"My date bailed on me last-minute, so I'm going to look pathetic, and I'll probably get drunk and hit on a bridesmaid — the whole thing is going to be a nightmare.\" \"The Wedding Date\" is a romance story with plenty of sex, though not on the scale of \"Fifty Shades of Grey.\" Guillory, whose writing is clean, elegant, does a fine job of leaving much of the sexual content to the reader's imagination. The book also explores, on a surface level, interracial relationships. Alexa is black; Drew is white. They have plenty in common: they're both highly educated, have successful careers and live in big coastal cities. Some modern dating themes are also explored. The novel is a light-hearted and quick read with fully drawn characters, and it's likely to resonate with many readers. ___ Online: https://www.jasmineguillory.com/", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 393, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00767", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00112", "text": "Context. The modern generation of Cherenkov telescopes has revealed a new population of gamma-ray sources in the Galaxy. Some of them have been identified with previously known X-ray binary systems while other remain without clear counterparts a lower energies. Our initial goal here was reporting on extensive radio observations of the first extended and unidentified source, namely TeV J2032+4130. This object was originally detected by the HEGRA telescope in the direction of the Cygnus OB2 region and its nature has been a matter of debate during the latest years. Aims. We aim to pursue our radio exploration of the TeV J2032+4130 position that we initiated in a previous paper but taking now into account the latest results from new Whipple and MILAGRO TeV telescopes. Methods. Our investigation is mostly based on interferometric radio observations with the Giant Metre Wave Radio Telescope (GMRT) close to Pune (India) and the Very Large Array (VLA) in New Mexico (USA). We also conducted near infrared observations with the 3.5 m telescope and the OMEGA2000 camera at the Centro Astronomico Hispano Aleman (CAHA) in Almeria (Spain). Results. We present deep radio maps centered on the TeV J2032+4130 position at different wavelengths. In particular, our 49 and 20 cm maps cover a field of view larger than half a degree that fully includes the Whipple position and the peak of MILAGRO emission. Our most important result here is a catalogue of 153 radio sources detected at 49 cm within the GMRT antennae primary beam with a full width half maximum (FWHM) of 43 arc-minute. Moreover, our multi-configuration VLA images reveal the non-thermal extended emission previously reported by us with improved angular resolution.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 375, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00256", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00113", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Four Corners Interpretive Center Act''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS AND PURPOSES. (a) Findings.--Congress finds that-- (1) the Four Corners Monument is nationally significant as the only geographic location in the United States where 4 State boundaries meet; (2) the States with boundaries that meet at the Four Corners are Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah; (3) between 1868 and 1875 the boundary lines that created the Four Corners were drawn, and in 1899 a monument was erected at the site; (4) a United States postal stamp will be issued in 1999 to commemorate the centennial of the original boundary marker; (5) the Four Corners area is distinct in character and possesses important historical, cultural, and prehistoric values and resources within the surrounding cultural landscape; (6) there are no permanent facilities or utilities at the Four Corners Monument Tribal Park, each year the park attracts approximately 250,000 visitors; (7) the area of the Four Corners Monument Tribal Park falls entirely within the Navajo Nation or Ute Mountain Ute Tribe reservations; (8) the Navajo Nation and the Ute Mountain Ute Tribe have entered into a memorandum of understanding governing the planning and future development of the Four Corners Monument Tribal Park; (9) in 1992, through agreements executed by the Governors of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah, the Four Corners Heritage Council was established as a coalition of State, Federal, tribal, and private interests; (10) the State of Arizona has obligated $45,000 for planning efforts and $250,000 for construction of an interpretive center at the Four Corners Monument Tribal Park; (11) numerous studies and extensive consultation with American Indians have demonstrated that development at the Four Corners Monument Tribal Park would greatly benefit the people of the Navajo Nation and the Ute Mountain Ute Tribe; (12) the Arizona Department of Transportation has completed preliminary cost estimates that are based on field experience with rest-area development for the construction of a Four Corners Interpretive Center and surrounding infrastructure, including restrooms, roadways, parking areas, and water, electrical, telephone, and sewage facilities; (13) an interpretive center would provide important educational and enrichment opportunities for all Americans; and (14) Federal financial assistance and technical expertise", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00894", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00114", "text": "We have observed several emission lines of two Nitrogen-bearing (C2H5CN and C2H3CN) and two Oxygen-bearing (CH3OCH3 and HCOOCH3) molecules towards a sample of well-known hot molecular cores (HMCs) in order to check whether the chemical differentiation seen in the Orion-HMC and W3(H_2O) between O- and N-bearing molecules is a general property of HMCs. With the IRAM-30m telescope we have observed 12 HMCs in 21 bands, centered at frequencies from 86250 to 258280 MHz. The rotational temperatures obtained range from ~100 to ~150 K in these HMCs. Single Gaussian fits performed to unblended lines show a marginal difference in the line peak velocities of the C2H5CN and CH3OCH3 lines, indicating a possible spatial separation between the region traced by the two molecules. neither the linewidths nor the rotational temperatures and column densities confirm such a result. By comparing the abundance ratio of the pair C2H5CN/C2H3CN with the predictions of theoretical models, we derive that the age of our cores ranges between 3.7 and 5.9x10^{4} yrs. The abundances of C2H5CN and C2H3CN are strongly correlated, as expected from theory which predicts that C2H3CN is formed through gas phase reactions involving C2H5CN. A correlation is also found between the abundances of C2H3CN and CH3OCH3, and C2H5CN and CH3OCH3. In all tracers the fractional abundances increase with the H_2 column density while they are not correlated with the gas temperature.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 365, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00193", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00115", "text": "We consider the effect of reionization on the clustering properties of galaxy samples at intermediate redshifts (z~0.3-5.5). Current models for the reionization of intergalactic hydrogen predict that overdense regions will be reionized early, thus delaying the build up of stellar mass in the progenitors of massive lower-redshift galaxies. As a result, the stellar populations observed in intermediate redshift galaxies are somewhat younger and hence brighter in overdense regions of the Universe. Galaxy surveys would therefore be sensitive to galaxies with a somewhat lower dark matter mass in overdense regions. The corresponding increase in the observed number density of galaxies can be parameterized as a galaxy bias due to reionization. We model this process using merger trees combined with a stellar synthesis code. Our model demonstrates that reionization has a significant effect on the clustering properties of galaxy samples that are selected based on their star-formation properties. The bias correction in Lyman-break galaxies (including those in proposed baryonic oscillation surveys at z<1) is at the level of 10-20% for a halo mass of 10^12 solar masses, leading to corrections factors of 1.5-2 in the halo mass inferred from measurements of clustering length. The reionization of helium could also lead to a sharp increase in the amplitude of the galaxy correlation function at z~3. We find that the reionization bias is approximately independent of scale and halo mass. since the traditional galaxy bias is mass dependent, the reionization bias becomes relatively more important for lower mass systems. The correction to the bias due to reionization is very small in surveys of luminous red galaxies at z<1.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 347, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00390", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00116", "text": "Chinese conglomerate HNA group on Wednesday said that Wang Jian, the firm's chairman and co-founder, died during a business trip in the south of France. Wang \"accidentally fell causing serious injury, and attempts to rescue him were ineffective,\" the firm said in a statement. \"Together, we mourn the loss of an exceptionally gifted leader and role model, whose vision and values will continue to be a beacon for all who had the good fortune to know him.\" Read more: How dangerous are China's shadow banks? The firm did not provide details on how he died. broadcaster France Bleu reported on Tuesday that a man fitting Wang's description had fallen more than 10 meters (33 feet) to his death while attempting to take a photo from a wall. Local police officer Hubert Meriaux also said that \"witness accounts point to a likely accident\" in the case: \"He stood on the edge of a sharp drop to get his family to take a picture of him and fell.\" Meriaux stressed that an autopsy was still pending. Evolution of a Chinese company Wang co-founded the firm in 1993 as a small provincial airline serving the Chinese province of Hainan. Since then, it has transformed into a Fortune 500 company, operating China's four-largest airline and acquiring a 25-percent stake in Hilton Worldwide chain of hotels. Last year, Beijing set its sight on HNA during a crackdown on risky financing, which had long fueled expansion for Chinese companies. The company has since sold off parts of its vast empire in aviation, tourism and financial services to manage its debt. Read more: Will China's high debt levels spark a financial crisis? HNA Group controls an 8.8 percent stake in Deutsche Bank. The company was listed 170 on Fortune 500 Global list in 2017 with $53.3 billion (€62 billion) in revenue. ls/msh (AP, AFP) Each evening at 1830 UTC, DW's editors send out a selection of the day's hard news and quality feature journalism. You can sign up to receive it directly here.", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 423, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00755", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00117", "text": "a whole made a commitment to develop a comprehensive rating system to label programming that may be harmful or inappropriate for children. That system was implemented at the beginning of 1999. (16) these efforts to respond to public concern about the impact of television on children, millions of Americans, especially parents with young children, remain angry and frustrated at the sinking standards of television programming, the reluctance of the industry to police itself, and the harmful influence of television on the well-being of the children and the values of the United States. (17) The Department of Justice issued a ruling in 1993 indicating that additional efforts by the television industry to develop and implement voluntary programming guidelines would not violate the antitrust laws. The ruling states that ``such activities may be likened to traditional standard setting efforts that do not necessarily restrain competition and may have significant procompetitive benefits... Such guidelines could serve to disseminate valuable information on program content to both advertisers and television viewers. Accurate information can enhance the demand for, and increase the output of, an industry's products or services.''. (18) The Children's Television Act of 1990 (Public Law 101- 437) states that television broadcasters in the United States have a clear obligation to meet the educational and informational needs of children. (19) Several independent analyses have demonstrated that the television broadcasters in the United States have not fulfilled their obligations under the Children's Television Act of 1990 and have not noticeably expanded the amount of educational and informational programming directed at young viewers since the enactment of that Act. (20) The popularity of video and personal computer (PC) games is growing steadily among children. most popular video and personal computer games are educational or harmless in nature, many of the most popular are extremely violent. One recent study by Strategic Record Research found that 64 percent of teenagers played video or personal computer games on a regular basis. Other surveys of children as young as elementary school age found that almost half of them list violent computer games among their favorites. (21) Violent video games often present violence in a glamorized light. Game players are often cast in the role of shooter, with points scored for each ``kill''. Similarly, advertising for such games often touts violent content as a selling point--the more graphic and extreme, the better. (22) As the popularity and graphic nature of such video games grows, so do their potential to negatively influence impressionable children. (23) Music is another", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 496, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01003", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00118", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Terrorist Admission Prevention Act of 2002''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. The Congress makes the following findings: (1) United States border security agencies are presently overwhelmed with more than 400 million visits across our borders each year and safeguards need to be put in place to make our borders more secure. (2) Current border entry and exit systems are woefully inadequate and the provisions included in the USA PATRIOT Act will greatly enhance the Nation's border security so that Americans know with greater certainty who is entering and exiting the United States. (3) Most of the nineteen terrorists who hijacked planes and attacked the United States on September 11, 2001, are believed to have entered the United States with approved visas and had not been identified by the Immigration and Naturalization Service as being in violation of the terms of their visa. (4) Afghanistan harbors terrorist organizations and is host to Osama bin Laden and his al Qaeda terrorist network. (5) Terrorist organizations are operating in Algeria, Lebanon, Somalia, and the United Arab Emirates, and their members pose a threat to the people of the United States. (6) Terrorist organizations continue to secretly operate in Egypt and six of the individuals on the Federal Bureau of Investigation's most wanted terrorists list are Egyptians wanted in connection with attacks on the United States. (7) An Egyptian, Mohamed Atta, believed to be the organizer of the September 11, 2001, attacks, was able to enter and exit the United States several times prior to the attacks being on our Nation's terrorist watch list. (8) Nearly half of the nineteen terrorists who hijacked planes on September 11, 2001, were citizens of Saudi Arabia and entered the United States on approved visas. (9) Most of the suspects in the June 25, 1996, bombing on United States Air Force Khobar Towers barracks at Dhahran Air Base in Saudi Arabia are citizens of Saudi Arabia. (10) The United States Department of State has designated Yemen a haven for terrorists and operatives of Osama bin Laden operating in Yemen were responsible for the 1999 attack on the USS Cole which killed 17 and injured 39 United States sailors. SEC. 3. TEMPORARY MORATORIUM ON THE ISSUANCE OF CERTAIN ALIEN IMMIGRANT AND NONIMMIGRANT VISAS.", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00861", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00119", "text": "We propose a pairing-based method for cooling an atomic Fermi gas. A three component (labels 1, 2, 3) mixture of Fermions is considered where the components 1 and 2 interact and, for instance, form pairs the component 3 is in the normal state. For cooling, the components 2 and 3 are coupled by an electromagnetic field. Since the quasiparticle distributions in the paired and in the normal states are different, the coupling leads to cooling of the normal state even when initially $T_{paired}\\geq T_{normal}$ (notation $T_S\\geq T_N$). The cooling efficiency is given by the pairing energy and by the linewidth of the coupling field. No superfluidity is required: any type of pairing, or other phenomenon that produces a suitable spectral density, is sufficient. In principle, the paired state could be cooled as well but this requires $T_N<T_S$. The method has a conceptual analogy to cooling based on superconductor -- normal metal (SN) tunneling junctions. Main differences arise from the exact momentum conservation in the case of the field-matter coupling vs. non-conservation of momentum in the solid state tunneling process. Moreover, the role of processes that relax the energy conservation requirement in the tunneling, e.g. thermal fluctuations of an external reservoir, is now played by the linewidth of the field. The proposed method should be experimentally feasible due to its close connection to RF-spectroscopy of ultracold gases which is already in use.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 316, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00157", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00120", "text": "SECTION 1. ESTABLISHMENT OF STATE DEPARTMENT REVIEW PANEL. (a) Findings and Purpose.--The Congress makes the following findings: (1) The Department of State, established in 1789, is responsible for representing the worldwide interests of the United States and its citizens and for advancing the policies of the United States Government. (2) The Department operates 288 posts in more than 160 countries throughout the world, has approximately 24,000 full- time staff, and spends a budget of approximately $7,061,000,000. (3) There have been dramatic changes in the world in which the Department must function, including changes in technology, changes in religious, ethnic, and regional conflicts, and changes in economic, political, and military relationships. there has been little change in the organization and structure of the Department or its posts throughout the world. (4) The Department and all United States diplomatic efforts should be the subject of a comprehensive review by an independent panel to assess how the Department can best fulfill its mission in the 21st century and meet the challenges of a rapidly changing world. (b) Establishment.--Not later than December 1, 2001, the Congress shall establish a nonpartisan independent panel to be known as the Department of State Review Panel (in this section referred to as the ``Panel''). The Panel shall have the duties set forth in this section. (c) Membership.-- (1) The Panel shall be composed of 10 members who are individuals in the private sector who are recognized experts in matters relating to foreign affairs and the national security of the United States. (2) Members of the Panel shall be appointed as follows: (A) 3 members appointed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives. (B) 3 members appointed by the Majority Leader of the Senate. (C) 2 members appointed by the Minority Leader of the House of Representatives. (D) 2 members appointed by the Minority Leader of the Senate. (3) The Panel shall have a chairman who shall be selected by the members of the panel from among the members. (d) Report.--Not later than 12 months after the appointment of the last member to the Panel, the Panel shall prepare and submit to the Congress a comprehensive report. The report shall include the following: (1) A review of current structures of the Department of State and related agencies, including the organization and operation of the embass", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01067", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00121", "text": "An interaction between electrons and lattice vibrations (phonons) results in two fundamental quantum phenomena in solids: in three dimensions it can turn a metal into a superconductor in one dimension it can turn a metal into an insulator. In two dimensions (2D) both superconductivity and charge-density waves (CDW) are believed to be anomalous. In superconducting cuprates, critical transition temperatures are unusually high and the energy gap may stay unclosed even above these temperatures (pseudogap). In CDW-bearing dichalcogenides the resistivity below the transition can decrease with temperature even faster than in the normal phase and a basic prerequisite for the CDW, the favourable nesting conditions (when some sections of the Fermi surface appear shifted by the same vector), seems to be absent. Notwithstanding the existence of alternatives to conventional theories, both phenomena in 2D still remain the most fascinating puzzles in condensed matter physics. Using the latest developments in high-resolution angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) here we show that the normal-state pseudogap also exists in one of the most studied 2D examples, dichalcogenide 2H-TaSe2, and the formation of CDW is driven by a conventional nesting instability, which is masked by the pseudogap. Our findings reconcile and explain a number of unusual, as previously believed, experimental responses as well as disprove many alternative theoretical approaches. The magnitude, character and anisotropy of the 2D-CDW pseudogap are intriguingly similar to those seen in superconducting cuprates.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 325, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00056", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00122", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Affordable College Textbook Act''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. Congress finds the following: (1) The high cost of college textbooks continues to be a barrier for many students in achieving higher education. (2) According to the College Board, during the 2012-2013 academic year, the average student budget for college books and supplies was $1,200. (3) The Government Accountability Office found that new textbook prices increased 82 percent over the last decade and that Federal efforts to increase price transparency have provided students and families with more and better information, more must be done to address rising costs. (4) The growth of the Internet has enabled the creation and sharing of digital content, including open educational resources that can be freely used by students, teachers, and members of the public. (5) Using open educational resources in place of traditional materials in large-enrollment college courses can reduce textbook costs by 80 to 100 percent. (6) Federal investment in expanding the use of open educational resources could significantly lower college textbook costs and reduce financial barriers to higher education, while making efficient use of taxpayer funds. SEC. 3. DEFINITIONS. In this Act: (1) Educational resource.--The term ``educational resource'' means an educational material that can be used in postsecondary instruction, including textbooks and other written or audiovisual works. (2) Institution of higher education.--The term ``institution of higher education'' has the meaning given the term in section 101 of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1001). (3) Open educational resource.--The term ``open educational resource'' means an educational resource that is licensed under an open license and made freely available online to the public. (4) Open license.--The term ``open license'' means a worldwide, royalty-free, non-exclusive, perpetual, irrevocable copyright license granting the public permission to access, reproduce, publicly perform, publicly display, adapt, distribute, and otherwise use the work and adaptations of the work for any purpose, conditioned only on the requirement that attribution be given to authors as designated. (5) Open textbook.--The term ``open textbook'' means an open educational resource or set of open educational resources that either is a textbook or can be used in place of a textbook for a postsecondary course at an institution of higher education. (6)", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00933", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00123", "text": "BOSTON (AP) — Dave Dombrowski wanted to make sure he and Alex Cora were on the same page, so the Red Sox boss sent off an email for his new manager's approval. The response: A thumbs-up emoji. Tony La Russa and Jim Leyland never did that. \"He's a good emoji texter,\" Dombrowski said with a laugh this month as the team turned its thoughts toward spring training. \"He's very good with the thumbs-up. My children, they help me out at times.\" A native of Puerto Rico, Cora is already a pioneer as the first minority manager in the history of a franchise that was the last to field a black player. But he's also a new kind of Red Sox dugout boss: One of the youngest managers in franchise history, giving him a unique chance to connect with his players. \"He's not too far removed from actually playing the game. He's played — actually, personally — with some of my teammates now,\" Boston outfielder Jackie Bradley Jr. said. \"I think it's going to be a great combination of old school and new school. He's learned from the past, and he's going to be able to put his own twist on things.\" Still just 42 and in his first major league managerial job, Cora is no newbie. His shaved head shows the stubble of a receded hairline, with some gray around the temples picked up during a 14-year career spent with six big-league teams. As a member of the Red Sox from 2005-08, he was a part of the franchise's 2007 World Series title and was teammates with current second baseman Dustin Pedroia. (He also overlapped with first baseman Mitch Moreland for about five days with the Rangers in 2010.) It's this that made him an intriguing choice to replace John Farrell, who was fired last fall at the age of 55 leading Boston to the first back-to-back AL East titles in franchise history. Farrell's predecessor, Bobby Valentine, was 62 for his lone season in Boston; you'd have to go back to Kevin Kennedy, who was 41 when he was hired in 1995, to find a younger Red Sox skipper. \"I'm 42. I'm young,\" Cora said at the team's Christmas festival in December. \"You'll see me around with my backpack and sneakers and jeans. I'm", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00801", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00124", "text": "We carry out cosmological chemodynamical simulations with different strengths of supernova (SN) feedback and study how galactic winds from star-forming galaxies affect the features of hydrogen (HI) and metal (CIV and OVI) absorption systems in the intergalactic medium at high redshift. We find that the outflows tend to escape to low density regions, and hardly affect the dense filaments visible in HI absorption. As a result, the strength of HI absorption near galaxies is not reduced by galactic winds, but even slightly increases. We also find that a lack of HI absorption for lines of sight (LOS) close to galaxies, as found by Adelberger et al., can be created by hot gas around the galaxies induced by accretion shock heating. to HI, metal absorption systems are sensitive to the presence of winds. The models without feedback can produce the strong CIV and OVI absorption lines in LOS within 50 kpc from galaxies, while strong SN feedback is capable of creating strong CIV and OVI lines out to about twice that distance. We also analyze the mean transmissivity of HI, CIV, and OVI within 1 h$^{-1}$ Mpc from star-forming galaxies. The probability distribution of the transmissivity of HI is independent of the strength of SN feedback, but strong feedback produces LOS with lower transmissivity of metal lines. Additionally, strong feedback can produce strong OVI lines even in cases where HI absorption is weak. We conclude that OVI is probably the best tracer for galactic winds at high redshift.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 321, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00016", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00125", "text": "Taipei, Feb. 3 (CNA) Dialogue between the Holy See and China, especially regarding the appointment of Chinese bishops, does not mean that the two countries will establish diplomatic ties, Archbishop of Taipei John Hung Shan-chuan said Saturday, commenting on media reports of a significant breakthrough in China-Vatican ties. Reuters reported Thursday that a framework accord between the two countries on the appointment of bishops in China was ready and \"could be signed in a few months,\" citing an unnamed senior Vatican source. The report said that even a partial resolution of that contentious issue could open the way for the establishment of diplomatic relations between the Vatican and China. Speaking with CNA on Saturday, Hung dismissed those claims, saying that the potential for Beijing and the Vatican to establish diplomatic relations make headlines every year but never end up being true. Hung said the Holy See maintains diplomatic ties with countries based solely on shared values of freedom, democracy, and human rights, and Taiwan has been proactive in championing all those values. Taiwan has put in a lot of effort and money into the humanitarian initiatives spearheaded by the Vatican, and Pope Francis has reciprocated by showing similar care for Taiwan, Hung said. He said the Church would know if in fact something happening regarding the diplomatic ties between Taiwan and the Holy See, but currently there is no such information within the Church. Taiwan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs said Friday that the recent China-Vatican talks had nothing to do with politics, and that the Taiwan government would continue to strengthen its ties with the Vatican and monitor the situation in Beijing. China does not allow its diplomatic allies to maintain formal ties with Taiwan, which means that if the Vatican decides to switch sides, it would have to sever its diplomatic relations with Taiwan. (By Lee Ming-zong and Kuan-lin Liu)", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 363, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00799", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00126", "text": "Charmless 3-body decays of B mesons are studied in the framework of the factorization approach. The nonresonant contributions arising from $B\\to P_1P_2$ transitions are evaluated using heavy meson chiral perturbation theory (HMChPT). The momentum dependence of nonresonant amplitudes is assumed to be in the exponential form $e^{-\\alpha_{NR}} p_B\\cdot(p_i+p_j)}$ so that the HMChPT results are recovered in the soft meson limit $p_i, p_j\\to 0$. In addition, we have identified another large source of the nonresonant signal in the matrix elements of scalar densities, e.g. $<K\\bar K|\\bar ss|0>$, which can be constrained from the decay $\\bar B^0\\to K_SK_SK_S$ or $B^-\\to K^-K_SK_S$. The intermediate vector meson contributions to 3-body decays are identified through the vector current, while the scalar meson resonances are mainly associated with the scalar density. Their effects are described in terms of the Breit-Wigner formalism. Our main results are: (i) All KKK modes are dominated by the nonresonant background. The predicted branching ratios of $K^+K^-K_{S(L)}$, $K^+K^-K^-$ and $K^-K_SK_S$ modes are consistent with the data within errors. (ii) the penguin-dominated $B^0\\to K^+K^-K_{S}$ decay is subject to a potentially significant tree pollution, its effective $\\sin 2\\beta$ is very similar to that of the $K_SK_SK_S$ mode. direct CP asymmetry of the former, being of order -4%, is more prominent than the latter. (iii) For $B\\to K\\pi\\pi$ decays, we found sizable nonresonant contributions in $K^-\\pi^+\\pi^-$ and $\\bar K^0\\pi^+\\pi^-$ modes, in agreement with the Belle measurements but larger than the BaBar result.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 449, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00034", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00127", "text": "We have used data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Data Release 5 to explore the overall structure and substructure of the stellar halo of the Milky Way using about 4 million color-selected main sequence turn-off stars. We fit oblate and triaxial broken power-law models to the data, and found a `best-fit' oblateness of the stellar halo 0.5<c/a<0.8, and halo stellar masses between Galactocentric radii of 1 and 40kpc of (3.7+/-1.2)x10^8 M_sun. The density profile of the stellar halo is approximately r^{-3}; it is possible that the power law slope is shallower inside 20kpc and steeper outside that radius. we found that all smooth and symmetric models were very poor fits to the distribution of stellar halo stars because the data exhibit a great deal of spatial substructure. We quantified deviations from a smooth oblate/triaxial model using the RMS of the data around the model profile on scales >~100pc, after accounting for the (known) contribution of Poisson uncertainties. The fractional RMS deviation of the actual stellar distribution from any smooth, parameterized halo model is >~40%: hence, the stellar halo is highly structured. We compared the observations with simulations of galactic stellar halos formed entirely from the accretion of satellites in a cosmological context by analysing the simulations in the same way as the data. While the masses, overall profiles, and degree of substructure in the simulated stellar halos show considerable scatter, the properties and degree of substructure in the Milky Way's halo match well the properties of a `typical' stellar halo built exclusively out of the debris from disrupted satellite galaxies. Our results therefore point towards a picture in which an important fraction of the Milky Way's stellar halo has been accreted from satellite galaxies.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 392, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00287", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00128", "text": "SECTION 1. DECLARATION OF POLICY. It is the policy of the United States to end the needless maiming and suffering inflicted upon animals through the use of steel jaw leghold traps by prohibiting the import or export of, and the shipment in interstate commerce of, such traps and of articles of fur from animals that were trapped in such traps. SEC. 2. DEFINITIONS. As used in this Act: (1) The term ``article of fur'' means-- (A) any furskin, whether raw or tanned or dressed; or (B) any article, produced, that consists in whole or part of any furskin. For purposes of subparagraph (A), the terms ``furskin'', ``raw'', and ``tanned or dressed'' have the same respective meanings as those terms have under headnote 1 of chapter 43 of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States. (2) The term ``interstate commerce'' shall have the same meaning as that given to such term in section 10 of title 18, United States Code. (3) The term ``import'' means to land on, bring into, or introduce into, any place subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, whether or not such landing, bringing, or introduction constitutes an entry into the customs territory of the United States. (4) The term ``person'' includes any individual, partnership, association, corporation, trust, or any officer, employee, agent, department, or instrumentality of the Federal Government or of any State or political subdivision thereof, or any other entity subject to the jurisdiction of the United States. (5) The term ``Secretary'' means the Secretary of the Interior. (6) The term ``steel jaw leghold trap'' means any spring- powered pan- or sear-activated device with two opposing steel jaws which is designed to capture an animal by snapping closed upon the animal's limb or part thereof. SEC. 3. PROHIBITED ACTS AND PENALTIES. (a) Prohibition.--No article of fur shall be imported, exported, or shipped in interstate commerce if any part or portion of such article is derived from an animal that was trapped in a steel jaw leghold trap. (b) Offenses.--It is unlawful for any person knowingly-- (1) to import, export, ship, or receive any article of fur in contravention of subsection (", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00870", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00129", "text": "A three-dimensional system of interacting spins typically develops static long-range order when it is cooled. If the spins are quantum (S = 1/2), novel quantum paramagnetic states may appear. The most highly sought state among them is the resonating valence bond (RVB) state in which every pair of neighboring quantum spins form entangled spin singlets (valence bonds) and the singlets are quantum mechanically resonating amongst all the possible highly degenerate pairing states. Here we provide experimental evidence for such quantum paramagnetic states existing in frustrated antiferromagnets, ZnxCu4-x(OD)6Cl2, where the S = 1/2 magnetic Cu2+ moments form layers of a two-dimensional kagome lattice. We find that in Cu4(OD)6Cl2, where distorted kagome planes are weakly coupled to each other, a dispersionless excitation mode appears in the magnetic excitation spectrum below ~ 20 K, whose characteristics resemble those of quantum spin singlets in a solid state, known as a valence bond solid (VBS), that breaks translational symmetry. Doping nonmagnetic Zn2+ ions reduces the distortion of the kagome lattice, and weakens the interplane coupling but also dilutes the magnetic occupancy of the kagome lattice. The VBS state is suppressed and for ZnCu3(OD)6Cl2 where the kagome planes are undistorted and 90% occupied by the Cu2+ ions, the low energy spin fluctuations in the spin liquid phase become featureless.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 322, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00210", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00130", "text": "We have observed the 5.54s anomalous X-ray pulsar XTE J1810-197 at radio, millimeter, and infrared (IR) wavelengths, with the aim of learning about its broad-band spectrum. At the IRAM 30m telescope, we have detected the magnetar at 88 and 144GHz, the highest radio-frequency emission ever seen from a pulsar. At 88GHz we detected numerous individual pulses, with typical widths ~2ms and peak flux densities up to 45Jy. Together with nearly contemporaneous observations with the Parkes, Nancay, and Green Bank telescopes, we find that in late 2006 July the spectral index of the pulsar was -0.5<alpha<0 over the range 1.4-144GHz. Nine dual-frequency Very Large Array and Australia Telescope Compact Array observations in 2006 May-September are consistent with this finding, while showing variability of alpha with time. We infer from the IRAM observations that XTE J1810-197 remains highly linearly polarized at millimeter wavelengths. Also, toward this pulsar, the transition frequency between strong and weak scattering in the interstellar medium may be near 50GHz. At Gemini, we detected the pulsar at 2.2um in 2006 September, at the faintest level observed, K_s=21.89+-0.15. We have also analyzed four archival IR Very Large Telescope observations (two unpublished), finding that the brightness fluctuated within a factor of 2-3 over a span of 3 years, unlike the monotonic decay of the X-ray flux. Thus, there is no correlation between IR and X-ray flux, and it remains uncertain whether there is any correlation between IR and radio flux.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 365, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00266", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00131", "text": "The threshold electrodisintegration of the deuteron at backward angles is studied with a relativistic Hamiltonian, including a relativistic one-pion-exchange potential (OPEP) with off-shell terms as predicted by pseudovector coupling of pions to nucleons. The bound and scattering states are obtained in the center-of-mass frame, and then boosted from it to the Breit frame, where the evaluation of the relevant matrix elements of the electromagnetic current operator is carried out. The latter includes, in addition to one-body, also two-body terms due to pion exchange, as obtained, consistently with the OPEP, in pseudovector pion-nucleon coupling theory. The full Lorentz structure of these currents is retained. In order to estimate the magnitude of the relativistic effects we perform, for comparison, the calculation with a non-relativistic phase-equivalent Hamiltonian and the standard non-relativistic expressions for the one-body and two-body pion-exchange currents. Our results for the electrodisintegration cross section show that, in the calculations using one-body currents, relativistic corrections become significant ({\\it i.e.}, larger than 10%) only at high momentum transfer $Q$ ($Q^2 \\simeq 40$fm$^{-2}$ and beyond). the inclusion of two-body currents makes the relativistic predictions considerably smaller than the corresponding non-relativistic results in the $Q^2$ region (18--40) fm$^{-2}$. The calculations based on the relativistic model also confirm the inadequacy, already established in a non-relativistic context, of the present electromagnetic current model to reproduce accurately the experimental data at intermediate values of momentum transfers.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 350, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00092", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00132", "text": "We present CaII K and TiII optical spectra of early-type stars taken mainly from the UVES Paranal Observatory Project, plus HI 21-cm spectra from the Vila-Elisa and Leiden-Dwingeloo surveys, which are employed to obtain distances to intermediate and high velocity clouds. HI emission at a velocity of -117 km/s towards the sightline HD 30677 with NHI=1.7x10^19 cm-2 has no corresponding CaII K absorption, which has a signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio of 610. The star has a spectroscopically determined distance of 2.7-kpc, and hence sets this as a firm lower distance limit towards Anti-Centre cloud ACII. Towards another sightline (HD 46185), HI at +122 km/s and NHI=1.2x10^19 cm-2 is seen. The CaII K spectrum has a S/N = 780, no absorption is observed at the cloud velocity. This similarly places a firm lower distance limit of 2.9-kpc towards this parcel of gas that may be an intermediate velocity cloud. The lack of intermediate velocity (IV) CaII K absorption towards HD 196426 at a S/N = 500 reinforces a lower distance limit of 700-pc towards this part of Complex gp, where NHI is 1.1x10^19 cm-2 and velocity is +78 km/s. Additionally, no IV CaII K is seen in absorption in the spectrum of HD 19445, which is strong in HI with NHI=8x10^19 cm-2 at -42 km/s, placing a firm uninteresting lower distance limit of 39-pc to this part of IV South. Finally, no HV CaII K absorption is seen towards HD 115363 at a S/N = 410, placing a lower distance of 3.2-kpc towards the HVC gas at velocity of +224 km/s and NHI=5.2x10^19 cm-2. This gas is in the same region of the sky as complex WE (Wakker 2001), but at higher velocities. The non-detection of CaII K absorption sets a lower distance of 3.2-kpc towards the HVC, which is unsurprising if this feature is indeed related to the Magellanic System.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 492, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00048", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00133", "text": "Code, is amended-- (1) in subsection (a)-- (A) beginning in the 3d sentence of paragraph (2)(A) by striking ``, and the Sherman Act (15 U.S.C. 1, et seq.),'' and all that follows through ``the'' and inserting ``. The'', (B) in paragraph (3)(B)-- (i) by striking ``(i)'', and (ii) by striking clause (ii), (C) in paragraph (4)-- (i) by striking the 2d sentence, and (ii) in the 3d sentence by striking ``the'' and inserting ``The'', and (D) in paragraph (5)(A) by striking ``, and the antitrust laws set forth in paragraph (2) of this subsection do not apply to parties and other persons with respect to making or carrying out the agreement'', (2) in subsection (d) by striking the last sentence, and (3) by striking subsection (e) and inserting the following: ``(e) Nothing in this section exempts an agreement approved, or submitted for approval, under subsection (a) from the application of the antitrust laws (as defined in subsection (a) of the 1st section of the Clayton Act, but including section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act to the extent such section 5 applies to unfair methods of competition). ``(f) In reviewing any agreement submitted for approval under subsection (a), the Board shall take into account, among any other considerations, the impact of such agreement on shippers, consumers, and affected communities. The Board shall make findings regarding such impact, which shall be-- ``(1) made part of the administrative record; ``(2) submitted to any other reviewing agency for consideration in making its determination; and ``(3) available in any judicial review of the Board's decision regarding such agreement.''. (b) Combinations.--Section 11321 of title 49, United States Code, is amended-- (1) in subsection (a)-- (A) by striking ``The authority'' and inserting ``Subject to subsection (c), the authority'', and (B) in the 3d sentence by striking ``is exempt from the antitrust laws and from all other law,'' and inserting ``is exempt from all other law (except the laws referred to in subsection (c)),'', and (2) by adding at the end the following:", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 496, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00935", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00134", "text": "The opioid crisis is described now as a “national emergency” by the president. Will this open the floodgates for more funding, more help? Last week, the president said he’s declaring a national emergency of opioid abuse. What might that mean? The details are still to come, but the country is watching. 60,000 drug-related deaths predicted for the latest year. That’s a 9/11 every three weeks, says Chris Christie, chairman of the president’s commission on opioid abuse. So, if there’s an emergency level response, where will that focus? On treatment? On police? On a wall? This hour On Point: the presidents “national emergency” on opioids. — Tom Ashbrook Guests Lenny Bernstein, health and medicine reporter for the Washington Post. (@LennyMBernstein) Bertha Madras, member of President Trump’s five-person Commission on Combating Drug Addiction and the Opioid Crisis. Psychobiologist at McLean Hospital, and a professor at Harvard Medical School. Helen Jones-Kelley, executive director of the Alcohol, Drug Addiction and Mental Health Services for Montgomery County, Ohio. From Tom’s Reading List Washington Post: Trump says opioid crisis is a national emergency, pledges more money and attention — “President Trump on Thursday declared the country’s opioid crisis a national emergency, saying the epidemic exceeded anything he had seen with other drugs in his lifetime. The statement by the president came in response to a question as he spoke to reporters outside a national security briefing at his golf club in Bedminster, N.J., where he is on a working vacation.” Financial Times: Drug industry faces ‘tidal wave’ of litigation over opioid crisis — “Companies that make or distribute opioid painkillers are facing a “tidal wave” of litigation as US officials seek to raise funds to fight the country’s addiction epidemic and punish those they accuse of fuelling the crisis. The number of government officials launching legal action against drugmakers and wholesalers has soared in the past year in what some lawyers see as a harbinger of a settlement that could echo the more than $200bn extracted from the tobacco industry in 1998.” NPR: What Could Happen If Trump Formally Declares Opioids A National Emergency — “The president could ask HHS Secretary Price to declare an emergency under the Public Health Service Act. Unlike FEMA, HHS doesn’t have a standing emergency fund (during last year’s Zika virus scare, many people urged", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00614", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00135", "text": "the designated transferee (a licensed importer, licensed manufacturer, or licensed dealer complying with this subsection shall not be required to comply again with the requirements of section 922(t) in delivering the firearm to the nonlicensed transferor), and notify the nonlicensed transferor and the nonlicensed transferee-- ``(A) of such compliance; and ``(B) if the transfer is subject to the requirements of section 922(t)(1), of any receipt by the licensed importer, licensed manufacturer, or licensed dealer of a notification from the national instant criminal background check system that the transfer would violate section 922 or would violate State law; ``(4) not later than 10 days after the date on which the transfer occurs, submit to the Secretary a report of the transfer, which report-- ``(A) shall be on a form specified by the Secretary by regulation; and ``(B) shall not include the name of or other identifying information relating to any person involved in the transfer who is not licensed under this chapter; ``(5) if the licensed importer, licensed manufacturer, or licensed dealer assists a person other than a licensee in transferring, at 1 time or during any 5 consecutive business days, 2 or more pistols or revolvers, or any combination of pistols and revolvers totaling 2 or more, to the same nonlicensed person, in addition to the reports required under paragraph (4), prepare a report of the multiple transfers, which report shall be-- ``(A) prepared on a form specified by the Secretary; and ``(B) not later than the close of business on the date on which the transfer occurs, forwarded to-- ``(i) the office specified on the form described in subparagraph (A); and ``(ii) the appropriate State law enforcement agency of the jurisdiction in which the transfer occurs; and ``(6) retain a record of the transfer as part of the permanent business records of the licensed importer, licensed manufacturer, or licensed dealer. ``(f) Records of Licensee Transfers.--If any part of a firearm transaction takes place at a gun show, each licensed importer, licensed manufacturer, and licensed dealer who transfers 1 or more firearms to a person who is not licensed under this chapter shall, not later than 10 days after the date on which the transfer occurs, submit to the Secretary a report of the transfer, which report-- ``(1) shall be in a form specified by the Secretary by regulation; ``(2) shall not include the name of or other identifying", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01023", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00136", "text": "Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) can offer a competitive alternative for conventional technology in electrical precision measurements. This article summarises recent work in development of MEMS solutions for electrical metrology. MEMS-based voltage references, RMS-to-DC converters, high frequency power sensors, and reference oscillators are discussed. The main principle of operation of the components is the balance between electrical forces and mechanical spring forces in micromachined silicon structures. In RMS sensors and RMS-to-DC converters, the quadratic voltage dependence of the force between plates of a moving-plate capacitor is utilised, and the operation of the MEMS voltage reference is based on the pull-in phenomenon of a moving-plate capacitor. Advantages of MEMS devices compared to more conventional solutions include small size, low power consumption, low price in mass production, and stability. The drift caused by electrostatic charging effects has turned out to be a major problem. This problem has not been solved in DC applications, but it can be circumvented by using AC actuation instead of DC and by compensating the internal DC voltages of the component. In this way, an AC voltage reference with relative drift rate below 2 ppm during a three-week test period has been constructed. Even better stability has been demonstrated with a MEMS-based reference oscillator: no changes in resonance frequency were observed at relative uncertainty level of about 0.01 ppm in a measurement which was continued for more than a month. MEMS components have also been developed for measuring RF and microwave power up to frequencies of about 40 GHz. Unlike conventional high frequency power sensors, which measure the absorbed power, the MEMS device measures the power that is transmitted through the sensor.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 343, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00434", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00137", "text": "on any survey item, and one of the largest single-year changes in opinion that we've seen over the 11-year history of the survey,\" Martin West, the editor in chief of EducationNext, said on a press conference call. The wording of the question — about the formation of charter schools — may hold a clue. In theory, it might be possible to have very positive feelings about the charter schools currently in your community, still oppose new ones. And the expansion of charters is exactly what communities around the country have been fighting over. Last year the NAACP and Black Lives Matter called for a moratorium on the growth of charter schools (the NAACP called more recently for a ban on for-profit management of these schools). The state of Massachusetts saw a bruising fight over its charter cap. Detroit's proliferation of charters has been labeled \"a glut\" and \"chaos.\" And charter expansion was the central issue in the school board race in Los Angeles, one of the biggest public school districts in the country. The nationally representative poll breaks down respondents by political party, and there's a clear partisan divide on many issues, even as public opinion shifts. Last year, for example, 57 percent of Democrats favored universal vouchers, against 45 percent of Republicans. This year they've switched places: 62 percent of Republicans like them and only 50 percent of Democrats agree. Zeroing in on that political divide, pollsters also measured what they called the \"Trump effect.\" That is, how do responses change when some people are told that the president supports or opposes a particular issue? They found that self-identified Republicans are more likely to support an issue if they are informed that Trump also supports it, while Democrats are the opposite. Trump's net influence is nearly nil, which makes him less of a force than President Obama was in this poll in 2009. Back then, when respondents on all sides were told the new President supported an education issue, they were more likely to back it, by double digits. This poll, then, serves as a snapshot of what some have called the breakdown of a long-standing bipartisan consensus on education that dated back to No Child Left Behind. Still, there is one enduring issue where blue- and red-state opinions are near-identical: approval of the local public schools. 55 percent of Republicans and 54 percent of Democrats give local schools a B or an A.", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 488, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00618", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00138", "text": "Secular variations of the geomagnetic field have been measured with a continuously improving accuracy during the last few hundred years, culminating nowadays with satellite data. It is well known that the dynamics of the magnetic field is linked to that of the velocity field in the core and any attempt to model secular variations will involve a coupled dynamical system for magnetic field and core velocity. Unfortunately, there is no direct observation of the velocity. Independently of the exact nature of the above-mentioned coupled system -- some version being currently under construction -- the question is debated in this paper whether good knowledge of the magnetic field can be translated into good knowledge of core dynamics. Furthermore, what will be the impact of the most recent and precise geomagnetic data on our knowledge of the geomagnetic field of the past and future? These questions are cast into the language of variational data assimilation, while the dynamical system considered in this paper consists in a set of two oversimplified one-dimensional equations for magnetic and velocity fields. This toy model retains important features inherited from the induction and Navier-Stokes equations: non-linear magnetic and momentum terms are present and its linear response to small disturbances contains Alfv\\'en waves. It is concluded that variational data assimilation is indeed appropriate in principle, even though the velocity field remains hidden at all times; it allows us to recover the entire evolution of both fields from partial and irregularly distributed information on the magnetic field. This work constitutes a first step on the way toward the reassimilation of historical geomagnetic data and geomagnetic forecast.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 311, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00200", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00139", "text": "2MASS J11011926-7732383 AB (hereafter 2M1101AB), located in the Cha I star forming region, is a rare wide-separation brown dwarf binary. XMM-Newton and Chandra observations of 2M1101AB have allowed us to examine the influence of physical parameters (mass, bolometric luminosity and effective temperature) on X-ray emission from a coeval pair of substellar objects. The spatial resolution of XMM-Newton is not sufficient to separate contributions from the two components in the binary. The X-ray source detected with XMM-Newton has a column density compatible with the infrared extinction of component A. the binary is resolved with Chandra, and the bulk of the X-ray emission is clearly associated with the photospherically cooler component B. These apparently contradictory results point at strong variability of 2M1101's X-ray emission. Combined with previous sensitive X-ray observations from low-mass members of ChaI, we find a decline of X-ray luminosity with decreasing (sub)stellar mass that is typical for star forming regions. 2M1101B is the coolest (spectral type M8.25) and least massive brown dwarf of ChaI detected in X-rays so far. It is also among the youngest (~1 Myr) substellar ChaI members, and therefore relatively luminous. Most bona fide brown dwarfs of Cha I have remained below the sensitivity limits of available X-ray observations, because of their low luminosity associated with higher age.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 312, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00352", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00140", "text": "We have undertaken an unprecedentedly large 1.1 millimeter continuum survey of three nearby star forming clouds using Bolocam at the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory. We mapped the largest areas in each cloud at millimeter or submillimeter wavelengths to date: 7.5 sq. deg in Perseus (Paper I), 10.8 sq. deg in Ophiuchus (Paper II), and 1.5 sq. deg in Serpens with a resolution of 31\", detecting 122, 44, and 35 cores, respectively. Here we report on results of the Serpens survey and compare the three clouds. Average measured angular core sizes and their dependence on resolution suggest that many of the observed sources are consistent with power-law density profiles. Tests of the effects of cloud distance reveal that linear resolution strongly affects measured source sizes and densities, but not the shape of the mass distribution. Core mass distribution slopes in Perseus and Ophiuchus (alpha=2.1+/-0.1 and alpha=2.1+/-0.3) are consistent with recent measurements of the stellar IMF, the Serpens distribution is flatter (alpha=1.6+/-0.2). We also compare the relative mass distribution shapes to predictions from turbulent fragmentation simulations. Dense cores constitute less than 10% of the total cloud mass in all three clouds, consistent with other measurements of low star-formation efficiencies. Furthermore, most cores are found at high column densities; more than 75% of 1.1 mm cores are associated with Av>8 mag in Perseus, 15 mag in Serpens, and 20-23 mag in Ophiuchus.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 352, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00261", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00141", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Breastfeeding Promotion Act''. TITLE I--AMENDMENT TO THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964 SEC. 101. SHORT TITLE. This title may be cited as the ``Pregnancy Discrimination Act Amendments of 2001''. SEC. 102. FINDINGS; PURPOSES. (a) Findings.--Congress finds the following: (1) Women with infants and toddlers are a rapidly growing segment of the labor force today. (2) Statistical surveys of families show that over 50 percent of mothers with children less than 1 year of age are in the labor force. (3) The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that mothers breastfeed for at least the 1st year of a child's life and that arrangements be made to allow a mother's expressing of milk if mother and child must separate. (4) Research studies show that children who are not breastfed have higher rates of mortality, meningitis, some types of cancers, asthma and other respiratory illnesses, bacterial and viral infections, diarrhoeal diseases, ear infections, allergies, and obesity. (5) Research studies have also shown that breastmilk and breastfeeding have protective effects against the development of a number of chronic diseases, including juvenile diabetes, lymphomas, Crohn's disease, celiac disease, some chronic liver diseases, and ulcerative colitis. (6) Maternal benefits of breastfeeding include a reduced risk for postpartum hemorrhage and decreased risk for developing osteoporosis, ovarian cancer, and premenopausal breast cancer. (7) The health benefits to children from breastfeeding translate into a threefold decrease in parental absenteeism due to infant illness. (8) Congress intended to include breastfeeding and expressing breast milk as protected conduct under the amendment made by the Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 to title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. (9) title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as so amended, applies with respect to ``pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions'', a few courts have failed to reach the conclusion that breastfeeding and expressing breast milk in the workplace are covered by the such title. (b) Purposes.--The purposes of this title are-- (1) to promote the health and well-being of infants whose mothers return to the workplace after childbirth, and (2) to clarify that breastfeeding and expressing breast milk", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01106", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00142", "text": "This paper focuses on supergravity duals of BPS states in N=4 super Yang-Mills. In order to describe these duals, we begin with a sequence of breathing mode reductions of IIB supergravity: first on S^3, then S^3 x S^1, and finally on S^3 x S^1 x CP^1. We then follow with a complete supersymmetry analysis, yielding 1/8, 1/4 and 1/2 BPS configurations, respectively (where in the last step we take the Hopf fibration of S^3). The 1/8 BPS geometries, which have an S^3 isometry and are time-fibered over a six-dimensional base, are determined by solving a non-linear equation for the Kahler metric on the base. Similarly, the 1/4 BPS configurations have an S^3 x S^1 isometry and a four-dimensional base, whose Kahler metric obeys another non-linear, Monge-Ampere type equation. the non-linearity of the problem, we develop a universal bubbling AdS description of these geometries by focusing on the boundary conditions which ensure their regularity. In the 1/8 BPS case, we find that the S^3 cycle shrinks to zero size on a five-dimensional locus inside the six-dimensional base. Enforcing regularity of the full solution requires that the interior of a smooth, generally disconnected five-dimensional surface be removed from the base. The AdS_5 x S^5 ground state corresponds to excising the interior of an S^5, while the 1/8 BPS excitations correspond to deformations (including topology change) of the S^5 and/or the excision of additional droplets from the base. In the case of 1/4 BPS configurations, by enforcing regularity conditions, we identify three-dimensional surfaces inside the four-dimensional base which separate the regions where the S^3 shrinks to zero size from those where the S^1 shrinks.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 421, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00080", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00143", "text": "We present wide-field BVI photometry for about 11,500 stars in the low-metallicity cluster NGC 5466. We have detected the red giant branch bump for the first time, it is at least 0.2 mag fainter than expected relative to the turnoff. The number of red giants (relative to main sequence turnoff stars) is in excellent agreement with stellar models from the Yonsei-Yale and Teramo groups, and slightly high compared to Victoria-Regina models. This adds to evidence that an abnormally large ratio of red giant to main-sequence stars is not correlated with cluster metallicity. We discuss theoretical predictions from different research groups and find that the inclusion or exclusion of helium diffusion and strong limit Coulomb interactions may be partly responsible. We also examine indicators of dynamical history: the mass function exponent and the blue straggler frequency. NGC 5466 has a very shallow mass function, consistent with large mass loss and recently-discovered tidal tails. The blue straggler sample is significantly more centrally concentrated than the HB or RGB stars. We see no evidence of an upturn in the blue straggler frequency at large distances from the center. Dynamical friction timescales indicate that the stragglers should be more concentrated if the cluster's present density structure has existed for most of its history. NGC 5466 also has an unusually low central density compared to clusters of similar luminosity. In spite of this, the specific frequency of blue stragglers that puts it right on the frequency -- cluster M_V relation observed for other clusters.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 322, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00022", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00144", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Next Generation Hispanic-Serving Institutions Act''. SEC. 2. POSTBACCALAUREATE OPPORTUNITIES FOR HISPANIC AMERICANS. (a) Establishment of Program.--Title V of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1101 et seq.) is amended-- (1) by redesignating part B as part C; (2) by redesignating sections 511 through 518 as sections 521 through 528, respectively; and (3) by inserting after section 505 (20 U.S.C. 1101d) the following new part: ``PART B--PROMOTING POSTBACCALAUREATE OPPORTUNITIES FOR HISPANIC AMERICANS ``SEC. 511. FINDINGS AND PURPOSES. ``(a) Findings.--Congress finds the following: ``(1) According to the United States Census, by the year 2050 one in four Americans will be of Hispanic origin. ``(2) the dramatic increase in the Hispanic population in the United States, the National Center for Education Statistics reported that in 1999, Hispanics accounted for only 4 percent of the master's degrees, 3 percent of the doctor's degrees, and 5 percent of first-professional degrees awarded in the United States. ``(3) Hispanics constitute 10 percent of the college enrollment in the United States, they comprise only 3 percent of instructional faculty in colleges and universities. ``(4) The future capacity for research and advanced study in the United States will require increasing the number of Hispanics pursuing postbaccalaureate studies. ``(5) Hispanic-serving institutions are leading the Nation in increasing the number of Hispanics attaining graduate and professional degrees. ``(6) Among Hispanics who received master's degrees in 1999-2000, 25 percent earned them at Hispanic-serving institutions. ``(7) Between 1991 and 2000, the number of Hispanic students earning master's degrees at Hispanic-serving institutions grew 136 percent, the number receiving doctor's degrees grew by 85 percent, and the number earning first- professional degrees grew by 47 percent. ``(8) It is in the national interest to expand the capacity of Hispanic-serving institutions to offer graduate and professional degree programs. ``(b) Purposes.--The purposes of this part are-- ``(1) to expand postbaccalaureate", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01073", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00145", "text": "The X-ray spectral and timing properties of ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) have many similarities with the very high state of stellar-mass black holes (power-law dominated, at accretion rates greater than the Eddington rate). their cool disk components, large characteristic inner-disk radii and low characteristic timescales have been interpreted as evidence of black hole masses ~ 1000 Msun (intermediate-mass black holes). Here we re-examine the physical interpretation of the cool disk model, in the context of accretion states of stellar-mass black holes. In particular, XTE J1550-564 can be considered the missing link between ULXs and stellar-mass black holes, because it exhibits a high-accretion-rate, low-disk-temperature state (ultraluminous branch). On the ultraluminous branch, the accretion rate is positively correlated with the disk truncation radius and the bolometric disk luminosity, while it is anti-correlated with the peak temperature and the frequency of quasi-periodic-oscillations. Two prototypical ULXs (NGC1313 X-1 and X-2) also seem to move along that branch. We use a phenomenological model to show how the different range of spectral and timing parameters found in the two classes of accreting black holes depends on both their masses and accretion rates. We suggest that ULXs are consistent with black hole masses ~ 50-100 Msun, moderately inefficiently accreting at ~20 times Eddington.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 322, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00480", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00146", "text": "Since 2012, the CDC, which sets public health standards for exposure to lead, has used a blood lead threshold of 5 micrograms per deciliter for children under age 6. While no level of lead exposure is safe for children, those who test at or above that level warrant a public health response, the agency says. Based on new data from a national health survey, the CDC may lower its reference level to 3.5 micrograms per deciliter in the coming months, according to six people briefed by the agency. The measure will come up for discussion at a CDC meeting January 17 in Atlanta. But the step, which has been under consideration for months, could prove controversial. One concern: Lowering the threshold could drain sparse resources from the public health response to children who need the most help—those with far higher lead levels. The CDC did not respond to a request for comment. Exposure to lead—typically in peeling old paint, tainted water or contaminated soil—can cause cognitive impairment and other irreversible health impacts. The CDC adjusts its threshold periodically as nationwide average levels drop. The threshold value is meant to identify children whose blood lead levels put them among the 2.5 percent of those with the heaviest exposure. \"Lead has no biological function in the body, and so the less there is of it in the body the better,\" Bernard M Y Cheung, a University of Hong Kong professor who studies lead data, told Reuters. \"The revision in the blood lead reference level is to push local governments to tighten the regulations on lead in the environment.\" The federal agency is talking with state health officials, laboratory operators, medical device makers and public housing authorities about how and when to implement a new threshold. Since lead was banned in paint and phased out of gasoline nearly 40 years ago, average childhood blood lead levels have fallen more than 90 percent. The average is now around 1 microgram per deciliter. progress has been uneven, and lead poisoning remains an urgent problem in many U.S. communities. A Reuters investigation published this month found nearly 3,000 areas with recently recorded lead poisoning rates of at least 10 percent, or double those in Flint, Michigan, during that city's water crisis. More than 1,100 of these communities had a rate of elevated blood tests at least four times higher than in Flint. In the worst-affected urban areas, up to 50 percent of children tested in recent", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00587", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00147", "text": "selected to serve as an Independent Scientific Reviewer. ``(c) Random Selection of Independent Scientific Reviewer To Evaluate Health Claim.--No later than 15 days after a health claim petition is filed with the Secretary, the Secretary shall select an Independent Scientific Reviewer at random and shall provide that person with a complete copy of the health claim petition for evaluation. The Secretary shall not reveal the name of the Independent Scientific Reviewer to the public or to the health claim petitioner until after the Secretary receives from the Independent Scientific Reviewer all publicly available scientific evidence reviewed and a complete evaluation of the health claim. ``(d) All Publicly Available Scientific Evidence Shall Be Reviewed.--Upon receipt of a health claim petition, the Independent Scientific Reviewer shall acquire and evaluate all publicly available scientific evidence relevant to the claim. The Independent Scientific Reviewer shall determine whether credible scientific evidence supports the health claim. ``(e) Every Health Claim Shall Be Recommended for Approval That Is Supported by Credible Scientific Evidence.--If the Independent Scientific Reviewer finds that credible scientific evidence supports the health claim, the Independent Scientific Reviewer shall recommend to the Secretary that the health claim be approved. If the Independent Scientific Reviewer finds the scientific evidence in support of the claim less than conclusive, suggestive but not conclusive, preliminary and inconclusive, or generally accepted but not proven to a conclusive degree, or if the Independent Scientific Reviewer finds the claim to convey a potentially misleading connotation, the Independent Scientific Reviewer shall also recommend that the health claim be approved accompanied by a concise disclaimer carefully worded to render the claim nonmisleading. ``(f) Health Claims Not Recommended for Approval.--If the Independent Scientific Reviewer finds that no credible scientific evidence supports the health claim and that no disclaimer can eliminate a misleading connotation conveyed by the claim, then the Independent Scientific Reviewer shall recommend that the Secretary not approve the health claim. ``(g) Compensation for Independent Scientific Reviewers and Sanctions for Noncompliance.--The Secretary shall pay each Independent Scientific Reviewer the sum of $40,000 no later than 60 days after the Secretary receives all publicly available scientific evidence reviewed and a complete evaluation of the health claim. If the Secretary finds that the Independent Scientific Reviewer has submitted a false certification under subsection (a)(4), the Secretary may debar the Independent Scientific Reviewer from the Independent Scientific Review program and shall refrain from paying the $40,000 fee.''. SEC. 6. LEGAL EFFECT OF HEALTH CLAIM RECOMMENDATION BY", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00900", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00148", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``MTBE Elimination Act''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS; SENSE OF CONGRESS. (a) Findings.--Congress finds that-- (1) a single cup of MTBE, equal to the quantity found in 1 gallon of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE, renders all of the water in a 5,000,000-gallon well undrinkable; (2) the physical properties of MTBE allow MTBE to pass easily from gasoline to air to water, or from gasoline directly to water, but MTBE does not-- (A) readily attach to soil particles; or (B) naturally degrade; (3) the development of tumors and nervous system disorders in mice and rats has been linked to exposure to MTBE and tertiary butyl alcohol and formaldehyde, which are 2 metabolic byproducts of MTBE; (4) reproductive and developmental studies of MTBE indicate that exposure of a pregnant female to MTBE through inhalation can-- (A) result in maternal toxicity; and (B) have possible adverse effects on a developing fetus; (5) the Health Effects Institute reported in February 1996 that the studies of MTBE support its classification as a neurotoxicant and suggest that its primary effect is likely to be in the form of acute impairment; (6) people with higher levels of MTBE in the bloodstream are significantly more likely to report more headaches, eye irritation, nausea, dizziness, burning of the nose and throat, coughing, disorientation, and vomiting as compared with those who have lower levels of MTBE in the bloodstream; (7) available information has shown that MTBE significantly reduces the efficiency of technologies used to remediate water contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbons; (8) the costs of remediation of MTBE water contamination throughout the United States could run into the billions of dollars; (9) several studies are being conducted to assess possible methods to remediate drinking water contaminated by MTBE, there have been no engineering solutions to make such remediation cost-efficient and practicable; (10) the remediation of drinking water contaminated by MTBE, involving the stripping of millions of gallons of contaminated ground water, can cost millions of dollars per municipality; (11) the average cost of a single industrial cleanup involving MTBE contamination is approximately $150,000; (12) the average cost of a single cleanup involving MTBE contamination", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01131", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00149", "text": "15, or 16 of this Act, the district court shall not be required to defer to the primary jurisdiction of the Surface Transportation Board.''. SEC. 5. FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION ENFORCEMENT. (a) Clayton Act.--Section 11(a) of the Clayton Act (15 U.S.C. 21(a)) is amended by striking ``subject to jurisdiction'' and all that follows through the first semicolon and inserting ``subject to jurisdiction under subtitle IV of title 49, United States Code (except for agreements described in section 10706 of that title and transactions described in section 11321 of that title);''. (b) FTC Act.--Section 5(a)(2) of the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 45(a)(2)) is amended by striking ``common carriers subject'' and inserting ``common carriers, except for railroads, subject''. SEC. 6. EXPANSION OF TREBLE DAMAGES TO RAIL COMMON CARRIERS. Section 4 of the Clayton Act (15 U.S.C. 15) is amended by-- (1) redesignating subsections (b) and (c) as subsections (c) and (d), respectively; and (2) inserting after subsection (a) the following: ``(b) Subsection (a) shall apply to a common carrier by railroad subject to the jurisdiction of the Surface Transportation Board under subtitle IV of title 49, United States Code, without regard to whether such railroads have filed rates or whether a complaint challenging a rate has been filed.''. SEC. 7. TERMINATION OF EXEMPTIONS IN TITLE 49. (a) In General.--Section 10706 of title 49, United States Code, is amended-- (1) in subsection (a)-- (A) in paragraph (2)(A), by striking ``, and the Sherman Act (15 U.S.C. 1 et seq.),'' and all that follows through ``or carrying out the agreement'' in the third sentence; (B) in paragraph (4)-- (i) by striking the second sentence; and (ii) by striking ``the'' in the third sentence and inserting ``The''; and (C) in paragraph (5)(A), by striking ``, and the antitrust laws set forth in paragraph (2) of this subsection do not apply to parties and other persons with respect to making or carrying out", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00915", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00150", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Family Life Education Act''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. The Congress finds as follows: (1) The American Medical Association (``AMA''), the American Nurses Association (``ANA''), the American Academy of Pediatrics (``AAP''), the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (``ACOG''), the American Public Health Association (``APHA''), and the Society of Adolescent Medicine (``SAM''), support responsible sexuality education that includes information about both abstinence and contraception. (2) Recent scientific reports by the Institute of Medicine, the American Medical Association and the Office on National AIDS Policy stress the need for sexuality education that includes messages about abstinence and provides young people with information about contraception for the prevention of teen pregnancy, HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases (``STDs''). (3) Research shows that teenagers who receive sexuality education that includes discussion of contraception are more likely than those who receive abstinence-only messages to delay sexual activity and to use contraceptives when they do become sexually active. (4) Comprehensive sexuality education programs respect the diversity of values and beliefs represented in the community and will complement and augment the sexuality education children receive from their families. (5) The median age of puberty is 13 years and the average age of marriage is nearly 26 years old. American teens need access to full, complete, and medically and factually accurate information regarding sexuality, including contraception, STD/ HIV prevention, and abstinence. (6) teen pregnancy rates are decreasing, there are still nearly 900,000 teen pregnancies each year. Nearly 80 percent of teen pregnancies among 15- to 19-year olds are unintended. (7) Research shows that 75 percent of the decrease in teen pregnancy between 1988 and 1995 was due to improved contraceptive use, while 25 percent was due to increased abstinence. (8) More than eight out of ten Americans believe that young people should have information about protecting themselves from unplanned pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases. (9) United States teens acquire an estimated 4,000,000 sexually transmitted infections each year. By age 24, at least one in three sexually active people will have contracted a sexually transmitted disease. (10) An average of two young people in the United States are infected with HIV every hour of every day. African Americans and Hispanic youth have been disproportionately affected by", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00999", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00151", "text": "The scaling behaviors of graphene nanoribbon (GNR) Schottky barrier field-effect transistors (SBFETs) are studied by solving the non-equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) transport equation in an atomistic basis set self-consistently with a three-dimensional Poisson equation. The armchair edge GNR channel shares similarities with a zigzag CNT, but it has a different geometry and quantum confinement boundary condition in the transverse direction. The results indicate that the I-V characteristics are ambipolar and strongly depend on the GNR width because the bandgap of the GNR is approximately inversely proportional to its width, which agrees with recent experiments. A multiple gate geometry improves immunity to short channel effects, but it offers smaller improvement than it does for Si MOSFETs in terms of the on-current and transconductance. Reducing the oxide thickness is more useful for improving transistor performance than using a high-k gate insulator. Significant increase of the minimal leakage current is observed when the channel length is scaled below 10nm because the small effective mass facilitates strong source-drain tunneling. The GNRFET, therefore, does not promise extending the ultimate scaling limit of Si MOSFETs. The intrinsic switching speed of a GNR SBFET, is several times faster than that of Si MOSFETs, which could lead to promising high speed electronics applications, where the large leakage of GNR SBFETs is of less concern.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 300, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00084", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00152", "text": "We report high-resolution optical spectroscopy of the low-mass X-ray binary V395 Car/2S 0921-630 obtained with the MIKE echelle spectrograph on the Magellan-Clay telescope. Our spectra are obtained near superior conjunction of the mass donor star and we exploit the absorption lines originating from the back-side of the K-type object to accurately derive its rotational velocity. Using K0-K1 III templates, we find vsini=32.9 +/- 0.8 km/s. We show that the choice of template star and the assumed limb darkening coefficient has little impact on the derived rotational velocity. This value is a significant revision downwards compared to previously published values. We derive new system parameter constraints in the light of our much lower rotational velocity. We find M_1=1.44 +/- 0.10 Msun, M_2=0.35 +/- 0.03 Msun, and q=0.24 +/- 0.02 where the errors have been estimated through a Monte-Carlo simulation. A possible remaining systematic effect is the fact that we may be over-estimating the orbital velocity of the mass donor due to irradiation effects. any correction for this effect will only reduce the compact object mass further, down to a minimum mass of M_1=1.05 +/- 0.08 Msun. There is thus strong evidence that the compact object in this binary is a neutron star of rather typical mass and that the previously reported mass values of 2-4Msun were too high due to an over-estimate of the rotational broadening.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 325, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00482", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00153", "text": "setting their connection to 'Metered', which can have unwanted side effects due to Windows no longer downloading most Windows updates or Windows Store app updates. Microsoft should just relent and give the Home edition the same level of control over updates as is available to Pro users. 3. Allow users to opt out of feature updates altogether Not everyone appreciates Microsoft's twice-yearly feature updates messing with their desktop, and, for some, the smattering of new features are, at best, unnecessary. Microsoft should give all users the option to completely opt out of feature updates—the most recent being the Windows 10 Fall Creators Update— and instead only receive essential patches and fixes. As it is, users of Pro and Enterprise can defer feature updates for more than a year, so why not go one step further and let everyone opt out altogether. Does it really make sense for people who don't have the slightest interest in virtual reality to suddenly find their computer has a Mixed Reality Portal? There's even already precedent for the change, with Microsoft recently revealing that PCs with unsupported Intel Atom CPUs would not receive any feature updates post last summer's Anniversary Update. 4. Stop trying to force Bing and the Edge browser on users While makes sense for Microsoft to build an ecosystem of linked services, from both a practical and commercial point of view, it would be nice if Microsoft let users choose their sniearch engine when using Windows built-in search feature. Microsoft says that locking the Search function to Bing and its Edge browser is necessary to ensure the best possible experience for Windows 10 users. But given the relatively limited market share of Bing and Edge, it's clear that many users prefer competing products and services, so again it would be good if Microsoft would allow users to use their search engine or browser of choice. 5. Stop pushing the Microsoft Store so hard until it's better stocked Microsoft is determined to get more people to use the Microsoft Store, whether by locking Windows 10 S to using Store apps, or by releasing Store exclusives. launching in 2012, the Store's selection of apps is still fairly lacklustre, especially compared to the unfettered selection of software available for the Window desktop. Microsoft faces a classic chicken and egg problem: without the userbase, it won't get the apps, but without the apps, you can't attract the userbase. Trying to forcibly create an audience by creating an OS locked to the store isn't the answer, all", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 495, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00522", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00154", "text": "the International Space Station. (B) The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (in this Act referred to as ``NASA'') was forced to transfer hundreds of millions of dollars to enable the Russians to complete the critical Space Station service module Zvezda, without which the International Space Station could not operate. (C) Russia delayed completion of the Zvezda service module for several years. Under the International Space Station agreement, the Russian government had committed to fund as well as build the Zvezda service module. Subsequent transfers from the United States, in order to complete the module, reflect serious Russian mismanagement in the field of space. (D) In 2000, while Russia was failing to meet its commitment to the International Space Station, Russia was diverting financial and human resources away from fulfilling its International Space Station commitments in order to keep the Russian's Mir Space Station aloft. (E) Russia's past shortcomings in fulfilling commitments to its international space partners should serve as a warning to the United States as we consider increased reliance on Russian space services in the future. It is not prudent for the United States to depend on Russia for access to space given our past experience with this relationship. (3) American space science should not be dependent on russian support.--(A) The United States has already invested billions of dollars in the International Space Station program since its inception. (B) There is much research of great value being conducted in space, and on the International Space Station, that may yield tremendous gains. Research being conducted on the International Space Station may help scientists back on Earth develop medicines to treat diseases and help us better understand the Earth's climate. Many scientists believe that the microgravity environment of space will enable the development of new drugs, vaccines, and other therapies. Equipment on the International Space Station will monitor stratospheric gases, and investigate ozone chemistry. (4) The united states must have assured access to space.-- (A) To ensure that the United States realizes the dividends from the considerable investment we have made in the International Space Station, we need to ensure continued access to space for our astronauts. NASA's plan for transport of crew to and from the International Space Station fails to provide necessary redundancies to provide assured access to space. (B) NASA anticipates that the Russian Soyuz spacecraft will be the only vehicle for astronaut crew rotation to the International Space Station after 2010. From 2011 until the planned operation of Orion in", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00988", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00155", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Commission on the Advancement of Women in the Science and Engineering Work Forces Act''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. The Congress finds that-- (1) a consistently high presence of women in the professional and total work forces of the United States, women continue to be underrepresented in the science and engineering work forces; (2) women scientists and engineers have higher rates of unemployment and underemployment than their male counterparts, the number of women receiving degrees in scientific and engineering disciplines has increased since 1981; (3) artificial barriers exist in the recruitment, retention, and advancement of women in the science and engineering work forces; (4) academia, industry, and government are increasingly aware of the necessity of and the advantages derived from diverse science and engineering work forces; (5) initiatives of the White House Task Force on Women, Minorities, and the Handicapped in Science and Technology and of the Federal Coordinating Council on Science, Engineering, and Technology have been instrumental in raising public awareness of-- (A) the underrepresentation of women in the science and engineering work forces; and (B) the desirability of eliminating artificial barriers to the recruitment, retention, and advancement of women in such work forces; and (6) the establishment of a commission to examine issues raised by these initiatives would help to-- (A) focus greater attention on the importance of eliminating artificial barriers to the recruitment, retention, and advancement of women in the science and engineering work forces and in all employment sectors of the United States; (B) promote work force diversity; (C) sensitize employers to the need to recruit and retain women scientists and engineers in order to overcome projected shortfalls within the science and engineering work forces of the United States during the next 20 years; and (D) encourage the replication of successful recruitment and retention programs by universities, corporations, and Federal agencies having difficulties in employing women scientists and engineers. SEC. 3. ESTABLISHMENT. There is established a commission to be known as the ``Commission on the Advancement of Women in the Science and Engineering Work Forces'' (hereinafter in this Act referred to as the ``Commission''). SEC. 4. DUTY OF COMMISSION. The Commission shall conduct a study to-- (1) identify the number of women in the United States in the science and engineering work forces, the specific types of occupations in", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01071", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00156", "text": "Double white dwarfs are expected to be a source of confusion-limited noise for the future gravitational wave observatory LISA. In a specific frequency range, this 'foreground noise' is predicted to rise above the instrumental noise and hinder the detection of other types of signals, e.g., gravitational waves arising from stellar mass objects inspiraling into massive black holes. In many previous studies only detached populations of compact object binaries have been considered in estimating the LISA gravitational wave foreground signal. Here, we investigate the influence of compact object detached and Roche-Lobe Overflow Galactic binaries on the shape and strength of the LISA signal. Since >99% of remnant binaries which have orbital periods within the LISA sensitivity range are white dwarf binaries, we consider only these binaries when calculating the LISA signal. We find that the contribution of RLOF binaries to the foreground noise is negligible at low frequencies, but becomes significant at higher frequencies, pushing the frequency at which the foreground noise drops below the instrumental noise to >6 mHz. We find that it is important to consider the population of mass transferring binaries in order to obtain an accurate assessment of the foreground noise on the LISA data stream. we estimate that there still exists a sizeable number (~11300) of Galactic double white dwarf binaries which will have a signal-to-noise ratio >5, and thus will be potentially resolvable with LISA. We present the LISA gravitational wave signal from the Galactic population of white dwarf binaries, show the most important formation channels contributing to the LISA disc and bulge populations and discuss the implications of these new findings.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 322, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00239", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00157", "text": "Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) cluster surveys are considered among the most promising methods for probing dark energy up to large redshifts. their premise is hinged upon an accurate mass-observable relationship, which could be affected by the (rather poorly understood) physics of the intracluster gas. In this letter, using a semi-analytic model of the intracluster gas that accommodates various theoretical uncertainties, I develop a Fundamental Plane relationship between the observed size, thermal energy, and mass of galaxy clusters. In particular, I find that M ~ (Y_{SZ}/R_{SZ,2})^{3/4}, where M is the mass, Y_{SZ} is the total SZ flux or thermal energy, and R_{SZ,2} is the SZ half-light radius of the cluster. I first show that, within this model, using the Fundamental Plane relationship reduces the (systematic+random) errors in mass estimates to 14%, from 22% for a simple mass-flux relationship. Since measurement of the cluster sizes is an inevitable part of observing the SZ clusters, the Fundamental Plane relationship can be used to reduce the error of the cluster mass estimates by ~ 34%, improving the accuracy of the resulting cosmological constraints without any extra cost. I then argue why our Fundamental Plane is distinctly different from the virial relationship that one may naively expect between the cluster parameters. Finally, I argue that while including more details of the observed SZ profile cannot significantly improve the accuracy of mass estimates, a better understanding of the impact of non-gravitational heating/cooling processes on the outskirts of the intracluster medium (apart from external calibrations) might be the best way to reduce these errors.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 349, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00089", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00158", "text": "district against any claim known as the Grillo Claim, government contractor construction claims accruing at any time, and any other suits or claims filed against the United States as of the date of the Settlement Agreement. (c) Project Construction Costs.--The transfer of title authorized by this Act shall not affect the timing or amount of the obligation of the Bonneville Power Administration for the repayment of construction costs incurred by the Federal Government under section 202 of the Act of September 28, 1976 (90 Stat. 1325) that the Secretary of the Interior has determined to be beyond the ability of irrigators to pay. The obligation shall remain charged to and be returned to the Reclamation Fund as provided for in section 2 of the Act of June 14, 1966 (80 Stat. 200), as amended by section 6 of the Act of September 7, 1966 (80 Stat. 707). SEC. 6. POWER. Nothing in this Act shall be construed as having any affect on power arrangements under Public Law 94-423 (90 Stat. 1324). The United States shall continue to provide to the district power and energy for irrigation water pumping for the project, including Dairy Point Pumping Plant. the amount and term of reserved power shall not exceed, respectively-- (1) 27,100,000 kilowatt hours per year; and (2) 50 years commencing October 18, 1990. The rate that the district shall pay the Secretary for such reserved power shall continue to reflect full recovery of Bonneville Power Administration transmission costs. SEC. 7. CONVEYANCE. (a) Conveyance of Interests of United States.--Subject to valid existing rights, the Secretary is authorized to convey all right, title, and interest, without warranties, of the United States in and to all Project Irrigation Works to the district. In the event a significant cultural resource or hazardous waste site is identified, the Secretary is authorized to defer or delay transfer of title to any parcel until required Federal action is completed. (b) Retention of Title to Wildlife Mitigation Facilities.--The Secretary will retain title to the Wildlife Mitigation Facilities. The District shall remain obligated to deliver water to and provide for the operations and maintenance of the Wildlife Mitigation Facilities at its own expense in accordance with the Settlement Agreement. (c) Reservation.--The transfer of rights and interests pursuant to subsection (a", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01026", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00159", "text": "XY Ari is the only intermediate polar to show deep X-ray eclipses of its white dwarf. Previously published observations with Ginga and Chandra have also revealed a broad X-ray orbital modulation, roughly antiphased with the eclipse, and presumed to be due to absorption in an extended structure near the edge of an accretion disc. The X-ray pulse profile is generally seen to be double-peaked, a single-peaked pulse was seen by RXTE during an outburst in 1996.We intended to investigate the cause of the broad orbital modulation in XY Ari to better understand the accretion flow in this system and other intermediate polars. We observed XY Ari with RXTE and analysed previously unpublished archival observations of the system made with ASCA and XMM-Newton. These observations comprise six separate visits and span about ten years. The various X-ray observations show that the broad orbital modulation varies in phase and significance, then ultimately disappears entirely in the last few years. In addition, the X-ray pulse profile shows variations in depth and shape, and in the recent RXTE observations displays no evidence for changes in hardness ratio. The observed changes indicates that both the pulse profile and the orbital modulation are solely due to geometrical effects at the time of the RXTE observations, rather than phase-dependent variations in photoelectric absorption as seen previously. We suggest that this is evidence for a precessing, tilted accretion disc in this system. The precession of the disc moves structures out of our line of sight both at its outer edge (changing the orbital modulation) and at its inner edge where the accretion curtains are anchored (changing the pulse profile).", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 333, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00411", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00160", "text": "Given existing empirical spectral patterns of excited hadrons it has been suggested that chiral symmetry is approximately restored in excited hadrons at zero temperature/density (effective symmetry restoration). If correct, this implies that mass generation mechanisms and physics in excited hadrons is very different as compared to the lowest states. One needs an alternative and independent experimental information to confirm this conjecture. Using very general chiral symmetry arguments it is shown that strict chiral restoration in a given excited nucleon forbids its decay into the N \\pi channel. Hence those excited nucleons which are assumed from the spectroscopic patterns to be in approximate chiral multiplets must only \"weakly\" decay into the N \\pi channel, (f_{N^*N\\pi}/f_{NN\\pi})^2 << 1. those baryons which have no chiral partner must decay strongly with a decay constant comparable with f_{NN\\pi}. Decay constants can be extracted from the existing decay widths and branching ratios. It turnes out that for all those well established excited nucleons which can be classified into chiral doublets N_+(1440) - N_-(1535), N_+(1710) - N_-(1650), N_+(1720) - N_-(1700), N_+(1680) - N_-(1675), N_+(2220) - N_-(2250), N_+(?) - N_-(2190), N_+(?) - N_-(2600), the ratio is (f_{N^*N\\pi}/f_{NN\\pi})^2 ~ 0.1 or much smaller for the high-spin states. the only well established excited nucleon for which the chiral partner cannot be identified from the spectroscopic data, N(1520), has a decay constant into the N\\pi channel that is comparable with f_{NN\\pi}. This gives an independent experimental verification of the chiral symmetry restoration scenario.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 406, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00377", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00161", "text": "A review of the recent refereed literature fails to confirm quantitatively that carbon dioxide (CO2) radiative forcing was the prime mover in the changes in temperature, ice-sheet volume, and related climatic variables in the glacial and interglacial periods of the past 650,000 years, even under the \"fast response\" framework where the convenient if artificial distinction between forcing and feedback is assumed. Atmospheric CO2 variations generally follow changes in temperature and other climatic variables rather than preceding them. Likewise, there is no confirmation of the often-posited significant supporting role of methane (CH4) forcing, which its faster atmospheric response time is simply too small, amounting to less than 0.2 W/m2 from a change of 400 ppb. We cannot quantitatively validate the numerous qualitative suggestions that the CO2 and CH4 forcings that occurred in response to the Milankovich orbital cycles accounted for more than half of the amplitude of the changes in the glacial/interglacial cycles of global temperature, sea level, and ice volume. Consequently, we infer that natural climatic variability notably the persistence of insolation forcing at key seasons and geographical locations, taken with closely-related thermal, hydrological, and cryospheric changes (such as the water vapor, cloud, and ice-albedo feedbacks) suffices in se to explain the proxy-derived, global and regional, climatic and environmental phase-transitions in the paleoclimate. If so, it may be appropriate to place anthropogenic greenhouse-gas emissions in context by separating their medium-term climatic impacts from those of a host of natural forcings and feedbacks that may, as in paleoclimatological times, prove just as significant.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 350, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00455", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00162", "text": "The children pile into the stadium in shiny clothes, clutching green-and-white Pakistani flags. Their parents light the area with cell phones to record the event as they scream, chant and cheer, watching soldiers close a gate that separates India from Pakistan. In the evening ritual at the Wagah-Attari border, near Lahore and Amritsar, soldiers from both countries high-kick, shake their fists, then shake hands – and slam the gate shut. It is deeply visceral for many Pakistanis: an acknowledgement of their border, of a plucky country they feel they have sacrificed so much to create. Pakistan was imagined more than 70 years ago by a stern, British-educated, whiskey-drinking Shiite lawyer. Muhammad Ali Jinnah hoped for a nation as cosmopolitan as he was. He led the fight to carve the country out of British-ruled India. In a new, independent India, Muslims were fearful that they would be dominated by a Hindu majority. But in the decades since, the sense of who is a citizen in the Muslim state hasn't been resolved. The question has come at a high price: Pakistan's constitution specifies the protection of minority rights, \"the government limited freedom of religion,\" according to the State Department. The country's tiny minorities of Sikhs, Christians and Hindus are vulnerable to persecution. Certain laws, such as blasphemy laws, are often used to target them. Within the Muslim community as well, the definition of who exactly is a Muslim has narrowed. The seeds of Pakistan's intolerance were sown within the country's very ideology as a Muslim state, says Taimur Rehman, a political scientist at the Lahore University of Management Sciences. That intolerance was \"inherent in the very way in which Pakistan was created and the very purpose which it was supposed to serve of being a Muslim state,\" he says. \"By its very definition, it has already singled out a community in opposition to another one,\" he says, referring to Muslims and Hindus. \"And it's very easy for that community to be to be narrowed further.\" Over the decades, he argues, the narrowing has been exacerbated by the military, Pakistan's most powerful institution, which cultivated hard-line Islamists to wage a jihad in the disputed region of Kashmir, among other things. This has given right-wing religious groups outsize influence. \"never having won an election,\" Rehman says, \"they are nonetheless able to dictate the narrative in the country because of", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00612", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00163", "text": "The aim of this paper is to identify the young protostellar counterparts associated to dust millimeter cores of the Vela Molecular Ridge Cloud D through new IR observations (H_2 narrow-band at 2.12 micron and N broad band at 10.4 micron) along with an investigation performed on the existing IR catalogues. The association of mm continuum emission with infrared sources from catalogues (IRAS, MSX, 2MASS), JHK data from the literature and new observations, has been established according to spatial coincidence, infrared colours and spectral energy distributions. Only 7 out of 29 resolved mm cores (and 16 out of the 26 unresolved ones) do not exhibit signposts of star formation activity. The other ones are clearly associated with: far-IR sources, H_2 jets or near-IR objects showing a high intrinsic colour excess. The distribution of the spectral indices pertaining to the associated sources is peaked at values typical of Class I objects, while three objects are signalled as candidates Class 0 sources. We remark the high detection rate (30%) of H_2 jets driven by sources located inside the mm-cores. They appear not driven by the most luminous objects in the field, but rather by less luminous objects in young clusters, testifying the co-existence of both low- and intermediate-mass star formation. The presented results reliably describe the young population of VMR-D. the statistical evaluation of activity vs inactivity of the investigated cores, even in good agreement with results found for other star forming regions, seems to reflect the limiting sensitivity of the available facilities rather than any property intrinsic to the mm-condensations.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 338, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00046", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00164", "text": "HARARE, Zimbabwe (AP) — Pakistan had five balls to spare when it beat Zimbabwe by seven wickets on Wednesday and eliminated the African host from the Twenty20 tri-series tournament. Solomon Mire missed out on the chance to become Zimbabwe's first century-maker in a T20 international as his 94-run knock carried Zimbabwe to 162-4 after captain Hamilton Masakadza lost his first toss in the tri-series and his team was put in to bat. Opener Fakhar Zaman (47) and Hussain Talat (44) led Pakistan to 163-3 in 19.1 overs against an inexperienced bowling attack as Pakistan registered its second win against Zimbabwe. It was Zimbabwe's third straight loss. Australia plays against Pakistan on Thursday before both teams meet in Sunday's final. Mire stood tall against Pakistan's full-strength attack as left-arm fast bowler Mohammad Amir (1-25) got his first game of the series and replaced Usman Khan. Mire and Cephas Zhuwao (24) provided a solid opening partnership of 49 runs before Tarisai Musakanda (33) added 64 runs for the third wicket with Mire. Mire, who hit six sixes and six fours, reached his half-century off 32 balls when he hoisted left-arm spinner Mohammad Nawaz for a six over long off in the 11th over. Pakistan struggled for wickets seamer Faheem Ashraf (1-24) and leg-spinner Shadab Khan (1-28) bowling a decent four overs each in the middle overs. Mire looked set to become the first Zimbabwe batsman to score a century in a Twenty20 before he holed out at deep mid-wicket off seamer Talat in the 18th over — only a ball after Asif Ali missed a sitter at deep square leg. Mire also featured in two dismissals during Pakistan's innings as he took a fine catch in the deep to dismiss Haris Sohail. He then denied Zaman a half century through his medium pace when the left-hander was caught at mid-on. Captain Sarfraz Ahmed (38 not out) and experienced Shoaib Malik (12 not out) kept their composure and carried Pakistan home. Ahmed was not happy with his bowlers, saying it \"was not up to the mark, they have to work hard.\"", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 488, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00651", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00165", "text": "We have carried out near-infrared (NIR) imaging observations of the Carina Nebula for an area of ~400 sq. arcmin. including the star clusters Trumpler 14 (Tr 14) and Trumpler 16 (Tr 16). With 10 sigma limiting magnitudes of J ~ 18.5, H ~ 17.5 and K_s ~ 16.5, we identified 544 Class II and 11 Class I young star candidates. We find some 40 previously unknown very red sources with H-K_s > 2, most of which remain undetected at the J band. The red NIR sources are found to be concentrated to the south-east of Tr 16, along the `V' shaped dust lane, where the next generation of stars seems to be forming. In addition, we find indications of ongoing star formation near the three MSX point sources, G287.51-0.49, G287.47-0.54, and G287.63-0.72. A handful of red NIR sources are seen to populate around each of these MSX sources. Apart from this, we identified two hard Chandra X-ray sources near G287.47-0.54, one of which does not have an NIR counterpart and may be associated with a Class I/Class 0 object. The majority of the Class II candidates, are seen to be distributed in the directions of the clusters, demarcating different evolutionary stages in this massive star-forming region. A comparison of the color-magnitude diagrams of the clusters with pre-main sequence model tracks shows that the stellar population of these clusters is very young (< 3 Myr). The K_s band luminosity function (KLF) of Tr 14 shows structure at the faint end, including a sharp peak due to the onset of deuterium burning, implying an age of 1-2 Myr for the cluster. The KLF of Tr 16, is found to rise smoothly until it turns over. The slopes of the mass functions derived for the clusters are found to be in agreement with the canonical value of the field star initial mass function derived by Salpeter.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 447, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00337", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00166", "text": "of them. Hundreds of thousands have gone to Colombia, but authorities there and elsewhere in South America are tightening their borders. Portuguese-speaking Brazil has become the latest alternative for Venezuelans. But they are not finding much comfort there. On a recent day, Militza DonQuis, 38, sat under a tree on the side of the main road in Pacaraima. In the two months since she and her husband arrived from Puerto Cabello, they have not been able to find work. With no money, they can't take the bus to Boa Vista, so they sleep on the ground and scrounge for food during the day. \"This is horrible,\" said DonQuis through tears, adding that in two months she had been unable to send money home to her children, ages 12 and 14, who she left with a sister. With no money for a bus, Jose Guillen, 48, and wife July Bascelta, 44, decided to begin the journey to Boa Vista at night on foot, setting off with 9-year-old twins Angel and Ashley along a road surrounded by forest. \"God will provide,\" said Guillen when asked how the family would eat during a trip that can take five days. After walking 4 miles (6 kilometers), a Brazilian driver stopped agreed to give them a lift to Boa Vista, where the situation is arguably more desperate. Thousands of Venezuelans are living in the streets. They sleep in tents and on benches in central squares, have taken over abandoned buildings and cram dozens of people into small apartments. The largest of three shelters in the city, Tancredo, has 700 people being equipped for 200. Half-naked children roam the former gymnasium while groups of men and women chat about their hopes for finding work and worry about the families they left in Venezuela. Charlie Ivan Delgado, 30, said he came to Brazil several months ago with hopes of earning enough money so he and his high school sweetheart could finally afford a wedding. But each time he called home to El Tigre, he would hear the situation was getting worse, that their three children, ages 9, 5 and 1, were always hungry. So he decided to abandon wedding plans and bring his family. \"Kids in Venezuela today don't think about playing with their friends or what they might study\" in the university, said Delgado, sitting with his children and partner in a", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00708", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00167", "text": "For many, even offering to work for less isn't enough: Several interviewed said many employers have told them flat out they won't hire Venezuelans. Milene da Souza, one of a group of volunteers who periodically serve food, said many Brazilians were increasingly angry at the situation. \"Brazil has many of its own problems,\" she said. \"Roraima has its own problems.\" Last month, fears of a backlash intensified when an arsonist set fire to two Boa Vista houses filled with Venezuelan immigrants, injuring dozens, several severely. A man originally from neighboring Guiana has been arrested, and police have said he was motivated by anger at Venezuelans in the city. On the Plaza Simon Bolivar, named after the South American independence leader who was the inspiration for late Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez' \"socialist revolution,\" throngs are camping in tents or simply sleeping on the grass. When trucks pull up with food, hundreds run toward them, elbowing each other in a mad scramble to get a meal before they run out. Tempers flare as men accuse women and children of using their advantage to get extra portions. Roraima's governor has declared a state of emergency to free up funds for overwhelmed public hospitals, where health officials estimate that 8 in 10 patients are Venezuelan. Last month, President Michel Temer canceled activities during Carnival to make an emergency trip to Boa Vista. But residents say the federal government's plans, which include building a field hospital in Pacaraima and relocating a few thousand immigrants to bigger cities, are not enough. Between Jan. 1 and March 7 of this year, 27,755 Venezuelans crossed into Brazil from Pacaraima. Authorities estimate at least 80,000 are currently in Brazil, most of them in Roraima state. Brazil, Latin America's largest nation, has one of the region's most inclusive immigration policies. Venezuelans are allowed to enter with just a national identification card, a lifeline for many who say that getting a passport in Venezuela has become impossible. Many immigrants who don't have identification cards but can show a birth certificate are allowed in if they request and are granted refugee status. Being designated \"refugees\" can be problematic because such immigrants can't return to Venezuela; President Nicolas Maduro has called them \"traitors\" of the state. Many say that as long as Maduro is in power they have no reason to return. skyrocketing inflation and", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00709", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00168", "text": "HET Optical spectra covering the evolution from about 6 days before to about 5 weeks after maximum light and the ROTSE-IIIb unfiltered light curve of the \"Branch-normal\" Type Ia Supernova SN 2005hj are presented. The host galaxy shows HII region lines at redshift of z=0.0574, which puts the peak unfiltered absolute magnitude at a somewhat over-luminous -19.6. The spectra show weak and narrow SiII lines, and for a period of at least 10 days beginning around maximum light these profiles do not change in width or depth and they indicate a constant expansion velocity of ~10,600 km/s. We analyzed the observations based on detailed radiation dynamical models in the literature. delayed detonation and deflagration models have been used to explain the majority of SNe Ia, they do not predict a long velocity plateau in the SiII minimum with an unvarying line profile. Pulsating delayed detonations and merger scenarios form shell-like density structures with properties mostly related to the mass of the shell, M_shell, and we discuss how these models may explain the observed SiII line evolution; these models are based on spherical calculations and other possibilities may exist. SN 2005hj is consistent with respect to the onset, duration, and velocity of the plateau, the peak luminosity and, within the uncertainties, with the intrinsic colors for models with M_shell=0.2 M_sun. Our analysis suggests a distinct class of events hidden within the Branch-normal SNe Ia. If the predicted relations between observables are confirmed, they may provide a way to separate these two groups. We discuss the implications of two distinct progenitor classes on cosmological studies employing SNe Ia, including possible differences in the peak luminosity to light curve width relation.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 373, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00277", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00169", "text": "Monty McCutchen's father raised an interesting point not long ago, and it resonated right away with the former NBA referee who decided to hang up his whistle earlier this season. \"He told me that no decision is real if it is easy,\" McCutchen said. McCutchen's move off the floor and into the NBA office was certainly not easy. But instead of calling a few games a week, McCutchen sees his job now as one where he could have a say in how they all get officiated. About a month into his job as an NBA vice president overseeing referee development and training, McCutchen is jumping in with both feet. He and fellow NBA executive Michelle Johnson are going to be instrumental in the league's plan to improve how players and referees get along. There's going to be more education, more studying, more explaining and more listening — and McCutchen truly believes it will work. \"I'm invigorated by the people I'm working with, Michelle Johnson,\" McCutchen said. \"I'm invigorated by the people in our office who work closely with referee operations. When you work with good people and you work for a good purpose, that invigorates our lives.\" Ask players and coaches who the best ref in the game was, and the majority of them would likely say McCutchen. His on-court retirement means this season's NBA Finals will be the first since 1985 where the refereeing corps for the series will not include either him, Joey Crawford or Danny Crawford — all recent retirees. \"It would be disingenuous of me to say I did not miss it,\" McCutchen said. ___ ROOKIES EVERYWHERE The addition of two-way contracts seems to be helping more rookies get some NBA run. There's been 97 rookies on the floor already this season, the most since 1949-50 — the fourth season of the NBA. Roughly half of this season's rookies were undrafted. And 14 players taken in the 2017 draft have to make their NBA debut, including No. 1 overall pick Markelle Fultz of Philadelphia. Boston and Dallas have each used seven rookies. The Clippers and the Lakers have both played six. Minnesota and Washington are the exceptions, with no rookies to take the floor for either club this season. The Timberwolves have two rookies on the roster, with Amile Jefferson on a two-way and Justin Patton recovering from surgery", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00711", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00170", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Pharmacy Education Aid Act of 2001''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. The Congress finds as follows: (1) Pharmacists are an important link in our Nation's health care system. A critical shortage of pharmacists is threatening the ability of community pharmacies to continue to provide important prescription related services. (2) The Institute of Medicine (``IOM'') prepared a landmark report on medical errors, including medication errors. In the report, entitled ``To Err is Human: Building a Safer Health System'', IOM indicated that medication errors can be partially attributed to factors such as staff shortages; having too many customers places great pressure on available staff, leading to a lack of concentration. (3) In section 5 of Public Law 106-129, the Congress acknowledged a growing demand for pharmacists by requiring the Secretary of Health and Human Services to conduct a study to determine whether there is a shortage of pharmacists in the United States and, if so, to what extent. (4) The study required by Public Law 106-129 was conducted by the Health Resources and Services Administration (``HRSA''). The report from the study was submitted to the Congress in December 2000, and is entitled ``The Pharmacist Workforce: A Study in Supply and Demand for Pharmacists''. (5) The findings described in the HRSA report include the following: (A) ``While the overall supply of pharmacists has increased in the past decade, there has been an unprecedented demand for pharmacists and for pharmaceutical care services, which has not been met by the currently available supply.'' (B) The ``evidence clearly indicates the emergence of a shortage of pharmacists over the past two years.'' (C) ``The factors causing the current shortage are of a nature not likely to abate in the near future without fundamental changes in pharmacy practice and education.'' (6) In the report, HRSA projects that the number of prescriptions filled by community pharmacists will increase 20 percent by 2004. the number of community pharmacists is expected to increase only 6 percent by 2005. (7) The demand for pharmacists will increase as prescription drug use continues to grow. (8) The Federal Government has a role and the responsibility, through programs such as the National Health Service Corps and programs under title VII of the Public Health Service Act, to ensure", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01141", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00171", "text": "We study the infrared (IR) properties of high-redshift galaxies using deep Spitzer 24, 70, and 160 micron data. Our primary interest is to improve the constraints on the total IR luminosities, L(IR), of these galaxies. We combine the Spitzer data in the southern Extended Chandra Deep Field with a K-band-selected galaxy sample and photometric redshifts from the Multiwavelength Survey by Yale-Chile. We used a stacking analysis to measure the average 70 and 160 micron flux densities of 1.5 < z < 2.5 galaxies as a function of 24 micron flux density, X-ray activity, and rest-frame near-IR color. Galaxies with 1.5 < z < 2.5 and S(24)=53-250 micro-Jy have L(IR) derived from their average 24-160 micron flux densities within factors of 2-3 of those derived from the 24 micron flux densities only. L(IR) derived from the average 24-160 micron flux densities for galaxies with S(24) > 250 micro-Jy and 1.5 < z < 2.5 are lower than those derived using only the 24 micron flux density by factors of 2-10. Galaxies with S(24) > 250 micro-Jy have S(70)/S(24) flux ratios comparable to sources with X-ray detections or red rest-frame IR colors, suggesting that warm dust possibly heated by AGN may contribute to the high 24 micron emission. Based on the average 24-160 micron flux densities, nearly all 24 micron-selected galaxies at 1.5 < z < 2.5 have L(IR) < 6 x 10^12 solar luminosities, which if attributed to star formation corresponds to < 1000 solar masses per year. This suggests that high redshift galaxies may have similar star formation efficiencies and feedback processes as local analogs. Objects with L(IR) > 6 x 10^12 solar luminosities are quite rare, with a surface density ~ 30 +/- 10 per sq. deg, corresponding to ~ 2 +/- 1 x 10^-6 Mpc^-3 over 1.5 < z < 2.5.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 470, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00348", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00172", "text": "One of the most well-known classical results for site percolation on the square lattice is the equation p_c + p_c^* = 1. In words, this equation means that for all values different from p_c of the parameter p the following holds: Either a.s. there is an infinite open cluster or a.s. there is an infinite closed `star' cluster. This result is closely related to the percolation transition being sharp: Below p_c the size of the open cluster of a given vertex is not only (a.s.) finite, but has a distrubtion with an exponential tail. The analog of this result has been proved by Higuchi in 1993 for two-dimensional Ising percolation, with fixed inverse temparature beta <beta_c, and as parameter the external field h. Using sharp-threshold results (approximate zero-one laws) and a modification of an RSW-like result by Bollobas and Riordan, we show that these results hold for a large class of percolation models where the vertex values can be `nicely' represented (in a sense which will be defined precisely) by i.i.d. random variables. We point out that the ordinary percolation model belongs obviously to this class, and we show that also the above mentionedIsing model belongs to it. We hope that our results improve insight in the Ising percolation model, and will help to show that many other (not analyzed) weakly dependent percolation models also belong to the abovementioned class.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 316, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00483", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00173", "text": "In the last year, there's been a big drop in support for charter schools, while other forms of school choice are getting a little less unpopular. That's the top line of a national poll released today. President Trump and his education secretary Betsy DeVos have put school choice front and center on their education agenda. The general idea of \"choice,\" takes many forms. Charter schools are paid for by tax dollars, charge no tuition and are managed independently of public school districts. Vouchers allow students to use tax dollars to pay tuition at private schools. Tax-credit scholarships, now available in 17 states, which allow individuals and companies to get a tax credit for donating to scholarship funds that are used in turn for private school tuition. U.S. opinion on these ideas seems to be shifting, according to a new poll from EducationNext, an opinion and policy journal associated with free-market education reform ideas. They've been asking similar questions for the past decade. Here are the latest results: Charters: Last year 51 percent of the public supported \"the formation of charter schools\"; this year it's just 39 percent, a 12 point drop in one year. Vouchers: 45 percent are either strongly or somewhat supportive of universal vouchers. That's a bounce from last year, but more or less in line with the five years before. Tax credits: This was the most popular form of school choice with 55 percent of the general public supporting this year; also a one-year bounce, but in line with longer-term trends. There's no one obvious explanation for the change in opinion on charter schools. The drop was seen among both Democrats and Republicans and amongst all racial and ethnic groups. \"That's the largest change on any survey item, and one of the largest single-year changes in opinion that we've seen over the 11-year history of the survey,\" Martin West, the editor in chief of EducationNext, said on a press conference call. The wording of the question — about the formation of charter schools — may hold a clue. In theory, it might be possible to have very positive feelings about the charter schools currently in your community, still oppose new ones. And the expansion of charters is exactly what communities around the country have been fighting over. Last year the NAACP and Black Lives Matter called for a moratorium on the growth of charter schools (the NAACP called more recently for a ban on for-profit management of these schools). The state", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00617", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00174", "text": "This thesis discusses the search for supersymmetry at the future Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and the ongoing construction of one of the four large LHC experiments, the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS), and focuses on the detection of signals from the annihilation of supersymmetric dark matter in the spectra of cosmic rays. Measurements of cosmic ray antiparticles, such as positrons, can impose strong constraints on the nature of new physics beyond the Standard Model. cosmic ray positron measurements are experimentally very challenging due to the vast proton background. A novel approach of positron identification with the space-borne AMS-01 experiment, namely through the detection of bremsstrahlung conversion in a silicon microstrip detector, is introduced. Bremsstrahlung from protons is suppressed by a factor of more than 3*10^6 with respect to positrons. The results of the positron measurement show that the bremsstrahlung approach extends the sensitivity range of AMS-01 to positron momenta up to 50 GeV/c, which is far beyond the original scope of the experiment. At momenta above 8 GeV/c there is indication for a positron overabundance with respect to model predictions for purely secondary positron production. Therefore, the AMS-01 data lend further weight to the hints of a positron overabundance seen in the data from earlier experiments. The positron fraction measurements from the most recent experiments are combined with the results of this analysis, giving the most precise positron fraction data available.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 314, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00147", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00175", "text": "X-ray observations have unveiled the existence of enigmatic point-like sources at the center of young (a few kyrs) supernova remnants. These sources, known as Central Compact Objects (CCOs), are thought to be neutron stars produced by the supernova explosion, their X-ray phenomenology makes them markedly different from all the other young neutron stars discovered so far.The aim of this work is to search for the optical/IR counterpart of the Vela Junior CCO and to understand the nature of the associated Halpha nebula discovered by Pellizzoni et al. (2002).}{We have used deep optical (R band) and IR (J,H,Ks bands) observations recently performed by our group with the ESO VLT to obtain the first deep, high resolution images of the field with the goal of resolving the nebula structure and pinpointing a point-like source possibly associated with the neutron star.Our R-band image shows that both the nebula's flux and its structure are very similar to the Halpha ones, suggesting that the nebula spectrum is dominated by pure Halpha line emission. the nebula is not detected in our IR observations, whick makes it impossible to to constrain its spectrum. A faint point-like object (J>22.6, H~21.6, Ks ~ 21.4) compatible with the neutron star's Chandra X-ray position is detected in our IR images (H and Ks) but not in the optical one (R > 25.6), where it is buried by the nebula background. The nebula is most likely a bow-shock produced by the neutron star motion through the ISM or, alternatively, a photo-ionization nebula powered by UV radiation from a hot neutron star.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 356, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00445", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00176", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Neotropical Migratory Bird Conservation Act''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. Congress finds that-- (1) of the nearly 800 bird species known to occur in the United States, approximately 500 migrate among countries, and the large majority of those species, the neotropical migrants, winter in Latin America and the Caribbean; (2) neotropical migratory bird species provide invaluable environmental, economic, recreational, and aesthetic benefits to the United States, as well as to the Western Hemisphere; (3)(A) many neotropical migratory bird populations, once considered common, are in decline, and some have declined to the point that their long-term survival in the wild is in jeopardy; and (B) the primary reason for the decline in the populations of those species is habitat loss and degradation (including pollution and contamination) across the species' range; and (4)(A) because neotropical migratory birds range across numerous international borders each year, their conservation requires the commitment and effort of all countries along their migration routes; and (B) numerous initiatives exist to conserve migratory birds and their habitat, those initiatives can be significantly strengthened and enhanced by increased coordination. SEC. 3. PURPOSES. The purposes of this Act are-- (1) to perpetuate healthy populations of neotropical migratory birds; (2) to assist in the conservation of neotropical migratory birds by supporting conservation initiatives in the United States, Latin America, and the Caribbean; and (3) to provide financial resources and to foster international cooperation for those initiatives. SEC. 4. DEFINITIONS. In this Act: (1) Account.--The term ``Account'' means the Neotropical Migratory Bird Conservation Account established by section 9(a). (2) Conservation.--The term ``conservation'' means the use of methods and procedures necessary to bring a species of neotropical migratory bird to the point at which there are sufficient populations in the wild to ensure the long-term viability of the species, including-- (A) protection and management of neotropical migratory bird populations; (B) maintenance, management, protection, and restoration of neotropical migratory bird habitat; (C) research and monitoring; (D) law enforcement; and (E) community outreach and education. (3) Secretary.--The term ``Secretary'' means the Secretary", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00854", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00177", "text": "WASHINGTON (AP) — With the Supreme Court poised to rule on a case that could end the federal ban on sports gambling, more than a third of U.S. states are considering legislation to get in on the action, and professional leagues and casino interests are lobbying against each other for the biggest cut of the winnings. The push to legalize betting on sports has already led to fractures in an uneasy alliance that had developed between leagues and gambling legalization advocates before Supreme Court arguments last fall. The NBA and Major League Baseball have been asking states to give them 1 percent of the total amount wagered on their games, calling it an \"integrity fee\" so they can protect their products and snuff out attempts at cheating and game-fixing. \"Now, let's be clear — that's just a euphemism for a cut of the action,\" Joe Asher, CEO of William Hill U.S., a sports book operator, told New York state lawmakers in January. \"There will be plenty of financial benefits to the leagues.\" Gambling proponents say kicking back that much to the leagues would make sports books unprofitable and prevent a legal, regulated betting market from developing. They're seeking an arrangement similar to what exists in Nevada, where the state takes 6.75 percent of winnings on top of a federal tax of 0.25 percent of the amount wagered. Casinos have a built-in edge when it comes to battling in statehouses. Casinos are legal in 40 states; the commercial companies and American Indian tribes that run them are well-versed in dealing with regulators and state lawmakers. The NBA and MLB, are new to lobbying states on gambling and have sometimes relied upon the bully pulpit of their commissioners to get their point across. \"The leagues feel like they're out of their element, and that's making them uncomfortable,\" said Kevin Braig, a Columbus, Ohio-based attorney, gambling industry analyst and handicapper. \"The gaming industry lobbies all the states. I think it goes even beyond that: They're almost partners in what they're doing. They have a very close relationship because they have very closely overlapping interests.\" Before the Supreme Court heard New Jersey's challenge to the 1992 federal law limiting sports betting to the four states that already had laws on the books, casino interests — and their influential trade group, the American Gaming Association — were encouraged by the professional leagues' changing attitudes about gambling, even as leagues argued before the justices that the", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 495, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00790", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00178", "text": "We present high-resolution observations made with the Very Large Array (VLA) in its A configuration at frequencies between 5 and 43 GHz of a sample of five massive young stellar objects (YSOs): LkHa101, NGC2024-IRS2, S106-IR, W75N and S140-IRS1. The resolution varied from 0.04 arcsec (at 43 GHz) to 0.5 arcsec (at 5 GHz), corresponding to a linear resolution as high as 17 AU for our nearest source. A MERLIN observation of S106-IR at 23 GHz with 0.03-arcsec resolution is also presented. S106-IR and S140-IRS1 are elongated at 43 GHz perpendicular to their large scale bipolar outflows. This confirms the equatorial wind picture for these sources seen previously in MERLIN 5 GHz observations. The other sources are marginally resolved at 43 GHz. The spectral indices we derive for the sources in our sample range from +0.2 to +0.8, generally consistent with ionized stellar winds. We have modelled our sources as uniform, isothermal spherical winds, with LkHa101 and NGC2024-IRS2 yielding the best fits. in all cases our fits give wind temperatures of only 2000 to 5000 K, much less than the effective temperatures of main-sequence stars of the same luminosity, a result which is likely due to the clumpy nature of the winds.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 310, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00286", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00179", "text": "see an Options link. It's quite possible that you've never explored this link before. Let's take a look: With any Office file open, click the File tab and choose Save As in the left pane. Below the Filename and Location controls, click the More Options link (Figure A). In the bottom-right corner of the resulting dialog, look for the Tags control (Figure B). Click the Add A Tag Link and supply a keyword (Figure C). To add more than one, separate the keywords with a semicolon. Once you add a Tags keyword, Office will display it in an AutoComplete list when you tag subsequent files, making it easier to use Tags consistently. Click Save and continue as you normally would. Figure A Click the More Options link. Figure B Click the Tags control and start entering keywords. Figure C Separate keywords with a semicolon. You can add Tags to all your Office files this way. I showed you only one, you might have several files that warrant a plant sale or 2018 keyword. Following our example, you have a plant list in Excel, but you might also have a vendor contract in Word and several graphic files you're using in different publicity venues. Searching Now let's use File Explorer to find all your plant sale files. You could run a quick search on your local drive using any number of search strings: plant list, contract, and so on. If you use this route, you know that a search can take a while and it often turns up a lot of files you're not looking for. As you can see in Figure D, what you might expect to be a simple search for your Word contract is anything but. A similar search on 2018 could return similar or even worse results. Figure D A search on contract returns a lot of files. Okay, I confess: The above search is unnecessarily complicated—I did that on purpose. If you see a lot of files you can't identify, check the Advanced Options dropdown and make sure System Files is unchecked (unless you're looking for system files). Doing so will improve most search tasks, with or without Tags. thanks to Tags, you don't have to second guess, remember every related file you've generated or updated, or wade through busy search results. Even if the search includes system files (as above), you won't see a lot of unexpected files. You'll see only the files you've tagged accordingly. To pinpoint just the files you want to", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00571", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00180", "text": "Simple general formula describing the p-V-T relationships of elastic solids is derived from theoretical considerations. The new EoS was tested to experiments of perovskite 0-109 GPa and 293-2000 K. The parameters providing the best fit are: Ko = 267.5 GPa, Vo = 24.284 cm3, alpha_o = 2.079x10^-5 K^-1, the pressure derivative of Ko is 1.556 and the pressure derivative of alpha_o is -1.098x10^-7 K^-1GPa^-1 . The root-mean-square-deviations (RMSD) of the residuals are 0.043 cm3, 0.79 GPa, and 125 K for the molar volume, pressure, and temperature respectively. These RMSD values are in the range of the uncertainty of the experiments, indicating that the five parameters semi-empirical EoS correctly describes the p-V-T relationships of perovskite. Separating the experiments into 200 K ranges the semi-empirical EoS was compared to the most widely used finite strain, interatomic potential, and empirical isothermal EoSs such as the Birch-Murnaghan, the Vinet, and the Roy-Roy respectively. Correlation coefficients, RMSDs of the residuals and Akaike Information Criteria were used for evaluating the fitting. Based on these fitting parameters under pure isothermal conditions the semi-empirical p-V EoS is slightly weaker than the Birch-Murnaghan and Vinet EoSs; the semi-empirical p-V-T EoS is superior in every temperature range to all of the investigated conventional isothermal EoSs.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 345, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00298", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00181", "text": "BIRMINGHAM, Ala. (AP) — As Alabama's high-profile Senate race heads toward a Tuesday vote, supporters and opponents of GOP candidate Roy Moore are bending the truth — or shattering it to pieces — in the campaign's final stretch. One website falsely proclaimed that one of the women who accused Moore of sexual misconduct had recanted. Another erroneously reported that a Moore accuser \"forged\" his yearbook inscription to her. On the other side, Moore's detractors took to social media to assert, erroneously, that Moore had written in a 2011 textbook that women shouldn't hold elected office. The Associated Press checked these out; here are the real facts: NOT REAL: BREAKING: Roy Moore's Lying Accuser Admits He Didn't Ever Touch Her THE FACTS: None of the women who accused the Alabama Republican Senate candidate of sexual misconduct, including two women who said Moore molested them, have backed off their initial claims. This fake headline is from a website, Reagan Was Right, which promotes hoaxes and satire. The woman featured in a photograph accompanying the story shows a British reality TV star, not any of the eight women who have accused Moore of sexual misconduct. NOT REAL: Claims that Roy Moore authored a textbook in 2011 that says women shouldn't run for office THE FACTS: Moore is in fact a co-author of a \"textbook\" which serves as a study guide for a series of Bible-based video and audio lectures on U.S. law and public policy. The course packaging also identifies him as a \"featured speaker.\" claims spread on the web this week, Moore did not author the specific section or deliver the lecture that argues that women should not hold elected office. That talk was given by William Einwechter, an elder at Immanuel Free Reformed Church in Pennsylvania. Moore's office says he does not believe that women are unqualified for public office. NOT REAL: BREAKING: ROY MOORE ACCUSER ADMITS SHE FORGED PART OF YEARBOOK INSCRIPTION!!! THE FACTS: Moore supporters celebrated misleading news that Beverly Nelson, one of his accusers, admitted forging a 1977 yearbook inscription that was considered key evidence against the Alabama Republican. The inscription reads, \"To a sweeter more beautiful girl I could not say, 'Merry Christmas.'\" It is followed by the signature \"Roy Moore D.A.\" and the notation \"12-22-77 Olde", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00805", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00182", "text": "characters or anthropomorphic animals. Both before and after the story, children had the opportunity to share stickers with other children. The number of stickers each child set aside for others provided a quantifiable measure of sharing. The key finding was that, on average, children who heard the story featuring a human who shared increased the number of stickers they shared, those who heard the story featuring an anthropomorphic animal that shared did not. In other words, young children applied the lesson from the story to their own behavior, but only when the story featured humans. The researchers also found that when children in another group were allowed to choose whether to read the story about humans or the story about anthropomorphic animals, they had no reliable preference. This suggests that the story about humans wasn't more effective in promoting sharing simply because children found it more appealing, and also that children weren't reliably drawn to the more fantastical alternative. The findings from the study reinforce the idea that young children have an easier time exporting what they learn from a fictional storybook to the real world when the storybook is realistic. The leap from a fictional human to a real one is simply smaller than the leap from an anthropomorphic raccoon to a human. But it could be that as children grow older they become better at making these leaps, or that parents can help them make the leaps more readily. In a paper just published in the journal Cognition, for example, developmental psychologist Caren Walker and I found that prompting 5- and 6-year-old children to explain key events in a storybook made them better at extracting the moral of the story and then applying it to a real-world problem. This is something parents can do easily as they read storybooks with their children, asking them why (say) an anthropomorphic raccoon did or didn't share, and why other characters responded as they did. If the theory in our paper is right, this should help children relate the unrealistic aspects of the story to what they know about the real world, and thus appreciate the patterns that hold across both the fictional world of the story and the real world around them. The lesson I've learned from research on children's stories is this: When my daughter asks for a (realistic) birthday party story tonight, I'll indulge her. It will be about a human girl who celebrates her 7th birthday. But it will also include some realistic problems with realistic solutions — and I'll throw in some lessons about sharing and some prompts to", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00627", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00183", "text": "the spectrum of a prototypical early-type galaxy is assumed to lack emission lines, a substantial fraction (likely as high as 30%) of nearby red sequence galaxy spectra contain emission lines with line ratios characteristic of low ionization nuclear emission-line regions (LINERs). We use spectra of ~6000 galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) in a narrow redshift slice (0.06 < z < 0.08) to compare the stellar populations of red sequence galaxies with and without LINER-like emission. The spectra are binned by internal velocity dispersion and by emission properties to produce high S/N stacked spectra. The recent stellar population models of R. Schiavon (2007) make it possible to measure ages, [Fe/H], and individual elemental abundance ratios [Mg/Fe], [C/Fe], [N/Fe], and [Ca/Fe] for each of the stacked spectra. We find that red sequence galaxies with strong LINER-like emission are systematically 2-3.5 Gyr (10-40%) younger than their emission-free counterparts at the same velocity dispersion. This suggests a connection between the mechanism powering the emission (whether AGN, post-AGB stars, shocks, or cooling flows) and more recent star formation in the galaxy. We find that mean stellar age and [Fe/H] increase with velocity dispersion for all galaxies. Elemental abundance [Mg/Fe] increases modestly with velocity dispersion in agreement with previous results, and [C/Fe] and [N/Fe] increase more strongly with velocity dispersion than does [Mg/Fe]. [Ca/Fe] appears to be roughly solar for all galaxies. At fixed velocity dispersion, galaxies with fainter r-band luminosities have lower [Fe/H] and older ages but similar abundance ratios compared to brighter galaxies.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 374, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00464", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00184", "text": "We investigate the gravitational wake due to, and dynamical friction on, a perturber moving on a circular orbit in a uniform gaseous medium using a semi-analytic method. This work is a straightforward extension of Ostriker (1999) who studied the case of a straight-line trajectory. The circular orbit causes the bending of the wake in the background medium along the orbit, forming a long trailing tail. The wake distribution is thus asymmetric, giving rise to the drag forces in both opposite (azimuthal) and lateral (radial) directions to the motion of the perturber, the latter does not contribute to orbital decay much. For subsonic motion, the density wake with a weak tail is simply a curved version of that in Ostriker and does not exhibit the front-back symmetry. The resulting drag force in the opposite direction is remarkably similar to the finite-time, linear-trajectory counterpart. a supersonic perturber is able to overtake its own wake, possibly multiple times, and develops a very pronounced tail. The supersonic tail surrounds the perturber in a trailing spiral fashion, enhancing the perturbed density at the back as well as far front of the perturber. We provide the fitting formulae for the drag forces as functions of the Mach number, whose azimuthal part is surprisingly in good agreement with the Ostriker's formula, provided Vp t=2 Rp, where Vp and Rp are the velocity and orbital radius of the perturber, respectively.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 307, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00153", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00185", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Taxpayer's Defense Act''. SEC. 2. MANDATORY CONGRESSIONAL REVIEW. Chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, is amended by inserting after section 808 the following: ``SUBCHAPTER II--MANDATORY REVIEW OF CERTAIN RULES ``Sec. 815. Rules Subject to Mandatory Congressional Review ``A rule that establishes or increases a tax, denominated, shall not take effect before the date of the enactment of a bill described in section 816 and is not subject to review under subchapter I. This section does not apply to a rule promulgated under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. ``Sec. 816. Agency Submission ``Whenever an agency promulgates a rule subject to section 815, the agency shall submit to each House of Congress a report containing the text of the rule and an explanation of it. An agency shall submit such a report separately for each such rule it promulgates. The explanation shall consist of the concise general statement of the rule's basis and purpose required by section 553 and such explanatory documents as are mandated by other statutory requirements. ``Sec. 817. Approval Bill ``(a) Introduction and Referral.-- ``(1) Introduction.--Not later than 3 legislative days after the date on which an agency submits a report under section 816, the Majority Leader of each House of Congress shall introduce (by request) a bill the matter after the enacting clause of which is as follows: ``The following agency rule is approved and shall have the force and effect of law:''. The text of the agency rule submitted under section 816 shall be set forth after the colon. If such a bill is not introduced in a House of Congress as provided in the first sentence of this subsection, any Member of that House may introduce such a bill not later than 7 legislative days after the period for introduction by the Majority Leader. ``(2) Referral.--A bill introduced under paragraph (1) shall be referred to the Committees in each House of Congress with jurisdiction over the subject matter of the rule involved. ``(b) Procedure.-- ``(1) Consideration in the house of representatives.-- ``(A) Committee or member action.--Any committee of the House of Representatives to which a bill is referred shall report it without amendment, and with or without recommendation, not later than the 30th calendar day of session after the date", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01152", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00186", "text": "chapter, unless the firearm is transferred through a licensed importer, licensed manufacturer, or licensed dealer in accordance with subsection (e). ``(2) Criminal background checks.--A person who is subject to the requirements of paragraph (1)-- ``(A) shall not receive the firearm from the transferor until the licensed importer, licensed manufacturer, or licensed dealer through which the transfer is made under subsection (e) makes the notification described in subsection (e)(3)(A); and ``(B) notwithstanding subparagraph (A), shall not receive the firearm from the transferor if the licensed importer, licensed manufacturer, or licensed dealer through which the transfer is made under subsection (e) makes the notification described in subsection (e)(3)(B). ``(e) Responsibilities of Licensees.--A licensed importer, licensed manufacturer, or licensed dealer who agrees to assist a person who is not licensed under this chapter in carrying out the responsibilities of that person under subsection (c) or (d) with respect to the transfer of a firearm shall-- ``(1) enter such information about the firearm as the Secretary may require by regulation into a separate bound record; ``(2) record the transfer on a form specified by the Secretary; ``(3) comply with section 922(t) as if transferring the firearm from the inventory of the licensed importer, licensed manufacturer, or licensed dealer to the designated transferee (a licensed importer, licensed manufacturer, or licensed dealer complying with this subsection shall not be required to comply again with the requirements of section 922(t) in delivering the firearm to the nonlicensed transferor), and notify the nonlicensed transferor and the nonlicensed transferee-- ``(A) of such compliance; and ``(B) if the transfer is subject to the requirements of section 922(t)(1), of any receipt by the licensed importer, licensed manufacturer, or licensed dealer of a notification from the national instant criminal background check system that the transfer would violate section 922 or would violate State law; ``(4) not later than 10 days after the date on which the transfer occurs, submit to the Secretary a report of the transfer, which report-- ``(A) shall be on a form specified by the Secretary by regulation; and ``(B) shall not include the name of or other identifying information relating to any person involved in the transfer who is not licensed under this chapter; ``(5) if the licensed importer, licensed manufacturer, or licensed dealer assists a person other than a licensee in transferring, at 1 time", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00844", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00187", "text": "and Justice Department officials — among them, Attorney General Loretta Lynch's impromptu airport tarmac meeting with Bill Clinton, and campaign contributions from a Clinton ally that flowed to the wife of FBI Deputy Andrew McCabe — only fueled Republican suspicion that Clinton was afforded special treatment. Democrats, see the exact opposite. They argue that Comey undermined the Clinton campaign by first criticizing her while acknowledging he didn't have a basis for charges, then briefly reopening the investigation in the final days of the 2016 campaign following the discovery of a trove of emails. ___ MUELLER'S TEAM Republicans also have complained of political bias among the lawyers serving on Mueller's team investigating the Trump campaign and Russia. One of the more prominent prosecutors on the team, Andrew Weissmann, ran the Justice Department's fraud section in the final years of the Obama administration. The conservative group Judicial Watch said it had obtained an email last year showing Weissmann praising Sally Yates, the former acting attorney general, for refusing to defend Trump's travel ban. That decision led Trump to fire Yates last January. Several members of Mueller's team have made political contributions to Democratic candidates, including Hillary Clinton. But Mueller could not have barred them from serving on the team. Federal regulations and Justice Department policy prohibit the consideration of political affiliation in hiring and other personnel actions involving career attorneys. ___ URANIUM ONE Republicans have long expressed suspicion about the sale of Uranium One, a Canadian company with rights to mine U.S. uranium, to Russia's nuclear energy agency Rosatom. They wanted the Justice Department to investigate whether the sale benefited major donors to the Clinton Foundation, raising conflict-of-interest questions. They've had partial success in their push to drum up attention. The Justice Department advised lawmakers in November that Attorney General Jeff Sessions had directed prosecutors to look into the Uranium One sale and other mattress, and make a recommendation on whether a special counsel should be appointed. It's unclear whether a special counsel will ever be appointed for such an inquiry. Democrats say the criticism is based on false claims and is politically motivated and note that the transaction was approved by Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States, which is composed of representatives from nine government agencies.", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 439, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00830", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00188", "text": "We show that the inherent non-locality of quantum field theories on the Groenewold-Moyal (GM) plane, one can find a class of ${\\bf C}$, ${\\bf P}$, ${\\bf T}$ and ${\\bf CPT}$ invariant theories. In particular, these are theories without gauge fields or with just gauge fields and no matter fields. We also show that in the presence of gauge fields, one can have a field theory where the Hamiltonian is ${\\bf C}$ and ${\\bf T}$ invariant while the $S$-matrix violates ${\\bf P}$ and ${\\bf CPT}$. In non-abelian gauge theories with matter fields such as the electro-weak and $QCD$ sectors of the standard model of particle physics, ${\\bf C}$, ${\\bf P}$, ${\\bf T}$ and the product of any pair of them are broken while ${\\bf CPT}$ remains intact for the case $\\theta^{0i} =0$. (Here $x^{\\mu} \\star x^{\\nu} - x^{\\nu} \\star x^{\\mu} = i \\theta^{\\mu \\nu}$, $x^{\\mu}$: coordinate functions, $\\theta^{\\mu \\nu} = -\\theta^{\\nu \\mu}=$ constant.) When $\\theta^{0i} \\neq 0$, it contributes to breaking also ${\\bf P}$ and ${\\bf CPT}$. It is known that the $S$-matrix in a non-abelian theory depends on $\\theta^{\\mu \\nu}$ only through $\\theta^{0i}$. The $S$-matrix is frame dependent. It breaks (the identity component of the) Lorentz group. All the noncommutative effects vanish if the scattering takes place in the center-of-mass frame, or any frame where $\\theta^{0i}P^{\\textrm{in}}_{i} = 0$, but not otherwise. ${\\bf P}$ and ${\\bf CPT}$ are good symmetries of the theory in this special case.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 447, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00322", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00189", "text": "Using high-resolution UV spectra of 16 low-z QSOs, we study the physical conditions and statistics of O VI absorption in the IGM at z < 0.5. We identify 51 intervening (z_{abs} << z_{QSO}) O VI systems comprised of 77 individual components, and we find 14 \"proximate\" systems (z_{abs} ~ z_{QSO}) containing 34 components. For intervening systems [components] with rest-frame equivalent width W_{r} > 30 mA, the number of O VI absorbers per unit redshift dN/dz = 15.6(+2.9/-2.4) [21.0(+3.2/-2.8)], and this decreases to dN/dz = 0.9(+1.0/-0.5) [0.3(+0.7/-0.3)] for W_{r} > 300 mA. The number per redshift increases steeply as z_{abs} approaches z_{QSO}, and some proximate absorbers have substantially lower H I/O VI ratios. The lower proximate ratios could be partially due to ionization effects but also require higher metallicities. We find that 37% of the intervening O VI absorbers have velocity centroids that are well-aligned with corresponding H I absorption. If the O VI and the H I trace the same gas, the relatively small differences in line widths imply the absorbers are cool with T < 10^{5} K. Most of these well-aligned absorbers have the characteristics of metal-enriched photoionized gas. the O VI in the apparently simple and cold systems could be associated with a hot phase with T ~ 10^{5.5} K if the metallicity is high enough to cause the associated broad Ly alpha absorption to be too weak to detect. We show that 53% of the intervening O VI systems are complex multiphase absorbers that can accommodate both lower metallicity collisionally-ionized gas with T > 10^{5} K and cold photoionzed gas.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 429, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00320", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00190", "text": "In one of 60 spacious dance studios at the Beijing Dance Academy, Pei Yu Meng practices a tricky step from Jorma Elo's Over Glow. She's standing among other students, but they all work alone, with the help of teachers calling out corrections from the front of the room. On top of her strong classical foundation and clean balletic lines, Pei Yu's slithery coordination and laser-sharp focus give her dancing a polished gleam. Once she's mastered the pirouette she's been struggling with, she repeats the step over and over until the clock reaches 12 pm for lunch. Here, every moment is a chance to approach perfection. Pei Yu came to the school at age 10 from Hebei, a province near Beijing. Now 20, and in her third year of BDA's professional program, she is an example of a new kind of Chinese ballet student. Founded in 1954 by the country's communist government, BDA is a fully state-funded professional training school with close to 3,000 students and 275 full-time teachers over four departments (ballet, classical Chinese dance, social dance and musical theater). It offers degrees in performance, choreography and more. BDA's ballet program has long been known for fostering pristine Russian-style talent. But since 2011, the school has made major efforts to broaden ballet students' knowledge of Chinese dance traditions and the works of Western contemporary ballet choreographers. Pointe went inside this prestigious academy to see how BDA trains its dancers. Getting In BDA's admission process is extremely competitive, the school's large numbers. The ballet program is made up of a lower division, lasting seven years, and a four-year professional bachelor program. The professional division's admission procedure is extensive. Every year, hundreds of students ages 16 to 18 audition in Beijing over the course of two days, presenting classical and contemporary variations and improvisational work, and taking an academic exam. \"We are looking to produce artists with the technical skills to excel in professional companies and the knowledge to work in all jobs in the field of dance,\" says the ballet department's executive and artistic director and former National Ballet of China principal Zhirui (Regina) Zou. Nearly 100 are currently enrolled in the professional ballet program. Though the school does admit foreign applicants, it does not host international students very often because the academic entrance exam measures Chinese language proficiency (most classes are taught in Chinese", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00503", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00191", "text": "We study the probability of close encounters between stars from a nuclear cluster and a massive black hole. The gravitational field of the system is dominated by the black hole in its sphere of influence. It is further modified by the cluster mean field (a spherical term) and a gaseous disc/torus (an axially symmetric term) causing a secular evolution of stellar orbits via Kozai oscillations. Intermittent phases of large eccentricity increase the chance that stars become damaged inside the tidal radius of the central hole. Such events can produce debris and lead to recurring episodes of enhanced accretion activity. We introduce an effective loss cone and associate it with tidal disruptions during the high-eccentricity phases of the Kozai cycle. By numerical integration of the trajectories forming the boundary of the loss cone we determine its shape and volume. We also include the effect of relativistic advance of pericentre. The potential of the disc has the efffect of enlarging the loss cone and, therefore, the predicted number of tidally disrupted stars should grow by factor of ~10^2. the effect of the cluster mean potential together with the relativistic pericentre advance act against the eccentricity oscillations. In the end we expect the tidal disruption events to be approximately ten times more frequent in comparison with the model in which the three effects -- the cluster mean field, the relativistic pericentre advance, and the Kozai mechanism -- are all ignored. The competition of different influences suppresses the predicted star disruption rate as the black hole mass increases. Hence, the process under consideration is more important for intermediate-mass black holes, M_bh~10^4M_s.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 339, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00103", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00192", "text": "FOXBOROUGH, Mass. (AP) — Tom Brady praised the Philadelphia Eagles, dropped the microphone and then walked off stage Monday to lead the New England Patriots on the road to the Super Bowl. \"It's going to be fun, it's going to be a lot of hard work, we're playing a great team, but I tell you what, we've got a locker room full of guys that are ready for the challenge,\" the Patriots' 40-year-old quarterback said at a sendoff rally outside Gillette Stadium attended by thousands of fans, some of whom arrived in the pre-dawn hours. Brady, the last of several players to speak, praised the fans for their support all season. \"We got one more to go. We're going to go out there are try to win it for you guys. We love you. Patriots out!\" he shouted to raucous cheers. One fan dressed as a snowman while one wore a giant replica of a Super Bowl ring on his head. One woman carried a sign that read \"Just like Tom Brady, this never gets old.' After the rally, the team boarded buses for a short trip to T.F. Green Airport in Rhode Island for the flight to Minneapolis for Sunday's Super Bowl. Dozens more fans gathered at the airport to see the team board the Patriots' plane, known as Air Kraft after team owner Bob Kraft. The Boeing 767 is painted with the team's logo and its five Lombardi trophies. In Foxborough, the fans also heard from coach Bill Belichick, and several other players including receiver Danny Amendola and defensive back Duron Harmon, who prompted the crowd into chanting \"MVP!\" before introducing Brady. Tight end Rob Gronkowski also appeared on stage, he didn't speak. Fans hope that he'll be able to play in the Super Bowl after suffering a concussion in the AFC championship game against the Jacksonville Jaguars. The crowd was kept entertained while waiting for the rally to start by the team's radio crew Bob Socci and Scott Zolak, as well as former player Jermaine Wiggins, a member of the 2001 championship team. Fans also shared in 16-foot-by-12-foot Boston cream pie decorated with the words \"Not Done,\" the team's motto for this Super Bowl made by Montilio's Baking Co., and cut into 4,000 pieces.", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 482, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00694", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00193", "text": "SECTION 1. FINDINGS. Congress finds that-- (1) the Augusta Canal National Landmark in the State of Georgia, listed on the National Historic Register of Historic Places, and designated by the Governor of Georgia as one of 4 regionally important resources in the State, is one of the last unspoiled areas in the State of Georgia; (2) the Augusta Canal National Historic Landmark possesses excellent water quality, beautiful rural and historic cultural landscapes, architecturally significant mill structures and mill villages, and large acreages of parks and permanent open space; (3) 3 national historic districts, the Harrisburg, Laney Walker, and Greene Street districts, and 2 national historic landmarks, Stallings Island, located in the Savannah River, and Meadow Garden, are connected by the Augusta Canal Area; (4) the beautiful rural landscapes and historic cultural landscapes, scenic vistas and excellent water quality of the Augusta Canal contain significant undeveloped recreational opportunities for people throughout the United States; (5) the Augusta Canal and related mill sites, structures, and associated neighborhoods are representative of the development of the cotton textile industry and associated agriculture and trade in the South; (6) the transformation of the agrarian economy of the area into an early industrial economy was precipitated by the development and use of the Augusta Canal; (7) several significant sites associated with the American Revolution, the Civil War, Native Americans, Colonial Americans, African Americans, Chinese Americans, and Irish Americans are located within the Augusta Canal area; (8) the efforts by the State of Georgia, political subdivisions of the State, volunteer organizations, and private businesses, the cultural, historical, natural, and recreational resources of the area have not realized full potential and may be lost without assistance from the Federal Government; (9) the Secretary of the Interior considers this landmark to be threatened and has designated it a priority for protection; (10) many local, regional, and State agencies, businesses, and private citizens have expressed an overwhelming desire to combine forces to work cooperatively to preserve and enhance the resources of the Augusta Canal National Historic Landmark and better plan for its future; and (11) the Augusta Canal Authority, a public body established under the law of the State of Georgia, would be an appropriate management entity for a National Heritage Area established in the area of the Augusta Canal. SEC. 2. PURPOSE. It is the purpose of this Act to provide a cooperative management framework to assist the State of Georgia", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00860", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00194", "text": "sex for 18 months and are free of significant distress or impairment in social, occupational or other important areas. Transgender individuals receiving hormone therapy must be stable on their medication for 18 months. The requirements make it challenging for a transgender recruit to pass. But they mirror concerns President Barack Obama's administration laid out when the Pentagon initially lifted its ban on transgender service last year. \"Due to the complexity of this new medical standard, trained medical officers will perform a medical prescreen of transgender applicants for military service who otherwise meet all applicable applicant standards,\" Eastburn said. Aaron Belkin, director of the California-based Palm Center, an independent institute that has conducted research on sexual minorities in the military, said the 18-month timeline is fair. \"It's a good standard because the Pentagon is treating gender dysphoria according to the same standards that are applied to all medical conditions,\" he said. Elaine Donnelly, president for the Center For Military readiness, said Trump \"has every right to review, revise, or repeal his predecessor's military transgender policies, which would detract from mission readiness and combat lethality.\" Court judges, she said, are not qualified to run the military. The Pentagon move Monday signals the growing sense within the government that authorities are likely to lose the legal fight. \"The controversy will not be about whether you allow transgender enlistees, it's going to be on what terms,\" said Brad Carson, who was deeply involved in the last administration's decisions. \"That's really where the controversy will lie.\" Carson worried, that the Defense Department could opt to comply with a deadline on allowing transgender recruits, but \"under such onerous terms that practically there will be none.\" Carson, who worked for Ash Carter as the acting undersecretary of defense for personnel, said requiring 18 months of stability in the preferred sex is a reasonable time. \"It doesn't have any basis in science,\" he said, noting that experts have suggested six months is enough. \"But as a compromise among competing interests and perhaps to err on the side of caution, 18 months was what people came around to. And that's a reasonable position and defensible.\" Sarah McBride, spokeswoman for Human Rights Campaign, praised the court's ruling, saying that it affirms \"there is simply no legitimate reason to forbid willing and able transgender Americans from serving their country.\" ___ Associated Press Writer Jessica Gresko in Washington contributed to this report.", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 490, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00653", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00195", "text": "We have observed IRAS06468-0325 obtaining optical and infrared images through IJHKs and L' filters, K-band low-resolution spectroscopy, together with millimetre line observations of CO and CS. IRAS06468-0325 has a very unusual and enigmatic morphology with two components: a bright, close to point-like source (the diamond) and a sharp-edge ring-like structure (the ring). The source is not detected in the optical, at wavelengths shorter than the I-band. The diamond is seen in all the imaging bands observed. The ring-like structure in IRAS06468-0325 is clearly seen in the I, J, H, and Ks. It is not detected in the L'-band image. Infrared colours of the diamond are compatible with excess circumstellar emission and a young stellar nature. A strongly non-gaussian and moderately bright CO(1-0) and {13}CO(2-1) lines are seen towards IRAS06468-0325, at v_{LSR} of 30.5 km s{-1} (corresponding to a kinematic distance of 3 kpc). Very weak C{18}O(2-1) and CS(2-1) lines were detected. K-band spectra of the diamond and of the ring are similar both in the slope of the continuum and in the presence of lines supporting the idea that the ring is reflected light from the diamond. With the current data, a few different scenarios are possible to explain the morphology of this object. the available data seem to favour that the morphology of IRAS06468-0325 correspond to a young stellar multiple system in a transient stage where a binary co-exists with a circumbinary disc, similar to the case of GG Tau. In this case, the sharpness of the well-defined ring may be due to tidal truncation from dynamic interactions between components in a binary or multiple stellar system. IRAS06468-0325 may be an important rare case that illustrates a short-lived stage of the process of binary or multiple star formation.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 428, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00119", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00196", "text": "There are two promising scenarios that explain the ankle, which is a dip in the spectrum of cosmic rays at $\\sim 10^{19}$ eV. A scenario interprets the ankle as the transition from Galactic to extragalactic cosmic rays ({\\it ankle-transition scenario}), while the other is that the dip caused by pair production on the cosmic microwave background radiation ({\\it proton-dip scenario}). In this paper, we consider whether cosmogenic neutrinos can be a clue to judge which scenario is favored. We calculated the fluxes of cosmogenic neutrinos following these scenarios with plausible physical parameter sets, and found several important features as follows. First of all, the neutrino flux at $\\sim 10^{20}$ eV becomes much higher in the ankle-transition scenario as long as the maximum energy of the cosmic rays at sources is sufficiently high. the neutrino spectrum has a characteristic peak at $\\sim 10^{16}$ eV in the proton-dip scenario on the condition that extragalactic protons significantly contribute to the observed cosmic rays down to $10^{17}$ eV. Thus, we conclude cosmogenic neutrinos should give us a clue to judge which scenario is favored, unless these features are masked by the neutrino background coming from possible, powerful neutrino sources such as AGNs and GRBs. We also found an interesting feature that the neutrino flux at $\\sim 10^{18}$ eV depends only on the cosmological evolution of the cosmic ray sources. That means cosmogenic neutrinos with the energy bring us information on the cosmological evolution of the sources of ultra-high energy cosmic rays. Finally, we compare the fluxes of cosmogenic neutrinos with the expected sensitivity curves of several neutrino detectors, and conclude the detection of cosmogenic neutrinos in the near future is promising.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 367, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00031", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00197", "text": "Transport properties of ultrasmall quantum dots with a single unpaired electron are commonly modeled by the nonequilibrium Kondo model, describing the exchange interaction of a spin-1/2 local moment with two leads of noninteracting electrons. Remarkably, the model possesses an exact solution when tuned to a special manifold in its parameter space known as the Toulouse limit. We use the Toulouse limit to exactly calculate the adiabatically pumped spin current in the Kondo regime. In the absence of both potential scattering and a voltage bias, the instantaneous charge current is strictly zero for a generic Kondo model. a nonzero spin current can be pumped through the system in the presence of a finite magnetic field, provided the spin couples asymmetrically to the two leads. Tunneling through a Kondo impurity thus offers a natural mechanism for generating a pure spin current. We show, in particular, that one can devise pumping cycles along which the average spin pumped per cycle is closely equal to $\\hbar$. By analogy with Brouwer's formula for noninteracting systems with two driven parameters, the pumped spin current is expressed as a geometrical property of a scattering matrix. the relevant %Alex: I replaced topological with geometrical in the sentence above scattering matrix that enters the formulation pertains to the Majorana fermions that appear at the Toulouse limit rather than the physical electrons that carry the current. These results are obtained by combining the nonequilibrium Keldysh Green function technique with a systematic gradient expansion, explicitly exposing the small parameter controlling the adiabatic limit.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 318, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00112", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00198", "text": "We present spatially resolved mid-infrared images of the disk surrounding the young star IRS 48 in the Ophiuchus cloud complex. The disk exhibits a ring-like structure at 18.7 micron, and is dominated by very strong emission from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at shorter wavelengths. This allows a detailed study of the relative distributions of small and large dust grains. Images of IRS 48 in 5 mid-infrared bands from 8.6 to 18.7 micron as well as a low resolution N-band spectrum are obtained with VLT-VISIR. Optical spectroscopy is used to determine the spectral type of the central star and to measure the strength of the Halpha line. The 18.7 micron ring peaks at a diameter of 110 AU, with a gap of ~ 60 AU. The shape of the ring is consistent with an inclination of i = 48 +- 8 degrees. the 7.5-13 micron PAH emission bands are centered on the source and appear to fill the gap within the ring. The measured PAH line strengths are 10-100x stronger than those typically measured for young M0 stars and can only be explained with a high PAH abundance and/or strong excess optical/UV emission. The morphology of the images, combined with the absence of a silicate emission feature, imply that the inner disk has been cleared of micron-sized dust but with a significant population of PAHs remaining. We argue that the gap can be due to grain growth and settling or to clearing by an unseen planetary or low-mass companion. IRS 48 may represent a short-lived transitional phase from a classical to a weak-line T Tauri star.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 346, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00231", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00199", "text": "HOUSTON (AP) — A security researcher disclosed a gaping security hole at the outfit that manages Georgia's election technology, days before the state holds a closely watched congressional runoff vote on June 20. The security failure left the state's 6.7 million voter records and other sensitive files exposed to hackers, and may have been left unpatched for seven months. The revealed files might have allowed attackers to plant malware and possibly rig votes or wreak chaos with voter rolls during elections. Georgia is especially vulnerable to such disruption, as the entire state relies on antiquated touchscreen voting machines that provide no hardcopy record of votes, making it all but impossible to tell if anyone has manipulated the tallies. The true dimensions of the failure were first reported Wednesday by Politico Magazine. The affected Center for Election Systems referred all questions to its host, Kennesaw State University, which declined comment. In March, the university had mischaracterized the flaw's discovery as a security breach. Logan Lamb, a 29-year-old Atlanta-based private security researcher formerly with Oak Ridge National Laboratory, made the discovery last August. He told The Associated Press he decided to go public after the publication last week of a classified National Security Agency report describing a sophisticated scheme, allegedly by Russian military intelligence, to infiltrate local U.S. elections systems using phishing emails. The NSA report offered the most detailed account of an attempt by foreign agents to probe the rickety and poorly funded U.S. elections system. The Department of Homeland Security had previously reported attempts last year to gain unauthorized access to voter registration databases in 20 states — one of which, in Illinois, succeeded, though the state says no harm resulted. It also emboldened Lamb to come forward with his findings. Lamb discovered the security hole — a misconfigured server — one day as he did a search of the Kennesaw State election-systems website. There, he found a directory open to the internet that contained not just the state voter database, but PDF files with instructions and passwords used by poll workers to sign into a central server used on Election Day, said Lamb. \"It was an open invitation to anybody pretending to even know a little bit about computers to get into the system,\" said Marilyn Marks, an election-transparency activist whose Colorado-based foundation participated in a failed lawsuit that sought to bar the use of paperless voting machines in next week's election. The directory of files \"was already indexed by Google,\" Lamb said in an interview —", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00686", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00200", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; FINDINGS. (a) Short Title.--This Act may be cited as the ``Taxpayer Abuse and Harassment Prevention Act of 2007''. (b) Findings.--The Congress finds the following: (1) The integrity of the Federal tax system is integral to the efficient and ongoing functioning of representative democracy. (2) A pillar of exemplary citizenship is compliance with the Federal tax code as it pertains to individual income taxes. (3) Individual taxpayers voluntarily disclose sensitive personal information to the Federal Government with the expectation that such information will be utilized and retained only by qualified, trained, and accountable personnel of the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). (4) the IRS has stated that there will be tight restrictions on what information will be released to private collection agencies, the statute places no restrictions on what information may be released to private collection agencies. (5) More than 26 million Americans have, since 1990, been victims of some form of ``identity theft'' through misappropriation and misuse of their personal information. (6) Disclosure of taxpayer information to nongovernmental, third party vendors will increase the risk of wrongful disclosure of taxpayer information that results in higher incidences of ``identity theft''. (7) The IRS has already demonstrated its inability to protect taxpayer data from unauthorized disclosure under existing vendor contracts as documented in an internal report by the Department of Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration. (8) The IRS Restructuring and Reform Act of 1998 specifically prevents employees or supervisors at the IRS from being evaluated or compensated based on how much they collect in order to prevent incentives for overly aggressive and abusive tactics. (9) The compensation scheme for private tax collection agencies is a recovery fee of up to 25 percent of funds collected that will lead to overzealous and abusive collection tactics against taxpayers. (10) The Congress has previously rejected the use of private tax collection agencies by canceling a pilot program in 1996 due to violations by private collection agencies of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, inadequate protection of sensitive taxpayer information, and a loss of approximately $17 million during the pilot program. (11) A 2002 report by the IRS Commissioner to the IRS Oversight Board identified an additional $30 billion in taxes owed that could be collected annually by increased funding for IRS personnel. A $9 billion annual increase in revenue could be achieved by earmarking approximately $300 million to specific IRS collection functions, for a return", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01153", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00201", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; FINDINGS. (a) Short Title.--This Act may be cited as the ``Chinook Nation Restoration Act''. (b) Findings.--Congress finds the following: (1) The Chinook Nation made a significant contribution to the historic journey of Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to the Pacific Ocean by greeting the expedition and their company as well as trading with them throughout the winter of 1805- 1806. (2) The United States subsequently recognized the Chinook Nation as an Indian tribe in the Anson Dart (Tansy Point) Treaty of 1851, and the Isaac Stevens (Chehalis River) Treaty of 1855, but neither treaty was ratified, resulting in serious harm to the Chinook people. (3) As a result of the failure of the United States to protect the Chinook Nation and people, the Chinooks lost their historic lands on the Columbia River, and a great number of them succumbed to poverty and disease in the 19th century. (4) It was the intent of Congress in the Act of March 4, 1911 (36 Stat. 1345), to provide restitution to the Chinook people in the form of allotments of land on existing Indian reservations, which the Supreme Court of the United States upheld in Halbert v. United States (283 U.S. 753 (1931)). (5) Congress named four of the five tribes of the Chinook Nation, the Lower Chinook, Wahkiakum, Cathlamet, and Clatsop, in the Western Oregon Termination Act of 1954, and this Act is the only basis for termination of the Federal relationship with the Tribe. (6) The Chinook Nation has remained active on the Lower Columbia River and Willapa Bay in the vicinity of the reservation area of the Tansy Point Treaty and is well-known to neighboring tribes and other communities. (7) The Chinook people have survived and maintained their language, Chinookwawa, and culture decades of neglect by the United States. (8) With different Administrations disagreeing about the legal status of the Chinook Nation, it is time for Congress to restore the Chinook Nation to Federal tribal status. SEC. 2. DEFINITIONS. For the purposes of this Act, the following definitions apply: (1) Member.--The term ``member'' means an enrolled member of the Chinook Nation", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01099", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00202", "text": "RALEIGH, N.C. (AP) — Dozens of insurance companies say they're not obligated to help pay for Duke Energy Corp.'s multi-billion dollar coal ash cleanup because the nation's largest electric company long knew about but did nothing to reduce the threat of potentially toxic pollutants. The claim is in a filing by lawyers for nearly 30 international and domestic insurance companies that were sued by Duke Energy in March to force them to cover part of the utility's coal ash cleanup costs in the Carolinas. The 57 policies generally promise to help Duke pay what it's legally obligated to pay for property damage \"caused by an occurrence,\" even if liability for an incident doesn't become known until decades later, the Charlotte-based company said in the same filing last week in the state court that hears complex business cases. Both sides filed the document in describing a litigation timeline that would lead to trial in mid-2019. The insurers counter they're not on the hook to pay. They say that because Duke Energy stored its coal ash in unlined pits as part of its normal practices, any property damage \"was caused intentionally, by or at Duke's direction\" and there weren't any distinct pollution events that triggered coverage. They note that Duke was well aware that burning coal to generate electricity leaves byproducts containing toxic substances that can contaminate groundwater. They say Duke's ash ponds were built without safeguards to prevent groundwater pollution, and some ash ponds placed the ash in direct contact with groundwater. \"Duke continued to dispose of (coal ash) in unlined ash ponds long after it knew it had environmental problems. By the 1990s Duke submitted insurance claims to some of the defendants and other insurers for the same ash ponds that are now at issue in this action. Duke was aware of these issues, it continued to operate its unlined ash ponds for decades,\" the companies' lawyers said. Duke Energy has estimated its liability for cleanup and storage efforts at $5.1 billion for 14 North Carolina coal ash sites and one in South Carolina. The utility had spent more than $725 million through November. Money recovered from insurers would reduce the price tag for consumers, the company has said. The utility earlier this month asked North Carolina regulators for rate increases starting next year that include passing along to customers about $977 million over five years. South Carolina's utilities commission allowed Duke Energy Progress to start recouping coal ash cleanup costs as part of a $56 million rate increase approved in", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00692", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00203", "text": "HONOLULU (AP) — The missile alert mistakenly sent on Jan. 13 by Hawaii officials came just a few minutes after a shift change at state Emergency Operations Center in Diamond Head Crater. Here's a timeline of what happened: 8:05 a.m. — The midnight shift supervisor started a no-notice ballistic missile defense drill at shift change. In a phone call, the supervisor pretended to be U.S. Pacific Command to initiate the drill. The supervisor said ahead of and after the drill, \"Exercise, exercise, exercise.\" it also contained the language, \"This is not a drill.\" The day shift warning officers received the message on a speaker phone. The FCC says while the other officers understood this to be a drill, the person at the alert origination terminal \"claimed to believe, in a written statement\" that this was a real emergency and not a drill. The officer responds, as trained, by sending a live incoming missile alert. 8:07 a.m. — The state emergency agency employee selects the template for a live alert from a drop-down menu, and clicks 'yes' in response to a prompt that reads, 'Are you sure that you want to send this Alert?' 8:08 a.m. — The head of the Emergency Management Agency, state adjutant general Maj. Gen. Joe Logan, speaks to the warning center and is notified of false alert. 8:09 a.m. — Logan calls and informs Gov. David Ige. Agency notifies counties there's no missile threat. 8:10 a.m. — Logan confirms with U.S. Pacific Command that there was no missile launch. Honolulu police are notified of the false alarm. 8:12 a.m. — The state issues a cancellation that prevents the message from being sent to phones that hadn't previously received it, such as those out of cellphone coverage range or had been turned off. 8:13 a.m. — Officials begin outreach, but phone lines become congested. 8:19 a.m. — If there had been a real missile, this is about when it would have hit the islands. It is estimated that a missile would take about 20 minutes to reach Hawaii from North Korea. Officials say it would take about five minutes for the military to analyze the launch trajectory and notify the state, leaving only 12 to 15 minutes of warning time before impact. 8:20 a.m. — Officials", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00700", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00204", "text": "and even expand beyond what might be his typical conservative base in the state. \"Alabama voters supported Trump because he spoke his mind and said all the things they had been thinking about government,\" said Brent Buchanan, a GOP strategist and pollster in the state. \"Out of all the candidates, Roy Moore has some of those similar characteristics. You may not agree with all of his policy or personal preferences, but you know that Roy Moore is going to do what Roy Moore believes.\" That's why it was so, well, strange last week when Trump tweeted out his support for Strange, saying the incumbent has his \"complete and total endorsement!\" The senator has benefited from millions of dollars in ads from the McConnell-aligned Senate Leadership Fund super PAC. The very next day after endorsing Strange, Trump started going on Twitter tirades against the GOP Senate leader for failing to pass a bill to repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act. Strange has tried to prove his loyalty to the president ever since he was appointed under less than auspicious circumstances. As Alabama's attorney general, Strange was investigating then-Gov. Robert Bentley for misuse of his office amid a sex scandal when Bentley chose Strange to replace Sessions. Facing impeachment, Bentley eventually resigned, and the new governor, Kay Ivey, moved up the date for the special election to replace Sessions long-term. Polling done in the wake of Trump's surprise endorsement showed that the president's blessing had done little — — to move the needle toward Strange. One by cygnal, Buchanan's firm, conducted partly after the endorsement, showed Moore still with a lead and high favorables, Strange remained static and it was Brooks who took a hit. Buchanan said the Trump endorsement could help Strange turn out some who were less likely to vote on Tuesday, which could be key in what's already expected to be a very low-turnout affair. And the pro-Trump America First Action super PAC also announced late Friday it would be spending up to $200,000 on digital ads targeting Trump voters to encourage them to come out for Strange. he's slipping in polling, Brooks is hoping to turn McConnell's fervent support for Strange into a last-ditch way to get into the likely runoff against Moore. He's hitched a \"Ditch Mitch\" banner to his campaign bus in the final days, and in his closing ad he echoes Trump's frustration with McConnell's inability to push through an Obamacare repeal. \"McConnell and Strange are weak, but together we can", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 496, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00623", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00205", "text": "Veteran coach Ken Hitchcock struck a nerve earlier this season when he decried the longstanding NHL practice of describing injuries in the vaguest terms possible. An injury can be upper-body, lower-body or undisclosed, except Hitchcock and the Dallas Stars prefer to be more forthright. Defenseman Marc Methot had a knee injury, Martin Hanzal had a hamstring injury and Stephen Johns was dealing with concussion symptoms. \"Rather than go through the dance and play the big game, we just decided let's get it out there so they can print it, move on and let's get on with the subject of what's going on on the team,\" Hitchcock said. This is a far cry from the world of the NFL, where teams must reveal specific injuries. Coaches and NHL officials point to gambling and fantasy football as driving forces behind those detailed NFL injury reports, noting hockey has far less of that; one NHL player even joked that it would be foolish for anyone to bet on the sport. more people are. Westgate sports book vice president Jay Kornegay said the addition and success of the Vegas Golden Knights has at least tripled the amount of bets placed on NHL games this season. He said the gambling public isn't affected much by the information or lack thereof about injuries. \"There's information out there if you really want to dissect the injury,\" Kornegay said. \"There's only maybe a handful of guys that might make a major impact, like (Connor) McDavid or (Auston) Matthews or someone like that. Could make maybe a 15-cent impact in the line, which is very minimal. Almost everybody else is like zero impact or maybe five cents impact.... It wouldn't be like (Tom) Brady being out.\" The NHL represents less than 5 percent of the total amount bet at the Westgate, and less than 6 percent for online sports book Bovada. League executives and coaches have little to no appetite to change things. \"I would ask the question, 'Why is it important that you know everything?'\" Los Angeles Kings coach John Stevens said. \"I think sometimes it protects the player. Sometimes a player's working through an injury. If he's coming back, opponents might know. If it's a knee injury, they might try to take advantage of it.\" The collective bargaining agreement doesn't require any specificity be included in injury announcements. And that means they vary dramatically among the 31 teams", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00815", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00206", "text": "Conformation of single polyelectrolytes in tetravalent salt solutions is investigated under the framework of a coarse-grained model, using Langevin dynamics simulations. The chain size, studied by the radius of gyration, shows three different variational behaviors with salt concentration, depending on the chain stiffness. According to these behaviors, polyelectrolytes of fixed chain length are classified into three categories: flexible chain, semiflexible chain, and rigid chain. The worm-like chain model with persistence length predicted by the Odijk-Skolnick-Fixman theory is found to be able to qualitatively describe the end-to-end distance at low salt concentration. In a low-salt region, a flexible polyelectrolyte extends more significantly than a semiflexible chain, and in a high-salt region, regardless of chain stiffness, a chain attains a dimension comparable to that of its neutral polymer. The chain stiffness influences both the local and the global chain structures. A flexible chain exhibits a zigzagged local structure in the presence of salt ions and the condensed structure is a disordered, random globule. A semiflexible chain is locally smooth, and the condensed structure is orderly packed, taking a form such as hairpin or toroid. Moreover, the chain stiffness can also affect the nature of the coil-globule transition. The transition is occurred in a discrete manner for semiflexible chain, in a continuous way for flexible chain. This discrete feature is happened not only at low salt concentration when a semiflexible chain is collapsed, but also at high salt concentration when the collapsed chain is reexpanded. At the end, the effects of chain stiffness and salt concentration on the conformation of single polyelectrolytes are summarized in a schematic state diagram.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 359, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00282", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00207", "text": "LIVERPOOL, England (AP) — Theo Walcott scored his first goals for Everton in a 2-1 Premier League victory over Leicester on Wednesday. The former Arsenal winger's first-half double put the home side in control before Jamie Vardy's penalty ensured a nervous finish for the hosts. The victory provided some respite for Everton, which had slipped to within five points of the relegation zone after failing to win its previous six league games. Leicester's lack of potency in attack could be attributed to the absence of Riyad Mahrez, who reportedly did not train Tuesday after being the subject of a bid from Premier League leader Manchester City. there was no excuse for Leicester's defensive frailties, with Everton taking full advantage. Cuco Martina poached the ball from his opposing full back Ben Chilwell on the edge of the Leicester box, allowing Gylfi Sigurdsson to square for Walcott, who finished neatly from close range to give Everton the lead after 25 minutes. Walcott, who had made just six Premier League appearances for Arsenal this season before joining Everton earlier in January, continued his fine start with the Toffees when he doubled the lead six minutes before the break. Wayne Rooney's cross to the back post was headed back across goal by Michael Keane, with Walcott timing his arrival perfectly to volley past Kasper Schmeichel. Leicester pulled a goal back in the 71st when Vardy converted from the spot after Rooney tugged back Wilfried Ndidi, but Everton held on for the win. Leicester, which hadn't conceded in its three previous league games, drops to eighth in the table with 34 points, three clear of Everton which stays ninth. There was an additional boost for Everton as full back Seamus Coleman made his first Premier League appearance for 319 days having recovered from a double fracture of his leg.", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 377, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00738", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00208", "text": "We replace the ice Ansatz on matrix solutions of the Yang-Baxter equation by a weaker condition which we call \"rime\". Rime solutions include the standard Drinfeld-Jimbo R-matrix. Solutions of the Yang--Baxter equation within the rime Ansatz which are maximally different from the standard one we call \"strict rime\". A strict rime non-unitary solution is parameterized by a projective vector. We show that this solution transforms to the Cremmer-Gervais R-matrix by a change of basis with a matrix containing symmetric functions in the components of the parameterizing vector. A strict unitary solution (the rime Ansatz is well adapted for taking a unitary limit) is shown to be equivalent to a quantization of a classical \"boundary\" r-matrix of Gerstenhaber and Giaquinto. We analyze the structure of the elementary rime blocks and find, as a by-product, that all non-standard R-matrices of GL(1|1)-type can be uniformly described in a rime form. We discuss then connections of the classical rime solutions with the Bezout operators. The Bezout operators satisfy the (non-)homogeneous associative classical Yang--Baxter equation which is related to the Rota-Baxter operators. We classify the rime Poisson brackets: they form a 3-dimensional pencil. A normal form of each individual member of the pencil depends on the discriminant of a certain quadratic polynomial. We also classify orderable quadratic rime associative algebras. For the standard Drinfeld-Jimbo solution, there is a choice of the multiparameters, for which it can be non-trivially rimed. not every Belavin-Drinfeld triple admits a choice of the multiparameters for which it can be rimed. We give a minimal example.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 376, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00068", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00209", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Safe Communities and Safe Schools Mercury Reduction Act of 2005''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. The Congress finds the following: (1) Mercury is a naturally occurring element and bioaccumulative toxin that is easily absorbed through skin and respiratory and gastrointestinal tissues. (2) mercury is naturally occurring, studies have shown that its concentration has increased dramatically over the past 150 to 200 years due to mining and industrial activities. (3) Common sources of mercury released into the environment include breakage of mercury-containing products like fluorescent bulbs and thermometers, the manufacturing of mercury-containing products, and incineration of mercury- containing products. (4) According to recent studies, mercury deposits are a significant public health threat in many States throughout the United States. (5) Fetuses, infants, and young children are at the greatest risk from chronic low level mercury exposure. (6) A study by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found that approximately 8 percent of women of childbearing age in the United States had mercury levels exceeding the level considered safe by the Environmental Protection Agency for protecting the fetus. This translates into approximately 60,000 babies born each year in the United States at risk of developmental harm due to mercury exposure in the womb. (7) A study published in the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology found that elevated mercury exposures associated with seafood could be linked to an increased risk of infertility in both men and women. (8) Mercury pollution is widespread. As of early 2003, 43 States had issued mercury fish consumption advisories for one or more freshwater or marine fish. (9) Mercury is the most common pollutant triggering fish consumption advisories in the United States. The number of mercury advisories has increased 138 percent from 1994 to 2002. In 2002, mercury advisories covered 12,000,000 lake acres and 470,000 river miles. (10) According to the Mercury Study Report, prepared by the Environmental Protection Agency and submitted to Congress in 1997, mercury fever thermometers contribute approximately 17 tons of mercury to solid waste each year. (11) Numerous mercury spills have been documented in schools, often causing thousands of dollars to clean up. A mercury spill in Washington, D.C., in September of 2003 cost over $1,000,000 to clean up and resulted in a temporary school", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00879", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00210", "text": "WASHINGTON (AP) — President Donald Trump will herald a robust economy and push for bipartisan congressional action on immigration in Tuesday's State of the Union address, as he seeks to rally a deeply divided nation and boost his own sagging standing with Americans. The speech marks the ceremonial kickoff of Trump's second year in office and is traditionally a president's biggest platform to speak to the nation. Trump has redefined presidential communications with his high-octane, filter-free Twitter account and there's no guarantee that the carefully crafted speech will resonate beyond his next tweet. Still, White House officials are hopeful the president can use the prime-time address to Congress and millions of Americans watching at home to take credit for a soaring economy. Though the trajectory of lower unemployment and higher growth began under his predecessor, Trump argues that the tax overhaul he signed into law late last year has boosted business confidence and will lead companies to reinvest in the United States. Considering the strength of the economy, Trump will step before lawmakers Tuesday night in a remarkably weak position. His approval rating has hovered in the 30s for much of his presidency and at the close of 2017, just 3 in 10 Americans said the United States was heading in the right direction, according to a poll by The Associated Press-NORC Center for Public Affairs Research. In the same survey, 67 percent of Americans said the country was more divided because of Trump. It's unlikely Trump will be able to rely on a robust legislative agenda to reverse those numbers in 2018. Congress has struggled with the basic function of funding the government, prompting a brief government shutdown earlier this month that was resolved only with a short-term fix that pushed the spending deadline to Feb. 8. Against the backdrop of the spending fight, Republicans and Democrats are also wrestling with the future of some 700,000 young immigrants living in the United States illegally. Trump has vowed to protect the so-called Dreamers from deportation, but is also calling for changes to legal immigration that are controversial with both parties. \"We're going to get something done, we hope bipartisan,\" Trump told reporters Monday, before giving his speech a practice run-through in the White House map room. \"The Republicans really don't have the votes to get it done in any other way. So it has to be bipartisan.\" Though Democrats are eager to reach a resolution for the young immigrants, the party is hardly in the mood to compromise with Trump ahead of the midterm elections. Lawmakers", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00737", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00211", "text": "Context. One of the typical features shown by observations of solar prominence oscillations is that they are damped in time and that the values of the damping times are usually between one and three times the corresponding oscillatory period. the mechanism responsible for the attenuation is still not well-known. Aims. Thermal conduction, optically thin or thick radiation and heating are taken into account in the energy equation, and their role on the attenuation of prominence oscillations is evaluated. Methods. The dispersion relation for linear non-adiabatic magnetoacoustic waves is derived considering an equilibrium made of a prominence plasma slab embedded in an unbounded corona. The magnetic field is orientated along the direction parallel to the slab axis and has the same strength in all regions. By solving the dispersion relation for a fixed wavenumber, a complex oscillatory frequency is obtained, and the period and the damping time are computed. Results. The effect of conduction and radiation losses is different for each magnetoacoustic mode and depends on the wavenumber. In the observed range of wavelengths the internal slow mode is attenuated by radiation from the prominence plasma, the fast mode by the combination of prominence radiation and coronal conduction and the external slow mode by coronal conduction. The consideration of the external corona is of paramount importance in the case of the fast and external slow modes, it does not affect the internal slow modes at all. Conclusions. Non-adiabatic effects are efficient damping mechanisms for magnetoacoustic modes, and the values of the obtained damping times are compatible with those observed.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 321, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00057", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00212", "text": "A large sample of pulsars has been observed to study their subpulse modulation at an observing wavelength (when achievable) of both 21 and 92 cm using the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope. In this paper we present the 92-cm data and a comparison is made with the already published 21-cm results. We analysed 191 pulsars at 92 cm using fluctuation spectra. The sample of pulsars is as unbiased as possible towards any particular pulsar characteristics. For 15 pulsars drifting subpulses are discovered for the first time and 26 of the new drifters found in the 21-cm data are confirmed. We discovered nulling for 8 sources and 8 pulsars are found to intermittently emit single pulses that have pulse energies similar to giant pulses. It is estimated that at least half of the total population of pulsars have drifting subpulses when observations with a high enough signal-to-noise ratio would be available. It could well be that the drifting subpulse mechanism is an intrinsic property of the emission mechanism itself, for some pulsars it is difficult or impossible to detect. Drifting subpulses are in general found at both frequencies, the chance of detecting drifting subpulses is possibly slightly higher at 92 cm. It appears that the youngest pulsars have the most disordered subpulses and the subpulses become more and more organized into drifting subpulses as the pulsar ages. The correlations with the modulation indices are argued to be consistent with the picture in which the radio emission can be divided in a drifting subpulse signal plus a quasi-steady signal which becomes, on average, stronger at high observing frequencies. The measured values of P3 at the two frequencies are highly correlated, but there is no evidence for a correlation with other pulsar parameters.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 370, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00139", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00213", "text": "judicial appointments and regulatory cuts. He added, \"I still don't like what he says or does.\" Gary Lynch, whose Iowa livestock business employs roughly 700 people, said he and his business have benefited from the Republican tax overhaul. He said, that Trump's behavior \"doesn't help\" his party promote the benefits of the plan. \"He hasn't got it down yet,\" Lynch said of the president, noting that he doesn't mind Trump's style personally. Another former Trump critic, North Carolina-based donor Art Pope, said he's warming to the president as well. \"The policies of this administration have really benefited the American people,\" Pope said. He's still worried about the political climate heading into the midterms: \"It's going to be a tough election.\" Democrats need to pick up at least 24 seats nationwide this fall to claim the House majority for the last two years of Trump's first term. Recent Democratic wins in Alabama and Virginia, backed by Trump's low approval ratings, suggest the GOP is in trouble. When asked about his party's 2018 prospects, Rep. Mark Meadows, R-N.C., among a handful of elected officials who attended the Koch conference, acknowledged that the House majority is at risk. \"I can make the case for losing 18 seats and no more. I can make the case for 28 seats,\" he said. \"It's a long ways off. It depends what we do between now and November.\" As the White House and Republicans nationwide work to highlight the strong U.S. economy, Trump intensified a weekend feud with the rapper Jay-Z on Twitter. The musician said over the weekend the president's recent vulgar comments about African countries and Haiti were \"disappointing\" and \"hurtful.\" Trump punched back on Twitter, urging his followers to inform Jay-Z that \"because of my policies,\" unemployment among black Americans is at the \"LOWEST RATE EVER RECORDED!\" Back at the Koch retreat, prominent Trump donor Doug Deason said he enjoyed the president's social media habits, which allow him to speak directly to the American people. \"I don't think it helps. I don't think it hurts,\" Deason said. He noted that the Koch network would \"spend a lot of money\" to ensure the benefits of the tax overhaul aren't overshadowed by any distractions. \"Who gives a crap about Jay-Z?\" Deason asked. \"I don't.\"", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 492, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00645", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00214", "text": "Relations between states and maps, which are known for quantum systems in finite-dimensional Hilbert spaces, are formulated rigorously in geometrical terms with no use of coordinate (matrix) interpretation. In a tensor product realization they are represented simply by a permutation of factors. This leads to natural generalizations for infinite-dimensional Hilbert spaces and a simple proof of a generalized Choi Theorem. The natural framework is based on spaces of Hilbert-Schmidt operators $\\mathcal{L}_2(\\mathcal{H}_2,\\mathcal{H}_1)$ and the corresponding tensor products $\\mathcal{H}_1\\otimes\\mathcal{H}_2^*$ of Hilbert spaces. It is proved that the corresponding isomorphisms cannot be naturally extended to compact (or bounded) operators, nor reduced to the trace-class operators. it is proven that there is a natural continuous map $\\mathcal{C}:\\mathcal{L}_1(\\mathcal{L}_2(\\mathcal{H}_2,\\mathcal{H}_1))\\to \\mathcal{L}_\\infty(\\mathcal{L}(\\mathcal{H}_2),\\mathcal{L}_1(\\mathcal{H}_1))$ from trace-class operators on $\\mathcal{L}_2(\\mathcal{H}_2,\\mathcal{H}_1)$ (with the nuclear norm) into compact operators mapping the space of all bounded operators on $\\mathcal{H}_2$ into trace class operators on $\\mathcal{H}_1$ (with the operator-norm). Also in the infinite-dimensional context, the Schmidt measure of entanglement and multipartite generalizations of state-maps relations are considered in the paper.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 358, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00361", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00215", "text": "• >0 (µg/dL): Even at birth, all people have some lead in their blood. the CDC says no level of exposure has been deemed safe for children. • 1.0 - 1.3 (µg/dL): Average blood lead level among U.S. children ages 1-5. • 3.5 (µg/dL): The CDC is considering using this level as a new \"reference value\" to identify children under age six with elevated blood lead levels. The threshold is lowered periodically to reflect new data from a national health and nutritional survey. • 5 (µg/dL): The CDC's current reference level for an elevated childhood blood level that warrants public health action, close monitoring or case management. Some 500,000 U.S. children are at or above this level, which some states define as lead poisoning. • 10 (µg/dL): Children who reach this threshold require closer attention and action to limit further lead exposure. Many states conduct inspections of the poisoned child's living environment to identify exposure sources. Research shows that a blood lead level of 10 (µg/dL) can lower IQ by 4 to 6 points on average. • 45 (µg/dL): Poisoning that may require hospitalization and chelation drug treatment, which helps the body to excrete lead. The drugs aren't considered effective for children with lower blood lead levels. • >70 (µg/dL): Left unchecked, acute lead poisoning can cause seizures, coma and death. Sources: CDC, state health agencies, poisoning prevention programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 335, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00580", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00216", "text": "The ``trans-Planckian'' challenge in cosmology appears when we trace the present physical wavelengths of fluctuations backwards in time. They become smaller and smaller until crossing the Planck scale where conventional QFT is challenged, so that unknown ultraviolet physics may be traced in the observable cosmological fluctuations. Usually this issue is addressed in the inflationary context, but trans-Planckian reasoning is much broader. We examine this logic in a simple example of scalar quantum field theory in the expanding and contracting Milne universes, where wavelengths of the eigenmodes are red- or blue-shifted. Trans-Planckian modifications of QFT should result in a UV-dependent VeV of the energy momentum tensor of a scalar field in the Milne universe. the Milne universe is another coordinate systems of flat Minkowski space-time, and the covariant energy momentum tensor should be the same (but vacuum-dependent) in different coordinates of flat space time. We explicitly demonstrate that in conventional QFT the energy momentum tensor, choosing the adiabatic vacuum, is identical to zero in Minkowski coordinates, and remains zero in the contracting Milne universe (due to non-trivial cancellations of contributions from particles which appear in the accelerating frame and from vacuum polarization there). to this, the trans-Planckian modification of the energy momentum tensor is not motivated. We provide a similar argument for the expanding Milne universe, where the energy momentum tensor in the conformal vacuum is non-zero. Similar arguments are applicable for other cosmological models where the curvature is much lower than Planckian which leads to conflicts with trans-Planckian considerations.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 331, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00314", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00217", "text": "found that 75 percent of the wage differential between white and non-white workers was unexplained and may be a result of discrimination. (6) Section 6(d) of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 prohibits discrimination in compensation for ``equal work'' on the basis of sex. (7) Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination in compensation because of race, color, religion, national origin, and sex. The United States Supreme Court, in its decision in County of Washington v. Gunther, 452 U.S. 161 (1981), held that title VII's prohibition against discrimination in compensation also applies to jobs which do not constitute ``equal work'' as defined in section 6(d) of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938. Decisions of lower courts, have demonstrated that further clarification of existing legislation is necessary in order effectively to carry out the intent of Congress to implement the Supreme Court's holding in its Gunther decision. (8) Artificial barriers to the elimination of discrimination in compensation based upon sex, race, and national origin continue to exist more than 3 decades after the passage of section 6(d) of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 and the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Elimination of such barriers would have positive effects, including-- (A) providing a solution to problems in the economy created by discriminating wage differentials; (B) substantially reducing the number of working women and people of color earning low wages, thereby reducing the dependence on public assistance; and (C) promoting stable families by enabling working family members to earn a fair rate of pay. SEC. 3. EQUAL PAY FOR EQUIVALENT JOBS. (a) Amendment.--Section 6 (29 U.S.C. 206) is amended by adding at the end the following: ``(g)(1)(A) No employer having employees subject to any provisions of this section shall discriminate between its employees on the basis of sex, race, or national origin by paying wages to employees or groups of employees at a rate less than the rate at which the employer pays wages to employees or groups of employees of the opposite sex or different race or national origin for work in equivalent jobs, except where such payment is made pursuant to a seniority system, a merit system, or a system which measures earnings by quantity or quality of production. ``(B) An employer who is paying a wage rate differential in", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00950", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00218", "text": "NEW YORK (AP) — Sick with the flu? You've got a lot of company. The flu blanketed the U.S. again last week for the third straight week. Only Hawaii has been spared. The government doesn't track every flu case but comes up with estimates. One measure is how many people seek medical care. Last week, 1 in 15 doctor visits were for symptoms of the flu. That's the highest level since the swine flu pandemic in 2009. Thirty-nine states reported high flu traffic last week, up from 32 the week before. Some good news, at least so far: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said Friday that hospital stays and deaths from the flu among the elderly so far haven't been as high as in some other recent flu seasons. hospitalization rates for people 50 to 64 — Baby Boomers, mostly — has been unusually high, CDC officials said. The CDC reported what was seen across the nation for the week ending January 20. Flu is a contagious respiratory illness, spread by a virus. It can cause a miserable but relatively mild illness in many people, but more a more severe illness in others. Young children and the elderly are at greatest risk from flu and its complications. In a bad season, there are as many as 56,000 deaths connected to the flu. In the U.S., annual flu shots are recommended for everyone age 6 months or older. Health officials say this year's correctly shot targets the strains that are making Americans sick, including one causing most of the illness, a Type A H3N2 flu virus. But exactly well it is working won't be known until next month. The same virus was the dominant flu bug last winter, when the flu season wasn't so bad. It's not clear why this season — led by the same bug — is so much more intense, some experts said. \"That's the kicker. This virus really doesn't look that different from what we saw last year,\" said Richard Webby, a flu researcher at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital in Memphis. It may be that many of the people getting sick this year managed to avoid infection last year. Or there may be some degree of mutation in the virus that hasn't been detected said the CDC's Dr. Dan Jernigan, in a call with reporters Friday. Based on patterns from past seasons, it's likely flu season will start to wane soon", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 496, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00690", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00219", "text": "Cold dark matter cosmogony predicts triaxial dark matter halos, observations find quite round halos. This is most likely due to the condensation of baryons leading to rounder halos. We examine the halo phase space distribution basis for such shape changes. Triaxial halos are supported by box orbits, which pass arbitrarily close to the density center. The decrease in triaxiality caused by baryons is thought to be due to the scattering of these orbits. We test this hypothesis with simulations of disks grown inside triaxial halos. After the disks are grown we check whether the phase space structure has changed by evaporating the disks and comparing the initial and final states. While the halos are substantially rounder when the disk is at full mass, their final shape after the disk is evaporated is not much different from the initial. Likewise, the halo becomes (more) radially anisotropic when the disk is grown, but the final anisotropy is consistent with the initial. Only if the baryons are unreasonably compact or massive does the halo change irreversibly. We show that the character of individual orbits is not generally changed by the growing mass. Thus the central condensation of baryons does not destroy enough box orbits to cause the shape change. Rather, box orbits merely become rounder along with the global potential. if angular momentum is transferred to the halo, either via satellites or via bars, a large irreversible change in the halo distribution occurs. The ability of satellites to alter the phase space distribution of the halo is of particular concern to galaxy formation simulations since halo triaxiality can profoundly influence the evolution of disks.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 341, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00438", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00220", "text": "Precision radial velocity (RV) measurements of the Sun-like dwarf 14 Herculis published by Naef et. al (2004), Butler et. al (2006) and Wittenmyer et al (2007) reveal a Jovian planet in a 1760 day orbit and a trend indicating the second distant object. On the grounds of dynamical considerations, we test a hypothesis that the trend can be explained by the presence of an additional giant planet. We derive dynamical limits to th orbital parameters of the putative outer Jovian companion in an orbit within ~13 AU. In this case, the mutual interactions between the Jovian planets are important for the long-term stability of the system. The best self-consistent and stable Newtonian fit to an edge-on configuration of Jovian planets has the outer planet in 9 AU orbit with a moderate eccentricity ~0.2 and confined to a zone spanned by the low-order mean motion resonances 5:1 and 6:1. This solution lies in a shallow minimum of \\Chi and persists over a wide range of the system inclination. Other stable configurations within 1\\sigma confidence interval of the best fit are possible for the semi-major axis of the outer planet in the range of (6,13) AU and the eccentricity in the range of (0,0.3). The orbital inclination cannot be determined but when it decreases, both planetary masses approach ~10 Jupiter masses and for ~30 deg the hierarchy of the masses is reversed.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 311, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00202", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00221", "text": "WASHINGTON (AP) — The Latest on President Donald Trump and North Korea (all times local): 6:45 p.m. The Trump administration is considering nominating the commander of U.S. forces in the Pacific, Adm. Harry Harris, to fill the long-vacant ambassadorship to South Korea. That would entail a shuffle in the administration's plans for key diplomatic assignments. Harris has already been nominated to be ambassador to Australia. And the change would come only several weeks before a planned summit between the U.S. and North Korea. A White House official and a congressional aide describe the plan on condition of anonymity because they are not authorized to discuss them by name. The aide says the State Department and the governments in both Australia and South Korea have been informed that the administration is looking at a switch of postings for Harris, nothing has been made official yet. Harris' Senate confirmation hearing for the Australia post had been scheduled to take place Tuesday but was postponed. ___ 11:35 a.m. President Donald Trump says North Korea wants to hold a high-stakes meeting \"as soon as possible\" and he is praising Kim Jong Un as \"very open\" and \"very honorable.\" Trump is addressing his upcoming plans to meet with the North Korean leader during his discussions at the White House with French President Emmanuel Macron. Trump's praise for the North Korean dictator stands in stark contrast to his past comments in which he referred to Kim as \"Little Rocket Man.\" The Trump-Kim meeting is expected in May or June. South Korean President Moon Jae-in is meeting with Kim on Friday to kick off a new round of high-stakes nuclear diplomacy with Pyongyang.", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 332, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00654", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00222", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Employee Stock Ownership Plan Promotion and Improvement Act of 2005''. SEC. 2. 10 PERCENT PENALTY TAX NOT TO APPLY TO CERTAIN S CORPORATION DISTRIBUTIONS MADE ON STOCK HELD BY EMPLOYEE STOCK OWNERSHIP PLAN. (a) In General.--Clause (vi) of section 72(t)(2)(A) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (relating to general rule that subsection not to apply to certain distributions) is amended by inserting before the comma at the end the following: ``or any distribution (as described in section 1368(a)) with respect to S corporation stock that constitutes qualifying employer securities (as defined by section 409(l)) to the extent that such distributions are paid to a participant in the manner described in clause (i) or (ii) of section 404(k)(2)(A)''. (b) Effective Date.--The amendments made by this section shall apply to distributions made after the date of the enactment of this Act. SEC. 3. ESOP DIVIDEND EXCEPTION TO ADJUSTMENTS BASED ON ADJUSTED CURRENT EARNINGS. (a) In General.--Section 56(g)(4)(C) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (relating to disallowance of items not deductible in computing earnings and profits) is amended by adding at the end the following new clause: ``(v) Treatment of esop dividends.--Clause (i) shall not apply to any deduction allowable under section 404(k) if the deduction is allowed for dividends paid on employer securities held by an employee stock ownership plan established or authorized to be established before March 15, 1991.''. (b) Effective Date.--The amendment made by this section shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1989. (c) Waiver of Limitations.--If refund or credit of any overpayment of tax resulting from the application of the amendment made by this section is prevented at any time before the close of the 1-year period beginning on the date of the enactment of this Act by the operation of any law or rule of law (including res judicata), such refund or credit may be made or allowed if claim therefor is filed before the close of such period. SEC. 4. AMENDMENTS RELATED TO SECTION 1042. (a) Deferral of Tax", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01150", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00223", "text": "AMESBURY, England (AP) — The Latest on the major incident near Salisbury, England, in which two people have been left in a critical condition (all times local): 12:20 p.m. British police say counterterrorism officers are working with local detectives after two people were sickened by an unknown substance in southwest England. The Metropolitan Police says \"officers from the counter terrorism network are working jointly with colleagues from Wiltshire Police\" on the incident in Amesbury. Police say a man and a woman in their 40s were hospitalized after being found unconscious at a residential building in Amesbury. The town is eight miles (13 kilometers) from Salisbury, where ex-spy Sergei Skripal and his daughter Yulia were poisoned with a nerve agent on March 4. Police say they are keeping an open mind and do not know whether a crime has been committed. ___ 6 a.m. British police declared a \"major incident\" Wednesday after two people were left in critical condition from exposure to an unknown substance a few miles from where a former Russian spy and his daughter were poisoned with a nerve agent. The Wiltshire Police force said a man and a woman in their 40s were hospitalized after being found unconscious at a residential building in Amesbury, eight miles (13 kilometers) from Salisbury, where Sergei and Yulia Skripal were poisoned on March 4. Police cordoned off the building and other places the two people visited before falling ill, but health officials said there was not believed to be a wider risk. The man and woman were hospitalized Saturday at Salisbury District Hospital, where authorities initially believed they might have taken a contaminated batch of heroin or crack cocaine. \"further testing is now ongoing to establish the substance which led to these patients becoming ill and we are keeping an open mind as to the circumstances surrounding this incident,\" police said. \"At this stage, it is not clear if a crime has been committed.\"", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 394, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00814", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00224", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Taxpayer's Defense Act''. SEC. 2. MANDATORY CONGRESSIONAL REVIEW. Chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, is amended by inserting after section 808 the following: ``SUBCHAPTER II--MANDATORY REVIEW OF CERTAIN RULES ``Sec. 815. Rules subject to mandatory congressional review ``(a) In this section, the term `tax' means a non-penal, mandatory payment of money or its equivalent to the extent such payment does not compensate the Federal Government or other payee for a specific benefit conferred directly on the payer. ``(b) A rule that establishes or increases a tax, denominated, shall not take effect before the date of the enactment of a bill described in section 816 and is not subject to review under subchapter I. This section does not apply to a rule promulgated under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. ``Sec. 816. Agency submission ``Whenever an agency promulgates a rule subject to section 815, the agency shall submit to each House of Congress a report containing the text of only the part of the rule that causes the rule to be subject to section 815 and an explanation of that part. An agency shall submit such a report separately for each such rule the agency promulgates. The explanation shall consist of the concise general statement of the rule's basis and purpose required under section 553 and such explanatory documents as are mandated by other statutory requirements. ``Sec. 817. Approval bill ``(a)(1) Not later than 3 legislative days after the date on which an agency submits a report under section 816, the Majority Leader of each House of Congress shall introduce (by request) a bill the matter after the enacting clause of which is as follows: `The following agency rule may take effect:'. The text submitted under section 816 shall be set forth after the colon. If such a bill is not introduced in a House of Congress as provided in the first sentence of this subsection, any Member of that House may introduce such a bill not later than 7 legislative days after the period for introduction by the Majority Leader. ``(2) A bill introduced under paragraph (1) shall be referred to the Committees in each House of Congress with jurisdiction over the subject matter of the rule involved. ``(b)(1)(A) Any committee of the House of Representatives to which a", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01024", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00225", "text": "The boundary conditions of the heliosphere are set by the ionization, density and composition of inflowing interstellar matter. Constraining the properties of the Local Interstellar Cloud (LIC) at the heliosphere requires radiative transfer ionization models. We model the background interstellar radiation field using observed stellar FUV and EUV emission and the diffuse soft X-ray background. We also model the emission from the boundary between the LIC and the hot Local Bubble (LB) plasma, assuming that the cloud is evaporating because of thermal conduction. We create a grid of models covering a plausible range of LIC and LB properties, and use the modeled radiation field as input to radiative transfer/thermal equilibrium calculations using the Cloudy code. Data from in situ observations of He^O, pickup ions and anomalous cosmic rays in the heliosphere, and absorption line measurements towards epsilon CMa were used to constrain the input parameters. A restricted range of assumed LIC HI column densities and LB plasma temperatures produce models that match all the observational constraints. The relative weakness of the constraints on N(HI) and T_h contrast with the narrow limits predicted for the H^O and electron density in the LIC at the Sun, n(H^0) = 0.19 - 0.20 cm^-3, and n(e) = 0.07 +/- 0.01 cm^-3. Derived abundances are mostly typical for low density gas, with sub-solar Mg, Si and Fe, possibly subsolar O and N, and S about solar; C is supersolar. The interstellar gas at the Sun is warm, low density, and partially ionized, with n(H) = 0.23 - 0.27 cm^-3, T = 6300 K, X(H^+) ~ 0.2, and X(He^+) ~ 0.4. These results appear to be robust since acceptable models are found for substantially different input radiation fields. Our results favor low values for the reference solar abundances for the LIC composition.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 418, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00018", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00226", "text": "Fruitcake is known to stay fresh for an inordinate amount of time. But Antarctic conservators say they recently came upon a specimen that tests the limits of the treat: a 106-year-old cake, found in one of Antarctica's first buildings. This particular cake is believed to have been brought over in 1910 during the Terra Nova expedition of Robert Falcon Scott. According to the Antarctic Heritage Trust, \"it has been documented that Scott took this particular brand of cake with him at that time.\" The Huntley & Palmers fruitcake was wrapped in paper and housed in a tin-plated iron alloy tin, which is showing signs of deterioration. the cake itself is \"well-preserved,\" the conservators say. \"There was a very, very slight rancid butter smell to it, but other than that, the cake looked and smelled edible!\" the Trust's Programme Manager-Artefacts Lizzie Meek said in a statement. \"There is no doubt that the extreme cold in Antarctica has assisted its preservation.\" The century-old dessert was found with nearly 1,500 other artifacts from two huts at Cape Adare. According to the Trust, the first buildings on the continent \"were built by Norwegian Carsten Borchgrevink's expedition in 1899 and later used by Captain Scott's party in 1911.\" Meek says the team members were finishing up their work collecting objects when they were surprised to find the old dessert. She adds that even present day explorers love a good fruitcake: \"It's an ideal high-energy food for Antarctic conditions, and is still a favorite item on modern day trips to the ice.\" The cake's sheer density probably helps. As NPR's Maria Godoy has reported, people doing outdoor work in the Antarctic need about 5,000 calories a day — and more like 6,500 if you're involved in manhauling, which is \"pulling sleds across the ice and snow with their bodies.\" Maria writes that there's one clear lesson that Antarctic explorers have learned over the years: \"When life is stripped down to man versus the most brutal elements, bring plenty of snacks.\" This is something Scott's team knew — in fact, Maria says that \"his party conducted a study that suggested a high-carb, high-fat diet to be optimal for the harsh climes.\" But tragically, explorers on Antarctic expeditions were often hungry. Scott himself starved to death while", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00631", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00227", "text": "The spectrum of meson and diquark excitations of dense quark matter is considered in the framework of the Nambu -- Jona-Lasinio model with three types of massless quarks in the presense of a quark number chemical potential $\\mu$. We investigate the effective action of meson- and diquark fields both at sufficiently large values of $\\mu>\\mu_c\\approx 330$ MeV, where the color--flavor locked (CFL) phase is realized, and in the chirally broken phase of quark matter ($\\mu<\\mu_c$). In the last case all nine pseudoscalar mesons are Nambu -- Goldstone (NG) bosons, the mass of the scalar meson nonet is twice the dynamical quark mass. In the chirally broken phase the pseudoscalar diquarks are not allowed to exist as stable particles, but the scalar diquarks might be stable only at a rather strong interaction in the diquark channel. In the case of the CFL phase, all NG bosons of the model are realized as scalar and pseudoscalar diquarks. Moreover, it turns out that massive diquark excitations are unstable for this phase. In particular, for the scalar and pseudoscalar octets of diquark resonances a mass value around 230 MeV was found numerically. mesons are stable particles in the CFL phase. Their masses lie in the interval 400$\\div$500 MeV for not too large values of $\\mu>\\mu_c$.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 321, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00220", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00228", "text": "LANSING, Mich. (AP) — A government safety panel on Monday urged the temporary shutdown of twin oil pipelines in the Straits of Mackinac until their operator can finish inspections and repair coating gaps, after some members expressed concerns over a recent deal between the state and Enbridge Inc. The Michigan Pipeline Safety Advisory Board approved the non-binding resolution after members of Gov. Rick Snyder's administration who sit on the panel abstained from voting. Other non-binding resolutions call for temporarily halting the flow of oil during storms that produce sustained waves at least 3 feet (0.9 meter) high for longer than an hour, instead of an 8-foot (2.4-meter) threshold included in the agreement, and recommended that a \"more robust\" study of alternatives to Line 5 be completed. The agreement, announced Nov. 27, sets an Aug. 15 deadline for determining the future of the nearly 5-mile-long (8-kilometer) segment beneath the channel where Lakes Huron and Michigan converge. Options include shutting down the pipeline or routing it through a tunnel beneath the lakebed where it now rests. Because five or six members of the 16-person board voted for the measures while many others abstained, there was confusion over whether they had passed. Co-chairwoman Valerie Brader, executive director of the Michigan Agency for Energy, said she expected the Republican governor's administration to consider the resolutions as advisory while also taking note of the number of abstentions. Board member Jennifer McKay of the Tip of the Mitt Watershed Council said she hopes the governor gives the resolutions \"due consideration\" and seeks amendments to the deal. the federal government regulates oil pipelines, Michigan owns the lake bottom and in 1953 granted an easement to the Canadian company allowing the pipeline to go there. \"We know we have coating gaps. It's a violation of the easement and it only makes sense to shut down the pipeline until Enbridge can adequately address and fix the coating issues to ensure we don't have any type of rupture or leak,\" she said. The line transports about 23 million gallons (87 million liters) daily between Superior, Wisconsin, and Sarnia, Ontario. At least four board members expressed frustration that Snyder struck the agreement without their input, contending it short-circuited the public process and signals that tunneling the pipeline is ultimately the state's preference. State officials on the board, said the deal is an interim one", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00666", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00229", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``China Policy Act of 1995''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. The Congress makes the following findings: (1) The People's Republic of China comprises one-fifth of the world's population, or 1,200,000,000 people, and its policies have a profound effect on the world economy and global security. (2) The People's Republic of China is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and plays an important role in regional organizations such as the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum and the ASEAN Regional Forum. (3) The People's Republic of China is a nuclear power with the largest standing army in the world, and has been rapidly modernizing and expanding its military capabilities. (4) The People's Republic of China is currently undergoing a change of leadership which will have dramatic implications for the political and economic future of the Chinese people and for China's relations with the United States. (5) China's estimated $600,000,000,000 economy has enjoyed unparalleled growth in recent years. (6) increased economic linkages between the United States and China, bilateral relations have deteriorated significantly because of fundamental policy differences over a variety of important issues. (7) The People's Republic of China has violated international standards regarding the nonproliferation of weapons of mass destruction. (8) The Government of the People's Republic of China, a member of the United Nations Security Council, is obligated to respect and uphold the United Nations Charter and Universal Declaration of Human Rights. (9) According to the State Department Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1994, there continue to be ``widespread and well-documented human rights abuses in China, in violation of internationally accepted norms...(including) arbitrary and lengthy incommunicado detention, torture, and mistreatment of prisoners.... The regime continued severe restrictions on freedom of speech, press, assembly and association, and tightened control on the exercise of these rights during 1994. Serious human rights abuses persisted in Tibet and other areas populated by ethnic minorities.''. (10) The Government of the People's Republic of China continues to detain political prisoners and continues to violate internationally recognized standards of human rights by arbitrary arrests and detention of persons for the nonviolent expression of their political and religious beliefs. (11) The Government of the People's Republic of China does not ensure the humane treatment of prisoners and does not allow humanitarian", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00964", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00230", "text": "and, by the city's own acknowledgement, have fallen into disrepair, with infestations of bugs and filthy bathrooms. \"You may go into a shelter healthy, but then how will you come out?\" said Nancy Gouveia, a 49-year-old who has been on the streets three years. When her marriage broke up, the former housewife with no work experience said she had nowhere to go but the street. While many people have helped her, she said she has also had water and diesel thrown on her. A man once tried to light her on fire while she slept. \"All of us on the street want to get off it. But how?\" Gouveia said as she lay on a frayed cushion in front of a bank near the ocean in Copacabana. Sitting on a chair next to Gouveia, Patricio Santos added there would be no change until the economy improves. \"We need jobs,\" said Santos, 34, who has been on the streets six months since losing his job as a telemarketer. While some of the nearly 2,200 beds in shelters go empty each night, successfully persuading more homeless people to use them could create its own problems, as there are vastly more potential users than space for them. Given that reality, the city is also working to help migrants return to their home states, and in some cases even other countries. the grim situation, there are signs of hope. Though growth is tepid, Brazil officially emerged from recession earlier this year. And city officials say some businesses are donating food and clothes as well as providing jobs for some homeless. On a recent day, hundreds of homeless showed up at a park where the city offered services ranging from free haircuts to recovering documents and help with job searches. One of those who showed up was Generoso, who wanted more information about a shelter where he might be able to stop worrying about being attacked again. \"I want to find a place to sleep,\" he said. \"There is only misery on the streets.\" ___ Peter Prengaman on Twitter: www.twitter.com/peterprengaman", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 431, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00792", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00231", "text": "Van Marle et al. (2005) showed that circumstellar absorption lines in early Type Ib/c supernova and gamma-ray burst afterglow spectra may reveal the progenitor evolution of the exploding Wolf-Rayet star. While the quoted paper deals with Wolf-Rayet stars which evolved through a red supergiant stage, we investigate here the initially more massive Wolf-Rayet stars which are thought to evolve through a Luminous Blue Variable (LBV) stage. We perform hydrodynamic simulations of the evolution of the circumstellar medium around a 60 Msol star, from the main sequence through the LBV and Wolf-Rayet stages, up to core collapse. We then compute the column density of the circumstellar matter as a function of radial velocity, time and angle. This allows a comparison with the number and blue-shifts, of absorption components in the spectra of LBVs, Wolf-Rayet stars, Type Ib/c supernovae and gamma-ray burst afterglows. Our simulation for the post-LBV stage shows the formation of various absorption components, which are, rather short lived; they dissipate on time scales shorter than 50,000yr. As the LBV stage is thought to occur at the beginning of core helium burning, the remaining Wolf-Rayet life time is expected to be one order of magnitude larger. When interpreting the absorption components in the afterglow spectrum of GRB-021004 as circumstellar, it can be concluded that the progenitor of this source did most likely not evolve through an LBV stage. a close binary with late common-envelope phase (Case C) may produce a circumstellar medium that closely resembles the LBV to Wolf-Rayet evolution, but with a much shorter Wolf-Rayet period.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 351, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00073", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00232", "text": "on existing buildings. (6) In 1998, 93 percent of the campus building fires reported to fire departments occurred in buildings where there were smoke alarms present. only 34 percent had fire sprinklers present. SEC. 2. ESTABLISHMENT OF FIRE SUPPRESSION DEMONSTRATION INCENTIVE PROGRAM. (a) Grants.--The Secretary of Education (in this Act referred to as the ``Secretary''), in consultation with the United States Fire Administration, shall establish a demonstration program to award grants on a competitive basis to eligible entities for the purpose of installing fire sprinkler systems, or other fire suppression or prevention technologies, in student housing and dormitories owned or controlled by such entities. (b) Eligible Entity.--For purposes of this Act, the term ``eligible entity'' means any of the following: (1) An accredited public or private institution of higher education (as that term is defined in section 101 of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1001)). (2) An accredited historically Black college or university (as that term is used in section 322 of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1061)). (3) An accredited Hispanic-serving institution (as that term is defined in section 502 of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1101a)). (4) An accredited Tribally Controlled College or University (as that term is defined in section 2 of the Tribally Controlled College or University Assistance Act of 1978 (25 U.S.C. 1801)). (5) A social fraternity or sorority exempt from taxation under section 501(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (26 U.S.C. 501(a)), the active membership of which consists primarily of students in attendance at an accredited institution of higher education. (c) Selection Priority.--In making grants under subsection (a), the Secretary shall give priority to eligible entities that demonstrate the greatest financial need. (d) Reservations.--Of the amount made available to the Secretary for grants under this section for each fiscal year, the Secretary shall award-- (1) not less than 10 percent to eligible entities that are historically Black colleges and universities, Hispanic-serving institutions, and Tribally Controlled Colleges and Universities; and (2) not less than 10 percent to eligible entities that are social fraternities and sor", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01140", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00233", "text": "least 80,000 are currently in Brazil, most of them in Roraima state. Brazil, Latin America's largest nation, has one of the region's most inclusive immigration policies. Venezuelans are allowed to enter with just a national identification card, a lifeline for many who say that getting a passport in Venezuela has become impossible. Many immigrants who don't have identification cards but can show a birth certificate are allowed in if they request and are granted refugee status. Being designated \"refugees\" can be problematic because such immigrants can't return to Venezuela; President Nicolas Maduro has called them \"traitors\" of the state. Many say that as long as Maduro is in power they have no reason to return. skyrocketing inflation and a collapse of many businesses, Maduro has refused to allow humanitarian aid to enter Venezuela. He denies there is a crisis and says international relief would lead to foreign intervention. \"Maduro's solution is that we just eat each other,\" said Diana Merida sarcastically while washing her clothes in a Boa Vista river. The 34-year-old from Maturin said she recently sent $3 home to her 16-year-old daughter and 11-year-old son, which would allow them to buy some rice. While it took her three days of selling coffee to earn that, it was more than she could earn in a month as a saleswoman in a clothes store back home. On the Plaza Simon Bolivar, Kritce Montero sits with baby Hector, who now has on a diaper and has spent the last two days gobbling up formula, all donated by volunteers. It's been two days since the family crossed the border in Pacaraima. The first night they slept under a tree in the plaza, but then the second night somebody offered them a tent because of the baby. \"At least here, I'm able to feed my kids,\" said Montero. \"Even if I'm living under a bridge, I would feel OK if my kids have food.\" ____ Follow Peter Prengaman: twitter.com/peterprengaman", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 420, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00710", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00234", "text": "A white nationalist rally planned on Texas A&M University's campus has been canceled, apparently out of concern for student safety, officials confirmed Monday. The school made the decision after consulting law enforcement and \"considerable study\" because of \"concerns about the safety of its students, faculty, staff and the public.\" \"Texas A&M's support of the First Amendment and the freedom of speech cannot be questioned,\" the university said in a statement Monday afternoon. \"in this case circumstances and information relating to the event have changed and the risks of threat to life and safety compel us to cancel the event.\" After the event was announced over the weekend, university and state leaders expressed strong objections, but legal experts and one A&M System regent had fretted that First Amendment protections made that impossible. Reached by phone while shopping at Walmart on Monday afternoon, Wiginton said he had not heard the news. He said he had signed up to protest at a “free speech area” on campus on Sept. 11, but had not heard from anyone at the school since he announced. His response: “I guess my lawyers will now be suing the state of Texas.” The news was first announced on the floor of the Texas House. The lawmaker who made the declaration was Rep. John Raney, R-College Station, whose district includes A&M. He said that A&M System Chancellor John Sharp had canceled the event to protect student safety. Raney said the event was axed \"because of concerns with hate messages that have been on Facebook, and people who’ve said they were coming and they were bringing their weapons.\" He added the local police department said they \"can't handle that.\" Earlier in the afternoon, lawmakers had urged university administrators – and Sharp, in particular – to prevent the event from happening. Gov. Greg Abbott was also involved in the discussion, an Abbott spokesman said. “The Governor’s office has been working with Texas A&M University to prevent the type of hate-filled event that we saw in Charlottesville. Governor Abbott’s top goal is to ensure the safety and security of Texans and Texas A&M students,” said the spokesman, John Wittman. Patrick Svitek and Morgan Smith contributed to this report.", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 444, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00599", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00235", "text": "We examine the optical emission line properties of Brightest Cluster Galaxies (BCGs) selected from two large, homogeneous datasets. The first is the X-ray selected National Optical Astronomy Observatory Fundamental Plane Survey (NFPS), and the second is the C4 catalogue of optically selected clusters built from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release ~3 (SDSS DR3). Our goal is to better understand the optical line emission in BCGs with respect to properties of the galaxy and the host cluster. Throughout the analysis we compare the line emission of the BCGs to that of a control sample made of the other bright galaxies near the cluster centre. Overall, both the NFPS and SDSS show a modest fraction of BCGs with emission lines (~15%). No trend in the fraction of emitting BCGs as a function of galaxy mass or cluster velocity dispersion is found. we find that, for those BCGs found in cooling flow clusters, 71^{+9}_{-14}% have optical emission. Furthermore, if we consider only BCGs within 50kpc of the X-ray centre of a cooling flow cluster, the emission-line fraction rises further to 100^{+0}_{-15}%. Excluding the cooling flow clusters, only ~10% of BCGs are line emitting, comparable to the control sample of galaxies. We show that the physical origin of the emission line activity varies: in some cases it has LINER-like line ratios, in others it is a composite of star-formation and LINER-like activity. We conclude that the presence of emission lines in BCGs is directly related to the cooling of X-ray gas at the cluster centre.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 339, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00120", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00236", "text": "WASHINGTON (AP) — Start the countdown clock on a momentous two weeks for President Donald Trump and the GOP-run Congress. Republicans are determined to deliver the first revamp of the nation's tax code in three decades and prove they can govern after their failure to dismantle Barack Obama's health care law this past summer. Voters who will decide which party holds the majority in next year's midterms elections are watching. Republicans are negotiating with Democrats on the contentious issue of how much the government should spend on the military and domestic agencies to avert a holiday shutdown. An extension of the program that provides low-cost health care to more than 8 million children and aid to hurricane-ravaged Puerto Rico, Texas and Florida need to be addressed. And further complicating the end-of-year talks is the fate of some 800,000 young immigrants here illegally. Lawmakers are trying to get it all done by Dec. 22. A look at the crowded agenda: ___ TAXES Republicans are upbeat about finalizing a tax bill from the House and Senate versions for Trump's first major legislative accomplishment in nearly 11 months in office. \"I feel very confident we're going to get this done... at the end of the day we're going to get this to the president's desk and he's going to sign it,\" House Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy, R-Calif., said Sunday in an interview on Fox News Channel. The House and Senate bills would cut taxes by about $1.5 trillion over the next decade while adding billions to the $20 trillion deficit. They combine steep tax cuts for corporations with more modest reductions for most individuals. Republican leaders have struggled to placate GOP lawmakers from high-tax states like California, New York and New Jersey whose constituents would be hit hard by the elimination of the prized federal deduction for state and local taxes. Repeal of the deduction added up to $1.3 trillion in revenue over a decade that could be used for deep tax cuts. Lawmakers finally settled on a compromise in both bills — full repeal of the state and local deductions for income and sales taxes, but homeowners would be able to deduct up to $10,000 in local property taxes. And it's still not a done deal. \"There's a lot of conversation around the fact that in some of the blue states where the taxes are high, the property tax alone, they will not be able to use the $10,000 possible deductions,\" Sen. Tim Scott, R-S.C", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00820", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00237", "text": "An optical cavity enhances the interaction between atoms and light, and the rate of coherent atom-photon coupling can be made larger than all decoherence rates of the system. For single atoms, this strong coupling regime of cavity quantum electrodynamics (cQED) has been the subject of spectacular experimental advances, and great efforts have been made to control the coupling rate by trapping and cooling the atom towards the motional ground state, which has been achieved in one dimension so far. For N atoms, the three-dimensional ground state of motion is routinely achieved in atomic Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs), but first experiments combining BECs and optical cavities have been reported recently, coupling BECs to strong-coupling cavities has remained an elusive goal. Here we report such an experiment, which is made possible by combining a new type of fibre-based cavity with atom chip technology. This allows single-atom cQED experiments with a simplified setup and realizes the new situation of N atoms in a cavity each of which is identically and strongly coupled to the cavity mode. Moreover, the BEC can be positioned deterministically anywhere within the cavity and localized entirely within a single antinode of the standing-wave cavity field. This gives rise to a controlled, tunable coupling rate, as we confirm experimentally. We study the heating rate caused by a cavity transmission measurement as a function of the coupling rate and find no measurable heating for strongly coupled BECs. The spectrum of the coupled atoms-cavity system, which we map out over a wide range of atom numbers and cavity-atom detunings, shows vacuum Rabi splittings exceeding 20 gigahertz, as well as an unpredicted additional splitting which we attribute to the atomic hyperfine structure.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 352, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00328", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00238", "text": "We construct (0,2), D=2 gauged linear sigma model on a supermanifold in both the Abelian gauge group and the non-Abelian gauge group. The $\\hat{U}$ operator provides consistency conditions for satisfying the SUSY invariance. Contrary to the Abelian gauge group, it is not essential to introduce the new operator in order to check the exact SUSY invariance of the Lagrangian density. in order to introduce the (0,2) chiral superfields, we need the $\\hat{U}$ operator, because we can not define the (0,2) chirality conditions of the (0,2) chiral superfields without introducing the new operator by using $\\hat{U}$ and the enlarged operator \\hat{U}^{a} was obtained from the conditions that yield the (0,2) supersymmetric invariance of the Lagrangian density of the (0,2) U(N) gauged linear sigma model in superfield formalism. We found that the consistency conditions for the Abelian gauge group which assure the (0,2) supersymmetric invariance of Lagrangian density agree with (0,2) chirality conditions for superpotential. The supermanifold \\mathcal{M}^{m|n} becomes the super weighted complex projective space WCP^{m-1|n} in U(1) case, which is considered as an example of Calabi-Yau supermanifold.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 310, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00263", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00239", "text": "We have conducted a high-resolution ``3D'' imaging survey of the CO(1--0), HCN(1--0), and HCO$^+$(1--0) lines toward the central a few kpc regions of the Seyfert and starburst galaxies in the local universe using the Nobeyama Millimeter Array. We detected luminous HCN(1--0) emissions toward a considerable fraction of these Seyfert galaxies (10 of 12 in our sub-sample), which indicated that some of these Seyfert galaxies, such as NGC 3079, NGC 3227, NGC 4051, NGC 6764, and NGC 7479, are indeed accompanied with compact nuclear starburst, given the tight correlation between the HCN(1--0) luminosity and the star formation rate among star-forming galaxies. we suggest that the elevated HCN(1--0) emission from some of these Seyfert galaxies, including NGC 1068, NGC 1097, NGC 5033, and NGC 5194, does not signify the presence of massive starbursts there. This is because these Seyfert nuclei show abnormally high HCN(1--0)/HCO$^+$(1--0) ratios (2--3), which were never observed in the starburst nuclei in our sample. This could be attributed to the overabundance of HCN molecules in the X-ray dominated regions (XDRs) at the centers of these Seyfert galaxies.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 313, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00104", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00240", "text": "Along the Chari and Logone rivers separating Cameroon from Chad's capital, four flat-bottomed boats, mounted with machine guns, brimming with Chadian and other special forces, round the curve as they approach the riverbank. Forming an assault force, heavily armed soldiers leap out of the vessels and race up a slope to take up positions while backup forces have their machine guns at the ready. It's all part of a military exercise that simulates going after a high-value target – a leader from the ISIS-affiliated Boko Haram insurgency, who's taken up residence in a huddle of huts on the far side of the riverfront, a terrorist safe haven. The assault force demonstrates crucial military steps before capturing and eliminating him. Three weeks of U.S.-led counterterrorism exercises, known as Flintlock 2017, ended last month in Chad, which, along with surrounding countries, has been targeted for the past eight years in deadly violence by Boko Haram. The Flintlock exercises take place each year in a different African country. Boko Haram's uprising began in northeastern Nigeria, to the west of Chad, and has spilled over its borders, killing thousands of people and driving almost 3 million from their homes across the region. The war left a humanitarian catastrophe in its wake. The Trump administration's budget blueprint pledges to boost U.S. military spending by 10 percent — but also promises deep cuts in foreign aid. It's not clear what that might mean for U.S. counterterrorism efforts here or elsewhere in Africa, though the White House has boosted the U.S. military's authority to carry out strikes in Somalia against al-Shabaab militants linked to al-Qaida. At the same time, the U.S. — the biggest donor to the United Nations — is making the case for cuts in U.N. funding and wants to see changes in U.N. peacekeeping operations, most of which take place in Africa. \"We need to show results,\" U.N. Ambassador Nikki Haley said earlier this month. \"We need to find value.\" Support for foreign nations' counterterrorism efforts, as opposed to big American deployments, were a key tool of the Obama administration. Last year, the U.S. gave $156 million for military support, training and border security in the region straddling Nigeria, Niger, Chad and Cameroon, known as the Lake Chad Basin. The military officer in charge of Flintlock 2017, Brig. Gen. Donald Bold", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00628", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00241", "text": "We investigate the influence of noise on a graph state generation scheme which exploits a mirror inverting spin chain. Within this scheme the spin chain is used repeatedly as an entanglement bus (EB) to create multi-partite entanglement. The noise model we consider comprises of each spin of this EB being exposed to independent local noise which degrades the capabilities of the EB. Here we concentrate on quantifying its performance as a single-qubit channel and as a mediator of a two-qubit entangling gate, since these are basic operations necessary for graph state generation using the EB. In particular, for the single-qubit case we numerically calculate the average channel fidelity and whether the channel becomes entanglement breaking, i.e., expunges any entanglement the transferred qubit may have with other external qubits. We find that neither local decay nor dephasing noise cause entanglement breaking. This is to local thermal and depolarizing noise where we determine a critical length and critical noise coupling, respectively, at which entanglement breaking occurs. The critical noise coupling for local depolarizing noise is found to exhibit a power-law dependence on the chain length. For two qubits we similarly compute the average gate fidelity and whether the ability for this gate to create entanglement is maintained. The concatenation of these noisy gates for the construction of a five qubit linear cluster state and a Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state indicates that the level of noise that can be tolerated for graph state generation is tightly constrained.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 308, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00246", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00242", "text": "The study of the innermost circumstellar layers around AGB stars is crucial to understand how these envelopes are formed and evolve. The SiO maser emission occurs at a few stellar radii from the central star, providing direct information on the stellar pulsation and on the chemical and physical properties of these regions. Our data also shed light on several aspects of the SiO maser pumping theory that are not well understood yet. We aim to determine} the relative spatial distribution of the 43 GHz and 86 GHz SiO maser lines in the oxygen-rich evolved star R Leo. We have imaged with milliarcsecond resolution, by means of Very Long Baseline Interferometry, the 43 GHz (28SiO v=1, 2 J=1-0 and 29SiO v=0 J=1-0) and 86 GHz (28SiO v=1 J=2-1 and 29SiO v=0 J=2-1) masing regions. We confirm previous results obtained in other oxygen-rich envelopes. In particular, when comparing the 43 GHz emitting regions, the 28SiO v=2 transition is produced in an inner layer, closer to the central star. the 86 GHz line arises in a clearly farther shell. We have also mapped for the first time the 29SiO v=0 J=1-0 emission in R Leo. The already reported discrepancy between the observed distributions of the different maser lines and the theoretical predictions is also found in R Leo.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 313, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00019", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00243", "text": "their point across. \"The leagues feel like they're out of their element, and that's making them uncomfortable,\" said Kevin Braig, a Columbus, Ohio-based attorney, gambling industry analyst and handicapper. \"The gaming industry lobbies all the states. I think it goes even beyond that: They're almost partners in what they're doing. They have a very close relationship because they have very closely overlapping interests.\" Before the Supreme Court heard New Jersey's challenge to the 1992 federal law limiting sports betting to the four states that already had laws on the books, casino interests — and their influential trade group, the American Gaming Association — were encouraged by the professional leagues' changing attitudes about gambling, even as leagues argued before the justices that the ban should remain. NBA Commissioner Adam Silver has said betting should be legalized and MLB Commissioner Rob Manfred has said it could enhance fan interest in the sport. the NFL remains publicly opposed to gambling, Commissioner Roger Goodell has said his position has \"evolved.\" The NFL and the NCAA have sat out the debate entirely in states considering legislation. That's the fact that 31 percent of sports gambling winnings in Nevada last year came from football bets, and more is wagered on college basketball's NCAA Tournament than on the Super Bowl. The NBA and MLB argue their reputations are on the line because of the possibility of games being fixed. Sports fans are still familiar with the Black Sox scandal of 1919, Pete Rose's lifetime banishment from baseball for betting on games and a point-shaving scandal involving former NBA referee Tim Donaghy. \"The damage from even a hint of scandal will hurt the sports leagues far worse than anyone else,\" said Bryan Seeley, senior vice president and deputy general counsel at MLB. \"The NBA spends billions of dollars each year creating the games that would serve as the foundation for legalized sports betting, while bearing all of the risk and therefore incurring enormous additional expenses for compliance and enforcement,\" NBA spokesman Mike Bass said. \"As a result, we believe it is reasonable for operators to compensate the NBA with a small percentage of the total amount bet on our games.\" State regulators monitor wagering 24/7 in Nevada, and the leagues pay contractors to monitor overseas bets. Casinos argue that sports books don't make much money and are really there to get gamblers in the door. Unlike blackjack or slots, where casinos have a house edge, sports books make money by encouraging individual gamblers to each side", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00791", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00244", "text": "In the paper, the description of the dielectric and ferroelectric properties of BaTiO_3 single crystals using Landau thermodynamic potential is addressed. Our results suggest that when using the sixth-power free energy expansion of the thermodynamic potential, remarkably different values of the fourth-power coefficient, \\beta (the coefficient of P^4_i terms), are required to adequately reproduce the nonlinear dielectric behavior of the paraelectric phase and the electric field induced ferroelectric phase, respectively. the eighth-power expansion with a common set of coefficients enables a good description for both phases at the same time. These features, together with the data available in literature, strongly attest to the necessity of the eighth-power terms in Landau thermodynamic potential of BaTiO_3. In addition, the fourth-power coefficients, \\beta and \\xi (the coefficient of P^2_i P^2_j terms), were evaluated from the nonlinear dielectric responses along [001], [011], and [111] orientations in the paraelectric phase. Appreciable temperature dependence was evidenced for both coefficients above T_C. Further analysis on the linear dielectric response of the single domain crystal in the tetragonal phase demonstrated that temperature dependent anharmonic coefficients are also necessary for an adequate description of the dielectric behavior in the ferroelectric phase. As a consequence, an eighth-power thermodynamic potential, with some of the anharmonic coefficients being temperature dependent, was proposed and compared with the existing potentials. In general, the potential proposed in this work exhibits a higher quality in reproducing the dielectric and ferroelectric properties of this prototypic ferroelectric substance.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 332, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00376", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00245", "text": "f) Duration.-- ``(1) In general.--Each contract under this section shall be for a term of 5 years, but may be made automatically renewable from term to term in the absence of notice of termination by either party. the rights and responsibilities of the enrolled individual, the insurer, and the Office (or duly designated third-party administrator) under any such contract shall continue until the termination of coverage of the enrolled individual. ``(2) Termination of individual coverage.--Group long-term care insurance coverage obtained by an individual under this chapter shall terminate only upon the occurrence of any of the following: ``(A) Death.--The death of the insured. ``(B) Exhaustion of benefits.--Exhaustion of benefits, as determined under the contract. ``(C) Insolvency.--Insolvency of the insurer, as determined under the contract. ``(D) Cancellation.--Any event justifying a cancellation under subsection (d). ``(3) Preservation of rights and responsibilities.--Each contract under this section shall include such provisions as may be necessary so as, except as provided in paragraph (2)-- ``(A) to effectively preserve all parties' rights and responsibilities under such contract notwithstanding the termination of such contract (whether due to its nonrenewal under the first sentence of paragraph (1) or otherwise); and ``(B) to ensure that, once an individual becomes duly enrolled, long-term care insurance coverage obtained by such individual pursuant to that enrollment shall not be terminated due to any change in status (as described in section 9002(b)), such as separation from Government service or the uniformed services, or ceasing to meet the requirements for being considered a qualified relative (whether due to divorce or otherwise). ``Sec. 9004. Long-term care benefits ``(a) In General.--Benefits under this chapter shall be provided under qualified long-term care insurance contracts, within the meaning of section 7702B of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. ``(b) Specific Matters To Be Included in All Contracts.--Each contract under section 9003 shall, in addition to any matter otherwise required under this chapter, provide for the following: ``(1) Adequate consumer protections (including through establishment of sufficient reserves or reinsurance). ``(2) Adequate protections in the event of carrier bankruptcy (or other similar event). ``(3) Availability of benefits upon appropriate certification as to an individual's-- ``(A) inability (without substantial assistance from another individual) to perform at least 2", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01081", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00246", "text": "WASHINGTON (AP) — The Federal Reserve's first meeting under Jerome Powell's leadership will likely end Wednesday with an announcement that the Fed will resume its modest interest rate hikes. But investors will be most attuned to what Powell signals at his first news conference about whether and how he might steer the Fed's policymaking differently from his predecessor, Janet Yellen. Will he, for example, be inclined to step up the pace of Fed rate hikes? Powell hasn't tipped his hand. Speaking to Congress last month, the new chairman said his \"personal outlook\" on the economy had strengthened since December, when the Fed's policymakers collectively forecast three rate hikes for 2018, the same as in 2017. That comment helped send stocks tumbling because it suggested that the Fed might be about to accelerate the gradual pace it had pursued under Yellen. More aggressive rate increases would likely slow the economy and make stocks less appealing. when he testified to Congress again two days later, Powell tempered his view: He stressed that the Fed still thinks it has room to maintain a moderate pace of rate hikes, in part to allow Americans' average wages, which have stagnated for years, to pick up. The impression was that he might not favor raising rates faster than Yellen did after all — at least not yet. That said, few doubt that the Fed will announce when its policy meeting concludes that it will resume raising rates, after having most recently done so in December. A healthy job market and a steady if unspectacular economy have given the Fed the confidence to think the economy can withstand further increases within a still historically low range of borrowing rates. The financial markets have been edgy for weeks, and Powell's back-and-forth comments have been only one factor. A sharp rise in wage growth reported in the government's January jobs report triggered fears that higher labor costs would lead to higher inflation and, ultimately, to higher interest rates. Stocks sank on the news. But subsequent reports on wages and inflation have been milder, and the markets appear to have stabilized. The February jobs report pointed to an unusually robust labor market: Employers added 313,000 jobs, the largest monthly gain in 1½ years. The unemployment rate remained at a 17-year low of 4.1 percent. Other measures of the economy, though, have been more sluggish. Consumer spending, the economy's primary fuel, has slowed this year and has led many economists to downgrade their forecasts for growth", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00728", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00247", "text": "We discuss the ratio of the angular diameter distances from the source to the lens, $D_{ds}$, and to the observer at present, $D_{s}$, for various dark energy models. It is well known that the difference of $D_s$s between the models is apparent and this quantity is used for the analysis of Type Ia supernovae. we investigate the difference between the ratio of the angular diameter distances for a cosmological constant, $(D_{ds}/D_{s})^{\\Lambda}$ and that for other dark energy models, $(D_{ds}/D_{s})^{\\rm{other}}$ in this paper. It has been known that there is lens model degeneracy in using strong gravitational lensing. Thus, we investigate the model independent observable quantity, Einstein radius ($\\theta_E$), which is proportional to both $D_{ds}/D_s$ and velocity dispersion squared, $\\sigma_v^2$. $D_{ds}/D_s$ values depend on the parameters of each dark energy model individually. $(D_{ds}/D_s)^{\\Lambda} - (D_{ds}/D_{s})^{\\rm{other}}$ for the various dark energy models, is well within the error of $\\sigma_v$ for most of the parameter spaces of the dark energy models. Thus, a single strong gravitational lensing by use of the Einstein radius may not be a proper method to investigate the property of dark energy. better understanding to the mass profile of clusters in the future or other methods related to arc statistics rather than the distances may be used for constraints on dark energy.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 330, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00470", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00248", "text": "We perform a detailed study of the Globular Cluster (GC) system in the galaxy NGC5866 based on F435W, F555W, and F625W (~ B, V, and R) HST Advanced Camera for Surveys images. Adopting color, size and shape selection criteria, the final list of GC candidates comprises 109 objects, with small estimated contamination from background galaxies, and foreground stars. The color distribution of the final GC sample has a bimodal form. Adopting color to metallicity transformations derived from the Teramo--SPoT simple stellar population model, we estimate a metallicity [Fe/H]~ -1.5, and -0.6 dex for the blue and red peaks, respectively. A similar result is found if the empirical color-metallicity relations derived from Galactic GCs data are used. The two subpopulations show some of the features commonly observed in the GC system of other galaxies, like a ``blue tilt'', higher central concentrations of the red subsystem, and larger half--light radii at larger galactocentric distances. we do not find evidence of a substantial difference between the average sizes of red and blue clusters. Our analysis of the GC Luminosity Function indicates a V-band Turn-Over Magnitude V$_0^{TOM}$=23.46+-0.06, or M$_{V,0}^{TOM}\\sim-7.29 +- 0.10$ mag, using the distance modulus derived from the average of SBF and the PNLF distances. The absolute Turn-Over Magnitude obtained agrees well with calibrations from literature. The specific frequency is measured to be $S_N=1.4 +- 0.3$, typical for galaxies of this type.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 359, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00396", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00249", "text": "In the density functional (DF) theory of Kohn and Sham, the kinetic energy of the ground state of a system of noninteracting electrons in a general external field is calculated using a set of orbitals. Orbital free methods attempt to calculate this directly from the electron density by approximating the universal but unknown kinetic energy density functional. simple local approximations are inaccurate and it has proved very difficult to devise generally accurate nonlocal approximations. We focus instead on the kinetic potential, the functional derivative of the kinetic energy DF, which appears in the Euler equation for the electron density. We argue that the kinetic potential is more local and more amenable to simple physically motivated approximations in many relevant cases, and describe two pathways by which the value of the kinetic energy can be efficiently calculated. We propose two nonlocal orbital free kinetic potentials that reduce to known exact forms for both slowly varying and rapidly varying perturbations and also reproduce exact results for the linear response of the density of the homogeneous system to small perturbations. A simple and systematic approach for generating accurate and weak ab-initio local pseudopotentials which produce a smooth slowly varying valence component of the electron density is proposed for use in orbital free DF calculations of molecules and solids. The use of these local pseudopotentials further minimizes the possible errors from the kinetic potentials. Our theory yields results for the total energies and ionization energies of atoms, and for the shell structure in the atomic radial density profiles that are in very good agreement with calculations using the full Kohn-Sham theory.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 311, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00067", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00250", "text": "We analyze a sample of 58 multi-wavelength, Very Long Baseline Array observations of active galactic nuclei (AGN) to determine their scattering properties. Approximately 75% of the sample consists of AGN that exhibit centimeter-wavelength intraday variability (interstellar scintillation) while the other 25% do not show intraday variability. We find that interstellar scattering is measurable for most of these AGN, and the typical broadening diameter is 2 mas at 1 GHz. We find that the scintillating AGN are typically at lower Galactic latitudes than the non-scintillating AGN, consistent with the scenario that intraday variability is a propagation effect from the Galactic interstellar medium. The magnitude of the inferred interstellar broadening measured toward the scintillating AGN, when scaled to higher frequencies, is comparable to the diameters inferred from analyses of the light curves for the more well-known intraday variable sources. we find no difference in the amount of scattering measured toward the scintillating versus non-scintillating AGN. A consistent picture is one in which the scintillation results from localized regions (\"clumps\") distributed throughout the Galactic disk, but which individually make little contribution to the angular broadening. Of the 58 AGN observed, 37 (64%) have measured redshifts. At best, a marginal trend is found for scintillating (non-scintillating) AGN to have smaller (larger) angular diameters at higher redshifts. We also use our observations to try to constrain the possibility of intergalactic scattering. While broadly consistent with the scenario of a highly turbulent intergalactic medium, our observations do not place significant constraints on its properties.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 358, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00472", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00251", "text": "Previously, we have identified the cytoplasmic zinc metalloprotease insulin-degrading enzyme(IDE) in human tissues by an immunohistochemical method involving no antigen retrieval (AR) by pressure cooking to avoid artifacts by endogenous biotin exposure and a detection kit based on the labeled streptavidin biotin (LSAB) method. Thereby, we also employed 3% hydrogen peroxide(H2O2) for the inhibition of endogenous peroxidase activity and incubated the tissue sections with the biotinylated secondary antibody at room temperature (RT). We now add the immunohistochemical details that had led us to this optimized procedure as they also bear a more general relevance when demonstrating intracellular tissue antigens. Our most important result is that endogenous peroxidase inhibition by 0.3% H2O2 coincided with an apparently positive IDE staining in an investigated breast cancer specimen combining a block by 3% H2O2 with an incubation of the biotinylated secondary antibody at RT, not at 37 degrees Celsius, revealed this specimen as almost entirely IDE-negative. Our present data caution against three different immunohistochemical pitfalls that might cause falsely positive results and artifacts when using an LSAB- and peroxidase-based detection method: pressure cooking for AR, insufficient quenching of endogenous peroxidases and heating of tissue sections while incubating with biotinylated secondary antibodies.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 300, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00160", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00252", "text": "We report new detailed surface U, B, V, R, and I photometry of 81 stellar structures in the disk of the barred galaxy NGC 3367. The images show many different structures indicating that star formation is going on in the most part of the disk. NGC 3367 is known to have a very high concentration of molecular gas distribution in the central regions of the galaxy and bipolar synchrotron emission from the nucleus with two lobes (at 6 kpc) forming a triple structure similar to a radio galaxy. We have determined the U, B, V, R, and I magnitudes and U - B, B - V, U - V, and V - I colors for the central region (nucleus), a region which includes supernovae 2003 AA, and 79 star associations throughout NGC 3367. Estimation of ages of star associations is very difficult due to several factors, among them: filling factor, metallicity, spatial distribution of each structure and the fact that we estimated the magnitudes with a circular aperture of 16 pixels in diameter, equivalent to $6''.8\\sim1.4$ kpc. if the colors derived for NGC 3367 were similar to the colors expected of star clusters with theoretical evolutionary star tracks developed for the LMC and had a similar metallicity, NGC 3367 show 51 percent of the observed structures with age type SWB I (few tens of Myrs), with seven sources outside the bright surface brightness visible disk of NGC 3367.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 315, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00053", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00253", "text": "Arguments showing that exchange-only optimized effective potential (xOEP) methods, with finite basis sets, cannot in general yield the Hartree-Fock (HF) ground state energy, but a higher one, are given. While the orbital products of a complete basis are linearly dependent, the HF ground state energy can only be obtained via a basis set xOEP scheme in the special case that all products of occupied and unoccupied orbitals emerging from the employed orbital basis set are linearly independent from each other. In this case, exchange potentials leading to the HF ground state energy exhibit unphysical oscillations and do not represent a Kohn-Sham (KS) exchange potential. These findings solve the seemingly paradoxical results of Staroverov, Scuseria and Davidson that certain finite basis set xOEP calculations lead to the HF ground state energy the fact that within a real space (or complete basis) representation the xOEP ground state energy is always higher than the HF energy. Moreover, whether or not the occupied and unoccupied orbital products are linearly independent, it is shown that basis set xOEP methods only represent exact exchange-only (EXX) KS methods, i.e., proper density-functional methods, if the orbital basis set and the auxiliary basis set representing the exchange potential are balanced to each other, i.e., if the orbital basis is comprehensive enough for a given auxiliary basis. Otherwise xOEP methods do not represent EXX KS methods and yield unphysical exchange potentials.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 300, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00195", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00254", "text": "(Abridged) We report on 8.7 and 7.6 yr of RXTE observations of the Anomalous X-ray Pulsars (AXPs) RXS J170849.0-400910 and 1E 1841-045, respectively. These observations, part of a larger RXTE AXP monitoring program, have allowed us to study the long-term timing, pulsed flux, and pulse profile evolution of these objects. We report on four new glitches, one from RXS J170849.0-400910 and three from 1E 1841-045. With nearly all known persistent AXPs now seen to glitch, such behavior is clearly generic to this source class. We show that in terms of fractional frequency change, AXPs are among the most actively glitching neutron stars. in terms of absolute glitch amplitude, AXP glitches are unremarkable. We show that the largest AXP glitches observed thus far have recoveries that are unusual among those of radio pulsar glitches, with the combination of recovery time scale and fraction yielding changes in spin-down rates following the glitch similar to, or larger than, the long-term average. We also observed a large long-term fractional increase in the magnitude of the spin-down rate of 1E 1841-045 following its largest glitch. These observations are challenging to interpret in standard glitch models, as is the frequent occurence of large glitches given AXPs' high measured temperatures. We speculate that the stellar core may be involved in the largest AXP glitches. Furthermore, we show that AXP glitches appear to fall in two classes: radiatively loud and radiatively quiet. The latter, of which the glitches of J170849.0-400910 and 1E 1841-045 are examples, show little evidence for an accompanying radiative event. We also show, that pulse profile and pulsed flux changes are common in these AXPs, but do not apprear closely correlated with any timing behavior.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 405, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00404", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00255", "text": "Context: Planets outside our solar system transiting their host star, i. e. those with an orbital inclination near 90 degree, are of special interest to derive physical properties of extrasolar planets. With the knowledge of the host star's physical parameters, the planetary radius can be determined. Combined with spectroscopic observations the mass and therefore the density can be derived from Doppler-measurements. Depending on the brightness of the host star, additional information, e. g. about the spin-orbit alignment between the host star and planetary orbit, can be obtained. Aims: The last few years have witnessed a growing success of transit surveys. Among other surveys, the MACHO project provided nine potential transiting planets, several of them with relatively bright parent stars. The photometric signature of a transit event is, insufficient to confirm the planetary nature of the faint companion. The aim of this paper therefore is a determination of the spectroscopic parameters of the host stars as well as a dynamical mass determination through Doppler-measurements. Methods: We have obtained follow-up high-resolution spectra for five stars selected from the MACHO sample, which are consistent with transits of low-luminosity objects. Radial velocities have been determined by means of cross-correlation with model spectra. The MACHO light curves have been compared to simulations based on the physical parameters of the system derived from the radial velocities and spectral analyses. Aims: We show that all transit light curves of the exoplanet candidates analysed in this work can be explained by eclipses of stellar objects, hence none of the five transiting objects is a planet.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 329, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00050", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00256", "text": "Magnetic fields likely play a key role in the dynamics and evolution of protoplanetary discs. They have the potential to efficiently transport angular momentum by MHD turbulence or via the magnetocentrifugal acceleration of outflows from the disk surface, and magnetically-driven mixing has implications for disk chemistry and evolution of the grain population. the weak ionisation of protoplanetary discs means that magnetic fields may not be able to effectively couple to the matter. I present calculations of the ionisation equilibrium and magnetic diffusivity as a function of height from the disk midplane at radii of 1 and 5 AU. Dust grains tend to suppress magnetic coupling by soaking up electrons and ions from the gas phase and reducing the conductivity of the gas by many orders of magnitude. once grains have grown to a few microns in size their effect starts to wane and magnetic fields can begin to couple to the gas even at the disk midplane. Because ions are generally decoupled from the magnetic field by neutral collisions while electrons are not, the Hall effect tends to dominate the diffusion of the magnetic field when it is able to partially couple to the gas. For a standard population of 0.1 micron grains the active surface layers have a combined column of about 2 g/cm^2 at 1 AU; by the time grains have aggregated to 3 microns the active surface density is 80 g/cm^2. In the absence of grains, x-rays maintain magnetic coupling to 10% of the disk material at 1 AU (150 g/cm^2). At 5 AU the entire disk thickness becomes active once grains have aggregated to 1 micron in size.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 336, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00030", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00257", "text": "The primordial abundance of deuterium (D/H) yields a measure of the density of baryons in the universe and is an important complement to determinations from cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiments. Indeed, the current small sample of high redshift D/H measurements from quasar absorption line studies are in excellent agreement with CMB-derived values. Conversely, absorption line measurements of the Galactic D/H ratio in almost 50 stellar sightlines show a puzzlingly large scatter outside the Local Bubble which is difficult to explain simply by astration from the primordial value. Here, we investigate the dust depletion scenario by studying the correlation between D/H and the abundance of titanium, one of the most refractory elements readily observed in the ISM. With a sample 3 times larger than previous work, we confirm a correlation between Ti/H and D/H at the 97% confidence level. the magnitude of this dependence is difficult to reconcile with a simple model of dust depletion for two reasons. First, contrary to what is expected from local depletion rates, the gradient of the highly refractory Ti is much shallower than that observed for Fe and Si. Second, we do not observe the established tight, steep correlation between [Ti/H] and the mean volume density of hydrogen. Therefore, whilst dust remains a plausible explanation for the local D/H variations, the abundances of at least some of the refractory elements do not provide unanimous support for this scenario. We also argue that the correlations of [Si/H], [Fe/H], and [Ti/H] with D/H are inconsistent with a simple infall model of low metallicity gas with approximately solar abundances as the dominant cause for D variations.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 342, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00426", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00258", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Seasoned Customer CTR Exemption Act of 2006''. SEC. 2. EXCEPTION FROM CURRENCY TRANSACTION REPORTS FOR SEASONED CUSTOMERS. (a) Findings.--The Congress finds as follows: (1) The completion of and filing of currency transaction reports under section 5313 of title 31, United States Code, poses a compliance burden on the financial industry. (2) Due to the nature of the transactions or the persons and entities conducting such transactions, some reports as currently filed may not be relevant to the detection, deterrence, or investigation of financial crimes, including money laundering and the financing of terrorism. (3) the data contained in such reports can provide valuable context for the analysis of other data derived pursuant to subchapter II of chapter 53 of title 31, United States Code, as well as investigative data, which provide invaluable and indispensable information supporting efforts to combat money laundering and other financial crimes. (4) An appropriate exemption process from the reporting requirements for certain currency transactions that are of little or no value to ongoing efforts of law enforcement agencies, financial regulatory agencies, and the financial services industry to investigate, detect, or deter financial crimes would continue to fulfill the compelling need to produce and provide meaningful information to policy-makers, financial regulators, law enforcement, and intelligence agencies, while potentially lowering the compliance burden placed on financial institutions by the need to file such reports. (5) The Secretary of the Treasury has by regulation, and in accordance with section 5313 of title 31, United States Code, implemented a process by which institutions may seek exemptions from filing certain currency transaction reports based on appropriate circumstances; the financial industry has not taken full advantage of these provisions and has contended that they are unduly burdensome. (6) The act of providing notice to the Secretary of the Treasury of designations of exemption-- (A) provides meaningful information to law enforcement officials on exempt customers and enables law enforcement to obtain account information through appropriate legal process; and (B) complements other sections of title 31, United States Code, whereby law enforcement can locate financial institutions with relevant records relating to a person of investigative interest, such as information requests made pursuant to regulations implementing section 314(a) of the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001. (7) A designation of exemption has no effect on requirements for depository institutions to apply the", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 496, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00838", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00259", "text": "1) be made to a project that is not being financed, in part, by loans; or ``(2) account for more than 50 percent of the financing of any individual project. ``(b) Exception.-- ``(1) General rule.--The requirements of subsection (a) shall not apply in cases where-- ``(A) the President determines there are exceptional economic circumstances for making the grant and consults with the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on Financial Services of the House of Representatives; or ``(B)(i) the grant is being made for a project that is so small that obtaining a loan is impractical; and ``(ii) the grant does not exceed $250,000. ``(2) Limitation.--Not more than an aggregate of $5,000,000 in grants may be made under this subsection.''. (c) Clerical Amendment.--Section 1(b) of such public law is amended in the table of contents by inserting after the item relating to section 544 the following: ``Sec. 545. Authority to agree to certain amendments to the Border Environment Cooperation Agreement. ``Sec. 546. Grants out of paid-in capital resources.''. SEC. 2. ANNUAL REPORT. The Secretary of the Treasury shall submit annually to the Committee on Financial Services of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate a written report on the North American Development Bank, which addresses the following issues: (1) The number and description of the projects that the North American Development Bank has approved. The description shall include the level of market-rate loans, non-market-rate loans, and grants used in an approved project, and a description of whether an approved project is located within 100 kilometers of the international boundary between the United States and Mexico or within 300 kilometers of the international boundary between the United States and Mexico. (2) The number and description of the approved projects in which money has been dispersed. (3) The number and description of the projects which have been certified by the Border Environment Cooperation Commission, but not financed by the North American Development Bank, and the reasons that the projects have not been financed. (4) The total of the paid-in capital, callable capital, and retained earnings of the North American Development Bank, and the uses of such amounts. (5) A description of any efforts and discussions between the United States and Mexican governments to expand the type of projects which the North American Development Bank finances", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00955", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00260", "text": "A large population of heavily obscured, Compton Thick AGNs is predicted by models of galaxy formation, models of Cosmic X-ray Background and by the ``relic'' super-massive black-hole mass function measured from local bulges. so far only a handful of Compton thick AGNs have been possibly detected using even the deepest Chandra and XMM surveys. Compton-thick AGNs can be recovered thanks to the reprocessing of the AGN UV emission in the infrared by selecting sources with AGN luminosity's in the mid-infrared and faint near-infrared and optical emission. To this purpose, we make use of deep HST, VLT, Spitzer and Chandra data on the Chandra Deep Field South to constrain the number of Compton thick AGN in this field. We show that sources with high 24$\\mu$m to optical flux ratios and red colors form a distinct source population, and that their infrared luminosity is dominated by AGN emission. Analysis of the X-ray properties of these extreme sources shows that most of them (80$\\pm15%$) are indeed likely to be highly obscured, Compton thick AGNs. The number of infrared selected, Compton thick AGNs with 5.8$\\mu$m luminosity higher than $10^{44.2}$ erg s$^{-1}$ turns out to be similar to that of X-ray selected, unobscured and moderately obscured AGNs with 2-10 keV luminosity higher than $10^{43}$ erg s$^{-1}$ in the redshift bin 1.2-2.6. This ``factor of 2'' source population is exactly what it is needed to solve the discrepancies between model predictions and X-ray AGN selection.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 357, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00226", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00261", "text": "We consider what the implications would be if there were a discrete fundamental model of physics based on locally-finite self-interacting information, in which there is no presumption of the familiar space and laws of physics, but from which such space and laws can be shown to be able to emerge stably from such a fundamental model. We argue that if there is such a model, then the familiar laws of physics, including Standard Model constants, etc., must be encodable by a finite quantity C, called the complexity, of self-interacting information I, called a Space-Cell. Copies of Space-Cell I must be distributed throughout space, at a roughly constant and near-Planck density, and copies must be created or destroyed as space expands or contracts. We then argue that each Space-Cell is a self-replicator that can duplicate in times ranging from as fast as near-Planck-times to as slow as Cosmological-Constant-time which is 10^{61} Planck-times. From standard considerations of computation, we argue this slowest duplication rate just requires that 10^{61} is less than about 2^C, the number of length-C binary strings, hence requiring only the modest complexity C at least 203, and at most a few thousand. We claim this provides a reasonable explanation for a dimensionless constant being as large as 10^{61}, and hence for the Cosmological Constant being a tiny positive 10^{-122}. We also discuss a separate conjecture on entropy flow in Hole-Bang Transitions. We then present Cosmological Natural Selection II.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 324, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00381", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00262", "text": "[Abridged] The entropy distribution of the intracluster gas reflects both accretion history of the gas and processes of feedback which provide a further non-gravitational energy besides the potential one. In this work, we study the profiles and the scaling properties of the gas entropy in 24 hot (kT_{gas} > 6 keV) galaxy clusters observed with Chandra in the redshift range 0.14-0.82 and showing different states of relaxation. We recover the gas density, temperature and entropy profiles in a non-parametric way. Adding the hydrostatic equilibrium hypothesis, radial profiles are also obtained from the deprojection of the surface brightness, allowing to verify whether the hydrostatic equilibrium is a tenable hypothesis by comparison with the spectral measurements. We confirm that this is the case on scales larger than 100 kpc and discuss the deviations observed in few non-cooling core clusters in the inner regions. We show that the entropy profiles are remarkably similar outside the core and can be described by simple power-laws with slope of 1.0-1.2. We measure an entropy level at 0.1 R_{200} of 100-500 keV cm^2 and a central plateau which spans a wide range of value (~ a few-200 keV cm^2) depending on the state of relaxation of the source. To characterize the energetic of the central regions, we compare the radial behaviour of the temperature of the gas with the temperature of the dark matter T_{DM} by estimating the excess of energy Delta E = 3/2 k(T_{gas}- T_{DM}). We point out that Delta E ranges from ~ 0 in typical cooling-core clusters to few keV within 100 kpc in non-cooling core systems. We also measure a significant correlation between the total iron mass and the entropy outside the cooling region,in the inner regions they anti-correlate strongly.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 390, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00368", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00263", "text": "In the framework of the model inter-comparison study - Asia Phase II (MICS2), where eight models are compared over East Asia, this paper studies the influence of different parameterizations used in the aerosol module on the aerosol concentrations of sulfate and nitrate in PM10. An intracomparison of aerosol concentrations is done for March 2001 using different configurations of the aerosol module of one of the model used for the intercomparison. Single modifications of a reference setup for model configurations are performed and compared to a reference case. These modifications concern the size distribution, i.e. the number of sections, and physical processes, i.e. coagulation, condensation/evaporation, cloud chemistry, heterogeneous reactions and sea-salt emissions. Comparing monthly averaged concentrations at different stations, the importance of each parameterization is first assessed. It is found that sulfate concentrations are little sensitive to sea-salt emissions and to whether condensation is computed dynamically or by assuming thermodynamic equilibrium. Nitrate concentrations are little sensitive to cloud chemistry. a very high sensitivity to heterogeneous reactions is observed. Thereafter, the variability of the aerosol concentrations to the use of different chemistry transport models (CTMs) and the variability to the use of different parameterizations in the aerosol module are compared. For sulfate, the variability to the use of different parameterizations in the aerosol module is lower than the variability to the use of different CTMs. for nitrate, for monthly averaged concentrations averaged over four stations, these two variabilities have the same order of magnitude.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 314, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00115", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00264", "text": "Utilizing an eigenfunction decomposition, we study the growth and spectra of energy in the vortical and wave modes of a 3D rotating stratified fluid as a function of $\\epsilon = f/N$. Working in regimes characterized by moderate Burger numbers, i.e. $Bu = 1/\\epsilon^2 < 1$ or $Bu \\ge 1$, our results indicate profound change in the character of vortical and wave mode interactions with respect to $Bu = 1$. As with the reference state of $\\epsilon=1$, for $\\epsilon < 1$ the wave mode energy saturates quite quickly and the ensuing forward cascade continues to act as an efficient means of dissipating ageostrophic energy. Further, these saturated spectra steepen as $\\epsilon$ decreases: we see a shift from $k^{-1}$ to $k^{-5/3}$ scaling for $k_f < k < k_d$ (where $k_f$ and $k_d$ are the forcing and dissipation scales, respectively). when $\\epsilon > 1$ the wave mode energy never saturates and comes to dominate the total energy in the system. In fact, in a sense the wave modes behave in an asymmetric manner about $\\epsilon = 1$. With regard to the vortical modes, for $\\epsilon \\le 1$, the signatures of 3D quasigeostrophy are clearly evident. Specifically, we see a $k^{-3}$ scaling for $k_f < k < k_d$ and, in accord with an inverse transfer of energy, the vortical mode energy never saturates but rather increases for all $k < k_f$. for $\\epsilon > 1$ and increasing, the vortical modes contain a progressively smaller fraction of the total energy indicating that the 3D quasigeostrophic subsystem plays an energetically smaller role in the overall dynamics.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 387, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00213", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00265", "text": "foreign commerce. ``(b) Certification Requirement.--No prosecution of any offense described in this subsection may be undertaken by the United States, except under the certification in writing of the Attorney General, the Deputy Attorney General, the Associate Attorney General, or any Assistant Attorney General specially designated by the Attorney General that-- ``(1) such certifying individual has reasonable cause to believe that the actual or perceived race, color, religion, national origin, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability of any person was a motivating factor underlying the alleged conduct of the defendant; and ``(2) such certifying individual has consulted with State or local law enforcement officials regarding the prosecution and determined that-- ``(A) the State does not have jurisdiction or does not intend to exercise jurisdiction; ``(B) the State has requested that the Federal Government assume jurisdiction; ``(C) the State does not object to the Federal Government assuming jurisdiction; or ``(D) the verdict or sentence obtained pursuant to State charges left demonstratively unvindicated the Federal interest in eradicating bias-motivated violence. ``(c) Definitions.--In this section-- ``(1) the term `explosive or incendiary device' has the meaning given such term in section 232 of this title; ``(2) the term `firearm' has the meaning given such term in section 921(a) of this title; and ``(3) the term `gender identity' for the purposes of this chapter means actual or perceived gender-related characteristics. ``(d) Rule of Evidence.--In a prosecution for an offense under this section, evidence of expression or associations of the defendant may not be introduced as substantive evidence at trial, unless the evidence specifically relates to that offense. nothing in this section affects the rules of evidence governing impeachment of a witness.''. (b) Technical and Conforming Amendment.--The table of sections at the beginning of chapter 13 of title 18, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following new item: ``249. Hate crime acts.''. SEC. 7. SEVERABILITY. If any provision of this Act, an amendment made by this Act, or the application of such provision or amendment to any person or circumstance is held to be unconstitutional, the remainder of this Act, the amendments made by this Act, and the application of the provisions of such to any person or circumstance shall not be affected thereby. SEC. 8. RULE OF CONSTRUCTION. Nothing in this Act", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00887", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00266", "text": "SAN FRANCISCO (AP) — Amid record-setting heat in the state's south, California's water managers will measure the Sierra Nevada snowpack, which supplies water to millions. Department of Water Resources officials will trek to the mountains Thursday to check the snow depth, one gauge of the state's water supply. Electronic sensors show snow levels are about one-third of normal. At the peak of California's recently ended five-year drought, Gov. Jerry Brown ordered 25 percent water conservation in cities and towns and declared a drought emergency. Heavy rains in Northern California last year finally snapped the drought, and Brown declared the emergency over in April. But the drought never really seemed to end in some Southern California areas, said Daniel Swain, a climate scientist with the University of California, Los Angeles. Los Angeles received only one significant rain in almost the last 12 months. In Ventura and Santa Barbara counties, which are about 100 miles (161 kilometers) north of Los Angeles, the lack of rain and dry vegetation were perfect fuel for a December wildfire that grew to be the largest recorded in state history. When it finally rained, the scorched earth turned into deadly mudslides. The most recent weekly U.S. drought monitor, a product of the federal government and others, shows only small patches of the state, in Southern California, in the mildest form of drought. That compares to 2014 and 2015, some of the driest years in history in California, when much of the state was rated as in the most severe categories of drought. In the middle of the state's winter rain and snow season, no rain is in the forecast. In Southern California, \"it really is pretty grim,\" said Swain, who has tracked the stubborn weather patterns blocking rain from the state's south for years. Doug Carlson, spokesman for the state's Department of Water Resources, which carries out the snowpack surveys, said the dry weather is a growing concern, reservoirs are still fuller than usual thanks to last year's rain in Northern California. Considerations of what constitutes a drought vary, and include: rainfall, the state of waterways, soil dryness, and other measures. Any decision to declare a new drought emergency if the winter remains dry, or later, would be up to Brown.", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 463, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00647", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00267", "text": "Aims: Accurate distances to evolved stars with high mass loss rates are needed for studies of many of their fundamental properties. as these stars are heavily obscured and variable, optical and infrared astrometry is unable to provide enough accuracy. Methods: Astrometry using masers in the circumstellar envelopes can be used to overcome this problem. We have observed the OH masers of a number of Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) stars for approximately 1 year with the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA). We have used the technique of phase referencing with in-beam calibrators to test the improvements this technique can provide to Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) OH maser astrometric observations. Results: We have significantly improved the parallax and proper motion measurements of the Mira variable stars U Her, S CrB and RR Aql. Conclusions: It is shown that both in-beam phase-referencing and a decrease in solar activity during the observations significantly improves the accuracy of the astrometric observations. The improved distances to S CrB (418 +21 -18 pc) and RR Aql (633 +214 -128 pc) are fully consistent with published P-L relations, but the distance to U Her (266 +32 -28 pc) is significantly smaller. We conclude that for sources that are bright and have a nearby in-beam calibrator, VLBI OH maser astrometry can be used to determine distances to OH masing stars of up to ~2 kpc.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 313, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00442", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00268", "text": "(Abridged) Combining cosmic shear power spectra and cluster counts is powerful to improve cosmological parameter constraints and/or test inherent systematics. they probe the same cosmic mass density field, if the two are drawn from the same survey region, and therefore the combination may be less powerful than first thought. We investigate the cross-covariance between the cosmic shear power spectra and the cluster counts based on the halo model approach, where the cross-covariance arises from the three-point correlations of the underlying mass density field. Fully taking into account the cross-covariance as well as non-Gaussian errors on the lensing power spectrum covariance, we find a significant cross-correlation between the lensing power spectrum signals at multipoles l~10^3 and the cluster counts containing halos with masses M>10^{14}Msun. Including the cross-covariance for the combined measurement degrades and in some cases improves the total signal-to-noise ratios up to plus or minus 20% relative to when the two are independent. For cosmological parameter determination, the cross-covariance has a smaller effect as a result of working in a multi-dimensional parameter space, implying that the two observables can be considered independent to a good approximation. We also discuss that cluster count experiments using lensing-selected mass peaks could be more complementary to cosmic shear tomography than mass-selected cluster counts of the corresponding mass threshold. Using lensing selected clusters with a realistic usable detection threshold (S/N~6 for a ground-based survey), the uncertainty on each dark energy parameter may be roughly halved by the combined experiments, relative to using the power spectra alone.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 330, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00155", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00269", "text": "In this paper we continue to pursue a goal of finding an effective theory for high energy interaction in QCD based on the colour dipole approach, for which the BFKL Pomeron Calculus gives a low energy limit. The key problem, that we try to solve in this paper is the probabilistic interpretation of the BFKL Pomeron Calculus in terms of the colourless dipoles and their interactions. We demonstrate that the BFKL Pomeron Calculus has two equivalent descriptions : (i) one is the generating functional which gives a clear probabilistic interpretation of the processes of high energy scattering and also provides a Hamiltonian-like description of the system of interacting dipoles; (ii) the second is the Langevin equation with a specific noise term which is rather complicated. We found that at high energies this Langevin equation can be reduced to the Langevin equation for directed percolation in the momentum space if the impact parameter is large, namely, $b>> 1/k$, where $k$ is the transverse momentum of a dipole. Unfortunately, this simplified form of Langevin equation is not applicable for summation of Pomeron loops, where one integrates over all possible values of impact parameter. We show that the BFKL Pomeron calculus with two vertices (splitting $P\\to P+P$ and merging $P+P\\to P$ of Pomerons) can be interpreted as a system of colourless dipoles with two processes: the decay of one dipole into two and the merging of two dipoles into one dipole. a number of assumptions we have to make on the way to simplify the noise term in the Langevin equation and/or to apply the probabilistic interpretation, therefore, we can consider both of these approaches in the present form only as the QCD motivated models.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 374, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00076", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00270", "text": "but that the press office was shut tight, closed for Tet. President Thieu had departed to pass the holidays in My Tho, his wife's hometown in the Mekong Delta. Such a lackadaisical attitude on the part of the government was shocking and frustrating indicative of the state of mind, to near euphoria, that envelops the Vietnamese at Tet.\" Not all the Vietnamese, were euphoric celebrants, certainly not the Vietcong who were violating their own announced seven-day Tet truce with surprise attacks across the country. We would soon learn that the Saigon attacks were just the point of the spear. The Vietcong and the North Vietnamese, who had until now avoided attacking major population centers, were using an estimated 80,000 fighters in a coordinated assault against 39 of South Vietnam's 44 province capitals, 64 district headquarters, almost every allied airfield, and Saigon. A puzzle was that the only American installation attacked was the embassy. I said goodbye to my family to begin my reporting day, and opened my apartment door as a burst of heavy machine-gun fire flashed through the darkness in the direction of the presidential palace two blocks away. I waited for a break in the shooting and stepped out into the lamplight, raising my arms in a friendly gesture to the invisible gunners behind the sandbags just down the street. I was in shirt sleeves and slacks and I smiled and shouted \"journalist\" in Vietnamese. There was no reaction, so I just walked past them on my way to the AP office. Our staff were on the telephones, reporting what best they could to our news headquarters in New York City. The American Embassy was under attack; so was Tan Son Nhut airport and the main Saigon radio station, the presidential palace, and Vietnamese security installations. We needed eyewitness stories, bureau chief Tuckman told me. I was joined by reporter colleague John Nance and photographer Joe Holloway, grabbing the keys to the office mini-jeep and setting off across the embattled city, the night sky bright with tracer bullets and the swinging arcs of parachute flares. We drove up a side street behind the presidential palace to get closer to the action. A South Vietnamese soldier stepped out in front of the jeep and signaled us to turn back, indicating that the Vietcong had moved into a nearby unfinished building, after their attack by rockets and hand grenades against the palace gate had been rep", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00742", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00271", "text": ". (4) People with cancer benefit from having an educational session with oncology nurses in advance of the initiation of treatment to learn how to reduce the risk of and manage adverse effects and maximize well-being. Helping patients to manage their side effects reduces adverse events and the need for urgent or inpatient care. (5) The Oncology Nursing Society has received reports from its members that, because the Medicare program and other payers do not cover the provision of patient treatment education, patients and their caregivers often do not receive adequate education before the onset of such patients' treatment for cancer regarding the course of such treatment and the possible side effects and symptoms such patients may experience. The Oncology Nursing Society recommends that all patients being treated for cancer have a one-on-one educational session with a nurse in advance of the onset of such treatment so that such patients and their caregivers receive the information they need to help minimize adverse events related to such treatment and maximize the well-being of such patients. (6) Insufficient or non-existent Medicare payments coupled with poor investment in symptom management research contribute to the inadequate education of patients, poor management and monitoring of cancer symptoms, and inadequate handling of late effects of cancer and its treatment. (7) People with cancer often do not have the symptoms associated with their disease and the associated treatment managed in a comprehensive or appropriate manner. (8) People with cancer deserve to have access to comprehensive care that includes appropriate treatment and symptom management. (9) Patients who receive infused chemotherapy likely obtain some treatment education during the course of the administration of their treatment; many do not, and individuals who may receive a different type of cancer care, such as radiation or surgical interventions or oral chemotherapy taken at home, likely do not receive treatment education during their treatment. (10) Comprehensive cancer care must include access to services and management associated with nausea, vomiting, fatigue, depression, pain, and other symptoms. (11) The Institute of Medicine report, ``Ensuring Quality Cancer Care'' asserts that ``much can be done to relieve the symptoms, ease distress, provide comfort, and in other ways improve the quality of life of someone with cancer. For a person with cancer, maintenance of quality of life requires, at a minimum, relief from pain and other distressing symptoms, relief from anxiety and depressions, including the fear of pain, and a sense of security that assistance with be readily available if needed.''. (12) The Institute of Medicine report, ``Cancer Care for the Whole", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00862", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00272", "text": "Data from {\\it Chandra} observations of thirty nearby galaxies were analyzed and 365 X-ray point sources were chosen whose spectra were not contaminated by excessive diffuse emission and not affected by photon pile up. The spectra of these sources were fitted using two spectral models (an absorbed power-law and a disk blackbody) to ascertain the dependence of estimated parameters on the spectral model used. It was found that the cumulative luminosity function depends on the choice of the spectral model, especially for luminosities $> 10^{40}$ ergs/s. In accordance with previous results, a large number ($\\sim 80$) of the sources have luminosities $> 10^{39}$ ergs/s (Ultra-Luminous X-ray sources) with indistinguishable average spectral parameters (inner disk temperature $\\sim 1$ keV and/or photon index $\\Gamma \\sim 2$) with those of the lower luminosities ones. After considering foreground stars and known background AGN,we identify four sources whose minimum luminosity exceed $10^{40}$ ergs/s, and call them Extremely Luminous X-ray sources (ELX). The spectra of these sources are in general better represented by the disk black body model than the power-law one. These ELX can be grouped into two distinct spectral classes. Two of them have an inner disk temperature of $< 0.5$ keV and hence are called ``supersoft'' ELX, while the other two have temperatures $\\gtrsim 1.3$ keV and are called ``hard'' ELX. The estimated inner disk temperatures of the supersoft ELX are compatible with the hypothesis that they harbor intermediate size black holes, which are accreting at $\\sim 0.5$ times their Eddington Luminosity. The radiative mechanism for hard ELX, seems to be Inverse Comptonization, which to standard black holes systems, is probably saturated.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 398, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00037", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00273", "text": ", more than enough to overflow the DMA buffer. Once overflowed, an attacker can copy data into the protected application stack and execute any code they desire. The most obvious solution to Fusée Gelée would be to issue a software patch to fix the bootROM, but here's where a problem arises: bootROM patches on Tegra X1 chips are impossible once a chip leaves the factory. Ipatches, which are patches released at the factory during chip production, would be able to fix the flaw on X1 devices that haven't left the assembly line but anyone who has a current Tegra X1 device is vulnerable to a Fusée Gelée exploit. An important warning about hardware and firmware security There are several lessons to be taken away from the Fusée Gelée exploit, and they apply to OEMs as well IT professionals. First off, manufacturers need to be sure that their hardware has been properly tested against all possible attacks. Fusée Gelée allows a device owner to hack their own hardware, which isn't a risk itself, but it could also allow an attacker to write code to remotely execute a similar attack. Firmware security is a critical part of device design that can easily be exploited—just look at Spectre and Meltdown. Had Intel been diligent in seeking out vulnerabilities, it might not be facing a vulnerability in nearly every single processor it ever created. SEE: IT leader's guide to reducing insider security threats (Tech Pro Research) For IT support staff and security professionals, Fusée Gelée paints a whole other set of complications: hardware security. In the case of the Nintendo Switch, hardware modification was necessary to force the device to boot into recovery mode. Doing so isn't complicated though: It just requires the bending of an exposed pin. It's not known what kind of hardware exploits may be necessary to force other Tegra X1 devices into recovery mode, but it's best not to find out and to implement good hardware security policies instead. Publicly accessible devices should be protected from tampering by putting them in locked cases or in secure mounts. From a security perspective, Tegra X1 devices should be closely monitored to make sure they aren't on a business network while in a modified state. While the risk of problems from a rooted device is minimal, they still open up possible attack avenues that may not be expected. Get the latest security news by subscribing to our Cybersecurity Insider newsletter. Subscribe Also see", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 486, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00568", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00274", "text": "'' has the same meaning given such term in section 201(k) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. 321(k)) and includes labeling as defined in section 201(m) of such Act (21 U.S.C. 321(m)). (8) Legal representative.--The term ``legal representative'' means a parent or an individual who qualifies as a legal guardian under State law. (9) Seller.--The term ``seller'' means a person, company, or organization that receives payment related to a medical treatment of a patient of a health practitioner, except that this term does not apply to a health care practitioner who receives payment from an individual or representative of such individual for the administration of a medical treatment to such individual. (10) Medical treatment.--The term ``medical treatment'' means any food, drug, device, or procedure that is used and intended as a cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease. SEC. 3. ACCESS TO MEDICAL TREATMENT. (a) In General.--Notwithstanding any other provision of law, and except as provided in subsection (b), an individual shall have the right to be treated by a health care practitioner with any medical treatment (including a medical treatment that is not approved, certified, or licensed by the Secretary of Health and Human Services) that such individual desires or the legal representative of such individual authorizes if-- (1) such practitioner has personally examined such individual and agrees to treat such individual; and (2) the administration of such treatment does not violate licensing laws. (b) Medical Treatment Requirements.--A health care practitioner may provide any medical treatment to an individual described in subsection (a) if-- (1) there is no reasonable basis to conclude that the medical treatment itself, when used as directed, poses an unreasonable and significant risk of danger to such individual; (2) in the case of an individual whose treatment is the administration of a food, drug, or device that has to be approved, certified, or licensed by the Secretary of Health and Human Services, but has not been approved, certified, or licensed by the Secretary of Health and Human Services-- (A) such individual has been informed in writing that such food, drug, or device has not been approved, certified, or licensed by the Secretary of Health and Human Services for use as a medical treatment for the condition of such individual; and (B) prior to the administration of such treatment, the", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00997", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00275", "text": "Environmental dielectric screening effects on exciton transition energies in single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have been studied quantitatively in the range of dielectric constants from 1.0 to 37 by immersing SWNTs bridged over trenches in various organic solvents by means of photoluminescence and the excitation spectroscopies. With increasing environmental dielectric constant ($\\epsilon_{\\rm env}$), both $E_{11}$ and $E_{22}$ exhibited a redshift by several tens meV and a tendency to saturate at a $\\epsilon_{\\rm env} \\sim 5$ without an indication of significant ($n$,$m$) dependence. The redshifts can be explained by dielectric screening of the repulsive electron-electron interaction. The $\\epsilon_{\\rm env}$ dependence of $E_{11}$ and $E_{22}$ can be expressed by a simple empirical equation with a power law in $\\epsilon_{\\rm env}$, $E_{\\rm ii} = E_{\\rm ii}^{\\infty} + A\\epsilon_{\\rm env}^{-\\alpha}$. We also immersed a sample in sodium-dodecyl-sulfate (SDS) solution to investigate the effects of wrapping SWNTs with surfactant. The resultant $E_{11}$ and $E_{22}$, which agree well with Weisman's data [Nano Lett. {\\bf 3}, 1235 (2003)], are close to those of $\\epsilon_{\\rm env}$ of 2. in addition to the shift due to dielectric screening, another shift was observed so that the ($2n+m$)-family patterns spread more widely, similar to that of the uniaxial-stress-induced shift.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 372, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00033", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00276", "text": "WASHINGTON (AP) — The Pentagon is doing a broad review of how military forces use exercise trackers and other wearable electronic devices, in the wake of revelations that an interactive, online map can pinpoint troop locations, bases and other sensitive areas around the world. Army Col. Rob Manning, a Pentagon spokesman, said Monday that the review will determine if there should be additional training or restrictions on the use of the devices, such as Fitbits. The Global Heat Map, published by the GPS tracking company Strava, uses satellite information to map the locations of subscribers to Strava's fitness service. The map shows activity from 2015 through September 2017. Heavily populated areas are well lit, but warzones such as Iraq and Syria show scattered pockets of activity that could be caused by military or government personnel using fitness trackers as they move around. Those electronic signals could potentially identify military bases or other secure locations. The Global Heat Map was posted online in November 2017, but the information it contains was only publicized recently. The issue was first reported by The Washington Post. Manning said he was not aware of any compromise to U.S. security by the map and he did not believe there was any move to ban the devices. He also said he wasn't aware of any Pentagon effort to reach out to the company or request that the data be taken off line. The Defense Department already has policies and guidelines for the use of social media accounts and other technology. \"The rapid development of technology requires constant refinement of policies and procedures to enhance force protection and operational security,\" said Manning. He said department personnel receive training and are advised to place strict privacy settings on their wireless devices and social media accounts. Also, those devices are not allowed in certain department locations, including classified areas.", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 357, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00670", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00277", "text": "agnostic and an apolitical organization,\" he said. \"The high volume of Republican primary candidates this cycle allowed us to enter a competitive market.\" Cambridge Analytica famously states its database contains over 5,000 data points on nearly every American consumer. The company is hardly the only big data company to make grand assertions about the power of analytics. Nearly every firm that TechRepublic spoke with while reporting this story agreed that big data is undeniably powerful and expressed concern that \"magical\" claims undermine the true value of analytics. WATCH: Documentary shows information revolution of big data (CBS News) \"Faulty products that exaggerate results can mismanage client expectations,\" said a person familiar with the political technology industry. \"Innovation only really succeeds if the product works. In any [business] sector, if one company exaggerates it harms the entire ecosystem. It erodes trust in the market.\" Cambridge Analytica refuted the allegations and clarified its role on the campaign in mid-February during a 30-minute phone conversation. Portions of the audio interview, were off record so we asked Cambridge Analytica's head of product, Matthew Oczkowski, to respond to the allegations and clarify how their technology works. Can you contextualize the controversy regarding the tweets from Lansing and Coby? At CA, we break up our data into three buckets: political, commercial, and 1st party. We work with several of the main voter file providers, depending on the preference of our clients, to access vote history and voter profiles. We also access many of the top commercial data providers on a licensing basis; this data includes things like general demographics, geographics, purchase history, interests, etc. Finally, we collect data internally from R&D projects like internal surveys and research, exclusive data relationships, and data collection through direct response projects. Can you articulate what Cambridge Analytica's technology is, how it works, and how you applied your tech for the Trump campaign? At our core, we are a data and behavioral science company. Simply put, we help organizations figure out who to talk to and what to say to them. We believe that demographic-based marketing has become relatively obsolete and that understanding the underlying motivations of an individual are a far more effective way to communicate with someone. We deploy this research through both digital and television, which serve as the vehicles to reach these individuals. For the Trump campaign, we served as the data agency of record, but our role quickly evolved as the", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00559", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00278", "text": "Growing up in southwestern Virginia in recent decades, poet Molly McCully Brown often passed by a state institution in Amherst County that was once known as the \"Virginia State Colony for Epileptics and Feebleminded.\" Since 1983 the facility, which was founded in 1910, has been called the Central Virginia Training Center, and it is now a residential home for people with various intellectual disabilities. But in the early 20th century, the place Brown now refers to as \"the colony\" was part of the eugenics movement taking hold in the U.S., and a variety of treatments now considered inhumane were practiced there — including forced sterilization. Brown, who has cerebral palsy, notes that had she been born in an earlier era, she might have been sent to live at the institution herself. \"It is impossible to know that for sure,\" she says. \"I can look at my life and look at my family and look at my parents and think, No, never. That never would have happened. But I also understand that if I had been born 50 years earlier, the climate was very different.\" She hopes to give voice to those early generations of residents, in her book of poetry, The Virginia State Colony For Epileptics And Feebleminded. For Brown, the themes of disability and poetry have been constant throughout her life: \"In my life, there has always been my body in some state of falling apart or disrepair or attempting to be fixed, and there has always been poetry. And I couldn't untwine those things if I tried.\" Interview Highlights On seeing the buildings and grounds of the old facility It was incredibly moving and incredibly powerful. The place is interesting because it is still an operational facility for adults with really serious disabilities, it is in the process of closing. But like a lot of things in Virginia, it was initially built on an enormous amount of land. And, so, a really interesting thing happened, which is that as the buildings that were originally part of the colony fell into disrepair, they were largely just moved out of — and new buildings were built on accompanying land, but those original buildings were not necessarily torn down. So the place itself is this really strange combination of functioning facility and ghost town of everything that it has been. I've never been in a place that felt more acutely haunted in my life. On how some people assume her physical disability means she also has an intellectual", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00615", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00279", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Community Disaster Loan Equity Act of 2005''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. Congress finds the following: (1) Major disasters, including natural disasters and disasters caused by terrorist acts, often result in a decline in economic activity in areas affected by the disaster and a reduction in tax collections by State and local governments serving those areas. (2) A report of the Government Accountability Office entitled ``September 11: Recent Estimates of Fiscal Impact of 2001 Terrorist Attack on New York'', dated March 2005, confirmed prior estimates that-- (A) New York City lost between $2,500,000,000 and $2,900,000,000 in tax revenues for fiscal years 2002 and 2003; and (B) the State of New York lost $2,900,000,000 for fiscal years 2002 and 2003. (3) The impact of Hurricane Katrina on State and local tax revenues is not known, but the impact is believed to be extensive. (4) Under the community disaster loan program (in this section referred to as the ``CDL program''), as authorized by the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, the President may make loans to a local government suffering a substantial loss of tax and other revenues as a result of a major disaster, if the local government demonstrates a need for financial assistance in order to preform its governmental function. (5) The President may cancel the repayment of all or any part of a loan made to a local government under the CDL program if revenues following the disaster are insufficient to meet the operating budget of that local government as a result of disaster-related revenue losses and additional unreimbursed disaster-related municipal operating expenses. In the case of a major disaster designated as an incident of national significance, including natural disasters and disasters caused by terrorist acts, repayment of any interest or principal on a loan made under the CDL program should not be required. (6) Assistance made available under the CDL program is often instrumental in aiding the full recovery of a local government following a major disaster. (7) The Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 established a $5,000,000 limitation on loans made to a local government under the CDL program in connection with a major disaster. Before the date of enactment of such Act, there was not any limitation on the amount of such loans", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01046", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00280", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Sudan Peace Act''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. The Congress makes the following findings: (1) The Government of Sudan has intensified its prosecution of the war against areas outside of its control, which has already cost more than 2,000,000 lives and has displaced more than 4,000,000 people. (2) A viable, comprehensive, and internationally sponsored peace process, protected from manipulation, presents the best chance for a permanent resolution of the war, protection of human rights, and a self-sustaining Sudan. (3) Continued strengthening and reform of humanitarian relief operations in Sudan is an essential element in the effort to bring an end to the war. (4) Continued leadership by the United States is critical. (5) Regardless of the future political status of the areas of Sudan outside of the control of the Government of Sudan, the absence of credible civil authority and institutions is a major impediment to achieving self-sustenance by the Sudanese people and to meaningful progress toward a viable peace process. It is critical that credible civil authority and institutions play an important role in the reconstruction of post-war Sudan. (6) Through the manipulation of traditional rivalries among peoples in areas outside of its full control, the Government of Sudan has used divide-and-conquer techniques effectively to subjugate its population. internationally sponsored reconciliation efforts have played a critical role in reducing human suffering and the effectiveness of this tactic. (7) The Government of Sudan utilizes and organizes militias, Popular Defense Forces, and other irregular units for raiding and enslaving parties in areas outside of the control of the Government of Sudan in an effort to disrupt severely the ability of the populations in those areas to sustain themselves. The tactic helps minimize the Government of Sudan's accountability internationally. (8) The Government of Sudan has repeatedly stated that it intends to use the expected proceeds from future oil sales to increase the tempo and lethality of the war against the areas outside of its control. (9) By regularly banning air transport relief flights by the United Nations relief operation OLS, the Government of Sudan has been able to manipulate the receipt of food aid by the Sudanese people from the United States and other donor countries as a devastating weapon of war in the ongoing effort by the Government of Sudan to starve targeted groups and subdue areas of Sudan outside of the Government's control. (10) The acts of", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01038", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00281", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``National Geologic Mapping Reauthorization Act of 2005''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. Section 2(a) of the National Geologic Mapping Act of 1992 (43 U.S.C. 31a(a)) is amended-- (1) by striking paragraph (1) and inserting the following: ``(1) significant progress has been made in the production of geologic maps since the establishment of the national cooperative geologic mapping program in 1992, no modern, digital, geologic map exists for approximately 75 percent of the United States;''; and (2) in paragraph (2)-- (A) in subparagraph (C), by inserting ``homeland and'' after ``planning for''; (B) in subparagraph (E), by striking ``predicting'' and inserting ``identifying''; (C) in subparagraph (I), by striking ``and'' after the semicolon at the end; (D) by redesignating subparagraph (J) as subparagraph (K); and (E) by inserting after subparagraph (I) the following: ``(J) recreation and public awareness; and''; and (3) in paragraph (9), by striking ``important'' and inserting ``available''. SEC. 3. PURPOSE. Section 2(b) of the National Geologic Mapping Act of 1992 (43 U.S.C. 31a(b)) is amended by inserting ``and management'' before the period at the end. SEC. 4. DEADLINES FOR ACTIONS BY THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Section 4(b)(1) of the National Geologic Mapping Act of 1992 (43 U.S.C. 31c(b)(1)) is amended in the second sentence-- (1) in subparagraph (A), by striking ``not later than'' and all that follows through the semicolon and inserting ``not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of the National Geologic Mapping Reauthorization Act of 2005;''; (2) in subparagraph (B), by striking ``not later than'' and all that follows through ``in accordance'' and inserting ``not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of the National Geologic Mapping Reauthorization Act of 2005 in accordance''; and (3) in the matter preceding clause (i) of subparagraph (C), by striking ``", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00968", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00282", "text": "long, random key space, the attackers will have their work cut out for them. If the attackers gain access to the data sitting on the disk, they may be able to copy it, take it off your network, and even attack it directly, but they'll still be at an impasse if they cannot crack the encryption. And if the attackers cannot crack the encryption, your data will remain unreadable, and subsequently, of little to no real use or value. Additional resources Is FileVault 2 available to all macOS users? Users running OS X 10.7 (Lion) or later, all the way through the current version of macOS 10.13 (High Sierra), may enable and fully utilize the full-disk encryption capabilities of FileVault 2 on their desktop or laptop Mac computers. By default, the feature is disabled; it only takes accessing the System Preferences and clicking the Turn On FileVault 2 button to enable the feature and encrypt your whole disk. Encryption may be enabled by the user or managed by the administrators for company-owned devices. Administrators have set policies via Profile Manager and/or scripts that will enable FileVault 2 during deployment and implement institutional recovery keys that the company manages in order to recover encrypted data per device, if needed. SEE: Essential reading for IT leaders: 10 books on cybersecurity (free PDF) (TechRepublic) Once FileVault 2 is enabled, only the user with administrative privileges that enabled FileVault 2 with their account may decrypt the drive's contents. Additionally, a master recovery key is created during the initial process; users with either of those keys may be the only ones to decrypt the volume and read the contents of the drive. Additional resources What are the pros and cons to using FileVault 2? The pros to using FileVault 2 It's a native Apple solution that is designed by Apple for Apple computers. FileVault 2 supports legacy hardware, even for devices that are no longer officially supported by Apple. Deployment of FileVault 2 may be locally or centrally managed by users or the IT department. Whole-disk encryption works to safeguard all data stored on disk now and in the future. Backup of encrypted data works seamlessly with Time Machine to create automated backup sets. Disks encrypted with FileVault 2 must first be unlocked by user accounts that are \"unlocked enabled\"; these are typically accounts with administrative privilege, preventing non-admin accounts from accessing the disk's contents, regardless of the ACL", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00525", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00283", "text": "HET optical spectroscopy and unfiltered ROTSE-III photometry spanning the first 11 months since explosion of the Type II-P SN 2006bp are presented. Flux limits from the days before discovery combined with the initial rapid brightening suggest the supernova was first detected just hours after shock breakout. Optical spectra obtained about 2 days after breakout exhibit narrow emission lines corresponding to HeII 4200, HeII 4686, and CIV 5805 in the rest frame, and these features persist in a second observation obtained 5 hours later; these emission lines are not detected the following night nor in subsequent observations. We suggest that these lines emanate from material close to the explosion site, possibly in the outer layers of the progenitor that have been ionized by the high energy photons released at shock breakout. A P-Cygni profile is observed around 4450 A in the +2 and +3 day spectra. Previous studies have attributed this feature to high velocity H-beta, but we discuss the possibility that this profile is instead due to HeII 4687. Further HET observations (14 nights in total) covering the spectral evolution across the photometric plateau up to 73 days after breakout and during the nebular phase around day +340 are presented, and expansion velocities are derived for key features. The measured decay slope for the unfiltered light curve is 0.0073 +/- 0.0004 mag/day between days +121 and +335, which is significantly slower than the decay of rate 56Co. We combine our HET measurements with published X-ray, UV, and optical data to obtain a quasi-bolometric light curve through day +60. We see a slow cooling over the first 25 days, but no sign of an early sharp peak; any such feature from the shock breakout must have lasted less than ~1 day.[ABRIDGED]", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 384, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00245", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00284", "text": ":12 a.m. — The state issues a cancellation that prevents the message from being sent to phones that hadn't previously received it, such as those out of cellphone coverage range or had been turned off. 8:13 a.m. — Officials begin outreach, but phone lines become congested. 8:19 a.m. — If there had been a real missile, this is about when it would have hit the islands. It is estimated that a missile would take about 20 minutes to reach Hawaii from North Korea. Officials say it would take about five minutes for the military to analyze the launch trajectory and notify the state, leaving only 12 to 15 minutes of warning time before impact. 8:20 a.m. — Officials post to Facebook, Twitter accounts that there is no missile threat. 8:24 a.m. — Gov. David Ige retweets the cancellation notice. 8:27 a.m. — Officials determine that a Civil Emergency Message is the best way to correct this message, which the Federal Emergency Management Agency confirms three minutes later. 8:30 a.m. — Federal Emergency Management Agency officials say they received a call from Hawaii seeking guidance on sending correction of alert. State officials say the call was about a minute long. Ige posts cancellation notice on his Facebook page. 8:31 a.m. — An emergency management supervisor logs into alert system to start crafting false alert correction. 8:45 a.m. — Cancellation of warning sent to cellphones: \"There is no missile threat or danger to the State of Hawaii. Repeat. False Alarm.\" The state said it issued the cancellation after getting authorization from FEMA. FEMA said its approval was not required. Source: Hawaii Emergency Management Agency, FEMA, FCC.", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 357, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00701", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00285", "text": "We discuss Kondo behavior of a conduction electron system coupled with local optical phonon by analyzing the Anderson-Holstein model with the use of a numerical renormalization group (NRG) method. There appear three typical regions due to the balance between Coulomb interaction $U_{\\rm ee}$ and phonon-mediated attraction $U_{\\rm ph}$. For $U_{\\rm ee}>U_{\\rm ph}$, we observe the standard Kondo effect concerning spin degree of freedom. Since the Coulomb interaction is effectively reduced as $U_{\\rm ee}-U_{\\rm ph}$, the Kondo temperature $T_{\\rm K}$ is increased when $U_{\\rm ph}$ is increased. for $U_{\\rm ee}<U_{\\rm ph}$, there occurs the Kondo effect concerning charge degree of freedom, since vacant and double occupied states play roles of pseudo-spins. Note that in this case, $T_{\\rm K}$ is decreased with the increase of $U_{\\rm ph}$. Namely, $T_{\\rm K}$ should be maximized for $U_{\\rm ee} \\approx U_{\\rm ph}$. Then, we analyze in detail the Kondo behavior at $U_{\\rm ee}=U_{\\rm ph}$, which is found to be explained by the polaron Anderson model with reduced hybridization of polaron and residual repulsive interaction among polarons. By comparing the NRG results of the polaron Anderson model with those of the original Anderson-Holstein model, we clarify the Kondo behavior in the competing region of $U_{\\rm ee} \\approx U_{\\rm ph}$.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 350, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00145", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00286", "text": "We investigate the X-ray origin in FR Is using the radio, submillimetre, optical, and {\\em Chandra} X-ray data of a small sample consisting of eight FR I sources. These sources are very dim, with X-ray luminosities $L_{\\rm X}/L_{\\rm Edd} \\sim 10^{-4}-10^{-8}$ ($L_{\\rm X}$ is the X-ray luminosity between 2-10 keV). We try to fit the multiwaveband spectrum using a coupled accretion-jet model. In this model, the accretion flow is described by an advection-dominated accretion flow (ADAF) while in the innermost region of ADAF a fraction of accretion flow is transferred into the vertical direction and forms a jet. We find that X-ray emission in the source with the highest $L_{\\rm X}$ ($\\sim 1.8 \\times 10^{-4}L_{\\rm Edd}$) is from the ADAF. The results for the four sources with moderate $L_{\\rm X}$ ($\\sim$ several $\\times 10^{-6}L_{\\rm Edd}$) are complicated. Two are mainly from the ADAFs, one from the jet, and the other from the sum of the jet and ADAF. The X-ray emission in the three least luminous sources ($L_{\\rm X} \\lesssim 1.0\\times 10^{-6}L_{\\rm Edd}$) is dominated by the jet for one source it can also be interpreted by the ADAF since the quality of X-ray data is low. We conclude that these results roughly support the predictions of Yuan & Cui (2005) where they predict that when the X-ray luminosity of the system is below a critical value, the X-radiation will not be dominated by the emission from the ADAF any longer, but by the jet. We also investigate the fuel supply in these sources. We find that the accretion rates in four sources among the five in which we can have good constraints to their accretion rates must be higher than the Bondi rates. This implies that other fuel supply, such as the gas released by the stellar population inside the Bondi radius, should be important.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 480, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00402", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00287", "text": "We present the results of far-infrared imaging of extended regions around three bipolar pre-planetary nebulae, AFGL 2688, OH 231.8+4.2, and IRAS 16342$-$3814, at 70 and 160 $\\mu$m with the MIPS instrument on the Spitzer Space Telescope. After a careful subtraction of the point spread function of the central star from these images, we place constraints on the existence of extended shells and thus on the mass outflow rates as a function of radial distance from these stars. We find no apparent extended emission in AFGL 2688 and OH 231.8+4.2 beyond 100 arcseconds from the central source. In the case of AFGL 2688, this result is inconsistent with a previous report of two extended dust shells made on the basis of ISO observations. We derive an upper limit of $2.1\\times10^{-7}$ M$_\\odot$ yr$^{-1}$ and $1.0\\times10^{-7}$ M$_\\odot$ yr$^{-1}$ for the dust mass loss rate of AFGL 2688 and OH 231.8, respectively, at 200 arcseconds from each source. to these two sources, IRAS 16342$-$3814 does show extended emission at both wavelengths, which can be interpreted as a very large dust shell with a radius of $\\sim$ 400 arcseconds and a thickness of $\\sim$ 100 arcseconds, corresponding to 4 pc and 1 pc, respectively, at a distance of 2 kpc. this enhanced emission may also be galactic cirrus; better azimuthal coverage is necessary for confirmation of a shell. If the extended emission is a shell, it can be modeled as enhanced mass outflow at a dust mass outflow rate of $1.5\\times10^{-6}$ M$_\\odot$ yr$^{-1}$ superimposed on a steady outflow with a dust mass outflow rate of $1.5\\times10^{-7}$ M$_\\odot$ yr$^{-1}$. It is likely that this shell has swept up a substantial mass of interstellar gas during its expansion, so these estimates are upper limits to the stellar mass loss rate.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 471, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00423", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00288", "text": "Low mass helium-core white dwarfs (M < 0.45 Msun) can be produced from interacting binary systems, and traditionally all of them have been attributed to this channel. a low mass white dwarf could also result from a single star that experiences severe mass loss on the first ascent giant branch. A large population of low mass He-core white dwarfs has been discovered in the old metal-rich cluster NGC 6791. There is therefore a mechanism in clusters to produce low mass white dwarfs without requiring binary star interactions, and we search for evidence of a similar population in field white dwarfs. We argue that there is a significant field population (of order half of the detected systems) that arises from old metal rich stars which truncate their evolution prior to the helium flash from severe mass loss. There is a consistent absence of evidence for nearby companions in a large fraction of low mass white dwarfs. The number of old metal-rich field dwarfs is also comparable with the apparently single low mass white dwarf population, and our revised estimate for the space density of low mass white dwarfs produced from binary interactions is also compatible with theoretical expectations. This indicates that this channel of stellar evolution, hitherto thought hypothetical only, has been in operation in our own Galaxy for many billions of years. One strong implication of our model is that single low mass white dwarfs should be good targets for planet searches because they are likely to arise from metal-rich progenitors. We also discuss other observational tests and implications, including the potential impact on SN Ia rates and the frequency of planetary nebulae.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 318, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00369", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00289", "text": "Pairing of electrons in conventional superconductors occurs at the superconducting transition temperature Tc, creating an energy gap D in the electronic density of states (DOS). In the high-Tc superconductors, a partial gap in the DOS exists for a range of temperatures above Tc. A key question is whether the gap in the DOS above Tc is associated with pairing, and what determines the temperature at which incoherent pairs form. Here we report the first spatially resolved measurements of gap formation in a high-Tc superconductor, measured on Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+d samples with different Tc values (hole concentration of 0.12 to 0.22) using scanning tunnelling microscopy. Over a wide range of doping from 0.16 to 0.22 we find that pairing gaps nucleate in nanoscale regions above Tc. These regions proliferate as the temperature is lowered, resulting in a spatial distribution of gap sizes in the superconducting state. the inhomogeneity, we find that every pairing gap develops locally at a temperature Tp, following the relation 2D/kBTp = 8. At very low doping (<0.14), systematic changes in the DOS indicate the presence of another phenomenon, which is unrelated and perhaps competes with electron pairing. Our observation of nanometre-sized pairing regions provides the missing microscopic basis for understanding recent reports of fluctuating superconducting response above Tc in hole-doped high-Tc copper oxide superconductors.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 313, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00295", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00290", "text": "The physical interpretation of the spectral line polarization produced by the joint action of the Hanle and Zeeman effects offers a unique opportunity to obtain empirical information about hidden aspects of solar and stellar magnetism. To this end, it is important to achieve a complete understanding of the sensitivity of the emergent spectral line polarization to the presence of a magnetic field. Here we present a detailed theoretical investigation on the role of resonance scattering and magnetic fields on the polarization signals of the Ba II D1 and D2 lines of the Fraunhofer spectrum, respectively at 4934 \\AA\\ and 4554 \\AA. We adopt a three-level model of Ba II, and we take into account the hyperfine structure that is shown by the $^{135}$Ba and $^{137}$Ba isotopes. of their relatively small abundance (18%), the contribution coming from these two isotopes is indeed fundamental for the interpretation of the polarization signals observed in these lines. We consider an optically thin slab model, through which we can investigate in a rigorous way the essential physical mechanisms involved (resonance polarization, Zeeman, Paschen-Back and Hanle effects), avoiding complications due to radiative transfer effects. We assume the slab to be illuminated from below by the photospheric solar continuum radiation field, and we investigate the radiation scattered at 90 degrees, both in the absence and in the presence of magnetic fields, deterministic and microturbulent. We show in particular the existence of a differential magnetic sensitivity of the three-peak Q/I profile that is observed in the D2 line in quiet regions close to the solar limb, which is of great interest for magnetic field diagnostics.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 335, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00149", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00291", "text": "be under a disability which began before the child attained age 22 or before the 84th month following the month in which his most recent entitlement to an annuity under this subsection terminated because he or she ceased to be under a disability, and ``(ii) such child is unmarried and dependent upon the employee, shall be entitled to an annuity, if he or she has filed an application therefor, in the amount provided under section 4 of this Act.'' (b) Amount of Annuity.--Section 4 of such Act is amended-- (1) in the heading, by adding at the end ``and child annuities''; and (2) by adding at the end the following new subsection: ``(j) The annuity of a child of an individual under section 2(i) of this Act shall be in the amount that would have been payable to the child under title II of the Social Security Act if all of the individual's service after December 31, 1936, had been included in the term `employment' as defined in that Act reduced by any benefit payable under title II of the Social Security Act.''. (c) Technical Amendment.--The first sentence of section 3(f)(3) of such Act is amended by striking ``the spouse and divorced wife'' and inserting ``the spouse, child, and divorced wife''. SEC. 2002. ENTITLEMENT TO SPOUSAL ANNUITIES. (a) Entitlement Certain Age Requirements.--Section 2(c)(1) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 is amended by adding at the end the following: ``A spouse who is not entitled to an annuity by reason of paragraph (i)(B) of this subdivision, but who otherwise meets the conditions for entitlement to an annuity under this subsection, shall be entitled to an annuity in such amount as would have been payable under title II of the Social Security Act if all of the individual's service after December 31, 1936, had been included in the term `employment' as defined in that Act reduced by any benefit payable to the spouse under title II of the Social Security Act.''. (b) Removal of Age Requirement for Divorced Spouses.--Section 2(c)(4) of such Act is amended by striking paragraph (ii), by redesignating paragraph (iii) as paragraph (ii), and by striking paragraph (i) and inserting the following: ``(i) such", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00957", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00293", "text": "Effective Date for Certain Applications; Period of Market Exclusivity.--If the Secretary determines that the acceptance or approval of an application under section 505(b)(2) or 505(j) for a drug may occur after submission of reports of pediatric studies under this section, which were submitted prior to the expiration of the patent (including any patent extension) or market exclusivity protection, but before the Secretary has determined whether the requirements of subsection (d) have been satisfied, the Secretary shall delay the acceptance or approval under section 505(b)(2) or 505(j), respectively, until the determination under subsection (d) is made, but such delay shall not exceed 90 days. In the event that requirements of this section are satisfied, the applicable period of market exclusivity referred to in subsection (a) or (c) shall be deemed to have been running during the period of delay. ``(f) Notice of Determinations on Studies Requirement.--The Secretary shall publish notice of any determination that the requirements of subsection (d) have been met and that submissions and approvals under section 505(b)(2) or (j) for a drug will be subject to the provisions of this section. ``(g) Definitions.--As used in this section, the term `pediatric studies' or `studies' means at least one clinical investigation (that, at the Secretary's discretion, may include pharmacokinetic studies) in pediatric age-groups in which a drug is anticipated to be used. ``(h) Limitation.--The holder of an approved application for a new drug that has already received six months of market exclusivity under subsection (a) or subsection (c) may, if otherwise eligible, obtain six months of market exclusivity under subsection (c)(1)(B) for a supplemental application; the holder is not eligible for exclusivity under subsection (c)(2).'' ``(i) Sunset.--No period of market exclusivity shall be granted under this section based on studies commenced after January 1, 2004. The Secretary shall conduct a study and report to Congress not later than January 1, 2003 based on the experience under the program. The study and report shall examine all relevant issues, including-- ``(1) the effectiveness of the program in improving information about important pediatric uses for approved drugs; ``(2) the adequacy of the incentive provided under this section; ``(3) the economic impact of the program; and ``(4) any suggestions for modification", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01056", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00294", "text": "We measure star formation rates of ~50,000 optically-selected galaxies in the local universe (z~0.1), spanning a range from gas-rich dwarfs to massive ellipticals. We obtain dust-corrected SFRs by fitting the GALEX (UV) and SDSS (optical) photometry to a library of population synthesis models that include dust attenuation. For star-forming galaxies, our UV-based SFRs compare remarkably well with those derived from SDSS H alpha. Deviations from perfect agreement between these two methods are due to differences in the dust attenuation estimates. to H alpha, UV provides reliable SFRs for galaxies with weak or no H alpha emission, and where H alpha is contaminated with an emission from an AGN. We use full-SED SFRs to calibrate a simple prescription that uses GALEX UV magnitudes to produce good SFRs for normal star-forming galaxies. The specific SFR is considered as a function of stellar mass for (1) star-forming galaxies with no AGN, (2) those hosting an AGN, and for (3) galaxies without H alpha emission. We find that the three have distinct star formation histories, with AGN lying intermediate between the star-forming and the quiescent galaxies. Normal star forming galaxies (without an AGN) lie on a relatively narrow linear sequence. Remarkably, galaxies hosting a strong AGN appear to represent the massive continuation of this sequence. Weak AGN, while also massive, have lower SFR, sometimes extending to the realm of quiescent galaxies. We propose an evolutionary sequence for massive galaxies that smoothly connects normal star-forming galaxies to quiescent (red sequence) galaxies via strong and weak AGN. We confirm that some galaxies with no H alpha emission show signs of SF in the UV. We derive a UV-based cosmic SFR density at z=0.1 with smaller total error than previous measurements (abridged).", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 399, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00140", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00295", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Youth Mental Health Research Act''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. Congress finds the following: (1) More than 100 million Americans currently have some sort of brain-related condition. Millions of Americans, many of whom are currently school children, have some sort of developmental delay, autism, or learning disability. (2) Moreover, many Americans suffer from some form of psychotic disorder, including schizophrenia and affective psychotic disorders. (3) These brain disorders usually result in significant life-long disability, and psychotic disorders in particular, advances in treatment, rank among the top causes of disability worldwide. (4) Neuroscience research has the potential to dramatically improve the quality of life for people facing brain disease and injury, and to significantly improve our understanding of learning. (5) Because of the impact on the health and economy of the country, the Federal Government has taken a special interest in promoting neuroscience and mental health research. Several Federal agencies, including the National Science Foundation, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Veterans Administration, and Department of Defense oversee research on the brain and nervous system. (6) In December 2011, Congress directed the Office of Science and Technology Policy to establish an Interagency Working Group on Neuroscience (IWGN). The IWGN is currently convening representatives across the Federal Government to make recommendations about the future of neuroscience research. (7) Given the findings about the role of mental illness in multiple shootings across the Nation, including Newton, Connecticut, Aurora, Colorado, and other communities experiencing similar tragedies, the Federal Government has an interest in pursuing research on the early detection, intervention, and prevention of psychosis. (8) In line with this, the Federal Government is looking for new ways of increasing the Nation's knowledge of the underlying causes of psychosis. (9) The United States commitment to furthering the early detection of mental illness in youth was seen in its participation in two public/private research programs that studied the earliest stages of psychotic illness, namely-- (A) the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study (NAPLS); and (B) the Recovery After an Initial Schizophrenia Episode (RAISE) initiative. SEC. 3. YOUTH MENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH NETWORK. (a) Youth Mental Health Research Network.-- (1) Network.--The Director of the National Institutes of Health may provide for the establishment of a Youth Mental Health Research Network for the conduct or", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00871", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00296", "text": "no reasonable basis to conclude that the medical treatment itself, when used as directed, poses an unreasonable and significant risk of danger to such individual; (2) in the case of an individual whose treatment is the administration of a food, drug, or device that has to be approved, certified, or licensed by the Secretary of Health and Human Services, but has not been approved, certified, or licensed by the Secretary of Health and Human Services-- (A) such individual has been informed in writing that such food, drug, or device has not been approved, certified, or licensed by the Secretary of Health and Human Services for use as a medical treatment for the condition of such individual; and (B) prior to the administration of such treatment, the practitioner has provided the patient a written statement that states the following: ``WARNING: This food, drug, or device has not been declared to be safe and effective by the Federal Government and any individual who uses such food, drug, or device, does so at his or her own risk.''; (3) such individual has been informed in writing of the nature of the medical treatment, including-- (A) the contents and methods of such treatment; (B) the anticipated benefits of such treatment; (C) any reasonably foreseeable side effects that may result from such treatment; (D) the results of past applications of such treatment by the health care practitioner and others; and (E) any other information necessary to fully meet the requirements for informed consent of human subjects prescribed by regulations issued by the Food and Drug Administration; (4) except as provided in subsection (c), there have been no advertising claims made with respect to the efficacy of the medical treatment by the practitioner, manufacturer, or distributor; (5) the label of any drug, device, or food used in such treatment is not false or misleading; and (6) such individual-- (A) has been provided a written statement that such individual has been fully informed with respect to the information described in paragraphs (1) through (4); (B) desires such treatment; and (C) signs such statement. In any proceeding relating to the enforcement of paragraph (5) with respect to the label of drugs, devices, or food used in medical treatment covered under this subsection, the provisions of section 403B(c) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. 343- 2(c)) shall apply to establishing the burden of proof that", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00998", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00297", "text": "The current plans to sustain the United States nuclear arsenal assume that the United States will maintain a nuclear arsenal like the one it has now for decades to come. the Department of Defense's June 2013 nuclear policy guidance entitled, ``Report on Nuclear Employment Strategy of the United States'' found that force levels under the Treaty between the United States of America and the Russian Federation on Measures for the Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms, signed on April 8, 2010, and entered into force on February 5, 2011 (commonly known as the ``New START Treaty''), ``are more than adequate for what the United States needs to fulfill its national security objectives'' and can be reduced by up to one-third below levels under the New START Treaty to 1,000 to 1,100 warheads. (8) A December 2016 Congressional Budget Office report showed that at least 10 percent of the projected costs of nuclear forces over the next decade can be saved by trimming back the current plans, while still maintaining a triad of delivery systems. Even larger savings would accrue over the subsequent decade. (9) Even without additional reductions below the New START Treaty limit of 1,550 deployed strategic warheads, the United States can save tens of billions of dollars by deploying those warheads more efficiently on delivery systems and by deferring production of new delivery systems until they are needed. (10) As it undertakes its Nuclear Posture Review in 2017, President Donald Trump must seriously examine options to reshape and rescale the plans and adequately fund a smaller number of projects that would still leave the United States with a capable and credible deterrent. SEC. 3. REDUCTIONS IN NUCLEAR FORCES. (a) Reduction of Nuclear-Armed Submarines.--Notwithstanding any other provision of law, none of the funds authorized to be appropriated or otherwise made available for fiscal year 2017 or any fiscal year thereafter for the Department of Defense may be obligated or expended for procuring more than eight Columbia-class submarines. (b) Reduction of Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles.-- Notwithstanding section 1667 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017 (Public Law 114-328) or any other provision of law, none of the funds authorized to be appropriated or otherwise made available for fiscal year 2017 or any fiscal year thereafter for the Department of Defense may be obligated or expended to maintain", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00975", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00298", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Remote Sensing Applications Act of 2005''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. The Congress finds that-- (1) urban land use planning, growth management, and other functions of State, local, regional, and tribal agencies are rightfully within their jurisdiction, the Federal Government can and should play an important role in the development and demonstration of innovative techniques to improve comprehensive land use planning and growth management; (2) the United States is making a major investment in acquiring remote sensing and other geospatial information from both governmental and commercial sources; (3) while much of the data is being acquired for scientific and national security purposes, it also can have important applications to help meet societal goals; (4) it has already been demonstrated that Landsat, commercial, and other earth observation data can be of enormous assistance to Federal, State, local, regional, and tribal agencies for urban land use planning, coastal zone management, natural and cultural resource management, and disaster monitoring; (5) remote sensing, coupled with the emergence of geographic information systems and satellite-based positioning information, offers the capability of developing important new applications of integrated sets of geospatial information to address societal needs; (6) the full range of applications of commercial and civil remote sensing and other forms of geospatial information to meeting public sector requirements has not been adequately explored or exploited; (7) the Land Remote Sensing Policy Act of 1992, Presidential Decision Directive 23 of 1994, the Commercial Space Act of 1998, and the United States Commercial Remote Sensing Policy, issued by the President on April 25, 2003, all support and promote the development of United States commercial remote sensing capabilities; (8) many State, local, regional, tribal, and Federal agencies are unaware of the utility of remote sensing and other geospatial information for meeting their needs, even when research has demonstrated the potential applications of that information; (9) remote sensing and other geospatial information can be particularly useful to State, local, regional, and tribal agencies in the area of urban planning, especially in their efforts to plan for and manage the impacts of growth, development, and sprawl, as well as in environmental impact and disaster relief planning and management; (10) the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, in coordination with other agencies, can play a unique role in demonstrating how data acquired for scientific", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00938", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00299", "text": "Surviving in a diverse environment requires corresponding organism responses. At the cellular level, such adjustment relies on the transcription factors (TFs) which must rapidly find their target sequences amidst a vast amount of non-relevant sequences on DNA molecules. Whether these transcription factors locate their target sites through a 1D or 3D pathway is still a matter of speculation. It has been suggested that the optimum search time is when the protein equally shares its search time between 1D and 3D diffusions. In this paper, we study the above problem using a Monte Carlo simulation by considering a very simple physical model. A 1D strip, representing a DNA, with a number of low affinity sites, corresponding to non-target sites, and high affinity sites, corresponding to target sites, is considered and later extended to a 2D strip. We study the 1D and 3D exploration pathways, and combinations of the two modes by considering three different types of molecules: a walker that randomly walks along the strip with no dissociation; a jumper that represents dissociation and then re-association of a TF with the strip at later time at a distant site; and a hopper that is similar to the jumper but it dissociates and then re-associates at a faster rate than the jumper. We analyze the final probability distribution of molecules for each case and find that TFs can locate their targets fast enough even if they spend 15% of their search time diffusing freely in the solution. This indeed agrees with recent experimental results obtained by Elf et al. 2007 and is with theoretical expectation.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 324, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00091", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00300", "text": "We present new multicolor photo-polarimetry of stars behind the Southern Coalsack. Analyzed together with multiband polarization data from the literature, probing the Chamaeleon I, Musca, rho Opiuchus, R CrA and Taurus clouds, we show that the wavelength of maximum polarization (lambda_max) is linearly correlated with the radiation environment of the grains. Using Far-Infrared emission data, we show that the large scatter seen in previous studies of lambda_max as a function of A_V is primarily due to line of sight effects causing some A_V measurements to not be a good tracer of the extinction (radiation field strength) seen by the grains being probed. The derived slopes in lambda_max vs. A_V, for the individual clouds, are consistent with a common value, while the zero intercepts scale with the average values of the ratios of total-to-selective extinction (R_V) for the individual clouds. Within each cloud we do not find direct correlations between lambda_max and R_V. The positive slope in consistent with recent developments in theory and indicating alignment driven by the radiation field. The present data cannot conclusively differentiate between direct radiative torques and alignment driven by H_2 formation. the small values of lambda_max(A_V=0), seen in several clouds, suggest a role for the latter, at least at the cloud surfaces. The scatter in the lambda_max vs. A_V relation is found to be associated with the characteristics of the embedded Young Stellar Objects (YSO) in the clouds. We propose that this is partially due to locally increased plasma damping of the grain rotation caused by X-rays from the YSOs.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 339, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00184", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00301", "text": "We present a detailed analysis of the prompt and afterglow emission of GRB 050410 and GRB 050412 detected by Swift for which no optical counterpart was observed. The 15-150 keV energy distribution of the GRB 050410 prompt emission shows a peak energy at 53 keV. The XRT light curve of this GRB decays as a power law with a slope of alpha=1.06+/-0.04. The spectrum is well reproduced by an absorbed power law with a spectral index Gamma_x=2.4+/-0.4 and a low energy absorption N_H=4(+3;-2)x10^21 cm^(-2) which is higher than the Galactic value. The 15-150 keV prompt emission in GRB 050412 is modelled with a hard (Gamma=0.7+/-0.2) power law. The XRT light curve follows a broken power law with the first slope alpha_1=0.7+/-0.4, the break time T_break=254(-41;+79) s and the second slope alpha_2=2.8(-0.8;+0.5). The spectrum is fitted by a power law with spectral index Gamma_x=1.3+/-0.2 which is absorbed at low energies by the Galactic column. The GRB 050410 afterglow reveals the expected characteristics of the third component of the canonical Swift light curve. Conversely, a complex phenomenology was detected in the GRB 050412 because of the presence of the very early break. The light curve in this case can be interpreted as being the last peak of the prompt emission. The two bursts present tight upper limits for the optical emission, neither of them can be clearly classified as dark. For GRB 050410, the suppression of the optical afterglow could be attributed to a low density interstellar medium surrounding the burst. For GRB 050412, the evaluation of the darkness is more difficult due to the ambiguity in the extrapolation of the X-ray afterglow light curve.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 432, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00116", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00302", "text": ", has induced fear among rich Russians who are concerned that it could lead later to U.S. sanctions or to being informally blacklisted in the global financial system. It has triggered a fierce lobbying campaign, with Russia hawks in Congress pushing the administration to include certain names and lobbyists hired by Russian businessmen urging the administration to keep their clients off. Companies or foreign governments that had been doing business with blacklisted Russian entities had been given a three-month grace period to extricate themselves from transactions, starting in October when the blacklist was published and ending Monday. But only those engaged in \"significant transactions\" are to be punished, and the United States has never defined that term or given a dollar figure. That ambiguity has made it impossible for the public to know exactly what is and isn't permissible. Late last year, Secretary of State Rex Tillerson said one reason the U.S. was proceeding cautiously was that major U.S. allies have much at stake. Turkey, a NATO ally, has a deal to buy the S-400, Russia's most advanced air defense missile system. And key security partner Saudi Arabia recently struck an array of deals with Moscow, including contracts for weapons. It was unclear whether either country had since abandoned those deals to avoid running afoul of the U.S. sanctions. New York Rep. Eliot Engel, the top Democrat on the House Foreign Affairs Committee, lambasted the move to punish no one, saying he was \"fed up\" and that Trump's administration had chosen to \"let Russia off the hook again.\" He dismissed the State Department's claim that \"the mere threat of sanctions\" would stop Moscow from further meddling in America's elections. \"How do you deter an attack that happened two years ago, and another that's already underway?\" Engel said. \"It just doesn't make sense.\" ___ Associated Press writer Jill Colvin contributed to this report. ___ Reach Josh Lederman on Twitter at http://twitter.com/joshledermanAP", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 393, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00662", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00303", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Consumer Telephone Records Protection Act of 2007''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. Congress finds that-- (1) customer telephone records may be accessed without authorization of the customer by-- (A) an employee of the telephone company selling the data; (B) ``pretexting'', whereby a data broker or other person pretends to be the owner of the phone and convinces the telephone company's employees to release the data to them; or (C) unauthorized access of accounts via the Internet; and (2) because telephone companies encourage customers to manage their accounts online, many set up the online capability in advance. Many customers never access their Internet accounts, . If someone seeking the information activates the account before the customer, he or she can gain unfettered access to the telephone records and call logs of that customer. SEC. 3. UNFAIR AND DECEPTIVE ACTS AND PRACTICES IN CONNECTION WITH OBTAINING CONFIDENTIAL PHONE RECORDS INFORMATION OF A COVERED ENTITY. (a) Prohibition on Obtaining Confidential Phone Records Information Under False Pretenses.--It shall be unlawful for any person in interstate or foreign commerce to knowingly and intentionally obtain, or attempt to obtain, confidential phone records information of a covered entity, by-- (1) making false or fraudulent statements or representations to an employee of a covered entity; (2) making such false or fraudulent statements or representations to a customer of a covered entity; (3) providing a document to a covered entity knowing that such document is false or fraudulent; or (4) accessing customer accounts of a covered entity via the Internet, or by means of conduct that violates section 1030 of this title, without prior authorization from the customer to whom such confidential phone records information relates. (b) Prohibition on Sale or Transfer of Confidential Phone Records Information.-- (1) Except as otherwise permitted by applicable law, it shall be unlawful for any person in interstate or foreign commerce to knowingly and intentionally sell or transfer, or attempt to sell or transfer, confidential phone records information of a covered entity, without prior authorization from the customer to whom such confidential phone records information relates, or knowing or having reason to know such information was obtained fraudulently. (2) For purposes of this subsection, the exceptions specified in section 222(d) of the Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 222(d", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00943", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00304", "text": "Agencies, Lucknow Samajwadi Party president Mulayam Singh Yadav, facing a ‘political coup” by his son and Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Akhilesh Yadav, has rushed to Delhi to meet the Election Commission (EC) for derailing the efforts of Akhilesh to get the cycle election symbol. Mulayam Singh Yadav, accompanied by his younger brother Shivpal Yadav and friend Amar Singh, have reached Delhi to meet Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) Nasim Zaidi at 1400 hrs. Before leaving for New Delhi, Mulayam ruled out his health woes. “You see, I am fit” The SP chief further claimed that the party’s election symbol was his signature, hence there is no question of anyone getting it by holding an illegal meeting and toppling. “I have made this party with strong dedication and hard work, but now some people are trying to throw me out. “Media ne hamesha mera sath diya hai, maine koi bhrashtachar ya galat kaam nahi kiya. Ilzaam laga bhi toh SC ne mujhe bari kiya hai (Media has always supported me. I have never done any corruption or wrong thing. Once an allegation was made against me, but the Supreme Court had given me a clean chit),” he said. Earlier, Mulayam had also cancelled his proposed national convention here on January 5, after his son and UP CM put all spanners not to give permission to hold any meeting at the government venue. The meeting was slated to be held at the Janeshwar Mishra Park, where a meeting was held yesterday to declare Akhilesh as the party’s national president, removing Mulayam. Shivpal Singh Yadav, who was ousted by Akhilesh as the state party chief, today informed the media that the January 5 meet has been cancelled. he did not give any concrete reason for the cancellation. The January 5 was called after Akhilesh was declared the SP’s national president, in place of Mulayam. There were also reports that the state government had refused to give permission to hold a meeting at the Janeshwar Mishra Park. It seems that the rift is still not bridged as last night, even after Mulayam complained of high blood pressure, Akhilesh who stays at the adjoining bungalow", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00632", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00305", "text": "The rotating reference system, two-point correlation functions, and energy density are used as the basis for investigating thermal effects observed by a detector rotating through random classical zero-point radiation. The RS consists of Frenet -Serret orthogonal tetrads where the rotating detector is at rest and has a constant acceleration vector. The CFs and the energy density at the rotating reference system should be periodic with rotation period because CF and energy density measurements is one of the tools the detector can use to justify the periodicity of its motion. The CFs have been calculated for both electromagnetic and massless scalar fields in two cases, with and without taking this periodicity into consideration. It turned out that only periodic CFs have some thermal features and particularly the Planck's factor with the temperature T= h w /k . Regarding to the energy density of both electromagnetic and massless scalar field it is shown that the detector rotating in the zero-point radiation observes not only this original zero-point radiation but, above that, also the radiation which would have been observed by an inertial detector in the thermal bath with the Plank's spectrum at the temperature T. This effect is masked by factor 2/3(4 gamma^2-1) for the electromagnetic field and 2/9 (4 gamma ^2-1) for the massless scalar field, where the Lorentz factor gamma=(1 - v^2 / c^2)^(1/2). Appearance of these masking factors is connected with the fact that rotation is defined by two parameters, angular velocity w and the radius of rotation, with a uniformly accelerated linear motion which is defined by only one parameter, acceleration a. Our calculations involve classical point of view only and to the best of our knowledge these results have not been reported in quantum theory yet.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 362, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00144", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00306", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2001''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. Congress finds that-- (1) the incidence of violence motivated by the actual or perceived race, color, national origin, religion, sexual orientation, gender, or disability of the victim poses a serious national problem; (2) such violence disrupts the tranquility and safety of communities and is deeply divisive; (3) existing Federal law is inadequate to address this problem; (4) such violence affects interstate commerce in many ways, including-- (A) by impeding the movement of members of targeted groups and forcing such members to move across State lines to escape the incidence or risk of such violence; and (B) by preventing members of targeted groups from purchasing goods and services, obtaining or sustaining employment or participating in other commercial activity; (5) perpetrators cross State lines to commit such violence; (6) instrumentalities of interstate commerce are used to facilitate the commission of such violence; (7) such violence is committed using articles that have traveled in interstate commerce; (8) violence motivated by bias that is a relic of slavery can constitute badges and incidents of slavery; (9) many local jurisdictions have attempted to respond to the challenges posed by such violence, the problem is sufficiently serious, widespread, and interstate in scope to warrant Federal intervention to assist such jurisdictions; and (10) many States have no laws addressing violence based on the actual or perceived race, color, national origin, religion, sexual orientation, gender, or disability, of the victim, while other States have laws that provide only limited protection. SEC. 3. DEFINITION OF HATE CRIME. In this Act, the term ``hate crime'' has the same meaning as in section 280003(a) of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 (28 U.S.C. 994 note). SEC. 4. PROHIBITION OF CERTAIN ACTS OF VIOLENCE. Section 245 of title 18, United States Code, is amended-- (1) by redesignating subsections (c) and (d) as subsections (d) and (e), respectively; and (2) by inserting after subsection (b) the following: ``(c)(1) Whoever, whether or not acting under color of law, willfully causes bodily injury to any person or, through the", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00906", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00307", "text": "role in the Holocaust. In 1977, the Trans-Alaska oil pipeline, three years in the making objections from environmentalists and Alaska Natives, was completed. (The first oil began flowing through the pipeline 20 days later.) In 1985, 88 people were killed, more than 1,000 injured, when 41 tornadoes swept through parts of Pennsylvania, Ohio, New York and Ontario, Canada, during an 8-hour period. In 1994, the United States announced it was no longer aiming long-range nuclear missiles at targets in the former Soviet Union. In 2005, breaking a silence of 30 years, former FBI official W. Mark Felt stepped forward as \"Deep Throat,\" the secret Washington Post source during the Watergate scandal. Ten years ago: Space shuttle Discovery and a crew of seven blasted into orbit, carrying a giant Japanese lab addition to the international space station. Five years ago: A tornado in the Oklahoma City metro area claimed eight lives, including those of storm chasers Tim Samaras, his son, Paul, and Carl Young; 13 people died in flash flooding. Four firefighters searching for people in a blazing Houston motel and restaurant were killed when part of the structure collapsed. Actress Jean Stapleton, who played Archie Bunker's far better half, the sweetly naive Edith, in TV's groundbreaking 1970s comedy \"All in the Family,\" died in New York at age 90. One year ago: President Donald Trump welcomed Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyen Xuan Phuc (nuh-WEE'-ihn SOO'-an FOOK) to the White House for talks focusing on the American trade deficit. A suicide attacker struck the fortified heart of the Afghan capital Kabul with a massive truck bomb that killed more than 150 people. CBS announced that Scott Pelley was being removed as anchor of \"The CBS Evening News\" after six years. Today's Birthdays: Actor-director Clint Eastwood is 88. Singer Peter Yarrow is 80. Humanitarian Terry Waite is 79. Singer-musician Augie Meyers is 78. Actress Sharon Gless is 75. Football Hall of Famer Joe Namath is 75. Broadcast journalist/commentator Bernard Goldberg is 73. Actor Tom Berenger is 68. Actor Gregory Harrison is 68. Actor Kyle Secor is 61. Actress Roma Maffia (ma-FEE'-uh) is", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00751", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00308", "text": "(Abridged) We present R~600, 10-37um spectra of 53 ULIRGs at z<0.32, taken using the IRS on board Spitzer. All of the spectra show fine structure emission lines of Ne, O, S, Si and Ar, as well as molecular Hydrogen lines. Some ULIRGs also show emission lines of Cl, Fe, P, and atomic Hydrogen, and/or absorption features from C_2H_2, HCN, and OH. We employ diagnostics based on the fine-structure lines, as well as the EWs and luminosities of PAH features and the strength of the 9.7um silicate absorption feature (S_sil), to explore the power source behind the infrared emission in ULIRGs. We show that the IR emission from the majority of ULIRGs is powered mostly by star formation, with only ~20% of ULIRGs hosting an AGN with a comparable or greater IR luminosity than the starburst. The detection of the 14.32um [NeV] line in just under half the sample implies that an AGN contributes significantly to the mid-IR flux in ~42% of ULIRGs. The emission line ratios, luminosities and PAH EWs are consistent with the starbursts and AGN in ULIRGs being more extincted, and for the starbursts more compact, versions of those in lower luminosity systems. The excitations and electron densities in the NLRs of ULIRGs appear comparable to those of lower luminosity starbursts, though there is evidence that the NLR gas in ULIRGs is more dense. We show that the combined luminosity of the 12.81um [NeII] and 15.56um [NeIII] lines correlates with both IR luminosity and the luminosity of the 6.2 micron and 11.2 micron PAH features in ULIRGs, and use this to derive a calibration between PAH luminosity and star formation rate. Finally, we show that ULIRGs with 0.8 < S_sil < 2.4 are likely to be powered mainly by star formation, but that ULIRGs with S_sil < 0.8, and possibly those with S_sil > 2.4, contain an IR-luminous AGN.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 490, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00301", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00309", "text": "Detailed analyses of the WMAP data indicate possible oscillatory features in the primordial curvature perturbation, which moreover appears to be suppressed beyond the present Hubble radius. Such deviations from the usual inflationary expectation of an approximately Harrison-Zeldovich spectrum are expected in the supergravity-based 'multiple inflation' model wherein phase transitions during inflation induce sudden changes in the mass of the inflaton, thus interrupting its slow-roll. In a previous paper we calculated the resulting curvature perturbation and showed how the oscillations arise. Here we perform a Markov Chain Monte Carlo fitting exercise using the 3-year WMAP data to determine how the fitted cosmological parameters vary when such a primordial spectrum is used as an input, rather than the usually assumed power-law spectrum. The 'concordance' LCDM model is still a good fit when there is just a 'step' in the spectrum. if there is a 'bump' in the spectrum (due e.g. to two phase transitions in rapid succession), the precision CMB data can be well-fitted by a flat Einstein-de Sitter cosmology without dark energy. This requires the Hubble constant to be h ~ 0.44 which is lower than the locally measured value. To fit the SDSS data on the power spectrum of galaxy clustering requires a ~10% component of hot dark matter, as would naturally be provided by 3 species of neutrinos of mass ~0.5 eV. This CHDM model cannot fit the position of the baryon acoustic peak in the LRG redshift two-point correlation function. It may be possible to overcome these difficulties in an inhomogeneous Lemaitre-Tolman-Bondi cosmological model with a local void, which can potentially also account for the SN Ia Hubble diagram without invoking cosmic acceleration.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 367, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00355", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00310", "text": "We report results from a pilot program to obtain spectroscopy for objects detected in the Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) Medium Imaging Survey (MIS). Our study examines the properties of galaxies detected by GALEX fainter than the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) spectroscopic survey. This is the first study to extend the techinques of Salim et al. 2005 to estimate stellar masses, star formation rates (SFR) and the b (star formation history) parameter for star-forming galaxies out to z~0.7. We obtain redshifts for 50 GALEX MIS sources reaching NUV=23.9 (AB mag), having counterparts in the SDSS Data Release 4 (DR4). Of our sample, 43 are starforming galaxies with z<0.7, 3 have emission line ratios indicative of AGN with z<0.7, and 4 objects with z~1 are QSOs, 3 of which are not previously cataloged. We compare our sample to a much larger sample of ~50,000 matched GALEX/SDSS galaxies with SDSS spectroscopy; while our survey is shallow, the optical counterparts to our sources reach ~3 magnitudes fainter in SDSS r magnitude than the SDSS spectroscopic sample. We use emission line diagnostics for the galaxies to determine that the sample contains mostly star-forming galaxies. The galaxies in the sample populate the blue sequence in the NUV-r vs M_r color-magnitude diagram. Our sample has SFRs, luminosities, and velocity dispersions that are similar to the samples of faint compact blue galaxies studied previously in the same redshift range by Koo et. al 1995, Guzman et. al 1996 & Phillips et. al 1997. our sample is ~2 mag fainter in surface brightness than the compact blue galaxies. We find that the star-formation histories for a majority of the galaxies are consistent with a recent starburst within the last 100 Myr.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 416, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00384", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00311", "text": "survey of health centers in 11 States, 2/3 of those centers identified a need to improve, expand, or replace their current facility. An extrapolation based on this survey indicates there may be as much as $1,200,000,000 in unmet capital needs in our Nation's health centers. (7) Dramatically increasing access to health centers requires building new facilities in communities that have access problems and lack a health center. (8) Health centers often do not have the means to pay for capital improvements or new facilities. While most health centers raise some funds through private donations, it is difficult to raise sufficient amounts for capital needs without a middle- and upper-class donor base similar to other nonprofit organizations like universities and hospitals. (9) Health centers have a limited ability to support loan payments. Due to an increasing number of uninsured patients and the fact that many health care reimbursements are less than the cost of care, health centers rarely have more than minimal positive operating margins. lenders are rarely willing to take risks on nonprofit organizations without these positive margins. (10) While the Federal Government currently provides grants to health centers to assist with operational expenses used to provide care to a medically-underserved population, there is no authority to provide grants to assist health centers to meet capital needs, such as construction of new facilities or modernization, expansion, or replacement of existing buildings. (11) To assist health centers with their mission of providing health care to the medically underserved, the Federal Government should supplement local efforts to meet the capital needs of health centers. SEC. 3. AMENDMENTS TO THE PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE ACT. (a) Health Care Facility Grants and Loan Guarantees.--Subpart I of part D of title III of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 254b et seq.) is amended by adding at the end the following: ``SEC. 330L. HEALTH CARE FACILITY GRANTS AND LOAN GUARANTEES. ``(a) Eligible Health Center Defined.--In this section, the term `eligible health center' means a health center that receives-- ``(1) a grant, on or after the date of enactment of this section, under subsection (c)(1)(A), (e)(1)(A), (f), (g), (h), or (i) of section 330; or ``(2) a subgrant, on or after the date of enactment of this section, from", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01129", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00312", "text": ", ready to knock on doors even though she was heavily pregnant and due in three weeks. \"We're having our first baby, a daughter, and, you know, it's just been on the back of our minds — what kind of world is she going to live in? And I don't want it to be the world that I think that President Trump is creating,\" Prince-Miller said. Can Republicans divided become united? Republicans vying to take on Ossoff here are reflecting the broader national divide among the GOP. They've been hampered by splits within their own base, which is choosing between 11 GOP candidates. It's become something of a circular firing squad among the Republican hopefuls. But many of them aren't exactly running away from the president, the middling results he got here last November. Former Johns Creek City Councilman Bob Gray, one of the leading GOP contenders, has pictures of Trump plastered across his main field office, along with the president's signs that read \"Make America Great Again\" and \"America First.\" In an interview Friday night after a canvass kick-off, Gray praised the president for being a \"disrupter\" in Washington, and said he wanted to go to D.C. to be his ally. \"He needs willing partners in Congress to be there with him to try and affect that agenda, and I intend to do so,\" Gray said. He's been endorsed by the anti-tax Club for Growth, who's attacking his chief rival, former Georgia Secretary of State Karen Handel as a career politician — the same moniker Trump was able to successfully apply to some of his own GOP primary rivals. In fact, on the GOP side, it's almost a similar scenario that played out during the 2016 presidential race happening — many different Republican candidates occupying different part of the GOP ideological spectrum fighting amongst themselves. There have been shots lobbed among the top Republican contenders during the campaign at each other as much as at Ossoff. Republicans maintain they'll eventually come together. \"If you don't have a muddy, bloody fight in a Republican primary, you haven't had a Republican primary in this state. But we always get back together,\" said Sandy Springs Mayor Rusty Paul, a former Georgia GOP chairman who was campaigning Monday morning with Handel at the Egg Harbor Cafe. Still, he said he'll support whoever ends up against Ossoff. Handel, who has high name ID from several unsuccessful statewide", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00607", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00313", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Seasoned Customer CTR Exemption Act of 2008''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. The Congress finds as follows: (1) When it is possible to reduce the regulatory burden on depository institutions associated with reporting requirements under chapter 53 of title 31, United States Code, while at the same time maintaining the utility of such reports to law enforcement efforts, it is appropriate to do so. (2) In February 2008, the Comptroller General issued a report titled ``Bank Secrecy Act: Increased Use of Exemption Provisions Could Reduce Currency Transaction Reporting While Maintaining Usefulness to Law Enforcement Efforts'' (GAO-08- 355). (3) The Comptroller General finds that since transactions of exempt customers are of little or no value to law enforcement efforts, efforts made to increase the use of such exemptions by depository institutions could reduce the regulatory burden associated with filing unnecessary cash transaction reports and the government's costs to process them, while maintaining the utility of such reports to law enforcement efforts. (4) The Comptroller General finds that the requirement that depository institutions file biennial renewals for Phase II customer exemptions duplicates the required annual review of such exemptions and discourages the use of some exemptions. (5) The Comptroller General finds that eliminating the requirement that depository institutions file biennial renewals for Phase II customer exemptions could increase the use of such exemptions and reduce the burden associated with filing unnecessary cash transaction reports. (6) The Comptroller General recommends eliminating the requirement that depository institutions biennially renew Phase II exemptions. (7) The Comptroller General finds that the cash transactions of government entities and depository institutions are likely of little or no use to law enforcement efforts and that cash transaction reports related to these entities are unnecessary. (8) The Comptroller General finds that, the amendments made to chapter 53 of title 31, United States Code, by the Money Laundering Suppression Act of 1994 required the Secretary of the Treasury to exempt depository institutions from filing cash transaction reports on the transactions of government entities and depository institutions and did not explicitly require the filing of exemption forms or annual review of such information with respect to the exempt entities to effectuate any such exemption, the regulations prescribed by the Secretary nonetheless require depository institutions to file such exemption forms and annual reviews. (", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01096", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00314", "text": "The GLIMPSE archive was used to obtain 3.6--8.0micron, point source photometry and images for 381 massive protostellar candidates lying in the Galactic mid-plane. The colours, magnitudes and spectral indicies of sources in each of the 381 target fields were analysed and compared with the predictions of 2D radiative transfer model simulations. no discernable embedded clusters were found in any targets, multiple sources or associations of redenned young stellar objects were found in many sources indicating multiplicity at birth. The spectral index ($\\alpha$) of these point sources in 3.6--8.0mum bands display large values of $\\alpha$=2--5. A color-magnitude analog plot was used to identify 79 infrared counterparts to the HMPOs. Compact nebulae are found in 75% of the detected sources with morphologies that can be well described by core-halo, cometary, shell-like and bipolar geometries similar to those observed in ultra-compact HII regions. The IRAC band SEDs of the IR counterparts of HMPOs are best described to represent YSOs with a mass range of 8--20\\msun in their Class I stages when compared with 2D radiative transfer models. They also suggest that the high $\\alpha$ values represent reprocessed star/star+disk emission that is arising in the dense envelopes. Thus we are witnessing the luminous envelopes around the protostars rather than their photospheres or disks. We argue that the compact infrared nebulae likely reflect the underlying physical structure of the dense cores and are found to imitate the morphologies of known UCHII regions. Our results favour models of continuuing accretion involving both molecular and ionised accretion components to build the most massive stars rather than purely molecular rapid accretion flows.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 383, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00274", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00315", "text": "We present XMM data for the supercluster A901/2, at z ~ 0.17, which is combined with deep imaging and 17-band photometric redshifts (from the COMBO-17 survey), 2dF spectra and Spitzer 24um data, to identify AGN in the supercluster. The 90ksec XMM image contains 139 point sources, of which 11 are identified as supercluster AGN with L_X(0.5-7.5keV) > 1.7x10^41 erg/cm2/s. The host galaxies have M_R < -20 and only 2 of 8 sources with spectra could have been identified as AGN by the detected optical emission lines. Using a large sample of 795 supercluster galaxies we define control samples of massive galaxies with no detected AGN. The local environments of the AGN and control samples differ at >98 per cent significance. The AGN host galaxies lie predominantly in areas of moderate projected galaxy density and with more local blue galaxies than the control sample, with the exception of one very bright Type I AGN very near the centre of a cluster. These environments are similar to, but not limited to, cluster outskirts and blue groups. the large number of potential host galaxies, no AGN are found in regions with the highest galaxy density (excluding some cluster cores where emission from the ICM obscures moderate luminosity AGN). AGN are also absent from the areas with lowest galaxy density. We conclude that the prevalence of cluster AGN is linked to their environment.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 323, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00463", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00316", "text": "WASHINGTON (AP) — The Supreme Court is hearing arguments in a free speech fight over California's attempt to regulate anti-abortion crisis pregnancy centers. The case being argued Tuesday involves information required by a state law that the centers must provide clients about the availability of contraception, abortion and pre-natal care, at little or no cost. Centers that are unlicensed also must post a sign that says so. The centers say that they are being forced to deliver a message with which they disagree because their aim is to steer women away from abortion. California and abortions rights group that backed the law say its goal is to provide accurate information about the range of options facing a pregnant woman. The outcome also could affect laws in other states that seek to regulate doctors' speech. In Louisiana, Texas and Wisconsin, doctors must display a sonogram and describe the fetus to most pregnant women considering an abortion, according to the Guttmacher Institute, which supports abortion rights. Similar laws have been blocked in Kentucky, North Carolina and Oklahoma. Doctors' speech has also been an issue in non-abortion cases. A federal appeals court struck down parts of a 2011 Florida law that sought to prohibit doctors from talking about gun safety with their patients. Under the law, doctors faced fines and the possible loss of their medical licenses for discussing guns with patients. In another lawsuit over regulating crisis pregnancy centers, a federal appeals court in New York struck down parts of a New York City ordinance, it upheld the requirement for unlicensed centers to say that they lack a license. The abortion-rights group NARAL Pro-Choice California was a prime sponsor of the California law. NARAL contends that the centers mislead women about their options and try to pressure them to forgo abortion. Estimates of the number of crisis pregnancy centers in the U.S. run from 2,500 to more than 4,000, compared with fewer than 1,500 abortion providers, women's rights groups said in a Supreme Court filing. California's law was challenged by the National Institute of Family and Life Advocates, an organization with ties to 1,500 pregnancy centers nationwide and 140 in California.", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 431, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00795", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00317", "text": "[Abridged] We present an analysis of the scaling relations between X-ray properties and Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) parameters for a sample of 24 X-ray luminous galaxy clusters observed with Chandra and with measured SZ effect. These objects are in the redshift range 0.14--0.82 and have X-ray bolometric luminosity L>10^45 erg/s. We perform a spatially resolved spectral analysis and recover the density, temperature and pressure profiles of the ICM, just relying on the spherical symmetry of the cluster and the hydrostatic equilibrium hypothesis. We observe that the correlations among X-ray quantities only are in agreement with previous results obtained for samples of high-z X-ray luminous galaxy clusters. On the relations involving SZ quantities, we obtain that they correlate with the gas temperature with a logarithmic slope significantly larger than the predicted value from the self-similar model. The measured scatter indicates, that the central Compton parameter y_0 is a proxy of the gas temperature at the same level of other X-ray quantities like luminosity. Our results on the X-ray and SZ scaling relations show a tension between the quantities more related to the global energy of the system (e.g. gas temperature, gravitating mass) and the indicators of the structure of the ICM (e.g. gas density profile, central Compton parameter y_0), showing the most significant deviations from the values of the slope predicted from the self-similar model in the L-T, L-M_{tot}, M_{gas}-T, y_0-T relations. When the slope is fixed to the self-similar value, these relations consistently show a negative evolution suggesting a scenario in which the ICM at higher redshift has lower both X-ray luminosity and pressure in the central regions than the expectations from self-similar model.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 372, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00098", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00318", "text": "earned his sixth Australian Open championship, tying the men's record for most in history, to go along with his unprecedented eight Wimbledons, five U.S. Opens (tied for the most in the professional era) and one French Open. After letting a lead slip away and getting outplayed by Cilic the fourth set, Federer faced some danger in the opening game of the decider in the form of two break points. \"Momentum,\" Cilic would say later, \"was on my side.\" Right when nerves would figure to be most frayed, Federer was steadier. On the initial break chance there, Cilic got a look at a 104 mph second serve and dumped a forehand return into the net. On the next, Cilic pushed a forehand return wide off a 119 mph first serve up the \"T,\" and Federer yelled out in Swiss German. Two points later, Federer conjured up a cross-court backhand winner that clipped the outside of a line to cap a 15-stroke exchange and grab that game. In the next, Cilic double-faulted twice and Federer took advantage, breaking en route to a 3-0 lead. And that was pretty much that. Federer was on his way, just like so many times before. \"It's always very, very challenging to play him,\" Cilic observed. Wasn't always that way at the very beginning, actually. it very much is, all these years later. ___ Follow Howard Fendrich on Twitter at http://twitter.com/HowardFendrich ___ More AP tennis coverage: https://apnews.com/tag/apf-Tennis", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 346, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00719", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00319", "text": "-of-school or unschooled girls are at greater risk of child marriage while girls in school face pressure to withdraw from school when secondary school requires monetary costs, travel, or other social costs, including lack of lavatories and supplies for menstruating girls and increased risk of sexual violence. (15) In Mozambique 60 percent of girls with no education are married by age 18, compared to 10 percent of girls with secondary schooling and less than 1 percent of girls with higher education. (16) According to UNICEF, in 2005 it was estimated that ``about half of girls in Sub-Saharan Africa who drop out of primary school do so because of poor water and sanitation facilities''. (17) UNICEF reports that investments in improving school sanitation resulted in a 17 percent increase in school enrollment for girls in Guinea and an 11 percent increase for girls in Bangladesh. (18) Investments in girls' schooling, creating safe community spaces for girls, and programs for skills building for out-of-school girls are all effective and demonstrated strategies for preventing child marriage and creating a pathway to empower girls by addressing conditions of poverty, low status, and norms that contribute to child marriage. (19) Most countries with high rates of child marriage have a legally established minimum age of marriage, child marriage persists due to strong traditional norms and the failure to enforce existing laws. (20) In Afghanistan, where the legal age of marriage for girls is 16 years, 57 percent of marriages involve girls below the age of 16, including girls younger than 10 years, according to the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). (21) Secretary of State Hillary Clinton has stated that ``child marriage is a clear and unacceptable violation of human rights, and that the Department of State denounces all cases of child marriage as child abuse''. SEC. 3. SENSE OF CONGRESS. It is the sense of Congress that-- (1) child marriage is a violation of human rights and the prevention and elimination of child marriage should be a foreign policy goal of the United States; (2) the practice of child marriage undermines United States investments in foreign assistance to promote education and skills building for girls, reduce maternal and child mortality, reduce maternal illness, halt the transmission of HIV/AIDS, prevent gender-based violence, and reduce poverty; and (3) expanding educational opportunities for girls, economic opportunities for women, and reducing maternal and child mortality are critical to achieving the Millennium Development Goals and", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01100", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00320", "text": "within the geographical region of any Regional Corporation under subsection (a) without the prior written approval of such Regional Corporation. ``(c) Conveyances; Limitations; Restrictions.-- ``(1) Conveyances.--Subject to the limitations in paragraphs (2) and (3), the Secretary shall convey to the 13th Regional Corporation the surface and subsurface estate of no more than 1,162,710 acres of the lands selected pursuant to subsection (a). ``(2) Limitations on conveyances.-- ``(A) Previously selected lands.--The 13th Regional Corporation may select any of the following, but the Secretary shall not convey the land selected unless the State of Alaska or any Regional Corporation, Village Corporation, or Group Corporation which made or has the right to make a selection has relinquished its selection or right to make its selection. ``(i) Lands validly selected by, but not conveyed to, the State of Alaska pursuant to the Alaska Statehood Act or any other provision of law. ``(ii) Lands validly selected by, but not conveyed to, another Regional Corporation, a Village Corporation, or a Group Corporation. ``(B) Conditions.--Any selections made by the 13th Regional Corporation that are subject to such valid selections shall be subordinate to those valid selections. Selections are valid if they are on file with the United States and have not been finally adjudicated or all appeal rights from any final adjudication have not lapsed or been exhausted, whether or not such selections are in compliance with all applicable standards, including without limitation time restrictions. Valid selections also include selections for land in excess of the amount of land to which the selecting entity may be entitled. ``(C) Other limitations.--The 13th Regional Corporation may not select the following: ``(i) Any land without the approval of any Native individual or Native owned or public entity that owns a partial interest in that land. ``(ii) Any Land that the State of Alaska, a Regional Corporation, a Village Corporation or a Group Corporation could select or acquire through the exercise of statutory or contractual rights of selection or acquisition, whether or not those rights have been exercised or are subject to discretionary actions by governmental entities, without the approval of the State of Alaska, Regional Corporation, Village Corporation or Group Corporation. ``(iii) Any land within any area withdrawn for selection pursuant to sections 11 or 14 of this Act or otherwise withdrawn by the Secretary for selection if a Village Corporation or Regional Corporation has unexerc", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01016", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00321", "text": "NEWPORT BEACH, Calif. (AP) — Three people were killed and two injured when a helicopter crashed into a house in a suburban Southern California neighborhood just a few minutes after taking off, officials said. The helicopter crashed into the house with such force that it was barely recognizable. The crushed metal sat in a heap on the side of the house, its tail rotor sticking out of the roof of a nearby home and a 6-foot chunk landing in the street in front of another house. \"All of a sudden the house just shook and I thought, 'Oh my gosh, we're having an earthquake,'\" said Marian Michaels, who lives behind the home in a gated community in Newport Beach where the helicopter crashed. Roger Johnson was doing some woodwork when he heard the chopping sound of a helicopter's rotating blades and then a tremendous boom across the street. \"I turned to look out of the garage and that's when I see this piece of metal flying through the air and hitting a bush and garage door,\" Johnson said. \"Then I heard someone scream — a real for-real horror scream, like something terrible had happened.\" Johnson rushed to the wreckage and cautioned people to stop trying to pull out or move victims. Four people were aboard the Robinson R44 helicopter when it went down. All four were among those killed or injured, and one person who was on the ground but outside of the house was also injured, Newport Beach fire and police officials said. They did not say which was which, or give any specifics about the injuries. Audrey Ellis, who lives next to the house where the crash happened, was not home at the time but said her neighbors told her they were in the kitchen when the helicopter hit the bedroom of their house. \"It's so scary,\" Ellis said, adding that her neighbors weren't hurt. \"I'm so thankful.\" The aircraft had taken off from John Wayne Airport, said Ian Gregor, a spokesman with the Federal Aviation Administration. The airport is about a mile (1.6 kilometers) from the crash site. The FAA and the National Transportation Safety Board are investigating the crash. Messages seeking comment from Revolution Aviation, which is based at the airport and operated the helicopter, were not immediately returned. The company offers helicopter and airplane classes, the use of aircraft for photography and video production as well as sightseeing flights.", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 473, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00642", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00322", "text": "Infrared Dark Clouds are expected to harbor sources in different, very young evolutionary stages. To better characterize these differences, we observed a sample of 43 massive Infrared Dark Clouds, originally selected as candidate high-mass starless cores, with the IRAM 30m telescope covering spectral line tracers of low-density gas, high-density gas, molecular outflows/jets and temperature effects. The SiO(2-1) observations reveal detections toward 18 sources. Assuming that SiO is exclusively produced by sputtering from dust grains, this implies that at least in 40% of this sample star formation is on-going. A broad range of SiO line-widths is observed (between 2.2 and 65km/s), and we discuss potential origins for this velocity spread. While the low-density tracers 12CO(2-1) and 13CO(1-0) are detected in several velocity components, the high-density tracer H13CO+(1--0) generally shows only a single velocity component and is hence well suited for kinematic distance estimates of IRDCs. Furthermore, the H13CO+ line-width is on average 1.5 times larger than that of previously observed NH3(1,1). This is indicative of more motion at the denser core centers, either due to turbulence or beginning star formation activity. In addition, we detect CH3CN toward only six sources CH3OH is observed toward approximately 40% of the sample. Estimates of the CH3CN and CH3OH abundances are low with average values of 1.2x10^{-10} and 4.3x10^{-10}, respectively. These results are consistent with chemical models at the earliest evolutionary stages of high-mass star formation. Furthermore, the CH3OH abundances compare well to recently reported values for low-mass starless cores.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 385, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00387", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00323", "text": "We analyzed the spectroscopic data from the PN and the MOS cameras in the 0.4-10 keV band. We also used an archival BeppoSAX 1-50 keV observation of IRAS 09104+4109 to investigate possible variations of the quasar emission. The X-ray emission in the EPIC band is dominated by the intra-cluster medium thermal emission. We found that the quasar contributes ~35% of the total flux in the 2-10 keV band. Both a transmission- (through a Compton-thin absorber with a Compton optical depth of \\tau_C~0.3, i.e. Nh~5 x 10^{23} cm^-2) and a reflection-dominated (\\tau_C>1) model provide an excellent fit to the quasar continuum emission. the value measured for the EW of Fe Kalpha emission line is only marginally consistent with the presence of a Compton-thick absorber in a reflection-dominated scenario, which had been suggested by a previous, marginal (i.e. 2.5\\sigma) detection with the hard X-ray (15-50 keV), non-imaging BeppoSAX/PDS instrument. Moreover, the value of luminosity in the 2-10 keV band measured by the transmission-dominated model is fully consistent with that expected on the basis of the bolometric luminosity of IRAS 09104+4109. From the analysis of the XMM-Newton data we therefore suggest the possibility that the absorber along the line of sight to the nucleus of IRAS 09104+4109 is Compton-thin. Alternatively, the absorber column density could have changed from Compton-thick to -thin in the five years elapsed between the observations. If this is the case, then IRAS 09104+4109 is the first 'changing-look' quasar ever detected.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 391, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00494", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00324", "text": "American authorities have not determined exactly how Kim Jong Nam was killed, according to two sources, who did not provide specific evidence to support the U.S. government's view. A South Korean government source also had said that Kim Jong Nam had been murdered in Malaysia. He did not provide further details. South Korea's foreign ministry said it could not confirm the reports, and the country's intelligence agency could not immediately be reached for comment. In Washington, there was no immediate response to a request for comment from the Trump administration, which faces a stiff challenge from a defiant North Korea over its nuclear arms program and the test of a ballistic missile last weekend. Kim Jong Nam was known to spend a significant amount of his time outside North Korea and had spoken out publicly against his family's dynastic control of the isolated state. If confirmed as an assassination, it would the latest in a string of killings over the decades at home and abroad meant to silence those perceived by North Korea's leaders as threats to their authority, one of the U.S. sources said on condition of anonymity. In a statement, Malaysian police said the dead man, 46, held a passport under the name Kim Chol. Kim Jong Nam has been caught in the past using forged travel documents. Malaysian police official Fadzil Ahmat said the cause of Kim's death was not known, and that a post mortem would be carried out. \"So far there are no suspects, but we have started investigations and are looking at a few possibilities to get leads,\" Fadzil told Reuters. According to Fadzil, Kim had been planning to travel to Macau on Monday when he fell ill at the low-cost terminal of Kuala Lumpur International Airport. \"The deceased... felt like someone grabbed or held his face from behind,\" Fadzil said. \"He felt dizzy, so he asked for help at the... counter of KLIA.\" Kim was taken to an airport clinic where he still felt unwell, and it was decided to take him to hospital. He died in the ambulance on the way to Putrajaya Hospital, Fadzil added. The U.S. government sources said it was possible that Kim Jong Nam had been poisoned. They said it could not be ruled out that assassins used some kind of \"poison pen\" device. South Korea's TV Chosun, a cable-TV network, reported that Kim had been poisoned with a needle by two women believed to be North", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00585", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00325", "text": "High demand and low supply of IT professionals may lead to turnover in the new year, a new report found. Some 32% of IT professionals said they plan to search for or take an IT job with a new employer in 2018, according to Spiceworks' 2018 IT Career Outlook. Among those planning to make a job move, 75% said they are seeking a better salary, 70% said they want to advance their skills, and 39% said they want to work for a company that prioritizes IT more than the one they currently work for. Of the 2,163 IT professionals from North America and Europe surveyed, 7% said they plan to start working as a consultant, while 5% said they plan to leave the IT industry altogether. Another 2% reported plans to retire in 2018. Some employees said they expect positive changes from their current employer in the new year: 51% of IT professionals said they expect a raise from their current employer next year, while 21% said they also expect a promotion. 24% said they don't expect any career changes or raises in the next year. SEE: IT jobs 2018: Hiring priorities, growth areas, and strategies to fill open roles (Tech Pro Research) Millennials in particular (36%) were more likely to say they were seeking new employment—more than Gen Xers (32%) and baby boomers (23%). Millennial IT professionals are also more likely to leave their current employer to find a better salary, advance their skills, work for a more talented team, and receive better employee perks than older employees. Meanwhile, Gen X IT professionals are more likely to leave their jobs to seek a better work-life balance, while baby boomers are more likely to leave due to burnout. those who plan to leave their jobs, 70% of IT professionals say they are satisfied with their current jobs—though 63% say they believe they are underpaid, the report found. This number is even higher among millennials: 68% of millennial IT workers feel underpaid, compared to 60% of Gen X and 61% of baby boomers. In terms of salary, millennial IT professionals are paid a median income of $50,000 per year, while Gen X IT professionals are paid $65,000, and baby boomers are paid $70,000. These salaries also correlate to years of experience", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00515", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00326", "text": "SEOUL, South Korea (AP) — A failed attempt to sneak into Japan to visit Disneyland in 2001 may have doomed the leadership dreams of the half-brother of North Korean dictator Kim Jong Un, who was assassinated this week in an airport in Malaysia. Banished from his dictator father's favor, the exiled Kim Jong Nam frequented casinos, five-star hotels and traveled around Asia, with little say in North Korean affairs. That ended Monday when he was killed in the Kuala Lumpur International Airport. Officials in South Korea say they believe the attack was carried out by North Korean agents. multiple reported assassination attempts over the years, Kim Jong Nam was still a member of the most important family in North Korea, a direct blood descendent of North Korea founder Kim Il Sung. Estranged for years from his relatives, the 45-year-old gambler and playboy played a key, if complicated role in the dynasty that has ruled for three generations since North Korea's foundation in 1948. Here's a look: __ PARENTS Kim Jong Nam is the eldest son of Kim Jong Il, the second member of the Kim family to rule North Korea. Kim Jong Il had three known sons with two different women. Jong Nam was born from his father's unofficial relationship with North Korean actress Sung Hae Rim. Kim Jong Il forced Sung to divorce her first husband and live with him, but Kim Il Sung — the first leader of North Korea and Kim Jong Il's father — never accepted Sung as his daughter-in-law. Kim Jong Il reportedly kept Kim Jong Nam's 1971 birth a secret from his father for several years. Sung was reportedly forced to leave North Korea and died in Moscow in 2002. his mother's exile, some foreign experts believed that Kim Jong Nam would end up inheriting power because of a traditional Korean value system that favors the eldest son as heir. Unlike his mother, Kim Jong Nam eventually won the affection of his grandfather, who died in 1994, according to South Korean media reports. __ BROTHERS AND SISTERS Kim Jong Nam's two younger brothers share a mother: Kim Jong Il's Japan-born mistress, the dancer Ko Yong Hui. Ko's links to Japan, which colonized the Korean Peninsula in the early part of the 20th century, led some to believe that Kim Jong Nam would outpace his siblings in the succession race. Ko immigrated to North Korea in the 1960s", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00739", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00327", "text": "successful implementation of the ``one country, two systems'' policy, long-term prosperity for Hong Kong, and continued respect for the basic rights of the Hong Kong people. (4) general assertions guaranteeing the autonomous governance of Hong Kong, several official acts and statements by senior officials of the Government of the People's Republic of China reflect an attempt to infringe upon the current and future levels of autonomy in Hong Kong. These acts or statements include, but are not limited to-- (A) initial proposals, which were later withdrawn, by officials of the Government of the People's Republic of China to obtain confidential files on civil servants of the Hong Kong Government or require such civil servants to take ``loyalty oaths''; (B) the decision of the Government of the People's Republic of China to dissolve the democratically elected Legislative Council on July 1, 1997, and the appointment of a provisional legislature in December of 1996; (C) the delineation by officials concerning the types of speech and association which will be permitted by the Government of the People's Republic of China after the reversion; (D) initial warnings, which were later withdrawn, to religious institutions not to hold certain gatherings after the reversion; and (E) the decision on February 23, 1997, of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China to repeal or amend certain Hong Kong ordinances, including the Bill of Rights Ordinance, the Societies Ordinance of 1992 (relating to freedom of association), and the Public Order Ordinance of 1995 (relating to freedom of assembly). (5) The reversion of Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China has important implications for both United States national interests and the interests of the Hong Kong people. The United States Government has a responsibility to ensure that United States interests are protected during and after this transition, and it has a profound interest in ensuring that basic and fundamental human rights of the Hong Kong people are also protected. (6) The United States-Hong Kong Policy Act of 1992 sets forth United States policy concerning Hong Kong's reversion to the People's Republic of China on July 1, 1997, and Hong Kong's special status as a Special Administrative Region of that country. It ensures the continuity of United States laws regarding Hong Kong while establishing a mechanism in section 202 of that Act whereby the President can modify the application of United States", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01042", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00328", "text": "In the set of 236 GRB afterglows observed by Swift between January 2005 and March 2007, we identify 30 X-ray light-curves whose power-law fall-off exhibit a steepening (\"break\") at 0.1-10 day after trigger, to a decay steeper than t^{-1.5}. For most of these afterglows, the X-ray spectral slope and the decay indices before and after the break can be accommodated by the standard jet model a different origin of the breaks cannot be ruled out. In addition, there are 27 other afterglows whose X-ray light-curves may also exhibit a late break to a steep decay, but the evidence is not that compelling. The X-ray emissions of 38 afterglows decay slower than t^{-1.5} until after 3 day, half of them exhibiting such a slow decay until after 10 day. Therefore, the fraction of well-monitored Swift afterglows with potential jet-breaks is around 60 percent, whether we count only the strongest cases for each type or all of them. This fraction is comparable to the 75 percent of pre-Swift afterglows whose optical light-curves displayed similar breaks at ~1 day. The properties of the prompt emission of Swift afterglows with light-curve breaks show the same correlations (peak energy of GRB spectrum with the burst isotropic output and with burst collimated output) as previously found for pre-Swift optical afterglows with light-curve breaks (the Amati and Ghirlanda relations, respectively). we find that Ghirlanda relation is largely a consequence of Amati's and that the use of the jet-break time leads to a stronger Ghirlanda correlation only when the few outliers to the Amati relation are included.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 368, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00176", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00329", "text": "1990 Decennial Census data found that 75 percent of the wage differential between white and non-white workers was unexplained and may be a result of discrimination. (6) Section 6(d) of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 prohibits discrimination in compensation for ``equal work'' on the basis of sex. (7) Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination in compensation because of race, color, religion, national origin, and sex. The United States Supreme Court, in its decision in County of Washington v. Gunther, 452 U.S. 161 (1981), held that title VII's prohibition against discrimination in compensation also applies to jobs which do not constitute ``equal work'' as defined in section 6(d) of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938. Decisions of lower courts, have demonstrated that further clarification of existing legislation is necessary in order effectively to carry out the intent of Congress to implement the Supreme Court's holding in its Gunther decision. (8) Artificial barriers to the elimination of discrimination in compensation based upon sex, race, and national origin continue to exist more than 3 decades after the passage of section 6(d) of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 and the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Elimination of such barriers would have positive effects, including-- (A) providing a solution to problems in the economy created by discriminating wage differentials; (B) substantially reducing the number of working women and people of color earning low wages, thereby reducing the dependence on public assistance; and (C) promoting stable families by enabling working family members to earn a fair rate of pay. SEC. 3. EQUAL PAY FOR EQUIVALENT JOBS. (a) Amendment.--Section 6 (29 U.S.C. 206) is amended by adding at the end the following: ``(g)(1)(A)(i) Except as provided in clause (ii), no employer having employees subject to any provisions of this section shall discriminate, within any establishment in which such employees are employed, between employees on the basis of sex, race, or national origin by paying wages to employees in such establishment in a job that is dominated by employees of a particular sex, race, or national origin at a rate less than the rate at which the employer pays wages to employees in such establishment in another job that is dominated by employees of the opposite sex or of a different", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00942", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00330", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Employee Stock Ownership Plan Promotion and Improvement Act of 2004''. SEC. 2. DISTRIBUTIONS BY AN S CORPORATION TO AN EMPLOYEE STOCK OWNERSHIP PLAN. (a) In General.--Section 1368 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (relating to distributions) is amended by adding at the end the following new subsection: ``(f) Distributions by an S Corporation to an Employee Stock Ownership Plan.--Any distribution described in subsection (a) to an employee stock ownership plan (as defined in section 4975(e)(7)) shall be treated as a dividend under section 404(k)(2)(A).''. (b) Technical Amendment.--Section 404(a)(9)(C) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (relating to S corporations) is amended to read as follows: ``(C) S corporations.--The deduction provided in this paragraph shall not apply to an S corporation.''. (c) Effective Date.--The amendments made by this section shall apply to distributions received after December 31, 1998. (d) Waiver of Limitations.--If refund or credit of any overpayment of tax resulting from the application of the amendments made by this section is prevented at any time before the close of the 1-year period beginning on the date of the enactment of this Act by the operation of any law or rule of law (including res judicata), such refund or credit may be made or allowed if claim therefor is filed before the close of such period. SEC. 3. ESOP DIVIDEND EXCEPTION TO ADJUSTMENTS BASED ON ADJUSTED CURRENT EARNINGS. (a) In General.--Section 56(g)(4)(C) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (relating to disallowance of items not deductible in computing earnings and profits) is amended by adding at the end the following new clause: ``(v) Treatment of esop dividends.--Clause (i) shall not apply to any deduction allowable under section 404(k) if the deduction is allowed for dividends paid on employer securities held by an employee stock ownership plan established or authorized to be established before March 15, 1991.''. (b) Effective Date.--The amendment made by this section shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1989. (c) Waiver of limitations.--If refund", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01011", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00331", "text": "S IN TITLE 49. (a) In General.--Section 10706 of title 49, United States Code, is amended-- (1) in subsection (a)-- (A) in paragraph (2)(A), by striking ``, and the Sherman Act (15 U.S.C. 1 et seq.),'' and all that follows through ``or carrying out the agreement'' in the third sentence; (B) in paragraph (4)-- (i) by striking the second sentence; and (ii) by striking ``the'' in the third sentence and inserting ``The''; and (C) in paragraph (5)(A), by striking ``, and the antitrust laws set forth in paragraph (2) of this subsection do not apply to parties and other persons with respect to making or carrying out the agreement''; and (2) by striking subsection (e) and inserting the following: ``(e) Application of Antitrust Laws.-- ``(1) In general.--Nothing in this section exempts a proposed agreement described in subsection (a) from the application of the Sherman Act (15 U.S.C. 1 et seq.), the Clayton Act (15 U.S.C. 12, 14 et seq.), the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.), section 73 or 74 of the Wilson Tariff Act (15 U.S.C. 8 and 9), or the Act of June 19, 1936 (15 U.S.C. 13, 13a, 13b, 21a). ``(2) Antitrust analysis to consider impact.--In reviewing any such proposed agreement for the purpose of any provision of law described in paragraph (1), the Board and any other reviewing agency shall take into account, among any other considerations, the impact of the proposed agreement on shippers, on consumers, and on affected communities.''. (b) Combinations.--Section 11321 of title 49, United States Code, is amended-- (1) in subsection (a)-- (A) by striking ``The authority'' in the first sentence and inserting ``Except as provided in sections 4 (15 U.S.C. 15), 4C (15 U.S.C. 15c), section 15 (15 U.S.C. 25), and section 16 (15 U.S.C. 26) of the Clayton Act (15 U.S.C. 21", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00918", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00332", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Health Information Independence Act''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. The Congress finds as follows: (1) Access to accurate information at the point of sale concerning the effect of nutrients on disease is indispensable to the exercise of informed consumer choice in the marketplace and to the health and welfare of the American people. (2) In 1999, 2000, and 2001, Federal courts have held that Food and Drug Administration suppression of nutrient-disease information is a violation of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. (3) those holdings and the courts' orders, the Food and Drug Administration continues to suppress nutrient-disease information that could improve public health, reduce the costs of health care, and promote the welfare of the American people. (4) The history of the Food and Drug Administration review of nutrient-disease relationships reveals a strong and unscientific bias against food and dietary supplement health claims in direct violation of the constitutional mandates of Federal courts and the intent of Congress. (5) The Food and Drug Administration favors suppression of health claims over disclosure, court imposed constitutional requirements to the contrary. (6) To ensure that health claims are evaluated rationally, fairly, and in compliance with constitutional requirements and the intent of Congress, the federal government must be denied authority to deny the public access to health information absent probable cause that the claims are untrue, misleading or pose a danger to human health and jurisdiction over health claims evaluation must be removed from the Food and Drug Administration and placed in the hands of Independent Scientific Reviewers who do not harbor a bias against food and dietary supplement health claims. SEC. 3. AUTHORITY FOR MAKING HEALTH CLAIMS. (a) Limitation on Agency Authority to Restrict Distribution.-- Notwithstanding any other provision of Federal law, the Federal Government shall have no authority to restrict the distribution of any dietary supplement or other nutritional food on the basis that the manufacturer is making health claims unapproved by the Food and Drug Administration if-- (1) the product has a label clearly stating that its health claims are not FDA approved; and (2) such Administration lacks evidence establishing probable cause that the claims contain misleading information posing a threat to the safety and well-being of those who use such product. (b) Independent Review of Agency Determination of Existence of Probable Cause.--In the event that the Food and Drug Administration determines that there is probable cause that the claims", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01028", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00333", "text": "Based on a cosmological N-body simulation we analyze spatial and kinematic alignments of satellite halos within six times the virial radius of group size host halos (Rvir). We measure three different types of spatial alignment: halo alignment between the orientation of the group central substructure (GCS) and the distribution of its satellites, radial alignment between the orientation of a satellite and the direction towards its GCS, and direct alignment between the orientation of the GCS and that of its satellites. In analogy we use the directions of satellite velocities and probe three further types of alignment: the radial velocity alignment between the satellite velocity and connecting line between satellite and GCS, the halo velocity alignment between the orientation of the GCS and satellite velocities and the auto velocity alignment between the satellites orientations and their velocities. We find that satellites are preferentially located along the major axis of the GCS within at least 6 Rvir (the range probed here). Furthermore, satellites preferentially point towards the GCS. The most pronounced signal is detected on small scales but a detectable signal extends out to 6 Rvir. The direct alignment signal is weaker, a systematic trend is visible at distances < 2 Rvir. All velocity alignments are highly significant on small scales. Our results suggest that the halo alignment reflects the filamentary large scale structure which extends far beyond the virial radii of the groups. the main contribution to the radial alignment arises from the adjustment of the satellite orientations in the group tidal field. The projected data reveal good agreement with recent results derived from large galaxy surveys. (abridged)", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 320, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00297", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00334", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Commission on the Advancement of Women in the Science and Engineering Work Forces Act''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. The Congress finds that-- (1) a consistently high presence of women in the professional and total work forces of the United States, women continue to be underrepresented in the science and engineering work forces; (2) women scientists and engineers have higher rates of unemployment and underemployment than their male counterparts, the number of women receiving degrees in scientific and engineering disciplines has increased since 1981; (3) artificial barriers exist in the recruitment, retention, and advancement of women in the science and engineering work forces; (4) academia, industry, and government are increasingly aware of the necessity of and the advantages derived from diverse science and engineering work forces; (5) initiatives of the White House Task Force on Women, Minorities, and the Handicapped in Science and Technology and of the Federal Coordinating Council on Science, Engineering, and Technology have been instrumental in raising public awareness of-- (A) the underrepresentation of women in the science and engineering work forces; and (B) the desirability of eliminating artificial barriers to the recruitment, retention, and advancement of women in such work forces; and (6) the establishment of a commission to examine issues raised by these initiatives would help to-- (A) focus greater attention on the importance of eliminating artificial barriers to the recruitment, retention, and advancement of women in the science and engineering work forces and in all employment sectors of the United States; (B) promote work force diversity; (C) sensitize employers to the need to recruit and retain women scientists and engineers in order to overcome projected shortfalls within the science and engineering work forces of the United States during the next 20 years; and (D) encourage the replication of successful recruitment and retention programs by universities, corporations, and Federal agencies having difficulties in employing women scientists and engineers. SEC. 3. ESTABLISHMENT. There is established a commission to be known as the ``Commission on the Advancement of Women in the Science and Engineering Work Forces'' (hereinafter in this Act referred to as the ``Commission''). SEC. 4. DUTY OF COMMISSION. The Commission shall conduct a study to-- (1) identify the number of women in the United States in the science and engineering work forces, and the specific types of occupations", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01018", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00335", "text": "been only one factor. A sharp rise in wage growth reported in the government's January jobs report triggered fears that higher labor costs would lead to higher inflation and, ultimately, to higher interest rates. Stocks sank on the news. But subsequent reports on wages and inflation have been milder, and the markets appear to have stabilized. The February jobs report pointed to an unusually robust labor market: Employers added 313,000 jobs, the largest monthly gain in 1½ years. The unemployment rate remained at a 17-year low of 4.1 percent. Other measures of the economy, though, have been more sluggish. Consumer spending, the economy's primary fuel, has slowed this year and has led many economists to downgrade their forecasts for growth in the January-March quarter. Some now envision an annual growth rate of just 1.7 percent for the quarter. Forecasts for all of 2018, though, still predict an acceleration later this year, driven in part by the stimulative effect of the sweeping tax cuts President Donald Trump pushed through Congress in December and a budget agreement in January to raise government spending by $300 billion over two years. If economic growth does pick up and the job market remains healthy, the Powell Fed is viewed as likely to accelerate its rate hikes, from the three it projected in December to four this year. Even after five rate increases over the past 27 months, the Fed's benchmark rate remains in a still-low range of 1.25 percent to 1.5 percent, up from a record low near zero as recently as December 2015. The Fed's slighter higher key rate has, contributed to higher consumer loan rates, including for home mortgages. Some economists say they think Powell will try to demonstrate at the start of his tenure that he is serious about keeping inflation under control, a central responsibility for any Fed leader. \"Powell will want to make sure he establishes his credentials as an anti-inflation chairman,\" said Sung Won Sohn, an economics professor at California State University, Channel Islands. Besides announcing its rate decision Wednesday, the Fed will update its quarterly forecasts, which will show its expectations for growth, unemployment, inflation and the expected pace of its rate increases over the next three years. Even if the Fed doesn't explicitly predict four rate hikes for 2018, it could effectively signal as much by upgrading its expectations for growth. The Fed's December estimate for economic growth in 2018, as measured", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00729", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00336", "text": "High resolution optical and ultraviolet spectra of two B-type post-Asymptotic Giant Branch (post-AGB) stars in globular clusters, Barnard 29 in M 13 and ROA 5701 in omega Cen, have been analysed using model atmosphere techniques. The optical spectra have been obtained with FEROS on the ESO 2.2-m telescope and the 2d-Coud\\'e spectrograph on the 2.7-m McDonald telescope, while the ultraviolet observations are from the GHRS on the HST. Abundances of light elements (C, N, O, Mg, Al and S) plus Fe have been determined from the optical spectra, while the ultraviolet data provide additional Fe abundance estimates from Fe III absorption lines in the 1875-1900 {\\AA} wavelength region. A general metal underabundance relative to young B-type stars is found for both Barnard 29 and ROA 5701. These results are consistent with the metallicities of the respective clusters, as well as with previous studies of the objects. The derived abundance patterns suggest that the stars have not undergone a gas-dust separation, contrary to previous suggestions, they may have evolved from the AGB before the onset of the third dredge-up. the Fe abundances derived from the HST spectra are lower than those expected from the metallicities of the respective clusters, by 0.5 dex for Barnard 29 and 0.8 dex for ROA 5701. A similar systematic underabundance is also found for other B-type stars in environments of known metallicity, such as the Magellanic Clouds. These results indicate that the Fe III ultraviolet lines may yield abundance values which are systematically too low by typically 0.6 dex and hence such estimates should be treated with caution.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 376, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00207", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00337", "text": "As part of an effort to enlarge the number of well-studied Magellanic-type galaxies, we obtained broadband optical imaging and neutral hydrogen radio synthesis observations of the dwarf irregular galaxy ESO 364-G 029. The optical morphology characteristically shows a bar-like main body with a one-sided spiral arm, an approximately exponential light distribution, and offset photometric and kinematic centers. The HI distribution is mildly asymmetric and, slightly offset from the photometric center, roughly follows the optical brightness distribution, extending to over 1.2 Holmberg radii (where mu_B = 26.5 mag/arcsec^2). In particular, the highest HI column densities closely follow the bar, one-arm spiral, and a third optical extension. The rotation is solid-body in the inner parts but flattens outside of the optical extent. The total HI flux F_HI = 23.1 pm 1.2 Jy km/s, yielding a total HI mass M_HI= (6.4 pm 1.7) x 10^8 Msun (for a distance D = 10.8 pm 1.4 Mpc) and a total HI mass-to-blue-luminosity ratio M_HI/L_B = (0.96 pm 0.14) Msun / Lsun,B (distance independent). The HI data suggest a very complex small-scale HI structure, with evidence of large shells and/or holes, but deeper observations are required for a detailed study. Follow-up observations are also desirable for a proper comparison with the Large Magellanic Cloud, where an optical morphology very similar to ESO 364-G 029 the HI bears little resemblance to the optical.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 341, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00113", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00338", "text": "In a neighborhood of Istanbul that's plastered with Arabic signs, a Syrian refugee whips up his specialty — avocado cream smoothies — at the small, colorful cafe where he works. Majd al-Hassan has been in Turkey for two years, but has to learn much Turkish. He doesn't need to. This area is filled with fellow Syrians. He's paid in cash, under the table, and has to really integrate into Turkish society, he acknowledges. \"We've got Syrian supermarkets, Syrian restaurants — just like back home,\" says Hassan, 26. \"I haven't even applied for a Turkish ID card. If peace comes to Syria, I'll go home tomorrow.\" Nearby, a resident who describes herself as one of the last Turks living on this street near Istanbul's Fatih Mosque says she no longer recognizes her neighborhood. \"Before, this area was only Turkish people, mostly. But now, here, there, everywhere, it's all Syrian people,\" says Tulay Suleyman, who was born here. \"Some Turkish people, they don't like these [new] people. Their culture is a little bit different than ours. [They're] mostly ignorant people — homeless people, low-class.\" Xenophobia has flared with the arrival of migrants in parts of Europe. That has not been as big a problem in Turkey, even though there are some 3 million Syrians here — more than in all of Europe combined. As in Europe, many of the Syrians in Turkey are educated professionals who are under-employed, working off the books for low pay — part of Turkey's swelling black-market economy. At first, when Syrian refugees began streaming over the Turkish border in 2011, the Turkish government granted them a special protected status — but no work permits. Many thought the regime of Syrian President Bashar Assad would fall quickly — another domino in the Arab Spring — and that Syrian refugees would be able to cross back over the border and return home swiftly. With the Syrian war now in its seventh year, Turkey has opened a path to Syrians for official employment. But few have taken it. One of the government's motives in trying to regularize Syrians is that Turks have been worried about having their wages undercut. \"There was a public concern that Turkish people would be unemployed because of the Syrians being employed with lower fees [wages],\" says labor lawyer Mehmet Ata Sarikaripoglu. \"We see what happened in Europe, and", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00604", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00339", "text": "of chlorine and caustic soda produced in the United States comes from the chlor-alkali plants described in paragraph (7) that use the mercury cell chlor-alkali process; (B) cost-effective alternatives are available and in use in the remaining 90 percent of chlorine and caustic soda production; and (C) other countries, including Japan, have already banned the mercury cell chlor-alkali process; (9) the chlor-alkali industry acknowledges that-- (A) mercury can contaminate products manufactured at mercury cell facilities; and (B) the use of some of those products results in the direct and indirect release of mercury; (10) those quantities of mercury known to have been used or to be in use, neither the chlor-alkali industry nor the Environmental Protection Agency is able-- (A) to adequately account for the disposition of the mercury used at those facilities; or (B) to accurately estimate current mercury emissions; and (11) it is critically important that the United States work aggressively toward the minimization of supply, demand, and releases of mercury, both domestically and internationally. SEC. 3. STATEMENT OF POLICY. Congress declares that the United States should develop policies and programs that will-- (1) reduce mercury use and emissions within the United States; (2) reduce mercury releases from the reservoir of mercury currently in use or circulation within the United States; and (3) reduce exposures to mercury, particularly exposures of women of childbearing age and young children. SEC. 4. USE OF MERCURY IN CHLORINE AND CAUSTIC SODA MANUFACTURING. (a) In General.--Title I of the Toxic Substances Control Act (15 U.S.C. 2601 et seq.) is amended by inserting after section 6 the following: ``SEC. 6A. USE OF MERCURY IN CHLORINE AND CAUSTIC SODA MANUFACTURING. ``(a) Definitions.--In this section: ``(1) Chlor-alkali facility.--The term `chlor-alkali facility' means a facility used for the manufacture of chlorine or caustic soda using a mercury cell process. ``(2) Hazardous waste; solid waste.--The terms `hazardous waste' and `solid waste' have the meanings given those terms in section 1004 of the Solid Waste Disposal Act (42 U.S.C. 6903). ``(b", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00977", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00340", "text": "\" away from its border and create a safe zone in the area. Turkey considers the Syrian Kurdish militia in control of Afrin, the People's Defense Units or YPG, an extension of the Kurdish insurgency within its borders. On Monday, Turkish authorities said they had detained 311 people for allegedly engaging in \"terrorist propaganda\" through social media postings critical of the Afrin offensive. The Interior Ministry said the suspects, who are accused of supporting the Syrian Kurdish forces, were detained in the past week but did not provide further details. The Paris-based media watchdog Reporters Without Borders called the detentions a government \"witch hunt against critics.\" Turkish troops and allied Syrian forces have met with stiff resistance as they try to push into Afrin, and the capture of Bursayah Hill marked their biggest advance since the start of the offensive. The operation has so far claimed the lives of 61 civilians in Afrin, three in Turkish towns along the border and five Turkish soldiers, according to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. The Turkish-led offensive has opened a new front in the civil war, which is far from over recent gains by Assad's forces and the expulsion of the Islamic State group from nearly all the territory it once held. The government is now focused on the northwestern province of Idlib, which is dominated by al-Qaida-linked militants and home to more than 2.6 million people, nearly half of whom have fled from other areas. Volunteer first responders known as the White Helmets say the airstrikes on Monday hit the province's largest vegetable market, in the town of Saraqeb. The Qasioun news agency, which covers events in opposition-held areas, said 14 people were killed. The Observatory, an opposition-linked group that monitors all sides of the conflict, also said 14 were killed, including six children. Another two people, including a child, were killed in the attack on the hospital. The activist-run Edlib Media Center posted photographs of the exterior of the damaged building. Videos of rescuers sifting through the rubble showed them emerging with a survivor, apparently a medic. Mohammed Abrash, a doctor in Idlib city, said the only hospital in Saraqeb was now out of order. The government appears to have stepped up its bombing campaign in Idlib in recent days. The Observatory reported 90 airstrikes in Idlib on Monday alone, killing a total of 21 people. It said airstrikes on Sunday killed 17. Sandy al-Obe", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00787", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00341", "text": "of the health claim petition from the Secretary; and ``(F) you will exercise independent professional judgment, free of any external influence and any unscientific bias that might interfere with the objective evaluation of the health claim. ``(5) Failure to abide by the above rules will result in disbarment from the Independent Scientific Review program and disallowance of all compensation for any review undertaken. ``(b) Confirmation of Independent Scientific Reviewer Status.--No later than 30 days after the Secretary determines that a health claim meets the criteria established in section 3 of the Health Information Independence Act for government approval, including the certifications required under subsection (a)(4) of this section, from a person who seeks to serve as an Independent Scientific Reviewer, the Secretary shall notify that person whether he or she satisfies the qualification criteria specified in such subsection and is, thereby, eligible to be selected to serve as an Independent Scientific Reviewer. ``(c) Random Selection of Independent Scientific Reviewer to Evaluate Health Claim.--Not later than 15 days after the Secretary determines that a health claim meets the criteria established in section 3 of the Health Information Independence Act for government approval, the Secretary shall select an Independent Scientific Reviewer at random and shall provide that person with a complete copy of the health claim petition for evaluation. The Secretary shall not reveal the name of the Independent Scientific Reviewer to the public or to the health claim petitioner until after the Secretary receives from the Independent Scientific Reviewer all publicly available scientific evidence reviewed and a complete evaluation of the health claim. ``(d) All Publicly Available Scientific Evidence Shall Be Reviewed.--Upon receipt of a health claim petition, the Independent Scientific Reviewer shall acquire and evaluate all publicly available scientific evidence relevant to the claim. The Independent Scientific Reviewer shall determine whether credible scientific evidence supports the health claim. ``(e) Every Health Claim Shall Be Recommended for Approval That Is Supported by Credible Scientific Evidence.--If the Independent Scientific Reviewer finds that credible scientific evidence supports the health claim, the Independent Scientific Reviewer shall recommend to the Secretary that the health claim be approved. If the Independent Scientific Reviewer finds the scientific evidence in support of the claim less than conclusive, suggestive but not conclusive, preliminary and inconclusive, or generally accepted but not proven to a conclusive degree, or if the Independent Scientific Reviewer finds the claim to convey a potentially misleading connotation, the Independent Scientific Reviewer shall also recommend that the health claim be approved accompanied by a concise disclaimer carefully worded to render", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01031", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00342", "text": "This work is part of the NUGA survey of CO emission in nearby active galaxies. We present observations of NGC4569, a member of the Virgo Cluster. We analyse the molecular gas distribution and kinematics in the central region and we investigate a possible link to the strong starburst present at the nucleus. 70% of the 1.1x10^9 Msolar of molecular gas detected in the inner 20\" is found to be concentrated within the inner 800 pc and is distributed along the large scale stellar bar seen in near-infrared observations. A hole in the CO distribution coincides with the nucleus where most of the Halpha emission and blue light are emitted. The kinematics are modelled in three different ways, ranging from the purely geometrical to the most physical. This approach allows us to constrain progressively the physical properties of the galaxy and eventually to emerge with a reasonable fit to an analytical model of orbits in a barred potential. Fitting an axisymmetric model shows that the non-circular motions must be comparable in amplitude to the circular motions (120 km/s). Fitting a model based on elliptical orbits allows us to identify with confidence the single inner Lindblad resonance (ILR) of the large scale bar. Finally, a model based on analytical solutions for the gas particle orbits in a weakly barred potential constrained by the ILR radius reproduces the observations well. The mass inflow rate is then estimated and discussed based on the best fit model solution. The gravitational torques implied by this model are able to efficiently funnel the gas inside the ILR down to 300 pc, another mechanism must take over to fuel the nuclear starburst inside 100 pc.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 342, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00251", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00343", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Rapid Pathogen Identification to Delivery of Cures Act''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS AND POLICY. (a) Findings.--The Congress finds as follows: (1) The possibility exists today that terrorists or others who intend harm to United States forces deployed abroad or to the homeland will use techniques in biotechnology to enhance the transmissibility, stability, virulence, or host range of a biological agent, or to render existing diagnostic, therapeutic, and vaccine strategies or innate immune responses against a biological agent less effective. (2) This possibility will likely grow over time as such techniques develop, improve, and spread as an inevitable result of biotechnology innovation. (3) Natural processes can also lead to the emergence of previously unknown and harmful pathogens or render known pathogens resistant to existing diagnostic, therapeutic, or adaptive immune approaches. (4) Long delays in developing new and effective responses to pathogens are typical. The discovery, development, and approval process for new drugs and vaccines typically requires 10 to 20 years and costs an average of $800 million. These constraints reflect the long, costly research and development process, including the failure of most drug or vaccine candidates to demonstrate favorable characteristics in pre- clinical testing, as well as the expensive, time-consuming clinical trials required to prove the safety and effectiveness of new treatments. (5) Congress has already authorized the abridgement of the long testing and approval process required to ensure safety and efficacy under the emergency conditions of a severe outbreak of a harmful pathogen. it will likely still take years for even an experimental treatment or vaccine to become available. (6) There is no coordinated, focused research and development program or overall national strategy to achieve significant and dramatic reductions in the timeframe from the identification of a pathogen to the development and emergency approval for human use of reasonably safe and effective new biodefense medical countermeasures against a previously unknown or engineered pathogen or toxin. (7) Even utilizing existing technologies, there is no organized capability in the public or private sector to rapidly screen drug candidates for potential therapeutic activity against pathogens, develop and manufacture drug, biological, or medical device products, or test already approved treatments for efficacy against a previously unknown or engineered biological threat that puts our deployed armed forces or the homeland at risk. (8) In the area of infectious disease in particular, private sector firms are abandoning all types of innovation and research and development in", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01036", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00344", "text": "prevention programs, drug treatment and other programs designed to reduce drug use in the county where the assets are seized. (7) Texas's ``corroboration'' law was passed thanks to a coalition of Christian conservatives and civil rights activists. As one Texas preacher related, requiring corroboration ``puts a protective hedge around the ninth commandment, `You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor.' As long as people bear false witness against their neighbors, this Biblical law will not be outdated.'' (8) During floor debate, conservative Texas legislators pointed out that Mosaic law requires corroboration: ``One witness shall not rise up against a man for any iniquity, or for any sin, in any sin that he sinneth: at the mouth of two witnesses, or at the mouth of three witnesses, shall the matter be established.'' Deuteronomy 19:15. Jesus concurred with the corroboration rule: ``If thy brother shall trespass against thee, go and tell him his fault between thee and him alone.... But if he will not hear thee, then take with thee one or two more, that in the mouth of two or three witnesses every word may be established.'' Matthew 18:15-16. (9) Texas's ``corroboration'' law had an immediate positive impact. Once prosecutors needed more than just the word of one person to convict someone of a drug offense they began scrutinizing law enforcement tactics. This new scrutiny led to the uncovering of massive corruption and civil rights abuse by the Dallas police force. In what became known nationally as the ``Sheetrock'' scandal, Dallas police officers and undercover informants were found to have set up dozens of innocent people, mostly Mexican immigrants, by planting fake drugs on them consisting of chalk-like material used in Sheetrock and other brands of wallboard. The revelations led to the dismissal of over 40 cases (some of those arrested were already deported). In April 2005, a former Dallas narcotics detective was sentenced to 5 years in prison for his role in the scheme. Charges against others are pending. (10) Many regional antidrug task forces receive up to 75 percent of their funding from the Byrne grant program. As such, the United States Government is accountable for corruption and civil rights abuses inherent in their operation. It is the sense of Congress that Byrne grants should be prohibited for States that do not exercise effective control over these task forces. At a bare minimum", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00962", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00345", "text": "We present the results of a deep wide-field near-infrared survey of 12 square degrees of the Pleiades conducted as part of the UKIDSS Deep Infrared Sky Survey (UKIDSS) Galactic Cluster Survey (GCS). We have extracted over 340 high probability proper motion members down to 0.03 solar masses using a combination of UKIDSS photometry and proper motion measurements obtained by cross-correlating the GCS with data from the Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS), the Isaac Newton (INT) and the Canada-France-Hawai'i (CFHT) telescopes. Additionally, we have unearthed 73 new candidate brown dwarf members on the basis of five band UKIDSS photometry alone. We have identified 23 substellar multiple system candidates out of 63 candidate brown dwarfs from the (Y-K,Y) and (J-K,J) colour-magnitude diagrams, yielding a binary frequency of 28-44% in the 0.075-0.030 Msun mass range. Our estimate is three times larger than the binary fractions reported from high-resolution imaging surveys of field ultracool dwarfs and Pleiades brown dwarfs. it is marginally consistent with our earlier ``peculiar'' photometric binary fraction of 50+/-10% presented in Pinfield et al. (2003), in good agreement with the 32-45% binary fraction derived from the recent Monte-Carlo simulations of Maxted & Jeffries (2005) and compatible with the 26+/-10% frequency recently estimated by Basri & Reiners (2006). A tentative estimate of the mass ratios from photometry alone seems to support the hypothesis that binary brown dwarfs tend to reside in near equal-mass ratio systems. (abridged)", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 366, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00349", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00346", "text": "In this paper we develop a consistent, phenomenological methodology to measure preferred-frame effects (PFEs) in binary pulsars that exhibit a high rate of periastron advance. We show that in these systems the existence of a preferred frame for gravity leads to an observable characteristic `signature' in the timing data, which uniquely identifies this effect. We expand the standard Damour-Deruelle timing formula to incorporate this `signature' and show how this new PFE timing model can be used to either measure or constrain the parameters related to a violation of the local Lorentz invariance of gravity in the strong internal fields of neutron stars. In particular, we demonstrate that in the presence of PFEs we expect a set of the new timing parameters to have a unique relationship that can be measured and tested incontrovertibly. This new methodology is applied to the Double Pulsar, which turns out to be the ideal test system for this kind of experiments.The currently available dataset allows us only to study the impact of PFEs on the orbital precession rate, d omega/dt, providing limits that are, at the moment, clearly less stringent than existing limits on PFE strong-field parameters. simulations show that the constraints improve fast in the coming years, allowing us to study all new PFE timing parameters and to check for the unique relationship between them. Finally, we show how a combination of several suitable systems in a \"PFE antenna array\", expected to be availabe for instance with the Square-Kilometre-Array (SKA), provides full sensitivity to possible violations of local Lorentz invariance in strong gravitational fields in all directions of the sky. This PFE antenna array may eventually allow us to determine the direction of a preferred frame should it exist.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 359, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00354", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00347", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS. (a) Short Title.--This Act may be cited as the ``Depleted Uranium Munitions Suspension and Study Act of 2001''. (b) Table of Contents.--The table of contents of this Act is as follows: Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents. Sec. 2. Findings. Sec. 3. Purposes. Sec. 4. Suspension of use of depleted uranium munitions. Sec. 5. Suspension of sale and export of depleted uranium munitions. Sec. 6. Comptroller general investigation of plutonium contamination. Sec. 7. Study of health effects of depleted uranium. Sec. 8. Epa studies of environmental contamination by depleted uranium. Sec. 9. Environmental mitigation and cleanup requirements. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. Congress makes the following findings: (1) The highest regard should be given to the health and safety of the Nation's military personnel. (2) Among the characteristics of depleted uranium munitions are that (A) they are pyrophoric, resulting in the munition burning upon impact with a target, and (B) the impact of a depleted uranium munition on a target creates aerosol particles, which can be inhaled. (3) Depleted uranium munitions were used by the United States in 1991 during the Persian Gulf War in Southwest Asia and during the conflicts in the former Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Bosnia, Kosovo, Serbia, and Montenegro) during the 1990s, with approximately 300 metric tons of depleted uranium being used during the Gulf War, three metric tons being used in Bosnia, and over nine metric tons being used in Kosovo, Serbia, and Montenegro. (4) The United States has provided or sold depleted uranium and depleted uranium munitions to allied nations, and the United Kingdom used depleted uranium munitions during the Persian Gulf War. (5) Depleted uranium munitions have been used at numerous United States military installations, proving grounds, and testing facilities. (6) The Yugoslav and Iraqi Governments have claimed that depleted uranium is affecting the health of their people, such claims have to be independently verified. (7) No definitive cause has been established for the various illnesses (commonly referred to as ``Gulf War Syndrome'') that currently affect approximately 130,000 United States servicemembers and veterans who served in", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00842", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00348", "text": "LOS ANGELES (AP) — Stars react to the Golden Globe Award nominations announced Monday morning in Beverly Hills, California: — \"It was my morning to carpool, so I just dropped the kids off.\" — Laurie Metcalf, nominated for her supporting role in \"Lady Bird,\" on her not-so-glamorous morning. — \"It's a good day when you wake up and find out that your show is on a list with 'Game of Thrones.'\" — Dan Fogelman, creator of \"This Is Us,\" nominated for TV drama series. — \"I'm descending into nonsensical happy words because I am not, I can't believe it, it's just amazing. It's just amazing.\" — Greta Gerwig, nominated for writing \"Lady Bird,\" which she also directed. — \"I haven't started but I've been looking at a bottle and it's staring me back.\" — Armie Hammer, on whether it's too early to start drinking Champagne to celebrate his supporting actor nod for \"Call Me By Your Name.\" — \"We're having champagne for breakfast!\" — Margot Robbie, a double nominee as producer and star of \"I, Tonya.\" — \"This is a Chanukah miracle.\" - Pamela Adlon, up for actress in a TV comedy series for \"Better Things.\" — \"We are, in a few hours, we are about to have our London premiere of 'Darkest Hour.' Tonight. So this is sort of a bit of frosting on the cake.\" — Gary Oldman, nominated for actor in a drama film for his portrayal of Winston Churchill. — \"Issa Rae is a hero of mine. I'm going to try not to stalk her at the Globes. I nearly died when I heard my name and hers in the same sentence. I'm dweebing out pretty hard.\" — Rachel Brosnahan of \"The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel,\" nominated alongside Rae for actress in a TV comedy series. — \"What wonderful news on such a snowy day in London.\" — Judi Dench, nominated for her leading role in \"Victoria & Abdul.\" — \"This is good news for Albert Einstein.\" — Geoffrey Rush, nominated for playing the scientist in \"Genius.\" — \"No matter how long you do it, it's an uncertain life, so you're always happy for encouragement. You're always happy for someone to say, 'Keep going. Keep going. We", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00768", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00349", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Attorney-Client Privilege Protection Act of 2009''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS AND PURPOSE. (a) Findings.--Congress finds the following: (1) Justice is served when all parties to litigation are represented by experienced diligent counsel. (2) Protecting attorney-client privileged communications from compelled disclosure fosters voluntary compliance with the law. (3) To serve the purpose of the attorney-client privilege, attorneys and clients must have a degree of confidence that they will not be required to disclose privileged communications. (4) The ability of an organization to have effective compliance programs and to conduct comprehensive internal investigations is enhanced when there is clarity and consistency regarding the attorney-client privilege. (5) Prosecutors, investigators, enforcement officials, and other officers or employees of Government agencies have been able to, and can continue to, conduct their work while respecting attorney-client and work product protections and the rights of individuals, including seeking and discovering facts crucial to the investigation and prosecution of organizations. (6) Congress recognized that law enforcement can effectively investigate without attorney-client privileged information when it banned demands by the Attorney General for privileged materials in the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act. See section 1968(c)(2) of title 18, United States Code. (7) the existence of numerous investigative tools that do not impact the attorney-client relationship, the Department of Justice and other agencies have increasingly created and implemented policies that tend to undermine the adversarial system of justice, such as encouraging organizations to waive attorney-client privilege and work product protections to avoid indictment or other sanctions. (8) An indictment can have devastating consequences on an organization, potentially eliminating the ability of the organization to survive post-indictment or to dispute the charges against it at trial. (9) Waiver demands and related policies of Government agencies are encroaching on the constitutional rights and other legal protections of employees. (10) As recognized throughout the common law, and specifically in the crime-fraud exception, the attorney-client privilege, work product doctrine, and payment of counsel fees cannot and shall not be used as devices to conceal wrongdoing or to cloak advice on evading the law. (b) Purpose.--It is the purpose of this Act to place on each agency clear and practical limits designed to preserve the attorney-client privilege and work product protections available to an organization and preserve the constitutional rights and other legal protections available to employees of", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00986", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00350", "text": "progress in the theoretical knowledge of open cluster remnants and the growing search for observational identifications in recent years, open questions still remain. The methods used to analyze open cluster remnants and criteria to define them as physical systems are not homogeneous. In this work we present a systematic method for studying these objects that provides a view of their properties and allows their characterization. Eighteen remnant candidates are analyzed by means of photometric and proper motion data. These data provide information on objects and their fields. We establish criteria for characterizing open cluster remnants, taking observational uncertainties into account. 2MASS J and H photometry is employed (i) to study structural properties of the objects by means of radial stellar density profiles, (ii) to test for any similarity between objects and fields with a statistical comparison method applied to the distributions of stars in the CMDs, and (iii) to obtain ages, reddening values, and distances from the CMD, taking an index of isochrone fit into account. The UCAC2 proper motions allowed an objective comparison between objects and large solid angle offset fields. The objective analysis based on the present methods indicates 13 open-cluster remnants in the sample. Evidence of the presence of binary stars is found, as expected for dynamically evolved systems. Finally, we infer possible evolutionary stages among remnants from the structure, proper motion, and CMD distributions. The low stellar statistics for individual objects is overcome by means of the construction of composite proper motion and CMD diagrams. The distributions of remnants in the composite diagrams resemble the single-star and unresolved binary star distributions of open clusters.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 316, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00043", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00351", "text": "We calculate eclipsing light curves for accretion flows around a rotating black hole taking into account the atmospheric effects of the companion star. In the cases of no atmospheric effects, the light curves contain the information of the black hole spin because most of the X-ray photons around 1 keV usually come from the blueshifted part of the accretion flow near the black hole shadow, and the size and the position of the black hole shadow depend on the spin. In these cases, when most of the emission comes from the vicinity of the event horizon, the light curves become asymmetric at ingress and egress. We next investigate the atmospheric absorption and scattering effects of the companion stars. By using the solar-type atmospheric model, we have taken into account the atmospheric effects of the companion star, such as the photoionization by HI and HeI. We found that the eclipsing light curves observed at 1 keV possibly contain the information of the black hole spin. in our atmospheric model, the effects of the atmosphere are much larger than the effects of the black hole spin. Therefore, even in the case that the light curves contain the information of the black hole spin, it may be difficult to extract the information of the black hole spin if we do not have the realistic atmospheric profiles, such as the temperature, and the number densities for several elements. Even in such cases, the light-curve asymmetries due to the rotation of the accretion disc exist. Only when we have the reliable atmospheric model, in principle, the information of the strong-gravity regions, such as the black hole spin, can be obtained from the eclipsing light curves.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 333, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00097", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00352", "text": "We present the studies of the decays $B\\to a_1(1260) \\pi$ and $a_1(1260) K$ within the framework of QCD factorization. Due to the G-parity, unlike the vector meson, the chiral-odd two-parton light-cone distribution amplitudes of the $a_1$ are antisymmetric under the exchange of quark and anti-quark momentum fractions in the SU(2) limit. The branching ratios for $a_1 \\pi$ modes are sensitive to tree--penguin interference. The resultant ${\\cal B}(B^0 \\to a_1^\\pm \\pi^\\mp)$ are in good agreement with the data. using the current Cabibbo--Kobayashi--Maskawa angles, $\\beta=22.0^\\circ$ and $\\gamma=59.0^\\circ$, our results for the mixing-induced parameter $S$ and $\\alpha_{\\rm eff}$ differ from the measurements of the time-dependent CP asymmetries in the decay $B^0\\to a_1^\\pm \\pi^\\mp$ at about the $3.7\\sigma$ level. This puzzle may be resolved by using a larger $\\gamma \\gtrsim 80^\\circ$. For $a_1 K$ modes, the annihilation topologies give sizable contributions and are sensitive to the first Gegenbauer moment of the leading-twist tensor (chiral-odd) distribution amplitude of the $a_1$ meson. The $B\\to a_1 K$ amplitudes resemble the corresponding $B\\to \\pi K$ ones very much. Taking the ratios of corresponding CP-averaged $a_1 K$ and $\\pi K$ branching ratios, we can extract information relevant to the electroweak penguins and annihilations. The existence of new-physics in the electroweak penguin sector and final state interactions during decays can thus be explored.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 414, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00264", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00353", "text": "good spirits the heat and humidity as they prepared for the congressional baseball match that pits Republicans against Democrats. The popular annual face-off, which raises money for charity, is scheduled to go forward as planned Thursday evening at Nationals Park in Washington. Hodgkinson has been in the area since March, living out of his van, said local FBI Special Agent In Charge Tim Slater. Democratic former Alexandria Mayor Bill Euille said he had spoken often with the man on recent mornings at the nearby YMCA. Hodgkinson's apparent Facebook page included strong criticism of Republicans and the Trump administration. But Slater said authorities were still working to determine a motive and had \"no indication\" Hodgkinson knew about the ball practice ahead of time. The GOP lawmakers' team was taking batting practice when gunshots rang out and chaos erupted. Scalise was fielding balls at second base when he was shot, according to lawmakers present. Rep. Mo Brooks, an Alabama Republican, said his colleague \"crawled into the outfield, leaving a trail of blood.\" \"We started giving him the liquids, I put pressure on his wound in his hip,\" Brooks said. The gunman had a rifle and \"a lot of ammo,\" said Sen. Jeff Flake of Arizona, who was at the practice. Texas Rep. Joe Barton, still in his baseball uniform, told reporters that Scalise's security detail, Capitol Hill police and then Alexandria police returned fire in a battle that lasted as long as 10 minutes and included dozens of shots. \"The security detail saved a lot of lives,\" he said. \"It was scary.\" Lawmakers took cover in the dugout. Barton said his son, Jack, got under an SUV. Texas Rep. Mike Conaway described what sounded like an explosion, then lawmakers scattering off the field as police roamed in search of the gunman and engaged him. \"The guy's down to a handgun, he dropped his rifle, they shoot him, I go over there, they put him in handcuffs,\" Conaway said, adding that if the shooter had \"gotten inside the fence, where a bunch of guys were holed up in the dugout, it would have been like shooting fish in a barrel.\" Rep. Jeff Duncan of South Carolina said he had just left the practice and encountered the apparent gunman in the parking lot before the shooting. The man calmly asked which party's lawmakers were practicing and Duncan told him they were the Republicans. The man thanked him. The wounded Capitol Police officers were identified", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00736", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00354", "text": "Ni\\'eb\\'e is a food leguminous plant cultivated in tropical Africa for its seeds rich in proteins. The main problem setted by its production is the conservation of harvests. In the fields as in the stocks, the seeds are destroyed by pests (bruchids). These bruchids are always associated with several entomophagous species of hymenoptera. Four entomophagous species were listed : an egg parasitoid (U lariophaga Stephan), and three solitary larval and pupal ectoparasitoids (D. Basalis Rondoni, Pteromalidae; E. vuilleti Crawford and E. orientalis Crawford, Eupelmidae). The survey of the populations shows that at the beginning of storage, E orientalis is the most abundant specie (72 %) E. vuilleti and D. Basalis respectively represent 12 % and 16 % of the hymenoptera. During storage, the E orientalis population decreases gradually and it disappears completely in less than two months after the beginning of storage. E. Vuilleti population becomes gradually more important than D. basalis population which regress until less than 10 % of the emerging parasitoids. E vuilleti adopts ovicide and larvicide behaviour against D. Basalis. This behaviour explains its population regression inside granaries. If the aggressive behaviour of this Eupelmidae is a constant, that could also explain the disappearance of E orientalis. if this species is maintained in stocks, it would be an effective control agent of bruchids according to their parasitic capacities. This study shows that ovicide and larvicide behaviour of E vuilleti is not expressed against E orientalis. When the females have exclusively the hosts already parasitized by E orientalis, they do not lay eggs. The disappearance of E orientalis could not thus be explained by the presence of E. vuilleti.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 397, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00284", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00355", "text": "Taipei (CNA) - Taiwan attaches importance to its relations with Japan and hopes to forge closer ties with the country, Vice President Chen Chien-jen (陳建仁) said Tuesday. Speaking with a visiting delegation of Taiwanese expatriates in Japan, Chen described Japan as an important ally and said that the two sides are closely tied in terms of culture and economy. He said bilateral relations moved a step closer when the Japanese government made the decision to change the name of its representative office in Taiwan from the \"Interchange Association, Japan\" to the \"Japan-Taiwan Exchange Association\" at the beginning of this year. It also changed the Chinese name of the organization by adding the names \"Japan\" and \"Taiwan,\" he said. the absence of formal diplomatic ties, cooperation between the two countries remains strong, both in terms of economy and culture, the vice president said. Two-way tourism has also flourished, he went on, noting that Taiwanese visitors to Japan reached 4.56 million last year, while Japanese tourists coming to the island stood at 1.89 million. While Taiwan is seeking to join the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), and pushing its \"5+2 Industrial Innovation Program,\" Chen said the government hopes that Taiwanese expatriates can also use their influence to help Taiwan forge an economic partnership agreement with Japan. Meanwhile Chen extended his gratitude to the delegation for its long-term support for Taiwan, and for its help in promoting bilateral friendship.", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 303, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00681", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00356", "text": "Fiber will be heading next. Six potential cities—Portland, OR, San Jose, CA, Los Angeles, CA, Dallas, TX, Oklahoma City, OK, Tampa, FL, Jacksonville, FL, Phoenix, AZ—are listed as places the company is exploring. SEE: Louisville and the Future of the Smart City (a ZDNet/TechRepublic special report) William Hahn, an analyst at Gartner, said going to even one-third of those cities next year would be impressive for Google Fiber. he said he doesn't foresee a shift in the market in the next two years. The next big gamechanger? The rollout of 5G, which will give providers more wireless to potentially play with in cities and hard-to-reach rural areas. In five US cities in 2018, Verizon plans to roll out 5G fixed wireless, which will compete directly with fiber in speed and low latency. Antlitz said it's probable that Fiber will collaborate with incumbent ISPs to target unserved and underserved communities, including those in emerging markets and harder-to-reach rural spots. \"I think they don't want to be an ISP,\" Antlitz said. \"They're trying to prove a point.\" The point? That faster, 1 gigabit internet can be affordable—and that the existing ISPs just needed a push. \"They got what they wanted,\" Antlitz added. Stay informed, click here to subscribe to the TechRepublic Next Big Thing newsletter. Subscribe Also see", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 302, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00528", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00357", "text": "any civil action against a common carrier railroad under section 4, 4C, 15, or 16 of this Act, the district court shall not be required to defer to the primary jurisdiction of the Surface Transportation Board.''. SEC. 5. FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION ENFORCEMENT. (a) Clayton Act.--Section 11(a) of the Clayton Act (15 U.S.C. 21(a)) is amended by striking ``subject to jurisdiction'' and all that follows through the first semicolon and inserting ``subject to jurisdiction under subtitle IV of title 49, United States Code (except for agreements described in section 10706 of that title and transactions described in section 11321 of that title);''. (b) FTC Act.--Section 5(a)(2) of the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 44(a)(1)) is amended by striking ``common carriers subject'' and inserting ``common carriers, except for railroads, subject''. SEC. 6. EXPANSION OF TREBLE DAMAGES TO RAIL COMMON CARRIERS. Section 4 of the Clayton Act (15 U.S.C. 15) is amended by-- (1) redesignating subsections (b) and (c) as subsections (c) and (d), respectively; and (2) inserting after subsection (a) the following: ``(b) Subsection (a) shall apply to common carriers by rail subject to the jurisdiction of the Surface Transportation Board under subtitle IV of title 49, United States Code, without regard to whether such railroads have filed rates or whether a complaint challenging a rate has been filed.''. SEC. 7. TERMINATION OF EXEMPTIONS IN TITLE 49. (a) In General.--Section 10706 of title 49, United States Code, is amended-- (1) in subsection (a)-- (A) in paragraph (2)(A), by striking ``, and the Sherman Act (15 U.S.C. 1 et seq.),'' and all that follows through ``or carrying out the agreement'' in the third sentence; (B) in paragraph (4)-- (i) by striking the second sentence; and (ii) by striking ``the'' in the third sentence and inserting ``The''; and (C) in paragraph (5)(A), by striking ``, and the antitrust laws set forth in paragraph (2) of this", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00917", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00358", "text": "If you've ever wondered why so many companies are making moves toward the cloud, the answer may surprise you: It's fear of missing out. According to recent report from Commvault and CITO Research, 81% of business leaders are embracing the cloud because they're concerned about missing out on cloud advancements. So, just how many executives are making that move? According to the report, 93% of respondents said that at least some of their processes were being moved to the cloud. Additionally, 56% said that they had already moved, or intended to move, all of their processes to the cloud. \"The survey unequivocally confirms that Cloud FOMO is real and on the mind of C-level and other IT leaders who are grappling with bringing the value of this new frontier to their organizations, from increasing IT outcomes to being a strategic driver for increased business agility,\" Dan Woods, CTO of CITO Research, said in the release. \"The research indicates the migration toward the cloud is underway in full force, even as companies struggle to understand cloud capabilities. Data protection and recovery was highlighted as a fundamental area where the cloud is having significant business impact.\" SEE: Special report: The cloud v. data center decision (free PDF) Don Foster, senior director of solutions marketing for Commvault, said in the report that cloud technologies are still seen as a key driver for digital transformation. As such, it makes sense that these business leaders would be concerned about getting to the cloud quickly. The most important cloud projects cited by the respondents were data protection and backup, and data recovery, as noted by 75% of the respondents and 63% respectively. there are some challenges holding these companies back from realizing their cloudy dreams. The sheer volume of data was cited by 68% of those surveyed as a key barrier, while 65% pointed to a struggle with skills and talent, and 55% said policies were the biggest barrier. These business leaders are putting their money on the line, too. Some 87% plan on putting more money in their budget for cloud investments. The reasons for why these respondents wanted to move to the cloud were varied. Of those surveyed, 33% noted that \"customer focus through business agility\" was their primary reason for moving to the cloud. Cost savings were the primary reason for 22% of respondents and 20% said \"innovation and development of new apps, products and services\" was the driving force behind their", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00511", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00359", "text": "We present a study of the distribution of AGN in clusters of galaxies with a uniformly selected, spectroscopically complete sample of 35 AGN in eight clusters at z = 0.06 to 0.31. We find that the 12 AGN with L_X > 10^42 erg/s in galaxies more luminous than a rest-frame M_R < -20 mag are more centrally concentrated than typical cluster galaxies of this luminosity, these AGN have comparable velocity and substructure distributions to other cluster members. a larger sample of 30 cluster AGN with L_X > 10^41 erg/s do not show evidence for greater concentration than inactive members, nor evidence for a different kinematic or substructure distribution. As we do see clear differences in the spatial and kinematic distributions of the blue Butcher-Oemler and red galaxy populations, any difference in the AGN and inactive galaxy population must be less distinct than that between these two pairs of populations. Comparison of the AGN fraction selected via X-ray emission in this study to similarly-selected AGN in the field indicates that the AGN fraction is not significantly lower in clusters, contrary to AGN identified via visible-wavelength emission lines, but similar to the approximately constant radio-selected AGN fraction in clusters and the field. We also find significant evidence for variation between clusters and explore the dependence of cluster AGN fraction on redshift, velocity dispersion, cluster substructure, and Butcher-Oemler fraction. While we see weak evidence for several trends, correlations between these four parameters in our small sample precludes identification of which one(s) most strongly influence the cluster AGN fraction.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 334, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00132", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00360", "text": ",000 people over five years. That number got the judge's attention. Boasberg ruled that the federal Health and Human Services department didn't dig deeply enough into the potential coverage losses. The department \"paid no attention to that deprivation,\" he wrote, and \"this oversight is glaring,\" amounting to rubber-stamping the state's request. state and federal officials contend that many people leaving Medicaid would find private coverage, Boasberg said there was no hard analysis, no \"bottom-line estimate.\" The ruling seemed to catch the Trump administration unprepared. Seema Verma, head of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, called it \"disappointing.\" The administration may appeal, or it may re-run its evaluation of the Kentucky plan to meet the judge's concerns. Medicaid work requirements in a few other states are unaffected. the ruling may make it much harder to approve work requirements in states that have not expanded Medicaid. In such states, Medicaid recipients would face a high risk of losing health care because even paltry earnings could make them ineligible for continued coverage. Verma said the administration won't be deterred from nudging the poor to go to work. \"We will continue to support innovative, state-driven policies that are designed to advance the objectives of the Medicaid program by improving health outcomes for thousands of low-income Americans,\" she said in a statement. Work improves health, the administration argues. The nonpartisan Kaiser Family Foundation estimates that about 60 percent of adults with Medicaid are already working, and among those not working, most either have health problems, are taking care of home or family or are students. Advocates for low-income people say they feel like a corner has been turned, even if the issue is far from settled. \"What's particularly significant is that the judge basically said you have to look at the purpose of Medicaid, which is to provide coverage,\" said Judy Solomon of the nonprofit Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. Work requirements \"were outside the core objectives of the Medicaid program, and he basically said you can't ignore the core objectives.\" Others point out that the judge stopped short of deciding the merits of the case, focusing instead on problems with the process that HHS followed in approving Kentucky's request. Matt Salo, executive director of the nonpartisan National Association of Medicaid Directors, said work requirements may serve the purposes of Medicaid in some states, particularly if that helps convince conservative lawmakers to expand coverage to more uninsured people. \"There's", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00714", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00361", "text": "We estimate the two-point correlation function of dark matter haloes, with masses >10^{13} h^{-1} Mo, that have or not significant substructure. The haloes are identified with a friends of friends algorithm in a large LCDM simulation at two redshift snapshots (z=0 and 1), while halo substructure is determined using an observationally driven method. We find in both epochs a clear and significant signal by which haloes with substructure are more clustered than those with no-substructure. This is true for all the considered halo mass ranges, for the highest halo masses the signal is noisy and present only out to ~20 h^{-1} Mpc. There is also a smooth increase of the halo correlation length with increasing amplitude of the halo substructure. We also find that substructured haloes are typically located in high-density large-scale environments, while the opposite is true for non-substructured haloes. If the haloes found in high-density regions have a relatively earlier formation time, as suggested by recent works, then they do indeed have more time to cluster than haloes, of a similar mass, which form later in the low-density regions. In such a case one would have naively expected that the former (earlier formed) haloes would typically be dynamically more relaxed than the latter (later formed). the higher merging and interaction rate,expected in high-density regions, could disrupt their relatively relaxed dynamical state and thus be the cause for the higher fraction of haloes with substructure found in such regions.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 311, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00495", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00362", "text": "BRASILIA - Around 60 people were killed in a bloody prison riot in the Amazon jungle city of Manaus sparked by a war between rival drug gangs, officials said on Monday, Jan. 2, in the worst violence in over two decades in Brazil's overcrowded penitentiary system. The head of security for Amazonas state, Sergio Fontes, told a news conference that the death toll could rise as authorities get a clearer idea of the scale of the rebellion sparked by a fight between rival drug gangs. Fontes told reporters that several of the dead had their decapitated bodies thrown over the prison wall - and that most of those killed came from one gang. \"This was another chapter in the silent and ruthless war of drug trafficking,\" he said. Pedro Florencio, the Amazonas state prison secretary, said that the massacre was a \"revenge killing\" that formed part of an ongoing feud between criminal gangs in Brazil. The riot began late Sunday and was brought under control by around 7 a.m. on Monday, Fontes said. Authorities were still counting the prisoners to determine how many had escaped, he added, with reports that up to 300 fled. Just as the riot began in one unit of the Anisio Jobim prison complex, dozens of prisoners in the second unit started a mass escape in what authorities said was a coordinated effort to distract guards. Overcrowding is extremely common in Brazil's prisons, which suffer endemic violence and what rights groups call medieval conditions with cells so crowded prisoners have no space to lie down and food is scarce. The Anisio Jobim prison complex currently houses 2,230 inmates having a capacity of only 590. Watchdog groups sharply criticize Brazil for its prisons where deadly riots routinely break out. \"These massacres occur almost daily in Brazil,\" said Father Valdir Silveira, director of Pastoral Carceraria, a Catholic center that monitors prison conditions in Brazil. \"Our prisons were built to annihilate, torture and kill.\" The violence was the latest clash between inmates aligned with the Sao Paulo-based First Capital Command drug gang, Brazil's most powerful, and a local Manaus criminal group known as the North Family. The Manaus-based gang is widely believed to be attacking PCC inmates at the behest of the Rio de Janeiro-based Red Command drug gang, Brazil's second largest. Security analysts have said that a truce that held for years between the PCC and CV was", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00591", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00363", "text": "Wahoo in the Cleveland area. By maintaining the trademark, the Indians will keep control of the logo and its usage. If they surrendered the trademark, another party could use Wahoo anyway it wished. Manfred said the impetus to remove Wahoo came from MLB's commitment to \"building a culture of diversity and inclusion throughout the game.\" The Commissioner had been urging the Indians to drop the logo since 2016, when the club made its first World Series in 19 years and the national spotlight further illuminated an already touchy subject. MLB and the Indians claim that Cleveland being awarded the 2019 All-Star Game did not play into the decision, it's clear that Manfred, who has been exerting more pressure on Dolan to dump Wahoo, did not want another big event tainted by the contentious logo's presence. It was time for it to go. \"While we recognize many of our fans have a longstanding attachment to Chief Wahoo, I'm ultimately in agreement with Commissioner Manfred's desire to remove the logo from our uniforms in 2019,\" Dolan said in announcing the decision. The Indians may consider an alternative logo in the future, but the team has no plans to change its nickname. The club had already taken steps to address the concerns of Wahoo protesters, like reducing the logo's visibility and introducing a block 'C' as the club's primary insignia. That wasn't enough for some Native American groups who believed the logo and nickname diminished them as people. Yenyo believes changing the nickname is the only thing that will alter the behavior of some fans who may not realize how much their actions hurt others. \"If they don't get rid of the name, then you're still going to have fans going down there wearing headdresses and painted in red face,\" he said. There was no immediate reaction from Indians players to MLB's decision. Cleveland fans were quick to respond on social media, weighing in on a topic that has become engrained in the Cleveland sports lexicon for decades. \"It's a big disappointment,\" Jeremiah Baker of North Ridgeville, Ohio, said after picking through a clearance bin of caps with his wife and two children at a suburban sporting goods store. \"Chief Wahoo has been so iconic for so many years, and I understand that some people may be offended, but it's a blow to native Clevelanders.\" It will be interesting to see if Wahoo gains popularity following the decision to remove the scarlet-faced", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00763", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00364", "text": "RALEIGH, N.C. (AP) — North Carolina regulators are discussing tests to measure how much of a little-studied industrial compound may have gotten into backyard garden vegetables near a plant that's been producing that and similar chemicals for decades, a state environmental official said Monday. State agencies are discussing how to structure any test of vegetable gardens near The Chemours Co. plant near Fayetteville, state waste management director Michael Scott told a scientific advisory panel. The talks come after Dutch researchers recently reported finding GenX and some older, related chemicals in vegetables near one of the company's factories in the Netherlands. The Dutch study released earlier this month concluded that the chemicals released into the air were found in about 40 percent of the food samples collected within about 2 ½ miles (4 kilometers) of the European factory. The report concluded that garden crops were safe to eat, but the national public health institute advised people living closest to the plant to limit how much they consumed. GenX and related chemicals also have been made for years at the Fayetteville complex. The inter-agency discussions in North Carolina haven't concluded whether to test nearby gardens or how any test would be conducted. The talks came in response to neighbors wanting answers about their potential health risks from plants, fish and venison, Scott said. Later steps could lead to further testing of commercial agricultural production. \"Our focus has been on the home gardens, at least initially,\" Scott told the board, which is studying ways to protect public health from new and emerging chemicals, including GenX and hexavalent chromium. Tests on fish collected from waterways near both the North Carolina and Dutch Chemours plants should be available within a couple of months, he said. GenX has been used since 2009. It replaced perfluorooctanoic acid or PFOA — a chemical that was shown to stay in the body longer and which was blamed for increased cancer risks. Both compounds were used in making non-stick Teflon and other materials. Studies point to GenX and related chemicals as having toxic effects in animals, but its effects in humans aren't known. There are no federal health standards for GenX and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency classifies it as an \"emerging contaminant\" to be studied. Spokesmen for Wilmington, Delaware-based Chemours did not respond to a request to comment. Michael Watters said he's quit eating any of the wide variety of fruits and vegetables he", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00715", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00365", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``National Slave Memorial Act''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. The Congress finds the following: (1) Millions of Africans and their descendants were enslaved in the United States and the 13 American colonies in the period 1619 through 1865. (2) The American Colonies determined that economic benefit would be derived from the import of slave labor and forthwith became an active participant in the ``Middle Passage'' of African slaves to its shores. (3) Upon their arrival in North America, Africans were considered chattel and thereby denied the privileges granted to other immigrants. (4) The agricultural resources of any nation are the backbone of its subsistence and for over 250 years, millions of unnamed African and American-born Black men, women, and children provided the free labor that cultivated the fields from which Americans ate and were clothed, which allowed the dominant population to secure other interests. (5) Slavery was a grave injustice that caused African Americans to suffer enormous damages and losses, both material and intangible, including the loss of human dignity and liberty, the frustration of careers and professional lives, and the long-term loss of income and opportunity. (6) Slavery in the United States denied African Americans the fruits of their own labor and was an immoral and inhumane deprivation of life, liberty, the pursuit of happiness, citizenship rights, and cultural heritage. (7) the achievements of African Americans in overcoming the evils of slavery stand as a source of tremendous inspiration, the successes of slaves and their descendants do not overwrite the failure of the Nation to grant all Americans their birthright of equality and the civil rights that safeguard freedom. (8) Many African American slaves fought as valiant patriots in the wars that helped to preserve our national freedoms, knowing they would never be privileged to partake of the freedoms for which they fought. (9) African American art, history, and culture reflect experiences of slavery and freedom, and continued struggles for full recognition of citizenship and treatment with human dignity, and there is inadequate presentation, preservation, and recognition of the contributions of African Americans within American society. (10) There is a great need for building institutions and monuments to promote cultural understanding of African American heritage and further enhance racial harmony. (11) It is proper and timely for the Congress to recognize June 19, 1865, the historic day when the last group of slaves were informed of", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00905", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00366", "text": "We argue that non-Abelian gauge fields can be treated as the pseudo-Goldstone vector bosons caused by spontaneous Lorentz invariance violation (SLIV). To this end, the SLIV which evolves in a general Yang-Mills type theory with the nonlinear vector field constraint $Tr(% \\boldsymbol{A}_{\\mu }\\boldsymbol{A}^{\\mu})=\\pm M^{2}$ ($M$ is a proposed SLIV scale) imposed is considered in detail. With an internal symmetry group $G$ having $D$ generators not only the pure Lorentz symmetry SO(1,3), but the larger accidental symmetry $SO(D,3D)$ of the SLIV constraint in itself appears to be spontaneously broken as well. As a result, while the pure Lorentz violation still generates only one genuine Goldstone vector boson, the accompanying pseudo-Goldstone vector bosons related to the $SO(D,3D)$ breaking also come into play in the final arrangement of the entire Goldstone vector field multiplet. Remarkably, they remain strictly massless, being protected by gauge invariance of the Yang-Mills theory involved. We show that, this theory contains a plethora of Lorentz and $CPT$ violating couplings, they do not lead to physical SLIV effects which turn out to be strictly cancelled in all the lowest order processes considered. the physical Lorentz violation could appear if the internal gauge invariance were slightly broken at very small distances influenced by gravity. For the SLIV scale comparable with the Planck one the Lorentz violation could become directly observable at low energies.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 335, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00014", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00367", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Egyptian Counterterrorism and Political Reform Act''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. Congress finds the following: (1) According to the Middle East Media Research Institute, two weeks before the September 11, 2001, attacks, the Egyptian Government daily newspaper Al-Akhbar published a column that stated: ``The Statue of Liberty, in New York Harbor, must be destroyed because of following the idiotic American policy that goes from disgrace to disgrace in the swamp of bias and blind fanaticism.''. (2) Since forging a ``cold peace'' with Israel in 1978, the Government of Egypt has placed severe trade restrictions on Israeli goods and Egyptian Government officials have allowed anti-Semitic articles and cartoons to flood the semi-official Egyptian press. (3) In violation of the 1979 peace agreement between Egypt and Israel, Egypt continues to promote a boycott of Israeli products. (4) The Israeli Defense Forces have repeatedly found arms smuggling tunnels between Egypt and the Gaza Strip. More than 40 tunnels were discovered in 2003. Some of these tunnels originate in Egyptian army and police outposts. (5) facing no major regional external threat, Egypt has used military assistance from the United States to purchase combat aircraft, advanced missile systems, tanks, and naval vessels that undermine Israel's security. (6) The Coptic Christian minority of between 6 and 10 million in Egypt is victimized regularly, and remains without protection. The Government of Egypt has never taken responsibility for the arrest and torture of more than 1,200 Copts in late 1998 in the wake of sectarian violence. (7) Egypt regularly tortures its citizens. According to the Egyptian Organization for Human Rights approximately 13,000 to 16,000 people are detained without charge on suspicion of security or political offenses in Egypt each year. Amnesty International published a report in 2003 stating that ``everyone taken into detention in Egypt is at risk of torture''. SEC. 3. PROHIBITION ON UNITED STATES MILITARY ASSISTANCE FOR EGYPT. (a) Prohibition.--Notwithstanding any other provision of law, for fiscal year 2006 and subsequent fiscal years, United States military assistance may not be provided for Egypt. (b) Waiver.--The President may waive the application of subsection (a) for a fiscal year if the President determines and certifies to Congress that it", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00891", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00368", "text": "Recent hydrodynamic studies of core-collapse supernovae imply that the neutrino-heated ejecta from a nascent neutron star develops to supersonic outflows. These supersonic winds are influenced by the reverse shock from the preceding supernova ejecta, forming the wind termination shock. We investigate the effects of the termination shock in neutrino-driven winds and its roll on the r-process. Supersonic outflows are calculated with a semi-analytic neutrino-driven wind model. Subsequent termination-shocked, subsonic outflows are obtained by applying the Rankine-Hugoniot relations. We find a couple of effects that can be relevant for the r-process. First is the sudden slowdown of the temperature decrease by the wind termination. Second is the entropy jump by termination-shock heating, up to several 100NAk. Nucleosynthesis calculations in the obtained winds are performed to examine these effects on the r-process. We find that 1) the slowdown of the temperature decrease plays a decisive roll to determine the r-process abundance curves. This is due to the strong dependences of the nucleosynthetic path on the temperature during the r-process freezeout phase. Our results suggest that only the termination-shocked winds with relatively small shock radii (~500km) are relevant for the bulk of the solar r-process abundances (A~100-180). The heaviest part in the solar r-process curve (A~180-200), can be reproduced both in shocked and unshocked winds. These results may help to constrain the mass range of supernova progenitors relevant for the r-process. We find, 2) negligible roles of the entropy jump on the r-process. This is a consequence that the sizable entropy increase takes place only at a large shock radius (~10,000km) where the r-process has already ceased.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 373, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00489", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00369", "text": "I propose that solar coronal heating is a self-regulating process that keeps the coronal plasma roughly marginally collisionless. The self-regulating mechanism is based on the interplay of two effects. First, plasma density controls coronal energy release via the transition between the slow collisional Sweet-Parker regime and the fast collisionless reconnection regime. This transition takes place when the Sweet--Parker layer becomes thinner than the characteristic collisionless reconnection scale. I present a simple criterion for this transition in terms of the upstream plasma density (n_e), the reconnecting (B_0) and guide (B_z) magnetic field components, and the global length (L) of the reconnection layer: L < 6.10^9 cm [n_e/(10^{10}/cm^3)]^(-3) (B_0/30G)^4 (B_0/B_z)^2. Next, coronal energy release by reconnection raises the ambient plasma density via chromospheric evaporation and this, in turn, temporarily inhibits subsequent reconnection involving the newly-reconnected loops. Over time, radiative cooling gradually lowers the density again below the critical value and fast reconnection again becomes possible. As a result, the density is highly inhomogeneous and intermittent but, statistically, does not deviate strongly from the critical value which is comparable with the observed coronal density. Thus, in the long run, the coronal heating process can be represented by repeating cycles that consist of fast reconnection events (i.e., nanoflares), followed by rapid evaporation episodes, followed by relatively long periods (1-hour) during which magnetic stresses build up and simultaneously the plasma cools down and precipitates.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 350, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00458", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00370", "text": "' concerns were demonstrated to be unsubstantiated. (15) Minorities represent almost a third of our population. according to the Federal Communication Commission's most recent Form 323 data on the race and gender of full power, commercial broadcast licensees, minorities own only 7 percent of all local television and radio stations. Women represent more than half of the population, but own only 6 percent of all local television and radio stations. LPFM stations, while not a solution to the overall inequalities in minority and female broadcast ownership, provide an additional opportunity for underrepresented communities to operate a station and provide local communities with a greater diversity of viewpoints and culture. (16) LPFM stations have proven to be a vital source of information during local or national emergencies. Out of the few stations that were able to stay online during Katrina, several were LPFM stations. In Bay St. Louis, Mississippi, LPFM station WQRZ remained on the air during Hurricane Katrina and served as the Emergency Operations Center for Hancock County. Additionally, after Hurricane Katrina when thousands of evacuees temporarily housed at the Houston Astrodome were unable to hear information about the availability of food and ice, the location of FEMA representatives, and the whereabouts of missing loved ones over the loud speakers, volunteers handed out thousands of transistor radios and established a LPFM station outside the Astrodome to broadcast such information. SEC. 3. REPEAL OF PRIOR LAW. Section 632 of the Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2001 (Public Law 106-553; 114 Stat. 2762A-111), is repealed. SEC. 4. MINIMUM DISTANCE SEPARATION REQUIREMENTS. The Federal Communications Commission shall modify its rules to eliminate third-adjacent minimum distance separation requirements between-- (1) low-power FM stations; and (2) full-service FM stations, FM translator stations, and FM booster stations. SEC. 5. PROTECTION OF RADIO READING SERVICES. The Federal Communications Commission shall retain its rules that provide third-adjacent channel protection for full-power non-commercial FM stations that broadcast radio reading services via a subcarrier frequency from potential low-power FM station interference. SEC. 6. ENSURING AVAILABILITY OF SPECTRUM FOR LPFM STATIONS. The Federal Communications Commission when licensing FM translator stations shall ensure-- (1) that licenses are available to both FM", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01053", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00371", "text": "LANSING, Mich. (AP) — Michigan's 2018 elections will come into clearer focus Tuesday, the deadline for candidates to file for top offices such as governor, Congress and the Legislature. Next is a 3½-month slog to the August primary, followed by the general election in November. For Democrats, 2018 is make or break — a chance to take back power from Republicans who fully control the governments in Lansing and Washington, D.C. For the GOP, it is an opportunity to defy historical and cyclical trends that suggest trouble for the president's party in midterm elections Donald Trump's surprise Michigan victory in 2016. A look at the key races: ___ GOVERNOR Second-term Gov. Rick Snyder's impending departure under term limits has led four Republicans and three Democrats into a battle to follow him. The GOP field includes three candidates with elective experience — state Attorney General Bill Schuette, Lt. Gov. Brian Calley and state Sen. Patrick Colbeck — and one newcomer, Dr. Jim Hines. Calley is running on Michigan's economic turnaround under Snyder's watch, while rival Schuette is touting a proposed income tax cut and his support from President Donald Trump. The conservative Colbeck bills himself as an anti-special interest candidate with \"principled solutions,\" while Hines is the non-politician outsider. The Democratic side features former Senate Minority Leader Gretchen Whitmer and two candidates who have never held elective office: businessman Shri Thanedar and ex-Detroit health director Abdul El-Sayed. Whitmer says her legislative experience is needed to fix roads and schools neglected by Republicans. Thanedar is spending millions of his own money as Snyder did and hopes his rags-to-riches immigrant story resonates. El-Sayed, a young doctor and public health expert who would be the country's first Muslim governor, is refusing corporate campaign money and touting liberal issues such as Medicare for all and a $15-an-hour minimum wage. ___ SENATE Democratic U.S. Sen. Debbie Stabenow is up for re-election after coasting to victory in her two previous re-election campaigns. Her Republican opponent will be John James, an African-American Iraq War veteran and executive in his family's logistics business, or Sandy Pensler, a business turnaround expert whose investment group owns four manufacturing plants. Pensler has given $5 million to his campaign and said unlike the GOP nominees who lost to Stabenow in 2012 and", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00796", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00372", "text": "I discuss outstanding questions about the formation of the ring nebula around SN1987A and some implications of similar ring nebulae around Galactic B supergiants. There are notable obstacles for the formation of SN1987A's bipolar nebula through interacting winds in a transition from a red supergiant to a blue supergiant. Instead, several clues hint that the nebula may have been ejected in an LBV-like event. In addition to the previously known example of Sher25, there are two newly-discovered Galactic analogs of SN1987A's ringed nebula. Of these three Galactic analogs around blue supergiants, two (Sher25 and SBW1) have chemical abundances indicating that they have not been through a red supergiant phase, and the remaining ringed bipolar nebula surrounds a luminous blue variable (HD168625). SK-69 202's initial mass of 20 Msun is lower than those atributed to most LBVs, it is not far off, and the low-luminosity end of the LBV phenomenon is not well defined. Furthermore, HD168625's luminosity indicates an initial mass of only 25 Msun, that of SBW1 is consistent with 20 Msun, and there is a B[e] star in the SMC with an initial mass of 20 Msun that experienced an LBV outburst in the 1990s. These similarities may be giving us important clues about Sk-69 202's pre-SN evolution and the formation mechanism of its nebula.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 319, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00237", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00373", "text": "though still possible — that Charlottesville will \"keep it there.\" In February, the city council voted 3-2 to sell the statue, ignoring the recommendation of a commission that suggested moving it. A group called Virginia's Sons of Confederate Veterans sued the city, alleging it did not have the right to remove the statute since it was a war memorial. A related group, and others, filed a lawsuit in New Orleans to block the removal of a Gen. Lee statue as well as one of Jefferson Davis. A federal appeals court said that city could remove its Confederate monuments. City Councilor Bob Fenwick, who cast a tie-breaking vote in Charlottesville in April (that vote allowed the city to sell the statue), hoped the city council's action would put to bed more than a year of heated debate in his city. \"For now, it is now time for our city to rest,\" he said, according to the Richmond Times-Dispatch. But that didn't happen. The movement against removal of the statue grew — there is a Facebook group to Save the Robert E. Lee Statue and call for donations to \"fund litigation to preserve our monuments.\" The backlash to the planned removal culminated in a white nationalist rally last weekend, which used the planned removal as a rallying cause. It is important to note, that the group behind hte lawsuit, SVC, condemned the Charlottesville rallies. Chaplain-in-chief Ray Parker wrote on Facebook over the weekend: \"I condemn in the strongest possible way the actions, words, and beliefs of the KKK and other white supremacist groups.\" The statue has also been tagged with graffiti several times in the past few years, including with \"black lives matter\" and \"native land.\" In May, a judge granted a temporary injunction, which meant the statue could not be removed for next six months. So, for now, the statue is still standing in what used to be Lee Park. Only the city council also voted earlier this year to rename the park, an action that was upheld by a judge. Gen. Lee now, rather ironically, sits in Emancipation Park.", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 421, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00606", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00374", "text": "Why? Because there isn't much in the way of bad to be found. In fact, I have to trick myself into thinking \"Maybe photos are more important than I originally thought!\" before I can really come up with something negative of note to say about the PH-1. It has been well documented that the Essential Phone's camera is lackluster. The software is a bit slow, and the low-light photos are far from great. The selfie camera also suffers from the software issues that hinder the main camera. after four updates (that's right, four updates since I received the device, more on that in a bit), I've watched the camera app improve exponentially. It's still not nearly as good as the Pixel 2 camera app for instance, but it's passible. For anyone that doesn't consider photos to be a priority, the camera app will suffice. The only other nit to pick is that the gorgeous case is the biggest fingerprint magnet I've ever seen. I'm constantly wiping the back down. Had this phone not been nearly as beautiful as it is, the fingerprints wouldn't concern me. But the PH-1 is one of the most elegant smartphones I have ever held in my hand, so my propensity is to keep it clean. Essential should be cleaning up in awards for hardware design—of that there is no doubt. Finally, there is no headphone jack. That's okay for two reasons: Bluetooth headphones have come a very long way, and Essential included the necessary dongle so users won't have to toss their standard headphones or other devices that might make use of that common interface. And that's it for the bad. The good There is almost too much to say here, so I'm going to boil it down to a few \"essential\" items. First and foremost: the design. As I said, it's gorgeous. But even the titanium sides and ceramic back take a seat to the display. No it's not the most cutting edge (Essential went with an LCD display, instead of the more popular, flagship level, OLED option), but the edge to edge is absolutely beautiful. Essential essentially proved that a bezel-less device is very much possible and their home screen launcher makes perfect use of the screen real estate (Figure A). Figure A The one downfall is that not every app found in the Google Play Store makes use of that full screen. To Essential's credit, so far I've only found one app that didn't—", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00531", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00375", "text": "Any homogeneous polynomial $P(x, y, z)$ of degree $d$, being restricted to a unit sphere $S^2$, admits essentially a unique representation of the form $\\lambda + \\sum_{k = 1}^d [\\prod_{j = 1}^k L_{kj}]$, where $L_{kj}$'s are linear forms in $x, y$ and $z$ and $\\lambda$ is a real number. The coefficients of these linear forms, viewed as 3D vectors, are called \\emph{multipole} vectors of $P$. In this paper we consider similar multipole representations of polynomial and analytic functions on other quadratic surfaces $Q(x, y, z) = c$, real and complex. Over the complex numbers, the above representation is not unique, the ambiguity is essentially finite. We investigate the combinatorics that depicts this ambiguity. We link these results with some classical theorems of harmonic analysis, theorems that describe decompositions of functions into sums of spherical harmonics. We extend these classical theorems (which rely on our understanding of the Laplace operator $\\Delta_{S^2}$) to more general differential operators $\\Delta_Q$ that are constructed with the help of the quadratic form $Q(x, y, z)$. Then we introduce modular spaces of multipoles. We study their intricate geometry and topology using methods of algebraic geometry and singularity theory. The multipole spaces are ramified over vector or projective spaces, and the compliments to the ramification sets give rise to a rich family of $K(\\pi, 1)$-spaces, where $\\pi$ runs over a variety of modified braid groups.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 349, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00044", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00376", "text": "Hydrogen-burning is the root cause of the star-to-star abundance variations of light nuclei in Galactic globular clusters (GC). In the present work we constrain the physical conditions that gave rise to the observed abundance patterns of Li, C, N, O, Na, Mg, Al, as well as Mg isotopes in the typical case of NGC6752. We perform nucleosynthesis calculations at constant temperature, adopting realistic initial abundances for the proto-cluster gas. We use a detailed nuclear reaction network and state-of-the-art nuclear reaction rates. simplistic, our analysis provides original results and new constraints on the self-enrichment scenario for GCs. Our parametrized calculations allow us to determine a narrow range of temperature where the observed extreme abundances of all light elements and isotopes in NGC6752 are nicely reproduced simultaneously. This agreement is obtained after mixing of the H-processed material with 30 % of unprocessed gas. The observed C-N, O-Na, Mg-Al, Li-Na and F-Na anticorrelations, as well as the behaviour of the Mg isotopes can be recovered by assuming mixing with even larger dilution factors. Li production by the stars that build up the other abundance anomalies is not mandatory in the case of NGC 6752. Observations of O, Na, Mg and Al constrain the temperature range for H-burning; such temperatures are encountered in the two main candidate ``polluters'' proposed for GCs, namely massive AGBs and the most massive main-sequence stars. (Abridged).", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 315, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00125", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00377", "text": "Today in History Today is Thursday, May 31, the 151st day of 2018. There are 214 days left in the year. Today's Highlight in History: On May 31, 1921, a race riot erupted in Tulsa, Oklahoma, as white mobs began looting and leveling the affluent black district of Greenwood over reports a black man had assaulted a white woman in an elevator; hundreds are believed to have died. On this date: In 1578, the Christian catacombs of ancient Rome were accidentally discovered by workers digging in a vineyard along the Via Salaria. In 1669, English diarist Samuel Pepys (peeps) wrote the final entry of his journal, blaming his failing eyesight for his inability to continue. In 1790, President George Washington signed into law the first U.S. copyright act. In 1889, some 2,200 people in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, perished when the South Fork Dam collapsed, sending 20 million tons of water rushing through the town. In 1916, during World War I, British and German fleets fought the naval Battle of Jutland off Denmark; there was no clear-cut victor, the British suffered heavier losses. In 1935, movie studio 20th Century Fox was created through a merger of the Fox Film Corp. and Twentieth Century Pictures. In 1949, former State Department official and accused spy Alger Hiss went on trial in New York, charged with perjury (the jury deadlocked, but Hiss was convicted in a second trial). In 1962, former Nazi official Adolf Eichmann was hanged in Israel a few minutes before midnight for his role in the Holocaust. In 1977, the Trans-Alaska oil pipeline, three years in the making objections from environmentalists and Alaska Natives, was completed. (The first oil began flowing through the pipeline 20 days later.) In 1985, 88 people were killed, more than 1,000 injured, when 41 tornadoes swept through parts of Pennsylvania, Ohio, New York and Ontario, Canada, during an 8-hour period. In 1994, the United States announced it was no longer aiming long-range nuclear missiles at targets in the former Soviet Union. In 2005, breaking a silence of 30 years, former FBI official W. Mark Felt stepped forward as \"Deep Throat,\"", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00750", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00378", "text": "SECTION 1. ELECTION FOR SPECIAL TAX TREATMENT OF CERTAIN S CORPORATION CONVERSIONS. (a) In General.--Part I of subchapter S of chapter 1 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (relating to tax treatment of S corporations and their shareholders) is amended by adding at the end the following new section: ``SEC. 1364. ELECTION FOR SPECIAL TAX TREATMENT OF CERTAIN S CORPORATION CONVERSIONS. ``(a) In General.--A qualified electing S corporation may elect the special tax treatment provided in subsection (b) for an eligible corporate conversion in the manner set forth in subsection (e). ``(b) Special Tax Treatment.-- ``(1) Transfers to partnership.--In the case of transfers by a qualified electing S corporation to a partnership in connection with an eligible corporate conversion, no gain or loss shall be recognized by shareholders of such corporation with respect to money or property received by the partnership. ``(2) Other transfers.--All other distributions of money or property by the qualified electing S corporation shall be treated as a distribution in part or full payment in exchange for the stock of such corporation. ``(c) Qualified Electing S Corporation.--For purposes of this section, the term `qualified electing S corporation' means a domestic corporation which-- ``(1) has had a valid S election continuously in effect for the 10 taxable years of the corporation ending before the taxable year in which the election under this section is made, and ``(2) has never made an election under this section. ``(d) Eligible Corporate Conversion.--For purposes of this section-- ``(1) In general.--The term `eligible corporate conversion' means (effected)-- ``(A) a transfer by a qualified electing S corporation of substantially all of its assets to a partnership (as defined in section 7701(a)(2)) for not less than 80 percent of the capital and profits of the partnership in any taxable year of the corporation ending on or before December 31, 2007, ``(B) the meeting of the requirement described in paragraph (2) by the partnership, and ``(C) the subsequent liquidation and dissolution of the qualified S corporation within the same taxable year as the transfer. ``(2) Continuity of business requirement.-- ``(A) In general.--The requirement described in this paragraph is met if the partnership described in paragraph (1)(A) either-- ``(i) maintains the continuity of the qualified", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 500, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01059", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00379", "text": "Based on the asymptotic analysis of ordinary differential equations, we classify all spherically symmetric self-similar solutions to the Einstein equations which are asymptotically Friedmann at large distances and contain a perfect fluid with equation of state $p=(\\gamma -1)\\mu$ with $0<\\gamma<2/3$. This corresponds to a ``dark energy'' fluid and the Friedmann solution is accelerated in this case due to anti-gravity. This extends the previous analysis of spherically symmetric self-similar solutions for fluids with positive pressure ($\\gamma>1$). in the latter case there is an additional parameter associated with the weak discontinuity at the sonic point and the solutions are only asymptotically ``quasi-Friedmann'', in the sense that they exhibit an angle deficit at large distances. In the $0<\\gamma<2/3$ case, there is no sonic point and there exists a one-parameter family of solutions which are {\\it genuinely} asymptotically Friedmann at large distances. We find eight classes of asymptotic behavior: Friedmann or quasi-Friedmann or quasi-static or constant-velocity at large distances, quasi-Friedmann or positive-mass singular or negative-mass singular at small distances, and quasi-Kantowski-Sachs at intermediate distances. The self-similar asymptotically quasi-static and quasi-Kantowski-Sachs solutions are analytically extendible and of great cosmological interest. We also investigate their conformal diagrams. The results of the present analysis are utilized in an accompanying paper to obtain and physically interpret numerical solutions.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 321, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00428", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00380", "text": "The massive interacting binary RY Scuti is an important representative of an active mass-transferring system that is changing before our eyes and which may be an example of the formation of a Wolf-Rayet star through tidal stripping. Utilizing new and previously published spectra, we present examples of how a number of illustrative absorption and emission features vary during the binary orbit. We identify spectral features associated with each component, calculate a new, double-lined spectroscopic binary orbit, and find masses of 7.1 +/- 1.2 M_sun for the bright supergiant and 30.0 +/- 2.1 M_sun for the hidden massive companion. Through tomographic reconstruction of the component spectra from the composite spectra, we confirm the O9.7 Ibpe spectral class of the bright supergiant and discover a B0.5 I spectrum associated with the hidden massive companion; we suggest that the latter is actually the spectrum of the photosphere of the accretion torus immediately surrounding the massive companion. We describe the complex nature of the mass loss flows from the system in the context of recent hydrodynamical models for beta Lyr, leading us to conclude RY Scuti has matter leaving the system in two ways: 1) a bipolar outflow from winds generated by the hidden massive companion, and 2) mass from the bright O9.7 Ibpe supergiant flowing from the region near the L2 point to fill out a large, dense circumbinary disk. This circumbinary disk (radius ~ 1 AU) may feed the surrounding double-toroidal nebula (radius ~ 2000 AU).", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 333, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00374", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00381", "text": "We explore the morphology of hard (18-30 keV) X-ray emission from the Coma cluster of galaxies. We analyze a deep (1.1 Ms) observation of the Coma cluster with the ISGRI imager on board the \\emph{INTEGRAL} satellite. We show that the source extension in the North-East to South-West (SW) direction ($\\sim 17'$) significantly exceeds the size of the point spread function of ISGRI, and that the centroid of the image of the source in the 18-30 keV band is displaced in the SW direction compared to the centroid in the 1-10 keV band. To test the nature of the SW extension we fit the data assuming different models of source morphology. The best fit is achieved with a diffuse source of elliptical shape, an acceptable fit can be achieved assuming an additional point source SW of the cluster core. In the case of an elliptical source, the direction of extension of the source coincides with the direction toward the subcluster falling onto the Coma cluster. If the SW excess is due to the presence of a point source with a hard spectrum, we show that there is no obvious X-ray counterpart for this additional source, and that the closest X-ray source is the quasar EXO 1256+281, which is located $6.1'$ from the centroid of the excess. The observed morphology of the hard X-ray emission clarifies the nature of the hard X-ray \"excess\" emission from the Coma cluster, which is due to the presence of an extended hard X-ray source SW of the cluster core.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 334, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00223", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00382", "text": "We present an analysis of star-formation and nuclear activity in galaxies as a function of both luminosity and environment in the SDSS DR4 dataset. Using a sample of 27753 galaxies at 0.005<z<0.037 that is >90% complete to Mr=-18.0 we find that the EW(Ha) distribution is strongly bimodal, allowing galaxies to be robustly separated into passive and star-forming populations about a value EW(Ha)=2A. In high-density regions ~70% of galaxies are passive independent of luminosity. In the rarefied field the fraction of passively-evolving galaxies is a strong function of luminosity, dropping from ~50% for Mr<-21 to zero by Mr~-18. Indeed for the lowest luminosity range covered (-18<Mr<-16) none of the ~600 galaxies in the lowest density quartile are passive. The few passively-evolving dwarf galaxies in field regions appear as satellites to bright (~L*) galaxies. The fraction of galaxies with optical AGN signatures decreases steadily from ~50% at Mr~-21 to ~0% by Mr~-18 closely mirroring the luminosity-dependence of the passive galaxy fraction in low-density environments. This result reflects the increasing importance of AGN feedback with galaxy mass for their evolution, such that the star-formation histories of massive galaxies are primarily determined by their past merger history. the complete absence of passively-evolving dwarf galaxies more than ~2 virial radii from the nearest massive halo (i.e. cluster, group or massive galaxy) indicates that internal processes, such as merging, AGN feedback or gas consumption through star-formation, are not responsible for terminating star-formation in dwarf galaxies. Instead the evolution of dwarf galaxies is primarily driven by the mass of their host halo, probably through the combined effects of tidal forces and ram-pressure stripping.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 382, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00454", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00383", "text": "Optical/near-infrared (optical/NIR; OIR) light from low-mass neutron star X-ray binaries (NSXBs) in outburst is traditionally thought to be thermal emission from the accretion disc. Here we present a comprehensive collection of quasi-simultaneous OIR and X-ray data from 19 low-magnetic field NSXBs, including new observations of three sources: 4U 0614+09, LMC X-2 and GX 349+2. The average radio-OIR spectrum for NSXBs is alpha ~ +0.2 (where L_nu propto nu^alpha) at least at high luminosities when the radio jet is detected. This is comparable to, but slightly more inverted than the alpha ~ 0.0 found for black hole X-ray binaries. The OIR spectra and relations between OIR and X-ray fluxes are compared to those expected if the OIR emission is dominated by thermal emission from an X-ray or viscously heated disc, or synchrotron emission from the inner regions of the jets. We find that thermal emission due to X-ray reprocessing can explain all the data except at high luminosities for some NSXBs, namely the atolls and millisecond X-ray pulsars (MSXPs). Optically thin synchrotron emission from the jets (with an observed OIR spectral index of alpha_thin < 0) dominate the NIR light above L_x ~ 10^36 erg/s and the optical above L_x ~ 10^37 erg/s in these systems. For NSXB Z-sources, the OIR observations can be explained by X-ray reprocessing alone, synchrotron emission may make a low level contribution to the NIR, and could dominate the OIR in one or two cases.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 374, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00247", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00384", "text": "We study the growth of correlations in systems with weak long-range interactions. Starting from the BBGKY hierarchy, we determine the evolution of the two-body correlation function by using an expansion of the solutions of the hierarchy in powers of 1/N in a proper thermodynamic limit $N\\to +\\infty$. These correlations are responsible for the ``collisional'' evolution of the system beyond the Vlasov regime due to finite $N$ effects. We obtain a general kinetic equation that can be applied to spatially inhomogeneous systems and that takes into account memory effects. These peculiarities are specific to systems with unshielded long-range interactions. For spatially homogeneous systems with short memory time like plasmas, we recover the classical Landau (or Lenard-Balescu) equations. An interest of our approach is to develop a formalism that remains in physical space (instead of Fourier space) and that can deal with spatially inhomogeneous systems. This enlightens the basic physics and provides novel kinetic equations with a clear physical interpretation. unless we restrict ourselves to spatially homogeneous systems, closed kinetic equations can be obtained only if we ignore some collective effects between particles. General exact coupled equations taking into account collective effects are also given. We use this kinetic theory to discuss the processes of violent collisionless relaxation and slow collisional relaxation in systems with weak long-range interactions. In particular, we investigate the dependence of the relaxation time with the system size and provide a coherent discussion of all the numerical results obtained for these systems.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 308, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00275", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00385", "text": "only 275 criminal cases pending at the end of fiscal year 2002. (9)(A) The distance between the northern and southern regions of New Jersey and the density of New Jersey's population create a substantial barrier to the efficient administration of justice. (B) The distance from Newark, New Jersey to Camden, New Jersey is more than 85 miles. (C) When a new Federal court district was created in Louisiana in 1971, the distance between New Orleans and Baton Rouge (nearly 80 miles) was cited as a major factor in creating a new district court, as travel difficulties were impeding the timely administration of justice. (10)(A) New Jersey's culturally and regionally diverse population of over 8,000,000 citizens, widely distributed across a densely populated State, is inconvenienced by having only 1 judicial district. (B) The District of New Jersey is the fourth most populous Federal judicial district in the United States. (C) The population of the 13 southern New Jersey counties exceeds the population of 69 of the current 93 Federal judicial districts other than the District of New Jersey. The population of the 8 northern New Jersey counties (consisting of Bergen, Essex, Hudson, Middlesex, Morris, Passaic, Sussex, and Union) exceeds the population of 73 of the current 93 Federal judicial districts other than the District of New Jersey. (D) Of the 27 States and territories that have only a single Federal judicial district (including Puerto Rico and the District of Columbia), New Jersey has the highest population. (E) More than a dozen States have smaller populations than New Jersey, they have multiple Federal judicial districts, including Washington, Oklahoma, Iowa, West Virginia, and Missouri. (11) In evaluating the creation of a new Southern District of New Jersey, the Judicial Conference should seek the views of the chief judge of the affected district, the judicial council for the affected circuit court, and the affected United States Attorney as representative of the views of the Department of Justice, as required in the procedure established by the ``Proceedings of the Judicial Conference, September 21-22, 1978''. SEC. 2. ESTABLISHMENT OF 2 DISTRICTS IN NEW JERSEY. (a) Establishment.-- (1) Creation.--Section 110 of title 28, United States Code, is amended to read as follows: ``Sec. 110. New", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00996", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00386", "text": "We have observed the BL Lac object 1ES2344+514 (z = 0.044) in Very High Energy (VHE) gamma-ray and near-infrared wavelength bands with TACTIC and MIRO telescopes respectively. The observations were made from 18th October to 9th December 2004 and 27th October 2005 to 1st January 2006. Detailed analysis of the TACTIC data indicates absence of a statistically significant gamma-ray signal both in overall data and on a nightly basis from the source direction. We estimate an upper limit of I($\\geq$1.5 TeV)$\\leq 3.84 \\times 10^{-12}$ photons cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ at a 3$\\sigma$ confidence level on the integrated $\\gamma$-ray flux. In addition, we have also compared TACTIC TeV light curves with those of the RXTE ASM (2-12keV) for the contemporary period and find that there are no statistically significant increases in the signal strengths from the source in both these energy regions. During 2004 IR observations, 1ES2344+514 shows low level (~0.06 magnitude) day-to-day variation in both, J & H bands. during 2005 observation epoch, the source brightens up by about 0.41 magnitude from its October 2005 level J magnitude= 12.64 to J = 12.23 on December 6, 2005. It then fades by about 0.2 magnitude during 6 to 10 December, 2005. The variation is seen in both, J & H, bands simultaneously. The light travel time arguments suggest that the emission region size is of the order of $10^{17}$ cms.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 373, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00138", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00387", "text": ", her longtime attorney James Wright filed an emergency petition seeking to be named successor trustee to all of her trust assets, saying in court documents that Kawananakoa is \"impaired as a result of an acute stroke.\" Two days later, a judge granted the request. In August, attorney Michael Lilly wrote a letter to the judge saying he now represents Kawananakoa and he strongly contests any contention she is incompetent. Lawyers for the heiress dispute she had a stroke, saying in court papers it was a transient ischemic attack, which has similar symptoms but caused no permanent damage. Wright's court filings also raise allegations that Veronica Gail Worth, Kawananakoa's 64-year-old wife, physically abused her. Neither Kawananakoa nor Worth responded to requests for comment from The Associated Press. Kawananakoa's attorney said in court papers the abuse claims are false and that Kawananakoa fell and \"struck furniture, which caused the bruising, which is not uncommon at someone her age.\" A judge in September appointed a special master to independently investigate the heiress's mental capacity and the abuse allegations. Kawananakoa largely avoids airing her personal life, and some who know her say even her Oct. 1 wedding at the home of a retired state Supreme Court justice came as a surprise. But she has occasionally drawn attention over the years, including in 1993, when one of her horses won $1 million in New Mexico's All American Futurity. Five years later, furor erupted after Kawananakoa sat on a palace throne for a Life magazine photo shoot. She damaged some of its fragile threads, but repairs were made and the throne was returned to the palace throne room. Still, the uproar led to Kawananakoa's ouster as president of Friends of Iolani Palace, a position she held for more than 25 years. Some Hawaiians, such as well-known activist Walter Ritte, aren't interested in revering her genealogy or wealth. Hawaiians, especially those who live in poverty, can't relate to her, Ritte said. \"She has given some money here and there,\" he said. \"She could have done a lot more for Hawaiians.\" The court battle focusing on Kawananakoa's age and health has others reflecting on her as a final living reminder of Hawaii's monarchy and as a symbol of a proud Hawaiian national identity that has endured. \"It is fair to", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00725", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00388", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``National Quality Cancer Care Demonstration Project Act of 2009''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. Congress finds the following: (1) In order to ensure the delivery of quality, cost- efficient medical care to patients with cancer, Medicare should reinforce and expand the use of evidence-based guidelines and the provision of demonstrated quality delivery of care through adjustments in the payment system. (2) An Institute of Medicine report entitled ``Ensuring Quality Cancer Care'' recommends that the following items are essential components in quality cancer care delivery: (A) An agreed-upon treatment plan that outlines the goals of care. (B) Access to clinical trials. (C) Policies to ensure full disclosure of information about appropriate treatment options to patients. (D) A mechanism to coordinate services. (3) According to the Institute of Medicine, the quality of cancer care must be measured by using a core set of quality measures. Cancer care quality measures should be used to hold providers, including health care systems, health plans, and physicians, accountable for demonstrating that they provide and improve quality of care. (4) In its report, ``From Cancer Patient to Cancer Survivor: Lost in Transition'', the Institute of Medicine recommended that individuals with cancer completing primary treatment be provided a comprehensive summary of their care along with a follow-up survivorship plan of treatment. (5) The medical literature suggests that adherence to quality metrics and evidence-based guidelines help lower costs by reducing use of physician services, hospitalizations, and supplemental and expensive drugs. (6) treatment planning and follow-up cancer care planning are recognized critical components of cancer care, none of the 153 quality measures in the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) 2009 Physician Quality Reporting Initiative (PQRI) addresses overall treatment planning or follow-up care planning for cancer patients. SEC. 3. MEDICARE QUALITY CANCER CARE DEMONSTRATION PROJECT. (a) Establishment.--The Secretary of Health and Human Services (in this section referred to as the ``Secretary'') shall establish a quality cancer care demonstration project under this section (in this section referred to as the ``QCCD project'') for the purpose of establishing quality metrics and aligning Medicare payment incentives in the areas of treatment planning and follow-up cancer care planning for Medicare beneficiaries with cancer. (b) Test Metrics and Reporting Systems Through a Pay-For-Reporting Incentive Program.--", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00872", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00389", "text": "We report our first results of photometric and spectroscopic observations for Tycho's supernova remnant (SNR Tycho) to search for the companion star of a type Ia supernova (SN Ia). From photometric observations using Suprime-Cam on the Subaru Telescope, we have picked up stars brighter than 22 mag (in $V$-band) for spectroscopy, which are located within a circular region with the radius of 30\" around the center of SNR Tycho. If the ejecta of young supernova remnants, such as SNR Tycho, have a sufficient amount of Fe I, we should be able to detect absorption lines at 3720 \\AA and 3860 \\AA associated with transitions from the ground state of Fe I in the spectrum of the companion star. To identify the companion star of a SN Ia using these characteristic absorption lines of Fe I, we made optical low-resolution spectroscopy of their targets using FOCAS on the Subaru Telescope. In our spectroscopic observations, we obtained spectra of 17 stars in the SNR Tycho region and compare them with template stellar spectra. We detect significant absorption lines from two stars at 3720 \\AA. Since widths of their absorption lines are broad, it is likely that the detected absorptions are due to Fe I in the expanding ejecta of SNR Tycho. none of stars exhibits a clear red wing in the observed profiles of the absorption, though a star in the background of the SNR should show it. Hence, we suggest another interpretation that the detected absorption lines might be caused by the peculiarity of stars. A star named Tycho(E) has the absorption line at 3720 \\AA and its projected position is close to the center of SNR Tycho. Based on our observations, Tycho(E) is a new candidate as the companion star of Tycho's supernova.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 389, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00375", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00390", "text": "The chemical composition of Earth's atmosphere has undergone substantial evolution over the course of its history. It is possible, even likely, that terrestrial planets in other planetary systems have undergone similar changes; consequently, the age distribution of nearby stars is an important consideration in designing surveys for Earth-analogues. Valenti & Fischer (2005) provide age and metallicity estimates for 1039 FGK dwarfs in the Solar Neighbourhood. Using the Hipparcos catalogue as a reference to calibrate potential biases, we have extracted volume-limited samples of nearby stars from the Valenti-Fischer dataset. Unlike other recent investigations, our analysis shows clear evidence for an age-metallicity relation in the local disk, albeit with substantial dispersion at any epoch. The mean metallicity increases from -0.3 dex at a lookback time of ~10 Gyrs to +0.15 dex at the present day. Supplementing the Valenti-Fischer measurements with literature data to give a complete volume-limited sample, the age distribution of nearby FGK dwarfs is broadly consistent with a uniform star-formation rate over the history of the Galactic disk. In striking contrast, most stars known to have planetary companions are younger than 5 Gyrs; stars with planetary companions within 0.4 AU have a significantly flatter age distribution, indicating that those systems are stable on timescales of many Gyrs. Several of the older, lower metallicity host stars have enhanced [alpha/Fe] ratios, implying membership of the thick disk. If the frequency of terrestrial planets is also correlated with stellar metallicity, then the median age of such planetary system is likely to be ~3 Gyrs. We discuss the implications of this hypothesis in designing searches for Earth analogues among the nearby stars.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 355, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00090", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00391", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Bulk Cash Smuggling Act of 2001''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS AND PURPOSE. (a) Findings.--The Congress finds the following: (1) Effective enforcement of the currency reporting requirements of subchapter II of chapter 53 of title 31, United States Code, and the regulations prescribed under such subchapter, has forced drug dealers and other criminals engaged in cash-based businesses to avoid using traditional financial institutions. (2) In their effort to avoid using traditional financial institutions, drug dealers and other criminals are forced to move large quantities of currency in bulk form to and through the airports, border crossings, and other ports of entry where the currency can be smuggled out of the United States and placed in a foreign financial institution or sold on the black market. (3) The transportation and smuggling of cash in bulk form may now be the most common form of money laundering, and the movement of large sums of cash is one of the most reliable warning signs of drug trafficking, terrorism, money laundering, racketeering, tax evasion and similar crimes. (4) The intentional transportation into or out of the United States of large amounts of currency or monetary instruments, in a manner designed to circumvent the mandatory reporting provisions of subchapter II of chapter 53 of title 31, United States Code, is the equivalent of, and creates the same harm as, the smuggling of goods. (5) The arrest and prosecution of bulk cash smugglers are important parts of law enforcement's effort to stop the laundering of criminal proceeds, but the couriers who attempt to smuggle the cash out of the United States are typically low- level employees of large criminal organizations, and thus are easily replaced. Accordingly, only the confiscation of the smuggled bulk cash can effectively break the cycle of criminal activity of which the laundering of the bulk cash is a critical part. (6) The current penalties for violations of the currency reporting requirements are insufficient to provide a deterrent to the laundering of criminal proceeds. In particular, in cases where the only criminal violation under current law is a reporting offense, the law does not adequately provide for the confiscation of smuggled currency. if the smuggling of bulk cash were itself an offense, the cash could be confiscated as the corpus delicti of the smuggling offense. (b) Purposes.--The purposes of this Act are as follows: (1) To make the", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00866", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00392", "text": "appoint a special counsel have occurred after the 30-day period ends without the return of an indictment. SEC. 3. APPOINTMENT, QUALIFICATIONS, AND PROSECUTORIAL JURISDICTION OF SPECIAL COUNSEL, AND ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS RELATING TO THE SPECIAL COUNSEL. (a) Appointment, Qualifications, and Prosecutorial Jurisdiction of Special Counsel.-- (1) Appointment and qualifications.--The Chief Judge shall appoint the special counsel, who must be an attorney in good standing with substantial prosecutorial experience who has not served in any capacity in the administration of the President who is or was in office when the Speaker of the House certified the finding of a violation. (2) Prosecutorial jurisdiction.--The Chief Judge shall define the special counsel's prosecutorial jurisdiction as comprising the investigation and prosecution of the alleged violation, any conspiracy to commit the alleged violation, and any perjury, false statement, or obstruction of justice occurring in relation to such investigation and prosecution. (b) Authority of Special Counsel With Respect to Matters Within Prosecutorial Jurisdiction.--With respect to all matters in that special counsel's prosecutorial jurisdiction, a special counsel appointed under this Act shall have full power and independent authority to exercise all prosecutorial functions and powers, and any other functions and powers normally ancillary thereto, of the Department of Justice, the Attorney General, and any other officer or employee of the Department of Justice, except that the Attorney General shall exercise direction or control as to those matters that specifically require the Attorney General's personal action under section 2516 of title 18, United States Code. (c) Compliance With Policies of the Department of Justice.-- (1) In general.--A special counsel shall, except to the extent that to do so would be inconsistent with the purposes of this Act, comply with the written or other established policies of the Department of Justice respecting enforcement of the criminal laws. (2) National security.--A special counsel shall comply with guidelines and procedures used by the Department in the handling and use of classified material. (d) Salary.--The special counsel shall receive a salary equivalent to the salary of the United States Attorney for the District of Columbia. (e) Staff.--The special counsel may appoint and fix the salaries of such staff, not to exceed 12 in number, as the special counsel deems necessary to carry out the functions of the special counsel under this Act. no salary of a member of such staff may exceed the", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01004", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00393", "text": "has not considered the state's request to reverse the ruling. Ottolia on Wednesday rejected a request by Compassion & Choices to vacate his decision and scheduled a June 29 hearing on a similar request from the attorney general's office. What does all this mean for now? \"We are in the world that we were before the law went into effect,\" said Erwin Chemerinsky, dean of the law school at the University of California, Berkeley. WHAT HAPPENS TO THOSE WHO PLANNED TO USE THE LAW? Patients who have not obtained prescriptions for life-ending medications can't legally get them now, said Dr. Lonny Shavelson, whose practice was solely focused on those cases. Shavelson said he still is meeting with patients and taking their initial requests for drugs but not issuing prescriptions. And he said he can't guarantee their requests will count toward the required waiting period should the law be restored. Shavelson said patients who previously obtained prescriptions can take their medication if they choose to. But with the law not in effect, it's possible a medical examiner could declare the death a suicide, which could create challenges for family members claiming insurance payments. \"I am spending a lot of time calming down really freaked-out patients,\" he said. COULD DOCTORS FACE PROSECUTION? Shavelson said he and his colleagues met recently and determined they were no longer in business because of the judge's ruling. Similarly, Kaiser Permanente halted the health network's end-of-life program. What would happen to a doctor who wrote a prescription? Experts said that's largely up to prosecutors and can vary by jurisdiction. Matt Valliere, executive director of the Patients' Rights Action Fund that wants the law thrown out, said he believes doctors who write prescriptions can and should be prosecuted for assisting in a suicide, which is a felony under California law. Kathryn Tucker, executive director of the End of Life Liberty Project, said she doubts prosecutors would go after doctors who continue to treat pre-existing patients. But she said she doesn't expect doctors to issue new prescriptions without greater legal certainty. CAN LAWMAKERS PASS ANOTHER LAW? It's possible for lawmakers to propose another measure, but it took years for the state's now-blocked law to be passed. A new proposal on such an emotional issue would not sail through the Legislature. Tucker said legal wrangling in the courts will likely take less time than another legislative push. \"What's at stake is of a", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00721", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00394", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Silicone Breast Implant Research and Information Act''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS AND PURPOSE. (a) Findings.--Congress makes the following findings: (1) According to the Institute of Medicine, it is estimated that 1,000,000 to 2,000,000 American women have received silicone breast implants over the last 35 years. (2) Silicone breast implants have been used primarily for breast augmentation, but also as an important part of reconstruction surgery for breast cancer or other conditions. (3) Women with breast cancer or other medical conditions seek access to the broadest possible treatment options, including silicone breast implants. (4) Women need complete and accurate information about the potential health risks and advantages of silicone breast implants so that women can make informed decisions. (5) the rate of implant rupture and silicone leakage has not been definitively established, estimates are as high as 70 percent. (6) According to a 1997 Mayo Clinic study, 1 in 4 women required additional surgery because of their implants within 5 years of receiving such implants. (7) In addition to potential systemic complications, local changes in breast tissue such as hardening, contraction of scar tissue surrounding implants, blood clots, severe pain, burning rashes, serious inflammation, or other complications requiring surgical intervention following implantation have been reported. (8) According to the National Science Panel Report released in December 1998, the current body of research on silicone breast implants in immunology, rheumatology, toxicology, and epidemiology is inadequate to conclusively determine the effects of silicone. The National Science Panel pointed to many limitations in research methodology and data analysis used in past studies clearly demonstrating the need for future independent clinical research. (9) According to the Institute of Medicine, concern remains that exposure to silicone or other components in silicone breast implants may result in currently undefined connective tissue or autoimmune diseases. (10) A group of independent scientists and clinicians convened by the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases in April of 1997 addressed concerns that an association may exist between atypical connective tissue disease and silicone breast implants, and called for additional basic research on the components of silicone as well as biological responses to silicone. (11) According to many reports, including a study published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute, the presence of silicone breast implants may", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00978", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00395", "text": "Anhedonia is one of the key symptoms of depression in humans. Consumption of 1% sucrose solution supplemented with 0.2% vanillin was studied in two experimental contexts in male mice living under chronic social stress induced by daily experience of defeats in agonistic interactions and leading to development of depression. In the first experiment, vanillin sucrose solution was made available as an option of water during 10 days to mice living in group home cages. Then the mice were subjected to social defeat stress and during stress exposure they were provided with both vanillin sucrose solution and water using a free two bottles choice paradigm. In the other experiment, vanillin sucrose solution were first offered to mice after 8 days of exposure to social defeat stress. Males familiar with vanillin sucrose solution showed vanillin sucrose preference while experiencing defeat stress: consumption of vanillin sucrose solution was about 70% of total liquid consumption. the consumption of vanillin sucrose solution per gram of body weight in mice imposed to social stress during 20 days was significantly lower than in control males. In the second experiment, males after 8 days of social defeat stress were found to consume significantly less vanillin sucrose solution as compared with control males. On average during two weeks of measurements, vanillin sucrose solution intake was less than 20% of total liquid consumption in males with symptoms of depression and anxiety. Consumption per gram of body weight also appeared to be significantly lower than in control group. Influence of the experimental context on the development of anhedonia, which was measured by the reduction in sucrose solution intake by chronically stressed male mice, has been discussed.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 335, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00325", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00396", "text": "The min-sum (MS) algorithm is arguably the second most fundamental algorithm in the realm of message passing due to its optimality (for a tree code) with respect to the {\\em block error} probability \\cite{Wiberg}. There also seems to be a fundamental relationship of MS decoding with the linear programming decoder \\cite{Koetter}. its importance, its fundamental properties have not nearly been studied as well as those of the sum-product (also known as BP) algorithm. We address two questions related to the MS rule. First, we characterize the stability condition under MS decoding. It turns out to be essentially the same condition as under BP decoding. Second, we perform a degree distribution optimization. Contrary to the case of BP decoding, under MS decoding the thresholds of the best degree distributions for standard irregular LDPC ensembles are significantly bounded away from the Shannon threshold. More precisely, on the AWGN channel, for the best codes that we find, the gap to capacity is 1dB for a rate 0.3 code and it is 0.4dB when the rate is 0.9 (the gap decreases monotonically as we increase the rate). We also used the optimization procedure to design codes for modified MS algorithm where the output of the check node is scaled by a constant $1/\\alpha$. For $\\alpha = 1.25$, we observed that the gap to capacity was lesser for the modified MS algorithm when compared with the MS algorithm. it was still quite large, varying from 0.75 dB to 0.2 dB for rates between 0.3 and 0.9. We conclude by posing what we consider to be the most important open questions related to the MS algorithm.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 351, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00185", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00397", "text": "The chemical analysis of secondary stars of low mass X-ray binaries provides an opportunity to study the formation processes of compact objects, either black holes or neutron stars. Following the discovery of overabundances of $\\alpha$-elements in the HIRES/Keck spectrum of the secondary star of Nova Scorpii 1994 (Israelian et al. 1999), we obtained UVES/VLT high-resolution spectroscopy with the aim of performing a detailed abundance analysis of this secondary star. Using a $\\chi2$-minimization procedure and a grid of synthetic spectra, we derive the stellar parameters and atmospheric abundances of O, Mg, Al, Ca, Ti, Fe and Ni, using a new UVES spectrum and the HIRES spectrum.The abundances of Al, Ca, Ti, Fe and Ni seem to be consistent with solar values, Na, and especially O, Mg, Si and S are significantly enhanced in comparison with Galactic trends of these elements. A comparison with spherically and non-spherically symmetric supernova explosion models may provide stringent constraints to the model parameters as mass-cut and the explosion energy, in particular from the relative abundances of Si, S, Ca, Ti, Fe and Ni. Most probably the black hole in this system formed in a hypernova explosion of a 30--35 \\Msun progenitor star with a mass-cut in the range 2--3.5 \\Msun. these models produce abundances of Al and Na almost ten times higher than the observed values.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 307, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00221", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00398", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Border Tax Equity Act of 2007''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS AND DECLARATIONS OF POLICY. (a) Findings.--Congress makes the following findings: (1) The United States largely relies on a direct tax system, 137 countries currently employ one particular form of indirect tax known as value-added taxes (VAT) as well as direct taxes. The worldwide VAT tax average in 2005 was 15.7 percent, and in countries of the European Union it ranges between 15 and 25 percent. (2) Under the rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO), direct taxes, such as corporate income taxes, if rebated or refunded upon the export of goods are viewed as export subsidies and prohibited on most goods and are at least potentially actionable on all goods. indirect taxes, such as sales taxes and VAT, may be rebated or refunded upon the export of goods and such rebate or refund is not defined as constituting a subsidy and hence is not actionable under WTO rules. (3) At present, there are no WTO rules on subsidies as applied to trade in services. a number of countries currently impose taxes on the import of services and exempt or rebate or refund taxes upon the export of services, to the disadvantage of United States services providers. (4) The disparate treatment of border taxes detrimentally affects United States agricultural producers, manufacturers, and service providers in that-- (A) refunds of indirect taxes effectively act as export subsidies to foreign exporters; and (B) United States exporters are subject to double taxation, by paying direct taxes on domestic production in the United States and having their exported product or service face a border tax in the importing country consisting of indirect taxes. (5) The disparate treatment of border taxes results in a large monetary disadvantage to United States exporters, estimated to equal $93 billion on goods and $47 billion on services. Moreover, since remission of VAT by foreign countries equates to approximately $201 billion in export subsidies on goods exported to the United States and another $38 billion on services exported to the United States, United States producers, in total, suffer an artificial disadvantage of up to $294,000,000,000 on trade in goods and $85,000,000,000 on trade in services. (6) For more than 40 years, United States businesses have complained of border tax inequ", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 495, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01149", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00399", "text": "of the Senate that ``in Vietnam we've been disappointed in recent years to see backsliding, particularly on... freedom of expression issues... people are being prosecuted for what they say online under really draconian national security laws... that is an issue that we continue to raise, both in our human rights dialogue with the Vietnamese as well as in other bilateral engagements''. (11) the Constitution of Vietnam provides for freedom of religion, the Department of State's 2013 International Religious Freedom Report maintains, ``Government practices and bureaucratic impediments restricted religious freedom. Unregistered and unrecognized religious groups were often subject to harassment, as well as coercive and punitive actions by authorities.''. (12) Likewise, the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom 2015 Annual Report states, ``The Vietnamese government continues to control all religious activities through law and administrative oversight, restrict severely independent religious practice, and repress individuals and religious groups it views as challenging its authority, including independent Buddhists, Hoa Hao, Cao Dai, Catholics, and Protestants.''. (13) The 2013 Annual Report notes that in 2004 the United States designated Vietnam as a country of particular concern for religious freedom pursuant to section 402(b)(1) of the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 (22 U.S.C. 6442(b)(1)), and that Vietnam responded at that time by releasing prisoners, prohibiting the policy of forced renunciations of faith, and expanding protections for religious groups, and that ``[m]ost religious leaders in Vietnam attributed these positive changes to the [country of particular concern] designation and the priority placed on religious freedom concerns in U.S.-Vietnamese bilateral relations''. (14) the 2013 Annual Report concludes that since the designation as a country of particular concern was lifted from Vietnam in 2006, ``religious freedom conditions in Vietnam remain mixed'', and therefore recommends to the Department of State that Vietnam should be redesignated as a country of particular concern. (15) Deputy Assistant Secretary of State Baer likewise testified that ``[i]n Vietnam the right to religious freedom, which seemed to be improving several years ago, has been stagnant for several years''. SEC. 3. IMPOSITION OF SANCTIONS ON CERTAIN INDIVIDUALS WHO ARE COMPLICIT IN HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES COMMITTED AGAINST NATIONALS OF VIETNAM OR THEIR FAMILY MEMBERS. (a) Definitions.--In this", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 491, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01051", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00400", "text": "We present results from Chandra and XMM-Newton spectroscopic observations of the nuclei of z<0.5 radio galaxies and quasars from the 3CRR catalog, and examine in detail the dichotomy in the properties of low- and high-excitation radio galaxies. The X-ray spectra of low-excitation sources (those with weak or absent optical emission lines) are dominated by unabsorbed emission from a parsec-scale jet, with no contribution from accretion-related emission. These sources show no evidence for an obscuring torus, and are likely to accrete in a radiatively inefficient manner. High-excitation sources (those with prominent optical emission lines), show a significant contribution from a radiatively efficient accretion disk, which is heavily absorbed in the X-ray when they are oriented close to edge-on with respect to the observer. the low-excitation/high-excitation division does not correspond to the FRI/FRII division: thus the Fanaroff-Riley dichotomy remains a consequence of the interaction between the jet and the hot-gas environment through which it propagates. Finally, we suggest that accretion of the hot phase of the IGM is sufficient to power all low-excitation radio sources, while high-excitation sources require an additional contribution from cold gas that in turn forms the cold disk and torus. This model explains a number of properties of the radio-loud active galaxy population, and has important implications for AGN feedback mechanisms.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 300, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00485", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00401", "text": "the radiation dose received by employees at the Department of Energy facility at the Nevada Test Site for many reasons, including the following: (A) The NIOSH Technical Basis Document, the threshold document for radiation dose reconstruction under EEOICPA, has incomplete radionuclide lists. (B) NIOSH has not demonstrated that it can estimate dose from exposure to large, nonrespirable hot particles. (C) There are significant gaps in environmental measurement and exposure data. (D) Resuspension doses are seriously underestimated. (E) NIOSH has not been able to estimate accurately exposures to bomb assembly workers and radon levels. (F) NIOSH has not demonstrated that it can accurately sample tritiated water vapor. (G) External dose records lack integrity. (H) There are no beta dose data until 1966. (I) There are no neutron dose data until 1966 and only partial data after such date. (J) There are no internal dose data until late 1955 or 1956, and limited data until well into the 1960s. (K) NIOSH has ignored exposure from more than a dozen underground tests that vented, including Bianca, Des Moines, Baneberry, Camphor, Diagonal Line, Riola, Agrini, Midas Myth, Misty Rain, and Mighty Oak. (L) Instead of monitoring individuals, groups were monitored, resulting in unreliable personnel monitoring. (14) Amchitka Island, where only 3 underground nuclear tests were conducted, has been designated a Special Exposure Cohort under EEOICPA. (15) Some Nevada Test Site workers, having worked with significant amounts of radioactive materials and having known exposures leading to serious health effects, have been denied compensation under EEOICPA as a result of flawed calculations based on records that are incomplete, in error, or based on faulty assumptions and incorrect models. SEC. 3. INCLUSION OF CERTAIN NUCLEAR WEAPONS PROGRAM WORKERS IN SPECIAL EXPOSURE COHORT UNDER ENERGY EMPLOYEES OCCUPATIONAL ILLNESS COMPENSATION PROGRAM. (a) In General.--Section 3621(14) of the Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act of 2000 (42 U.S.C. 7384l(14)) is amended-- (1) by redesignating subparagraph (C) as subparagraph (D); and (2", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00953", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00402", "text": "Light travel time delays distort the apparent shapes of HII regions surrounding bright quasars during early stages of cosmic reionization. Individual HII regions may remain undetectable in forthcoming redshifted 21 cm experiments. the systematic deformation along the line of sight may be detectable statistically, either by stacking tomographic 21cm images of quasars identified, for example, by JWST, or as small-scale anisotropy in the three-dimensional 21cm power spectrum. Here we consider the detectability of this effect. The anisotropy is largest when HII regions are large and expand rapidly, and we find that if bright quasars contributed to the early stages of reionization, then they can produce significant anisotropy, on scales comparable to the typical sizes of HII regions of the bright quasars (approx. 30 Mpc and below). The effect therefore cannot be ignored when analyzing future 21cm power spectra on small scales. If 10 percent of the volume of the IGM at redshift z=10 is ionized by quasars with typical ionizing luminosity of S= 5 x 10^{56} photons/second, the distortions can enhance by more than 10 percent the 21cm power spectrum in the radial (redshift) direction, relative to the transverse directions. The level of this anisotropy exceeds that due to redshift-space distortion, and has the opposite sign. We show that on-going experiments such as MWA should be able to detect this effect. A detection would reveal the presence of bright quasars, and shed light on the ionizing yield and age of the ionizing sources, and the distribution and small-scale clumping of neutral intergalactic gas in their vicinity.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 365, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00174", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00403", "text": "Background The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is frequently overexpressed in many cancers, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In silcio modeling is considered to be an increasingly promising tool to add useful insights into the dynamics of the EGFR signal transduction pathway. most of the previous modeling work focused on the molecular or the cellular level only, neglecting the crucial feedback between these scales as well as the interaction with the heterogeneous biochemical microenvironment. Results We developed a multiscale model for investigating expansion dynamics of NSCLC within a two-dimensional in silico microenvironment. At the molecular level, a specific EGFR-ERK intracellular signal transduction pathway was implemented. Dynamical alterations of these molecules were used to trigger phenotypic changes at the cellular level. Examining the relationship between extrinsic ligand concentrations, intrinsic molecular profiles and microscopic patterns, the results confirmed that increasing the amount of available growth factor leads to a spatially more aggressive cancer system. Moreover, for the cell closest to nutrient abundance, a phase-transition emerges where a minimal increase in extrinsic ligand abolishes the proliferative phenotype altogether. Conclusions Our in silico results indicate that, in NSCLC, in the presence of a strong extrinsic chemotactic stimulus, and depending on the cell's location, downstream EGFR-ERK signaling may be processed more efficiently, thereby yielding a migration-dominant cell phenotype and overall, an accelerated spatio-temporal expansion rate.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 301, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00331", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00404", "text": "A derivation of the equations of motion of general relativity is presented that does not invoke the Axiom of Choice, but requires the explicit construction of a choice function q for continuous three-space regions. The motivation for this (seemingly academic) endeavour is to take the background independence intrinsic to Einstein gravity one step further, and to assure that both the equations of motion and the way in which those equations of motion are derived are as self-consistent as possible. That is, solutions to the equations of motion of general relativity endow a three-space region with a physical and distinguishing geometry in four-dimensional space-time. in order to derive these equations of motion one should first be able to choose a three-space region without having any prior knowledge of its physically appropriate geometry. The expression of this choice process requires a three-dimensional topological manifold Q, to which all considered three-space regions belong, and that generates an equation of motion whose solutions are q. These solutions relate the effects of curvature to the source term through the topology of Q and constitute Einstein gravity. Q is given by 2T^3+3S^1xS^2, and is embedded in four dimensions. This points toward a hidden topological content for general relativity, best phrased as: Q and q provide a structure for how to choose a three-space region irrespective of what geometric properties it has, while at the same time Q and q determine that only GR can endow a three-space with those geometric properties. In this sense, avoiding the Axiom of Choice allows one to gain physical insight into GR. Possible links with holography are pointed out.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 331, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00259", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00405", "text": "by redesignating paragraphs (2), (3), and (4) as paragraphs (3), (4), and (5), respectively; (C) by inserting after paragraph (1) the following: ``(2) In the case of a minor witness or victim, the court shall issue a protective order prohibiting harassment or intimidation of the minor victim or witness if the court finds evidence that the conduct at issue is reasonably likely to adversely affect the willingness of the minor witness or victim to testify or otherwise participate in the Federal criminal case or investigation. Any hearing regarding a protective order under this paragraph shall be conducted in accordance with paragraphs (1) and (3), except that the court may issue an ex parte emergency protective order in advance of a hearing if exigent circumstances are present. If such an ex parte order is applied for or issued, the court shall hold a hearing not later than 14 days after the date such order was applied for or is issued.''; (D) in paragraph (4), as so redesignated, by striking ``(and not by reference to the complaint or other document)''; and (E) in paragraph (5), as so redesignated, in the second sentence, by inserting before the period at the end the following: ``, except that in the case of a minor victim or witness, the court may order that such protective order expires on the later of 3 years after the date of issuance or the date of the eighteenth birthday of that minor victim or witness''; and (2) by striking subsection (c) and inserting the following: ``(c) Whoever knowingly and intentionally violates or attempts to violate an order issued under this section shall be fined under this title, imprisoned not more than 5 years, or both. ``(d)(1) As used in this section-- ``(A) the term `course of conduct' means a series of acts over a period of time, short, indicating a continuity of purpose; ``(B) the term `harassment' means a serious act or course of conduct directed at a specific person that-- ``(i) causes substantial emotional distress in such person; and ``(ii) serves no legitimate purpose; ``(C) the term `immediate family member' has the meaning given that term in section 115 and includes grandchildren; ``(D) the term `intimidation' means a serious act or course of conduct directed at a specific person that-- ``(i) causes fear or apprehension in such person", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00913", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00406", "text": "Americans; (B) teen drivers between 16 and 20 years of age have a fatality rate that is 4 times the rate for drivers between 25 and 70 years of age; and (C) drivers who are 16 years of age have a motor vehicle crash rate that is almost ten times the crash rate for drivers aged between 30 and 60 years of age. (4) According to the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, the chance of a crash by a 16- or 17-year-old driver is doubled if there are 2 peers in the vehicle and quadrupled with 3 or more peers in the vehicle. (5) In 1997, the first full year of its graduated driver licensing system, Florida experienced a 9 percent reduction in fatal and injurious crashes among young drivers between the ages of 15 and 18, compared with 1995, according to the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. (6) The Journal of the American Medical Association reports that crashes involving 16-year-old drivers decreased between 1995 and 1999 by 25 percent in Michigan and 27 percent in North Carolina. Comprehensive graduated driver licensing systems were implemented in 1997 in these States. (7) In California, according to the Automobile Club of Southern California, teenage passenger deaths and injuries resulting from crashes involving 16-year-old drivers declined by 40 percent from 1998 to 2000, the first 3 years of California's graduated driver licensing program. The number of at-fault collisions involving 16-year-old drivers decreased by 24 percent during the same period. (8) The National Transportation Safety Board reports that 39 States and the District of Columbia have implemented 3-stage graduated driver licensing systems. Many States have not implemented these and other basic safety features of graduated driver licensing laws to protect the lives of teenage and novice drivers. (9) A 2001 Harris Poll indicates that-- (A) 95 percent of Americans support a requirement of 30 to 50 hours of practice driving with an adult; (B) 92 percent of Americans support a 6-month learner's permit period; and (C) 74 percent of Americans support limiting the number of teen passengers in a car with a teen driver and supervised driving during high-risk driving periods, such as night. SEC. 3. STATE GRADUATED DRIVER LICENSING LAWS. (a) Minimum Requirements.--A State is", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01133", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00407", "text": "and case workers elevate service to others above self-interest, and draw on their knowledge, values and skills to help people in need and to address social problems. Job-related violence against social workers and case workers affects these hard-working and dedicated individuals, their families, their clients, and their communities throughout the United States. (8) There is a need to increase public awareness and understanding of job-related violence in the field of social services and to meet the needs of social workers and case workers in preventing such violence. not every incident of job-related violence can be prevented, many can, and the severity of injuries sustained by social workers and case workers can be reduced. SEC. 3. SOCIAL WORKER SAFETY GRANT PROGRAM. (a) Grants Authorized.--The Secretary of Health and Human Services (the ``Secretary''), through the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, is authorized to award grants to States to provide safety measures to social workers and other professionals working with violent, drug-using, or other at-risk populations. (b) Use of Funds.--Grants awarded pursuant to subsection (a) may be used to provide or support the following safety measures: (1) The procurement and installation of safety equipment, including communications systems, such as GPS tracking devices and GPS cell telephones to assist agencies in locating staff, and any technical assistance and training for safety communications. (2) Training exercises for self-defense and crisis management. (3) Facility safety improvements. (4) The provision of pepper spray for self-defense. (5) Training in cultural competency, including linguistic training, and training on strategies for de-escalating a situation that could turn volatile. (6) Training to help workers who work with mentally ill community or that have behavioral problems and need help coping. (7) Educational resources and materials to train staff on safety and awareness measures. (8) Other activities determined by the Secretary to be safety training. (c) Application.-- (1) In general.--A State seeking a grant under subsection (a) shall submit an application to the Secretary, at such time, in such manner, and accompanied by such additional information as the Secretary may require. (2) Contents.--Each application submitted pursuant to paragraph (1) shall-- (A) describe the type of agencies that will be receiving funding from the grant and type of work done by such agencies; (B) describe the specific activities for which assistance under this section is sought and include a program budget; and (", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01008", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00408", "text": "Chinese dance focuses on circular upper-body movements, a unique coordination that complements ballet technique.\" Rehearsals and classes can end as late as 9 pm. Students live on campus in dormitories; with little free time and all focus placed on their futures, they consider BDA home until graduation. BDA's ballet department in a performance of \"La Bayadère.\" Photo Courtesy BDA. Stage Time Performance is the most important aspect of BDA students' professional development, with annual productions featuring classical ballets, contemporary works and student choreography. Since dancers don't usually audition internationally, these performances are their chance to be discovered—directors from surrounding Chinese companies, including the National Ballet of China, attend in order to scout new talent. As a result, preparation is intense. In a studio rehearsal for La Bayadère, Act II, no understudies are present, and any imperfection is pointed out by one of four coaches at the front of the room. All lines, heads, arms and feet are perfectly placed. Pei Yu sparkles in her variation, the other dancers are similarly strong and dedicated. Students run the piece twice for stamina. Between run-throughs, each fastidiously practices difficult sections, never satisfied with the results. Dancers approach more contemporary movement with a mature coordination mirroring many professional dancers. Recent performances have included works by Paul Taylor, Jorma Elo and Christopher Wheeldon; students often get to work with the choreographers directly. Pei Yu learned Over Glow from Elo himself. \"He showed us how to handle rhythm with the whole body,\" she says. \"Ballet has so many rules, but contemporary ballet makes me feel excited and free.\" Sun Jie, a coach and men's teacher at BDA since 2008, explains how introducing works from Western choreographers has broadened the overall abilities of Chinese ballet dancers. \"When we started to teach new works at BDA in 2011, students struggled to move freely or adapt to new movement,\" he says. \"But learning these styles over time has opened dancers' eyes to new possibilities.\" Life After Graduation BDA students enter professional life somewhat older than in the West, with graduates ranging from 20 to 22 years old. Only the most promising students receive company contracts, but others accept teaching and other dance-related posts at BDA and surrounding dance schools and institutions. many have won awards at international competitions, the school does not actively focus on", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00504", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00409", "text": "We present Gemini integral field spectroscopy and Keck II longslit spectroscopy of the extended emission-line region (EELR) around the quasar 4C 37.43. The velocity structure of the ionized gas is complex and cannot be explained globally by a simple dynamical model. The spectra from the clouds are inconsistent with shock or ``shock + precursor'' ionization models, but they are consistent with photoionization by the quasar nucleus. The best-fit photoionization model requires a low-metallicity (12+log(O/H) < 8.7) two-phase medium, consisting of a matter-bounded diffuse component with a unity filling-factor (N ~ 1 \\cc, T ~ 15000 K), in which are embedded small, dense clouds (N ~ 400 \\cc, T ~ 10^4 K). The high-density clouds are transient and can be re-generated through compressing the diffuse medium by low-speed shocks (V_S \\lesssim 100 \\kms). Our photoionization model gives a total mass for the ionized gas of about 3x10^{10} M_sun, and the total kinetic energy implied by this mass and the observed velocity field is ~2x10^{58} ergs. The fact that luminous EELRs are confined to steep-spectrum radio-loud quasars, show no morphological correspondence to the radio jets, suggests that the driving force producing the 4C 37.43 EELR was a roughly spherical blast wave initiated by the production of the jet. That such a mechanism seems capable of ejecting a mass comparable to that of the total interstellar medium of the Milky Way suggests that ``quasar-mode'' feedback may indeed be an efficient means of regulating star formation in the early universe.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 370, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00272", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00410", "text": "Recent galaxy redshift surveys have brought in a large amount of accurate cosmological data out to redshift 0.3, and future surveys are expected to achieve a high degree of completeness out to a redshift exceeding 1. Consequently, a numerical programme for determining the metric of the universe from observational data will soon become practical; and thereby realise the ultimate application of Einstein's equations. Apart from detailing the cosmic geometry, this would allow us to verify and quantify homogeneity, rather than assuming it, as has been necessary up to now, and to do that on a metric level, and not merely at the mass distribution level. This paper is the beginning of a project aimed at such a numerical implementation. The primary observational data from our past light cone consists of galaxy redshifts, apparent luminosities, angular diameters and number densities, together with source evolution functions, absolute luminosities, true diameters and masses of sources. Here we start with the simplest case, that of spherical symmetry and a dust equation of state, and execute an algorithm that determines the unknown metric functions from this data. We discuss the challenges of turning the theoretical algorithm into a workable numerical procedure, particularly addressing the origin and the maximum in the area distance. Our numerical method is tested with several artificial data sets for homogeneous and inhomogeneous models, successfully reproducing the original models. This demonstrates the basic viability of such a scheme. current surveys don't have sufficient completeness or accuracy, we expect this situation to change in the near future, and in the meantime there are many refinements and generalisations to be added.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 321, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00177", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00411", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Securing America From Terrorist Entries Act'' or the ``SAFTE Act''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. The Congress makes the following findings: (1) United States border security agencies are presently overwhelmed with more than 400 million visits across our borders each year and safeguards need to be put in place to make our borders more secure. (2) Current border entry and exit systems are woefully inadequate and the provisions included in the USA PATRIOT Act will greatly enhance the Nation's border security so that Americans know with greater certainty who is entering and exiting the United States. (3) Most of the nineteen terrorists who hijacked planes and attacked the United States on September 11, 2001, are believed to have entered the United States with approved visas and had not been identified by the Immigration and Naturalization Service as being in violation of the terms of their visa. (4) Afghanistan harbors terrorist organizations and is host to Osama bin Laden and his al Qaeda terrorist network. (5) Terrorist organizations are operating in Algeria, Lebanon, Somalia, and the United Arab Emirates, and their members pose a threat to the people of the United States. (6) Terrorist organizations continue to secretly operate in Egypt and six of the individuals on the Federal Bureau of Investigation's most wanted terrorists list are Egyptians wanted in connection with attacks on the United States. (7) An Egyptian, Mohamed Atta, believed to be the organizer of the September 11, 2001, attacks, was able to enter and exit the United States several times prior to the attacks being on our Nation's terrorist watch list. (8) Nearly half of the nineteen terrorists who hijacked planes on September 11, 2001, were citizens of Saudi Arabia and entered the United States on approved visas. (9) Most of the suspects in the June 25, 1996, bombing on United States Air Force Khobar Towers barracks at Dhahran Air Base in Saudi Arabia are citizens of Saudi Arabia. (10) The United States Department of State has designated Yemen a haven for terrorists and operatives of Osama bin Laden operating in Yemen were responsible for the 1999 attack on the USS Cole which killed 17 and injured 39 United States sailors. SEC. 3. TEMPORARY MORATORIUM ON THE ISSUANCE OF CERTAIN ALIEN IMMIGRANT AND NONIMM", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00981", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00412", "text": "Carbonates have repeatedly been discussed as possible carriers of stardust emission bands. the band assignments proposed so far were mainly based on room temperature powder transmission spectra of the respective minerals. Since very cold calcite grains have been claimed to be present in protostars and in Planetary Nebulae such as NGC 6302, the changes of their dielectric functions at low temperatures are relevant from an astronomical point of view. We have derived the IR optical constants of calcite and dolomite from reflectance spectra - measured at 300, 200, 100 and 10K - and calculated small particle spectra for different grain shapes, with the following results: i) The absorption efficiency factors both of calcite and dolomite are extremely dependent on the particle shapes. This is due to the high peak values of the optical constants of CaCO3 and CaMg[CO3]2. ii) The far infrared properties of calcite and dolomite depend also very significantly on the temperature. Below 200K, a pronounced sharpening and increase in the band strengths of the FIR resonances occurs. iii) In view of the intrinsic strength and sharpening of the 44 mum band of calcite at 200-100K, the absence of this band -- inferred from Infrared Space Observatory data -- in PNe requires dust temperatures below 45K. iv) Calcite grains at such low temperatures can account for the '92' mum band, while our data rule out dolomite as the carrier of the 60-65 mum band. The optical constants here presented are publicly available in the electronic database http://www.astro.uni-jena.de/Laboratory/OCDB", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 339, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00400", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00413", "text": "We report the discovery of two extremely low luminosity globular clusters in the Milky Way Halo. These objects were detected in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 5 and confirmed with deeper imaging at the Calar Alto Observatory. The clusters, Koposov 1 and Koposov 2, are located at $\\sim 40-50$ kpc and appear to have old stellar populations and luminosities of only $M_V \\sim -1$ mag. Their observed sizes of $\\sim 3$ pc are well within the expected tidal limit of $\\sim$10 pc at that distance. Together with Palomar 1, AM 4 and Whiting 1, these new clusters are the lowest luminosity globulars orbiting the Milky Way, with Koposov 2 the most extreme. Koposov 1 appears to lie close to distant branch of the Sagittarius stream. The half-mass relaxation times of Koposov 1 and 2 are only $\\sim 70$ and $\\sim 55$ Myr respectively (2 orders of magnitude shorter than the age of the stellar populations), so it would seem that they have undergone drastic mass segregation. Since they do not appear to be very concentrated, their evaporation timescales may be as low as $\\sim 0.1 t_{\\rm Hubble}$. These discoveries show that the structural parameter space of globular clusters in the Milky Way halo is not fully explored. They also add, through their short remaining survival times, significant direct evidence for a once much larger population of globular clusters.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 323, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00289", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00414", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``State Child Well-Being Research Act of 2004''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. Congress makes the following findings: (1) The well-being of children is a paramount concern for our Nation and for every State, and most programs for children and families are managed at the State or local level. (2) Child well-being varies over time and across social, economic, and geographic groups, and can be affected by changes in the circumstances of families, by the economy, by the social and cultural environment, and by public policies and programs at both the Federal and State level. (3) States, including small States, need information about child well-being that is specific to their State and that is up-to-date, cost-effective, and consistent across States and over time. (4) Regular collection of child well-being information at the State level is essential so that Federal and State officials can track child well-being over time. (5) Information on child well-being is necessary for all States, particularly small States that do not have State-level data in other federally supported data bases, such as the Survey of Income and Program Participation. (6) Telephone surveys of parents, represent a relatively cost-effective strategy for obtaining information on child well-being at the State level for all States, including small States. (7) Data from telephone surveys of the population are used to monitor progress toward many important national goals, including immunization of preschool children with the National Immunization Survey, and the identification of health care issues of children with special needs with the National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs. (8) A State-level telephone survey can provide information on a range of topics, including children's social and emotional development, education, health, safety, family income, family employment, and child care. Information addressing marriage and family structure can also be obtained for families with children. Information obtained from such a survey would not be available solely for children or families participating in programs but would be representative of the entire State population and consequently, would not only inform welfare policymaking, but policymaking on a range of other important issues, such as child care, child welfare, and education. SEC. 3. RESEARCH ON INDICATORS OF CHILD WELL-BEING. Section 413 of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 613) is amended by adding at the end the following:", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 495, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01040", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00415", "text": ") the term `firearm' has the meaning given such term in section 921(a) of this title; and ``(C) the term `State' includes the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and any other territory or possession of the United States. ``(2) For the purposes of this chapter, the term `gender identity' means actual or perceived gender-related characteristics. ``(d) Statute of Limitations.-- ``(1) Offenses not resulting in death.--Except as provided in paragraph (2), no person shall be prosecuted, tried, or punished for any offense under this section unless the indictment for such offense is found, or the information for such offense is instituted, not later than 7 years after the date on which the offense was committed. ``(2) Death resulting offenses.--An indictment or information alleging that an offense under this section resulted in death may be found or instituted at any time without limitation. ``(e) Rule of Evidence.--In a prosecution for an offense under this section, evidence of expression or associations of the defendant may not be introduced as substantive evidence at trial, unless the evidence specifically relates to that offense. nothing in this section affects the rules of evidence governing impeachment of a witness.''. (b) Technical and Conforming Amendment.--The table of sections at the beginning of chapter 13 of title 18, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following new item: ``249. Hate crime acts.''. SEC. 7. SEVERABILITY. If any provision of this Act, an amendment made by this Act, or the application of such provision or amendment to any person or circumstance is held to be unconstitutional, the remainder of this Act, the amendments made by this Act, and the application of the provisions of such to any person or circumstance shall not be affected thereby. SEC. 8. RULE OF CONSTRUCTION. Nothing in this Act, or the amendments made by this Act, shall be construed to prohibit any expressive conduct protected from legal prohibition by, or any activities protected by, the Constitution. Passed the House of Representatives April 29, 2009. Attest: LORRAINE C. MILLER, Clerk.", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 441, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01154", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00416", "text": "to deliver another customer-requested feature to The Roku Channel – live and linear news. ABC News has been at the forefront of producing and delivering live news for OTT viewing and we're excited to have them on-board as one of our anchor news partners.” ABC News Live, the network’s new 24/7 live streaming channel will be available on The Roku Channel, giving users access to breaking news and live event coverage. It will utilize the worldwide resources of ABC News and their people in the field to deliver news in a modern package and take users live, on location to show – not tell them – what’s happening in the world. “Now more than ever people want to find out what’s happening in the world from a straightforward news source they know and trust,” said Colby Smith, Vice President, ABC News Digital. “After experimenting with thousands of livestreams and analyzing the data, we’re excited to launch ABC News Live for younger viewers who increasingly rely on Roku and non-linear platforms for their news.\" In addition to ABC News Live, Roku users can view live and linear news feeds from the following partners: Cheddar: Cheddar on The Roku Channel is a linear news offering featuring a selection of live and curated content from the network, which offers a unique approach to news in technology, media, and entertainment. PeopleTV: PeopleTV is the ad-supported streaming network helmed by PEOPLE and Entertainment Weekly. Roku customers will have unlimited, daily access to quality programming features original series and specials, which encompass celebrity, pop culture, lifestyle and human-interest genres. Since launching last September, The Roku Channel continues to expand its entertainment library, bringing more content from existing channel publishers, such as FilmRise, Vidmark and more to the forefront, and working with leading studios such as Lionsgate, Metro Goldwyn Mayer (MGM), Sony Pictures Entertainment and Warner Bros. and others. ROKU OS 8.1 Starting in May, Roku OS 8.1 will deliver a number of enhanced features that add convenience and value to a customer’s streaming experience. Most notably, multicast private listening will be added to multiple devices through the Roku mobile app. The update supports up to four users on iOS or Android devices. These updates will be available to customers through a phased rollout over the course of the coming weeks. For more information on The Roku Channel visit https://www.roku.com/showcase/the-roku-channel. About Roku, Inc. Roku pioneered streaming to the TV", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00641", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00417", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Canine Detection Team Augmentation and Certification Act of 2006''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. The Congress finds the following: (1) Canine detection teams, which consist of a canine and a canine handler, are an important part of a layered homeland security system to prepare for, respond to, mitigate against, and prevent acts of terrorism. (2) Canine detection teams can be deployed quickly and can move easily throughout a variety of areas, including mass transit systems, airports, cargo areas, sea ports, the Nation's borders, ports of entry, office buildings, and stadiums. (3) Canine detection teams can be trained to detect a variety of items, such as explosives, narcotics, concealed humans, cadavers, and chemical and biological materials. (4) Canine detection teams can be utilized in situations where detection technologies are unavailable, immobile, or not cost-effective. (5) There is a shortage of canine detection teams available to assist Federal, State, and local law enforcement personnel as they put their lives at risk daily to protect the Nation. (6) The Congress has authorized 2,000 new Border Patrol agents for each of fiscal years 2006 through 2010 without a corresponding increase in the number of detection canines deployed with these Border Patrol agents. (7) Canine detection teams have been deployed to the Nation's busiest airports. the Transportation Security Administration must increase the capacity of its canine training program in order to train and deploy canines to the Nation's mass transit systems. (8) Urban search and rescue canines and cadaver detection canines were used effectively in the Gulf Coast region to respond to Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. (9) The Bureau of United States Customs and Border Protection, the United States Secret Service, the Coast Guard, and the Federal Protective Service regularly use canine detection teams to secure National Special Security Events, protect Federal buildings and their occupants, and protect the Nation's sea ports. (10) State, local, and tribal agencies and the private sector rely on canine detection teams for security purposes, like the Federal Government. In the absence of national training and certification standards, there have been a number of fraudulent operations and the use of inadequately trained canines and canine handlers. In one documented case, in 2003, a Virginia man, Russell Lee Ebersole, supplied explosive detection canine teams to several government", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00972", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00418", "text": ", the President shall transmit to Congress a report that includes-- (1) the strategy required by subsection (a); (2) an assessment, including data disaggregated by age and gender to the extent possible, of current United States-funded efforts to specifically assist girls in developing countries; and (3) examples of best practices or programs to prevent child marriage in developing countries that could be replicated. SEC. 6. RESEARCH AND DATA COLLECTION. The Secretary of State shall work through the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development and any other relevant agencies of the Department of State, and in conjunction with relevant executive branch agencies as part of their ongoing research and data collection activities, to-- (1) collect and make available data on the incidence of child marriage in countries that receive foreign or development assistance from the United States where the practice of child marriage is prevalent; and (2) collect and make available data on the impact of the incidence of child marriage and the age at marriage on progress in meeting key development goals. SEC. 7. DEPARTMENT OF STATE'S COUNTRY REPORTS ON HUMAN RIGHTS PRACTICES. The Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 is amended-- (1) in section 116 (22 U.S.C. 2151n), by adding at the end the following new subsection: ``(g) The report required by subsection (d) shall include for each country in which child marriage is prevalent at rates at or above 40 percent in at least one sub-national region, a description of the status of the practice of child marriage in such country. In this subsection, the term `child marriage' means the marriage of a girl or boy, not the minimum age for marriage stipulated in law in the country in which such girl or boy is a resident.''; and (2) in section 502B (22 U.S.C. 2304), by adding at the end the following new subsection: ``(i) The report required by subsection (b) shall include for each country in which child marriage is prevalent at rates at or above 40 percent in at least one sub-national region, a description of the status of the practice of child marriage in such country. In this subsection, the term `child marriage' means the marriage of a girl or boy, not the minimum age for marriage stipulated in law in the country in which such girl or boy is a resident.''. SEC. 8. DEFINITION. In this Act,", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01101", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00419", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Precision Agriculture Connectivity Act of 2018''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. Congress finds the following: (1) Precision agriculture technologies and practices allow farmers to significantly increase crop yields, eliminate overlap in operations, and reduce inputs such as seed, fertilizer, pesticides, water, and fuel. (2) These technologies allow farmers to collect data in real time about their fields, automate field management, and maximize resources. (3) Studies estimate that precision agriculture technologies can reduce agricultural operation costs by up to 25 dollars per acre and increase farm yields by up to 70 percent by 2050. (4) The critical cost savings and productivity benefits of precision agriculture cannot be realized without the availability of reliable broadband Internet access service delivered to the agricultural land of the United States. (5) The deployment of broadband Internet access service to unserved agricultural land is critical to the United States economy and to the continued leadership of the United States in global food production. (6) the growing demand for broadband Internet access service on agricultural land, broadband Internet access service is not consistently available where needed for agricultural operations. (7) The Federal Communications Commission has an important role to play in the deployment of broadband Internet access service on unserved agricultural land to promote precision agriculture. SEC. 3. TASK FORCE. (a) Definitions.--In this section-- (1) the term ``broadband Internet access service''-- (A) means a mass-market retail service by wire or radio that provides the capability to transmit data to and receive data from all or substantially all Internet endpoints, including any capabilities that are incidental to and enable the operation of the communications service, but excluding dial-up Internet access service; and (B) also encompasses any service that the Commission finds to be providing a functional equivalent of the service described in subparagraph (A); (2) the term ``Commission'' means the Federal Communications Commission; (3) the term ``Department'' means the Department of Agriculture; (4) the term ``Secretary'' means the Secretary of Agriculture; and (5) the term ``Task Force'' means the Task Force for Reviewing the Connectivity and Technology Needs of Precision Agriculture in the United States established under subsection (b). (b) Establishment.--Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act, the Commission shall establish the Task Force for Reviewing the Connectivity and Technology Needs of Precision Agriculture in the United", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01087", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00420", "text": "In this paper we investigate the influence of the intrinsic alignment of background galaxies on weak lensing detections of mass concentrations. Specifically, we analyze the number counts of false peaks resulting from intrinsic ellipticities in lensing convergence maps. Including the alignment of source galaxies, the full noise variance from intrinsic ellipticites in convergence $\\kappa$-maps can be written as $\\sigma^2_0=\\sigma^2_{0ran}+\\sigma^2_{0corr}$, where $\\sigma^2_{0ran}$ is the noise contributed from randomly oriented source galaxies and $\\sigma^2_{0corr}$ denotes the additional noise from intrinsic alignments. it is observationally difficult to measure $\\sigma^2_{0corr}$ and usually only $\\sigma^2_{0ran}$ can be estimated in weak lensing observations. Thus the observational signal-to-noise ratio is often defined with respect to $\\sigma_{0ran}$, which is denoted as $\\nu_{ran}$ in this paper. The true signal-to-noise ratio $\\nu$ in terms of $\\sigma_0$ is then $\\nu=\\nu_{ran}/(1+\\sigma^2_{0corr}/\\sigma^2_{0ran})^{1/2}$. Given a detection threshold on $\\nu_{ran}$, a larger value of $\\sigma^2_{0corr}/\\sigma^2_{0ran}$ leads to a lower threshold on $\\nu$ and therefore a larger expected number of false peaks. With $\\sigma^2_{0corr}/\\sigma^2_{0ran}\\sim 10%$, the average number of false peaks with $\\nu_{ran}\\ge 3.5$ nearly doubles compared to that without considering the alignment, and for $\\nu_{ran}\\ge 5$, the number is tripled. As a result, the efficiency of weak lensing cluster detection degrades significantly. (Abridged)", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 390, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00395", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00421", "text": "In this work, we first use Thompson's renormalization group method to treat QCD-vacuum behavior close to the regime of asymptotic freedom. QCD-vacuum behaves effectively like a \"paramagnetic system\" of a classical theory in the sense that virtual color charges (gluons) emerge in it as spin effect of a paramagnetic material when a magnetic field aligns their microscopic magnetic dipoles. Making a classical analogy with the paramagnetism of Landau's theory,we are able to introduce a kind of Landau effective action without temperature and phase transition for simply representing QCD-vacuum behavior at higher energies as magnetization of a paramagnetic material in the presence of a magnetic field H. This reasoning allows us to use Thompson's heuristic approach in order to extract an \"effective susceptibility\" ($\\chi>0$) of QCD-vacuum. It depends on logarithmic of energy scale u to investigate hadronic matter. Consequently,we are able to get an \"effective magnetic permeability\" ($\\mu>1$) of such a \"paramagnetic vacuum\". As QCD-vacuum must obey Lorentz invariance,the attainment of $\\mu>1$ must simply require that the \"effective electrical permissivity\" is $\\epsilon<1$,in such a way that $\\mu\\epsilon=1$ (c^2=1).This leads to the antiscreening effect, where the asymptotic freedom takes place. quarks cofinement, a subject which is not treatable by perturbative calculations, is worked by the present approach. We apply the method to study this subject in order to obtain the string constant, which is in agreement with the experiments.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 348, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00356", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00422", "text": "WOLVEGA, Netherlands (AP) — No! Absolutely no way! No one should be counting on a repeat performance. Not even the most optimistic Dutchman does. Yes, count on the Dutch to dominate the oval at the Pyeongchang Olympics, but don't expect them to suffocate opposition like they did in Sochi four years ago, when they turned the Olympic hall into a swelling sea of their national color, orange, courtesy of a massive haul of 23 of 36 medals, including eight out of 12 golds. It was dominance rarely seen in top class international sports. Think the USA ruling Olympic basketball, Jamaica the recent track sprints and China table tennis. \"There is only one goal and that is doing the best you can. The more, the better,\" Dutch skating technical director Arie Koops said in an interview in Friesland, the pond- and canal-ridden flatlands in the northern Netherlands which have produced countless champions. even he knows that the endless nights in Sochi's Holland Heineken House celebrating the likes of Sven Kramer and Ireen Wust cannot be repeated every four years. \"It is really more realistic to talk about 15, or even less,\" he said. History bears him out. The only other time the Netherlands broke into double digits over the past two decades was at the 1998 Nagano Games with 11. OK, he said. \"If it is less than 12, we underperform. We can say that.\" In one sense though, it has become easier to haul in medals since the mass start event has been added to the program, bumping the total from 36 to 42. And in an unexpected boon for the Dutch, the IOC's punishment for Russia's doping program has a direct and fundamental impact on the men's competition. Look at the World Cup standings this year, and right on top sits Denis Yuskov with five gold medals already in the 1,000 and 1,500 meters. He has been ruled out of the Pyeongchang Games. Same goes for Pavel Kulizhnikov, who already won a World Cup 1,000 and is also a fearsome 500 sprinter. Then again, some things are going against the Dutch this year. They had four clean sweeps in Sochi in 10 possible events, including the women's 1,500 where the top four were Dutch. It almost turned into an", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00761", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00423", "text": "She had overdosed. Someone had brought her to the clinic in the middle of the night on Feb. 2, authorities said, but when the clinic was closed, whoever brought her abandoned the car and left. They didn't call 911. This month, the Grand Forks Police Department put out a reminder that those using and possessing drugs who are present at the time of an overdose will not be prosecuted if they call and cooperate with first responders. In North Dakota and Minnesota, Good Samaritan laws are on the books that give immunity to those who call in drug overdoses if the caller remains on scene until first responders arrive and cooperate with medical services and law enforcement. The person must be in need of emergency medical services. Up to three people can be granted immunity. The law also applies to people overdosing from alcohol consumption. \"We want people to be focused on saving a life,\" said Lt. Jeremy Moe with the special resource bureau. In 2016, Grand Forks Police responded to 28 calls for overdoses. Three of them were fatal. State Sen. Howard Anderson Jr., R-Turtle Lake, was a sponsor of the Good Samaritan laws that passed in North Dakota in 2015. The former director of the North Dakota Board of Pharmacy, Anderson said he wanted to sponsor the law to give people a better chance to survive. Information provided by companions can be key to successful care. \"It's hard to find out what they took or what the situation is, so by the time doctors get a chance to figure out what it is, it's too late,\" Anderson said. In the process of passing the law, legislators heard testimony from a man whose companions had abandoned him in a dumpster, thinking he'd overdosed, Anderson said. But too few people know about the law, Anderson said. He also believes law enforcement have been overzealous in pressing charges against people, the law. \"They're using the Good Samaritan laws as an excuse to charge people because, obviously, if I gave you drugs, then I'm guilty of providing them for you. It's like a sale even if I gave it to you free,\" he said. \"So we need a little better education with police. If you're trying to save somebody's life for crying out loud, back off a little bit. Catch the crook the next time.\" Anderson said users speak to one another, and if law enforcement is too aggressive, it might deter people from", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00579", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00424", "text": "WASHINGTON (AP) — Credit card holders will soon pay more. So will people with adjustable-rate mortgages or home equity lines of credit. But most would-be home buyers needn't worry. And auto loan rates won't likely change much. For savers? Rates should creep up, at least for the highest-yielding CDs and saving accounts, though on average they'll still pay a pittance. The cumulative impact of another Federal Reserve interest rate hike — its fourth in 18 months — will range widely for individuals and businesses with loans or income-producing accounts. And the consequences range beyond U.S. shores. A series of Fed hikes generally means that overseas investors in search of interest income can increase their returns by shifting money into the United States. Higher U.S. rates also tend to cause an outflow of capital from developing countries that can ill-afford it. The most immediate effects, though, are generally on borrowers in the United States. When the Fed lifts the short-term rate it controls by one-quarter of a percentage point, as it did Wednesday, it typically translates into a quarter-point rate increase for credit card debt and home equity lines, as well as for some adjustable mortgages. Fed policymakers have raised their benchmark rate to a range of 1 percent to 1.25 percent and indicated that they foresee one additional hike this year, assuming that the economy remains on solid footing. For someone with a $5,000 credit card balance who makes a minimum payment each month, the Fed's four rate increases since December 2015 equal an additional $700 in payments over the life of the loan, according to Greg McBride, chief financial analyst at Bankrate.com. \"That's where consumers are feeling it and are going to continue to feel it,\" McBride said. But home and auto loan rates are another story: the Fed's moves, they've barely budged since December 2015, when the central bank announced its first increase after seven years of near-zero rates. Here are some questions and answers on what the Fed's moves could mean for consumers, businesses, investors and the economy: ___ Q. Why haven't mortgage rates increased? A. Because fixed-rate mortgage rates don't typically follow the Fed's changes. Sometimes they even move in the opposite direction. So it doesn't necessarily make sense to rush into buying a home or refinancing a mortgage. The hike often won't translate into higher mortgage rates. Fixed long-term mortgages tend to track the rate on the", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00648", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00425", "text": "good flex option in point-per-reception formats and could equal the eight touchdowns he scored as a rookie. Cleveland's Corey Coleman, Josh Doctson of Washington and Malcolm Mitchell of the Patriots are each later stage targets who have both the upside and opportunity to take bigger steps forward. In the case of Mitchell, his recovery from knee surgery makes him a deep sleeper worth an endgame play. RETURN OF THE PRODIGAL REDBIRD Cardinals pitcher Alex Reyes made his return to the mound on Wednesday, his first appearance since having Tommy John surgery in 2016. One of the game's elite prospects, Reyes will cause a frenzy in leagues where he is eligible to picked up in free agency. Those looking to pursue the hard-throwing Reyes should proceed with caution as the Cards will treat him with kid gloves. There is strikeout potential there, but expectations need to be tempered. Reyes' return will also spark a run on trade proposals for those who own him in keeper/dynasty leagues. Reyes owners could sell high, especially if winning immediately is a priority. SAY \"YES\" TO BOWYER AT POCONO Clint Bowyer has to win at Pocono Raceway, site of Sunday's NASCAR Monster Energy Pocono 400. Bowyer ($9,400 at DraftKings, $10,600 at FanDuel) has 10 top 10 finishes in 24 career visits to the track, including a sixth-place finish last year. Since a second-place finish at Dover, Bowyer has finished 15th at Kansas and 12th at Charlotte, breaking what had been a streak of four straight top 10 finishes. Look for him to have a solid outing as he stands a good chance to earn his first checkered flag at Pocono. ___ This column was provided to The Associated Press by the Fantasy Sports Network, http://FNTSY.com", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 379, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00776", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00426", "text": "to remain neutral and independent, avoiding in particular military alliances with others. Not surprisingly, that looks a lot like North Korea today, with its Supreme People's Assembly, and the party's Politburo and Central Committee overseeing day-to-day policies. Even the name smacks of the North, which is officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. An equal number of assembly seats would be a good deal for the North, which has half the South's population. The inclusion of Koreans overseas would boost that advantage even further since, for historical reasons, more often than not they have at least nominal allegiance to Pyongyang, not Seoul. With so many devils lurking in the details, Kim's grand plan has never gotten much traction. ___ A KOREAN COMMONWEALTH AND BEYOND South Korea's three-step proposal ends in a similarly predictable place: its own system writ large across the peninsula. The first priority, according to South Korea's Unification Ministry, is to develop a sustainable relationship and resolve the issue of North Korea's development of nuclear weapons. Seoul wants to substitute the unstable armistice that ended the fighting of the 1950-53 Korean War with a permanent peace treaty — a goal Pyongyang shares. This step could get a boost on Friday — it will almost certainly be taken up then and probably again at the summit between Kim and President Donald Trump in May or early June. South Korea wants to then develop trust and cooperation to the point where a sort of national consensus has been achieved. After a transitional commonwealth period, the next step would be the formation of a single market on the Korean Peninsula \"to create new growth engines and create an inter-Korean economic community of coexistence and co-prosperity.\" \"We will build a new economic order that will bring peace and prosperity to the Korean Peninsula and Northeast Asia,\" the ministry concludes. The essentials of this plan were announced by President Roh Tae-woo in September 1989. The succession of administrations that have taken office in the South since Roh have adhered fairly predictably to the principle of gradual, peaceful progress, while calibrating their willingness to engage with Pyongyang based on their assessment of its level of vulnerability or hostility. In the long run, it makes no provision for a one-state, two-system future. Ultimately, Seoul believes, the North Korean system has to go. ___ Talmadge is the AP's Pyongyang bureau chief. Follow him on Twitter and Instagram @EricTalmadge", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00789", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00427", "text": "import (optional) Encryption password Admin setup (email/password) Dropbox setup (optional) Email setup (optional) Once I completed the wizard, trouble in paradise arose. During the first round, the final screen was blank. After a reboot, I had to walk through the wizard again. This time around the final screen appeared, the All set link didn't work. So I returned to the IP address and was presented with a login screen. I attempted to use the admin email/password I'd setup during the wizard, but that wouldn't work. I then attempted root/password... again to no avail. After another reboot (unplug, wait a few seconds, plug back in), I was (once again) sent to the setup wizard (only this time, half-way through). Once again, the final screen links wouldn't work. Fortunately, I was sent two devices, so I unplugged the first (a GS-16) and plugged in the second (a GS-64). This time around, everything went smoothly and I was able to log into the Gitstorage interface (Figure B). Figure B Usage From the main interface, your first task is to create users. Click on the Users button and add the necessary information for a new user (Figure C). Figure C You can now create a new repository. new repositories can only be created by the Root user. This is a problem. Why? Remember that admin user created during setup? I was unable to login with that user. So the only user with root privileges is root and the password is, well, not even remotely secure. Changing that password isn't nearly as intuitive as you might think (at least not from an admin perspective). Instead of the root user password change option being in the Settings sections, you must click on the Root user button in the upper right corner. From the popup menu (Figure D), click Account. Figure D In the resulting window, click Password. When prompted, type (and verify) the new password for the root user. Log out and log back in with your new credentials. Now click on the Repositories entry in the left navigation, click the Create button, give the repository a name, and click Submit. Once you've created the repository, click on the Settings entry for it and then click the Add user button, so you can add users to the repository (otherwise the root user will be the only one with access). SEE: 10 Terminal commands to speed your work on", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00510", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00428", "text": "The effect of the electron density stratification on the intensity profiles of the H I Ly-$\\alpha$ line and the O VI and Mg X doublets formed in solar coronal holes is investigated. We employ an analytical 2-D model of the large scale coronal magnetic field that provides a good representation of the corona at the minimum of solar activity. We use the mass-flux conservation equation to determine the outflow speed of the solar wind at any location in the solar corona and take into account the integration along the line of sight (LOS). The main assumption we make is that no anisotropy in the kinetic temperature of the coronal species is considered. We find that at distances greater than 1 Rsun from the solar surface the widths of the emitted lines of O VI and Mg X are sensitive to the details of the adopted electron density stratification. Ly-$\\alpha$, which is a pure radiative line, is hardly affected. The calculated total intensities of Ly-$\\alpha$ and the O VI doublet depend to a lesser degree on the density stratification and are comparable to the observed ones for most of the considered density models. The widths of the observed profiles of Ly-$\\alpha$ and Mg X are well reproduced by most of the considered electron density stratifications, while for the O VI doublet only few stratifications give satisfying results. The densities deduced from SOHO data result in O VI profiles whose widths and intensity ratio are relatively close to the values observed by UVCS only isotropic velocity distributions are employed. These density profiles also reproduce the other considered observables with good accuracy. Thus the need for a strong anisotropy of the velocity distribution (i.e. a temperature anisotropy) is not so clear cut as previous investigations of UVCS data suggested. ...", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 368, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00038", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00429", "text": "In a previous work, we showed that the differentially rotating equatorial disk in the pulsar's electrosphere is diocotron unstable in the non-relativistic regime. In this paper, we extend these results and study the relativistic and electromagnetic stabilisation effects by including the magnetic field perturbation and allow for relativistic speeds of the guiding centre, in a self-consistent manner. We use the electric drift approximation, valid for low-density plasmas. We linearise the coupled relativistic cold-fluid and Maxwell equations in the electric drift approximation. The non-linear eigenvalue problem for the perturbed azimuthal electric field is solved numerically with standard technics for boundary value problems like the shooting method. The spectrum of the relativistic diocotron instability in a non-neutral plasma column confined between two cylindrically conducting walls is computed. For low-speed motions, we recover the eigenfunctions and eigenspectra of the non-relativistic diocotron instability. Our algorithm is also checked in the relativistic planar diode geometry for which an analytical expression of the dispersion relation is known. As expected, when the relativistic and electromagnetic effects become significant, the diocotron instability tends to stabilise. In cylindrical geometry, for some special rotation profile, all azimuthal modes $l$ are completely suppressed for sufficiently relativistic flows. for the profile relevant to the electrosphere, depending on the exact rotation curves, the growth rates can either significantly decrease till they vanish or persist for moderate $l$.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 306, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00101", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00430", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Attorney-Client Privilege Protection Act of 2006''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS AND PURPOSE. (a) Findings.--Congress finds the following: (1) Justice is served when all parties to litigation are represented by experienced diligent counsel. (2) Protecting attorney-client privileged communications from compelled disclosure fosters voluntary compliance with the law. (3) To serve the purpose of the attorney-client privilege, attorneys and clients must have a degree of confidence that they will not be required to disclose privileged communications. (4) The ability of an organization to have effective compliance programs and to conduct comprehensive internal investigations is enhanced when there is clarity and consistency regarding the attorney-client privilege. (5) Prosecutors, investigators, enforcement officials, and other officers or employees of Government agencies have been able to, and can continue to, conduct their work while respecting attorney-client and work product protections and the rights of individuals, including seeking and discovering facts crucial to the investigation and prosecution of organizations. (6) the existence of these legitimate tools, the Department of Justice and other agencies have increasingly employed tactics that undermine the adversarial system of justice, such as encouraging organizations to waive attorney- client privilege and work product protections to avoid indictment or other sanctions. (7) An indictment can have devastating consequences on an organization, potentially eliminating the ability of the organization to survive post-indictment or to dispute the charges against it at trial. (8) Waiver demands and other tactics of Government agencies are encroaching on the constitutional rights and other legal protections of employees. (9) The attorney-client privilege, work product doctrine, and payment of counsel fees shall not be used as devices to conceal wrongdoing or to cloak advice on evading the law. (b) Purpose.--It is the purpose of this Act to place on each agency clear and practical limits designed to preserve the attorney-client privilege and work product protections available to an organization and preserve the constitutional rights and other legal protections available to employees of such an organization. SEC. 3. DISCLOSURE OF ATTORNEY-CLIENT PRIVILEGE OR ADVANCEMENT OF COUNSEL FEES AS ELEMENTS OF COOPERATION. (a) In General.--Chapter 201 of title 18, United States Code, is amended by inserting after section 3013 the following: ``Sec. 3014. Preservation of fundamental legal protections and rights in the context", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01105", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00431", "text": ", Yahiya Osman helps Syrians register for ID cards and health care. He's a Syrian refugee himself, and has worked here for four years — even though he only got a work permit two weeks ago. \"It makes me eligible for private health insurance, a pension and worker's compensation,\" says Osman, 33. \"You've got to think ahead. We're not sure what's going to happen in Syria. We might have to stay here in Turkey forever.\" But Turkish government statistics show out of the 3 million Syrians here, fewer than 14,000 had work permits by January — a year into the program. \"It's a very exhausting procedure,\" says Sule Akarsu, who manages a charity that teaches Syrian refugees how to do bricklaying and other construction work. Her work is dedicated to helping Syrian refugees. even she has not applied for work permits for her Syrian staff. \"It takes nearly three months to get permission for the Syrians,\" she says. \"It's also difficult for Turkish industry, doing all these procedures.\" Only companies can apply for these permits, not employees, and they must pay monthly social security for each worker — even if it's a Syrian who doesn't plan to stay in Turkey long-term. Some employers say it's not worth the hassle and expense. There are questions about how much Turkey's government really wants to implement this policy. It has threatened to fine companies that hire Syrians without permits. But the fines are rarely enforced. At an Istanbul cafe, Adnan Hadad, another Syrian, says it's not just the bureaucracy that slows things down. He's dragged his feet too. When he arrived four years ago, he thought he'd be in Turkey \"a couple of years,\" he says. \"But the Syrian war, and how it eventually evolved, made me realize I'll be here a lot longer,\" Hadad says. He still dreams of growing old back home in Syria. But for now, he's starting in on some Turkish paperwork.", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 405, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00605", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00432", "text": "(Abridged) We present deep, sub-horizontal branch, multi-colour photometry of the Andromeda II dwarf spheroidal (And II dSph) taken with Subaru Suprime-Cam. We identify a red clump population in this galaxy, the first time this feature has been detected in a M31 dSph, which are normally characterized as having no significant intermediate age populations. We construct radial profiles for the various stellar populations and show that the horizontal branch has a nearly constant density spatial distribution out to large radius, the reddest red giant branch stars are centrally concentrated in an exponential profile. We argue that these populations trace two distinct structural components in And II and show that this assumption provides a good match to the overall radial profile of this galaxy. The extended component dominates the stellar populations at large radius, the exponential component dominates the inner few arcminutes. We show that the two components have very different stellar populations; the exponential component has an average age of $\\sim 7 - 10$ Gyrs old, is relatively metal-rich ([Fe/H] $\\sim -1$) but with a significant tail to low metallicities, and possesses a red clump. The extended component, is ancient ($\\sim 13$ Gyrs), metal-poor ([Fe/H] $\\sim -1.5$) with a narrower dispersion $\\sigma_{\\rm [Fe/H]} \\simeq 0.28$, and has a well developed blue horizontal branch. The extended component contains approximately three-quarters of the light of And II and its unusual density profile is unique in Local Group dwarf galaxies. This suggests that its formation and/or evolution may have been quite different to other dwarf galaxies.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 344, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00192", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00433", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS. (a) Short Title.--This Act may be cited as the ``Guam World War II Loyalty Recognition Act''. (b) Table of Contents.--The table of contents of this Act is as follows: Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents. Sec. 2. Recognition of the suffering and loyalty of the residents of Guam. Sec. 3. Payments for Guam World War II claims. Sec. 4. Adjudication. Sec. 5. Grants program to memorialize the occupation of Guam during World War II. SEC. 2. RECOGNITION OF THE SUFFERING AND LOYALTY OF THE RESIDENTS OF GUAM. (a) Recognition of the Suffering of the Residents of Guam.--The United States recognizes that, as described by the Guam War Claims Review Commission, the residents of Guam, on account of their United States nationality, suffered unspeakable harm as a result of the occupation of Guam by Imperial Japanese military forces during World War II, by being subjected to death, rape, severe personal injury, personal injury, forced labor, forced march, or internment. (b) Recognition of the Loyalty of the Residents of Guam.--The United States forever will be grateful to the residents of Guam for their steadfast loyalty to the United States of America, as demonstrated by the countless acts of courage they performed the threat of death or great bodily harm they faced at the hands of the Imperial Japanese military forces that occupied Guam during World War II. SEC. 3. PAYMENTS FOR GUAM WORLD WAR II CLAIMS. (a) Payments for Death, Personal Injury, Forced Labor, Forced March, and Internment.--After receipt of certification pursuant to section 4(b)(8) and in accordance with this section, the Secretary of the Treasury shall make the following payments: (1) Survivors of residents who died in war.--In the case of a compensable Guam decedent (as defined in subsection (c)(1)), the Secretary shall pay $25,000 for distribution to eligible survivors of the decedent as specified in subsection (b). (2) Residents injured.--In the case of a compensable Guam victim who is not deceased, the Secretary shall pay such victim the following: (A) If the victim has suffered an injury described in subsection (c)(2)(A), $15,000. (B", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00982", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00434", "text": "We present EVN observations of seven BL Lac objects selected from the RGB sample. To investigate the intrinsic radiation property of BL Lac objects, we estimated the Doppler factor with the VLA or MERLIN core and the total 408 MHz luminosity for a sample of 170 BL Lac objects. The intrinsic (comoving) synchrotron peak frequency was then calculated by using the estimated Doppler factor. Assuming a Lorentz factor of 5, the viewing angle of jets was constrained. The high-resolution VLBI images of seven sources all show a core-jet structure. We estimated the proper motions of three sources with the VLBI archive data, and find that the apparent speed increases with the distance of components to the core for all of them. In our BL Lacs sample, the Doppler factor of LBLs is systematically larger than that of IBLs and HBLs. We find a significant anti-correlation between the total 408 MHz luminosity and the intrinsic synchrotron peak frequency. the scatter is much larger than for the blazar sequence. Moreover, we find a significant positive correlation between the viewing angle and the intrinsic synchrotron peak frequency. The BL Lac objects show a continuous distribution on the viewing angle. While LBLs have a smaller viewing angle than that of IBLs and HBLs, IBLs are comparable to HBLs. We conclude that the intrinsic synchrotron peak frequency is not only related to the intrinsic radio power (though with a large scatter), but also to the viewing angle for the present sample.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 321, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00294", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00435", "text": "to vote on Tuesday, which could be key in what's already expected to be a very low-turnout affair. And the pro-Trump America First Action super PAC also announced late Friday it would be spending up to $200,000 on digital ads targeting Trump voters to encourage them to come out for Strange. he's slipping in polling, Brooks is hoping to turn McConnell's fervent support for Strange into a last-ditch way to get into the likely runoff against Moore. He's hitched a \"Ditch Mitch\" banner to his campaign bus in the final days, and in his closing ad he echoes Trump's frustration with McConnell's inability to push through an Obamacare repeal. \"McConnell and Strange are weak, but together we can be strong,\" Brooks says. \"Mr. President, isn't it time we tell McConnell and Strange, 'You're fired?'\" Ultimately, the Huntsville-area congressman hasn't had the resources the other two candidates have had, and he hasn't been elected statewide before like Moore and Strange. And, perhaps most damaging, he was certainly no fan of Trump during the GOP presidential primaries last year, during which he supported Texas Sen. Ted Cruz. McConnell's super PAC has pointed that out in ads, saying Brooks sided with House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi, D-Calif., and Sen. Elizabeth Warren, D-Mass. If Strange does fall short of the runoff, University of Alabama political science professor emeritus William Stewart, a longtime political observer in the state, said that's a big problem for McConnell. And, if Strange does make it to the likely September runoff, expect that to be a big point Moore can use against Strange, too. \"The McConnell support for Strange will not be helpful because McConnell, as the president says, hasn't been successful at pushing through the president's agenda, \" Stewart said. \"If Strange doesn't make the runoff, that's a definite blow to McConnell,\" more so than Trump. Polling shows Moore is still the favorite against Strange in a runoff, and that's where the McConnell ties could be the most deadly — and place the president in a more precarious spot given his surprising endorsement. Stewart said it would be interesting to watch how much Trump puts his muscle behind Strange later, and something like traveling to Alabama — one of Trump's best states in 2016 — for a rally on the senator's behalf would certainly give Strange a boost. No matter who wins the GOP nomination though, they'll", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00624", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00436", "text": "athan Johnson were able to find McNeight at a gas station at Magnolia Beach Road and Thomas Drive. The two men entered the gas station after McNeight, one of them carrying a tire iron. Johnathon Johnson put McNeight in a choke hold, and they threatened McNeight with the tire iron, and took the money, his wallet, and his cell phone. That was when McNeight called the BCSO to report the robbery. initially not forthcoming about the true circumstances surrounding the robbery, McNeight eventually told investigators how he got the money. James Dean Riles, the other transient, was unable to cash his fraudulent check at the first bank, and was taken by Clarence Suggs and Reginald Hughes to a second bank where he was successful. He was paid $80 and was taken by the two men to Millville and left. Riles then called the Panama City Police Department to file a complaint about what he had done. Riles had important tag information on one of the vehicles. Using the tag information, investigators were able to learn the two vehicles were rentals and eventually identified the four men from Atlanta. A BOLO was put out to local law enforcement on the vehicles. One was located at a business on East Avenue and contact was made with Clarence Suggs, age 27, and Reginald Hughes, age 26. They were arrested. Suggs and Hughes were charged with Counterfeiting of an Instrument with Intent to Defraud (two counts), Principal/Accessory to Uttering a False Bank Bill (two counts), and Larceny $300 or more but less than $5000 (two counts). A BCSO investigator spotted the second vehicle in a grocery store parking lot in Lynn Haven. He watched as a man left a bank adjacent to the parking lot, and got into the vehicle with two black males. A traffic stop was done and Johnathan Johnson, age 22, and Germarco Johnson, age 27, cousins, were arrested. Johnathan Johnson was charged with Robbery with a Weapon, Counterfeiting of an Instrument with Intent to Defraud (two counts), Principal/Accessory to Uttering a False Bank Bill (two counts), Larceny $300 or more but less than $5000 (two counts), and Violation of Probation for Financial Identity Fraud. Germarco Johnson was charged with Robbery with a Firearm, Counterfeiting of an", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00507", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00437", "text": "We study the exponential scale length of total radio emission, the spectral index distribution, and the linear radio polarization in the Scd galaxy M33. Observations were carried out using the 3.6 cm dual channel and the 6.2 cm four channel receivers of the 100--m Effelsberg telescope along with the L-band VLA D--array at 20 cm. High spatial resolution and sensitivity in both total and linearly polarized radio continuum emission from M33 were achieved. We found considerable extended emission, not only from the main arms I S and I N, but also from the weaker arms. The large--scale magnetic field exhibits well--ordered spiral structure with almost the same orientation as that of the optical spiral arms, it does not show a clear structural correlation or anti--correlation with the optical arms. There is a north-south asymmetry in polarization that is frequency-dependent. We found that the ring mean spectral index versus radius increases faster beyond $R$ = 4 kpc. At each wavelength, the exponential scale length is larger inside than outside $R$ = 4 kpc. From the larger scales lengths at $R$ $<$ 4 kpc, we conclude that star forming regions are mainly spread over the region $R$ $<$ 4 kpc without a dominant nuclear concentration. Furthermore, at $R$ $<$ 4 kpc, a spatial correlation between cosmic rays and star forming regions may exist. From the behaviour of the mean spectral indices obtained from different pairs of the radio continuum data at 3.6, 6.2, and 20 cm, we confirm that a decrease in the thermal fraction causes an increase in the spectral index. The frequency-dependent asymmetry in the polarization hints to an asymmetry in Faraday depolarization.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 366, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00296", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00438", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Railroad Antitrust Enforcement Act of 2009''. SEC. 2. APPLICATION OF THE ANTITRUST LAWS TO RAIL CARRIERS. (a) Mergers and Acquisitions.--The last undesignated paragraph of section 7 of the Clayton Act (15 U.S.C. 18) is amended by inserting ``(excluding transactions involving a rail carrier as defined in section 10102 of title 49 of the United States Code)'' after ``Surface Transportation Board''. (b) Vesting of Authority in Antitrust Agencies.--Section 11(a) of the Clayton Act (15 U.S.C. 21(a)) is amended by inserting ``(excluding a rail carrier as defined in section 10102 of such title)'' after ``Code''. (c) Injunctions.--The proviso in section 16 of the Clayton Act (15 U.S.C. 26) is amended by inserting ``, except against a rail carrier (as defined in section 10102 of such title)'' after ``Code''. (d) Federal Trade Commission Authority.--Section 5(a)(2) of the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 45(a)(2)) is amended by adding at the end the following: ``For purposes of this paragraph with respect to unfair methods of competition, the term `common carriers' excludes a rail carrier as defined in section 10102 of title 49 of the United States Code.''. SEC. 3. TERMINATION OF ANTITRUST EXEMPTIONS IN TITLE 49. (a) In General.--Section 10706 of title 49, United States Code, is amended-- (1) in subsection (a)-- (A) beginning in the 3d sentence of paragraph (2)(A) by striking ``, and the Sherman Act (15 U.S.C. 1, et seq.),'' and all that follows through ``the'' and inserting ``. The'', (B) in paragraph (3)(B)-- (i) by striking ``(i)'', and (ii) by striking clause (ii), (C) in paragraph (4)-- (i) by striking the 2d sentence, and (ii) in the 3d sentence by striking ``the'' and inserting ``The'', and (D) in paragraph (5)(A) by striking", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 496, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00934", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00439", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Pulmonary Hypertension Research Act of 2001''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. The Congress finds as follows: (1) In order to take full advantage of the tremendous potential for finding a cure or effective treatment, the Federal investment in pulmonary hypertension must be expanded, and coordination among the national research institutes of the National Institutes of Health must be strengthened. (2) Primary, or unexplained, pulmonary hypertension (``PPH'') is a rare lung disorder which occurs for no apparent reason. It has been historically chronic and incurable with a poor survival rate. (3) In the United States it has been estimated that 300 new cases of PPH are diagnosed each year, or about two persons per million population per year; the greatest number are reported in women between the ages of 21 and 40. While at one time the disease was thought to occur among young women almost exclusively; we now know, that men and women in all age ranges, from very young children to elderly people, can develop PPH. It also affects people of all racial and ethnic origins equally. (4) The low prevalence of PPH makes learning more about the disease extremely difficult. Studies of PPH also have been difficult because a good animal model of the disease has not been available. (5) In about 6 to 10 percent of cases, PPH is familial. (6) In the more advanced stages of PPH, the patient is able to perform only minimal activity and has symptoms even when resting. The disease may worsen to the point where the patient is completely bedridden. (7) PPH remains a diagnosis of exclusion and is rarely picked up in a routine medical examination. Even in its later stages, the signs of the disease can be confused with other conditions affecting the heart and lungs. (8) In 1981, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute established the first PPH-patient registry in the world. The registry followed 194 people with PPH over a period of at least 1 year and, in some cases, for as long as 7.5 years. Much of what we know about the illness today stems from this study. (9) Because we still do not understand the cause or have a cure for PPH, basic research studies are focusing on the possible involvement of immunologic and genetic factors in the cause", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01123", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00440", "text": "of intelligence activities; or (C) any other matter currently relating to the military defense, intelligence operations, or conduct of foreign relations of the United States, the disclosure of which would demonstrably impair the national security of the United States; (2) the public disclosure of the human rights record would reveal the name or identity of a living individual who provided confidential information to the United States and would pose a substantial risk of harm to that individual; (3) the public disclosure of the human rights record could reasonably be expected to constitute an unwarranted invasion of personal privacy, and that invasion of privacy is so substantial that it outweighs the public interest; or (4) the public disclosure of the human rights record would compromise the existence of an understanding of confidentiality currently requiring protection between a Government agent and a cooperating individual or a foreign government, and public disclosure would be so harmful that it outweighs the public interest. (b) Special Treatment of Certain Information.--It shall not be grounds for postponement of disclosure of a human rights record that an individual named in the human rights record was an intelligence asset of the United States Government, the existence of such relationship may be withheld if the criteria set forth in subsection (a) are met. For purposes of the preceding sentence, the term an ``intelligence asset'' means a covert agent as defined in section 606(4) of the National Security Act of 1947 (50 U.S.C. 426(4)). SEC. 6. REQUEST FOR HUMAN RIGHTS RECORDS FROM OFFICIAL ENTITIES IN OTHER COUNTRIES. In the event that an agency of the United States receives a request for human rights records from an entity created by the United Nations, the Organization of American States or a similar entity, a national truth commission or entity of similar nature, or from the principal justice or human rights official of a country that is investigating a pattern of gross violations of internationally recognized human rights, the agency shall conduct a review of records as described in section 4 and shall declassify and publicly disclose such records in accordance with the standards and procedures set forth in this Act. SEC. 7. REVIEW OF DECISIONS TO WITHHOLD RECORDS. (a) Duties of the Appeals Panel.--The Interagency Security Classification Appeals Panel or any other entity subsequently established by law or Executive order and charged with carrying out the functions currently carried out by such Panel (referred to in this Act as the ``Appeals Panel'') shall review", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00834", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00441", "text": "In this paper we report on the early evolution of core-collapse supernova explosion following the birth of a magnetar with the dipolar magnetic field of B=10^{15}G and the rotational period of 2ms, which was studied by means of axisymmetric general relativistic MHD simulations. The numerical models exhibit highly collimated magnetically-driven jets very early on. The jets are super-Alfvenic but remain sub-fast until the end of the simulations (t=0.2s). The power released in the jets is about 3x10^{50}erg/s which implies the spin-down time of ~37s. The total rotational energy of the magnetar, E~10^{52}erg, is sufficient to drive hypernova but it is not clear as to how large a fraction of this energy can be transfered to the stellar envelope. Given the observed propagation speed of the jets, v_p~0.17c, they are expected to traverse the progenitor in few seconds and after this most of the released rotational energy would be simply carried away by these jets into the surrounding space. Our results provide the first more or less self-consistent numerical model of a central engine capable of producing, in the supernova setting and on a long-term basis, collimated jets with sufficient power to explain long duration GRBs and their afterglows. the flow speed of our jets is relatively low, v_j~0.5c$, the cooling of proto-neutron star will eventually result in much higher magnetization of its magnetospheres and ultra-relativistic asymptotic speeds of the jets. Given the relatively long cooling time-scale we still expect the jets to be only weakly relativistic by the time of break out. This leads to a model of GRB jets with systematic longitudinal variation of Lorentz factor which may have specific observational signatures both in the prompt and the afterglow emission.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 387, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00419", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00442", "text": "progress led to a crackdown by EPRDF security forces in which 763 civilians were injured and 193 killed, and thousands more opposition party leaders and their followers were detained, 112 of whom were not released until the summer of 2007. (6) In its 2007 ``Countries at a Crossroads'' report, Freedom House noted that ``[i]ncreased threats to and violations of civil liberties were a consequence of the political tensions that sprang from the flawed 2005 elections.'' (7) In December 2006, military forces of the Government of Ethiopia came to the aid of Somalia's Transitional Federal Government against the Islamic Courts Union (ICU) and continue to serve as the primary security force for the United Nations- backed transitional government in Mogadishu. (8) Credible nongovernmental organizations report widespread violations of human rights and international law by the Ethiopian military in Mogadishu and other areas of Somalia, as well as in the Ogaden region of Ethiopia. (9) According to the Department of State's 2007 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, ``human rights abuses [in Ethiopia]... include: limitation on citizens' right to change their government during the most recent elections; unlawful killings, and beating, abuse, and mistreatment of detainees and opposition supporters by security forces; poor prison conditions; arbitrary arrest and detention... use of excessive force by security services in an internal conflict and counter-insurgency operations; restrictions on freedom of the press; etc.'' (10) The Department of State's 2007 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices also stated that ``[Ogaden National Liberation Front] ONLF forces... were responsible for widespread human rights abuses, including killings and the diversion of food supplies resulting in the displacement of thousands of persons.'' (11) In June 2007, in response to this violence, including the deadly April 2007 attacks on a Chinese oil exploration site in the Ogaden and at a May 2007 political rally, the Prime Minister of Ethiopia, Meles Zenawi, announced that the Government of Ethiopia was launching a ``political and military operation to contain the activities of the ONLF,'' which, according to credible reports, has resulted in the displacement of thousands of civilians to government-designated ``protection zones,'' while thousands more have fled across Ethiopia's borders. (12) the Government of Ethiopia has legitimate security concerns in the Og", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 493, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00966", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00443", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``FFSCC Charter Act of 2011''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS; PURPOSE. (a) Findings.--The Congress finds the following: (1) According to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, more than 60 million low- and moderate-income consumers in America remain unbanked, underbanked, or underserved. (2) The proportion of United States households that are unbanked varies considerably across racial and ethnic groups with certain racial and ethnic groups being more likely to be unbanked than the population as a whole. Minorities more likely to be unbanked include Blacks (21.7 percent of Black households), Hispanics (19.3 percent), and American Indian/ Alaskans (15.6 percent). Racial groups less likely to be unbanked are Asians (3.5 percent) and Whites (3.3 percent). (3) Certain racial and ethnic minorities are more likely to be underbanked than the population as a whole. Minorities more likely to be underbanked include Blacks (an estimated 31.6 percent), American Indian/Alaskans (28.9 percent), and Hispanics (24.0 percent). Asians and Whites are less likely to be underbanked (7.2 percent and 14.9 percent, respectively). (4) Households with income under $30,000 account for at least 71 percent of unbanked households. As income increases, the share of households that are unbanked declines considerably. Nationally, nearly 20 percent of lower-income United States households--almost 7 million households earning below $30,000 per year--do not currently have a bank account. only 4.2 percent of households with annual income between $30,000 and $50,000 and less than 1 percent of households with yearly income of $75,000 or higher are unbanked. (5) Lack of access to affordable banking products and services deters the economic advancement of low- and moderate- income consumers and stunts the economic growth of communities in which they live. (b) Purpose.--The purpose of this Act is to establish a vibrant, safe, and commercially viable market for underbanked and unbanked individuals to gain access to financial services and products. SEC. 3. FEDERAL FINANCIAL SERVICES AND CREDIT COMPANY. (", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01161", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00444", "text": "The solar wind conditions at one astronomical unit (AU) can be strongly disturbed by the interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs). A subset, called magnetic clouds (MCs), is formed by twisted flux ropes that transport an important amount of magnetic flux and helicity which is released in CMEs. At 1 AU from the Sun, the magnetic structure of MCs is generally modeled neglecting their expansion during the spacecraft crossing. in some cases, MCs present a significant expansion. We present here an analysis of the huge and significantly expanding MC observed by the Wind spacecraft during 9 and 10 November, 2004. After determining an approximated orientation for the flux rope using the minimum variance method, we precise the orientation of the cloud axis relating its front and rear magnetic discontinuities using a direct method. This method takes into account the conservation of the azimuthal magnetic flux between the in- and out-bound branches, and is valid for a finite impact parameter (i.e., not necessarily a small distance between the spacecraft trajectory and the cloud axis). Moreover, using the direct method, we find that the ICME is formed by a flux rope (MC) followed by an extended coherent magnetic region. These observations are interpreted considering the existence of a previous larger flux rope, which partially reconnected with its environment in the front. These findings imply that the ejected flux rope is progressively peeled by reconnection and transformed to the observed ICME (with a remnant flux rope in the front part).", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 305, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00367", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00445", "text": ". (e) Civil Proceedings.--The privilege under subsection (a) shall not apply in any civil proceeding if the administrative law judge (in the case of an administrative proceeding) or the court (in the case of a judicial proceeding) determines, in an in camera proceeding under subsection (d), that-- (1) the report, finding, opinion, or other document or communication or testimony indicates noncompliance with an environmental law by such entity, and such entity failed to initiate efforts to achieve compliance with the law within a reasonable period of time in a manner consistent with applicable provisions of law; (2) such entity is asserting the applicability of the privilege under this section for a fraudulent purpose; or (3) the report was prepared for the purpose of avoiding disclosure of information required for a then pending or imminent specific investigative, administrative, or judicial proceeding of which the entity had actual or constructive knowledge. Whenever an administrative law judge or a court has ruled under this subsection that on the applicability of the privilege to any report, finding, opinion, or other document or communication or testimony of any entity, such entity or such person, as the case may be, may appeal such ruling to the appropriate United States district court (in the case of an administrative law judge) or to the appropriate court of appeals (in the case of a ruling by a court) and such court shall review such ruling and issue a decision on the appeal within 30 days after the filing of the appeal. (f) Criminal Proceedings.--The privilege under subsection (a) shall not apply in any criminal proceeding brought by a Federal or State agency if the court, in an in camera hearing, makes any determination referred to in subsection (e). A law enforcement official, having probable cause (based upon information obtained from a source independent of a voluntary environmental self-evaluation report) to believe that a criminal offense has been committed under any of the covered environmental laws and that the report constitutes evidence of such offense, may obtain the report pursuant to a lawful search and seizure. upon taking possession of the report, the law enforcement official shall immediately place it under seal and shall not review, disclose or otherwise use the contents of the report in any way, unless the person or entity for whom the report was prepared expressly waives its protected status pursuant to subsection (c) or the court determines that the report is subject to disclosure in an in camera hearing under subsection (d). During any such hearing, the court shall permit the agency", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00991", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00446", "text": "LAKE BUENA VISTA, Fla. (AP) — As a big league umpire, Dale Scott saw maybe 1 million pitches from the field. His final call, it turned out, was the easiest of all. Rather than risk another concussion, Scott has decided to retire at 58. \"I'm done,\" he told The Associated Press. The veteran crew chief missed nearly the entire 2017 season after a foul ball off the bat of Baltimore slugger Mark Trumbo in Toronto on April 14 caught him hard in the mask, causing Scott's second concussion in nine months and fourth in five years. Within a few days, while undergoing treatment for head, neck and shoulder injuries, Scott realized it was the end of a major league career that began in 1985 and included three World Series assignments, three All-Star Games and 91 postseason games. \"In fact, it was pretty easy,\" he said. \"I wasn't planning on this year being the last one. But I thought, this is a sign.\" Especially when he asked three doctors about the possible long-term effects if he got jarred again. \"They said, 'We just don't know,'\" Scott said. \"But they told me that the more times you get hit, the more probability that you'll have issues.\" This summer, he saw Bruno Mars and Green Day in concert, watched Fourth of July fireworks from a boat near his home in Portland, Oregon, and enjoyed more time with husband Michael Rausch. They've been together since 1986 and were married in November 2013 in Palm Springs, California, by the city's mayor. Scott came out as gay after the 2014 season. The next spring training, Reds outfielder Marlon Byrd gave Scott a big hug while trotting to the dugout. \"You're free, brother. I'm so proud of you,\" Byrd told him. Says Scott: \"I did feel free. I am who I am.\" Scott's decision will resonate, said Billy Bean, Major League Baseball's vice president for social responsibility and inclusion. Bean came out as gay after his big league career ended in 1995. \"He has achieved everything in his umpiring career, and has carried himself with integrity and garnered the respect of his peers and MLB players,\" Bean said. \"I am filled with pride as I reflect on all of his accomplishments. He's a pro's pro, who's been a wonderful", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00794", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00447", "text": "A non-local cascade model for anisotropic MHD turbulence in the presence of a guiding magnetic field is proposed. The model takes into account that (a) energy cascades in an anisotropic manner and as a result a different estimate for the cascade rate in the direction parallel and perpendicular to the guiding field is made. (b) the interactions that result in the cascade are between different scales. Eddies with wave numbers $k_\\|$ and $k_\\perp$ interact with eddies with wave numbers $q_\\|,q_\\perp$ such that a resonance condition between the wave numbers $q_\\|,q_\\perp$ and $k_\\|,k_\\perp$ holds. As a consequence energy from the eddy with wave numbers $k_\\|$ and $k_\\perp$ cascades due to interactions with eddies located in the resonant manifold whose wavenumbers are determined by: $q_\\|\\simeq \\epsilon^{{1}/{3}}k_\\perp^{2/3}/B$, $q_\\perp=k_\\perp$ and energy will cascade along the lines $k_\\|\\sim C+k_\\perp^{2/3} \\epsilon^{1/3}/B_0$. For a uniform energy injection rate in the parallel direction the resulting energy spectrum is $E(k_\\|,k_\\perp)\\simeq \\epsilon^{2/3}k_\\|^{-1}k_\\perp^{-5/3}$. For a general forcing the model suggests a non-universal behavior. The connections with previous models, numerical simulations and weak turbulence theory are discussed.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 342, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00310", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00448", "text": "We present a survey of mid-infrared gas-phase lines toward a sample of 76 circumstellar disks around low mass pre-main sequence stars from the Spitzer \"Cores to Disks\" legacy program. We report the first detections of [Ne II] and [Fe I] toward classical T Tauri stars in ~20% respectively ~9% of our sources. The observed [Ne II] line fluxes and upper limits are consistent with [Ne II] excitation in an X-ray irradiated disk around stars with X-ray luminosities L_X=10^{29}-10^{31} erg s^{-1}. [Fe I] is detected at ~10^-5-10^-4 L_Sun, but no [S I] or [Fe II] is detected down to ~10^{-6} L_Sun. The [Fe I] detections indicate the presence of gas-rich disks with masses of >~0.1 M_J. No H_2 0-0 S(0) and S(1) disk emission is detected, except for S(1) toward one source. These data give upper limits on the warm (T~100-200K) gas mass of a few Jovian masses, consistent with recent T Tauri disk models which include gas heating by stellar radiation. Compact disk emission of hot (T>~500K) gas is observed through the H_2 0-0 S(2) and/or S(3) lines toward ~8% of our sources. The line fluxes are, higher by more than an order of magnitude than those predicted by recent disk models, even when X-ray and excess UV radiation are included. Similarly the [Ne II]/H_2 0-0 S(2) ratios for these sources are lower than predicted, consistent with the presence of an additional hot molecular gas component not included in current disk models. Oblique shocks of stellar winds interacting with the disk can explain many aspects of the hot gas emission, but are inconsistent with the non-detection of [S I] and [Fe II] lines.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 429, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00085", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00449", "text": "We present SEST observations of the molecular environment ahead of the southern Herbig-Haro object 188 (HH188), associated with the low-mass protostar Re4 IRS. We have also used the SuperCosmos Halpha survey to search for Halpha emission associated with the Re4 IRS - HH188 region. The aim of the present work is to study the properties of the molecular gas and to better characterize this southern star forming region. We mapped the HCO+ 3-2 and H13CO+ 1-0 emission around the YSO and took spectra of the CH3OH 2(0)-1(0)A+ and 2(-1)-1(-1)E and SO 6(5)-5(4) towards the central source. Column densities are derived and different scenarios are considered to explain the origin of the molecular emission. HCO+ arises from a relatively compact region around the YSO; its peak emission is displaced to the south following the outflow direction. Our chemical analysis indicates that a plausible scenario is that most of the emission arises from the cold, illuminated dense gas ahead of the HH188 object. We have also found that HH188, a high excitation object, seems to be part of a parsec scale and highly collimated HH system. Re4 IRS is probably a binary protostellar system, in the late Class 0 or Class I phase. One of the protostars, invisible in the near-IR, seems to power the HH188 system.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 310, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00188", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00450", "text": "SECTION 1. FINDINGS. Congress finds the following: (1) Hours after the attacks on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, Imperial Japanese forces launched an attack on the Philippines, cutting off vital lines of communication to members of the Armed Forces of the United States (referred to in this Act as the ``Armed Forces'') and Filipino troops in the Far East under the command of General Douglas MacArthur. (2) On December 8, 1941, the 200th Coast Artillery Regiment, successors to the New Mexico National Guardsmen who made up part of the famed ``Rough Riders'' of the Spanish- American War, were the ``first to fire''. (3) being cut off from supply lines and reinforcements, members of the Armed Forces and Philippine troops quickly executed a plan to delay the Japanese invasion and defend the Philippines against that invasion. (4) By April 1942, troops from the United States and the Philippines had bravely and staunchly fought off enemy attacks in Bataan for more than 4 months under strenuous conditions that resulted in widespread starvation and disease. (5) By maintaining their position and engaging the enemy for as long as they did, the troops at Bataan were able to change the momentum of the war, delaying the Japanese timetable to take control of the Southeast Pacific for needed war materials. Because of the heroic actions of the defenders of Bataan, members of the Armed Forces and other Allied forces throughout the Pacific had time to regroup and prepare for the successful liberation of the Pacific and the Philippines. (6) On April 9, 1942, Major General Edward King, whose troops suffered from starvation and a lack of supplies, surrendered the soldiers from the United States and the Philippines into enemy hands. (7) Over the next week, troops from the Armed Forces and the Philippines were taken prisoner and forced to march 65 miles without any food, water, or medical care in what came to be known as the ``Bataan Death March''. (8) During this forced march, thousands of soldiers died, either from starvation, lack of medical care, sheer exhaustion, or abuse by their captors. (9) Conditions at the prisoner of war camps were appalling, leading to increased disease and malnutrition among the prisoners. (10) The prisoners at Camp O'Donnell died at a rate of nearly 400 per day because of the poor conditions of the camp. (11) On June", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01054", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00451", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Native Act to Transform Imagery in Various Environments''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. The Congress finds the following: (1) Based on article I, section 8 of the United States Constitution, treaties, Federal statutes, and court decisions, the United States has a unique historical and legal relationship with American Indian and Alaska Native people, which serves as the basis for the Federal Government's trust responsibility and obligations. (2) There are 564 federally recognized Indian tribes in the United States, with some 40 percent of Indian tribes located in the State of Alaska. (3) Indian tribes have principal responsibility for lands and people within their jurisdiction. (4) This responsibility extends to educating their students and providing adequate educational facilities in which their students can learn. (5) Because of this responsibility, Indian schools should be eligible for the funding available under this Act. (6) Elementary and secondary schools all over the Nation use words and symbols representing their schools that are offensive to Native Americans. (7) Nationally, more than 1,200 schools inappropriately use such offensive names or nicknames. Often, these names or symbols become mascots and are used at athletic games for mascot characters, chants, and other antics. (8) these school communities do not intend disrespect toward Native Americans, that is the end result of allowing these offensive terms to continue in these educational institutions. Therefore, Federal funding should be available to schools to assist them to discontinue use of offensive names and symbols on equipment and apparel, including team jerseys, signs, stationery, walls, fields, and gymnasium floors. SEC. 3. GRANTS. (a) Grants To Discontinue Use of a Derogatory or Discriminatory Name or Depiction.-- (1) In general.--During the 1-year period beginning at the end of the period described in section 4(b)(2), the Secretary of Education, acting through the Committee on Indian Relations, may make grants to eligible schools to assist such schools to discontinue use of a name or depiction that is derogatory or discriminatory (as provided under section 5) as a team name, mascot, or nickname of the school or any entity sponsored by the school. (2) Use of funds.--The Secretary may not make a grant to an applicant under this subsection unless the applicant agrees to use the grant for the following: (A) Replacement", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01015", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00452", "text": "BRUSSELS (AP) — International efforts to rebuild Syria once the civil war is over should center on agriculture to kick start the economy and quickly improve the livelihoods of the people, a high-level United Nations official said Tuesday. In an interview with The Associated Press ahead of an international Syria donors conference, the United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization's Deputy Director General Daniel Gustafson said that in case of a return to peace the impact of funding farming would yield almost immediate results. \"If you invest in that, you are going to get a quick return,\" he said. seven years of warfare through much of the Middle Eastern nation which also blighted farmland and destroyed facilities, farming still accounts for about a quarter of Syria's gross domestic product. UN figures show that some $16 billion in production has been lost because of the war and it will take about as much to get the recovery of farming going again. At the two-day Syria conference opening Tuesday, donors from across the globe hope to commit several billion in assistance to alleviate the pressing needs of Syrians. Over $5 billion was committed last year. Farming in Syria goes back many thousands of years and the nation was long a breadbasket for the area. When the war started almost half the population was still employed in farming. And the horrific war that ravaged orchards and fields, cut the availability of seeds and fertilizers and sent many millions fleeing, half the output survives to this day. \"The resilience of the agriculture sector is an astonishing story. You still have half the production of wheat of what you had before the war\" — two million tons, instead of 4 million before the war, Gustafson said. Still, some 6.5 million people are in urgent need of immediate assistance because they face a lack of food, said Gustafson. While most of the attention goes to shocking events like bombings or even gas attacks, war in the countryside often has a more creeping effect. \"It is this continuous deterioration of their livelihoods. You cannot get seeds, you cannot sell stuff, you cannot trade, you cannot get spare parts,\" Gustafson said. \"The whole thing just kind of grinds down.\" He said that fortunately, the situation can also pick up again soon once the conditions are right, once the right seeds come in again and people and goods are again free to move around the country.", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 482, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00697", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00453", "text": "In the present work, the non-spherical dust grain characteristics of comet Hale-Bopp are studied using the T-matrix method and the modified power law distribution function. It is found that the observed data fits very well with the power index ($\\alpha) = - 3$. The best fit values of complex refractive index $(n, k)$ and the aspect ratio (E) at $\\alpha = - 3$ are calculated to be $(1.382, 0.035, 0.936)$ and $(1.379, 0.041,0.936)$ at $\\lambda = 0.485 \\mu m$ and $0.684\\mu m$ respectively. Kerola & Larson (K-L) analysed the same comet using the T-matrix method and the power law distribution function ($\\alpha = -3$), and found that the prolate grains can explain the observed polarization in a more satisfactory manner as compared to the other shapes. But their analysis could not reproduce the negative polarization branch beyond scattering angle $157^0$. the results obtained from the present work successfully generate the expected negative polarization curve beyond $157^0$ and the fitting in this case is much better than K-L's work. So it is concluded from the present study that the use of modified power law distribution function (with $\\alpha = - 3$) can fit the observed data in a better way, as compared to the power law distribution function used by previous authors.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 301, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00238", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00454", "text": "2000. His official title is vice chairman of the ruling Workers' Party. He previously headed North Korea's military intelligence agency and was believed to be behind two attacks in 2010 that killed 50 South Koreans and a 2014 cyberattack on Sony Pictures. ___ DMZ TALKS U.S. and North Korean officials started talks on the North's side of a Korean border village on Sunday to set the agenda for the summit. The village is inside the mine-strewn 4-kilometer (2.5-mile) -wide Demilitarized Zone, a buffer created at the end of the 1950-53 Korean War. The U.S. delegation is headed by Sung Kim, the U.S. ambassador to the Philippines who served as America's top negotiator to now-stalled six-nation talks on North Korean nuclear disarmament, and as its ambassador to Seoul. In 2008, he witnessed North Korea's destruction of the cooling tower at its main nuclear complex in a show of good faith with the United States. In recent years, satellite photos have indicated that North Korea has restarted its plutonium reactor at the complex. His North Korean counterpart is Vice Foreign Minister Choe Son Hui, the North's highest-ranking female diplomat. A recent statement by Choe threatening to scuttle the summit and warning Washington of a nuclear showdown led Trump to temporarily cancel the summit, citing \"open hostility\" from the North. The two sides are believed to have exchanged their countries' views on North Korea's denuclearization, America's security assurances and other issues. South Korean media said they wrapped up their talks on Wednesday after Kim Yong Chol's departure for New York. Choe served as an English-language interpreter during the six-party talks, while Sung Kim, a Korean American, is fluent in Korean. Analysts say that is likely to have smoothed their talks because they could understand each other even when they were speaking their own languages at the negotiating table. ___ SINGAPORE TALKS This meeting is to plan protocol, security and other logistical issues and might also include determining when and where in Singapore the summit would be held. The two countries originally planned to hold the summit in Singapore on June 12. After putting the summit back on track, Trump tweeted Friday that it \"will likely remain in Singapore on the same date, June 12th, and, if necessary, will be extended beyond that date.\" A delegation led by", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00672", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00455", "text": "Git is the largest revision control and collaboration system available for development. Git has replaced larger, more costly systems across the globe and has become the de facto standard tool for coders. But for some companies, small or large, housing code on a third-party cloud storage service might be a no-go. If that's the case, the only solution is in-house. For some, that means setting up a server and running a Git repository for the housing of proprietary or open source code. for some companies (especially those on the smaller side), having the resources (and time) to set up a server dedicated for Git storage may not be an option. That being the case, what do you do? Fortunately there's a solution, one that's incredibly simple. Said solution is Gitstorage, an easy-to-deploy appliance dedicated to housing your Git repositories. Each appliance is a single board computer (based on the Raspberry Pi). The device is smaller than a credit card, has no moving parts, generates no heat, is wall-mountable, is powered by a standard USB (or included mini USB), and offers a standard ethernet connection. The full specs are: Dimensions - 3.44\" × 2.93\" × 1.28\" (87.4 mm × 74.3 mm × 32.5 mm) Weight - 2.08 oz (59 g) Wall mount - 4 screws Ambient temperature - 32 °F - 104 °F (0 °C - 40 °C) Memory capacity - 16 GB (GS-16) 64 GB (GS-64) Storage for git repos - 10.6 GB (GS-16) 58.6 GB (GS-64) Certifications - CE, FCC Processor - H2 quadcore Cortex-A7 with 512 MB RAM Power supply - Standard USB Connectors - 1 × 10/100 MBit/s Ethernet, USB-A, Power (USB Micro-B) Web interface languages - English (US), French, German Price (MSRP) - $399 USD (GS-16) $499 USD (GS-64) But how well does the Gitstorage appliance work? Is it really that easy to deploy? Let's deploy one and find out. SEE: How to build a successful developer career (free PDF) (TechRepublic) Setup The setup of the Gitstorage is remarkably simple: Unpack the box. Plug the device into your", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00509", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00456", "text": "More research needs to be conducted on the effectiveness of legal and community-based interventions, not only those with the goal of changing the behavior of assailants but also those with the goal of helping women take safety-promoting actions. (7) Much of the research on violence against women examines continuing rates of physical or psychological abuse as outcome measures and measures the behavior of the perpetrators, not something over which the woman has direct and immediate control. research on the women's attempts to manage and end the violence in their lives is rare. (8) Much of the extant research has focused on violence against women in the streets (sexual assault) or in their homes (domestic violence and battering). consistent focus on violence against women in work-related (violence by partners in these settings and by coworkers and colleagues) and educational contexts has been more limited. SEC. 3. RESEARCH INITIATIVES. Part P of title III of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 280g et seq.) is amended by adding at the end the following: ``SEC. 399O. VIOLENCE PREVENTION RESEARCH INITIATIVES. ``(a) In General.--The Secretary, in consultation with the Director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Director of the National Institute of Mental Health, the Director of the Office of Research on Women's Health, the Director of the Office of Women's Health, the Director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse, the Director of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, the Director of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, the Director of the Office of Behavioral and Social Science, the Director of the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Administration, and the Director of the National Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities shall make grants and enter into contracts to-- ``(1) increase research on the psychological sequelae of violence against women; ``(2) expand research on special populations and their risk for violence, including adolescents, older women, ethnic minorities, women with disabilities, and other affected populations; ``(3) increase research on violence against women as a risk factor for various mental and physical health problems; ``(4) develop and test effective methods of screening for violence in all points of entry to the health care system, including mental health, emergency medicine, and primary care; ``(5) expand and enhance research on socioeconomic and sociocultural correlates of violence, such as the factors that create", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 496, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00851", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00457", "text": "We outline a dynamical dark energy scenario whose signatures may be simultaneously tested by astronomical observations and laboratory experiments. The dark energy is a field with slightly sub-gravitational couplings to matter, a logarithmic self-interaction potential with a scale tuned to $\\sim 10^{-3} {\\rm eV}$, as is usual in quintessence models, and an effective mass $m_\\phi$ influenced by the environmental energy density. Its forces may be suppressed just below the current bounds by the chameleon-like mimicry, whereby only outer layers of mass distributions, of thickness $1/m_\\phi$, give off appreciable long range forces. After inflation and reheating, the field is relativistic, and attains a Planckian expectation value before Hubble friction freezes it. This can make gravity in space slightly stronger than on Earth. During the matter era, interactions with nonrelativistic matter dig a minimum close to the Planck scale. due to its sub-gravitational matter couplings the field will linger away from this minimum until the matter energy density dips below $\\sim 10^{-12} {\\rm eV}^4$. Then it starts to roll to the minimum, driving a period of cosmic acceleration. Among the signatures of this scenario may be dark energy equation of state $w \\ne -1$, stronger gravity in dilute mediums, that may influence BBN and appear as an excess of dark matter, and sub-millimeter corrections to Newton's law, close to the present laboratory limits.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 307, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00342", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00458", "text": "in the Melcroft community of Saltlick Township, about 55 miles (89 kilometers) southeast of Pittsburgh. Another person was injured. But state police now say the suspect, Tim Smith, is on life support at a hospital. Authorities have identified the four people killed as 27-year-old William Porterfield, 25-year-old Chelsie Cline, 23-year-old Cortney Snyder and 21-year-old Seth Cline. Authorities say a woman who was injured survived by hiding in the back seat of a truck. A motive for the shooting remains under investigation. ____ 2:15 p.m. Family members say a domestic dispute spurred the shooting deaths of five people at a Pennsylvania car wash. But state police say they haven't confirmed that or a motive for the shootings that occurred early Sunday in the Melcroft community of Saltlick Township, about 55 miles (89 kilometers) southeast of Pittsburgh. WPXI-TV reports they spoke with family members. The victims were identified only as three men and two women in their 20s and 30s. Four of the victims were pronounced dead at the scene. Another died at a hospital. An injured person was hospitalized. His or her condition and identity is not known. The Pittsburgh Tribune-Review reports a man who lives near the scene said he heard about 30 gunshots over a span of several minutes. ___ This story has been corrected to show that the TV station is WPXI-TV, not WXPI-TV. ___ 12:20 p.m. State police say three men and two women have been found dead in a shooting at a Pennsylvania car wash. The shooting occurred shortly before 3 a.m. Sunday in the Melcroft community of Saltlick Township, about 55 miles (89 kilometers) southeast of Pittsburgh. Police said Sunday they have no motive for the deadly shooting. Four of the victims were pronounced dead at the scene, while another died at a hospital. Two victims died inside a vehicle and two were found outside in the car wash's parking lot. An injured person was taken to a hospital. Authorities say it's not clear if that person was shot. Details on that person's condition were not immediately released. Authorities were trying to determine if the shooter was among those found at the scene. ___ 10:20 a.m. State police say at least five people were killed in a shooting at a Pennsylvania car wash. WPXI-TV reports the shooting occurred around 2:45 a.m.", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00716", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00459", "text": "We have measured the flux, profile, color, and substructure in the diffuse intracluster light (ICL) in a sample of ten galaxy clusters with a range of mass, morphology, redshift, and density. Deep, wide-field observations for this project were made in two bands at the one meter Swope and 2.5 meter du Pont telescope at Las Campanas Observatory. Careful attention in reduction and analysis was paid to the illumination correction, background subtraction, point spread function determination, and galaxy subtraction. ICL flux is detected in both bands in all ten clusters ranging from 7.6 x 10^{10} to 7.0 x 10^{11} h^{-1} solar luminosities in r and 1.4 x 10^{10} to 1.2 x 10^{11} h^{-1} solar luminosities in the B-band. These fluxes account for 6 to 22% of the total cluster light within one quarter of the virial radius in r and 4 to 21% in the B-band. Average ICL B-r colors range from 1.5 to 2.8 mags when k and evolution corrected to the present epoch. In several clusters we also detect ICL in group environments near the cluster center and up to ~1 h^{-1} Mpc distant from the cluster center. Our sample, having been selected from the Abell sample, is incomplete in that it does not include high redshift clusters with low density, low flux, or low mass, and it does not include low redshift clusters with high flux, mass, or density. This bias makes it difficult to interpret correlations between ICL flux and cluster properties. this selection bias, we do find that the presence of a cD galaxy corresponds to both centrally concentrated galaxy profiles and centrally concentrated ICL profiles. This is consistent with ICL either forming from galaxy interactions at the center, or forming at earlier times in groups and later combining in the center.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 412, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00064", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00460", "text": "``the'' and inserting ``The'', and (C) in paragraph (5)(A) by striking ``, and the antitrust laws set forth in paragraph (2) of this subsection do not apply to parties and other persons with respect to making or carrying out the agreement'', (2) in subsection (d) by striking the last sentence, and (3) by striking subsection (e) and inserting the following: ``(e) Nothing in this section exempts a proposed agreement described in subsection (a) from the application of the antitrust laws (as defined in subsection (a) of the 1st section of the Clayton Act, but including section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act to the extent such section 5 applies to unfair methods of competition). ``(f) In reviewing any proposed agreement described in subsection (a), the Board shall take into account, among any other considerations, the impact of the proposed agreement on shippers, consumers, and affected communities. The Board shall make findings regarding such impact, which shall be-- ``(1) made part of the administrative record; ``(2) submitted to any other reviewing agency for consideration in making its determination; and ``(3) available in any judicial review of the Board's decision regarding such agreement.''. (b) Combinations.--Section 11321 of title 49, United States Code, is amended-- (1) in subsection (a)-- (A) by striking ``The authority'' and inserting ``Except as provided in sections 4, 4A, 4C, 15, and 16 of the Clayton Act, the authority''; and (B) in the 3d sentence by striking ``is exempt from the antitrust laws and from all other law,'' and inserting ``is exempt from all other law (except the laws referred to in subsection (c)),'', and (2) by adding at the end the following: ``(c) Nothing in this subchapter exempts a transaction described in subsection (a) from the application of the antitrust laws (as defined in subsection (a) of the 1st section of the Clayton Act, but including section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act to the extent such section 5 applies to unfair methods of competition). The preceding sentence shall not apply to any transaction relating to the pooling of railroad cars approved by the Surface Transportation Board or its predecessor agency pursuant to section 11322. ``(d) In reviewing any transaction", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00841", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00461", "text": "After the work of Gladman et al. (1998), it is now assessed that many irregular satellites are orbiting around Uranus. many studies have been performed in past years, very few is know for the light-curves of these objects and inconsistencies are present between colours derived by different authors. This situation motivated our effort to improve both the knowledge of colours and light curves. We present and discuss time series observations of Sycorax, Prospero, Stephano, Setebos and Trinculo, five faint irregular satellites of Uranus, carried out at VLT, ESO Paranal (Chile) in the nights between 29 and 30 July, 2005 and 25 and 30 November, 2005. We derive light curves for Sycorax and Prospero and colours for all of these these bodies. For Sycorax we obtain colours B-V =0.839 +/- 0.014, V-R = 0.531 +/- 0.005 and a light curve which is suggestive of a periodical variation with period about 3.6 hours and amplitude about 0.067 +/- 0.004 mag. The periods and colours we derive for Sycorax are in agreement with our previous determination in 1999 using NTT. We derive also a light-curve for Prospero which suggests an amplitude of about 0.2 mag and a periodicity of about 4 hours. the sparseness of our data, prevents a more precise characterization of the light-curves, and we can not determine wether they are one-peaked or two-peaked. Hence, these periods and amplitudes have to be considered preliminary estimates. As for Setebos, Stephano and Trinculo the present data do not allow to derive any unambiguous periodicity, Setebos displays a significant variability with amplitude about as large as that of Prospero. Colours for Prospero, Setebos, Stephano and Trinculo are in marginal agreement with the literature.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 414, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00078", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00462", "text": "5 full-time workers work nonstandard hours, and more than 1 in 3 of those workers are women. (E) Only 10 percent of child care centers and 6 percent of family day care providers offer child care on weekends. one-third of working mothers with annual incomes below the poverty level and one-quarter of mothers with annual incomes above the poverty level but below $25,000 work on weekends. (F) Less than 30 percent of Head Start programs operate on a full-time, full-year basis. SEC. 3. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS FOR CHILD CARE FOR LOW-INCOME WORKING FAMILIES AND FOR CHILD CARE SUPPLY SHORTAGES. Section 658B of the Child Care Development Block Grant Act of 1990 (42 U.S.C. 9858) is amended-- (1) by inserting ``(excluding subparagraphs (E) and (F) of section 658E(c)(3))'' after ``subchapter'', (2) by inserting ``(a)'' before ``There'', and (3) and by adding at the end the following: ``(b) There is authorized to be appropriated to provide child care services under this chapter to satisfy the requirement specified in section 658E(c)(3)(E) $1,400,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 1997 through 2002. ``(c) There is authorized to be appropriated to carry out child care activities under this chapter to satisfy the requirement specified in section 658E(c)(3)(F) $500,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 1997 through 2002.''. SEC. 4. EXPENDITURES FOR CHILD SERVICES CARE FOR LOW-INCOME WORKING FAMILIES AND FOR CHILD CARE SUPPLY SHORTAGES. (a) Required State Expenditures.--Section 658E(c)(3) of the Child Care Development Block Grant Act of 1990 (42 U.S.C. 9858c(c)(3)) is amended by adding at the end the following: ``(E) Child care for certain low-income working families.--A State shall ensure that 100 percent of amounts paid to the State out of funds appropriated under section 658B(b) with respect to each of the fiscal years 1997 through 2002 shall be used to provide child care services for families who have left the State program of assistance under part A of title IV of the Social Security", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01137", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00463", "text": "Context: How planet properties depend on stellar mass is a key diagnostic of planetary formation mechanisms. Aims: This motivates planet searches around stars which are significantly more massive or less massive than the Sun, and in particular our radial velocity search for planets around very-low mass stars. Methods: As part of that program, we obtained measurements of GJ 674, an M2.5 dwarf at d=4.5 pc, which have a dispersion much in excess of their internal errors. An intensive observing campaign demonstrates that the excess dispersion is due to two superimposed coherent signals, with periods of 4.69 and 35 days. Results: These data are well described by a 2-planet Keplerian model where each planet has a ~11 Mearth minimum mass. A careful analysis of the (low level) magnetic activity of GJ 674 demonstrates that the 35-day period coincides with the stellar rotation period. This signal therefore originates in a spot inhomogeneity modulated by stellar rotation. The 4.69-day signal is caused by a bona-fide planet, GJ 674b. Conclusion: Its detection adds to the growing number of Neptune-mass planets around M-dwarfs, and reinforces the emerging conclusion that this mass domain is much more populated than the jovian mass range. We discuss the metallicity distributions of M dwarf with and without planets and find a low 11% probability that they are drawn from the same parent distribution. Moreover, we find tentative evidence that the host star metallicity correlates with the total mass of their planetary system.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 319, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00010", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00464", "text": ", by planting fake drugs on them consisting of chalk-like material used in Sheetrock and other brands of wallboard. The revelations led to the dismissal of over 40 cases (some of those arrested were already deported). In April 2005, a former Dallas narcotics detective was sentenced to 5 years in prison for his role in the scheme. Charges against others are pending. (10) Many regional antidrug task forces receive up to 75 percent of their funding from the Byrne grant program. As such, the United States Government is accountable for corruption and civil rights abuses inherent in their operation. It is the sense of Congress that Byrne grants should be prohibited for States that do not exercise effective control over these task forces. At a bare minimum, no State that fails to prohibit criminal convictions based solely on the testimony of a law enforcement officer or informants should receive a Byrne grant. Corroborative evidence (video or audio tape, drugs, and money, etc.) should always be required for such convictions to be sustained. SEC. 3. LIMITATION ON RECEIPT OF BYRNE GRANT FUNDS AND OTHER DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LAW ENFORCEMENT ASSISTANCE. (a) Limitation.--For any fiscal year, a State shall not receive any amount that would otherwise be allocated to that State under section 506 of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 (42 U.S.C. 3756), or any amount from any other law enforcement assistance program of the Department of Justice, unless the State-- (1) does not fund any drug task forces for that fiscal year; or (2) has in effect throughout the State laws that ensure-- (A) a person is not convicted of a drug offense unless the fact that a drug offense was committed, and the fact that the person committed that offense, are each supported by evidence other than the eyewitness testimony of a law enforcement officer or individuals acting on behalf of law enforcement officers; and (B) a law enforcement officer does not participate in a drug task force unless the honesty and integrity of that officer is evaluated and found to be at an appropriately high level. (b) Regulations.--The Attorney General shall prescribe regulations to carry out subsection (a). (c) Reallocation.--Amounts not allocated by reason of subsection (a) shall be reallocated to States not disqualified by failure to comply with subsection (a). SEC. 4. COLLECTION OF DATA. (a", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00963", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00465", "text": "if not carried out, by the Emirati government. Emirati activist Ahmed Mansoor became famous in August 2016 when he worked with security experts to reveal three previously undisclosed weaknesses in Apple's mobile operating system after he was allegedly targeted with a phishing text message he didn't open. Mansoor and others believed the United Arab Emirates was behind the attack, as it involved so-called \"zero day\" exploits — flaws in programming that hackers can use to potentially install spyware or gain control of a system — that can be worth over a million dollars each. Mansoor was arrested by UAE authorities last March for his online posts. Authorities later said he was being held at Abu Dhabi's central prison and had \"the freedom to hire a lawyer\" and receive family visits. Another hacking campaign targeting Mansoor and others, dubbed \"Stealth Falcon,\" also appeared to be coordinated by the government, said Bill Marczak, a research fellow at Citizen Lab. DarkMatter's close work with the Emirati government, and the experience of its staff, raised flags about the company, Marczak said. \"When you're talking about human rights activists like Ahmed Mansoor... there's nothing he can do and the government gets access to him and his contacts and then can take further actions against his contacts,\" he said. \"It's one thing to use them against people you may think are committing terrorist acts or criminal acts, but using them against someone who is just kind of sitting around their living room tweeting, it seems kind of disproportionate.\" Al-Bannai said DarkMatter had no depository of \"zero day\" exploits, nor did it take part in so-called \"offensive hacking.\" He pointed to one of the company's signature products, a secure mobile phone called \"Katim,\" or \"silence\" in Arabic, as showing the firm's interest in defensive technology. He added that DarkMatter hired CIA, NSA and other ex-government employees for their experience. \"If you think an NSA guy is a spooky guy, the NSA guy is the one protecting you in the U.S.,\" al-Bannai said. \"These are not the bad guys.\" He did, acknowledge that questions remain about how much information authorities should have and be able to use. Pegasus, a DarkMatter subsidiary, now has a \"big data\" contract with Dubai police. An example offered by al-Bannai suggested police could be able to pool hours of surveillance", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00807", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00466", "text": "We report on HST/ACS photometry of the rich intermediate-age star cluster NGC 1846 in the Large Magellanic Cloud, which clearly reveals the presence of a double main sequence turn-off in this object. this, the main sequence, sub-giant branch, and red giant branch are all narrow and well-defined, and the red clump is compact. We examine the spatial distribution of turn-off stars and demonstrate that all belong to NGC 1846 rather than to any field star population. In addition, the spatial distributions of the two sets of turn-off stars may exhibit different central concentrations and some asymmetries. By fitting isochrones, we show that the properties of the colour-magnitude diagram can be explained if there are two stellar populations of equivalent metal abundance in NGC 1846, differing in age by approximately 300 Myr. The absolute ages of the two populations are ~1.9 and ~2.2 Gyr, there may be a systematic error of up to +/-0.4 Gyr in these values. The metal abundance inferred from isochrone fitting is [M/H] ~ -0.40, consistent with spectroscopic measurements of [Fe/H]. We propose that the observed properties of NGC 1846 can be explained if this object originated via the tidal capture of two star clusters formed separately in a star cluster group in a single giant molecular cloud. This scenario accounts naturally for the age difference and uniform metallicity of the two member populations, as well as the differences in their spatial distributions.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 309, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00126", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00467", "text": "Administration. Health claims are statements of nutrient-disease association. ``(2) Scientists who qualify to be Independent Scientific Reviewers will be selected at random by the Secretary to review all publicly available scientific evidence on a particular nutrient-disease association, must supply copies of all evidence reviewed to the Secretary, and must supply a written evaluation of that evidence and the health claim to the Secretary no later than 180 days after receipt of the health claim petition. The Independent Scientific Reviewer shall state whether the claim is supported by scientific evidence and is, therefore, recommended for approval. The Independent Scientific Reviewer should only conclude that the health claim is not supported by scientific evidence, and, therefore, not recommended for approval, if the reviewer finds-- ``(A) no credible scientific evidence supporting the claim; and ``(B) no disclaimer that could accompany the claim that could eliminate any potentially misleading connotation conveyed by the claim. Recommended disclaimers must be accurate and concise. Disclaimers should reveal the extent of support for the claim by stating whether evidence in support of the claim is less than conclusive, e.g., that evidence in support of the claim is preliminary and inconclusive, suggestive but not conclusive, or generally accepted but not proven to a conclusive degree. ``(3) Independent Scientific Reviewers must complete their reviews within 180 days of receipt of a health claim petition from the Secretary. ``(4) To qualify to be an Independent Scientific Reviewer you must certify in writing under penalty of perjury that-- ``(A) you hold a Ph.D., an M.D., or both, and have been employed full-time for at least the past 5 consecutive years as a professor, assistant professor, or associate professor in a department of medicine, biochemistry, epidemiology, pharmacology, pharmacognosy, or nutrition at a university that is accredited by an organization recognized by the Department of Education of the United States; ``(B) you have never been employed by, and have never been contracted to do work for, the Food and Drug Administration or any other agency or office of the Department of Health and Human Services (except to review health claim petitions) or for the health claim petitioner; ``(C) you will evaluate any health claim petition submitted to you in strict accordance with the criteria specified in section 403D; ``(D) you will not discuss with any person the fact that you are reviewing the health claim petition or the substance of the petition or the substance of the evaluation before you submit a complete written evaluation", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00899", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00468", "text": "A large number of effects related to the phenomenon of Bose-Einstein Condensation (BEC) can be understood in terms of lowest order mean field theory, whereby the entire system is assumed to be condensed, with thermal and quantum fluctuations completely ignored. Such a treatment leads to the Gross-Pitaevskii Equation (GPE) used extensively throughout this book. this theory works remarkably well for a broad range of experimental parameters, a more complete treatment is required for understanding various experiments, including experiments with solitons and vortices. Such treatments should include the dynamical coupling of the condensate to the thermal cloud, the effect of dimensionality, the role of quantum fluctuations, and should also describe the critical regime, including the process of condensate formation. The aim of this Chapter is to give a brief but insightful overview of various recent theories, which extend beyond the GPE. To keep the discussion brief, only the main notions and conclusions will be presented. This Chapter generalizes the presentation of Chapter 1, by explicitly maintaining fluctuations around the condensate order parameter. While the theoretical arguments outlined here are generic, the emphasis is on approaches suitable for describing single weakly-interacting atomic Bose gases in harmonic traps. Interesting effects arising when condensates are trapped in double-well potentials and optical lattices, as well as the cases of spinor condensates, and atomic-molecular coupling, along with the modified or alternative theories needed to describe them, will not be covered here.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 303, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00386", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00469", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Safe Overseas Human Testing Act''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. The Congress finds the following: (1) Before a manufacturer of a new drug or device can market its new product, the Food and Drug Administration (in this section referred to as the ``FDA'') requires that the manufacturer conduct laboratory and clinical trials to ascertain the product's safety and effectiveness. (2) Federal regulations mandate that an Institutional Review Board (IRB), which is comprised of scientists, physicians, and lay people, review the protocol or research plan and the informed consent form of the proposed clinical trial to ensure, among other things, that the health and safety of the human participants are not unnecessarily endangered. (3) Institutional Review Boards also verify that the manufacturer's clinical researchers implement appropriate additional safeguards to protect the rights and welfare of potentially vulnerable populations and persons who are economically or educationally disadvantaged. (4) Most importantly, the IRBs help assure the FDA that manufacturers of new drugs and medical devices adequately inform human participants of the anticipated risks and the likelihood of projected benefits derived from their participation in the clinical trials, and then secure the voluntary consent of the participants. (5) For the purpose of supporting the safety and efficacy of the test article, the FDA, may accept the results of clinical trials with human participants which are conducted outside of the United States and do not meet United States IRB and ethical requirements. (6) Foreign clinical trials involving human participants only need to conform to either international norms on clinical investigations or the laws and regulations of the country in which the research is to be conducted. neither international nor most host-country standards meet the stringent requirements of the United States. (7) International and most foreign-country legal protections do not adequately shield participants in clinical investigations of a new drug or device from unethical, dangerous, or unscrupulous research practices. (8) Some researchers exploit the fragile regulatory systems, high illiteracy rates, and public health failures of developing countries to test their experimental drugs and devices on misinformed and unwilling human participants. (9) On April 30, 2001, the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC) presented to the President a report, entitled ``Ethical and Policy Issues in International Research: Clinical Trials in Developing Countries'', which discussed the ethical issues generated by research on human participants in developing countries and recommended ways to help ensure the health and safety", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 496, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00873", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00470", "text": ". (8) Congress intended to include breastfeeding and expressing breast milk as protected conduct under the amendment made by the Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 to title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. (9) title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as so amended, applies with respect to ``pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions'', a few courts have failed to reach the conclusion that breastfeeding and expressing breast milk in the workplace are covered by the such title. (b) Purposes.--The purposes of this title are-- (1) to promote the health and well-being of infants whose mothers return to the workplace after childbirth, and (2) to clarify that breastfeeding and expressing breast milk in the workplace are protected conduct under the amendment made by the Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 to title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. SEC. 103. AMENDMENT TO TITLE VII OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964. Section 701(k) of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (42 U.S.C. 2000e(k)) is amended-- (1) by inserting ``(including lactation)'' after ``childbirth'', and (2) by adding at the end the following: ``For purposes of this subsection, the term `lactation' means a condition that may result in the feeding of a child directly from the breast or the expressing of milk from the breast.''. TITLE II--CREDIT FOR EMPLOYER EXPENSES FOR PROVIDING APPROPRIATE ENVIRONMENT ON BUSINESS PREMISES FOR EMPLOYED MOTHERS TO BREASTFEED OR EXPRESS MILK FOR THEIR CHILDREN SEC. 201. ALLOWANCE OF CREDIT FOR EMPLOYER EXPENSES FOR PROVIDING APPROPRIATE ENVIRONMENT ON BUSINESS PREMISES FOR EMPLOYED MOTHERS TO BREASTFEED OR EXPRESS MILK FOR THEIR CHILDREN. (a) In General.--Subpart D of part IV of subchapter A of chapter 1 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (relating to business related credits) is amended by adding at the end the following new section: ``SEC. 45E. CREDIT FOR EMPLOYER EXPENSES INCURRED TO FACILITATE EMPLOYED MOTHERS WHO BREASTFEED OR EXPRESS MILK FOR THEIR CHILDREN. ``(a) In General", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01107", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00471", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Hong Kong Reversion Act''. SEC. 2. STATEMENT OF PURPOSE. The purpose of this Act is to support the autonomous governance of Hong Kong and the future well-being of the Hong Kong people by ensuring the continuity of United States laws with respect to Hong Kong after its reversion to the People's Republic of China on July 1, 1997, and to outline circumstances under which the President of the United States could modify the application of United States laws with respect to Hong Kong if the People's Republic of China fails to honor its commitment to give the Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong a high degree of autonomy. SEC. 3. FINDINGS. The Congress makes the following findings: (1) The Joint Declaration of the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the People's Republic of China on the Question of Hong Kong, done at Beijing on December 19, 1984, is a binding international agreement which sets forth the commitments made by both governments on the reversion of Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China on July 1, 1997. (2) The People's Republic of China in the Joint Declaration pledges, among other things, that ``the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will enjoy a high degree of autonomy, except in foreign and defence affairs...,'' that basic human rights and freedoms ``will be ensured by law...,'' and that ``[t]he legislature of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall be constituted by elections.''. (3) Senior government officials of the People's Republic of China have repeatedly assured a smooth transfer of Hong Kong to Chinese sovereignty, a successful implementation of the ``one country, two systems'' policy, long-term prosperity for Hong Kong, and continued respect for the basic rights of the Hong Kong people. (4) general assertions guaranteeing the autonomous governance of Hong Kong, several official acts and statements by senior officials of the Government of the People's Republic of China reflect an attempt to infringe upon the current and future levels of autonomy in Hong Kong. These acts or statements include, but are not limited to-- (A) initial proposals, which were later withdrawn, by officials of the Government of the People's Republic of China to obtain confidential files on civil servants of the Hong Kong Government or require such civil servants to take ``loyalty oaths''; (B) the decision", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 495, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01041", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00472", "text": "Recently it has been shown that string instanton effects may give rise to neutrino Majorana masses in certain classes of semi-realistic string compactifications. In this paper we make a systematic search for supersymmetric MSSM-like Type II Gepner orientifold constructions admitting boundary states associated with instantons giving rise to neutrino Majorana masses and other L- and/or B-violating operators. We analyze the zero mode structure of D-brane instantons on general type II orientifold compactifications, and show that only instantons with O(1) symmetry can have just the two zero modes required to contribute to the 4d superpotential. We discuss how the addition of fluxes and/or possible non-perturbative extensions of the orientifold compactifications would allow also instantons with $Sp(2)$ and U(1) symmetries to generate such superpotentials. In the context of Gepner orientifolds with MSSM-like spectra, we find no models with O(1) instantons with just the required zero modes to generate a neutrino mass superpotential. we find a number of models in one particular orientifold of the Gepner model $(2,4,22,22)$ with $Sp(2)$ instantons with a few extra uncharged non-chiral zero modes which could be easily lifted by the mentioned effects. A few more orientifold examples are also found under less stringent constraints on the zero modes. This class of $Sp(2)$ instantons have the interesting property that R-parity conservation is automatic and the flavour structure of the neutrino Majorana mass matrices has a simple factorized form.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 333, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00035", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00473", "text": "In this work I discuss the necessary steps for deriving photometric redshifts for luminous red galaxies (LRGs) and galaxy clusters through simple empirical methods. The data used is from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). I show that with three bands only ({\\it gri}) it is possible to achieve results as accurate as the ones obtained by other techniques, generally based on more filters. In particular, the use of the $(g-i)$ color helps improving the final redshifts (especially for clusters), as this color monotonically increases up to $z \\sim 0.8$. For the LRGs I generate a catalog of $\\sim 1.5$ million objects at $z < 0.70$. The accuracy of this catalog is $\\sigma = 0.027$ for $z \\le 0.55$ and $\\sigma = 0.049$ for $0.55 < z \\le 0.70$. The photometric redshift technique employed for clusters is independent of a cluster selection algorithm. Thus, it can be applied to systems selected by any method or wavelength, as long as the proper optical photometry is available. When comparing the redshift listed in literature to the photometric estimate, the accuracy achieved for clusters is $\\sigma = 0.024$ for $z \\le 0.30$ and $\\sigma = 0.037$ for $030 < z \\le 0.55$. when considering the spectroscopic redshift as the mean value of SDSS galaxies on each cluster region, the accuracy is at the same level as found by other authors: $\\sigma = 0.011$ for $z \\le 0.30$ and $\\sigma = 0.016$ for $030 < z \\le 0.55$. The photometric redshift relation derived here is applied to thousands of cluster candidates selected elsewhere. I have also used galaxy photometric redshifts available in SDSS to identify groups in redshift space and then compare the redshift peak of the nearest group to each cluster redshift (ABRIDGED).", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 431, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00332", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00474", "text": "of support for the claim by stating whether evidence in support of the claim is less than conclusive, e.g., that evidence in support of the claim is preliminary and inconclusive, suggestive but not conclusive, or generally accepted but not proven to a conclusive degree. ``(3) Independent Scientific Reviewers must complete their reviews within 180 days of receipt of a health claim petition from the Secretary. ``(4) To qualify to be an Independent Scientific Reviewer you must certify in writing under penalty of perjury that-- ``(A) you hold a Ph.D., an M.D., or both, and have been employed full-time for at least the past 5 consecutive years as a professor, assistant professor, or associate professor in a department of medicine, biochemistry, epidemiology, pharmacology, pharmacognosy, or nutrition at a university that is accredited by an organization recognized by the Department of Education of the United States; ``(B) you have never been employed by, and have never been contracted to do work for, the Food and Drug Administration or any other agency or office of the Department of Health and Human Services (except to review health claim petitions) or for the health claim petitioner; ``(C) you will evaluate any health claim petition submitted to you in strict accordance with the criteria specified in section 403D; ``(D) you will not discuss with any person the fact that you are reviewing the health claim petition or the substance of the petition or the substance of the evaluation before you submit a complete written evaluation of the health claim to the Secretary; ``(E) you will complete your review of the health claim petition and will supply your complete written evaluation of it along with all scientific evidence reviewed to the Secretary no later than 180 days after receipt of the health claim petition from the Secretary; and ``(F) you will exercise independent professional judgment, free of any external influence and any unscientific bias that might interfere with the objective evaluation of the health claim. ``(5) Failure to abide by the above rules will result in disbarment from the Independent Scientific Review program and disallowance of all compensation for any review undertaken. ``(b) Confirmation of Independent Scientific Reviewer Status.--No later than 30 days after the Secretary determines that a health claim meets the criteria established in section 3 of the Health Information Independence Act for government approval, including the certifications required under subsection (a)(4) of this section, from a person who seeks to serve as an Independent Scientific Reviewer, the Secretary", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01030", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00475", "text": "We present the results of spectroscopy of Lyman Break Galaxies (LBGs) at z~5 in the J0053+1234 field with the Faint Object Camera and Spectrograph on the Subaru telescope. Among 5 bright candidates with z' < 25.0 mag, 2 objects are confirmed to be at z~5 from their Ly alpha emission and the continuum depression shortward of Ly alpha. The EWs of Ly alpha emission of the 2 LBGs are not so strong to be detected as Ly alpha emitters, and one of them shows strong low-ionized interstellar (LIS) metal absorption lines. Two faint objects with z' \\geq 25.0 mag are also confirmed to be at z~5, and their spectra show strong Ly alpha emission to the bright ones. These results suggest a deficiency of strong Ly alpha emission in bright LBGs at z~5, which has been discussed in our previous paper. Combined with our previous spectra of LBGs at z~5 obtained around the Hubble Deep Field-North (HDF-N), we made a composite spectrum of UV luminous (M_1400 \\leq -21.5 mag) LBGs at z~5. The resultant spectrum shows a weak Ly alpha emission and strong LIS absorptions which suggests that the bright LBGs at z~5 have chemically evolved at least to ~0.1 solar metallicity. For a part of our sample in the HDF-N region, we obtained near-to-mid infrared data, which constraint stellar masses of these objects. With the stellar mass and the metallicity estimated from LIS absorptions, the metallicities of the LBGs at z~5 tend to be lower than those of the galaxies with the same stellar mass at z \\lesssim 2, the uncertainty is very large.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 381, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00179", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00476", "text": "The Energetic Gamma-Ray Experiment Telescope (EGRET) on the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory (CGRO) discovered gamma-ray emission from more than 67 blazars during its 9 yr lifetime. We conducted an exhaustive search of the EGRET archives and selected all the blazars that were observed multiple times and were bright enough to enable a spectral analysis using standard power-law models. The sample consists of 18 flat-spectrum radio quasars(FSRQs), 6 low-frequency peaked BL Lac objects (LBLs) and 2 high-frequency peaked BL Lac objects (HBLs). We do not detect any clear pattern in the variation of spectral index with flux. Some of the blazars do not show any statistical evidence for spectral variability. The spectrum hardens with increasing flux in a few cases. There is also evidence for a flux-hardness anticorrelation at low fluxes in five blazars. The well-observed blazars (3C 279, 3C 273, PKS 0528+134, PKS 1622-297 PKS 0208-512) do not show any overall trend in the long-term spectral dependence on flux, but the sample shows a mixture of hard and soft states. We observed a previously unreported spectral hysteresis at weekly timescales in all three FSRQs for which data from flares lasting for ~(3-4) weeks were available. All three sources show a counterclockwise rotation, the widely different flux profiles. We analyze the observed spectral behavior in the context of various inverse Compton mechanisms believed to be responsible for emission in the EGRET energy range. Our analysis uses the EGRET skymaps that were regenerated to include the changes in performance during the mission.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 365, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00026", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00477", "text": "The decay $B^0_d \\to D^+ D^-$ offers an interesting probe of CP violation, but requires control of penguin effects, which can be done through $B^0_s \\to D^+_s D^-_s$ by means of the $U$-spin flavour symmetry of strong interactions. Recently, the Belle collaboration reported indications of large CP violation in the $B^0_d$ decay, which were, not confirmed by BaBar, and first signals of the $B^0_s$ channel were observed at the Tevatron. In view of these developments and the quickly approaching start of the LHC, we explore the allowed region in observable space for CP violation in $B^0_d \\to D^+ D^-$, perform theoretical estimates of the relevant hadronic penguin parameters and observables, and address questions both about the most promising strategies for the extraction of CP-violating phases and about the interplay with other measurements of CP violation and the search for new physics. As far as the latter aspect is concerned, we point out that the $B^0_{q} \\to D_{q}^+ D^-_{q}$ system provides a setting for the determination of the $B^0_q$-$\\bar B^0_q$ mixing phases ($q\\in\\{d,s\\}$) that is complementary to the conventional $B^0_d\\to J/\\psi K_S$ and $B^0_s\\to J/\\psi \\phi$ modes with respect to possible new-physics effects in the electroweak penguin sector.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 330, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00276", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00478", "text": "IIn 2006 the PVLAS collaboration reported the observation of an optical rotation generated in vacuum by a magnetic field. To further check against possible instrumental artifacts several upgrades to the PVLAS apparatus have been made during the last year. Two data taking runs, at the wavelength of 1064 nm, have been performed in the new configuration with magnetic field strengths of 2.3 T and 5 T. The 2.3 T field value was chosen in order to avoid stray fields. The new observations do not show the presence of a rotation signal down to the levels of $1.2\\cdot 10^{-8}$ rad at 5 T and $1.0\\cdot 10^{-8}$ rad at 2.3 T (at 95% c.l.) with 45000 passes in the magnetic field zone. In the same conditions no ellipticity signal was detected down to $1.4\\cdot 10^{-8}$ at 2.3 T (at 95% c.l.), at 5 T a signal is still present. The physical nature of this ellipticity as due to an effect depending on $B^2$ can be excluded by the measurement at 2.3 T. These new results completely exclude the previously published magnetically induced vacuum dichroism results, indicating that they were instrumental artifacts. These new results therefore also exclude the particle interpretation of the previous PVLAS results as due to a spin zero boson. The background ellipticity at 2.3 T can be used to determine a new limit on the total photon-photon scattering cross section of $\\sigma_{\\gamma\\gamma} < 4.5 \\cdot10^{-34}$ barn at 95% c.l..", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 355, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00383", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00479", "text": "Washington. President Johnson, at the White House meeting where he first learned of the Tet Offensive, was urged to make sure General Loan kept his job as national police chief, criticism from American officials in Saigon who had previously sparred with him over security issues and his heavy-handed behavior. Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara said, \"I recommend that we need to keep General Loan in charge of the Saigon police. He should not be removed, as some of our people in the State Department are recommending. At least until we find someone better.\" CIA Director Richard Helms said, \"I agree.\" McNamara said, \"He is the best security chief since Diem's time. He has cleaned up Saigon well.\" Secretary of State Dean Rusk said, \"He is a good police chief, but he has been rather uncooperative with some of our people.\" Standing alongside General Loan in the late morning heat on a street empty of traffic and civilians, as gunfire echoed around the silent buildings, Adams saw a group of helmeted police talking loudly as they approached with a handcuffed Vietnamese man in civilian clothes in their midst. They placed him in front of the general who questioned him briefly. Adams saw that the police chief was holding a.38-caliber revolver in his right hand, and watched as the officer's right arm swung up. So, too, did Adams' hands swing up, clutching his camera. He snapped a picture as General Loan murdered the prisoner standing in front of him with a single shot to the head. The general turned to Adams and said, \"These guys kill a lot of our people, and I think Buddha will forgive me,\" and walked away. The NBC crew, camera rolling, caught the whole sequence of events on film. I was at the Saigon AP bureau when Adams returned with his film. He was pale-faced, wide-eyed. \"I just saw something unbelievable. But I don't know if I got the picture,\" he said. Fifteen minutes later his film emerged from the darkroom, revealing the horrifying image Adams had captured, the photo of South Vietnam's top police official with his outstretched arm holding a firearm inches from the face of a man whose head had been snapped back the split second a bullet entered his brain. The photograph was quickly fed into the Associated Press's international news distribution service and used widely in newspapers and on television. The victim was later identified as Nguyen Van Lem, said to be the leader", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00744", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00480", "text": "One of the major benefits of using Microsoft SharePoint to create a central location where team members can collaborate on documents and other important tasks is file synchronization. Whenever a change in a document or other file is made in a SharePoint folder, it gets propagated to the cloud and every other device connected to that server. This important function is handled by the same syncing application that controls Microsoft OneDrive. Unfortunately, there is more than one version of the OneDrive syncing app. This fact can sometimes create unnecessary and often frustrating confusion. Subscribers to Microsoft Office 365 have their version of OneDrive, while purchasers of the standalone version of Office 2016 are often using a version known as OneDrive for Business. Recently, Microsoft decided to remove some of the confusion by consolidating the syncing software into one version of OneDrive. the transition to a single version of OneDrive has been, to put it politely, rough, which has caused even more confusion and frustration. As you can see in Figure A, I found myself in a situation where I had both the Office 365 OneDrive version and the OneDrive for Business version running at the same time. It led to major instability, long boot times, and general annoyance. Figure A Of course, as an Office 365 subscriber, it would be best for me to use just the Office 365 OneDrive. But getting rid of the older version is not as simple as uninstalling it. Removing OneDrive for Business requires a bit of trickery. Here is how I did it. Getting OneDrive for Office 365 If you are using SharePoint with Office 365, which is what I recommend, you want to be using the Office 365 version of OneDrive. The easiest way to get it is to log into the online version of SharePoint, navigate to the folder you want to sync, and then click the sync button. If you are not using the latest OneDrive software, the system will prompt you for permission to upgrade. But before you do, be sure to synchronize all your documents so that what is online is up to date and what you want propagated across devices. After that, uninstall whatever OneDrive you have installed on your devices. This is your best chance for a clean install of the software. If you don't, you could end up like me—inadvertently running two versions of OneDrive. SEE: 30 things you should never do in Microsoft Office (free TechRepublic PDF) Exorcising the ghost of OneDrive", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00554", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00481", "text": "We present ground-based B and R-band color-magnitude diagrams (CMDs), reaching the oldest main-sequence turnoffs with good photometric accuracy for twelve fields in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC). Our fields, located between ~1 and ~4 degrees from the center of the galaxy, are situated in different parts of the SMC such as the \"Wing'' area, and towards the West and South. In this paper we perform a first analysis of the stellar content in our SMC fields through comparison with theoretical isochrones and color functions (CFs). We find that the underlying spheroidally distributed population is composed of both intermediate-age and old stars and that its age composition does not show strong galacto-centric gradients. The three fields situated toward the east, in the Wing region, show very active current star formation. only in the eastern field closest to the center do we find an enhancement of recent star formation with respect to a constant SFR(t). The fields corresponding to the western side of the SMC present a much less populated young MS, and the CF analysis indicates that the SFR(t) greatly diminished around 2 Gyr ago in these parts. Field smc0057, the closest to the center of the galaxy and located in the southern part, shows recent star formation, while the rest of the southern fields present few bright MS stars. The structure of the red clump in all the CMDs is consistent with the large amount of intermediate-age stars inferred from the CMDs and color functions. None of the SMC fields presented here are dominated by old stellar populations, a fact that is in agreement with the lack of a conspicuous horizontal branch in all these SMC CMDs. This could indicate that a disk population is ruling over a possible old halo in all the observed fields.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 368, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00041", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00482", "text": "We study the question of diagonalizability of the Hamiltonian for the Faddeev-Reshetikhin (FR) model in the two particle sector. the two particle S-matrix element for the FR model, which may be relevant for the quantization of strings on $AdS_{5}\\times S^{5}$, has been calculated recently using field theoretic methods, we find that the Hamiltonian for the system in this sector is not diagonalizable. We trace the difficulty to the fact that the interaction term in the Hamiltonian violating Lorentz invariance leads to discontinuity conditions (matching conditions) that cannot be satisfied. We determine the most general quartic interaction Hamiltonian that can be diagonalized. This includes the bosonic Thirring model as well as the bosonic chiral Gross-Neveu model which we find share the same S-matrix. We explain this by showing, through a Fierz transformation, that these two models are in fact equivalent. In addition, we find a general quartic interaction Hamiltonian, violating Lorentz invariance, that can be diagonalized with the same two particle S-matrix element as calculated by Klose and Zarembo for the FR model. This family of generalized interaction Hamiltonians is not Hermitian, but is $PT$ symmetric. We show that the wave functions for this system are also $PT$ symmetric. Thus, the theory is in a $PT$ unbroken phase which guarantees the reality of the energy spectrum as well as the unitarity of the S-matrix.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 319, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00427", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00483", "text": "We present the projected velocity dispersion profile for the remote (d=233kpc) Galactic dwarf spheroidal (dSph) galaxy Leo II, based on 171 discrete stellar radial velocities that were obtained from medium-resolution spectroscopy using the FLAMES/GIRAFFE spectrograph at the European Southern Observatory, Chile. The dispersion profile of those stars with good membership probabilities is essentially flat with an amplitude of 6.6+-0.7 km/s over the full radial extent of our data, which probe to the stellar boundary of this galaxy. We find no evidence of any significant apparent rotation or velocity asymmetry which suggests that tidal effects cannot be invoked to explain Leo II's properties. From basic mass modeling, employing Jeans' equation, we derive a mass out to the limiting radius of (2.7+-0.5) 10^7 Msun and a global mass to light ratio of 27-45 in solar units, depending on the adopted total luminosity. A cored halo profile and a mild amount of tangential velocity anisotropy is found to account well for Leo II's observed kinematics, we cannot exclude the possibility of a cusped halo with radially varying velocity anisotropy. All in all, this galaxy exhibits dark matter properties which appear to be concordant with the other dSph satellites of the Milky Way, namely a halo mass profile which is consistent with a central core and a total mass which is similar to the common mass scale seen in other dSphs.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 309, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00129", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00484", "text": "terrorism. After the al-Qaida attacks of Sept. 11, 2001, terrorism was associated primarily with radical Islamist groups based abroad. The State Department has a list of nearly 60 groups, all foreign, that are identified as terrorist organizations. The vast majority are radical Islamists. And the government can charge a person — American or foreign — with terrorism on behalf of these international groups. Consider this hypothetical: If the Charlottesville attacker emerged from the car and said he was acting on behalf of the Islamic State, he could be charged with international terrorism, according to Katyal. Inside the U.S., the political debate appears to be shifting, with growing numbers calling for far-right extremism to be identified as terrorism. But that's almost entirely a political discussion, not a legal one. On the legal front, there's still a good deal of resistance to creating a criminal charge of domestic terrorism. \"It's an incredibly broad label,\" said Hina Shamsi, director of the national security project at the American Civil Liberties Union. \"There's a real danger of the government criminalizing ideology, theology and beliefs rather than focusing on specific criminal acts.\" She said creating a domestic terrorism charge could quickly raise all sorts of political questions about free speech and religion. The ACLU opposes any such law, believing it could be politicized and used, for example, against anti-war groups or environmental activists. Back in 1995, when Timothy McVeigh killed 168 people with a truck bomb at a federal building in Oklahoma City, it was widely described as the worst act of domestic terrorism to that point. he was charged with, convicted of and executed for killing federal agents and other crimes — but not terrorism. The government has historically used the term \"terrorism\" as a general description for a range of violent acts, including those by right-wing extremists, as well as environmental, anti-abortion and far-left groups. But the specific criminal charge is never domestic terrorism. Another case came to light Monday, when the Justice Department announced it had arrested a man for allegedly attempting to set off a truck bomb in front of a bank in Oklahoma City on Saturday. The bomb didn't detonate, the department said. But its description of the case is similar to McVeigh's attack, claiming the suspect, Jerry Varnell, 23, was angry with the government. The FBI's Joint Terrorism Task Force is leading what's being described as a \"domestic terrorism investigation.\" the formal charge", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00625", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00485", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Federal Agency Customer Experience Act of 2018''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS; SENSE OF CONGRESS. (a) Findings.--Congress finds that-- (1) the Federal Government serves the people of the United States and should seek to continually improve public services provided by the Federal Government based on customer feedback; (2) the people of the United States deserve a Federal Government that provides efficient, effective, and high-quality services across multiple channels; (3) many agencies, offices, programs, and Federal employees provide excellent service to individuals, many parts of the Federal Government still fall short on delivering the customer service experience that individuals have come to expect from the private sector; (4) according to the 2016 American Customer Satisfaction Index, the Federal Government ranks among the bottom of all industries in the United States in customer satisfaction; (5) providing quality services to individuals improves the confidence of the people of the United States in their government and helps agencies achieve greater impact and fulfill their missions; and (6) improving service to individuals requires agencies to work across organizational boundaries, leverage technology, collect and share standardized data, and develop customer- centered mindsets and service strategies. (b) Sense of Congress.--It is the sense of Congress that all agencies should strive to provide high-quality, courteous, effective, and efficient services to the people of the United States and seek to measure, collect, report, and utilize metrics relating to the experience of individuals interacting with agencies to continually improve services to the people of the United States. SEC. 3. DEFINITIONS. In this Act: (1) Administrator.--The term ``Administrator'' means the Administrator of General Services. (2) Agency.--The term ``agency'' has the meaning given the term in section 3502 of title 44, United States Code. (3) Covered agency.--The term ``covered agency'' means an agency or component of an agency that is designated as a ``covered agency'' pursuant to section 5(a). (4) Director.--The term ``Director'' means the Director of the Office of Management and Budget. (5) Voluntary customer service feedback.--The term ``voluntary customer service feedback'' means a response to a collection of information conducted by a covered agency in accordance with this Act. SEC. 4. APPLICATION OF CERTAIN PROVISIONS OF THE PAPERWORK REDUCTION ACT TO COLLECTION OF", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01075", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00486", "text": "The amount of $^{56}$Ni produced in type Ia supernova (SN Ia) explosion is probably the most important physical parameter underlying the observed correlation of SN Ia luminosities with their light curves. Based on an empirical relation between the $^{56}$Ni mass and the light curve parameter $\\triangle m_{15}$, we obtained rough estimates of the $^{56}$Ni mass for a large sample of nearby SNe Ia with the aim of exploring the diversity in SN Ia. We found that the derived $^{56}$Ni masses for different SNe Ia could vary by a factor of ten (e.g., $M_{\\rm Ni}=0.1 - 1.3$ $M_{\\odot}$), which cannot be explained in terms of the standard Chandrasekhar-mass model (with a $^{56}$Ni mass production of 0.4 -- 0.8 $M_{\\odot}$). Different explosion and/or progenitor models are clearly required for various SNe Ia, in particular, for those extremely nickel-poor and nickel-rich producers. The nickel-rich (with $M_{\\rm Ni}$ $>$ 0.8 $M_{\\odot}$) SNe Ia are very luminous and may have massive progenitors exceeding the Chandrasekhar-mass limit since extra progenitor fuel is required to produce more $^{56}$Ni to power the light curve. This is also consistent with the finding that the intrinsically bright SNe Ia prefer to occur in stellar environments of young and massive stars. For example, 75% SNe Ia in spirals have $\\Delta m_{15} < 1.2$ while this ratio is only 18% in E/S0 galaxies. the nickel-poor SNe Ia (with $M_{\\rm Ni}$ $<$ 0.2 $M_{\\odot}$) may invoke the sub-Chandrasekhar model, as most of them were found in early-type E/S0 galaxies dominated by the older and low-mass stellar populations. This indicates that SNe Ia in spiral and E/S0 galaxies have progenitors of different properties.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 456, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00385", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00487", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Asthma Act''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. The Congress finds as follows: (1) improved therapies, the prevalence rate of asthma continues to rise, affecting an estimated 14.6 million Americans; 4.8 million under the age of 18. Since 1984, the prevalence of pediatric asthma has risen 72 percent. Rates are increasing for all ethnic groups and especially for African American and Hispanic children. (2) Asthma is the third leading cause of preventable hospitalizations. Improper diagnosis and poor management of asthma resulted in 1.6 million people being treated for asthma attacks in the emergency room in 1997. According to recent studies, asthma accounts for 17 percent of all pediatric emergency room visits. (3) Asthma can be life-threatening if not properly managed. Most asthma-related deaths are preventable, such deaths continue to rise in the U.S. In 1994, 5,487 children died as a result of an asthma attack, representing a six percent increase in deaths from 1993 and a doubling since 1979. (4) Asthma costs the U.S. over $12 billion a year and the rise is asthma prevalence will lead to higher costs in the future. (5) With early recognition of the signs and symptoms of asthma, proper diagnosis and treatment, and patient education and self-management, asthma is a controllable disease. (6) Public health interventions have been proven effective in the treatment and management of asthma. Population-based research supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) has effectively demonstrated the benefits of combining aggressive medical treatment with patient education to improve the management of asthma. The National Asthma Education and Prevention Program (NAEPP) helps raise awareness that asthma is a serious chronic disease, and helps promote more effective management of asthma through patient and professional education. (7) The alarming rise in prevalence, asthma-related deaths, and expenditures demonstrate that, extensive knowledge on effective asthma management strategies, current federal policy and funding regarding the education, treatment, and management of asthma is inadequate. (8) Additional federal direction, funding, and support is necessary to increase awareness of asthma as a chronic illness, its symptoms, and the environmental factors (indoor and outdoor) that affect the disease, as well as to promote education programs that teach patients how to better manage asthma. SEC. 3.", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01118", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00488", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Expanding Research for Women in Trauma Act of 2003''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. Congress finds the following: (1) Most studies of violence against women currently focus on physical abuse or rape, primarily because they are easier to identify and measure and are potentially lethal, almost all battered women describe psychological abuse as the most harmful. (2) Most available research on violence against women has focused on young to middle-aged white women living in the community available data shows that incarcerated women, women living in poverty, women belonging to minority ethnic and language groups, older women, and women with mental and physical disabilities report especially high rates of victimization. (3) Victims of violence are at increased risk for a number of physical and mental health problems, for example, in primary care practice, women who have been raped report more symptoms of illness and more negative health behaviors than nonvictimized women. (4) Effective methods for screening to identify women affected by violence are prerequisite to understanding the outcomes of abuse-sensitive medical care, for example, the effect of medical attention to violence on perceived health utilization of health services over time, and patient satisfaction. (5) Violence against women occurs in a sociocultural context. More research should be conducted to identify sociocultural factors that promote and maintain violence against women and to learn how sociocultural factors, such as gender roles and poverty, mediate the effects of interpersonal victimization. (6) There are a number of community-based and legal system interventions available to victims of interpersonal violence. there is little evaluation research on the effectiveness of these interventions, especially for various subpopulations of women. More research needs to be conducted on the effectiveness of legal and community-based interventions, not only those with the goal of changing the behavior of assailants but also those with the goal of helping women take safety-promoting actions. (7) Much of the research on violence against women examines continuing rates of physical or psychological abuse as outcome measures and measures the behavior of the perpetrators, not something over which the woman has direct and immediate control. research on the women's attempts to manage and end the violence in their lives is rare. (8) Much of the extant research has focused on violence against women in the streets (sexual assault) or in their homes (domestic violence and battering). consistent focus on violence against women in work", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 491, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00850", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00489", "text": "Building a slide deck, pitch, or presentation? Here are the big takeaways: Amazon Key will now deliver packages into a customer's vehicle at no extra charge, saving them time and money. Professionals can have packages delivered to their car in the office parking lot, which is more professional than fielding personal deliveries inside the office. Amazon Prime members can now have their Amazon orders delivered directly into their car through Amazon Key, the company announced in a Tuesday press release. Amazon Key was originally touted as the service for delivering packages directly into the home of the recipient. Now, the Amazon Key In-Car service will deliver packages into compatible vehicles as long as they are parked somewhere that is publicly accessible, like a work or home address, the press release said. Amazon Key In-Car is now available in 37 US cities, and currently works with 2015 or newer Chevrolet, Buick, GMC, Cadillac with OnStar; and 2015 or newer Volvo cars with Volvo On Call, according to an Amazon spokesperson. SEE: Workplace safety policy (Tech Pro Research) \"To get started, customers download the Amazon Key App and then link their Amazon account with their connected car service account,\" the release said. \"Once setup is complete and the delivery location has been registered, customers can shop on Amazon.com and select the \"In-Car\" delivery option at checkout.\" Amazon customer Scott L. from Miami noted in the release that he setup the service with his OnStar-equipped car, only giving Amazon permission to unlock the trunk and re-lock the vehicle. And each time a delivery driver requests access to the customer's car, it's done through an encrypted authentication process, the release said. Once the driver is confirmed to be at the right place with the right package, the car is unlocked. \"No special codes or keys are ever provided to delivery drivers,\" the release said. On delivery day, customers must confirm they are parked within range of the delivery location and are then given a 4-hour window for when the delivery will take place. Amazon Key In-Car is safer than having a package delivered to one's porch, as thefts of online purchases have skyrocketed. But, it's also less invasive than allowing someone into a home, as is the process with the traditional Amazon Key delivery service. For professionals, Amazon Key In-Car can save time and provide piece of mind by having packaged delivered into a car parked in the office parking lot. It's also a lot", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00557", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00490", "text": "DETROIT (AP) — With his team in a slump that threatened to derail a once-promising season, Stan Van Gundy boldly put the Detroit Pistons on a new path. Where it will lead is anyone's guess. The trade that brought Blake Griffin to the Pistons includes plenty of risk. The 6-foot-10 forward with an All-Star pedigree has a lengthy highlight reel and an injury history to match. But in his fourth season as Detroit's coach and team president, Van Gundy wasn't going to let this opportunity pass. If healthy, Griffin is the type of player who could lift this franchise significantly — and not just this season. \"The hardest thing to do in this league is to get a proven star,\" Van Gundy said Tuesday. \"You get very few opportunities to do it.\" Detroit has made the playoffs once under Van Gundy, but when the Pistons lost their eighth straight game Sunday, this season seemed to be slipping away. Detroit has looked lost without injured point guard Reggie Jackson, and center Andre Drummond is signed long term, the future appeared murky at best. Guard Avery Bradley was on an expiring contract, and recent draft picks Luke Kennard and Stanley Johnson look more like role players than stars. The Pistons weren't in a clear rebuilding mode, but improving the roster wasn't going to be easy. So Detroit took a gamble, sending Bradley and leading scorer Tobias Harris to Los Angeles for Griffin in a six-player trade announced Tuesday morning. The deal also cost the Pistons a first-round draft pick. \"It's a great addition,\" said Detroit forward Reggie Bullock, who once played with Griffin on the Clippers. \"We're getting an All-Star-caliber player coming to a team to add onto the one that we already have.\" The upside is obvious. The Pistons have been mediocre for most of the past decade, but they've never picked higher than seventh in the draft during that period. Detroit isn't considered a major free agent destination, so if the Pistons were going to acquire a player like Griffin, this was one way to do it. Griffin agreed to a $171 million, five-year deal with the Clippers in July, so Detroit can keep him for a while, albeit at a prohibitive cost. \"Everybody can view that differently. 'Oh wow, you're locked into 140 million dollars-plus.' Yeah, but he's locked into us too, as one of the best players in the league,\" Van Gundy said. The", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00684", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00491", "text": "We introduce a novel migration process, the target process. This process is dual to the zero-range process (ZRP) in the sense that, while for the ZRP the rate of transfer of a particle only depends on the occupation of the departure site, it only depends on the occupation of the arrival site for the target process. More precisely, duality associates to a given ZRP a unique target process, and vice-versa. If the dynamics is symmetric, i.e., in the absence of a bias, both processes have the same stationary-state product measure. In this work we focus our interest on the situation where the latter measure exhibits a continuous condensation transition at some finite critical density $\\rho_c$, irrespective of the dimensionality. The novelty comes from the case of asymmetric dynamics, where the target process has a nontrivial fluctuating stationary state, whose characteristics depend on the dimensionality. In one dimension, the system remains homogeneous at any finite density. An alternating scenario prevails in the high-density regime: typical configurations consist of long alternating sequences of highly occupied and less occupied sites. The local density of the latter is equal to $\\rho_c$ and their occupation distribution is critical. In dimension two and above, the asymmetric target process exhibits a phase transition at a threshold density $\\rho_0$ much larger than $\\rho_c$. The system is homogeneous at any density below $\\rho_0$, for higher densities it exhibits an extended condensate elongated along the direction of the mean current, on top of a critical background with density $\\rho_c$.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 314, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00172", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00492", "text": "ire recommends going to Github to see examples, and finding a data set that interests you and learning to analyze it. Ultimately, it's more important to understand how to solve a problem by breaking it down into smaller pieces than it is to know the language itself, Facemire said. \"At the end of the day it's just a way to interface with a computer,\" he said. \"The computer doesn't care which language you use, it cares more that you broke down your problem properly and solved it properly to get the proper outcome.\" Some educational institutions have created data science degree programs, including Northeastern University, Boston University, CUNY and Merrimack College. Some of these schools offer online courses, and lower-cost programs and seminars are available through the IEEE Computer Society, Panetta said. If you want to pursue a career in data science, you should consider learning one of the following three languages. 1. R R is a language and framework used for data miners for developing statistical software and data analysis, Panetta said. The language saw a large surge as data analysis and data science become more prevalent in the past couple years, Facemire said. It's popularity has since leveled off a bit, . R has tooling that is built for data scientists, with extensions and plugins specifically for that purpose. \"It is essential when learning a language like R that individuals understand the fundamental mathematical skills,\" Panetta said. \"It would be disastrous if we just trusted the outputs of software without knowing what we were truly measuring and without understanding the data we were providing it as input.\" SEE: The 10 easiest programming languages to learn 2. Python Python is a general purpose language, which is already hardy, and includes tooling that can fit into environments that require visualizations that will appear in websites or on mobile, Facemire said. It is also more readable than R, he added. \"If you're at the point in my career when you're thinking, 'I want to be a data scientist—which language should I learn?' I would look at both R and Python and see which makes sense to you,\" Facemire said. \"Both are absolutely viable.\" Businesses usually don't prioritize one over the other in terms of required skills for data scientists, he added. 3. Java Java was recently ranked as one of the most favored and most versatile language to write in, according to a survey from WP Engine. It's another general-purpose programming", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00560", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00493", "text": "AIMS: We investigate here the nature of all the sources (35 in total) in the XBS survey (which is 86% optically identified) showing an optical spectrum dominated by the light from the host galaxy with no evidence (or little evidence) for the presence of an AGN. METHODS: We use the X-ray spectral analysis to assess the presence of an AGN in these sources and to characterize its properties. RESULTS: We detect AGN activity in 33 out of 35 sources. The remaining 2 sources are the ones with the lowest X-ray luminosity in the sample (L[2-10keV]<10^41 erg s^-1) and their X-ray emission could be produced within the host galaxy. We find that the ``recognition problem'' for AGN is very critical in the low-luminosity regime (at least 60% of the AGN with L[2-10keV]<10^43 erg s^-1 are elusive) becoming negligible for high X-ray luminosities (~1.5% of elusive AGN with L[2-10keV]>10^44 erg s^-1). This problem affects mostly absorbed AGN (~40% of type~2 AGN in the survey are elusive) but also a significant fraction of unabsorbed AGN (8%). CONCLUSIONS: We find that the simplest explanations of why these 33 (or most of them) AGNs are elusive are two: at low X-ray luminosities (<10^43 erg s^-1) the most important reason is the intrinsically low AGN/galaxy contrast (optical dilution) while at high luminosities (>10^44 erg s^-1) it is due to the optical absorption (in the Compton-thin regime, i.e. NH<10^24 cm^-2). Alternative hypotheses, like the presence of Compton-thick sources, BL Lac objects or ``non-standard'' AGN (e.g. with alpha_OX<1 or with weak/absorbed Narrow Line Region) are not supported by the data we cannot exclude the presence in the sample of a few sources of these types.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 447, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00232", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00494", "text": "(abridged) The soft excess seen in the X-ray spectra of many high mass accretion rate AGN can be well modelled by reflection from a partially ionised accretion disc. the derived parameters are often extreme, both in terms of the underlying spacetime and the reflection geometry, and these models require that the disc is far from hydrostatic equilibrium. An alternative model uses similarly partially ionised, velocity smeared material but seen in absorption, though again the derived velocities are extreme, requiring magnetic driving (in the jet?) rather than a simple line driven disc wind. We find that while both models give comparably good fits to XMM--Newton data, we favour the absorption model as, unlike reflection, all the derived spectral indices are soft. This is as expected by analogy with the correspondingly high mass accretion rate stellar mass black holes. Furthermore, these X-ray spectra are consistent with a one--to--one mapping between AGN type and spectral state, with NLS1's having softer spectra corresponding to the very high state, while the broad line AGN have Gamma~2 as expected for the high/soft state. We also use the simultaneous OM data to derive the ratio of disc to total accretion power which is another tracer of spectral state in X-ray binaries. This does not always show that the disc in NLS1's contributes less than 80 per cent of the total power, as expected for a very high state. We suggest that this is an artifact of the standard disc models used to determine the disc luminosity in our fits. The disc seen in the very high state of black hole binaries is often observed to be distorted from the standard shape, and a similar effect in NLS1's could recover the correspondance between black hole binary spectral state and AGN type.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 366, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00108", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00495", "text": "We present analysis of archival data from multiple XMM-Newton observations of the Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 4151. Spectral data from the RGS instruments reveal several strong soft X-ray emission lines, chiefly from hydrogen-like and helium-like oxygen, nitrogen, neon and carbon. Radiative recombination continua (RRC) from oxygen and carbon are also detected. Our analysis suggests that the emission data are consistent with photoionization. Using the CLOUDY photoionization code, we found that, while a two-component, high column density model (10e23 cm-2) with low covering factor proved adequate in reproducing all detected Lyman series lines, it proved insufficient in modeling He-like triplets observed (neon, oxygen, and nitrogen). If resonance line data were ignored, the two-component model was sufficient to match flux from intercombination and forbidden lines. with the inclusion of resonance line data, He-like triplets could no longer be modeled with only two components. We found that observed oxygen G and R ratios especially were anomalous in parameter space investigated. We investigated, and were forced to dismiss, the possibility that a third purely collisional component could be responsible for enhanced resonance line contributions. We succeeded in modeling the observed spectrum with the addition of a third, lower column density (10e20.5 cm-2) component with non-zero microturbulence and high covering factor. While sufficient to reproduce observed soft X-ray flux, our model faces certain shortcomings, particularly in a less-than-ideal visual fit to the line profile. Two of the three emission model components bear similarities to components determined by Kraemer et al. (2005) in their study of NGC 4151 absorption spectra.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 348, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00167", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00496", "text": "U.S.C. 321(k)). (8) Legal representative.--The term ``legal representative'' means a parent or an individual who qualifies as a legal guardian under State law. (9) Treatment.--The term ``treatment'' means the use of any food, drug, device, or procedure. SEC. 3. ACCESS TO MEDICAL TREATMENT. (a) In General.--Notwithstanding any other provision of law, and except as provided in subsection (b), an individual shall be permitted to be treated by a health care practitioner with any method of medical treatment that such individual desires or the legal representative of such individual authorizes if-- (1) such practitioner agrees to treat such individual; and (2) the administration of such treatment falls within the scope of the practice of such practitioner. (b) Treatment Requirements.--A health care practitioner may provide any method of treatment to an individual described in subsection (a) if-- (1) there is no evidence that such treatment itself, when taken as prescribed, is a danger to such individual; (2) in the case of an individual whose treatment is the administration of a food, drug, or device that has not been approved by the Food and Drug Administration-- (A) such individual has been informed that such food, drug, or device has not been approved or certified by the Food and Drug Administration for use of the medical condition of such individual; and (B) such food, drug, or device (or information accompanying the administration of such food, drug, or device) contains the following warning: ``WARNING: This food, drug, or device has not been proved safe and effective by the Federal Government and any individual who uses such food, drug, or device, does so at his or her own risk.''; (3) such individual has been informed of the nature of the treatment, including-- (A) the contents of such treatment; (B) any reasonably foreseeable side effects that may result from such treatment; and (C) the results of past applications of such treatment by the health care practitioner and others; (4) except as provided in subsection (c), there have been no claims, including advertising and labeling claims, made with respect to the efficacy of such treatment; and (5) such individual-- (A) has been provided a written statement that such individual has been fully informed with respect to the information described in paragraphs (1) through (4); (B) desires such treatment;", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00931", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00497", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Department of State Review Act''. SEC. 2. ESTABLISHMENT OF DEPARTMENT OF STATE REVIEW PANEL. (a) Findings.--The Congress makes the following findings: (1) The Department of State, established in 1789, is responsible for representing the worldwide interests of the United States and its citizens and for advancing the policies of the United States. (2) The Department operates 257 posts in more than 180 countries throughout the world, has approximately 21,500 full- time personnel, and has a budget of approximately $8,000,000,000. (3) There have been dramatic changes in the world in which the Department must function, including changes in technology, changes in religious, ethnic, and regional conflicts, and changes in economic, political, and military relationships. Moreover, the world has witnessed the spread of weapons of mass destruction and the spread of terrorism. there has been little change in the organization and structure of the Department or its posts throughout the world. (4) The Department and all United States diplomatic efforts should be the subject of a comprehensive review by an independent panel to assess how the Department can best fulfill its mission in the 21st century and meet the challenges of a rapidly changing world. (b) Establishment.--Not later than September 1, 2004, there shall be established a nonpartisan independent panel to be known as the Department of State Review Panel (in this section referred to as the ``Panel''). The Panel shall have the duties set forth in this section. (c) Membership.-- (1) Composition and qualifications.--The Panel shall be composed of ten members who are individuals in the private sector who are recognized experts in matters relating to foreign affairs and the national security of the United States. (2) Appointment.--Members of the Panel shall be appointed as follows: (A) Three members appointed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives. (B) Three members appointed by the Majority Leader of the Senate. (C) Two members appointed by the Minority Leader of the House of Representatives. (D) Two members appointed by the Minority Leader of the Senate. (3) Chairperson.--The Panel shall have a chairperson who shall be selected by the members of the panel from among the members. (d) Report.--Not later than 12 months after the appointment of the last member to the Panel, the Panel", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00863", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00498", "text": "at Jewish Americans, penned a vivid piece about covering the march. He recounted watching as Spencer launched into a rant about the mayor of Charlottesville, Michael Signer. \" '[L]ittle Mayor Signer — SEE-NER — how do you pronounce this little creep's name?' asked Richard Spencer, a right-wing leader who dreams of a 'white ethnostate,' as he stood on a bench under a tree to rally his troops, deprived of their protest. The crowd knew exactly how to pronounce his name: 'Jew, Jew, Jew, Jew' some shouted out. The rest burst out in laughter. And that was one of the only moments of levity the alt-right audience gathered under the tree enjoyed.\" And Jia Tolentino, a writer for The New Yorker and a graduate of the University of Virginia, meditated on Charlottesville's progressive guise and ability to hide its dark racial past. \"While I was at U.V.A., the fact that slaves had built the school was hardly discussed, and the most prominent acknowledgment that Jefferson was a slave owner came on Valentine's Day, when signs went up all over campus that said 'TJ ♥s Sally.' \" Many writers also took on the response from President Trump, whose initial reaction to the violence in Charlottesville condemned equally both sides of the protest. \"We condemn in the strongest possible terms this egregious display of hatred, bigotry and violence on many sides,\" Trump said, in remarks that brought condemnation from both Democrats and Republicans. Writing for The New Yorker, Jelani Cobb parsed Trump's initial response further: \"We have seen a great number of false equivalencies in the past two years, and the most recent Presidential election was defined by them. it remains striking to hear Trump imply that Nazis and the interracial group of demonstrators who gathered to oppose them were, in essence, equally wrong. It would have been naïve to expect the President to unambiguously condemn neo-Confederates (\"Heritage, not hate,\" etc.), but Nazis? For reasons that are not hard to discern, the swastika, at least in the United States, has always been more clearly legible as a symbol of racial bigotry than the Confederate flag.\" Michael Gerson, a former speechwriter for President George W. Bush, lambasted Trump in a Washington Post piece, writing that the current president was \"incapable\" of speaking for the nation in the face of tragedy: \"If great words can heal and inspire, base", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00603", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00499", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Medicare Quality Cancer Care Demonstration Project Act of 2009''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. Congress finds the following: (1) In order to ensure the delivery of quality, cost- efficient medical care, Medicare must transform the payment system to one based on evidence-based guidelines and demonstrated quality delivery of care. (2) An Institute of Medicine report entitled ``Ensuring Quality Cancer Care'' recommends that the following items are essential components in quality cancer care delivery: (A) An agreed-upon treatment plan that outlines the goals of care. (B) Access to clinical trials. (C) Policies to ensure full disclosure of information about appropriate treatment options to patients. (D) A mechanism to coordinate services. (3) Additionally, the report notes the importance of ensuring quality of care at the end of life, in particular, the management of cancer-related pain and timely referral to palliative and hospice care. (4) According to the Institute of Medicine, the quality of cancer care must be measured by using a core set of quality measures. Cancer care quality measures should be used to hold providers, including health care systems, health plans, and physicians, accountable for demonstrating that they provide and improve quality of care. (5) two of the critical components of cancer care are treatment planning and end-of-life care, none of the 153 quality measures in the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) 2009 Physician Quality Reporting Initiative (PQRI) addresses overall treatment planning or end-of-life care for cancer patients. (6) The medical literature suggests that adherence to quality metrics and evidence-based guidelines help lower costs by reducing use of physician services, hospitalizations, and supplemental and expensive drugs.'' SEC. 3. MEDICARE QUALITY CANCER CARE DEMONSTRATION PROJECT. (a) Establishment.--The Secretary of Health and Human Services (in this section referred to as the ``Secretary'') shall establish a quality cancer care demonstration project under this section (in this section referred to as the ``QCCD project'') for the purpose of establishing quality metrics and aligning Medicare payment incentives in the areas of treatment planning and end-of-life care for Medicare beneficiaries with cancer. (b) Test Metrics and Reporting Systems Through a Pay-for-Reporting Incentive Program.--Under the QCCD project, the Secretary shall do the following: (1) Identify and address", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01117", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00500", "text": "Image: iStockphoto/real444 Docker is apparently about to raise another $75 million in venture capital funding, bringing its total raised to roughly $250 million. If only it could raise similar amounts from paying customers. Even as containers have gone mainstream, with enterprises embracing them en masse, Docker, the company, has largely missed out. Though this new round brings the company's value to $1.3 billion, that number has hardly moved from Docker's $1 billion valuation back in 2015. Investors clearly continue to have an appetite for Docker's potential, but unless the company does something drastic to super-charge its appeal to paying enterprises, other companies like Red Hat will continue to mint money on the container revolution that Docker kickstarted. Fat and lazy on investor cash You've seen it before: The hearty congratulations on Twitter to startups that raise a big round of funding. Too often, venture money isn't a sign of success—it means a company still hasn't figured out how to make money, so it's buying time with VC money. While venture money can be used to fuel growth, too often companies use it as an excuse to put off the inevitable, difficult task of making money. SEE: Docker rocker: container technology usage doubles; serious money follows (ZDNet) I should know. I've lived it, working for a range of open source startups that each struggled to make money. My most recent startup, MongoDB, seems to have cracked the code on revenue, with indications that it has now surpassed $100 million in annual revenue. But, it wasn't venture capital that delivered the revenue. Instead, a new, highly sales and operations-minded CEO, Dev Ittycheria, joined the company and started forcing hard decisions to turn a hugely successful open source project into a hard-headed open source business. Docker, has to make this shift. Yes, the company hired a new CEO, Steve Singh, the former CEO of Concur Technologies. Like Ittycheria, Singh may well bring discipline and a sales-minded culture to Docker. Indeed, according to the funding rumors, a significant share of the funding is intended to build out a sales and marketing machine. If so, that's really good news, as Docker's current revenue is paltry compared to its popularity, as several sources close to the company have shared with me. Even if you don't believe the inside sources, the company's valuation growing just $300,000 over two years", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 495, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00547", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00501", "text": "(abridged) The association of GRB 980425 with SN 1998bw at z=0.0085 implies the existence of a population of GRBs with an isotropic-equivalent luminosity which is about 10^4 times smaller than in the standard cosmological case. We investigate two scenarios to explain a weak GRB : a normal (intrinsically bright) GRB seen off-axis or an intrinsically weak GRB seen on-axis. For each of these two scenarios, we first derive the conditions to produce a GRB 980425-like event and we then discuss the consequences for the event rate. If we exclude the possibility that GRB 980425 is an occurence of an extremely rare event observed by chance during the first eight years of the 'afterglow era', the first scenario implies that (i) the local rate of standard bright GRBs is much higher than what is usually expected; (ii) the typical opening angle is much narrower than what is derived from observations of a break in the afterglow lightcurve. In addition, we show that the afterglow of GRB 980425 in this scenario should have been very bright and easily detected. For these reasons the second scenario appears more realistic. We show that the parameter space of the internal shock model indeed allows GRB 980425-like events, in cases where the outflow is only mildly-relativistic and mildly-energetic. The rate of such weak events in the Universe has to be much higher than the rate of standard bright GRBs to allow the discovery of GRB 980425 during a short period of a few years. it is still compatible with the observations as the intrinsic weakness of these GRB 980425-like bursts does not allow detection at cosmological redshift. We finally briefly discuss the consequences of such a high local rate of GRB 980425-like events for the future prospects of detecting non-electromagnetic radiation, especially gravitational waves.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 399, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00443", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00502", "text": "atory time off under this subsection unless the employee has worked at least 1000 hours for the employee's employer during a period of continuous employment with the employer in the 12-month period before the date of agreement or receipt of compensatory time off. ``(3) Hour limit.-- ``(A) Maximum hours.--An employee may accrue not more than 160 hours of compensatory time. ``(B) Compensation date.--Not later than January 31 of each calendar year, the employee's employer shall provide monetary compensation for any unused compensatory time off accrued during the preceding calendar year which was not used prior to December 31 of the preceding year at the rate prescribed by paragraph (6). An employer may designate and communicate to the employer's employees a 12-month period other than the calendar year, in which case such compensation shall be provided not later than 31 days after the end of such 12-month period. ``(C) Excess of 80 hours.--The employer may provide monetary compensation for an employee's unused compensatory time in excess of 80 hours at any time after giving the employee at least 30 days notice. Such compensation shall be provided at the rate prescribed by paragraph (6). ``(D) Policy.--Except where a collective bargaining agreement provides otherwise, an employer which has adopted a policy offering compensatory time to employees may discontinue such policy upon giving employees 30 days notice. ``(E) Written request.--An employee may withdraw an agreement described in paragraph (2)(B) at any time. An employee may also request in writing that monetary compensation be provided, at any time, for all compensatory time accrued which has not been used. Within 30 days of receiving the written request, the employer shall provide the employee the monetary compensation due in accordance with paragraph (6). ``(4) Private employer actions.--An employer which provides compensatory time under paragraph (1) to employees shall not directly or indirectly intimidate, threaten, or coerce or attempt to intimidate, threaten, or coerce any employee for the purpose of-- ``(A) interfering with such employee's rights under this subsection to request or not request compensatory time off in lieu of payment of monetary overtime compensation for overtime hours; or ``(B) requiring any employee to use such compensatory time. ``(5) Termination of employment.--An employee who has accrued compensatory time off authorized to be provided under paragraph (1) shall, upon the voluntary or involuntary termination of employment, be paid for the unused", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00845", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00503", "text": "Building a slide deck, pitch, or presentation? Here are the big takeaways: Investing in artificial intelligence (AI) and human-machine collaboration could boost business revenues by 38% by 2022, and raise employment levels by 10%. — Accenture, 2018 61% of senior executives think the share of roles requiring collaboration with AI will rise in the next three years. — Accenture, 2018 Artificial intelligence (AI) is poised to impact nearly every industry, and businesses that don't take immediate steps to upskill their workforces to collaborate with machines will miss out on revenue, according to a recent report from Accenture Strategy. If businesses invest in AI and human-machine collaboration at the same rate as top-performing companies, they could boost revenues by 38% by 2022, the report found, lifting profits by $4.8 trillion globally. These businesses could also raise employment levels by 10% in that timeframe. Business leaders are optimistic about the changes that AI can bring to their organization and workforce, according to the 1,200 senior executives surveyed for the report: 72% said that intelligent technology will be critical to their organization's market differentiation. Further, 61% said the share of roles requiring collaboration with AI will rise in the next three years. And 69% of the 14,000 workers surveyed said that it was important to develop skills to work with these intelligent systems. SEE: IT leader's guide to the future of artificial intelligence (Tech Pro Research) a disconnect remains, as only 3% of business leaders said that their organization plans to significantly increase its investment in reskilling workers in the next three years. \"To achieve higher rates of growth in the age of AI, companies need to invest more in equipping their people to work with machines in new ways,\" Mark Knickrehm, group chief executive of Accenture Strategy, said in a press release. \"Increasingly, businesses will be judged on their commitment to what we call Applied Intelligence - the ability to rapidly implement intelligent technology and human ingenuity across all parts of their core business to secure this growth.\" While many fear that AI will replace low-level jobs, most businesses are optimistic about the impact on their companies, the report found: 63% of senior executives said they think their company will create net job gains in the next three years due to AI, while 62% of workers said they believe AI will have a positive", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00544", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00504", "text": "In the Alabama Republican Senate race, every candidate wants to be just like Donald Trump. But in Tuesday's primary, the leading candidate sounds and acts more like the president, while it's the incumbent, an appointed senator just fighting to make it into a likely runoff, who has Trump's actual blessing — but also the curse of being Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell's favorite candidate. That's the conundrum of the Republican contest, largely seen as a three-way race between front-runner Roy Moore, a controversial former Alabama Supreme Court chief justice; Sen. Luther Strange, appointed back in February to fill the seat of now-Attorney General Jeff Sessions; and Rep. Mo Brooks, who's seized on an anti-McConnell platform as the president's attacks against the Senate's top Republican have intensified recently. Moore has consistently polled atop the field, and looks likely to claim a spot in a probable September runoff. His ads sound downright Trumpian, promising to \"drain the swamp\" and taking a swipe at D.C. elites. Moore is well-known throughout the state — and the country — too. He first gained national notoriety when he refused to remove a monument of the Ten Commandments from a state judicial building a federal court order; Moore himself was then removed from his position as chief justice of the Alabama Supreme Court in 2003. He won election to the same post again in 2012, but was then suspended after he ordered judges to enforce the state's ban on same-sex marriage the Supreme Court's 2015 decision in favor of gay marriage nationwide under the federal Constitution. He resigned earlier this year to challenge Strange. To state observers, it's not surprising that Moore has been able to build a strong following and even expand beyond what might be his typical conservative base in the state. \"Alabama voters supported Trump because he spoke his mind and said all the things they had been thinking about government,\" said Brent Buchanan, a GOP strategist and pollster in the state. \"Out of all the candidates, Roy Moore has some of those similar characteristics. You may not agree with all of his policy or personal preferences, but you know that Roy Moore is going to do what Roy Moore believes.\" That's why it was so, well, strange last week when Trump tweeted out his support for Strange, saying the incumbent has his \"complete and total endorsement!\" The senator has benefited from millions of dollars in ads from the McConnell-aligned Senate Leadership Fund super PAC. The very next", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00622", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00505", "text": "Ullmark stopped 28 shots, starting in place of Robin Lehner, who was sidelined with an undisclosed injury. Ullmark had little chance on Fisher's goal that opened the scoring 12:29 into the second period. Fisher and teammate Scott Hartnell were both parked in front when Fisher deflected in Mikka Salomaki's shot from the blue line. The Sabres challenged the goal by arguing Fisher interfered with Ullmark. The goal was allowed to stand a replay showing Fisher nudged the back of Ullmark's skate in the crease and also got a hand on the goalie's glove. There was no disputing Johansen's goal. Ullmark stopped Viktor Arvidsson's initial shot from the right circle. The rebound fell at Ullmark's his feet where Forsberg chipped the puck to Johansen, who snapped it in the open left side. The first period was lively with both teams putting their speed on display. Arvidsson nearly scored 7 seconds in on a breakaway off the opening faceoff. Buffalo's Jack Eichel burst up the left side and behind the Predators defense to drive across the crease only to have his shot stopped by Rinne's left pad. Rinne also got an assist from Kevin Fiala who got his stick out to stop Justin Bailey's attempt to tap in a bouncing puck in the crease. NOTES: Rinne joined a list of three-time 40-game winners led by former New Jersey goalie Martin Broduer, who reached the milestone eight times. Washington's Braden Holtby is the only other active goalie to win 40 games three times. The other three-time 40-game-winners were Terry Sawchuk, Jacques Plante, Mikka Kiprusoff and Evgeni Nabokov.... Sabres RW Kyle Okposo returned after missing three games with a concussion.... With 10 games left, the Predators inched closer to matching franchise records for most wins (51) and points (110) set in 2006-07. UP NEXT Predators: Host Toronto Maple Leafs on Thursday. Sabres: Host Arizona Coyotes on Wednesday in matchup of NHL's two worst teams. ___ More NHL hockey: https://apnews.com/tag/NHLhockey", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 464, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00731", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00506", "text": "of a shortage of pharmacists over the past two years.'' (C) ``The factors causing the current shortage are of a nature not likely to abate in the near future without fundamental changes in pharmacy practice and education.'' (6) In the report, HRSA projects that the number of prescriptions filled by community pharmacists will increase 20 percent by 2004. the number of community pharmacists is expected to increase only 6 percent by 2005. (7) The demand for pharmacists will increase as prescription drug use continues to grow. (8) The Federal Government has a role and the responsibility, through programs such as the National Health Service Corps and programs under title VII of the Public Health Service Act, to ensure access to pharmacists services. the statutory provisions for the program for the National Health Service Corps expressly reference physicians, dentists, certified nurse midwives, certified nurse practitioners, and physician assistants, there is no statutory reference to pharmacists. The National Health Service Corps statute should provide for the significant participation of pharmacists. SEC. 3. INCLUSION OF PRACTICE OF PHARMACY IN PROGRAM FOR NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE CORPS. (a) Inclusion in Corps Mission.--Section 331(a)(3) of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 254d(a)(3)) is amended-- (1) in subparagraph (D), by adding at the end the following: ``Such term includes pharmacist services.''; and (2) by adding at the end the following: ``(E)(i) The term `pharmacist services' includes medication therapy management services. ``(ii) The term `medication therapy management services', with respect to pharmacist services, includes services to assure that medications are used appropriately by patients; to enhance patients' understanding of the appropriate use of medications; to increase patients' adherence to prescription medication regimens; to reduce the risk of adverse events associated with medications; and to reduce the need for other costly medical services through better management of medication therapy. Such services may include case management, disease management, drug therapy management, patient training and education, counseling, drug therapy problem resolution, medication administration, the provision of special packaging, or other services that enhance the use of prescription medications.''. (b) Scholarship Program.--Section 338A(a)(1) of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 254l(a)(1)) is amended by inserting ``pharmacists", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 496, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01142", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00507", "text": "GRETNA, La. (AP) — A Louisiana man imprisoned for nearly four decades prepared to walk free Tuesday after his conviction in a 1979 rape was thrown out and prosecutors agreed to dismiss the charge. Malcolm Alexander, 58, sat quietly and smiled broadly as friends and relatives applauded and cried after state District Judge June Darensburg ordered his release. He was expected to walk out of the Jefferson Parish jail in the New Orleans suburb of Gretna later Tuesday afternoon. Defense lawyers argued that Alexander's trial lawyer failed to point out that the victim had been doubtful when she identified Alexander as her attacker in 1979. Darensburg threw out the conviction based on the ineffective counsel argument. DNA evidence — once thought lost but discovered in 2013 as Alexander continued to insist on his innocence — also played a role in the reversal, according to lawyers from the New York-based Innocence Project who handled the case. The evidence consisted of pubic hairs gathered from the crime scene, a bathroom in the victim's retail business. DNA testing showed the hairs matched each other but did not belong to the victim or Alexander, bolstering the argument that he was not the attacker, the attorneys said. Innocence Project director Barry Scheck said cooperation from the Jefferson Parish Sheriff's Office and the Jefferson Parish District Attorney's Office was key to winning Alexander's freedom. \"I thank y'all from the bottom of my heart,\" his sobbing mother, Maudra Alexander, 82 and in a wheelchair, told a group of Innocence Project lawyers and others as court recessed. \"I've been praying my whole life for this,\" Alexander's son, Malcolm Stewart, said. He and other members were separated from Alexander — still-shackled and clad in prison orange — by a courtroom railing but were able to talk to him, and gather information such as shoe and clothing sizes ahead of his release.", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 382, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00680", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00508", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Economic Growth and Development Act''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. Congress makes the following findings: (1) The promotion of sustainable economic growth is the only long-term solution to lifting people out of poverty and addressing development challenges such as infectious disease, food security, education, and access to clean water. (2) Several of the greatest development success stories in the last 50 years demonstrate how private sector investment and economic growth are fundamental to lifting populations out of poverty. (3) There has been a dramatic shift in the composition of capital flows to the developing world. 40 years ago more than 70 percent of capital flowing to developing countries was public sector foreign assistance, today 87 percent of capital flowing to the developing world comes from the private sector. (4) Eleven of the 15 largest importers of United States goods and services are countries that graduated from United States foreign assistance, and 12 of the 15 fastest growing markets for United States exports are former United States foreign assistance recipients. (5) With 12 departments, 26 agencies, and more than 60 Federal Government offices all involved in the delivery of United States foreign assistance, it is extremely difficult for United States businesses to navigate the bureaucracy in search of opportunities to partner with such United States agencies. (6) many United States development agencies have taken steps to improve their private sector coordination capabilities in recent years, these agency-specific strategies remain opaque and must be integrated into a coherent interagency coordination structure to engage the private sector. (7) President Barack Obama's 2010 Policy Directive on Global Development created an Interagency Policy Committee (IPC) for Global Development. the IPC has not established a streamlined, interagency mechanism for coordination with the private sector. (8) In order to better leverage United States foreign assistance dollars and to promote sustainable economic development in partner countries, the private sector should be consulted during development planning and programming processes. (9) Whether it is in the context of country, sector, or global development strategy, decisions on program prioritization and resource allocations would benefit greatly from private sector perspectives and market data. (10) By consulting with the private sector from the outset, development programs can be designed to better attract private sector investment and to promote public-private partnerships in key development sectors. (11) The Millennium Challenge Corporation and the Partnership for Growth both analyze constraints to growth as part of their planning processes", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 495, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01033", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00509", "text": ", and thus are easily replaced. Accordingly, only the confiscation of the smuggled bulk cash can effectively break the cycle of criminal activity of which the laundering of the bulk cash is a critical part. (6) The current penalties for violations of the currency reporting requirements are insufficient to provide a deterrent to the laundering of criminal proceeds. In particular, in cases where the only criminal violation under current law is a reporting offense, the law does not adequately provide for the confiscation of smuggled currency. if the smuggling of bulk cash were itself an offense, the cash could be confiscated as the corpus delicti of the smuggling offense. (b) Purposes.--The purposes of this Act are as follows: (1) To make the act of smuggling bulk cash itself a criminal offense. (2) To authorize forfeiture of any smuggled cash and other monetary instruments, together with any other property involved in the smuggling offense. (3) To emphasize the seriousness of the act of bulk cash smuggling. (4) To prescribe guidelines for determining the amount of property subject to forfeiture in various situations. SEC. 3. BULK CASH SMUGGLING INTO OR OUT OF THE UNITED STATES. (a) Enactment of Bulk Cash Smuggling Offense.--Subchapter II of chapter 53 of title 31, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following: ``Sec. 5331. Bulk cash smuggling into or out of the United States ``(a) Criminal Offense.-- ``(1) In general.--Whoever, with the intent to evade a currency reporting requirement under section 5316, knowingly conceals more than $10,000 in currency or other monetary instruments on the person of such individual or in any conveyance, article of luggage, merchandise, or other container, and transports or transfers or attempts to transport or transfer such currency or monetary instruments from a place within the United States to a place outside of the United States, or from a place outside the United States to a place within the United States, shall be guilty of a currency smuggling offense and subject to punishment pursuant to subsection (b). ``(2) Concealment on person.--For purposes of this section, the concealment of currency on the person of any individual includes concealment in any article of clothing worn by the individual or in any luggage, backpack, or other container worn or carried by such individual. ``(b) Penalty.-- ``(1) Term of imprisonment.--A", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00867", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00510", "text": "We report on observations of SN 1006 with the X-ray Imaging Spectrometers (XIS) on board Suzaku. We firmly detected K-shell emission from Fe, for the first time, and find that the Fe ionization state is quite low. The broad band spectrum extracted from the southeast of the remnant is well fitted with a model consisting of three optically thin thermal non-equilibrium ionization plasmas and a power-law component. Two of the thermal models are highly overabundant in heavy elements and, hence, are likely due to ejecta. These components have different ionization parameters: $n_et \\sim 1.4\\times 10^{10}$ cm$^{-3}$ s and $n_et \\sim 7.7\\times 10^8$ cm$^{-3}$ s and it is the later one that produces the Fe-K emission. This suggests that Fe has been heated by the reverse shock more recently than the other elements, consistent with a picture where the ejecta are stratified by composition with Fe in the interior. the third thermal component is assumed to be solar abundance, and we associate it with emission from the interstellar medium (ISM). The electron temperature and ionization parameter are $kT_e \\sim $0.5 keV and $n_et \\sim 5.8\\times 10^9$ cm$^{-3}$ s. The electron temperature is lower than that expected from the shock velocity which suggests a lack of collisionless electron heating at the forward shock. The extremely low ionization parameter and extreme non-equilibrium state are due to the low density of the ambient medium.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 337, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00403", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00511", "text": "Previous molecular gas observations at arcsecond-scale resolution of the Seyfert 2 galaxy M51 suggest the presence of a dense circumnuclear rotating disk, which may be the reservoir for fueling the active nucleus and obscures it from direct view in the optical. our recent interferometric CO(3-2) observations show a hint of a velocity gradient perpendicular to the rotating disk, which suggests a more complex structure than previously thought. To image the putative circumnuclear molecular gas disk at sub-arcsecond resolution to better understand both the spatial distribution and kinematics of the molecular gas. We carried out CO(2-1) and CO(1-0) line observations of the nuclear region of M51 with the new A configuration of the IRAM Plateau de Bure Interferometer, yielding a spatial resolution lower than 15 pc. The high resolution images show no clear evidence of a disk, aligned nearly east-west and perpendicular to the radio jet axis, as suggested by previous observations, but show two separate features located on the eastern and western sides of the nucleus. The western feature shows an elongated structure along the jet and a good velocity correspondence with optical emission lines associated with the jet, suggesting that this feature is a jet-entrained gas. The eastern feature is elongated nearly east-west ending around the nucleus. A velocity gradient appears in the same direction with increasingly blueshifted velocities near the nucleus. This velocity gradient is in the opposite sense of that previously inferred for the putative circumnuclear disk. Possible explanations for the observed molecular gas distribution and kinematics are that a rotating gas disk disturbed by the jet, gas streaming toward the nucleus, or a ring with another smaller counter- or Keplarian-rotating gas disk inside.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 355, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00027", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00512", "text": "After dozens of coaching changes in the last 25 years, Saudi Arabia has a proven winner in charge for this year's World Cup. Juan Antonio Pizzi led Chile to the 2016 Copa America title, but it won't likely be easy for the Argentine to get his new team to play the same kind of high-octane, pressing style he used in South America. Most of the squad heading to Russia doesn't have any significant experience playing club football outside their homeland. The team is currently the lowest ranked of the 32 participants at No. 70. Saudi sports authorities tried to change that by sending nine players, including four internationals, on a half-season loan to Spanish clubs in January. wingers Fahad Al Muwallad and Salam Al Dawsari, and midfielder Yahya Al Sherhi are being exposed to different training methods, they have not played a competitive game. The Saudis made their World Cup debut in 1994, reaching the round of 16. Since then, the team has gone through more than 30 coaching changes while qualifying for the 1998, 2002 and 2006 tournaments and going out in the group stage. Bert van Marwijk, who coached the Netherlands to the 2010 World Cup final, led Saudi Arabia through the most recent qualification campaign but failed to agree on a new contract to lead the team in Russia. Edgardo Bauza replaced the Dutchman, but he lasted only two months. The Argentine was fired in November after underwhelming performances in five friendlies and was replaced by Pizzi. Here's a closer look at the Saudi Arabia team: COACH Pizzi took over after failing to qualify for the World Cup with Chile. The 49-year-old coach's target is making the round of 16. There have been signs so far of an attempt to introduce more of a passing style instead of the direct strategy used in the two years under Van Marwijk. GOALKEEPERS Four goalkeepers were called up for the recent warm-up games and Pizzi isn't fixed on a starter. Walled Abdullah and Yasser Al Mosailem appear to be vying for the role. Abdullah is more experienced and is likely to be better able to handle physical challenges, Mosailem performed well in a 1-1 draw with Ukraine in March. DEFENDERS The back four is an experienced unit but with three likely starters over 30", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00759", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00513", "text": "existed to make such promises in the first place, and because Congress has never ratified or acquiesced to this promise, we have no alternative but to uphold the judgment against the retirees' breach-of-contract claim.... Perhaps Congress will consider using its legal power to address the moral claims raised by Schism and Reinlie on their own behalf, and indirectly for other affected retirees.''. (4) Only the United States Congress can make good on the promises recruiters made in good faith to plaintiffs and others of the World War II and Korean War era. (5) Statutes enacted in 1956 allowed those who entered service on or after December 7, 1956, and retired after serving a minimum of 20 years or by reason of a service-connected disability to medical and dental care in any facility of the uniformed services, subject to the availability of space and facilities and the capabilities of the medical and dental staff. (6) Recruiters, re-enlistment counselors, and officers at all levels of the uniformed services, and other government officials, as agents of the United States Government, continued to allow members who entered the uniformed services to believe they would be entitled to fully paid lifetime health care upon retirement, enactment of statutes in 1956, subsequent statutes, and the issuance of regulations that defined and limited the availability of medical care to retired members of the uniformed services. (7) After 4 rounds of base closures between 1988 and 1995 and further drawdowns of remaining military medical treatment facilities, access to ``space available'' health care in a military medical treatment facility is difficult or virtually nonexistent for many military retirees. (8) The failure to provide adequate health care upon retirement is preventing the retired members of the uniformed services from recommending, without reservation, that young men and women make a career of any military service. (9) provisions in the Floyd D. Spence National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2001 (as enacted into law by Public Law 106-398) extended coverage under the TRICARE program to medicare eligible military retirees age 65 and older, those provisions did not address the health care needs of military retirees under the age of 65. (10) The United States should make good on the promises recruiters made in good faith in the World War II and Korean War era and reestablish high quality health care for all retired members of the uniformed services. SEC.", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 495, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00937", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00514", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Lumbee Recognition Act''. SEC. 2. PREAMBLE. The preamble to the Act of June 7, 1956 (70 Stat. 254), is amended as follows: (1) By striking ``and'' at the end of each clause. (2) By striking ``: Now, therefore,'' at the end of the last clause and inserting a semicolon. (3) By adding at the end the following new clauses: ``the Lumbee Indians of Robeson and adjoining counties in North Carolina are descendants of coastal North Carolina Indian tribes, principally Cheraw, and have remained a distinct Indian community since the time of contact with white settlers; ``since 1885 the State of North Carolina has recognized the Lumbee Indians as an Indian tribe; ``in 1956 the Congress of the United States acknowledged the Lumbee Indians as an Indian tribe, but withheld from the Lumbee Tribe the benefits, privileges and immunities to which the Tribe and its members otherwise would have been entitled by virtue of the Tribe's status as a federally recognized tribe; and ``the Congress finds that the Lumbee Indians should now be entitled to full Federal recognition of their status as an Indian tribe and that the benefits, privileges and immunities that accompany such status should be accorded to the Lumbee Tribe: Now, therefore,''. SEC. 3. FEDERAL RECOGNITION. The Act of June 7, 1956 (70 Stat. 254), is amended as follows: (1) By striking the last sentence of the first section. (2) By striking section 2 and inserting the following new sections: ``Sec. 2. (a) Federal recognition is hereby extended to the Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina, as designated as petitioner number 65 by the Office of Federal Acknowledgement. All laws and regulations of the United States of general application to Indians and Indian tribes shall apply to the Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina and its members. ``(b) Notwithstanding the first section, any group of Indians in Robeson and adjoining counties, North Carolina, whose members are not enrolled in the Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina as determined under section 3(c), may petition under part 83 of title 25 of the Code of Federal Regulations for acknowledgement of tribal existence. ``Sec. 3. (a) The", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 492, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01068", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00515", "text": "Chandra high energy resolution observations have now been obtained from numerous non-peculiar O and early B stars. The observed X-ray emission line properties differ from pre-launch predictions, and the interpretations are still problematic. We present a straightforward analysis of a broad collection of OB stellar line profile data to search for morphological trends. X-ray line emission parameters and the spatial distributions of derived quantities are examined with respect to luminosity class. The X-ray source locations and their corresponding temperatures are extracted by using the He-like f/i line ratios and the H-like to He-like line ratios respectively. Our luminosity class study reveals line widths increasing with luminosity. the majority of the OB emission lines are found to be symmetric, with little central line displacement, there is evidence for small, but finite, blue-ward line-shifts that also increase with luminosity. The spatial X-ray temperature distributions indicate that the highest temperatures occur near the star and steadily decrease outward. This trend is most pronounced in the OB supergiants. For the lower density wind stars, both high and low X-ray source temperatures exist near the star. we find no evidence of any high temperature X-ray emission in the outer wind regions for any OB star. Since the temperature distributions are counter to basic shock model predictions, we call this the \"near-star high-ion problem\" for OB stars. By invoking the traditional OB stellar mass loss rates, we find a good correlation between the fir-inferred radii and their associated X-ray continuum optical depth unity radii. We conclude by presenting some possible explanations to the X-ray source problems that have been revealed by this study.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 325, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00414", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00516", "text": "Ignition delay times of cyclohexane-oxygen-argon and cyclopentane-oxygen-argon mixtures have been measured in a shock tube, the onset of ignition being detected by OH radical emission. Mixtures contained 0.5 or 1 % of hydrocarbon for equivalence ratios ranging from 0.5 to 2. Reflected shock waves allowed temperatures from 1230 to 1800 K and pressures from 7.3 to 9.5 atm to be obtained. These measurements have shown that cyclopentane is much less reactive than cyclohexane, as for a given temperature the observed autoignition delay times were about ten times higher for the C5 compound compared to the C6. Detailed mechanisms for the combustion of cyclohexane and cyclopentane have been proposed to reproduce these results. The elementary steps included in the kinetic models of the oxidation of cyclanes are close to those proposed to describe the oxidation of acyclic alkanes and alkenes. Consequently, it has been possible to obtain these models by using an improved version of software EXGAS, a computer package developed to perform the automatic generation of detailed kinetic models for the gas-phase oxidation and combustion of linear and branched alkanes and alkenes. the modelling of the oxidation of cyclanes requires to consider new types of generic reactions, and especially to define new correlations for the estimation of the rate constants. Ab initio calculations have been used to better know some of the rate constants used in the case of cyclopentane. The main reaction pathways have been derived from flow rate and sensitivity analyses.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 330, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00344", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00517", "text": "Building a slide deck, pitch, or presentation? Here are the big takeaways: IBM launched IBM Watson Data Kits, designed to speed the development of AI applications in the enterprise. Enterprise AI apps created with IBM Watson Data Kits have the potential to aid in faster, more informed decision making for business leaders. On Tuesday, IBM launched IBM Watson Data Kits, designed to speed the development of artificial intelligence (AI) applications in the enterprise. These apps have the potential to aid in faster, more informed decision making for business leaders, according to a press release. \"Watson Data Kits will provide companies across industries with pre-enriched, machine readable, industry-specific data that can enable them to scale AI across their business,\" the release said. In Q2, Watson Data Kits will become available for the travel, transportation, and food industries, with kits for travel points of interest and food menus. Kits tailored for additional industries are also expected in the coming months, the release noted. SEE: The Power of IoT and Big Data (Tech Pro Research) More than half of data scientists said they spend most of their time on janitorial tasks, such as cleaning and organizing data, labeling data, and collecting data sets, according to a CrowdFlower report, making it difficult for business leaders to implement AI technology at scale. Streamlining and accelerating the development process for AI engineers and data scientists will help companies more quickly gain insights from their data, and drive greater business value, according to IBM. \"Big data is fueling the cognitive era. businesses need the right data to truly drive innovation,\" Kristen Lauria, general manager of Watson media and content, said in the release. \"IBM Watson Data Kits can help bridge that gap by providing the machine-readable, pre-trained data companies require to accelerate AI development and lead to a faster time to insight and value. Data is hard, but Watson can make it easier for stakeholders at every level, from CIOs to data scientists.\" The Watson Data Kit for travel points of interest will offer airlines, hotels, and online travel agencies with more than 300,000 points of interest in 100 categories, to create better experiences for travelers, according to the release. Companies in the travel and transportation industry can use the kits to build AI-powered web and mobile apps to help users find information on points of interest in a given area. For example, the release noted, a hospitality company could use the data kit to train AI powering its chatbot to", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00534", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00518", "text": "To provide criteria in the selection of target events preferable for planetary lensing follow-up observations, we investigate the variation of the probability of detecting planetary signals depending on the observables of the lensing magnification and source brightness. In estimating the probability, we consider variation of the photometric precision by using a quantity defined as the ratio of the fractional deviation of the planetary perturbation to the photometric precision. From this investigation, we find consistent result from previous studies that the probability increases with the increase of the magnification. The increase rate is boosted at a certain magnification at which perturbations caused by central caustic begin to occur. We find this boost occurs at moderate magnifications of $A\\lesssim 20$, implying that probability can be high even for events with moderate magnifications. The probability increases as the source brightness increases. We find that the probability of events associated with stars brighter than clump giants is not negligible even at magnifications as low as $A\\sim 5$. In the absence of rare the prime target of very high-magnification events, we, therefore, recommend to observe events with brightest source stars and highest magnifications among the alerted events. Due to the increase of the source size with the increase of the brightness, the probability rapidly drops off beyond a certain magnification, causing detections of low mass ratio planets ($q\\lesssim 10^{-4}$) difficult from the observations of events involved with giant stars with magnifications $A\\gtrsim 70$.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 306, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00029", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00519", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Bob Dole Congressional Gold Medal Act''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. Congress finds the following: (1) Bob Dole was born on July 22, 1923, in Russell, Kansas. (2) Growing up during the Great Depression, Bob Dole learned the values of hard work and discipline, and worked at a local drug store. (3) In 1941, Bob Dole enrolled at the University of Kansas as a pre-medical student. During his time at KU he played for the basketball, football, and track teams, and joined the Kappa Sigma Fraternity, from which he would receive the ``Man of the Year'' award in 1970. (4) Bob Dole's collegiate studies were interrupted by WWII, and he enlisted in the United States Army. During a military offensive in Italy, he was seriously wounded while trying to save a fellow soldier. his grave injuries, Dole recovered and was awarded two Purple Hearts and a Bronze Star with an Oak Cluster for his service. He also received an American Campaign Medal, a European- African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal, and a World War II Victory Medal. (5) While working on his law degree from Washburn University, Bob Dole was elected into the Kansas House of Representatives, serving from 1951-1953. (6) Bob Dole was elected into the U.S. House of Representatives and served two Kansas districts from 1961-1969. (7) In 1969, Bob Dole was elected into the U.S. Senate and served until 1996. Over the course of this period, he served as Chairman of the Republican National Committee, Chairman of the Finance Committee, Senate Minority Leader, and Senate Majority Leader. (8) Bob Dole was known for his ability to work across the aisle and embrace practical bipartisanship on issues such as Social Security. (9) Bob Dole has been a life-long advocate for the disabled and was a key figure in the passing of the Americans with Disabilities Act in 1990. (10) After his appointment as Majority Leader, Bob Dole set the record as the nation's longest-serving Republican Leader in the Senate. (11) Several Presidents of the United States have specially honored Bob Dole for his hard work and leadership in the public sector. This recognition is exemplified by the following:", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00892", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00520", "text": "on top of it.\" Ullah was being treated for burns to his hands and abdomen but spoke to investigators from his hospital bed, law enforcement officials said. He was \"all over the place\" about his motive but indicated he wanted to avenge what he portrayed as U.S. aggression against the Islamic State group, a law enforcement official said. The officials spoke to The Associated Press on condition of anonymity because they were not authorized to speak publicly about the blast. Ullah's low-tech bomb used explosive powder, a nine-volt battery, a Christmas light and matches, the officials said. Investigators said the suspect was seen on surveillance footage igniting the bomb. In the end, it wasn't powerful enough to turn the pipe into deadly shrapnel, the officials said. Law enforcement officials said Ullah looked at IS propaganda online but is not known to have any direct contact with the militants and probably acted alone. Cuomo said there was no evidence, so far, of other bombs or a larger plot. The Democrat said officials were exploring whether Ullah had been on authorities' radar, but there was no indication that he was. The attack came less than two months after eight people died near the World Trade Center in a truck attack that, authorities said, was carried out by an Uzbek immigrant who admired the Islamic State group. Since 1965, America's immigration policy has centered on giving preference to people with advanced education or skills, or people with family ties to U.S. citizens and, in some cases, legal permanent residents. Citizens have been able to apply for spouses, parents, children, siblings and the siblings' spouses and minor children; the would-be immigrants are then screened by U.S. officials to determine whether they can come. Trump's administration has called for a \"merit-based\" immigration system that would limit family-based green cards to spouses and minor children. Ullah lived with his father, mother and brother in a Brooklyn neighborhood with a large Bangladeshi community, residents said. He was licensed to drive a livery cab between 2012 and 2015, but the license was allowed to lapse, according to law enforcement officials and New York City's Taxi and Limousine Commission. His family was \"deeply saddened\" by the attack but also \"outraged by the way we have been targeted by law enforcement,\" the family said in a statement sent by the New York Chapter of the Council on American-Islamic Relations.", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00658", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00521", "text": "We study the Stokes-Einstein (SE) and the Stokes-Einstein-Debye (SED) relations using molecular dynamics simulations of the extended simple point charge model of water. We find that both the SE and SED relations break down at low temperature. To explore the relationship between these breakdowns and dynamical heterogeneities (DH), we also calculate the SE and SED relations for subsets of the 7% ``fastest'' and 7% ``slowest'' molecules. We find that the SE and SED relations break down in both subsets, and that the breakdowns occur on all scales of mobility. Thus these breakdowns appear to be generalized phenomena, with the view where only the most mobile molecules are the origin of the breakdown of the SE and SED relations, embedded in an inactive background where these relations hold. At low temperature, the SE and SED relations in both subsets of molecules are replaced with ``fractional'' SE and SED relations, $D_t\\sim(\\tau/T)^{-\\xi_t}$ and $D_r\\sim(\\tau/T)^{-\\xi_r}$ where $\\xi_t\\approx0.84<1$ and $\\xi_r\\approx0.75<1$. We also find that there is a decoupling between rotational and translational motion, and that this decoupling occurs in both fastest and slowest subsets of molecules. We also find that when the decoupling increases, upon cooling, the probability of a molecule being classified as both translationally and rotationally fastest also increases. To study the effect of time scale for SE and SED breakdown and decoupling, we introduce a time-dependent version of the SE and SED relations, and a time-dependent function that measures the extent of decoupling. Our results suggest that both the decoupling and SE and SED breakdowns are originated at the time scale corresponding to the end of the cage regime, when diffusion starts. This is also the time scale when the DH are more relevant.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 409, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00279", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00522", "text": "She had overdosed. Someone had brought her to the clinic in the middle of the night, authorities said, but when the clinic was closed, whoever brought her abandoned the car and left. They didn't call 911. This month, the Grand Forks Police Department put out a reminder that those using and possessing drugs who are present at the time of an overdose will not be prosecuted if they call and cooperate with first responders. In North Dakota and Minnesota, Good Samaritan laws are on the books that give immunity to those who call in drug overdoses if the caller remains on scene until first responders arrive and cooperate with medical services and law enforcement. The person must be in need of emergency medical services. Up to three people can be granted immunity. The law also applies to people overdosing from alcohol consumption. \"We want people to be focused on saving a life,\" said Lt. Jeremy Moe with the special resource bureau. In 2016, Grand Forks Police responded to 28 calls for overdoses. Three of them were fatal. State Sen. Howard Anderson Jr., R-Turtle Lake, was a sponsor of the Good Samaritan laws that passed in North Dakota in 2015. The former director of the North Dakota Board of Pharmacy, Anderson said he wanted to sponsor the law to give people a better chance to survive. Information provided by companions can be key to successful care. \"It's hard to find out what they took or what the situation is, so by the time doctors get a chance to figure out what it is, it's too late,\" Anderson said. In the process of passing the law, legislators heard testimony from a man whose companions had abandoned him in a dumpster, thinking he'd overdosed, Anderson said. But too few people know about the law, Anderson said. He also believes law enforcement have been overzealous in pressing charges against people, the law. \"They're using the Good Samaritan laws as an excuse to charge people because, obviously, if I gave you drugs, then I'm guilty of providing them for you. It's like a sale even if I gave it to you free,\" he said. \"So we need a little better education with police. If you're trying to save somebody's life for crying out loud, back off a little bit. Catch the crook the next time.\" Anderson said users speak to one another, and if law enforcement is too aggressive, it might deter people from calling for help. Grand", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00586", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00523", "text": "Based on analysis of photometric observations of nearby M type stars obtained with ASAS, 31 periodic variables were detected. The determined periods are assumed to be related to rotation periods of the investigated stars. Among them 10 new variables with periods longer than 10 days were found, which brings the total number of slowly rotating M stars with known rotation periods to 12 objects. X-ray activity and rotation evolution of M stars follows the trends observed in G-K type stars. Rapidly rotating stars are very active and activity decreases with increasing rotation period but the period-activity relation is mass-dependent which suggests that the rotation period alone is not a proper measure of activity. The investigated stars were grouped according to their mass and the empirical turnover time was determined for each group. It increases with decreasing mass more steeply than for K type stars for which a flat dependence had been found. The resulting Rossby number-activity relation shows an exponential decrease of activity with increasing Rossby number. The analysis of space motions of 27 single stars showed that all rapidly rotating and a few slowly rotating stars belong to young disk (YD) all old disk (OD) stars are slowly rotating. The median rotation period of YD stars is about 2 days and that of OD stars is equal to 47 days, i.e. nearly 25 times longer. The average X-ray flux of OD stars is about 1.7 dex lower than YD stars in a good agreement with the derived Rossby number-activity formula supplemented with rotation-age relation and in a fair agreement with recent observations but in a disagreement with the Skumanich formula supplemented with the activity-rotation relation.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 331, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00499", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00524", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Missing Mercury in Manufacturing Monitoring and Mitigation Act''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. Congress finds that-- (1) mercury and mercury compounds are highly toxic to humans, ecosystems, and wildlife; (2) as many as 10 percent of women in the United States of childbearing age have mercury in their bloodstreams at a level that could pose risks to their unborn babies, and as many as 630,000 children born annually in the United States are at risk of neurological problems relating to mercury exposure in utero; (3) the most significant source of mercury exposure to people in the United States is ingestion of mercury- contaminated fish; (4) the long-term solution to mercury pollution is to minimize global mercury use and releases of mercury to eventually achieve reduced contamination levels in the environment, rather than reducing fish consumption, since uncontaminated fish represents a critical and healthy source of nutrition for people worldwide; (5) an estimated additional 24,000 to 30,000 tons of mercury are used at mercury cell chlor-alkali plants worldwide; (6) mercury pollution is a transboundary pollutant that-- (A) is deposited locally, regionally, and globally; and (B) affects bodies of water near industrial areas, such as the Great Lakes, as well as bodies of water in remote areas, such as the Arctic Circle; (7) of the approximately 30 plants in the United States that produce chlorine, only 8 use the obsolete ``mercury cell'' chlor-alkali process, and 5 have not committed to phasing out mercury use; (8)(A) only about 10 percent of the total quantity of chlorine and caustic soda produced in the United States comes from the chlor-alkali plants described in paragraph (7) that use the mercury cell chlor-alkali process; (B) cost-effective alternatives are available and in use in the remaining 90 percent of chlorine and caustic soda production; and (C) other countries, including Japan, have already banned the mercury cell chlor-alkali process; (9) the chlor-alkali industry acknowledges that-- (A) mercury can contaminate products manufactured at mercury cell facilities; and (B) the use of some of those products results in the direct and indirect release of mercury; (10) those quantities of mercury known to have been used or to be in", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00976", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00525", "text": "as a member State of the Organization of American States, the United States should seek to follow the December 8, 1998, recommendation of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights ``that member States of the Organization of American States adopt legislative and such other measures as may be necessary to effectuate the right of free access to information in files and documents in the power of the State, particularly in cases of investigations to establish criminal responsibility for international crimes and serious violations of human rights.'' (9) The Guatemalan peace accords, which the Government of the United States firmly supports, included as an important and vital component an investigation and a report by the Commission for the Historical Clarification of Human Rights Violations and Acts of Violence which have Caused Suffering to the Guatemalan People (referred to in this Act as the ``Clarification Commission''). the conclusion of this investigation, many questions, including the identity of perpetrators of human rights violations as well as the location of bodies of the ``disappeared'', remain unanswered. The Clarification Commission explicitly recommended that ``all available legal and material resources should be utilized [by the Guatemalan Government] to clarify the whereabouts of the disappeared and, in the case of death, to deliver the remains to the relatives.'' (10) Two days after presenting a parallel investigation, ``Guatemala: Never Again'', by the Historical Memory Recovery Project by the Archbishop of Guatemala, the director of the project, Bishop Juan Jose Gerardi, was assassinated. (11) President Clinton stated in Guatemala on March 10, 1999, that ``[f]or the United States, it is important that I state clearly that support for military forces or intelligence units which engaged in violent and widespread repression of the kind described in the report [by the Clarification Commission] was wrong, and the United States must not repeat that mistake. We must, and we will, instead, continue to support the peace and reconciliation process in Guatemala.'' (12) The National Commissioner for the Protection of Human Rights in the Republic of Honduras has been requesting documentation of the United States on human rights violations in Honduras since November 15, 1993. The Commissioner's request has been partly fulfilled, but aspects of it are still pending. SEC. 3. DEFINITIONS. In this Act: (1) Human rights record.--The term ``human rights record'' means a record in the possession, custody, or control of the United States Government containing information", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00833", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00526", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Employee Stock Ownership Plan Promotion and Improvement Act of 2007''. SEC. 2. 10 PERCENT PENALTY TAX NOT TO APPLY TO CERTAIN S CORPORATION DISTRIBUTIONS MADE ON STOCK HELD BY EMPLOYEE STOCK OWNERSHIP PLAN. (a) In General.--Clause (vi) of section 72(t)(2)(A) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (relating to general rule that subsection not to apply to certain distributions) is amended by inserting before the comma at the end the following: ``or any distribution (as described in section 1368(a)) with respect to S corporation stock that constitutes qualifying employer securities (as defined by section 409(l)) to the extent that such distributions are paid to a participant in the manner described in clause (i) or (ii) of section 404(k)(2)(A)''. (b) Effective Date.--The amendments made by this section shall apply to distributions made after the date of the enactment of this Act. SEC. 3. ESOP DIVIDEND EXCEPTION TO ADJUSTMENTS BASED ON ADJUSTED CURRENT EARNINGS. (a) In General.--Section 56(g)(4)(C) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (relating to disallowance of items not deductible in computing earnings and profits) is amended by adding at the end the following new clause: ``(vii) Treatment of esop dividends.-- Clause (i) shall not apply to any deduction allowable under section 404(k) if the deduction is allowed for dividends paid on employer securities held by an employee stock ownership plan established or authorized to be established before March 15, 1991.''. (b) Effective Date.--The amendment made by this section shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1989. (c) Waiver of Limitations.--If refund or credit of any overpayment of tax resulting from the application of the amendment made by this section is prevented at any time before the close of the 1-year period beginning on the date of the enactment of this Act by the operation of any law or rule of law (including res judicata), such refund or credit may be made or allowed if claim therefor is filed before the close of such period. SEC. 4. AMENDMENTS RELATED TO SECTION 1042. (a) Deferral of", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00883", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00527", "text": "We report results from numerical simulations of star formation in the early universe that focus on gas at very high densities and very low metallicities. We argue that the gas in the central regions of protogalactic halos will fragment as long as it carries sufficient angular momentum. Rotation leads to the build-up of massive disk-like structures which fragment to form protostars. At metallicities Z ~ 10^-5 Zsun, dust cooling becomes effective and leads to a sudden drop of temperature at densities above n = 10^12 cm^-3. This induces vigorous fragmentation, leading to a very densely-packed cluster of low-mass stars. This is the first stellar cluster. The mass function of stars peaks below 1 Msun, similar to what is found in the solar neighborhood, and comparable to the masses of the very-low metallicity subgiant stars recently discovered in the halo of our Milky Way. We find that even purely primordial gas can fragment at densities 10^14 cm^-3 < n < 10^16 cm^-3, the resulting mass function contains only a few objects (at least a factor of ten less than the Z = 10^-5 Zsun mass function), and is biased towards higher masses. A similar result is found for gas with Z = 10^-6 Zsun. Gas with Z <= 10^-6 Zsun behaves roughly isothermally at these densities (with polytropic exponent gamma ~ 1.06) and the massive disk-like structures that form due to angular momentum conservation will be marginally unstable. As fragmentation is less efficient, we expect stars with Z <= 10^-6 Zsun to be massive, with masses in excess of several tens of solar masses, consistent with the results from previous studies.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 358, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00305", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00528", "text": "Randomness extraction is of fundamental importance for information-theoretic cryptography. It allows to transform a raw key about which an attacker has some limited knowledge into a fully secure random key, on which the attacker has essentially no information. Up to date, only very few randomness-extraction techniques are known to work against an attacker holding quantum information on the raw key. This is very much to the classical (non-quantum) setting, which is much better understood and for which a vast amount of different techniques are known and proven to work. We prove a new randomness-extraction technique, which is known to work in the classical setting, to be secure against a quantum attacker as well. Randomness extraction is done by XOR'ing a so-called delta-biased mask to the raw key. Our result allows to extend the classical applications of this extractor to the quantum setting. We discuss the following two applications. We show how to encrypt a long message with a short key, information-theoretically secure against a quantum attacker, provided that the attacker has enough quantum uncertainty on the message. This generalizes the concept of entropically-secure encryption to the case of a quantum attacker. As second application, we show how to do error-correction without leaking partial information to a quantum attacker. Such a technique is useful in settings where the raw key may contain errors, since standard error-correction techniques may provide the attacker with information on, say, a secret key that was used to obtain the raw key.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 300, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00360", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00529", "text": "HEA requires that manufacturers submit adequate information as to the safety of any new ingredients contained in dietary supplements before those products can be sold. (9) DSHEA provides the FDA with a number of powers to remove unsafe dietary supplements from the marketplace. (10) DSHEA created the Office of Dietary Supplements within the National Institutes of Health to expand research and consumer information about the health effects of dietary supplements. (11) The FDA has not adequately used its authority to enforce DSHEA. (12) The FDA needs adequate resources to appropriately implement and enforce DSHEA. Congress has appropriated additional funds over the last several years beyond those requested in the President's budget to implement and enforce DSHEA, reaching $10,800,000 in fiscal year 2005. (13) according to the FDA, full implementation of DSHEA would require substantial additional resources. The FDA asserts that between $24,000,000 and $65,000,000 per year will be needed to fully implement DSHEA. SEC. 3. AUTHORIZATION AND APPROPRIATION OF RESOURCES. (a) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (Public Law 103-417), the amendments made by such Act, and all applicable regulatory requirements for dietary supplements under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. 301 et seq.)-- (1) $30,000,000 for fiscal year 2007; (2) $40,000,000 for fiscal year 2008; (3) $50,000,000 for fiscal year 2009; and (4) $65,000,000 for fiscal year 2010. (b) Appropriation of Funds for Fiscal Year 2006.--There is appropriated, out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, to carry out the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (Public Law 103-417), the amendments made by such Act, and all applicable regulatory requirements for dietary supplements under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. 301 et seq.), $20,000,000 for fiscal year 2006. (c) Office of Dietary Supplements.-- (1) Authorization of appropriations.--There are authorized to be appropriated for expanded research and development of consumer information, including information on safety and beneficial effects,", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01047", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00530", "text": "by adding at the end the following: ``(3) Exemptions from certain information requirements.-- The Secretary may exempt a person from any information requirement under paragraph (2), or under any other provision of this Act, if the Secretary determines that the information is not necessary to facilitate the determinations of the Secretary under section 4.''. SEC. 5. ANTITRUST REVIEW. Section 7 of the Deepwater Port Act of 1974 (33 U.S.C. 1506) is amended-- (1) by striking subsections (a) and (b)(1); (2) by striking ``(2) Nothing'' and inserting the following: ``(a) Authority To Challenge Anti-Competitive Situations.-- Nothing''; (3) by striking ``(3) Nothing'' and inserting the following: ``(b) Effect on Antitrust Laws.--Nothing''; and (4) in subsections (a) and (b) (as so redesignated), by striking ``section'' each place it appears and inserting ``Act''. SEC. 6. COMMON CARRIER STATUS. Section 8 of the Deepwater Port Act of 1974 (33 U.S.C. 1507) is amended-- (1) in subsection (a), by inserting ``and shall accept, transport, or convey without discrimination all oil delivered to the deepwater port with respect to which the license of the deepwater port is issued,'' before ``except as provided''; and (2) in subsection (b), by striking ``(b) A licensee'' and all that follows through ``a licensee is not'' and inserting the following: ``(b) Exceptions.--A licensee shall not be considered to be discriminating for the purpose of subsection (a) and shall not be''. SEC. 7. MARINE PROTECTION AND NAVIGATIONAL SAFETY. Section 10(a) of the Deepwater Port Act of 1974 (33 U.S.C. 1509(a)) is amended-- (1) by striking ``shall prescribe by regulation and enforce procedures with respect to any deepwater port, including, but not limited to, rules'' and inserting ``, with respect to a deepwater port, shall prescribe and enforce procedures, by regulation or through the operations manual of a licensee,''; (2) by striking ``unloading procedures'' and inserting ``unloading''; and (3) by adding at the end the following: ``Compliance by a", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00855", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00531", "text": "We first study the temporal Wilson loop in the finite-temperature non-commutative dipole field theory from the string/gauge correspondence. The associated dual supergravity background is constructed from the near-horizon geometry of near-extremal D-branes, after applying T-duality and smeared twist. We investigate the string configuration therein and find that while the temperature produces a maximum distance $L_{max}$ in the interquark distance the dipole in there could produce a minimum distance $L_{min}$. The quark boundary pair therefore could be found only if their distance is between $L_{min}$ and $L_{max}$. We also show that, beyond a critical temperature the quark pair becomes totally free due to screening by thermal bath. We next study the spatial Wilson loop and find the confining nature in the zero temperature 3D and 4D non-supersymmetry dipole gauge theory. The string tension of the linear confinement potential is obtained and found to be a decreasing function of the dipole field. We also investigate the associated t'Hooft loop and determine the corresponding monopole anti-monopole potential. The conventional screening of magnetic charge which indicates the confinement of the electric charge is replaced by a strong repulsive . Finally, we show that the dual string which is rotating along the dipole deformed $S^5$ will behave as a static one without dipole field, which has no minimum distance and has larger energy than a static one with dipole field. We discuss the phase transition between these string solutions.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 317, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00389", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00532", "text": "Previous observations with the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) have suggested that the power spectral density (PSD) of NGC 3783 flattens to a slope near zero at low frequencies, in a similar manner to that of Galactic black hole X-ray binary systems (GBHs) in the `hard' state. The low radio flux emitted by this object, is inconsistent with a hard state interpretation. The accretion rate of NGC 3783 (~7% of the Eddington rate) is similar to that of other AGN with `soft' state PSDs and higher than that at which the GBH Cyg X-1, with which AGN are often compared, changes between `hard' and `soft' states (~2% of the Eddington rate). If NGC 3783 really does have a `hard' state PSD, it would be quite unusual and would indicate that AGN and GBHs are not quite as similar as we currently believe. Here we present an improved X-ray PSD of NGC 3783, spanning from ~10^{-8} to ~10^{-3} Hz, based on considerably extended (5.5 years) RXTE observations combined with two orbits of continuous observation by XMM-Newton. We show that this PSD is, in fact, well fitted by a `soft' state model which has only one break, at high frequencies. a `hard' state model can also fit the data, the improvement in fit by adding a second break at low frequency is not significant. Thus NGC 3783 is not unusual. These results leave Arakelian 564 as the only AGN which shows a second break at low frequencies, in that case the very high accretion rate implies a `very high', rather than `hard' state PSD. The break frequency found in NGC 3783 is consistent with the expectation based on comparisons with other AGN and GBHs, given its black hole mass and accretion rate.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 405, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00020", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00533", "text": "Herein the transient lunar phenomena (TLP) report database is subjected to a discriminating statistical filter robust against sites of spurious reports, and produces a restricted sample that may be largely reliable. This subset is highly correlated geographically with the catalog of outgassing events seen by the Apollo 15, 16 and Lunar Prospector alpha-particle spectrometers for episodic Rn-222 gas release. Both this robust TLP sample and even the larger, unfiltered sample are highly correlated with the boundary between mare and highlands, as are both deep and shallow moonquakes, as well as Po-210, a long-lived product of Rn-222 decay and a further tracer of outgassing. This offers another significant correlation relating TLPs and outgassing, and may tie some of this activity to sagging mare basalt plains (perhaps mascons). Additionally, low-level but likely significant TLP activity is connected to recent, major impact craters (while moonquakes are not), which may indicate the effects of cracks caused by the impacts, or perhaps avalanches, allowing release of gas. The majority of TLP (and Rn-222) activity, is confined to one site that produced much of the basalt in the Procellarum Terrane, and it seems plausible that this TLP activity may be tied to residual outgassing from the formerly largest volcanic ffusion sites from the deep lunar interior. With the coming in the next few years of robotic spacecraft followed by human exploration, the study of TLPs and outgassing is both promising and imperiled. We will have an unprecedented pportunity to study lunar outgassing, but will also deal with a greater burden of anthropogenic lunar gas than ever produced. There is a pressing need to study lunar atmosphere and its sources while still pristine. [Abstract abridged.]", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 378, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00398", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00534", "text": "WASHINGTON (AP) — The polarizing politics of abortion have burst into the congressional budget debate, overwhelming bipartisan efforts to help millions of consumers who buy their own health insurance policies get relief from soaring premiums. On Monday, Senate and House Republicans released their latest plan to stabilize the Affordable Care Act's insurance markets. It provides new federal money to offset the cost of treating the sickest patients and restores insurer subsidies that President Donald Trump terminated last year. That's clearly a big shift from last year, when repealing \"Obamacare\" was the GOP's demand. But the fine print of the GOP offer includes restrictions on abortion funding that Democrats have already rejected, a \"poison pill\" to abortion rights supporters. They say the proposal could block abortion coverage by some health insurance plans consumers purchase with their own money. Lawmakers of both parties have been negotiating over a health insurance stabilization bill for months, and some experts estimate such legislation could reduce premiums by 20 percent to 40 percent, after two years of relentless increases. The office of one of the leading Democratic negotiators, Sen. Patty Murray of Washington, Monday called the Republican offer \"partisan,\" saying in a statement it came as a surprise. In an interview last Friday, Murray said that her GOP counterparts have only recently started raising the issue of abortion restrictions. \"To me that is just unacceptable,\" Murray said. \"Why would they add it on at the last minute?\" She complained that some Republicans were taking the stabilization bill \"hostage.\" The impasse over abortion restrictions on health insurance is just one of several divisive social issues complicating prospects for the $1.3 trillion spending bill that would keep the government open and provide funding increases for military and domestic programs. Others include a Republican demand for stronger \"conscience\" protections for clinicians who object to abortions and assisted suicide, and a Democratic maneuver to protect family planning money for Planned Parenthood clinics, which provide birth control for many low-income women. Federal funding for abortion has long been restricted by a series of laws known as the Hyde amendment, which prohibit taxpayer funds from being used to pay for abortions, expect in cases of rape, incest, or when the woman's life is endangered. Abortion remains a legal medical procedure in the United States, covered by many employer plans. the abortion rate has dropped significantly, from about 29 per 1,000 women of reproductive age in 1980 to about 15 in 2014. Better contraception, fewer unintended pregnancies and state", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00809", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00535", "text": "The notion of {\\em $p$-adic multiresolution analysis (MRA)} is introduced. We discuss a ``natural'' refinement equation whose solution (a refinable function) is the characteristic function of the unit disc. This equation reflects the fact that the characteristic function of the unit disc is a sum of $p$ characteristic functions of mutually disjoint discs of radius $p^{-1}$. This refinement equation generates a MRA. The case $p=2$ is studied in detail. Our MRA is a 2-adic analog of the real Haar MRA. But to the real setting, the refinable function generating our Haar MRA is 1-periodic, which never holds for real refinable functions. This fact implies that there exist infinity many different 2-adic orthonormal wavelet bases in ${\\cL}^2(\\bQ_2)$ generated by the same Haar MRA. All of these bases are described. We also constructed multidimensional 2-adic Haar orthonormal bases for ${\\cL}^2(\\bQ_2^n)$ by means of the tensor product of one-dimensional MRAs. A criterion for a multidimensional $p$-adic wavelet to be an eigenfunction for a pseudo-differential operator is derived. We proved also that these wavelets are eigenfunctions of the Taibleson multidimensional fractional operator. These facts create the necessary prerequisites for intensive using our bases in applications.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 301, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00211", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00536", "text": "The early Solar System contained short-lived radionuclides such as 60Fe (t1/2 = 1.5 Myr) whose most likely source was a nearby supernova. Previous models of Solar System formation considered a supernova shock that triggered the collapse of the Sun's nascent molecular cloud. We advocate an alternative hypothesis, that the Solar System's protoplanetary disk had already formed when a very close (< 1 pc) supernova injected radioactive material directly into the disk. We conduct the first numerical simulations designed to answer two questions related to this hypothesis: will the disk be destroyed by such a close supernova; and will any of the ejecta be mixed into the disk? Our simulations demonstrate that the disk does not absorb enough momentum from the shock to escape the protostar to which it is bound. Only low amounts (< 1%) of mass loss occur, due to stripping by Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities across the top of the disk, which also mix into the disk about 1% of the intercepted ejecta. These low efficiencies of destruction and injectation are due to the fact that the high disk pressures prevent the ejecta from penetrating far into the disk before stalling. Injection of gas-phase ejecta is too inefficient to be consistent with the abundances of radionuclides inferred from meteorites. the radionuclides found in meteorites would have condensed into dust grains in the supernova ejecta, and we argue that such grains will be injected directly into the disk with nearly 100% efficiency. The meteoritic abundances of the short-lived radionuclides such as 60Fe therefore are consistent with injection of grains condensed from the ejecta of a nearby (< 1 pc) supernova, into an already-formed protoplanetary disk.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 368, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00063", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00537", "text": "Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) are one of the leading candidates for Dark Matter. Currently, the most promising method to detect WIMPs is the direct detection of the recoil energy deposited in a low-background laboratory detector due to elastic WIMP-nucleus scattering. So far the usual procedure has been to predict the event rate of direct detection of WIMPs based on some model(s) of the Galactic halo from cosmology and of WIMPs from elementary particle physics. The aim of this work is to invert this process. In this thesis I present methods which allow to reconstruct (the moments of) the WIMP velocity distribution function as well as to determine the WIMP mass from the recoil energy spectrum as well as from experimental data directly. The reconstruction of the velocity distribution function has been further extended to take into account the annual modulation of the event rate. Moreover, the reconstruction of the amplitude of the annual modulation of the velocity distribution and an alternative, better way for confirming the annual modulation of the event rate have been discussed. the determination of the WIMP mass by combining two (or more) experiments with different detector materials has been developed. All formulae and expressions given here are not only independent of the model of Galactic halo but also of that of WIMPs. This means that we need neither the as unknown WIMP density near the Earth nor the WIMP-nucleus cross section. The only information which we need is the measured recoil energies and their measuring times.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 301, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00425", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00538", "text": "We consider stationary, axisymmetric hydrodynamic accretion flows in Kerr geometry. As a plausible means of efficiently separating a small population of nonthermal particles from the bulk accretion flows, we investigate the formation of standing dissipative shocks, i.e. shocks at which fraction of the energy, angular momentum and mass fluxes do not participate in the shock transition of the flow that accretes onto the compact object but are lost into collimated (jets) or uncollimated (winds) outflows. The mass loss fraction (at a shock front) is found to vary over a wide range (0 - 95%) depending on flow's angular momentum and energy. the associated energy loss fraction appears to be relatively low (<1%) for a flow onto a non-rotating black hole case, the fraction could be an order of magnitude higher (<10%) for a flow onto a rapidly-rotating black hole. By estimating the escape velocity of the outflowing particles with a mass-accretion rate relevant for typical active galactic nuclei, we find that nearly 10% of the accreting mass could escape to form an outflow in a disk around a non-rotating black hole, while as much as 50% of the matter may contribute to outflows in a disk around a rapidly-rotating black hole. In the context of disk-jet paradigm, our model suggests that shock-driven outflows from accretion can occur in regions not too far from a central engine. Our results imply that a shock front under some conditions could serve as a plausible site where (nonthermal) seed particles of the outflows (jets/winds) are efficiently decoupled from bulk accretion.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 346, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00477", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00539", "text": "PARIS (AP) — A young American man tried an underhand serve while cramping during a five-setter at the French Open. Hmm. Seen that before, haven't we? Except there was one key difference this time: For 21-year-old Jared Donaldson against No. 4-seed Grigor Dimitrov on Wednesday, unlike for 17-year-old — and eventual tournament champion — Michael Chang against Ivan Lendl in 1989, the unorthodox strategy didn't come in a victory. Dimitrov came back to beat the 57th-ranked Donaldson 6-7 (2), 6-4, 4-6, 6-4, 10-8 in a second-round match that lasted 4 hours, 19 minutes on the new Court 18 at Roland Garros. The most memorable aspect was Donaldson's two unusual service motions; he won the point the first time, but not the other. \"I would never try it if I was feeling 100 percent and stuff,\" said Donaldson, who could barely move by the end because of painful cramps in his legs. \"But obviously Grigor was playing so far back on the return that I felt like, 'You know, maybe it's just something that I'll try.' He obviously wasn't expecting it, you know what I mean? It's kind of a cheeky way to get a point.\" Donaldson said he has never seen footage of what Chang did 29 years ago. He did, know of the episode: Chang used an underhand serve while cramping during a fourth-round win over Lendl on the way to the French Open title; he remains the youngest man to win a major singles championship. Dimitrov was not angered by the tactic. Quite the opposite, actually, shrugging his shoulders and conceding it was smart for Donaldson to try it. \"It was beautiful, right?\" Dimitrov said. \"He wanted to use something different to kind of try to put me off guard.\" Before his first underhand attempt, Donaldson was actually two points from the victory, leading 6-5 in the fifth set and at love-30 on Dimitrov's serve. But Dimitrov took the next four points. In the next game, at 6-all, 40-30, Donaldson successfully used the underhand motion. He hit a short serve that two-time Grand Slam semifinalist Dimitrov returned long", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00650", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00540", "text": "We present a new algorithm that computes eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a Hermitian positive definite matrix while solving a linear system of equations with Conjugate Gradient (CG). Traditionally, all the CG iteration vectors could be saved and recombined through the eigenvectors of the tridiagonal projection matrix, which is equivalent theoretically to unrestarted Lanczos. Our algorithm capitalizes on the iteration vectors produced by CG to update only a small window of vectors that approximate the eigenvectors. While this window is restarted in a locally optimal way, the CG algorithm for the linear system is unaffected. in all our experiments, this small window converges to the required eigenvectors at a rate identical to unrestarted Lanczos. After the solution of the linear system, eigenvectors that have not accurately converged can be improved in an incremental fashion by solving additional linear systems. In this case, eigenvectors identified in earlier systems can be used to deflate, and thus accelerate, the convergence of subsequent systems. We have used this algorithm with excellent results in lattice QCD applications, where hundreds of right hand sides may be needed. Specifically, about 70 eigenvectors are obtained to full accuracy after solving 24 right hand sides. Deflating these from the large number of subsequent right hand sides removes the dreaded critical slowdown, where the conditioning of the matrix increases as the quark mass reaches a critical value. Our experiments show almost a constant number of iterations for our method, regardless of quark mass, and speedups of 8 over original CG for light quark masses.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 317, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00417", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00541", "text": "LAS VEGAS--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Apr 23, 2018--Rimini Street, Inc. (Nasdaq: RMNI), a global provider of enterprise software products and services, and the leading third-party support provider for Oracle and SAP software products, today announced that SIFLEX, a leading global printed circuit board (PCB) manufacturer headquartered in South Korea, has switched its SAP ERP support to Rimini Street from the vendor. By making the switch, SIFLEX was able to reduce its maintenance fees by 50% and can now maximize its current, stable and robust ERP ECC 5.0 system for a minimum of 15 years from the time the company transitioned to Rimini Street support. SIFLEX was also able to free up internal IT personnel to focus on more pressing initiatives within the organization. This press release features multimedia. View the full release here: https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180423006227/en/ Leading Korean manufacturer of printed circuit boards, SIFLEX, Switches to Rimini Street Support for its SAP Application (Photo: Business Wire) Seeking Alternative to High Cost, Low Quality Vendor Support To improve productivity and better optimize IT costs, SIFLEX began exploring options in two areas: finding alternatives to free up its IT staff to focus on more strategic, growth-related projects within the business, and exploring options for reducing the cost of its SAP ERP maintenance. In addition, SIFLEX was looking for a higher quality of service from what they had been receiving from the software vendor and wanted to reduce its dependency on SAP overall. After researching viable alternatives for both liberating its internal resources and reducing the cost of its SAP software support, SIFLEX identified third-party enterprise software support as a credible and strategic solution, and selected Rimini Street as the best option for its needs. “There is a common predicament in Korea, where CIOs and IT leaders are tasked with the challenge to reduce overall cost across their IT landscape, and at the same time improve efficiency, support their organization’s growth strategy, and execute digital transformation projects,” said Tae-joon Park, manager of the Management Information Team at SIFLEX. “SIFLEX had the same predicament and when we evaluated our entire IT cost structure to find savings opportunities, the annual spend on our SAP maintenance stood out as a large proportion of our overall IT spend, we were receiving subpar service, far below", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00831", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00542", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Taxpayer's Defense Act''. SEC. 2. MANDATORY CONGRESSIONAL REVIEW. Chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, is amended by inserting after section 808 the following: ``SUBCHAPTER II--MANDATORY REVIEW OF CERTAIN RULES ``Sec. 815. Rules Subject to Mandatory Congressional Review ``A rule that establishes or increases a tax, denominated, shall not take effect before the date of the enactment of a bill described in section 816 and is not subject to review under subchapter I. This section does not apply to a rule promulgated under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. For purposes of this section, the term `tax' means a non-penal, mandatory payment of money or its equivalent to the extent such payment does not compensate the Federal Government or other payee for a specific benefit conferred directly on the payer. ``Sec. 816. Agency Submission ``Whenever an agency promulgates a rule subject to section 815, the agency shall submit to each House of Congress a report containing the text of only the part of the rule that causes the rule to be subject to section 815 and an explanation of it. An agency shall submit such a report separately for each such rule it promulgates. The explanation shall consist of the concise general statement of the rule's basis and purpose required by section 553 and such explanatory documents as are mandated by other statutory requirements. ``Sec. 817. Approval Bill ``(a) Introduction and Referral.-- ``(1) Introduction.--Not later than 3 legislative days after the date on which an agency submits a report under section 816, the Majority Leader of each House of Congress shall introduce (by request) a bill the matter after the enacting clause of which is as follows: ``The following agency rule may take effect:''. The text submitted under section 816 shall be set forth after the colon. If such a bill is not introduced in a House of Congress as provided in the first sentence of this subsection, any Member of that House may introduce such a bill not later than 7 legislative days after the period for introduction by the Majority Leader. ``(2) Referral.--A bill introduced under paragraph (1) shall be referred to the Committees in each House of Congress with jurisdiction over the subject matter of the rule involved. ``(b) Procedure.-- ``(1) Consideration in", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00983", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00543", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Smarter Approach to Nuclear Expenditures Act''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. Congress finds the following: (1) The Berlin Wall fell in 1989, the Soviet Union no longer exists, and the Cold War is over. The nature of threats to the national security and military interests of the United States has changed. the United States continues to maintain an enormous arsenal of nuclear weapons and delivery systems that were devised with the Cold War in mind. (2) The current nuclear arsenal of the United States includes approximately 5,000 total nuclear warheads, of which approximately 2,000 are deployed with three delivery components: long-range strategic bomber aircraft, land-based intercontinental ballistic missiles, and submarine-launched ballistic missiles. The bomber fleet of the United States comprises 93 B-52 and 20 B-2 aircraft. The United States maintains 450 intercontinental ballistic missiles. The United States also maintains 14 Ohio-class submarines, up to 12 of which are deployed at sea. Each of those submarines is armed with up to 96 independently targetable nuclear warheads. (3) This Cold War-based approach to nuclear security comes at significant cost. Over the next 10 years, the United States will spend hundreds of billions of dollars maintaining its nuclear force. A substantial decrease in spending on the nuclear arsenal of the United States is prudent for both the budget and national security. (4) The national security interests of the United States can be well served by reducing the total number of deployed nuclear warheads and their delivery systems, as stated by the Department of Defense's June 2013 nuclear policy guidance entitled, ``Report on Nuclear Employment Strategy of the United States''. This guidance found that force levels under the Treaty on Measures for the Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms, signed on April 8, 2010, and entered into force on February 5, 2011, between the United States and the Russian Federation (commonly known as the ``New START Treaty'') ``are more than adequate for what the United States needs to fulfill its national security objectives'' and that the force can be reduced by up to \\1/3\\ below levels under the New START Treaty to 1,000 to 1,100 warheads. (5) Even without additional reductions in deployed strategic warheads, the United States can save tens of billions of dollars by deploying", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01058", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00544", "text": "We present the results from the Suzaku observation of the powerful radio-loud quasar RBS315 (z=2.69), for which a previous XMM-Newton observation showed an extremely flat X-ray continuum up to 10 keV (photon index Gamma=1.26) and indications of strong intrinsic absorption (N_H~10^22 cm^{-2} assuming neutral gas). The instrument for hard X-rays HXD/PIN allows us a detection of the source up to 50 keV. The broad-band continuum (0.5-50 keV) can be well modeled with a power-law with slope Gamma=1.5 (definitively softer than the continuum measured by XMM-Newton) above 1 keV with strong deficit of soft photons. The low-energy cut-off can be well fitted either with intrinsic absorption (with column density N_H~10^22 cm^{-2} in the quasar rest frame) or with a break in the continuum, with an extremely hard (Gamma =0.7) power-law below 1 keV. We construct the Spectral Energy Distribution of the source, using also optical-UV measurements obtained through a quasi-simultaneous UVOT/SWIFT observation. The shape of the SED is similar to that of other Flat Spectrum Radio Quasars (FSRQs) with similar power, making this source an excellent candidate for the detection in gamma-rays by GLAST. We model the SED with the synchrotron-Inverse Compton model usually applied to FSRQs, showing that the deficit of soft photons can be naturally interpreted as due to an intrinsic curvature of the spectrum near the low energy end of the IC component rather than to intrinsic absorption, the latter possibility cannot be ruled out. We propose that in at least a fraction of the radio-loud QSOs at high redshift the cut-off in the soft X-ray band can be explained in a similar way. Further studies are required to distinguish between the two alternatives.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 411, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00156", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00545", "text": "We examine 20 diffuse and translucent Galactic sight lines and extract the column densities of the ^12CO and ^13CO isotopologues from their ultraviolet A--X absorption bands detected in archival Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph data with lambda/Deltalambda geq 46,000. Five more targets with Goddard High-Resolution Spectrograph data are added to the sample that more than doubles the number of sight lines with published Hubble Space Telescope observations of ^13CO. Most sight lines have 12-to-13 isotopic ratios that are not significantly different from the local value of 70 for ^12C/^13C, which is based on mm-wave observations of rotational lines in emission from CO and H_2CO inside dense molecular clouds, as well as on results from optical measurements of CH^+. Five of the 25 sight lines are found to be fractionated toward lower 12-to-13 values, while three sight lines in the sample are fractionated toward higher ratios, signaling the predominance of either isotopic charge exchange or selective photodissociation, respectively. There are no obvious trends of the ^12CO-to-^13CO ratio with physical conditions such as gas temperature or density, ^12CO/^13CO does vary in a complicated manner with the column density of either CO isotopologue, owing to varying levels of competition between isotopic charge exchange and selective photodissociation in the fractionation of CO. Finally, rotational temperatures of H_2 show that all sight lines with detected amounts of ^13CO pass through gas that is on average colder by 20 K than the gas without ^13CO. This colder gas is also sampled by CN and C_2 molecules, the latter indicating gas kinetic temperatures of only 28 K, enough to facilitate an efficient charge exchange reaction that lowers the value of ^12CO/^13CO.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 384, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00392", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00546", "text": "We perform three-dimensional smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulations in a realistic cosmological setting to investigate the expansion, feedback, and chemical enrichment properties of a 200 M_sun pair-instability supernova in the high-redshift universe. We find that the SN remnant propagates for a Hubble time at z = 20 to a final mass-weighted mean shock radius of 2.5 kpc (proper), roughly half the size of the HII region, and in this process sweeps up a total gas mass of 2.5*10^5 M_sun. The morphology of the shock becomes highly anisotropic once it leaves the host halo and encounters filaments and neighboring minihalos, while the bulk of the shock propagates into the voids of the intergalactic medium. The SN entirely disrupts the host halo and terminates further star formation for at least 200 Myr, while in our specific case it exerts positive mechanical feedback on neighboring minihalos by shock-compressing their cores. we do not observe secondary star formation in the dense shell via gravitational fragmentation, due to the previous photoheating by the progenitor star. We find that cooling by metal lines is unimportant for the entire evolution of the SN remnant, while the metal-enriched, interior bubble expands adiabatically into the cavities created by the shock, and ultimately into the voids with a maximum extent similar to the final mass-weighted mean shock radius. Finally, we conclude that dark matter halos of at least M_vir > 10^8 M_sun must be assembled to recollect all components of the swept-up gas.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 335, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00236", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00547", "text": "The Galactic center (GC) is a dense and chaotic region filled with unusual sources, such as intense star forming regions, dense star clusters, nonthermal radio filaments, and a massive black hole. The proximity of the GC region makes it an ideal place to study the unusual processes that tend to manifest themselves in Galactic nuclei. This thesis uses single-dish and interferometric radio continuum, radio recombination line, polarized radio continuum, and mid-IR observations to study the wide variety of physical processes seen in the GC region on physical scales from 0.1 to 100 parsecs. These observations provide one of the most sensitive studies of the radio continuum emission in the central 500 parsecs. I also study the properties of nonthermal radio filaments, which can constrain their origin and the structure of the magnetic field in the GC region. The presence of massive star clusters and a massive black hole suggest that starburst and AGN phenomena can manifest themselves in our Galaxy. This thesis explores this possibility by studying a 150-pc-tall, shell-like structure called the Galactic center lobe (GCL). Our observations examine the spectral index, dust emission, polarized continuum emission, and ionized gas throughout the GCL. I find strong evidence supporting the idea that the GCL is a true three-dimensional shell located in the GC region with nested layers of ionized, magnetized, and mid-IR--emitting components. I compare the physical conditions of the GCL to proposed models for its origin and find best agreement with starburst outflows seen in other galaxies, consistent with the currently observed pressure and star formation rate in the central tens of parsecs of our Galaxy. (abridged)", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 343, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00154", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00548", "text": "We recently proposed an empirical approach for the Landau-Pomeranchuk-Migdal (LPM) effects in photon emission from the quark gluon plasma as a function of photon mass. This approach was based on Generalized Emission Functions (GEF) for photon emission, derived at a fixed temperature and strong coupling constant. In the present work, we have extended the LPM calculations for several temperatures and strong coupling strengths. The integral equations for (${\\bf \\tilde{f}(\\tilde{p}_\\perp)}$) and ($\\tilde{g}({\\bf \\tilde{p}_\\perp})$) are solved by the iterations method for the variable set \\{$p_0,q_0,Q^2,T,\\alpha_s$\\}, considering bremsstrahlung and $\\bf aws$ processes. We generalize the dynamical scaling variables, $x_T$, $x_L$, for bremsstrahlung and {\\bf aws} processes which are now functions of variables $p_0,q_0,Q^2,T,\\alpha_s$. The GEF introduced earlier, $g^b_T$, $g^a_T$, $g^b_L$, $g^a_L$, are also generalized for any temperatures and coupling strengths. From this, the imaginary part of the photon polarization tensor as a function of photon mass and energy can be calculated as a one dimensional integral over these GEF and parton distribution functions in the plasma. for phenomenological studies of experimental data, one needs a simple empirical formula without involving parton momentum integrations. Therefore, we present a phenomenological formula for imaginary photon polarization tensor as a function of \\{$q_0,Q^2,T,\\alpha_s$\\} that includes bremsstrahlung and $\\bf aws$ mechanisms along with LPM effects.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 376, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00141", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00549", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Family Health Care Accessibility Act of 2007''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. The Congress finds as follows: (1) Community Health Centers (CHCs) are nonprofit, community supported health care facilities providing primary and preventive health care services to over 15,000,000 low- income, underinsured, and uninsured families. (2) Nearly 70 percent of CHC patients have family incomes at or below poverty ($15,000 annual income for a family of three). In addition, nearly 40 percent of CHC patients are uninsured. (3) For many patients, CHCs are the only source of health care services available. While the number of uninsured patients at CHCs is rapidly growing--from around 3,900,000 in 1998 to over 5,900,000 today--the number of physicians available to treat these patients is decreasing. (4) There is a critical shortage of physicians available at CHCs to meet the health care needs of the uninsured and underinsured. The Journal of the American Medical Association reports a 13-percent vacancy rate for family physicians, a 9- percent vacancy rate for internists, a 20-percent vacancy rate for OB-GYNs and a 22-percent vacancy rate for psychiatrists. (5) Physicians hired by CHCs are covered by the Federal Tort Claims Act for medical liability costs. physicians who wish to volunteer at CHCs are not covered by the Federal Tort Claims Act. (6) CHCs have limited resources to meet the current and future needs of the uninsured and underinsured. Physicians are willing to volunteer at CHCs, they are dissuaded from doing so because of the cost of medical liability insurance. Extending Federal Tort Claims Act coverage to volunteer physicians would result in more patients being served at a lower cost at CHCs. SEC. 3. HEALTH CENTERS UNDER PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE ACT; LIABILITY PROTECTIONS FOR VOLUNTEER PRACTITIONERS. (a) In General.--Section 224 of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 233) is amended-- (1) in subsection (g)(1)(A)-- (A) in the first sentence, by striking ``or employee'' and inserting ``employee, or (subject to subsection (k)(4)) volunteer practitioner''; and (B) in the second sentence, by", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 496, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00849", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00550", "text": "may provide any medical treatment to an individual described in subsection (a) if-- (1) there is no reasonable basis to conclude that the medical treatment itself, when used as directed, poses an unreasonable and significant risk of danger to such individual; (2) in the case of an individual whose treatment is the administration of a food, drug, or device that has to be approved, certified, or licensed by the Secretary of Health and Human Services, but has not been approved, certified, or licensed by the Secretary of Health and Human Services-- (A) such individual has been informed in writing that such food, drug, or device has not been approved, certified, or licensed by the Secretary of Health and Human Services for use as a medical treatment of the medical condition of such individual; and (B) prior to the administration of such treatment, the practitioner has provided the patient a written statement that states the following: ``WARNING: This food, drug, or device has not been declared to be safe and effective by the Federal Government and any individual who uses such food, drug, or device, does so at his or her own risk.''; (3) such individual has been informed in writing of the nature of the medical treatment, including-- (A) the contents and methods of such treatment; (B) the anticipated benefits of such treatment; (C) any reasonably foreseeable side effects that may result from such treatment; (D) the results of past applications of such treatment by the health care practitioner and others; and (E) any other information necessary to fully meet the requirements for informed consent of human subjects prescribed by regulations issued by the Food and Drug Administration; (4) except as provided in subsection (c), there have been no advertising claims made with respect to the efficacy of the medical treatment by the practitioner; (5) the label or labeling of a food, drug, or device that is a medical treatment is not false or misleading; and (6) such individual-- (A) has been provided a written statement that such individual has been fully informed with respect to the information described in paragraphs (1) through (4); (B) desires such treatment; and (C) signs such statement. (c) Claim Exceptions.-- (1) Reporting by a practitioner.--Subsection (b)(4) shall not apply to an accurate and truthful reporting by a health care practitioner of the results of the practitioner's administration of a medical treatment in recognized journals, at seminars,", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01063", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00551", "text": "LAS VEGAS (AP) — Golden Knights coach Gerard Gallant for months has talked about his team's hard work, their ability to battle and devotion to playing a full \"200 feet of hockey.\" In pockets of Game 2 in the Stanley Cup Final on Wednesday night, the Golden Knights were surprisingly outworked, outbattled and outhustled in losing 3-2 to the Washington Capitals. Game 3 is Saturday night in Washington and Vegas is going to need to up the energy level even further in a frantic series with scoring chances galore. Vegas outshot the Capitals in Game 2, 39-26, but the hustle stats went to Washington, which handed the expansion club just its second home loss of the postseason. Washington had 18 blocked shots to eight for Vegas, helping goaltender Braden Holtby turn things around. He allowed five goals in the opener but was sublime in Game 2 as he made 37 saves — none bigger than stopping Alex Tuck with the paddle of his stick in a sprawling move with just 1:59 left. And while Washington outhit the Golden Knights, 46-39, it was some of Vegas' bigger hits that ignited the Capitals in the second period. Vegas defenseman Brayden McNabb flattened Washington's first-line forward Evgeny Kuznetsov, sending him to the dressing room with a little more than five minutes left in the first period. He didn't return. With Kuznetsov out, Washington coach Barry Trotz added Nicklas Backstrom to his top line with Alex Ovechkin and Tom Wilson. And 5:38 into the second period, with the game tied at 1-all and the Capitals on a power play, Ovechkin scored his first career Stanley Cup Final goal to give the Capitals a 2-1 lead. From there, Vegas unraveled and gave up more uncharacteristic chances in front of Marc-Andre Fleury, who has to lose consecutive games this postseason. A little less than four minutes after Ovechkin scored, Brooks Orpik broke a 220-game goal drought with the eventual game winner. It was his first goal since Feb. 26, 2016. Though the Golden Knights outshot Washington 15-6 in the third period, the Capitals skated faster, competed better, worked harder and played smarter to steal home-ice advantage with their first-ever Final win. The Capitals return", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00671", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00552", "text": "HANOI, Vietnam (AP) — It's been over for 40-plus years, the war that Americans simply call Vietnam but the Vietnamese refer to as their Resistance War Against America. it lingers in so many ways, as was apparent this week when Defense Secretary Jim Mattis dropped in for a couple of days of defense diplomacy with a former enemy. he never served in Vietnam and had not previously visited the country, Mattis has said he learned from a lot of Marines who did. In his meeting with Vietnamese government leaders, Mattis' focus was on a peaceful future. Not the bloody past. Still, the legacy of the conflict that divided America and ultimately unified Vietnam confronted Mattis almost immediately after his arrival on Wednesday as he visited a U.S. office that oversees the search for remains of American servicemen still missing from the war. More than 1,200 Americans are unaccounted for in Vietnam and 350 more are missing in Laos, Cambodia and China, according to the Pentagon's POW-MIA Accounting Agency. That accounting effort, decades in the making and dependent on cooperation from Hanoi, is likely to continue for decades. Later, while talking to his Vietnamese counterpart, Mattis was presented with photo identification cards of two U.S. servicemen from the war. Details weren't made public. More than 58,000 U.S. service members were killed in the war, including more than 1,200 in Cambodia and Laos. Estimates of the number of Vietnamese killed vary widely, from about 2 million to nearly twice that. For the Vietnamese, the war was a continuation of their fight for independence from French colonial masters. And it was quickly followed by a border war with China in 1979. The country reunified and remains communist, it has opened up to foreign investment. Hanoi is a bustling, vibrant capital city. Among Vietnam's other reminders of the war: environmental damage and unexploded mines. Vietnamese still suffer from the effects of herbicides, including Agent Orange, sprayed by U.S. forces to defoliate the countryside. \"We're still remediating the effects of the war,\" Mattis told reporters Thursday as he flew out of the country. The U.S. government has helped clean up contamination from bases American forces used before completing their withdrawal in 1975. Last year the U.S. and Vietnam finished the first phase of dioxin cleanup at Danang airport. Remarkably, given this history, Vietnam indicated during Mattis's", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00774", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00553", "text": "of any new ingredients contained in dietary supplements before those products can be sold. (8) The FDA has updated and expanded its system for the reporting, collection, and analysis of dietary supplement adverse events reports. (9) DSHEA provides the FDA with a number of authoritites to remove unsafe dietary supplements from the marketplace. (10) DSHEA created the Office of Dietary Supplements within the National Institutes of Health to expand research and consumer information about the health effects of dietary supplements. (11) The FDA has not adequately used its authority to enforce DSHEA. (12) The FDA needs adequate resources to appropriately implement and enforce DSHEA. Congress has appropriated additional funds over the last several years beyond those requested in the President's budget to implement and enforce DSHEA, reaching $9,700,000 in fiscal year 2003. (13) according to the FDA, full implementation of DSHEA would require substantial additional resources. The FDA asserts that between $24,000,000 and $65,000,000 per year will be needed to fully implement DSHEA. SEC. 3. AUTHORIZATION AND APPROPRIATION OF RESOURCES. (a) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (Public Law 103-417), the amendments made by such Act, and all applicable regulatory requirements for dietary supplements under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. 301 et seq.)-- (1) $20,000,000 for fiscal year 2005; (2) $30,000,000 for fiscal year 2006; (3) $40,000,000 for fiscal year 2007; (4) $50,000,000 for fiscal year 2008; and (5) $65,000,000 for fiscal year 2009. (b) Appropriation of Funds for Fiscal Year 2005.--There are appropriated, out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, to carry out the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (Public Law 103-417), the amendments made by such Act, and all applicable regulatory requirements for dietary supplements under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. 301 et seq.), $20,000,000 for fiscal year 2005. (c) Office of Dietary", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00837", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00554", "text": "should therefore be held to the highest standards in terms of their representations, assertions, and promises to governmental authorities. (11) There has been a substantial effort by the Federal Government to determine the effects of electric and magnetic fields on biological systems, as is evidenced by the Electric and Magnetic Fields Research and Public Information Dissemination (RAPID) Program, which was established by section 2118 of the Energy Policy Act of 1992 (Public Law 102-486; 42 U.S.C. 13478). This five-year program, which was coordinated by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and the Department of Energy, examined the possible effects of electric and magnetic fields on human health. the success of this program, there has been no similar effort by the Federal Government to determine the possible effects on human health of radio frequency emissions associated with telecommunications facilities. The RAPID program could serve as the excellent model for a Federally-sponsored research project. (b) Purposes.--The purposes of this Act are as follows: (1) To repeal certain limitations on State and local authority regarding the placement, construction, and modification of personal wireless service facilities and related facilities as such limitations arise under section 332(c)(7) of the Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 332(c)(7)). (2) To permit State and local governments-- (A) in cases where the placement, construction, or modification of telecommunications facilities and other facilities is inconsistent with State and local regulations, laws, or decisions, to require the use of alternative telecommunication or broadcast technologies when such alternative technologies are available; (B) to regulate the placement, modification, and construction of such facilities so that their placement, construction, or modification will not interfere with the safe and efficient use of public airspace or otherwise compromise or endanger public safety; and (C) to hold applicants for permits for the placement, construction, or modification of such telecommunications facilities, and providers of services using such towers and facilities, accountable for the truthfulness and accuracy of representations and statements placed in the record of hearings for such permits, licenses, or approvals. SEC. 2. STATE AND LOCAL AUTHORITY OVER PLACEMENT, CONSTRUCTION, AND MODIFICATION OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS FACILITIES. (a) Repeal of Limitations on Regulation of Personal Wireless Facilities.--Section 332(c)(7)(B) of the Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 332(c", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00878", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00555", "text": "Long Gamma Ray Bursts hold the promise of probing star-formation and metal enrichment up to very high redshifts. The present GRB samples with redshift determination are largely incomplete and therefore a careful analysis of selection effects is mandatory before any conclusion can be drawn from the observed GRB redshift distribution. We study and compare three well defined samples of long GRBs detected by Swift, HETE2 and BeppoSAX. We find that Swift GRBs are slighly fainter and harder than BeppoSAX and HETE2 GRBs, as expected due to the higher energy range in which Swift GRBs are detected and localized, compared to BeppoSAX and HETE2. Gas and dust obscuration plays a role in shaping the GRB samples and the present samples of GRBs with redshift. We argue that the majority of the bright Swift GRBs without redshift might actually be z<~2 events therefore the present Swift GRB sample with redshift is biased against low-z GRBs. the detection of bright UV rest-frame afterglows from high-z GRBs, and even from those with large X-ray obscuration, implies a dust amount lower than in nearby GRBs,and/or a different dust composition. If this is the case, the Swift sample of GRBs with redshifts is probably a fair sample of the real high-z GRB population. The absence of high-z GRBs in the BeppoSAX and HETE2 samples of GRBs with redshifts is probably due to the fact at the time of BeppoSAX and HETE2 follow-up faint afterglows of high redshift GRBs will have weaken below the spectroscopic capabilities of even 10m class telescopes. The redshift distribution of a subsample of Swift GRBs with distributions of peak-fluxes, X-ray obscuration and optical magnitude at a fixed observing time similar to those of the BeppoSAX and HETE2 samples, is roughly consistent with BeppoSAX+HETE2 redshift distribution.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 422, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00079", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00556", "text": "A wealth of new information about the structure of the maser disk in NGC 4258 has been obtained from a series of 18 VLBA observations spanning three years, as well as from 32 additional epochs of spectral monitoring data from 1994 to the present, acquired with the VLA, Effelsberg, and GBT. The warp of the disk has been defined precisely. The thickness of the maser disk has been measured to be 12 microarcseconds (FWHM), which is slightly smaller than previously quoted upper limits. Under the assumption that the masers trace the true vertical distribution of material in the disk, from the condition of hydrostatic equilibrium the sound speed is 1.5 km/s, corresponding to a thermal temperature of 600K. The accelerations of the high velocity maser components have been accurately measured for many features on both the blue and red side of the spectrum. The azimuthal offsets of these masers from the midline (the line through the disk in the plane of the sky) and derived projected offsets from the midline based on the warp model correspond well with the measured offsets. This result suggests that the masers are well described as discrete clumps of masing gas, which accurately trace the Keplerian motion of the disk. we have continued to search for evidence of apparent motions caused by ``phase effects.'' This work provides the foundation for refining the estimate of the distance to NGC 4258 through measurements of feature acceleration and proper motion. The refined estimate of this distance is expected to be announced in the near future.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 316, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00450", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00557", "text": "The analysis of SN1987A led Brown and Bethe (1995) to conclusion, that the maximum mass of cold neutron stars is low, M_max ~ 1.5M_sun. Such a low M_max, due to a kaon condensation in the stellar core, implies collapse of a too massive deleptonized protoneutron star into a black hole. This would naturally explain the lack of a neutron star in the SN1987A remnant. recent evaluation of mass of PSR J0751+1807 gives M_max > 2M_sun. This contradicts the original Bethe-Brown model, but can be reconciled within scenarios proposed in the present Letter. We consider two types of dense matter models with high-density softening, due to a transition from a non-strange N-phase of matter to a strangeness carrying phase S: kaon condensation and deconfinement of quarks. Two scenarios of neutron star formation in stellar core collapse are considered. In the first scenario, realized in sufficiently hot and dense supernova cores, nucleation of an S-phase is sufficiently rapid so as to form an S-phase core, and implying M_max = M^S_max =~ 1.5M_sun. In the second scenario, nucleation of the S-phase at neutron star birth is too slow to materialize, and the star becomes cold without forming an S-phase core. Then, stellar mass can increase via accretion, until central density \\rho_crit is reached, and the S phase forms. This N branch of neutron stars ends at M=M_crit. We select several models of N-phase satifying the necessary condition M^N_max > 2M_sun and combine them with models of kaon condensation and quark deconfinement. For kaon condensation, we get M_crit =~ M^S_max =~ 1.5M_sun, which is ruled out by PSR J0751+1807. On the contrary, for the EOSs with quark deconfinement we get M_crit =~ M^N_max > 2M_sun, which reconciles SN1987A and PSR J0751+1807.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 447, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00281", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00558", "text": "and Florida. The Trump administration requested $44 billion last month, an amount lawmakers from hurricane-slammed regions say is insufficient. The latest request would bring the total appropriated for disaster relief this fall to close to $100 billion — and the government still must calculate how much it will cost to rebuild Puerto Rico's devastated housing stock and electric grid. ___ CHILDREN'S HEALTH Fresh federal money for the Children's Health Insurance Program, known as CHIP, ran out on Oct. 1, a blow to the widely popular program that provides low-cost medical care to more than 8 million children. Some states have relied on unspent funds, while others that were running out of money got a short-term reprieve in the two-week spending bill. Lawmakers hope to agree on a long-term budget solution for a program that's about $14 billion a year. ___ IMMIGRATION Democrats want to act now to protect young immigrants who came to the United States illegally as children, with demands that a solution is included in any year-end spending deal. \"We will not leave here without a DACA fix,\" said Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi, D-Calif., referring to the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program. These young immigrants, often referred to as Dreamers, face deportation in a few months after Trump reversed administrative protections established by President Barack Obama. Republicans say it can wait till next year and shouldn't bog down the broad budget agreement. House GOP leaders likely will require Democratic votes for the spending bill and they have to work out a deal with Pelosi. ___ Associated Press writers Marcy Gordon and Andrew Taylor contributed to this report.", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 324, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00822", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00559", "text": "The hypothesis regarding the existence of uncorrelated pre-formed pairs in the pseudogap regime of superconducting $YBa_2Cu_3O_y$ is tested experimentally using bilayers of $YBa_2Cu_3O_y$ and the itinerant ferromagnet $SrRuO_3$. In our study, we monitor the influence of $YBa_2Cu_3O_y$ on $T_p$, the ferromagnetic ordering temperature of $SrRuO_3$. Here, $T_p$ is the temperature of maximum dM/dT or dR/dT where M and R are the magnetization and resistance of $SrRuO_3$, respectively. We compare the results with similar measurements carried out on bilayers of $La_{1.88}Sr_{0.12}CuO_{4-y}$, $Au$ and $Cr$ with $SrRuO_3$. We find that in bilayers made of underdoped 10 nm $YBa_2Cu_3O_y$/5 nm $SrRuO_3$, the $T_p$ values are shifted to lower temperatures by up to 6-8 K as compared to $T_p\\approx 140$ K of the 5 nm thick reference $SrRuO_3$ film. in the other type of bilayers, which are not in the pseudogap regime near $T_p$, only a smaller shift of up to $\\pm$2 K is observed. These differences are discussed in terms of a proximity effect, where carriers from the $YBa_2Cu_3O_y$ layer are injected into the $SrRuO_3$ layer and vice versa. We suggest that correlated electrons in the pseudogap regime of $YBa_2Cu_3O_y$ are responsible for the observed large $T_p$ shifts.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 390, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00496", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00560", "text": "cooperating with local authorities in their investigation of this incident.\" \"Some incredibly sad news out of Arizona,\" Uber CEO Dara Khosrowshahi tweeted on Monday. \"We're thinking of the victim's family as we work with local law enforcement to understand what happened.\" This is the first known pedestrian fatality from a self-driving car. autonomous vehicles have been involved in a number of other accidents, including backing into a delivery truck in Las Vegas and getting hit by another car whose human driver did not yield in Tempe, both in 2017. In May 2016, a Tesla driver was killed in an accident while the car was operating in its semi-autonomous Autopilot mode. A US Department of Transportation investigation did not identify any defects in design or performance of the Autopilot system. The pedestrian fatality could have immediate implications for the rollout of self-driving taxis and delivery vehicles, which are predicted by many to be the first widespread applications of self-driving technology. It could mean that progress is slowed until more regulations are in place. The accident could also impact discussions around how autonomous vehicles will change auto insurance. KPMG estimates that the technology will lead to an 80% drop in accident frequency by 2040, and that providers will need to shift from covering the car itself to the software of the car. It remains to be seen how coverage of accidents like this may change. Stay informed, click here to subscribe to the TechRepublic Tech News You Can Use newsletter. Subscribe Also see", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 305, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00533", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00561", "text": "on and off throughout the spring, with a late-season storm hitting last weekend. The air is clean and views are stunning, but working here is not for the faint of heart as drivers maneuver large machines along narrow ribbons that feel suspended above an abyss. Helicopter footage shot this spring for Caltrans showed the small margin for error in places where the road clung to cliffs and then vanished under a white blanket where the path was obscured. \"It's spooky, it's nerve-wracking... especially when you can't see the road. You're on a big sled,\" said Clint Weier, a maintenance superintendent with Caltrans. \"Some of our operators up here have had some wow factors.\" Avalanches stampede down granite walls, taking trees and rocks with them that choke roads. In one section, tree trunks and branches from a previous slide poked from sheer snowbanks littered with pine needles and other debris from a previous snow slide. Rockslides pose a threat even after workers use charges and other methods to release snow slides to alleviate the danger. Slides and the crushing weight of the snowpack damaged guardrails in some places that serve as the lone barrier between the road and a precipitous drop that plunges hundreds of feet east of the park entrance. A Yosemite plow driver was killed by an avalanche in 1995 and now maintenance workers in the park complete avalanche safety courses to work on the road, park spokesman Scott Gediman said. The park's official map notes that the eastern entrance atop the state's highest automobile pass is typically closed through May, but it usually opens later after a snowy winter, Gediman said Tuesday. There's no date to open the road through the park. Just to the north of the park, Sonora Pass opened Tuesday. Ebbetts Pass farther north remains closed, said Skip Allum, a Caltrans spokesman. To the south, crews plowed the road over Minaret Summit near Mammoth Mountain ski area. In Lassen Volcanic National Park, much farther north, deep snow still buries the road that circles the southernmost peak in the Cascade Range. The road is expected to open in early July. The snowpack presented an additional challenge this year because it was heavily saturated with water. The dense and frozen snow was harder to cut through, heavier to move and broke equipment, Paul Jensen, a Caltrans plow driver, said. Jensen has been working overtime all spring to get the road into Yosemite", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00757", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00562", "text": "Modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) is a possible way to explain the flat galaxy rotation curves without invoking the existence of dark matter. It is quite difficult to predict such a phenomenology in a consistent field theory, free of instabilities and admitting a well-posed Cauchy problem. We examine critically various proposals of the literature, and underline their successes and failures both from the experimental and the field-theoretical viewpoints. We exhibit new difficulties in both cases, and point out the hidden fine tuning of some models. we show that several published no-go theorems are based on hypotheses which may be unnecessary, so that the space of possible models is a priori larger. We examine a new route to reproduce the MOND physics, in which the field equations are particularly simple outside matter. the analysis of the field equations within matter (a crucial point which is often forgotten in the literature) exhibits a deadly problem, namely that they do not remain always hyperbolic. Incidentally, we prove that the same theoretical framework provides a stable and well-posed model able to reproduce the Pioneer anomaly without spoiling any of the precision tests of general relativity. Our conclusion is that all MOND-like models proposed in the literature, including the new ones examined in this paper, present serious difficulties: Not only they are unnaturally fine tuned, but they also fail to reproduce some experimental facts or are unstable or inconsistent as field theories. some frameworks, notably the tensor-vector-scalar (TeVeS) one of Bekenstein and Sanders, seem more promising than others, and our discussion underlines in which directions one should try to improve them.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 328, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00265", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00563", "text": "Let $N$ be a positive integer. In this paper we shall study the special values of multiple polylogarithms at $N$th roots of unity, called multiple polylogarithm values (MPVs) of level $N$. These objects are generalizations of multiple zeta values and alternating Euler sums, which was studied by Euler, and more recently, many mathematicians and theoretical physicists.. Our primary goal in this paper is to investigate the relations among the MPVs of the same weight and level by using the regularized double shuffle relations, regularized distribution relations, lifted versions of such relations from lower weights, and seeded relations which are produced by relations of weight one MPVs. We call relations from the above four families \\emph{standard}. Let $d(w,N)$ be the $\\Q$-dimension of $\\Q$-span of all MPVs of weight $w$ and level $N$. Then we obtain upper bound for $d(w,N)$ by the standard relations which in general are no worse or no better than the one given by Deligne and Goncharov depending on whether $N$ is a prime-power or not, respectively, except for 2- and 3-powers, in which case standard relations seem to be often incomplete Deligne shows that their bound should be sharp by a variant of Grothedieck's period conjecture. This suggests that in general there should be other linear relations among MPVs besides the standard relations, some of which are written down in this paper explicitly with good numerical verification. We also provide a few conjectures which are supported by our computational evidence.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 328, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00460", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00564", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``State Criminal Alien Assistance Program II and Local Medical Emergency Reimbursement Act''. TITLE I--STATE CRIMINAL ALIEN ASSISTANCE PROGRAM II SEC. 101. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``State Criminal Alien Assistance Program II Act of 1999''. SEC. 102. FINDINGS AND PURPOSES. (a) Findings.--Congress makes the following findings: (1) Federal policies and strategies aimed at curbing illegal immigration and criminal alien activity implemented along our Nation's southwest border influence the number of crossings, especially their location. (2) States and local governments were reimbursed approximately 60 percent of the costs of the incarceration of criminal aliens in fiscal year 1996 when only 90 jurisdictions applied for such reimbursement. In subsequent years, the number of local jurisdictions receiving reimbursement has increased. For fiscal year 1999, 280 local jurisdictions applied, and reimbursement amounted to only 40 percent of the costs incurred by those jurisdictions. (3) Certain counties, often with a small taxpayer base, located on or near the border across from sometimes highly populated areas of Mexico, suffer a substantially disproportionate share of the impact of criminal illegal aliens on its law enforcement and criminal justice systems. (4) A University of Arizona study released in January 1998 reported that at least 2 of the 4 counties located on Arizona's border of Mexico, Santa Cruz and Cochise Counties, are burdened with this problem-- (A) for example, in 1998, Santa Cruz County had 12.7 percent of Arizona's border population but 50 percent of alien crossings and 32.5 percent of illegal alien apprehensions; (B) for fiscal year 1998, it is estimated that, of its total criminal justice budget of 5,000,000 ($5,033,000), Santa Cruz County spent $1,900,000 (39 percent) to process criminal illegal aliens, of which over half was not reimbursed by Federal monies; and (C) Santa Cruz County has not obtained relief from this burden, repeated appeals to Federal and State officials. (5) In the State of Texas, the border counties of Cameron, Dimmit, El Paso, Hidalgo, Kinney, Val Verde, and Webb bore the unreimbursed costs of apprehension, prosecution, indigent defense, and other related services for criminal", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01121", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00565", "text": "We present the observations of a weak MgII absorption system detected at z~0.452 in the UVES high resolution spectrum of the QSO HE0001-2340. The weaker of the two MgII components forming the system shows associated absorptions due to SiI, CaI and FeI observed for the first time in a QSO spectrum. We investigate the nature of this absorber by comparing its properties with those of different classes of absorbers (weak MgII, Damped Ly-alpha systems and local interstellar clouds) and reproducing its ionization conditions with photoionization models. The observed absorber belongs to the class of weak MgII systems on the basis of its equivalent width, the relative strength of commonly observed transitions deviates significantly from those of the above mentioned absorbers. A rough estimate of the probability to cross such a system with a QSO line of sight is P~0.03. The presence of rare neutral transitions suggests that the cloud is shielded by a large amount of neutral hydrogen. A detailed comparison of the observed column densities with the average properties of damped Ly-alpha systems and local interstellar cold clouds shows, in particular, deficient MgII/MgI and CaII/CaI ratios in our cloud. The results of photoionization models indicate that the cloud could be ionized by the UV background. a simple model of a single cloud with uniform density cannot reproduce the observed ionic abundance ratios, suggesting a more complex density structure for the absorber. Supposing that ionization corrections are negligible, the most puzzling result is the underabundance of magnesium with respect to iron which is hard to explain both with nucleosynthesis and with differential dust depletion. [Abridged]", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 349, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00162", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00566", "text": "To study the distribution of star formation and dust emission within nearby galaxies, we measured five morphological parameters in the 3.6 and 24 micron wave bands for 65 galaxies in the Spitzer Infrared Nearby Galaxies Survey (SINGS) and 8 galaxies that were serendipitously observed by SINGS. The morphological parameters demonstrate strong variations along the Hubble sequence, including statistically significant differences between S0/a-Sab and Sc-Sd galaxies. Early-type galaxies are generally found to be compact, centralized, symmetric sources in the 24 micron band, while late-type galaxies are generally found to be extended, asymmetric sources. These results suggest that the processes that increase the real or apparent sizes of galaxies' bulges also lead to more centralized 24 micron dust emission. Several phenomena, such as strong nuclear star formation, Seyfert activity, or outer ring structures, may cause galaxies to deviate from the general morphological trends observed at 24 microns. We also note that the 24 micron morphologies of Sdm-Im galaxies are quite varied, with some objects appearing very compact and symmetric while others appear diffuse and asymmetric. These variations reflect the wide variation in star formation in irregular galaxies as observed at other wavelengths. The variations in the 24 micron morphological parameters across the Hubble sequence mirror many of the morphological trends seen in other tracers of the ISM and in stellar emission. the 24 micron morphological parameters for the galaxies in this sample do not match the morphological parameters measured in the stellar wave bands. This implies that the distribution of dust emission is related to but not equivalent to the distribution of stellar emission.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 335, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00456", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00567", "text": "is accredited by an organization recognized by the Secretary of Education a notice and invitation to participate, stating the following: ``(1) Scientists employed by the university in its departments of medicine, biochemistry, epidemiology, pharmacology, pharmacognosy, or nutrition who possess a Ph.D. or an M.D., or both, and have been either a full-time professor or a full-time assistant or associate professor for at least the past 5 consecutive years are invited to apply to the Secretary to be Independent Scientific Reviewers in assessing health claims made without a label clearing stating its health claims are not approved by the Food and Drug Administration or such Administration has evidence establishing probable cause that the claims contain misleading information posing a threat to the safety and well-being of those who use the product. Health claims are statements of nutrient-disease association. ``(2) Scientists who qualify to be Independent Scientific Reviewers will be selected at random by the Secretary to review all publicly available scientific evidence on a particular nutrient-disease association, must supply copies of all evidence reviewed to the Secretary, and must supply a written evaluation of that evidence and the health claim to the Secretary no later than 180 days after receipt of the health claim petition. The Independent Scientific Reviewer shall state whether the claim is supported by scientific evidence and is, therefore, recommended for approval. The Independent Scientific Reviewer should only conclude that the health claim is not supported by scientific evidence, and, therefore, not recommended for approval, if the reviewer finds-- ``(A) no credible scientific evidence supporting the claim; and ``(B) no disclaimer that could accompany the claim that could eliminate any potentially misleading connotation conveyed by the claim. Recommended disclaimers must be accurate and concise. Disclaimers should reveal the extent of support for the claim by stating whether evidence in support of the claim is less than conclusive, e.g., that evidence in support of the claim is preliminary and inconclusive, suggestive but not conclusive, or generally accepted but not proven to a conclusive degree. ``(3) Independent Scientific Reviewers must complete their reviews within 180 days of receipt of a health claim petition from the Secretary. ``(4) To qualify to be an Independent Scientific Reviewer you must certify in writing under penalty of perjury that-- ``(A) you hold a Ph.D., an M.D., or both, and have been employed full-time for at least the past 5 consecutive years as a professor, assistant professor, or associate professor in a department of medicine, bio", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01029", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00568", "text": "The GSI1, GSI2 (as well as the RIKEN2 and the corrected GSI2) measurements of the Coulomb Dissociation (CD) of 8B are in good agreement with the most recent Direct Capture (DC) 7Be(p,g)8B reaction measurement performed at Weizmann and in agreement with the Seattle result. it was claimed that the CD and DC results are sufficiently different and need to be reconciled. We show that these statements arise from a misunderstanding (as well as misrepresentation) of CD experiments. We recall a similar strong statement questioning the validity of the CD method due to an invoked large E2 component that was also shown to arise from a misunderstanding of the CD method. In spite of the good agreement between DC and CD data the slope of the astrophysical cross section factor (S17) can not be extracted with high accuracy due to a discrepancy between the recent DC data as well as a discrepancy of the three reports of the GSI CD data. The slope is directly related to the d-wave component that dominates at higher energies and must be subtracted from measured data to extrapolate to zero energy. Hence the uncertainty of the measured slope leads to an additional uncertainty of the extrapolated zero energy cross section factor, S17(0). This uncertainty must be alleviated by future experiments to allow a precise determination of S17(0), a goal that so far has not be achieved in spite of strong statement(s) that appeared in the literature.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 305, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00436", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00569", "text": "a better work-life balance, while baby boomers are more likely to leave due to burnout. those who plan to leave their jobs, 70% of IT professionals say they are satisfied with their current jobs—though 63% say they believe they are underpaid, the report found. This number is even higher among millennials: 68% of millennial IT workers feel underpaid, compared to 60% of Gen X and 61% of baby boomers. In terms of salary, millennial IT professionals are paid a median income of $50,000 per year, while Gen X IT professionals are paid $65,000, and baby boomers are paid $70,000. These salaries also correlate to years of experience, the report noted. In terms of tech skills needed to be successful in any IT job in the coming year, 81% of IT professionals reported that cybersecurity expertise was critical. understanding how critical this area is, only 19% of IT pros reported having advanced cybersecurity knowledge—potentially putting organizations at risk. This echoes previous research about the dearth of cybersecurity professionals currently available to companies, as well as the need to upskill employees to fill security gaps. SEE: Cheat sheet: How to become a cybersecurity pro About 75% of IT professionals also said that it was critical to have experience in networking, infrastructure hardware, end-user devices, and storage and backup. Of these, 41% said they have advanced networking skills, 50% said they have advanced infrastructure hardware skills, and 79% said they are advanced in supporting and troubleshooting end user devices, including laptops, desktops, and tablets. \"the majority of IT professionals are satisfied with their jobs, many also believe they should be making more money, and will take the initiative to find an employer who is willing to pay them what they're worth in 2018,\" Peter Tsai, senior technology analyst at Spiceworks, said in a press release. \"Many IT professionals are also motivated to change jobs to advance their skills, particularly in cybersecurity. As data breaches and ransomware outbreaks continue to haunt businesses, IT professionals recognize there is high demand for skilled security professionals now, and in the years to come.\" Want to use this data in your next business presentation? Feel free to copy and paste these top takeaways into your next slideshow. 32% of IT professionals said they plan to search for or take an IT job with a new employer in", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00516", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00570", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS. (a) Short Title.--This Act may be cited as the ``Depleted Uranium Munitions Suspension and Study Act of 2006''. (b) Table of Contents.--The table of contents of this Act is as follows: Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents. Sec. 2. Findings. Sec. 3. Purposes. Sec. 4. Suspension of use of depleted uranium munitions. Sec. 5. Suspension of sale and export of depleted uranium munitions. Sec. 6. Comptroller general investigation of plutonium contamination. Sec. 7. Study of health effects of depleted uranium. Sec. 8. Epa studies of environmental contamination by depleted uranium. Sec. 9. Environmental mitigation and cleanup requirements. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. Congress makes the following findings: (1) The highest regard should be given to the health and safety of the Nation's military personnel. (2) Among the characteristics of depleted uranium munitions are that (A) they are pyrophoric, resulting in the munition burning upon impact with a target, and (B) the impact of a depleted uranium munition on a target creates aerosol particles, which can be inhaled. (3) Depleted uranium munitions were used by the United States in 1991 during the Persian Gulf War in Southwest Asia and during the conflicts in the former Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Bosnia, Kosovo, Serbia, and Montenegro) during the 1990s, with approximately 300 metric tons of depleted uranium being used during the Gulf War, three metric tons being used in Bosnia, and over nine metric tons being used in Kosovo, Serbia, and Montenegro. (4) The United States has provided or sold depleted uranium and depleted uranium munitions to allied nations, and the United Kingdom used depleted uranium munitions during the Persian Gulf War. (5) Depleted uranium munitions have been used at numerous United States military installations, proving grounds, and testing facilities. (6) The Yugoslav and Iraqi Governments have claimed that depleted uranium is affecting the health of their people, such claims have to be independently verified. (7) No definitive cause has been established for the various illnesses (commonly referred to as ``Gulf War Syndrome'') that currently affect approximately 130,000 United States servicemembers and veterans who served in", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00909", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00571", "text": "We calculate durations and spectral paramaters for 218 Swift bursts detected by the BAT instrument between and including GRBs 041220 and 070509, including 77 events with measured redshifts. Incorporating prior knowledge into the spectral fits, we are able to measure the characteristic $\\nu F_{\\nu}$ spectral peak energy $E_{\\rm pk,obs}$ and the isotropic equivalent energy $E_{\\rm iso}$ (1--$10^4$ keV) for all events. This complete and rather extensive catalog, analyzed with a unified methodology, allows us to address the persistence and origin of high-energy correlations suggested in pre-Swift observations. We find that the $E_{\\rm pk,obs}$-$E_{\\rm iso}$ correlation is present in the Swift sample; the best-fit powerlaw relation is inconsistent with the best-fit pre-Swift relation at >5 sigma significance. Moreover, it has a factor >~ 2 larger intrinsic scatter, after accounting for large errors on $E_{\\rm pk,obs}$. A large fraction of the Swift events are hard and subluminous relative to (and inconsistent with) the pre-Swift relation, in agreement with indications from BATSE GRBs without redshift. Moreover, we determine an experimental threshold for the BAT detector and show how the $E_{\\rm pk,obs}$--$E_{\\rm iso}$ correlation arises artificially due to partial correlation with the threshold. We show that pre-Swift correlations found by Amati et al.(2002), Yonetoku et al. (2004), Firmani et al.(2006) (and independently by others) are likely unrelated to the physical properties of GRBs and are likely useless for tests of cosmology. Also, an explanation of these correlations in terms of a detector threshold provides a natural and quantitative explanation for why short-duration GRBs and events at low redshift tend to be outliers to the correlations.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 402, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00324", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00572", "text": "worse results. Figure D A search on contract returns a lot of files. Okay, I confess: The above search is unnecessarily complicated—I did that on purpose. If you see a lot of files you can't identify, check the Advanced Options dropdown and make sure System Files is unchecked (unless you're looking for system files). Doing so will improve most search tasks, with or without Tags. thanks to Tags, you don't have to second guess, remember every related file you've generated or updated, or wade through busy search results. Even if the search includes system files (as above), you won't see a lot of unexpected files. You'll see only the files you've tagged accordingly. To pinpoint just the files you want to see related to your plant sale, open File Explorer and click This PC (or a folder, a server drive, or OneDrive). Enter a search string in the following form: Tags: search string As you can see in Figure E, the search on Tags: plant sale matches only two files: the plant list in Excel and the vendor contract in Word. If you know where the files are, you can run a quicker search by selecting that folder before executing the search. If you're like me, some folders contain a lot of files and a Tags search is often easier and quicker than a normal alphabetical list. Figure E Using the plant sale Tags keyword reduces the number of files returned. Not all formats are equal Not all software allows you to add Tags when saving a file, but that's not a problem. You can use File Explorer to add Tags: Open File Explorer and select the file you want to tag. On the View tab, click Details in the Panes group to open the Details pane. Enter the appropriate Tags (Figure F). Click Save. Figure F Enter your Tags. Now when you run the same search, Tags: plant sale, File Explorer returns the first two files and the.jpg, as shown in Figure G. Figure G This time, the search found three tagged files. Using File Explorer, you can sort and group a folder's contents using Tags. Simply click the View tab and choose Tags from the Sort By or Group By dropdown. Or right-click the background and choose Tags from the Sort By or Group By options. In addition, you can filter for Tags. As Figure H shows, you can filter for specific Tags if you're using the Details view. This is great when you know all your files are", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00572", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00573", "text": "ali process; (B) cost-effective alternatives are available and in use in the remaining 95 percent of chlorine and caustic soda production; and (C) other countries, including Japan, have already banned the mercury cell chlor-alkali process; (8) the chlor-alkali industry acknowledges that-- (A) mercury can contaminate products manufactured at mercury cell facilities; and (B) the use of some of those products results in the direct and indirect release of mercury; (9) those quantities of mercury known to have been used or to be in use, neither the chlor-alkali industry nor the Environmental Protection Agency is able-- (A) to adequately account for the disposition of the mercury used at those facilities; or (B) to accurately estimate current mercury emissions; and (10) it is critically important that the United States work aggressively toward the minimization of supply, demand, and releases of mercury, both domestically and internationally. SEC. 3. STATEMENT OF POLICY. Congress declares that the United States should develop policies and programs that will-- (1) reduce mercury use and emissions within the United States; (2) reduce mercury releases from the reservoir of mercury currently in use or circulation within the United States; and (3) reduce exposures to mercury, particularly exposures of women of childbearing age and young children. SEC. 4. USE OF MERCURY IN CHLORINE AND CAUSTIC SODA MANUFACTURING. (a) In General.--Title I of the Toxic Substances Control Act (15 U.S.C. 2601 et seq.) is amended by inserting after section 6 the following: ``SEC. 6A. USE OF MERCURY IN CHLORINE AND CAUSTIC SODA MANUFACTURING. ``(a) Definitions.--In this section: ``(1) Chlor-alkali facility.--The term `chlor-alkali facility' means a facility used for the manufacture of chlorine or caustic soda using a mercury cell process. ``(2) Hazardous waste; solid waste.--The terms `hazardous waste' and `solid waste' have the meanings given those terms in section 1004 of the Solid Waste Disposal Act (42 U.S.C. 6903). ``(b) Prohibition; Use Prior to Prohibition.-- ``(1) Prohibition.--Effective on the date 24 months after the enactment of this section, the manufacture of chlorine", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00853", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00574", "text": "Act (15 U.S.C. 26) is amended by inserting ``(excluding a common carrier by railroad)'' after ``Board''. SEC. 6. REMOVAL OF PRIMARY JURISDICTION AS LIMITATION. The Clayton Act (15 U.S.C. 12 et seq.) is amended by adding at the end thereof the following: ``Sec. 29. In any civil action against a common carrier railroad under section 4, 4A, 4C, 15, or 16, the district court shall not be required to defer to the jurisdiction of the Surface Transportation Board.''. SEC. 7. UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION. Section 5(a)(2) of the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 45(a)(2)) is amended by adding at the end the following: ``For purposes of this paragraph with respect to unfair methods of competition, the term `common carrier' excludes a common carrier by railroad that is subject to jurisdiction of the Surface Transportation Board under subtitle IV of title 49 of the United States Code.''. SEC. 8. TERMINATION OF EXEMPTIONS IN TITLE 49. (a) In General.--Section 10706 of title 49, United States Code, is amended-- (1) in subsection (a)-- (A) in the 3d sentence of paragraph (2)(A) by striking ``, and the Sherman Act (15 U.S.C. 1 et seq.),'' and all that follows through ``or carrying out the agreement'', (B) in paragraph (4)-- (i) by striking the 2d sentence, and (ii) in the 3d sentence by striking ``the'' and inserting ``The'', and (C) in paragraph (5)(A) by striking ``, and the antitrust laws set forth in paragraph (2) of this subsection do not apply to parties and other persons with respect to making or carrying out the agreement'', (2) in subsection (d) by striking the last sentence, and (3) by striking subsection (e) and inserting the following: ``(e) Nothing in this section exempts a proposed agreement described in subsection (a) from the application of the antitrust laws (as defined in subsection (a) of the 1st section of the Clayton Act, but including section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act to the extent such section 5", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00840", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00575", "text": "We use photometric and spectroscopic observations of the detached eclipsing binary V209 omega Cen to derive the masses, radii, and luminosities of the component stars. The system exhibits total eclipses and, based on the measured systemic velocity and the derived distance, is a member of the globular cluster omega Cen. We obtain 0.945 +/- 0.043 Msun, 0.983 +/- 0.015 Rsun and 6.68 +/- 0.88 Lsun for the cooler, but larger and more luminous primary component. The secondary component has 0.144 +/- 0.008 Msun, 0.425 +/- 0.008 Rsun and 2.26 +/- 0.28 Lsun. The effective temperatures are estimated at 9370 K for the primary and at 10866 K for the secondary. On the color-magnitude diagram of the cluster, the primary component occupies a position between the tip of the blue straggler region and the extended horizontal branch while the secondary component is located close to the red border of the area occupied by hot subdwarfs. its radius is too large and its effective temperature is too low for it to be an sdB star. We propose a scenario leading to the formation of a system with such unusual properties with the primary component ``re-born'' from a former white dwarf which accreted a new envelope through mass transfer from its companion. The secondary star has lost most of its envelope while starting its ascent onto the sub-giant branch. It failed to ignite helium in its core and is currently powered by a hydrogen burning shell.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 334, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00136", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00576", "text": "We made a narrowband NB973 (bandwidth of 200A at 9755A) imaging of the Subaru Deep Field (SDF) and found two z=7 Lyman alpha emitter (LAE) candidates down to NB973=24.9. Carrying out deep follow-up spectroscopy, we identified one of them as a real z=6.96 LAE. This has shown that galaxy formation was in progress just 750 Myr after the Big Bang. Meanwhile, the Lyman alpha line luminosity function of LAE is known to decline from z=5.7 to 6.6 in the SDF. L* at z=6.6 is 40-60% of that at z=5.7. We also confirm that the number density of z=7 LAE is only 17% of the density at z=6.6 comparing the latest SDF LAE samples. This series of significant decreases in LAE density with increasing redshift can be the result of galaxy evolution during these epochs. using the UV continuum luminosity functions of LAEs, those of Lyman break galaxies, and a LAE evolution model based on the hierarchical clustering, we find that galaxy evolution alone cannot explain all the decrease in density. This extra density deficit can be interpreted as the attenuation of the Lyman alpha photons from LAEs due to a rapid evolution of neutral hydrogen fraction during the ongoing cosmic reionization at z~6.6-7.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 302, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00467", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00577", "text": "We calculate the CP-violating ratio epsilon'/epsilon in the Littlest Higgs model with T-parity (LHT) and investigate its correlations with the branching ratios for K_L -> pi^0 nu {bar nu}, K_L -> pi^0 l^+ l^- and K^+ -> pi^+ nu {bar nu}. The resulting correlations are rather strong in the case of K_L decays, but less pronounced in the case of K^+ -> pi^+ nu {bar nu}. Unfortunately, they are subject to large hadronic uncertainties present in epsilon'/epsilon, whose theoretical prediction in the Standard Model (SM) is reviewed and updated here. With the matrix elements of Q_6 (gluon penguin) and Q_8 (electroweak penguin) evaluated in the large-N limit and m_s^MS(2 GeV) = 100 MeV from lattice QCD, (epsilon'/epsilon)_SM turns out to be close to the data so that significant departures of Br(K_L -> pi^0 nu {bar nu}) and Br(K_L -> pi^0 l^+ l^-) from the SM expectations are unlikely, while Br(K^+ -> pi^+ nu {bar nu}) can be enhanced even by a factor 5. modest departures of the relevant hadronic matrix elements from their large-N values allow for a consistent description of epsilon'/epsilon within the LHT model accompanied by large enhancements of Br(K_L -> pi^0 nu {bar nu}) and Br(K_L -> pi^0 l^+ l^-), but only modest enhancements of Br(K^+ -> pi^+ nu {bar nu}).", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 343, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00124", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00578", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Smarter Approach to Nuclear Expenditures Act''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. Congress finds the following: (1) The Berlin Wall fell in 1989, the Soviet Union no longer exists, and the Cold War is over. The nature of threats to the national security and military interests of the United States has changed. the United States continues to maintain an excessively large and costly arsenal of nuclear weapons and delivery systems that are a holdover from the Cold War. (2) The current nuclear arsenal of the United States includes approximately 4,000 total nuclear warheads in its military stockpile, of which approximately 1,750 are deployed with five delivery components: land-based intercontinental ballistic missiles, submarine-launched ballistic missiles, long-range strategic bomber aircraft armed with nuclear gravity bombs, long-range strategic bomber aircraft armed with nuclear- armed air-launched cruise missiles, and short-range fighter aircraft that can deliver nuclear gravity bombs. The strategic bomber fleet of the United States comprises 89 B-52 and 20 B-2 aircraft, of which 60 are believed to contribute to the nuclear mission. The United States maintains approximately 400 intercontinental ballistic missiles. The United States also maintains 14 Ohio-class submarines, up to 12 of which are deployed at sea. Each of those submarines is armed with approximately 80 independently targetable nuclear warheads. (3) The maintenance of this force comes at significant cost. Between fiscal years 2017 and 2026, the United States will spend approximately $400,000,000 to maintain and recapitalize its nuclear force, according to a February 2017 report from the Congressional Budget Office. Over 30 years, spending on nuclear forces could exceed $1,000,000,000,000. (4) Numerous United States Government officials have warned of the affordability problem posed by the current nuclear weapons sustainment plans, cautioning that those plans cannot be executed in the absence of significant long-term increases to defense spending or cuts to other military priorities. For example, Brian McKeon, former Principal Deputy Under Secretary of Defense stated in October 2015, ``We're looking at that big bow wave [in nuclear weapons spending] and wondering how the heck we're going to pay for it, and probably thanking our lucky stars we won't be here to answer the question.''. (5) An April 2017 Government Accountability Office", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00973", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00579", "text": "a great job of explaining these permissions (so users won't grow paranoid that the browser is spying on them in any way - Figure A). Figure A Dismiss this warning and then okay the necessary permissions (Storage and Location). Usage Using Via Browser is incredibly intuitive. From the homepage (Figure B) tap the search bar and either type a search string or a URL. If you type a search string, the results will appear in a Google search. If you type a URL, guess what? The site in question will appear. Simple. Figure B If you don't want Google as your search provider, you can tap the Menu button (three horizontal bar icon in the bottom right of the Via homepage) and tap Settings. Tap General and scroll down until you see Search Engine. Tap Search Engine and select from the available options (Figure C). Figure C One option I like with the default Chrome browser is the pull down to refresh gesture. Fortunately, Via includes this—only it's not enabled by default. To enable this option, go to Settings | General | Operation. In this screen (Figure D), tap to enable the Pull to Refresh Gesture. Figure D Privacy Out of the box, Via Browser has Do Not Track and Block Ads enabled and Location Access disabled. There is also an included Incognito Mode, for use when you want to leave nothing to chance. To get to the Incognito Mode, tap the Menu button and then tap Incognito Mode (Figure E). Figure E Tabs I have to admit, I really like how the Via Browser handles tabs. At the bottom of the window, you'll see a small square with a number. That number is now many tabs you have open. Tap that square to reveal a popup that allows you to quickly access any of those open tabs (Figure F). Figure F Closing an open tab is just a matter of tapping its associated X. Why I use Via Browser Of all the mobile web browsers I've used, Via offers the best ratio of speed, options, and simplicity. Are there better browsers? Sure. On the desktop, Firefox is my go-to, but not so much on my mobile devices. When I'm on the go, I need fast, simple, and lightweight. That's Via Browser to a tee. If you've to find that perfect mobile browser, I highly suggest you give Via a try and see if it doesn't wind up your default. Automatically sign up for TechRepublic's Mobile Enterprise Newsletter for more news", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00570", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00580", "text": "of 1997 addressed concerns that an association may exist between atypical connective tissue disease and silicone breast implants, and called for additional basic research on the components of silicone as well as biological responses to silicone. (10) According to many reports, including a study published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute, the presence of silicone breast implants may create difficulties in obtaining complete mammograms. (11) According to a 1995 Food and Drug Administration publication, silicone breast implants usually do not interfere with a woman's ability to nurse, if the implants leak, there is some concern that the silicone may harm the baby. Some studies suggest a link between breast feeding with implants and problems with the child's esophagus. (b) Purpose.--It is the purpose of this Act to promote research to identify and evaluate the health effects of silicone breast implants, and to ensure that women and their doctors receive accurate information about such implants. (c) Rule of Construction.--Nothing in this Act shall be construed to affect any rule or regulation promulgated under the authority of the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act that is in effect on the date of enactment of this Act relating to the availability of silicone breast implants for reconstruction after mastectomy, correction of congenital deformities, or replacement for ruptured silicone implants for augmentation. SEC. 3. EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION OF ACTIVITIES REGARDING SILICONE BREAST IMPLANTS AT THE NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH. Part H of title IV of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 289 et seq.) is amended by adding at the end the following: ``SEC. 498C. SILICONE BREAST IMPLANT RESEARCH. ``(a) Institute-Wide Coordinator.--The Director of NIH shall appoint an appropriate official of the Department of Health and Human Services to serve as the National Institutes of Health coordinator regarding silicone breast implant research. Such coordinator shall encourage and coordinate the participation of all appropriate Institutes in research on silicone breast implants, including-- ``(1) the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; ``(2) the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases; ``(3) the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; ``(4) the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences; ``(5) the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke; and ``(6) the National Cancer Institute. ``(b) Study Sections.--The Director of NIH shall establish", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00857", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00581", "text": "both systems analyzed are described through two theories apparently different (quantum mechanics and game theory) it is shown that both are analogous and thus exactly equivalents. The quantum analogue of the replicator dynamics is the von Neumann equation. Quantum mechanics could be used to explain more correctly biological and economical processes. It could even encloses theories like games and evolutionary dynamics. We can take some concepts and definitions from quantum mechanics and physics for the best understanding of the behavior of economics and biology. Also, we could maybe understand nature like a game in where its players compete for a common welfare and the equilibrium of the system that they are members. All the members of our system will play a game in which its maximum payoff is the equilibrium of the system. They act as a whole besides individuals like they obey a rule in where they prefer to work for the welfare of the collective besides the individual welfare. A system where its members are in Nash Equilibrium (or ESS) is exactly equivalent to a system in a maximum entropy state. A system is stable only if it maximizes the welfare of the collective above the welfare of the individual. If it is maximized the welfare of the individual above the welfare of the collective the system gets unstable an eventually collapses. The results of this work shows that the \"globalization\" process has a behavior exactly equivalent to a system that is tending to a maximum entropy state and predicts the apparition of big common markets and strong common currencies that will find its \"equilibrium\" by decreasing its number until they get a state characterized by only one common currency and only one common market around the world.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 323, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00475", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00582", "text": "Image: Essential Before I made the purchase of an Essential Phone, like everyone else, I scoured through review after review. My goal was to sift through the chaff and find something that would key me into understanding what was at the core of the PH-1. It didn't take long for a common thread to bubble up from the surface. That thread? A less-than stellar camera. The good news for me was that I don't consider a smartphone's primary function to be taking photos, so having the best camera available wasn't a top priority. With that out of the way, it seemed the PH-1 met all of my needs, and did so at a price point that was right on the money. And thus, I made the purchase, and set aside my OnePlus 3 to embark on a journey with the newest underdog. As many of you know, I'm a big fan of the underdog. I've been using Linux as my primary OS for decades, so I'm accustomed to watching a platform scrape and dig for attention and respect. after just two weeks of use, I'm convinced the PH-1 shouldn't be considered an underdog but a top dog, in a class by itself. That's not to say it's perfect because it's not, but no device is (and anyone who believes otherwise is kidding themselves). Now that I've had plenty of time to experience Essential's first foray into the smartphone market, I feel like I have plenty to say about the device. And, with that said, let's dive into the good and the bad. SEE: Mobile device computing policy (Tech Pro Research) The bad I thought I'd flip the script and start with the bad. Why? Because there isn't much in the way of bad to be found. In fact, I have to trick myself into thinking \"Maybe photos are more important than I originally thought!\" before I can really come up with something negative of note to say about the PH-1. It has been well documented that the Essential Phone's camera is lackluster. The software is a bit slow, and the low-light photos are far from great. The selfie camera also suffers from the software issues that hinder the main camera. after four updates (that's right, four updates since I received the device, more on that in a bit), I've watched the camera app improve exponentially. It's still not nearly as good as the Pixel 2", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 496, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00530", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00583", "text": "In this article, we report the synthesis, magneto transport features, and magnetization of polycrystalline La2/3Ca1/3MnO3:Agx/Inx composites with x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4. In case of Ag the temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) near ferromagnetic (FM) transition enhances significantly with addition of Ag. The FM transition temperature (TFM) is also increased slightly with Ag doping. Magneto-transport measurements revealed that magneto-resistance (MR) is found to be maximum near TFM. Very sharp TCR is seen near TFM with highest value of up to 15 % for Ag (0.4) sample, which is an order of magnitude higher than as for pristine sample and is the best value reported for any polycrystalline LCMO compound. Increased TCR, TFM and significant above room temperature MR of La2/3Ca1/3MnO3:Agx composites is explained on the basis of improved grains size. Interestingly the La2/3Ca1/3MnO3:Inx composites behaved exactly in opposite way resulting in decreased TFM, and TCR compared to pristine LCMO compound. In fact the grains morphology of LCMO:Inx composites is seen inferior to pristine LCMO which is opposite to the LCMO:Agx case.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 311, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00180", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00584", "text": "for Civil Rights has been lax, at times allowing cases to languish for years without resolution. (5) Defying the Federal Hyde/Weldon amendment, California's Department of Managed Health Care has mandated coverage for all elective abortions in all health plans under its jurisdiction. Other States such as New York and Washington have taken or considered similar action, and some States may go further to require all physicians and hospitals to provide or facilitate abortions. (6) Members of Congress have repeatedly questioned U.S. Health and Human Services Secretary Sylvia Burwell about California's ongoing violation which began in August 2014. The Department of Health and Human Services has acknowledged California's violations and indicated that the Department was taking them ``seriously'' and that the matter would be resolved ``expeditiously''. numerous complaints and calls for prompt enforcement of the Hyde/Weldon amendment in California, the Department has failed to resolve the matter. (7) The vast majority of medical professionals do not perform abortions, with 86 percent of ob/gyns unwilling to provide them in a recent study (Obstetrics & Gynecology, Sept. 2011) and the great majority of hospitals choosing to do so in rare cases or not at all. Therefore, a policy requiring all health care providers to be involved in abortion could seriously disrupt the health care system, reducing the number and diversity of providers available to serve the basic health needs of American women and men. (8) A health care provider's decision not to participate in an abortion, like Congress' decision not to fund most abortions, erects no new barrier to those seeking to perform or undergo abortions but leaves each party free to act as he or she wishes. (9) Such protection poses no conflict with other Federal laws, such as the law requiring emergency stabilizing treatment for a pregnant woman and her unborn child when either is in distress (Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act). As the Obama administration has said, these areas of law have operated side by side for many years and both should be fully enforced (76 Fed. Reg. 9968-77 (2011) at 9973). (10) Reaffirming longstanding Federal policy on conscience rights and providing a right of action in cases where it is violated allows longstanding and widely supported Federal laws to work as intended. SEC. 3. GOVERNMENTAL DISCRIMINATION AGAINST PROVIDERS OF HEALTH SERVICES THAT ARE NOT INVOLVED IN ABORTION. Title II", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01065", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00585", "text": "a sample with respect to which the State or unit of local government has entered information into such Registry, update such status. ``(3) Extension of initial deadline.--The Attorney General may grant an extension of the deadline in paragraph (2)(A) to a State or unit of local government that demonstrates that more time is required for compliance with such paragraph. ``(4) Samples exempt from registry requirement.--A State or unit of local government is not required under paragraph (2) to enter into the Registry described in such paragraph information with respect to a sample of sexual assault evidence if-- ``(A) the sample is not considered criminal evidence (such as a sample collected anonymously from a victim who is unwilling to make a criminal complaint); or ``(B) the sample relates to a sexual assault for which the prosecution of each perpetrator is barred by a statute of limitations. ``(5) Definitions.--In this subsection: ``(A) Awaiting testing.--The term `awaiting testing' means, with respect to a sample of sexual assault evidence, that-- ``(i) the sample has been collected and is in the possession of a State or unit of local government; ``(ii) DNA and other appropriate forensic analyses have not been performed on such sample; and ``(iii) the sample is related to a criminal case or investigation in which final disposition has not been reached. ``(B) Final disposition.--The term `final disposition' means, with respect to a criminal case or investigation to which a sample of sexual assault evidence relates-- ``(i) the conviction or acquittal of all suspected perpetrators of the crime involved; ``(ii) a determination by the State or unit of local government in possession of the sample that the case is unfounded; or ``(iii) a declaration by the victim of the crime involved that the act constituting the basis of the crime was not committed. ``(C) Possession.--The term `possession', used with respect to possession of a sample of sexual assault evidence by a State or unit of local government, includes possession by an individual who is acting as an agent of the State or unit of local government for the collection of the sample.''. SEC. 3. SEXUAL ASSAULT FORENSIC EVIDENCE REGISTRY. (a) In General.--Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Attorney General shall establish a Sexual Assault Forensic Evidence Registry (in this section referred to as the ``Registry'') that-- (1", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01083", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00586", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Student Support Act''. SEC. 2. SCHOOL-BASED MENTAL HEALTH AND STUDENT SERVICE PROVIDERS. (a) In General.--Subpart 14 of title V of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 7269 et seq.) is amended-- (1) by inserting after the subpart heading the following: ``CHAPTER A--SYSTEMS INTEGRATION; PROMOTION OF SCHOOL READINESS''; and (2) by adding at the end the following: ``CHAPTER B--SCHOOL-BASED MENTAL HEALTH AND STUDENT SERVICE PROVIDERS ``SEC. 5545. FINDINGS. ``Congress finds the following: ``(1) The Surgeon General of the Public Health Service has found that 1 in 10 children and adolescents suffer from mental illness severe enough to cause some level of impairment, in any given year fewer than 1 in 5 of these children receives needed treatment. The short- and long-term consequences of untreated childhood mental disorders are costly, in both human and fiscal terms. ``(2) School counselors, school psychologists, other qualified psychologists, child and adolescent psychiatrists, and school social workers are needed to help these children and to provide a variety of crucial support services. ``(3) Across the United States, there are insufficient resources for school-based counseling professionals, and often students do not get the help they need. The current national average ratio of students to school counselors in elementary and secondary schools is 561 to 1. ``(4) United States schools need more mental health professionals, and they need the flexibility to hire the professionals that will best serve their students. ``(5) According to the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences, the maximum recommended ratio of-- ``(A) students to school counselors is 250 to 1; ``(B) students to school psychologists is 1,000 to 1; and ``(C) students to school social workers is 800 to 1. ``(6) In some States, 1 school counselor typically serves over 1,000 students. Ratios for school psychologists and school social workers are also extremely high. In some schools, there are no school-based mental health and student service providers available to assist students in times of crisis, or at any other time. ``(7) The number of students is expected to grow significantly over the next few years", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01019", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00587", "text": "The magnetic and thermodynamic properties of spin-1/2 Heisenberg diamond chains are investigated in three different cases: (a) J1, J2, J3>0 (frustrated); (b) J1, J3<0, J2>0 (frustrated); and (c) J1, J2>0, J3<0 (non-frustrated). The density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) technique is invoked to study the properties of the system in the ground state, while the transfer matrix renormalization group (TMRG) technique is applied to explore the thermodynamic properties. The local magnetic moments, spin correlation functions, and static structure factors are discussed in the ground state for the three cases. It is shown that the static structure factor S(q) shows peaks at wavevectors $q=a\\pi /3$ (a=0,1,2,3,4,5) for different couplings in a zero magnetic field, which, in the magnetic fields where the magnetization plateau with m=1/6 pertains, exhibits the peaks only at q=0, $2\\pi /3$ and $4\\pi /3$, which are found to be couplings-independent. The DMRG results of the zero-field static structure factor can be nicely fitted by a linear superposition of six modes, where two fitting equations are proposed. It is observed that the six modes are closely related to the low-lying excitations of the system. At finite temperatures, the double-peak structures of the susceptibility and specific heat against temperature are obtained, where the peak positions and heights are found to depend on the competition of the couplings. It is also uncovered that the XXZ anisotropy of F and AF couplings leads the system of case (c) to display quite different behaviors. In addition, the experimental data of the susceptibility, specific heat and magnetization for the compound Cu$_{3}$(CO$_{3}$)$_{2}$(OH)$_{2}$ are fairly compared with our TMRG results.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 432, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00005", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00588", "text": "Even its title has to be disclosed. The new book begins a decade before the start of the original trilogy, but Pullman says is not a prequel. Nor is it a sequel. Pullman prefers to call it an \"equel,\" or companion story. \"The first part will deal with something that happened when Lyra was less than 1 year old,\" he said. \"So in that sense she's the center of the story, but she's not actually an agent in the story. She is acted upon, so to speak, by other people who are very important. \"The second part, which will come out later, will deal with events when Lyra is about 20.\" There's a new hero — a boy readers have encountered before \"if we were paying attention\" — and \"a terrifying adventure that takes him into a new world.\" Multiple worlds abound in Pullman's complex, philosophically rich fictional multiverse. And Pullman says we will learn a lot more about the nature of Dust, a mysterious substance loathed by the religious authorities in \"His Dark Materials.\" \"The Book of Dust,\" published in the U.S. by Random House Children's and in the U.K. by Penguin Random House Children's and David Fickling Books, is likely to be one of the autumn's biggest sellers. James Daunt, managing director of Britain's Waterstone's book store chain, says Pullman ranks with J.K. Rowling in his impact on publishing and reading. Daunt said a generation of young readers \"read first Harry Potter, then the complex, gripping and provocative 'His Dark Materials.'\" \"Other books, other authors make claims and bring huge rewards, but these two imprint on everyone who calls themselves a reader,\" Daunt said. For fans, the mischievous Lyra is one of fiction's great child characters, up there with Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn and Scout Finch from Harper Lee's \"To Kill a Mockingbird.\" Pullman calls her \"this awkward, difficult, prying, nosy, lying, greedy, untrustworthy child.\" \"She's not a special child,\" he said. \"She's not divinely gifted or anything like that. But she does have certain characteristics that lead her into trouble and which help her get out of trouble.\" Some critics have ranked Pullman's trilogy alongside J.R.R. Tolkien's fantasy saga \"The Lord of the Rings,\" though he doesn't particularly like", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00770", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00589", "text": "A comparison between linear stability analysis and observations of pulsation modes in five delta Scuti stars, belonging to the same cluster, is presented. The study is based on the work by Michel et al. (1999), in which such a comparison was performed for a representative set of model solutions obtained independently for each individual star considered. In this paper we revisit the work by Michel et al. (1999) following, a new approach which consists in the search for a single, complete, and coherent solution for all the selected stars, in order to constrain and test the assumed physics describing these objects. To do so, refined descriptions for the effects of rotation on the determination of the global stellar parameters and on the adiabatic oscillation frequency computations are used. In addition, a crude attempt is made to study the role of rotation on the prediction of mode instabilities.The present results are found to be comparable with those reported by Michel et al. (1999). Within the temperature range log T_eff = 3.87-3.88 agreement between observations and model computations of unstable modes is restricted to values for the mixing-length parameter alpha_nl less or equal to 1.50. This indicates that for these stars a smaller value for alpha_nl is required than suggested from a calibrated solar model. We stress the point that the linear stability analysis used in this work still assumes stellar models without rotation and that further developments are required for a proper description of the interaction between rotation and pulsation dynamics.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 300, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00249", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00590", "text": "enough strength in the overall economy, the lack of inflation, to still go ahead and continue to hike rates.\" FEDERAL RESERVE: The Fed is expected to lift short-term interest rates by 0.25 percent on Wednesday, the third interest rate hike by the central bank this year. While inflation has remained low, the central bank has seen a path to gradually raise rates as the economy and labor market have strengthened. CHINA: Investors are watching for details from an annual economic planning conference in Beijing that will set the pace for reforms and growth in the world's second-largest economy. The state-run Xinhua News Agency reported Friday that President Xi Jinping told fellow leaders that the focus should shift to quality of life and improve innovation and competitiveness. Worries over possible moves to curb property market speculation were overshadowing trading on Tuesday. BITCOIN: Bitcoin futures rose on their first day of trading on a major U.S. exchange, with the first-ever futures contract gaining 20 percent to close at $18,545, according to data from Cboe Global Markets. The price of an actual bitcoin has soared since it began the year below $1,000 and was at $16,502.25 as of 06:20 GMT Tuesday, according to Coindesk. ENERGY: Benchmark U.S. crude gained 43 cents to $58.42 per barrel in electronic trading on the New York Mercantile Exchange. It advanced 63 cents, or 1.1 percent, to settle at $57.99 per barrel on Monday. Brent crude, the international standard, climbed 86 cents to $65.55 per barrel. It added $1.29, or 2 percent, to close at $64.69 per barrel in London. CURRENCIES: The dollar edged down to 113.44 Japanese yen from 113.55 yen late Monday. The euro rose to $1.1744 from $1.1770. ___ AP Business Writer Alex Veiga in Los Angeles, California, contributed.", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 413, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00723", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00591", "text": "The Bay County Sheriff’s Office has arrested four men from Atlanta after they allegedly hired local transients to cash fraudulent checks for them using stolen personal information. Three transients have also been arrested for their participation. BCSO Criminal Investigations opened an investigation after deputies initially responded to a call from a local transient who claimed he had been robbed by two men. Investigators now believe that four black males came from Atlanta to the Destin area on October 1, 2017, and rented two vehicles. On October 3, 2017, they came to Bay County and two of them─Johnathan Johnson and Germarco Johnson─ picked up transient Scott Allen McNeight, age 44. McNeight was recently released from prison on October 1, 2017. They first asked McNeight if he had a photo ID, which he did. The men took a photo of the ID and sent it to the two other men from Atlanta. A fraudulent check was created using McNeight’s information and stolen routing numbers and checking account numbers. The other two suspects from Atlanta─Clarence Suggs and Reginald Hughes─ picked up transient James Dean Riles, age 58, for the same purpose. The two transients were first taken to a thrift store in Springfield. The Atlanta men purchased better clothing for the transients to wear when they entered banks to cash the fraudulent checks. Once dressed, McNeight was taken to a bank on Panama City Beach and was able to cash a 1,600 check. the agreement was for the transients to get about $80 for their part in the scam, McNeight took half of the money and fled on foot. Demarko Johnson and Johnathan Johnson were able to find McNeight at a gas station at Magnolia Beach Road and Thomas Drive. The two men entered the gas station after McNeight, one of them carrying a tire iron. Johnathon Johnson put McNeight in a choke hold, and they threatened McNeight with the tire iron, and took the money, his wallet, and his cell phone. That was when McNeight called the BCSO to report the robbery. initially not forthcoming about the true circumstances surrounding the robbery, McNeight eventually told investigators how he got the money. James Dean Riles, the other transient, was unable to cash his fraudulent check at the first bank, and was taken by Clarence Suggs and Reginal", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00506", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00592", "text": "the management of asthma. The National Asthma Education and Prevention Program (NAEPP) helps raise awareness that asthma is a serious chronic disease, and helps promote more effective management of asthma through patient and professional education. (7) The alarming rise in prevalence, asthma-related deaths, and expenditures demonstrate that, extensive knowledge on effective asthma management strategies, current federal policy and funding regarding the education, treatment, and management of asthma is inadequate. (8) Additional federal direction, funding, and support is necessary to increase awareness of asthma as a chronic illness, its symptoms, and the environmental factors (indoor and outdoor) that affect the disease, as well as to promote education programs that teach patients how to better manage asthma. SEC. 3. PROVISIONS REGARDING NATIONAL ASTHMA EDUCATION AND PREVENTION PROGRAM OF NATIONAL HEART, LUNG, AND BLOOD INSTITUTE. (a) Additional Funding; Expansion of Program.--In addition to any other authorization of appropriations that is available to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute for the purpose of carrying out the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program, there is authorized to be appropriated to such Institute for such purpose $5,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 1999 through 2003. Amounts appropriated under the preceding sentence shall be expended to expand such Program. (b) Coordinating Committee.-- (1) Report to congress.--With respect to the coordinating committee established for the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, such committee shall submit to the Congress a report that-- (A) contains a determination by the committee of the scope of the problem of asthma in the United States; (B) identifies all Federal programs that carry out asthma-related activities; and (C) contains the recommendations of the committee for strengthening and better coordinating the asthma- related activities of the Federal Government. (2) Inclusion of representative of department of education.--The Secretary of Education or a designee of the Secretary shall be included in the membership of the coordinating committee referred to in paragraph (1). SEC. 4. ASTHMA-RELATED ACTIVITIES OF CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION. (a) Additional Funding.--In addition to any other authorization of appropriations that is available to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for the purpose of carrying out activities in accordance with subsection (b), there is authorized to be appropriated to such", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01119", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00593", "text": "We model the interaction between the wind from a newly formed rapidly rotating magnetar and the surrounding supernova shock and host star. The dynamics is modeled using the two-dimensional, axisymmetric thin-shell equations. In the first ~10-100 seconds after core collapse the magnetar inflates a bubble of plasma and magnetic fields behind the supernova shock. The bubble expands asymmetrically because of the pinching effect of the toroidal magnetic field, just as in the analogous problem of the evolution of pulsar wind nebulae. The degree of asymmetry depends on E_mag/E_tot. The correct value of E_mag/E_tot is uncertain because of uncertainties in the conversion of magnetic energy into kinetic energy at large radii in relativistic winds; we argue, that bubbles inflated by newly formed magnetars are likely to be significantly more magnetized than their pulsar counterparts. We show that for a ratio of magnetic to total power supplied by the central magnetar L_mag/L_tot ~ 0.1 the bubble expands relatively spherically. For L_mag/L_tot ~ 0.3, most of the pressure in the bubble is exerted close to the rotation axis, driving a collimated outflow out through the host star. This can account for the collimation inferred from observations of long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). Outflows from magnetars become increasingly magnetically dominated at late times, due to the decrease in neutrino-driven mass loss as the young neutron star cools. We thus suggest that the magnetar-driven bubble initially expands relatively spherically, enhancing the energy of the associated supernova, while at late times it becomes progressively more collimated, producing the GRB.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 338, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00199", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00594", "text": "leaving states to make their own decisions on how to proceed. Many have to adapt their lead poisoning prevention programs to the last reference change, implemented four years ago, when the level dropped from 10 to 5 micrograms per deciliter. Other states, including Virginia and Maine, made changes this year. The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development is close to adopting a rule requiring an environmental inspection—and lead cleanup if hazards are found—in any public housing units where a young child tests at or above the CDC threshold. If the CDC urges public health action under a new threshold, HUD said it will follow through. \"The only thing that will affect our policy is the CDC recommendation for environmental intervention,\" said Dr. Warren Friedman, with HUD's Office of Lead Hazard Control and Healthy Homes. To set the reference value, the CDC relies upon data from the National Health and Nutrition Survey. The latest data suggests that a small child with a blood lead level of 3.5 micrograms per deciliter has higher exposure than 97.5 percent of others in the age group, 1 to 5 years. But in lead-poisoning hotspots, a far greater portion of children have higher lead levels. Wisconsin data, for instance, shows that around 10 percent of children tested in Milwaukee's most poisoned census tracts had levels double the current CDC standard. Some worry a lower threshold could produce the opposite effect sought, by diverting money and attention away from children with the worst exposure. \"A lower reference level may actually do harm by masking reality—that significant levels of lead exposure are still a problem throughout the country,\" said Amy Winslow, chief executive of Magellan Diagnostics, whose blood lead testing machines are used in thousands of U.S. clinics.", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 358, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00589", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00595", "text": "The Correlated Component Analysis (CCA) allows us to estimate how the different diffuse emissions mix in CMB experiments, exploiting also complementary information from other surveys. It is especially useful to deal with possible additional components. An application of CCA to WMAP maps assuming that only the canonical Galactic emissions are present, highlights the widespread presence of a spectrally flat \"synchrotron\" component, largely uncorrelated with the synchrotron template, suggesting that an additional foreground is indeed required. We have tested various spectral shapes for such component, namely a power law as expected if it is flat synchrotron, and two spectral shapes that may fit the spinning dust emission: a parabola in the logS - log(frequency) plane, and a grey body. Quality tests applied to the reconstructed CMB maps clearly disfavour two of the models. The CMB power spectra, estimated from CMB maps reconstructed exploiting the three surviving foreground models, are generally consistent with the WMAP ones, at least one of them gives a significantly higher quadrupole moment than found by the WMAP team. Taking foreground modeling uncertainties into account, we find that the mean quadrupole amplitude for the three \"good\" models is less than 1 sigma below the expectation from the standard LambdaCDM model. Also the other reported deviations from model predictions are found not to be statistically significant, except for the excess power at l~40. We confirm the evidence for a marked North-South asymmetry in the large scale (l < 20) CMB anisotropies. We also present a first, albeit preliminary, all-sky map of the \"anomalous\" component.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 342, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00424", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00596", "text": "ico, Virginia, there is authorized to be appropriated $10,000,000 for such purpose (but to include not more than 20 additional full-time positions) to provide training to law enforcement personnel of all the States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and the territories and possessions of the United States. SEC. 305. STATEMENT OF CONGRESS REGARDING AVAILABILITY AND ILLEGAL IMPORTATION OF PSEUDOEPHEDRINE FROM CANADA. (a) Findings.--The Congress finds that-- (1) pseudoephedrine is one of the basic precursor chemicals used in the manufacture of the dangerous narcotic methamphetamine; (2) the Federal Government, working in cooperation with narcotics agents of State and local governments and the private sector, has tightened the control of pseudoephedrine in the United States in recent years; (3) pseudoephedrine can only be purchased in the United States in small quantity bottles or blister packs; the widespread presence of large containers of pseudoephedrine from Canada at methamphetamine laboratories and dumpsites in the United States, efforts of law enforcement agencies to stem the flow of these containers into the United States, demonstrates the strength of the demand for, and the inherent difficulties in stemming the flow of, these containers from neighboring Canada; and (4) Canada lacks a comprehensive legislative framework for addressing the pseudoephedrine trafficking problem. (b) Call for Action by Canada.--The Congress strongly urges the President to seek commitments from the Government of Canada to begin immediately to take effective measures to stem the widespread and increasing availability in Canada and the illegal importation into the United States of pseudoephedrine.", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 339, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01147", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00597", "text": "LITTLE ROCK, Ark. (AP) — Arkansas lawmakers said Tuesday they're working on a \"bathroom bill\" targeting transgender people, warnings from the Republican governor that such a measure isn't needed and could harm the state. A one-sentence bill was filed by two GOP state senators stating only that it addresses \"gender identity and bathroom privileges\" without any specifics. But co-sponsor Republican Sen. Gary Stubblefield said it'll require people to use public bathrooms that correspond to the sex on their birth certificate. \"If they were born a male, that's where they've got to use the bathroom,\" Stubblefield said. A similar law in North Carolina has drawn widespread criticism and boycotts from businesses, and prompted the NBA to pull this weekend's All-Star Game out of Charlotte. The state's Democratic governor on Tuesday proposed a compromise to repeal the measure. A bathroom bill being considered in Texas has also prompted a backlash, with the NFL suggesting that Texas could be passed over for future Super Bowl sites if the proposal becomes law. Republican Gov. Asa Hutchinson repeated his opposition to pursuing a similar measure in Arkansas. \"I have consistently said that there is no need for a North Carolina type bathroom bill in Arkansas,\" Hutchinson said in a statement. \"It is unclear as to the specifics of the proposed legislation but if it similar to North Carolina's, I view the bill as unnecessary and potentially harmful.\" The nation's largest lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender rights group also urged lawmakers to drop the proposal. \"Proponents of anti-trans legislation are invoking a boogeyman that simply does not exist - the reality is that transgender people just want to simply live their everyday lives,\" Kendra Johnson, Arkansas director for the Human Rights Campaign. \"Arkansas should not make the mistake North Carolina made.\" Stubblefield and GOP Sen. Greg Standridge, who also sponsored the measure, said they weren't concerned about a backlash from businesses. They also said they expect more proposals from other lawmakers in the majority-Republican Legislature. \"It's a definite thing that there's going to be a bathroom bill pursued,\" Standridge said. \"We just don't know if it's going to be our bill or someone else's bill.\" ___ Follow Andrew DeMillo on Twitter at www.twitter.com/ademillo", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 464, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00812", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00598", "text": "be no graphic portrayal of sexual acts by sight or sound. The portrayal of implied sexual acts must be essential to the plot and presented in a responsible and tasteful manner.'' (10) The NAB abandoned the code of conduct in 1983 after three provisions of the code restricting the sale of advertising were challenged by the Department of Justice on antitrust grounds and a Federal district court issued a summary judgment against the NAB regarding one of the provisions on those grounds. none of the programming standards of the code were challenged. (11) While the code of conduct was in effect, its programming standards were never found to have violated any antitrust law. (12) Since the NAB abandoned the code of conduct, programming standards on broadcast and cable television have deteriorated dramatically. Lurid and sensational talk shows are aired regularly throughout the day and profanities have become commonplace during the early hours of prime time, when millions of young children are watching. (13) In the absence of effective programming standards, public concern about the impact of television on children, and on society as a whole, has risen substantially. Polls routinely show that more than 80 percent of Americans are worried by the increasingly graphic nature of sex, violence, and vulgarity on television and by the amount of programming that openly sanctions or glorifies criminal, antisocial, and degrading behavior. (14) At the urging of Congress, the television industry has taken some steps to respond to public concerns about programming standards and content. The broadcast television industry agreed in 1992 to adopt a set of voluntary guidelines designed to ``proscribe gratuitous or excessive portrayals of violence''. Shortly thereafter, both the broadcast and cable television industries agreed to conduct independent studies of the violent content in their programming and make those reports public. (15) In 1996, the television industry as a whole made a commitment to develop a comprehensive rating system to label programming that may be harmful or inappropriate for children. That system was implemented at the beginning of this year. (16) these recent efforts to respond to public concern about the impact of television on children, millions of Americans, especially parents with young children, remain angry and frustrated at the sinking standards of television programming, the reluctance of the industry to police itself, and the harmful influence of television on the well-being of the children and the values of the United States. (17) The Department of Justice issued a ruling in 1993 indicating that additional efforts by the", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01013", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00599", "text": "TAIPEI (Taiwan News)—A person in a small town in northern Taiwan saw a street person dredging up foods from a dirty kitchen leftovers bin on the street and his strong sympathy for the street person had prompted a wave of support from netizens and police. Now the street person surnamed Chan has been brought home by his family after they were alerted by the story on social media. A man of Tongsiao Township, Miaoli County surnamed Yang said he saw a street person dredging up foods from a leftovers bin on the street to eat in cold weather on December 8. As he couldn’t bear to see somebody living in such a wretched condition as eating dirty leftovers, he went to buy a box of braised pork rice, miso soup and soybean drink and gave the foods to him for free, hoping him not to eat leftovers again. Yang even went as far as to take it to Tongsiao townspeople’s Facebook fan club to urge townspeople to give the street person a helping hand if they see him on the street. Yang’s post has gone so viral that thousands of people clicked the Like button and that some people brought over noodles, bread and drinks they bought and gave the foods to Chan in relay fashion so he could have three meals a day. Bakery owner Wu Chieh-hung (吳杰紘) said that he saw the post on the internet and learned that Chan seemed to be physically handicapped and was also not good at expressing himself, so he sent Chan bread and cakes the store made so he could have something to eat at any time. Tongsiao police chief Chou Kuo-ping (周國平) said on Monday that besides the crowdsourcing, police officers were worried about him living on the street, so they went to look for him and brought him back to the police station. It happened that Chan’s family were alerted by the messages on Facebook, so they came from Changhua and brought him back home, Chou added. Chan’s family told police that Chan was unsociable and ran away very often, which made the family members very concerned about him. Chan’s family expressed their hearty thanks to Tongsiao’s police and people for their great help. The local police chief praised the help of the internet as well as the warm local community, saying that in less than 36 hours, Chan not only got great help from sympathetic townspeople but also went home", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00798", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00600", "text": "High-resolution infrared spectroscopy in the 2.3-4.6 micron region is reported for the peculiar A supergiant, single-lined spectroscopic binary HR 4049. Lines from the CO fundamental and first overtone, OH fundamental, and several H2O vibration-rotation transitions have been observed in the near-infrared spectrum. The spectrum of HR 4049 appears principally in emission through the 3 and 4.6 micron region and in absorption in the 2 micron region. The 4.6 micron spectrum shows a rich 'forest' of emission lines. All the spectral lines observed in the 2.3-4.6 micron spectrum are shown to be circumbinary in origin. The presence of OH and H2O lines confirm the oxygen-rich nature of the circumbinary gas which is to the previously detected carbon-rich material. The emission and absorption line profiles show that the circumbinary gas is located in a thin, rotating layer near the dust disk. The properties of the dust and gas circumbinary disk and the spectroscopic orbit yield masses for the individual stars, M_AI~0.58 Msolar and M_MV~0.34 Msolar. Gas in the disk also has an outward flow with a velocity of $\\gtrsim$ 1 km/s. The severe depletion of refractory elements but near-solar abundances of volatile elements observed in HR 4049 results from abundance winnowing. The separation of the volatiles from the grains in the disk and the subsequent accretion by the star are discussed. Contrary to prior reports, the HR 4049 carbon and oxygen isotopic abundances are typical AGB values: 12C/13C=6^{+9}_{-4} and 16O/17O>200.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 369, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00047", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00601", "text": "WASHINGTON (AP) — Below is the statement the Fed released Wednesday after its policy meeting ended: Information received since the Federal Open Market Committee met in December indicates that the labor market has continued to strengthen and that economic activity has been rising at a solid rate. Gains in employment, household spending, and business fixed investment have been solid, and the unemployment rate has stayed low. On a 12-month basis, both overall inflation and inflation for items other than food and energy have continued to run below 2 percent. Market-based measures of inflation compensation have increased in recent months but remain low; survey-based measures of longer-term inflation expectations are little changed, on balance. Consistent with its statutory mandate, the Committee seeks to foster maximum employment and price stability. The Committee expects that, with further gradual adjustments in the stance of monetary policy, economic activity will expand at a moderate pace and labor market conditions will remain strong. Inflation on a 12-month basis is expected to move up this year and to stabilize around the Committee's 2 percent objective over the medium term. Near-term risks to the economic outlook appear roughly balanced, but the Committee is monitoring inflation developments closely. In view of realized and expected labor market conditions and inflation, the Committee decided to maintain the target range for the federal funds rate at 1-1/4 to 1-1/2 percent. The stance of monetary policy remains accommodative, thereby supporting strong labor market conditions and a sustained return to 2 percent inflation. In determining the timing and size of future adjustments to the target range for the federal funds rate, the Committee will assess realized and expected economic conditions relative to its objectives of maximum employment and 2 percent inflation. This assessment will take into account a wide range of information, including measures of labor market conditions, indicators of inflation pressures and inflation expectations, and readings on financial and international developments. The Committee will carefully monitor actual and expected inflation developments relative to its symmetric inflation goal. The Committee expects that economic conditions will evolve in a manner that will warrant further gradual increases in the federal funds rate; the federal funds rate is likely to remain, for some time, below levels that are expected to prevail in the longer run. the actual path of the federal funds rate will depend on the economic outlook as informed by incoming data. Voting for the FOMC monetary policy action were Janet L. Yellen, Chair; William C. Dudley, Vice Chairman; Thomas I. Barkin; Raphael W. Bost", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00712", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00602", "text": "This paper is dedicated to triangulated categories endowed with weight structures (a new notion; D. Pauksztello has independently introduced them as co-t-structures). This axiomatizes the properties of stupid truncations of complexes in $K(B)$. We also construct weight structures for Voevodsky's categories of motives and for various categories of spectra. A weight structure $w$ defines Postnikov towers of objects; these towers are canonical and functorial 'up to morphisms that are zero on cohomology'. For $Hw$ being the heart of $w$ (in $DM_{gm}$ we have $Hw=Chow$) we define a canonical conservative 'weakly exact' functor $t$ from our $C$ to a certain weak category of complexes $K_w(Hw)$. For any (co)homological functor $H:C\\to A$ for an abelian $A$ we construct a weight spectral sequence $T:H(X^i[j])\\implies H(X[i+j])$ where $(X^i)=t(X)$; it is canonical and functorial starting from $E_2$. This spectral sequences specializes to the 'usual' (Deligne's) weight spectral sequences for 'classical' realizations of motives and to Atiyah-Hirzebruch spectral sequences for spectra. Under certain restrictions, we prove that $K_0(C)\\cong K_0(Hw)$ and $K_0(End C)\\cong K_0(End Hw)$. The definition of a weight structure is almost dual to those of a t-structure; several properties differ. One can often construct a certain $t$-structure which is 'adjacent' to $w$ and vice versa. This is the case for the Voevodsky's $DM^{eff}_-$ (one obtains certain new Chow weight and t-structures for it; the heart of the latter is 'dual' to $Chow^{eff}$) and for the stable homotopy category. The Chow t-structure is closely related to unramified cohomology.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 438, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00150", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00603", "text": "We present a study of the shapes, orientations, and alignments of Galactic dark matter subhalos in the ``Via Lactea'' simulation of a Milky Way-size LCDM host halo. isolated dark matter halos tend to be prolate, subhalos are predominantly triaxial. Overall subhalos are more spherical than the host halo, with minor to major and intermediate to major axis ratios of 0.68 and 0.83, respectively. Like isolated halos, subhalos tend to be less spherical in their central regions. The principal axis ratios are independent of subhalo mass, when the shapes are measured within a physical scale like r_Vmax, the radius of the peak of the circular velocity curve. Subhalos tend to be slightly more spherical closer to the host halo center. The spatial distribution of the subhalos traces the prolate shape of the host halo when they are selected by the largest V_max they ever had, i.e. before they experienced strong tidal mass loss. The subhalos' orientation is not random: the major axis tends to align with the direction towards the host halo center. This alignment disappears for halos beyond 3 r_200 and is more pronounced when the shapes are measured in the outer regions of the subhalos. The radial alignment is preserved during a subhalo's orbit and they become elongated during pericenter passage, indicating that the alignment is likely caused by the host halo's tidal forces. These tidal interactions with the host halo act to make subhalos rounder over time.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 317, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00203", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00604", "text": ". A committee to which a bill has been referred shall report the bill without amendment not later than the 30th day of session following the date of introduction of that bill. If any committee fails to report the bill within that period, that committee shall be automatically discharged from further consideration of the bill and the bill shall be placed on the Calendar. ``(B) Bill from house.--When the Senate receives from the House of Representatives a bill, such bill shall not be referred to committee and shall be placed on the Calendar. ``(C) Motion nondebatable.--A motion to proceed to consideration of a bill under this subsection shall not be debatable. It shall not be in order to move to reconsider the vote by which the motion to proceed was adopted or rejected, subsequent motions to proceed may be made under this paragraph. ``(D) Limit on consideration.-- ``(i) Vote.--After no more than 10 hours of consideration of a bill, the Senate shall proceed, without intervening action or debate (except as permitted under subparagraph (F)), to vote on the final disposition thereof to the exclusion of all motions, except a motion to reconsider or to table. ``(ii) Motion to extend.--A single motion to extend the time for consideration under clause (i) for no more than an additional 5 hours is in order before the expiration of such time and shall be decided without debate. ``(iii) Time for debate.--The time for debate on the disapproval bill shall be equally divided between the Majority Leader and the Minority Leader or their designees. ``(E) No motion to recommit.--A motion to recommit a bill shall not be in order. ``(F) Disposition of senate bill.--If the Senate has read for the third time a bill that originated in the Senate, then it shall be in order at any time thereafter to move to proceed to the consideration of a bill for the same special message received from the House of Representatives and placed on the Calendar pursuant to subparagraph (B), strike all after the enacting clause, substitute the text of the Senate bill, agree to the Senate amendment, and vote on final disposition of the House bill, all without any intervening action or debate. ``(G) Consideration of house message.-- Consideration in the Senate of all motions, amendments, or appeals necessary to dispose of a message from the House of Representatives on a bill shall be limited to not more than 4 hours. Debate on each motion or amendment shall be limited to", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00984", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00605", "text": "Our goal is to settle a fading problem, the Jacobian Conjecture $(JC_n)$~: If $f_1, \\cdots, f_n$ are elements in a polynomial ring $k[X_1, \\cdots, X_n]$ over a field $k$ of characteristic zero such that $ \\det(\\partial f_i/ \\partial X_j) $ is a nonzero constant, then $k[f_1, \\cdots, f_n] = k[X_1, \\cdots, X_n]$. Practically, what we deal with is the generalized one, \\noindent The Generalized Jacobian Conjecture$(GJC)$ :{\\it Let $S \\hookrightarrow T$ be an unramified homomorphism of Noetherian domains. Assume that $S$ is a simply connected UFD ({\\sl i.e.,} ${\\rm Spec}(S)$ is simply connected and $S$ is a unique factorization domain) and that $T^\\times \\cap S = S^\\times$. Then $T = S$.} In addition, for consistency of the discussion, we raise some serious (or idiot) questions and some comments about the examples appeared in the papers published by the certain excellent mathematicians (though we are not willing to deal with them). the existence of such examples would be against our Main Result above, so that we have to dispute in Appendix B their arguments about the existence of their respective (so called) counter-examples. Our conclusion is that they are not perfect counter-examples which is shown explicitly.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 323, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00317", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00606", "text": "metric tons being used in Kosovo, Serbia, and Montenegro. (4) The United States has provided or sold depleted uranium and depleted uranium munitions to allied nations, and the United Kingdom used depleted uranium munitions during the Persian Gulf War. (5) Depleted uranium munitions have been used at numerous United States military installations, proving grounds, and testing facilities. (6) The Yugoslav and Iraqi Governments have claimed that depleted uranium is affecting the health of their people, such claims have to be independently verified. (7) No definitive cause has been established for the various illnesses (commonly referred to as ``Gulf War Syndrome'') that currently affect approximately 130,000 United States servicemembers and veterans who served in Southwest Asia during the Persian Gulf War. (8) The British Royal Navy, Canadian Navy, and United States Navy have all announced that they would phase out use of depleted uranium munitions. (9) It has been reported that depleted uranium munitions use has proliferated to more than 20 nations. (10) Crash investigators of the Federal Aviation Administration are instructed, in FAA Advisory Circular 20-123, dated December 20, 1984, to ``handle with caution'' any depleted uranium that they encounter in crash investigations, and are instructed that ``the main hazard associated with depleted uranium is the harmful effect the material could have if it enters the body,'' and that ``[i]f particles are inhaled or digested, they can be chemically toxic and cause a significant and long-lasting irradiation of internal tissues,''. (11) The 1949 Geneva Convention specifically outlines the precautions warring nations must take to avoid harming civilian populations, and it would be a violation of the 1977 Protocol to that Convention to cause superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering to civilians, as depleted uranium has the potential to cause. (12) The Department of Defense has acknowledged that stocks of depleted uranium munitions have been contaminated with transuranic elements, including plutonium. (13) Plutonium is an extremely toxic, carcinogenic, and radioactive material with a half-life of 4.5 billion years. SEC. 3. PURPOSES. The purposes of this Act are the following: (1) To eliminate health threats from depleted uranium munitions to-- (A) United States military personnel and United States civilian employees; (B) military personnel and employees of NATO member nations; and (C) civilian populations in", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00843", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00607", "text": "Drug Administration review of nutrient-disease relationships reveals a strong and unscientific bias against food and dietary supplement health claims in direct violation of the constitutional mandates of Federal courts and the intent of Congress. (5) The Food and Drug Administration favors suppression of health claims over disclosure, court imposed constitutional requirements to the contrary. (6) To ensure that health claims are evaluated rationally, fairly, and in compliance with constitutional requirements and the intent of Congress, jurisdiction over health claims evaluation must be removed from the Food and Drug Administration and placed in the hands of Independent Scientific Reviewers who do not harbor a bias against food and dietary supplement health claims. SEC. 3. DEFINITIONS. Section 201 (21 U.S.C. 321) is amended by adding at the end the following: ``(kk) The term `Independent Scientific Reviewer' means a person who-- ``(1) holds a Ph.D., an M.D., or both, and has been employed full-time for at least the past 5 consecutive years as a professor or assistant or associate professor in a department of medicine, biochemistry, epidemiology, pharmacology, pharmacognosy, or nutrition at a university that is accredited by an organization recognized by the Department of Education of the United States; ``(2) has never been employed by, and has never been contracted to do work for, the Food and Drug Administration or any other agency or office of the Department of Health and Human Services (except to review health claim petitions under section 403D); ``(3) has never been employed by, and has never been contracted to do work for, the health claim petitioner; ``(4) signs an oath pledging to evaluate the health claim petition provided to him or her by the Secretary in strict accordance with the criteria specified in section 403D; ``(5) signs an oath pledging not to discuss with any person the fact that he or she is reviewing the health claim petition or the substance of the petition or the substance of the evaluation before the results of the scientific review are supplied in a complete written evaluation to the Secretary; ``(6) signs an oath pledging to supply complete copies of all publicly available scientific evidence reviewed along with a complete written evaluation of the health claim to the Secretary no later than 180 days after receipt of the health claim petition from the Secretary; and ``(7) signs an oath pledging to exercise independent professional judgment, free of any external influence and any unscientific bias that might interfere with the objective evaluation", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00898", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00608", "text": "Fifteen years ago, a structural analysis of the hormone insulin and the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein (RB) revealed that they may physically interact with one another. Subsequently, an RB peptide corresponding to the proposed RB binding site for insulin was found to recognize full-length insulin in vitro. As part of efforts aimed at developing this RB peptide into an anti-cancer drug, this molecule was chemically coupled to a cellular internalization signal and termed \"MCR peptide\". Meanwhile, several such MCR peptide variants have been demonstrated to restrain the proliferation of different human cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, one of the MCR peptides coined MCR-10 was shown to be capable of interfering with the complex formation between insulin and RB in HepG2 human hepatoma cells, as monitored by immunofluorescence. This latter result indicating an in vivo association between insulin and RB was confirmed by a follow-up study combining the methods of co-immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting. Here, we provide evidence for the existence of the insulin-RB complex in A549 human non-small cell lung cancer cells. Specifically, we demonstrate this heterodimer by means of a magnetic beads-based immunoprecipitation approach and equally show that this dimer can be disrupted by MCR-4 or MCR-10 each of which is known to possess antiproliferative properties, to a much lesser extent by a control peptide. Thus, this investigation has yielded another important proof for the occurrence of the insulin-RB dimer and, furthermore, its validity as a target for antineoplastic MCR peptides.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 333, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00343", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00609", "text": "service providers (ISPs) that it is economically feasible to bring 1 gigabit internet to consumers, Antlitz said. Since Google Fiber led a connectivity renaissance in 2011 when it launched in its first city, Kansas City, KS, top telecom providers have been in an arms race to upgrade their broadband pipes to accommodate 1 gigabit, Antlitz said. Google Fiber's presence in the market has caused competition that has forced other fiber providers like Verizon and AT&T Fiber to offer cheaper, faster service. Adding a second provider to a market can reduce prices by around one-third, according to a study by the Fiber to the Home Council. SEE: Google Fiber 2.0 targets the city where it will stage its comeback, as AT&T Fiber prepares to go nuclear AT&T has been particularly competitive, analysts say. They've been expanding in current and prospective Google Fiber cities, including adding new neighborhoods in San Antonio months before Google Fiber arrived. In Louisville, AT&T sued the Louisville Metro Government over its \"One Touch Make Ready\" ordinance, which allows Google to use existing poles to install its technology without permission from the telecom company that owned the poles. The lawsuit was dismissed in August, and AT&T said it wouldn't appeal the dismissal in October. A TechRepublic investigation found that AT&T has talked a big game about its buildout in Louisville, but has dragged its feet in rolling out gigabit internet to customers and has signed up very few households. It's this kind of activity that has gotten AT&T's gigabit strategy labeled \"fiber-to-the-press-release.\" It's unclear what Google Fiber's 2018 will look like. The company's map of Fiber cities doesn't list an upcoming city where Fiber will be heading next. Six potential cities—Portland, OR, San Jose, CA, Los Angeles, CA, Dallas, TX, Oklahoma City, OK, Tampa, FL, Jacksonville, FL, Phoenix, AZ—are listed as places the company is exploring. SEE: Louisville and the Future of the Smart City (a ZDNet/TechRepublic special report) William Hahn, an analyst at Gartner, said going to even one-third of those cities next year would be impressive for Google Fiber. he said he doesn't foresee a shift in the market in the next two years. The next big gamechanger? The rollout of 5G, which will give providers more wireless to potentially play with in cities and hard-to-re", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00527", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00610", "text": "We present constraints on the mean matter density, Omega_m, dark energy density, Omega_de, and the dark energy equation of state parameter, w, using Chandra measurements of the X-ray gas mass fraction (fgas) in 42 hot (kT>5keV), X-ray luminous, dynamically relaxed galaxy clusters spanning the redshift range 0.05<z<1.1. Using only the fgas data for the 6 lowest redshift clusters at z<0.15, for which dark energy has a negligible effect on the measurements, we measure Omega_m=0.28+-0.06 (68% confidence, using standard priors on the Hubble Constant, H_0, and mean baryon density, Omega_bh^2). Analyzing the data for all 42 clusters, employing only weak priors on H_0 and Omega_bh^2, we obtain a similar result on Omega_m and detect the effects of dark energy on the distances to the clusters at ~99.99% confidence, with Omega_de=0.86+-0.21 for a non-flat LCDM model. The detection of dark energy is comparable in significance to recent SNIa studies and represents strong, independent evidence for cosmic acceleration. Systematic scatter remains undetected in the fgas data, a weighted mean statistical scatter in the distance measurements of only ~5%. For a flat cosmology with constant w, we measure Omega_m=0.28+-0.06 and w=-1.14+-0.31. Combining the fgas data with independent constraints from CMB and SNIa studies removes the need for priors on Omega_bh^2 and H_0 and leads to tighter constraints: Omega_m=0.253+-0.021 and w=-0.98+-0.07 for the same constant-w model. More general analyses in which we relax the assumption of flatness and/or allow evolution in w remain consistent with the cosmological constant paradigm. Our analysis includes conservative allowances for systematic uncertainties. The small systematic scatter and tight constraints bode well for future dark energy studies using the fgas method. (Abridged)", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 442, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00290", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00611", "text": "context : Unlike silicon and calcium, sulphur is an alpha-element which does not form dust. Some of the available observations of the evolution of sulphur with metallicity indicate an increased scatter of sulphur to iron ratios at low metallicities or even a bimodal distribution, with some stars showing constant S/Fe at all metallicities and others showing an increasing S/Fe ratio with decreasing metallicity. In metal-poor stars SI lines of Multiplet 1 at 920 nm are not too weak to permit to measure the sulphur abundance A(S), in ground-based observations they are severely affected by telluric lines. aims : We investigate the possibility to measure sulphur abundances from SI Mult. 3 at 1045 nm lines, which lie in the near infra-red. These are slightly weaker than those of Mult. 1, but lie in a range not affected by telluric lines. method We investigate the lines of Mult.3 in the Sun (G2V), Procyon (F5V), HD 33256 (F5V), HD 25069 (G9V) and epsilon Eri (HD 22049, K2V). For the Sun and Procyon the analysis has been performed with CO5BOLD 3D hydrodynamical model atmospheres, for the other three stars, for which hydrodynamical simulations are not available, the analysis has been performed using 1D model atmospheres. results For our sample of stars we find a global agreement of A(S) from lines of different multiplets. conclusions : Our results suggest that the infrared lines of Mult. 3 are a viable indicator of the sulphur abundance which, because of the intrinsic strength of this multiplet, should be suitable to study the trend of [S/Fe] at low metallicities.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 374, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00086", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00612", "text": "The global colors of galaxies have recently been shown to follow bimodal distributions. Galaxies separate into a ``red sequence'', populated prototypically by early-type galaxies, and a ``blue cloud'', whose typical objects are late-type disk galaxies. Intermediate-type (Sa-Sbc) galaxies populate both regions. It has been suggested that this bimodality reflects the two-component nature of disk-bulge galaxies. it has now been established that there are two types of bulges: ``classical bulges'' that are dynamically hot systems resembling (little) ellipticals, and ``pseudobulges'', dynamically cold, flattened, disk-like structures that could not have formed via violent relaxation. Therefore thee question is whether at types Sa-Sbc, where both bulge types are found, the red-blue dichotomy separates galaxies at some value of disk-to-bulge ratio, $B/T$, or, whether it separates galaxies of different bulge type, irrespective of their $B/T$. We identify classical bulges and pseudobulges morphologically with HST images in a sample of nearby galaxies. Detailed surface photometry reveals that: (1) The red -- blue dichotomy is a function of bulge type: at the same $B/T$, pseudobulges are in globally blue galaxies and classical bulges are in globally red galaxies. (2) Bulge type also predicts where the galaxy lies in other (bimodal) global structural parameters. (3) Hence, the red -- blue dichotomy is not due to decreasing bulge prominence alone, and the bulge type of a galaxy carries significance for the galaxy's evolutionary history ... (Abridged)", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 339, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00173", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00613", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Advance Directives Improvement and Education Act of 2007''. SEC. 2. ADVANCE DIRECTIVES. (a) Findings.--Congress makes the following findings: (1) Every year 2,500,000 people die in the United States. Eighty percent of those people die in institutions such as hospitals, nursing homes, and other facilities. Chronic illnesses, such as cancer and heart disease, account for 2 out of every 3 deaths. (2) In 1997, the Supreme Court of the United States, in its decisions in Washington v. Glucksberg and Vacco v. Quill, reaffirmed the constitutional right of competent adults to refuse unwanted medical treatment. In those cases, the Court stressed the use of advance directives as a means of safeguarding that right should those adults become incapable of deciding for themselves. (3) A survey published in 2005 estimated that the overall prevalence of advance directives is 29 percent of the general population, the passage of the Patient Self- Determination Act in 1990, which requires that health care providers tell patients about advance directives. (4) Competent adults should complete advance care plans stipulating their health care decisions in the event that they become unable to speak for themselves. Through the execution of advance directives, including living wills and durable powers of attorney for health care according to the laws of the State in which they reside, individuals can protect their right to express their wishes and have them respected. (b) Purposes.--The purposes of this section are to improve access to information about individuals' health care options and legal rights for care near the end of life, to promote advance care planning and decisionmaking so that individuals' wishes are known should they become unable to speak for themselves, to engage health care providers in disseminating information about and assisting in the preparation of advance directives, which include living wills and durable powers of attorney for health care, and for other purposes. (c) Medicare Coverage of End-of-Life Planning and Consultations as Part of Initial Preventive Physical Examination.-- (1) In general.--Section 1861(ww) of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 1395x(ww)) is amended-- (A) in paragraph (1), by striking ``paragraph (2),'' and inserting ``paragraph (2) and an end-of-life planning consultation (as defined", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00948", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00614", "text": "SECTION 1. FINDINGS. Congress makes the following findings: (1) Lyme disease is a common but frequently misunderstood illness that, if not caught early and treated properly, can cause serious health problems. (2) Lyme disease is a bacterial infection that is transmitted by a tick bite. Early signs of infection may include a rash and flu-like symptoms such as fever, muscle aches, headaches, and fatigue. (3) Lyme disease can be treated with antibiotics if caught early, the disease often goes undetected because it mimics other illnesses or may be misdiagnosed. Untreated, Lyme disease can lead to severe heart, neurological, eye, and joint problems because the bacteria can affect many different organs and organ systems. (4) If an individual with Lyme disease does not receive treatment, such individual can develop severe heart, neurological, eye, and joint problems. (5) Lyme disease accounts for 90 percent of all vector-borne infections in the United States, the ticks that spread Lyme disease also spread other disorders, such as ehrlichiosis, babesiosis, and other strains of Borrelia. All of these diseases in 1 patient makes diagnosis and treatment more difficult. (6) tick-borne disease cases have been reported in 49 States and the District of Columbia, about 90 percent of the 15,000 cases have been reported in the following 10 States: Connecticut, Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, Rhode Island, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Delaware, and Wisconsin. Studies have shown that the actual number of tick-borne disease cases are approximately 10 times the amount reported due to poor surveillance of the disease. (7) Persistence of symptomatology in many patients without reliable testing makes treatment of patients more difficult. SEC. 2. ESTABLISHMENT OF A TICK-BORNE DISORDERS ADVISORY COMMITTEE. (a) Establishment of Committee.--Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act, there shall be established an advisory committee to be known as the Tick-Borne Disorders Advisory Committee (referred to in this Act as the ``Committee'') organized in the Office of the Secretary. (b) Duties.--The Committee shall advise the Secretary and Assistant Secretary of Health regarding how to-- (1) assure interagency coordination and communication and minimize overlap regarding efforts to address tick-borne disorders; (2) identify opportunities to coordinate efforts with other Federal agencies", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00992", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00615", "text": "Here's an idea: Hand your teenagers hundreds of dollars in one lump sum and leave it up to them to manage the money for the next, say, six to 12 months. Anyone who's ever had or been a teenager may quail at the thought, but experts say this approach actually can work much better than a weekly allowance in teaching older kids about personal finance. \"It gives them that all-important experience of managing their money,\" says Janet Bodnar, former editor of Kiplinger's Personal Finance magazine and author of \"Raising Money Smart Kids.\" ''The key is that kids have responsibility to go along with the money.\" The problem with weekly or even monthly allowances is that the cash simply comes too often. If your kid blows hers, she just has to wait a little while to get more. Less frequent lump sums, can teach teenagers how to plan and save for future expenses — two crucial habits they'll need to get ahead financially. Adults who plan ahead for large, irregular expenses are 10 times more likely to be financially healthy than those who don't, according to a study by the nonprofit Center for Financial Services Innovation. Those who have a regular savings habit are four times more likely to be financially healthy. Lump sums can teach teens the skills needed to develop those habits, says Ron Lieber, a personal finance columnist for The New York Times and author of the book \"The Opposite of Spoiled.\" Lump sums \"train and test teens in self-restraint, in anticipating medium-term needs, in telling the difference between wants and needs, and in setting goals and priorities,\" Lieber says. \"If you don't have more money coming for a while but a larger-than-usual pile in front of you, there will just be that many more and bigger tests of your will.\" We switched to the lump sum approach two years ago, when our daughter was still in middle school. I totted up what we'd spent on clothes for her in the previous year, added in a 10 percent fudge factor and plunked the money into her savings account just in time for back-to-school shopping. We told her the money needed to cover her clothing purchases for the next year, and that it was up to her to make sure it lasted. Which she did. She discovered her money went a lot farther at thrift and consignment stores than it did at the mall. She felt the pain of wasted money when an impulse purchase went unworn", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 495, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00804", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00616", "text": "Gerrit Cole. He outpitched Kyle Hendricks (4-4), who surrendered two runs and seven hits in five innings while striking out one and walking one. The Cubs' three-game winning streak was snapped. Josh Harrison hit the sixth leadoff home run of his career in the bottom of the first inning and Gregory Polanco put the Pirates ahead 2-1 in the second with a sacrifice fly that scored Corey Dickerson, who led off with a triple. Polanco went 0 for 3 and is hitless in his last 21 at-bats. Albert Almora Jr. led off the game with a double and scored on Baez's single as the Cubs took a quick 1-0 lead. Musgrove struck out Kyle Schwarber and Addison Russell to escape a bases-loaded jam and Chicago wound up stranding 11 runners. Felipe Vazquez pitched a scoreless ninth, getting Kris Bryant to hit a game-ending groundout with two men on, for his 10th save in 13 opportunities. The left-hander blew each of his three previous chances. Pittsburgh's Colin Moran and Chicago's Jason Heyward had three hits apiece. TRAINER'S ROOM Cubs: RHP Yu Darvish was found to have inflammation in his right triceps but no structural damage after undergoing an MRI. Signed to a $126-million, six-year contract in February as a free agent, Darvish last pitched May 20.. RHP Carl Edwards Jr. (right shoulder inflammation) was placed on the 10-day disabled list and RHP Cory Mazzoni was recalled from Triple-A Iowa. Edwards felt pain after pitching one scoreless inning in Tuesday night's win over the Pirates. Mazzoni got two outs in a scoreless inning. Pirates: C Francisco Cervelli returned to the lineup after missing three games with flu-like symptoms and was 0 for 4.. RHP Ivan Nova (sprained right ring finger) will miss his second straight start Sunday at St. Louis and either pitch a simulated game or make a minor league rehab start before being activated from the DL.. LHP Enny Romero (left shoulder impingement) has started throwing off the slope of the mound at extended spring training in Bradenton, Florida. UP NEXT Cubs: LHP Jose Quintana (5-4, 4.78 ERA) will start against Mets RHP Seth Lugo (1-1,", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 496, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00772", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00617", "text": "Jones said, repeating the campaign slogan of another Alabama governor, Albert Brewer, who nearly defeated Wallace in 1970 in a contest Alabama liberals and many moderates still lament as a lost opportunity. Some of Jones' supporters put it even more bluntly. \"I thought Alabama's image was pretty much at the bottom,\" said Pat Lawrence, a retired software engineer in Huntsville. A Moore win, Lawrence added, \"will be a whole new bottom.\" Those concerns extend even to some GOP quarters. Alabama's senior senator, Richard Shelby, confirmed Sunday that he did not vote for Moore, saying he wrote in another \"distinguished\" party figure he declined to name. for many Republicans, Moore is a paragon of traditional values. They reject accusations that he molested two teenage girls and pursued relationships with others decades ago. Moore denies the charges. \"Everyone has to vote their convictions,\" said Kevin Mims of Montgomery, as he held his Bible outside his Baptist church Sunday in Montgomery. \"My conviction is he's the right man for the job.\" Where Moore's critics see a state judge who defied federal courts, including the U.S. Supreme Court's decision legalizing same-sex marriage, Mims see a stalwart who stands \"on the word of God.\" Other conservatives see an anti-establishment firebrand in the mold of Trump, who won Alabama by 28 percentage points. Moore encourages that view with fundraising emails that urge backers to help him \"defeat the elite,\" a swipe at both Democrats and the establishment Republicans who tried to deny him the GOP nomination earlier this year. Ultimately, Republicans from Moore to Trump himself are betting on a simple bottom line: Most Alabama conservatives simply won't defect to a Democrat. \"If Alabama elects liberal Democrat Doug Jones, all of our progress will be stopped cold,\" Trump says in a robocall the Moore campaign plans to push out Monday. The president also invokes a common fear among Republicans, calling Jones \"a puppet of Nancy Pelosi and Chuck Schumer,\" the Democratic House and Senate leaders in Washington, both of them reviled by conservative voters. \"Roy Moore is the guy we need to pass our Make American Great Again agenda,\" the president insists. Moore's baggage could make it difficult to draw conclusions about what the results might mean beyond Alabama, but both parties are watching closely. Democrats need to flip 24 GOP-held seats to reclaim a House majority, and they're trying to dent the slim Republican advantage in the Senate and its dominance", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00749", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00618", "text": "are complex and unknown at this time; theories include a steep and rapid drop in hormone levels after childbirth; difficulty during labor or pregnancy; a premature birth; a miscarriage; feeling overwhelmed, uncertain, frustrated or anxious about one's new role as a mother; a lack of support from one's spouse, friends or family; marital strife; stressful events in life such as death of a loved one, financial problems, or physical or mental abuse; a family history of depression or mood disorders; a previous history of major depression or anxiety; or a prior postpartum depression. (8) Postpartum depression is a treatable disorder if promptly diagnosed by a trained provider and attended to with a personalized regimen of care including social support, therapy, medication, and when necessary hospitalization. (9) All too often postpartum depression goes undiagnosed or untreated due to the social stigma surrounding depression and mental illness, the myth of motherhood, the new mother's inability to self-diagnose her condition, the new mother's shame or embarrassment over discussing her depression so near to the birth of her child, the lack of understanding in society and the medical community of the complexity of postpartum depression, and economic pressures placed on hospitals and providers. (10) Untreated, postpartum depression can lead to further depression, substance abuse, loss of employment, divorce and further social alienation, self-destructive behavior, or even suicide. (11) Untreated, postpartum depression impacts society through its affect on the infant's physical and psychological development, child abuse, neglect or death of the infant or other siblings, and the disruption of the family. TITLE I--RESEARCH ON POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION AND PSYCHOSIS SEC. 101. EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION OF ACTIVITIES OF NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH. (a) In General.--The Secretary of Health and Human Services, acting through the Director of NIH and the Director of the National Institute of Mental Health (in this section referred to as the ``Institute''), shall expand and intensify research and related activities of the Institute with respect to postpartum depression and postpartum psychosis (in this section referred to as ``postpartum conditions''). (b) Coordination With Other Institutes.--The Director of the Institute shall coordinate the activities of the Director under subsection (a) with similar activities conducted by the other national research institutes and agencies of", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01113", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00619", "text": "The free convolution is the binary operation on the set of probability measures on the real line which allows to deduce, from the individual spectral distributions, the spectral distribution of a sum of independent unitarily invariant square random matrices or of a sum of free operators in a non commutative probability space. In the same way, the rectangular free convolution allows to deduce, from the individual singular distributions, the singular distribution of a sum of independent unitarily invariant rectangular random matrices. In this paper, we consider the regularization properties of these free convolutions on the whole real line. More specifically, we try to find continuous semigroups $(\\mu_t)$ of probability measures such that $\\mu_0$ is the Dirac mass at zero and such that for all positive $t$ and all probability measure $\\nu$, the free convolution of $\\mu_t$ with $\\nu$ (or, in the rectangular context, the rectangular free convolution of $\\mu_t$ with $\\nu$) is absolutely continuous with respect to the Lebesgue measure, with a positive analytic density on the whole real line. In the square case, we prove that in semigroups satisfying this property, no measure can have a finite second moment, and we give a sufficient condition on semigroups to satisfy this property, with examples. In the rectangular case, we prove that in most cases, for $\\mu$ in a continuous rectangular-convolution-semigroup, the rectangular convolution of $\\mu$ with $\\nu$ either has an atom at the origin or doesn't put any mass in a neighborhood of the origin, thus the expected property does not hold. we give sufficient conditions for analyticity of the density of the rectangular convolution of $\\mu$ with $\\nu$ except on a negligible set of points, as well as existence and continuity of a density everywhere.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 369, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00329", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00620", "text": "5 of title 5 (or similar provision of law). ``(5) Annual report.--Not later than January 31, 2001, and annually thereafter, the Board shall transmit to Congress a report identifying the total amount of overtime payments made under this subsection in the preceding fiscal year and the number of employees whose overtime pay under this subsection was limited in such fiscal year as a result of the 15 percent limit established by paragraph (2).''. SEC. 5. RECORDERS. (a) Cockpit Video Recordings.--Section 1114(c) is amended-- (1) in the subsection heading by striking ``Voice''; (2) in paragraphs (1) and (2) by striking ``cockpit voice recorder'' and inserting ``cockpit voice or video recorder''; and (3) in the second sentence of paragraph (1) by inserting ``or any written depiction of visual information'' after ``transcript''. (b) Surface Vehicle Recordings and Transcripts.-- (1) In general.--Section 1114 is amended-- (A) by redesignating subsections (d) and (e) as subsections (e) and (f), respectively; and (B) by inserting after subsection (c) the following: ``(d) Surface Vehicle Recordings and Transcripts.-- ``(1) Confidentiality of recordings.--The Board may not disclose publicly any part of a surface vehicle voice or video recorder recording or transcript of oral communications by or among drivers, train employees, or other operating employees responsible for the movement and direction of the vehicle or vessel, or between such operating employees and company communication centers, related to an accident investigated by the Board. the Board shall make public any part of a transcript or any written depiction of visual information that the Board decides is relevant to the accident-- ``(A) if the Board holds a public hearing on the accident, at the time of the hearing; or ``(B) if the Board does not hold a public hearing, at the time a majority of the other factual reports on the accident are placed in the public docket. ``(2) References to information in making safety recommendations.--This subsection does not prevent the Board from referring at any time to voice or video recorder information in making safety recommendations.''. (2) Conforming amendment.--The first sentence of section 1114(a) is amended by striking ``and (e)'' and inserting ``(d), and (f)''. (c) Discovery and", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01006", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00621", "text": "'' has the same meaning given such term in section 201(k) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. 321(k)). (8) Labeling.--The term ``labeling'' has the same meaning given such term in section 201(m) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. 321(m)). (9) Legal representative.--The term ``legal representative'' means a parent or an individual who qualifies as a legal guardian under State law. (10) Medical treatment.--The term ``medical treatment'' means any food, drug, device, or procedure that is used and intended as a cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease. (11) Seller.--The term ``seller'' means a person, company, or organization that receives payment related to a medical treatment of a patient of a health practitioner, except that this term does not apply to a health care practitioner who receives payment from an individual or representative of such individual for the administration of a medical treatment to such individual. SEC. 3. ACCESS TO MEDICAL TREATMENT. (a) In General.--Notwithstanding any other provision of law, and except as provided in subsection (b), an individual shall have the right to be treated by a health care practitioner with any medical treatment (including a medical treatment that is not approved, certified, or licensed by the Secretary of Health and Human Services) that such individual desires or the legal representative of such individual authorizes if-- (1) such practitioner has personally examined such individual and agrees to treat such individual; and (2) the administration of such treatment does not violate licensing laws. (b) Medical Treatment Requirements.--A health care practitioner may provide any medical treatment to an individual described in subsection (a) if-- (1) there is no reasonable basis to conclude that the medical treatment itself, when used as directed, poses an unreasonable and significant risk of danger to such individual; (2) in the case of an individual whose treatment is the administration of a food, drug, or device that has to be approved, certified, or licensed by the Secretary of Health and Human Services, but has not been approved, certified, or licensed by the Secretary of Health and Human Services-- (A) such individual has been informed in writing that such food, drug, or device has not been approved, certified, or licensed by the Secretary of Health and Human Services for use as a medical", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01062", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00622", "text": "SAN JOSE, Calif. (AP) — Silicon Valley's largest city became the latest to wade into debate over divisive historical figures after San Jose's Italian-American mayor and council members voted to boot a statue of Christopher Columbus from City Hall. The vote Tuesday night came after hours of boisterous debate as people argued over the explorer's legacy, according to a KPIX 5 report . Council members suggested alternative public spots but could not agree, leaving the Italian-American community with six weeks to find a new home for the statue. Otherwise, it will go into storage. Across America, communities are taking a fresh look at historic controversial figures such as Columbus, who is a point of pride for many Italian- Americans but also a symbol of oppression for others. Columbus, an Italian explorer, journeyed to the Americas. In January, San Francisco joined a growing list of cities that have replaced the Columbus Day holiday with Indigenous Peoples Day to honor Native American people decimated by the arrival of European immigrants. San Jose's marble statue, which was hand-carved in Italy, was a gift to the city from Italian-American groups in the 1950s. The statue has held a prominent spot at City Hall since then. San Jose Mayor Sam Liccardo was among those who supported the statue's removal. \"Look, I'm Italian-American. I think my grandfather was a member of the group that donated it,\" he said. \"But I think that our understanding of history evolves as we learn more.\" Tony Zerbo, who is with the Italian American Heritage Foundation, said the removal is a setback for his community. Italian immigrants have also suffered discrimination. \"Columbus is renown throughout the world, not just in Italy,\" he said. \"Italian Americans here, in San Francisco and throughout the Bay Area are very proud of that.\" ___ Information from: KPIX-TV.", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 377, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00824", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00623", "text": "his second Olympic title. Not everyone escapes unharmed. The two most high-profile cases involved Kevin Pearce, who suffered a traumatic brain injury in a 2009 training accident, and halfpipe skier Sarah Burke, who was killed in a training accident in 2012. I-Pod's wreck stands out not only because he is the defending Olympic champion who patented the Yolo Flip, which has become widely viewed as the toughest trick on the halfpipe, but because it came on a national telecast during the biggest contest this side of the Olympics, less than two weeks before the Pyeongchang Games are set to start. Podladtchikov laid motionless at the bottom of the nearly silent halfpipe for about 20 minutes while medical personnel stabilized his neck and placed him into the sled for a trip to the hospital. The rest of the riders, waiting at the top of the pipe, conceded it was jarring but said there was nothing to be gained by thinking about it too much. \"I tried to block it out,\" said Jake Pates, who was the next to go after I-Pod was taken off. Remarkably, the level of risk and riding after the accident rose to levels nobody has seen in a halfpipe contest. Hirano, the defending Olympic silver medalist, won after becoming the first rider to land back-to-back 1440-degree spins in a contest. He was closely pursued by Australian Scotty James, who landed three double corks on his second-place run, capping it with a switch backside double cork 1260, a hugely difficult and technical trick that involves him both taking off and landing a two-flip jump while he's traveling backward. In the aftermath of I-Pod's injury, the question became why would they put themselves at risk so close to the Olympics? The answer is partly in the history and importance of the X Games, an ESPN production that brought snowboarding to the masses and without which, the sport wouldn't have grown as it has. \"I had to do this,\" said Hirano, who won his first gold medal at the event. \"I had to be here.\" Not present, was White, who came to the X Games to practice but withdrew to rest up before heading to South Korea this weekend to start his training there. It was a calculated move by the best-known figure in the sport, who is seeking to become the first three-time Olympic gold medalist in", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00726", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00624", "text": "Mkr 841 is a bright Seyfert 1 galaxy known to harbor a strong soft excess and a variable K$\\alpha$ iron line. It has been observed during 3 different periods by XMM for a total cumulated exposure time of $\\sim$108 ks. We present in this paper a broad band spectral analysis of the complete EPIC-pn data sets. We were able to test two different models for the soft excess, a relativistically blurred photoionized reflection (\\r model) and a relativistically smeared ionized absorption (\\a model). The continuum is modeled by a simple cut-off power law and we also add a neutral reflection. These observations reveal the extreme and puzzling spectral and temporal behaviors of the soft excess and iron line. The 0.5-3 keV soft X-ray flux decreases by a factor 3 between 2001 and 2005 and the line shape appears to be a mixture of broad and narrow components. We succeed in describing this complex broad-band 0.5-10 keV spectral variability using either \\r or \\a to fit the soft excess. Both models give statistically equivalent results even including simultaneous BeppoSAX data up to 200 keV. Both models are consistent with the presence of remote reflection characterized by a constant narrow component in the data. they differ in the presence of a broad line component present in \\r but not needed in \\a. This study also reveals the sporadic presence of relativistically redshifted narrow iron lines.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 306, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00293", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00625", "text": "We formulate a bosonic dynamical mean-field theory (B-DMFT) which provides a comprehensive, thermodynamically consistent framework for the theoretical investigation of correlated lattice bosons. The B-DMFT is applicable for arbitrary values of the coupling parameters and temperature and becomes exact in the limit of high spatial dimensions d or coordination number Z of the lattice. to its fermionic counterpart the construction of the B-DMFT requires different scalings of the hopping amplitudes with Z depending on whether the bosons are in their normal state or in the Bose-Einstein condensate. A detailed discussion of how this conceptual problem can be overcome by performing the scaling in the action rather than in the Hamiltonian itself is presented. The B-DMFT treats normal and condensed bosons on equal footing and thus includes the effects caused by their dynamic coupling. It reproduces all previously investigated limits in parameter space such as the Beliaev-Popov and Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov approximations and generalizes the existing mean-field theories of interacting bosons. The self-consistency equations of the B-DMFT are those of a bosonic single-impurity coupled to two reservoirs corresponding to bosons in the condensate and in the normal state, respectively. We employ the B-DMFT to solve a model of itinerant and localized, interacting bosons analytically. The local correlations are found to enhance the condensate density and the Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) transition temperature T_{BEC}. This effect may be used experimentally to increase T_{BEC} of bosonic atoms in optical lattices.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 337, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00311", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00626", "text": "The aim of the present paper is to provide a global presentation of the theory of special Finsler manifolds. We introduce and investigate globally (or intrinsically, free from local coordinates) many of the most important and most commonly used special Finsler manifolds: locally Minkowskian, Berwald, Landesberg, general Landesberg, $P$-reducible, $C$-reducible, semi-$C$-reducible, quasi-$C$-reducible, $P^{*}$-Finsler, $C^{h}$-recurrent, $C^{v}$-recurrent, $C^{0}$-recurrent, $S^{v}$-recurrent, $S^{v}$-recurrent of the second order, $C_{2}$-like, $S_{3}$-like, $S_{4}$-like, $P_{2}$-like, $R_{3}$-like, $P$-symmetric, $h$-isotropic, of scalar curvature, of constant curvature, of $p$-scalar curvature, of $s$-$ps$-curvature. The global definitions of these special Finsler manifolds are introduced. Various relationships between the different types of the considered special Finsler manifolds are found. Many local results, known in the literature, are proved globally and several new results are obtained. As a by-product, interesting identities and properties concerning the torsion tensor fields and the curvature tensor fields are deduced. our investigation is entirely global, we provide; for comparison reasons, an appendix presenting a local counterpart of our global approach and the local definitions of the special Finsler spaces considered.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 359, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00000", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00627", "text": "For decades, workers from line level to management aspired to be experts in their particular niche. If you were an IT leader at an automotive parts company, you'd strive to learn every nuance of the industry, attending industry conferences, hiring outside industry experts, and perhaps occasionally visiting the customers that used your components as a way to gain an additional perspective. new competitors, new technologies, and companies that are willing to abandon the \"rules of the road\" are changing the game. Savvy leaders are finding inspiration outside the walls of their company, and apply techniques from seemingly unrelated industries to their companies. Taking inspiration from unlikely places has a twofold benefit. First, it can allow you to identify tools or techniques that haven't been applied to your industry. Secondly, it can reignite a passion for your company or even your career more broadly. If you're feeling that there's little left to learn or inspire, taking an outside perspective provides an entirely new world of knowledge to excite and inspire you. Here are some ideas for gaining an outside perspective. 1. Be a student of the world Too many adults have lost the joy with which children explore their worlds, constantly asking why and trying to determine how something works. As leaders, we can apply this zeal inside and outside our offices. years at an organization, give yourself permission to explore why certain things are designed a certain way, and to look for how that process could be improved, modified, or abandoned. Similarly, let your curiosity roam outside work, when you're shopping, traveling, or engaging in a hobby. Good design, interesting processes, and innovation are all around us, and an intriguing customer experience at your favorite store might serve as inspiration for everything from an employee training application to a story that helps sell your next internal initiative. Next time you're stuck in line, waiting for a meal, or in a waiting room at a doctor's office, put your phone away and just observe. How are people interacting? What technologies are being used or disused? How are employees interacting with their customers? What's interesting or noteworthy about the physical space? You'll suddenly find that there's inspiration all around you. SEE: How to keep your staff motivated and engaged (free PDF) (TechRepublic) 2. Follow aspirational companies and industries Rather than looking solely to industry peers or your customer base for inspiration, identify a few companies or industries that have capabilities that you'd like to acquire. Recently many", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 496, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00561", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00628", "text": "The weak gravitational lensing effect, small coherent distortions of galaxy images by means of a gravitational tidal field, can be used to study the relation between the matter and galaxy distribution. In this context, weak lensing has so far only been used for considering a second-order correlation function that relates the matter density and galaxy number density as a function of separation. We implement two new, third-order correlation functions that have recently been suggested in the literature, and apply them to the Red-Sequence Cluster Survey. We demonstrate that it is possible, even with already existing data, to make significant measurements of third-order lensing correlations. We develop an optimised computer code for the correlation functions. To test its reliability a set of tests are performed. The correlation functions are transformed to aperture statistics, which allow easy tests for remaining systematics in the data. In order to further verify the robustness of our measurement, the signal is shown to vanish when randomising the source ellipticities. Finally, the lensing signal is compared to crude predictions based on the halo-model. On angular scales between roughly 1 arcmin and 11 arcmin a significant third-order correlation between two lens positions and one source ellipticity is found. We discuss this correlation function as a novel tool to study the average matter environment of pairs of galaxies. Correlating two source ellipticities and one lens position yields a less significant but detectable signal on a scale of 4 arcmin. Both signals lie roughly within the range expected by theory which supports their cosmological origin.[ABRIDGED]", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 313, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00415", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00629", "text": "We demonstrate an efficient scheme for continuous trap loading based upon spatially selective optical pumping. We discuss the case of $^{1}$S$_{0}$ calcium atoms in an optical dipole trap (ODT), similar strategies should be applicable to a wide range of atomic species. Our starting point is a reservoir of moderately cold ($\\approx 300 \\mu$K) metastable $^{3}$P$_{2}$-atoms prepared by means of a magneto-optic trap (triplet-MOT). A focused 532 nm laser beam produces a strongly elongated optical potential for $^{1}$S$_{0}$-atoms with up to 350 $\\mu$K well depth. A weak focused laser beam at 430 nm, carefully superimposed upon the ODT beam, selectively pumps the $^{3}$P$_{2}$-atoms inside the capture volume to the singlet state, where they are confined by the ODT. The triplet-MOT perpetually refills the capture volume with $^{3}$P$_{2}$-atoms thus providing a continuous stream of cold atoms into the ODT at a rate of $10^7 $s$^{-1}$. Limited by evaporation loss, in 200 ms we typically load $5 \\times 10^5$ atoms with an initial radial temperature of 85 $\\mu$K. After terminating the loading we observe evaporation during 50 ms leaving us with $10^5$ atoms at radial temperatures close to 40 $\\mu$K and a peak phase space density of $6.8 \\times 10^{-5}$. We point out that a comparable scheme could be employed to load a dipole trap with $^{3}$P$_{0}$-atoms.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 361, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00308", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00630", "text": "An order written by presiding Ramsey County District Judge William Leary addresses everything from what people may wear to what time they may arrive and leave the court proceedings in the case pending against Jeronimo Yanez. Anyone who arrives at the courtroom after a hearing starts, for example, will be ordered to leave, the order says. And no one will be allowed to walk out of a hearing until the judge calls for a recess. Another rule restricts wearing any clothes or buttons or carrying signs that in any way \"refer to or call attention to (the case), the defendant, parties or witnesses,\" the order says. Spectators who can't find a seat in the courtroom will be asked to leave, and no congregating will be allowed in the hallway outside it. Further, \"blocking of or loitering in walkways, doorways, staircases, or near elevator access... in any part of the (St. Paul City Hall and Ramsey County Courthouse),\" during proceedings will be prohibited. Enhanced regulations also will be enforced on cellphone use and other recording devices. The unusually strict set of rules was issued in the name of providing a \"fair and open process that recognizes the responsibility of the state, the rights of the Defendant and the public interest,\" the order states. Leary did not immediately respond Tuesday to a request for further explanation, nor did Ramsey County Chief Judge John Guthmann. Yanez was charged in November with one count of second-degree manslaughter and two felony counts of dangerous discharge of a firearm for firing several bullets into Castile's car during a routine traffic stop this past July, killing the 32-year-old black man. Yanez has said through his attorneys that he shot out of fear for his life after Castile reached for the gun he was carrying in his pocket, Yanez's commands what he was not to move. Prosecutors say that Yanez recklessly shot Castile, a licensed gun owner, after Castile handed over his insurance card and \"calmly and in a nonthreatening manner\" told the four-year police officer he was carrying a firearm, according to the criminal complaint filed against Yanez. When first announcing the decision to file charges in the case, Ramsey County Attorney John Choi said it was the state's belief that Castile \"never removed nor tried to remove his handgun,\" at any point during the incident. The shooting drew national attention and stirred protests around the Twin Cities and the country about accusations of", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00582", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00631", "text": "test until she read the study's protocol. She was eager to get started on the project. For two years, Mathabire and a team explored how easily health clinics and hospitals in the Chiradzulu District of Malawi and the Chamanculo District of Mozambique could implement the tuberculosis test for HIV patients, who are more susceptible to the infection. In Malawi and Mozambique, HIV is the leading cause of death. It is often spread through unprotected sex, and it has wiped out 27 percent of Malawi's and 24 percent of Mozambique's populations according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Finding out whether an HIV-positive person has tuberculosis is a matter of life and death. Mathabire remembers a Malawi man in his early 30s who left a clinic untreated. The rapid test, which analyzes a molecule in the patient's urine with a paper strip, had shown that he had TB. A coughing test didn't. But doctors weren't referring patients for the rapid test in their assessment of the man. It hadn't been approved by the Ministry of Health which was awaiting the World Health Organization's policy guidance. The man died before he could go back to get help. His story wasn't unique, Mathabire says. \"It's very sad but then you realize why you are doing the study — to prevent this from happening,\" she says. \"You start to realize the urgency of what you are doing.\" Under normal circumstances, patients are given cough tests or chest X-rays to test for TB. Mathabire's team found that it takes an average of two to four days for results, but the wait could drag on for months. Though the government of Malawi pays for certain medical care, including tuberculosis treatment, patients might not have the money to pay for a bus ride to the hospital or clinic for follow-up visits. And more remote clinics don't always have the resources to transport samples to hospitals. With the rapid TB test, sick patients could begin treatment the same day. Mathabire's data showed that the test provided results in less than an hour. Staff in Malawi and Mozambique could be trained to administer the test in just a few hours. And doctors, nurses and clinical officers said it was easy to interpret the bands on the test strips. Mathabire also found that patients weren't skeptical of a new method. They really wanted to take the high-tech test. Mainly peasant farmers, they took", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00630", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00632", "text": "currently have a bank account. only 4.2 percent of households with annual income between $30,000 and $50,000 and less than 1 percent of households with yearly income of $75,000 or higher are unbanked. (5) Lack of access to affordable banking products and services deters the economic advancement of low- and moderate- income consumers and stunts the economic growth of communities in which they live. (b) Purpose.--The purpose of this Act is to establish a vibrant, safe, and commercially viable market for underbanked and unbanked individuals to gain access to financial services and products. SEC. 3. FEDERAL FINANCIAL SERVICES AND CREDIT COMPANY. (a) In General.--The Comptroller of the Currency is authorized, under such regulations as the Comptroller of the Currency may prescribe, to provide for the organization, incorporation, examination, operation, regulation, and chartering of companies to be known as Federal Financial Services and Credit Companies (hereinafter in this Act referred to as ``FFSCCs''). (b) Eligibility.-- (1) In general.--The Comptroller of the Currency may not issue an FFSCC charter to a company unless the company satisfies the following requirements, as determined by the Comptroller of the Currency: (A) The company has at least 10 years of experience in providing underbanked persons with at least three of the following services: (i) Installment loans extended to consumers or, in an amount less than $10,000, to small businesses. (ii) Open-end credit extended to consumers or, in an amount less than $10,000, to small businesses. (iii) Non-recourse credit extended to consumers and secured by personal property. (iv) The issuing of reloadable stored value cards to consumers or small businesses. (v) Ancillary financial services extended to consumers or small businesses, including issuing money orders, sending and receiving wire transfers, check cashing services, bill payment services, and tax preparation services. (vi) Such other short-term consumer credit services as the Comptroller of the Currency determines appropriate. (B) The company is not a depository institution or a credit union. (C) The company submits a business plan or operating plan that adequately addresses the appropriate statutory and policy considerations. Such plan shall-- (i) reflect sound financial principles and demonstrate realistic assessments of risk in light", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01157", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00633", "text": "Meeting government officials for purposes other than selling goods or services. (D) Participation in educational or training conferences, seminars or other similar functions. (E) Participating in charitable activities. (2) Using the services of another person, except an employee, in such State, on more than 21 days to establish or maintain the market in that State, unless that other person performs similar functions on behalf of at least one additional business entity during the taxable year. (3) The leasing or owning of tangible personal property or real property in such State on more than 21 days. the following shall be disregarded in determining whether such 21- day limit has been exceeded: (A) Tangible property located in the State for purposes of being assembled, manufactured, processed, or tested by another person for the benefit of the owner or lessee, or used to furnish a service to the owner or lessee by another person. (B) Marketing or promotional materials distributed in a State using mail or a common carrier, or as inserts in or components of publications. (C) Any property to the extent used ancillary to an activity excluded from the computation of the 21-day period under paragraph (1) or (2). (c) Taxable Periods not Consisting of a Year.--If the taxable period for which the tax is imposed is not a year, then any requirements expressed in days for establishing physical presence under this Act shall be adjusted pro rata accordingly. (d) Exceptions.-- (1) Domestic business entities and individuals domiciled in the state.--Subsection (a) does not apply with respect to-- (A) a person (other than an individual) that is incorporated or formed under the laws of the State or commercially domiciled in the State in which the tax is imposed; or (B) an individual who is domiciled in the State. (2) Taxation of partners and similar persons.--If a taxing authority is not prohibited by this section from taxing an entity that is a partnership, a Subchapter S corporation, a limited liability company, a trust, or an estate, or another similar entity, that taxing authority is also not prohibited by this section from taxing the owners or beneficiaries of the entity, if State law imposes the tax not on the entity itself but on the entity's owners or beneficiaries, whether or not they are in the State, with respect to their ownership interest in the entity. (3) Certain activities.--With respect to", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00889", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00634", "text": "In this two-parts paper we propose a decentralized strategy, based on a game-theoretic formulation, to find out the optimal precoding/multiplexing matrices for a multipoint-to-multipoint communication system composed of a set of wideband links sharing the same physical resources, i.e., time and bandwidth. We assume, as optimality criterion, the achievement of a Nash equilibrium and consider two alternative optimization problems: 1) the competitive maximization of mutual information on each link, given constraints on the transmit power and on the spectral mask imposed by the radio spectrum regulatory bodies; and 2) the competitive maximization of the transmission rate, using finite order constellations, under the same constraints as above, plus a constraint on the average error probability. In Part I of the paper, we start by showing that the solution set of both noncooperative games is always nonempty and contains only pure strategies. Then, we prove that the optimal precoding/multiplexing scheme for both games leads to a channel diagonalizing structure, so that both matrix-valued problems can be recast in a simpler unified vector power control game, with no performance penalty. Thus, we study this simpler game and derive sufficient conditions ensuring the uniqueness of the Nash equilibrium. Interestingly, derived under stronger constraints, incorporating for example spectral mask constraints, our uniqueness conditions have broader validity than previously known conditions. Finally, we assess the goodness of the proposed decentralized strategy by comparing its performance with the performance of a Pareto-optimal centralized scheme. To reach the Nash equilibria of the game, in Part II, we propose alternative distributed algorithms, along with their convergence conditions.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 332, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00430", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00635", "text": "of new drugs, vaccines, and other therapies. Equipment on the International Space Station will monitor stratospheric gases, and investigate ozone chemistry. (4) The united states must have assured access to space.-- (A) To ensure that the United States realizes the dividends from the considerable investment we have made in the International Space Station, we need to ensure continued access to space for our astronauts. NASA's plan for transport of crew to and from the International Space Station fails to provide necessary redundancies to provide assured access to space. (B) NASA anticipates that the Russian Soyuz spacecraft will be the only vehicle for astronaut crew rotation to the International Space Station after 2010. From 2011 until the planned operation of Orion in 2015, NASA likely has no other option for transporting American astronauts to space other than on Russian vehicles. (C) NASA has conceded that without the Space Shuttle, it will be unable to transport the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) to the International Space Station. Scientists involved in the development of the AMS acknowledge that it will enhance scientific discoveries. While the AMS has cost over $1,500,000,000 to develop and build, NASA has stated that the remaining Space Shuttle manifest does not allow for transport of the AMS and that it will not be an option to retrofit another launch vehicle in order to fly it into space. Only by extending Space Shuttle operations beyond 2010 will NASA be able to transport the AMS to the International Space Station. As long as the AMS meets all required standards to verify its validity and justify its transport on the Space Shuttle, NASA should fulfill its obligation to the Department of Energy and our international partners. (D) In addition, the Japanese Centrifuge Accommodation Module, which can only fly to the International Space Station on the Space Shuttle, will also be unable to reach the Space Station absent extending Space Shuttle operations. (5) A better approach.--(A) Due to NASA's lack of a backup plan for reliance on the Russians for transport of American astronauts to space, the United States needs a better approach. The best approach is the Space Shuttle, a proven, domestic source of space transport for assured access to space, including the International Space Station, for crew and cargo transport. (B) With 2 Shuttle missions per year during the human spaceflight program flight gap between Shuttle and Orion, currently scheduled from 2010 through 2015, we can replace our need to rely on the Russians for", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00989", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00636", "text": "have your starting quarterback go down, it's emotional,\" Foles said. \"It's emotional for me. I work with him every day so I'm dealing with that.\" The Eagles have overcome several key injuries and now have to move forward without their most indispensable player. Nine-time Pro Bowl left tackle Jason Peters, return specialist/running back Darren Sproles, star linebacker Jordan Hicks and special-teams captain Chris Maragos already went down for the season. But they're not the franchise quarterback. \"It (stinks) more so for Carson as a person and a friend and a teammate and what he puts into the game and his preparation,\" safety Malcolm Jenkins said. \"But as a team we have all our goals in front of us.\" Wentz is the latest NFL star to go down in a season in which several high-profile players have been sidelined. Seahawks cornerback Richard Sherman and safety Kam Chancellor, Texans defensive lineman J.J. Watt and quarterback Deshaun Watson, Giants receivers Odell Beckham Jr. and Brandon Marshall, Chiefs safety Eric Berry, Browns tackle Joe Thomas and Vikings running back Dalvin Cook and quarterback Sam Bradford each sustained season-ending injuries. After starting all 16 games as a rookie, Wentz made a giant leap this year. He passed for 3,296 yards, 33 TDs and only seven interceptions. Wentz again was spectacular against the Rams before he got hurt after getting hit hard as he scrambled into the end zone on a play that was called back because of holding. He stayed in the game and threw a 3-yard TD pass to Alshon Jeffery on fourth down four plays later, setting the franchise record for most TD passes in a season. \"It shows how tough he is,\" Pederson said. Foles replaced Wentz the next drive after the Rams took a 35-31 lead. He led the Eagles to a pair of field goals on consecutive drives. Second-year pro Nate Sudfeld is Philadelphia's No. 3 quarterback. Wentz arrived in Philadelphia as the No. 2 pick in the 2016 draft out of North Dakota State. On Sunday, he outperformed Rams quarterback Jared Goff, the No. 1 pick in that draft. the injury, Wentz celebrated the victory over the Rams (9-4) with teammates. \"He's one of the leaders on the team. He was there congratulating and celebrating with everyone,\" Foles said. Foles, a third-round", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00732", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00637", "text": "BOSTON (AP) — Child development experts and advocates are urging Facebook to pull the plug on its new messaging app aimed at kids. A group letter sent Tuesday to CEO Mark Zuckerberg argues that younger children — the app is intended for those under 13 — aren't ready to have social media accounts, navigate the complexities of online relationships or protect their own privacy. Facebook launched the free Messenger Kids app in December, pitching it as a way for children to chat with family members and parent-approved friends. It doesn't give kids separate Facebook or Messenger accounts. Rather, the app works as an extension of a parent's account, and parents get controls such as the ability to decide who their kids can chat with. The social media giant has said it fills \"a need for a messaging app that lets kids connect with people they love but also has the level of control parents want.\" \"TARGETING YOUNGER CHILDREN\" But a group of 100 experts, advocates and parenting organizations is contesting those claims. Led by the Boston-based Campaign for a Commercial-Free Childhood, the group includes psychiatrists, pediatricians, educators and the children's music singer Raffi Cavoukian. \"Messenger Kids is not responding to a need - it is creating one,\" the letter states. \"It appeals primarily to children who otherwise would not have their own social media accounts.\" Another passage criticized Facebook for \"targeting younger children with a new product.\" In a statement, Facebook said on Monday that the app \"helps parents and children to chat in a safer way,\" and emphasized that parents are \"always in control\" of their kids' activity. The social media giant added that it consulted with parenting experts and families, and said \"there is no advertising in Messenger Kids.\" KIDS AND FACEBOOK A variety of experts and technology insiders have begun questioning the effects smartphones and social media apps are having on people's health and mental well-being — whether kids, teens or adults. Sean Parker, Facebook's first president, said late last year that the social media platform exploits \"vulnerability in human psychology\" to addict users. A chorus of other early employees and investors piled on with similar criticisms. Many preteens have already found their way onto Facebook and more youth-oriented social media platforms such as Snapchat and Facebook's own Instagram, internal rules that require users to be at least 13 years old. Those rules are based in part on federal law, which prohibits internet companies from collecting personal information on children", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00785", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00638", "text": "We consider the evolution of strong (W_r(2796) > 0.3A) MgII absorbers, most of which are closely related to luminous galaxies. Using 20 high resolution quasar spectra from the VLT/UVES public archive, we examine 33 strong MgII absorbers in the redshift range 0.3 < z < 2.5. We compare and supplement this sample with 23 strong MgII absorbers at 0.4 < z < 1.4 observed previously with HIRES/Keck. We find that neither equivalent width nor kinematic spread (the optical depth weighted second moment of velocity) of MgII2796 evolve. the kinematic spread is sensitive to the highest velocity component, and therefore not as sensitive to additional weak components at intermediate velocities relative to the profile center. The fraction of absorbing pixels within the full velocity range of the system does show a trend of decreasing with decreasing redshift. Most high redshift systems (14/20) exhibit absorption over the entire system velocity range, which differs from the result for low redshift systems (18/36) at the 95% level. This leads to a smaller number of separate subsystems for high redshift systems because weak absorping components tend to connect the stronger regions of absorption. We hypothesize that low redshift MgII profiles are more likely to represent well formed galaxies, many of which have kinematics consistent with a disk/halo structure. High redshift MgII profiles are more likely to show evidence of complex protogalactic structures, with multiple accretion or outflow events. these results are derived from measurements of gas kinematics, they are consistent with hierarchical galaxy formation evidenced by deep galaxy surveys.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 353, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00302", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00639", "text": "persons. (6) Testing, counseling, and referral prior to reentry.-- (A) Medical personnel shall provide routine HIV/ AIDS testing to all inmates prior to their release and reentry into the community. (Inmates who are already known to be infected need not be tested again.) (B) To all inmates who test positive for HIV/AIDS and all inmates who already are known to have HIV/AIDS, BOP medical personnel shall provide-- (i) confidential prerelease counseling on managing their medical condition in the community, accessing appropriate treatment and services in the community, and preventing the transmission of their condition to family members and other persons in the community; and (ii) referrals to appropriate health care providers and social service agencies in the community that meet the inmate's individual needs. (7) Opt-out provision.--If an inmate refuses a routine test for HIV/AIDS, medical personnel shall make a note of the inmate's refusal in the inmate's confidential medical records. the inmate's refusal shall not be considered a violation of prison rules or result in disciplinary action. SEC. 4. CHANGES IN EXISTING LAW. (a) Screening in General.--Section 4014(a) of title 18, United States Code, is amended-- (1) by striking ``for a period of 6 months or more''; (2) by striking ``, as appropriate,''; and (3) by striking ``if such individual is determined to be at risk for infection with such virus in accordance with the guidelines issued by the Bureau of Prisons relating to infectious disease management'' and inserting ``unless the individual declines. The Attorney General shall also cause such individual to be so tested before release unless the individual declines.''. (b) Screening as Part of Routine Screening.--Section 4014(e) of title 18, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following: ``Such rules shall also provide that the initial test under this section be performed as part of the routine health screening conducted at intake.''.", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 407, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01109", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00640", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Bulletproof Vest Partnership Grant Act of 1998''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS; PURPOSE. (a) Findings.--Congress finds that-- (1) the number of law enforcement officers who are killed in the line of duty would significantly decrease if every law enforcement officer in the United States had the protection of an armor vest; (2) according to studies, between 1985 and 1994, 709 law enforcement officers in the United States were feloniously killed in the line of duty; (3) the Federal Bureau of Investigation estimates that the risk of fatality to law enforcement officers while not wearing an armor vest is 14 times higher than for officers wearing an armor vest; (4) the Department of Justice estimates that approximately 150,000 State, local, and tribal law enforcement officers, nearly 25 percent, are not issued body armor; (5) according to studies, between 1985 and 1994, bullet- resistant materials helped save the lives of more than 2,000 law enforcement officers in the United States; and (6) the Executive Committee for Indian Country Law Enforcement Improvements reports that violent crime in Indian country has risen sharply, a decrease in the national crime rate, and has concluded that there is a ``public safety crisis in Indian country''. (b) Purpose.--The purpose of this Act is to save lives of law enforcement officers by helping State, local, and tribal law enforcement agencies provide officers with armor vests. SEC. 3. MATCHING GRANT PROGRAM FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT ARMOR VESTS. (a) In General.--Title I of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 (42 U.S.C. 3711 et seq.) is amended-- (1) by redesignating part Y as part Z; (2) by redesignating section 2501 as section 2601; and (3) by inserting after part X the following new part: ``PART Y--MATCHING GRANT PROGRAM FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT ARMOR VESTS ``SEC. 2501. PROGRAM AUTHORIZED. ``(a) In General.--The Director of the Bureau of Justice Assistance is authorized to make grants to States, units of local government, and Indian tribes to purchase armor vests for use by State, local, and tribal law enforcement officers. ``(b) Uses of Funds.--Grants", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01125", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00641", "text": "We have studied the temperature dependence of the photoemission spectra of Pr$_{1-x}$Ca$_x$MnO$_3$ (PCMO) with $x=0.25$, 0.3 and 0.5. For $x=0.3$ and 0.5, we observed a gap in the low-temperature CE-type charge-ordered (CO) phase and a pseudogap with a finite intensity at the Fermi level ($E_F$) in the high-temperature paramagnetic insulating (PI) phase. Within the CO phase, the spectral intensity near $E_F$ gradually increased with temperature. These observations are consistent with the results of Monte Carlo simulations on a model including charge ordering and ferromagnetic fluctuations [H. Aliaga {\\it et al.} Phys. Rev. B {\\bf 68}, 104405 (2003)]. For $x=0.25$, little temperature dependence was observed within the low-temperature ferromagnetic insulating (FI) phase and the intensity at $E_F$ remained low in the high-temperature PI phase. We attribute the difference in the temperature dependence near $E_F$ between the CO and FI phases to the different correlation lengths of orbital order between both phases. Furthermore, we observed a chemical potential shift with temperature due to the opening of the gap in the FI and CO phases. The doping dependent chemical potential shift was recovered at low temperatures, corresponding to the disappearance of the doping dependent change of the modulation wave vector. Spectral weight transfer with hole concentration was clearly observed at high temperatures but was suppressed at low temperatures. We attribute this observation to the fixed periodicity with hole doping in PCMO at low temperatures.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 350, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00418", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00642", "text": "Context: Ly-alpha-emitters have proven to be excellent probes of faint, star-forming galaxies in the high redshift universe. the sample of known emitters is increasingly growing, their nature (e.g. stellar masses, ages, metallicities, star-formation rates) is still poorly constrained. Aims: We aim to study the nature of Ly-alpha-emitters, to find the properties of a typical Ly-alpha-emitting galaxy and to compare these properties with the properties of other galaxies at similar redshift, in particular Lyman-break galaxies. Methods: We have performed narrow-band imaging at the VLT, focused on Ly-alpha at redshift z ~ 3.15, in the GOODS-S field. We have identified a sample of Ly-alpha-emitting candidates, and we have studied their Spectral Energy Distributions (SEDs). Results: We find that the emitters are best fit by an SED with low metallicity (Z/Z_sun = 0.005), low dust extinction (A_V ~ 0.32) and medium stellar masses of approximately 10^9 M_sun. The age is not very well constrained. One object out of 24 appears to be a high redshift Ly-alpha-emitting dusty starburst galaxy. We find filamentary structure as traced by the Ly-alpha-emitters at the 4 sigma level. The rest-frame UV SED of these galaxies is very similar to that of Lyman Break Galaxies (LBGs) and comply with the selection criteria for U-band drop-outs, except they are intrinsically fainter than the current limit for LBGs. Conclusion: Ly-alpha-emitters are excellent probes of galaxies in the distant universe, and represent a class of star-forming, dust and AGN free, medium mass objects.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 361, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00316", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00643", "text": ", decided to see if things have improved. The lab's engineers developed a test program and put these six smart locks through their paces: August Smart Lock (USA) Burg-Wachter secuENTRY easy 501 (Germany) Danalock V3 (Denmark) eQ-3 Equiva Bluetooth Smart Lock (Germany) Noke Padlock (USA) Nuki Combo (Austria) Test environments Data security was the first thing considered by the engineers with special emphasis on acquisition, storage, and transmission of data; the following image depicts how they employed Wireshark to capture traffic between the smart lock being tested and the controlling smartphone application. Besides communications, the team examined each system's hardware and software, tested the software-update process, and determined whether the associated smart-lock application had any security issues. Image: AV-TEST The results It seems smart locks have improved considerably in the past four-plus years. From the AV-TEST report: \"Convenience does not have to mean less security. This reassuring conclusion can be made following the surprisingly strong results of the smart-lock testing.\" Concerning the test results, the test engineers offer the following insights. Installation: physical differences, all smart locks evaluated by AV-TEST installed easily—systems manufactured by eQ-3 and Nuki being the easiest. Local communications: All tested smart locks are locally activated via Bluetooth. \"As a standard feature, the smart locks use encryption, mostly AES with at least 128 bits,\" mentions the report. \"Three locks, August, Danalock, and Nuki can encrypt at a higher rate—AES with 256 bits.\" The AV-TEST engineers report that smart locks by August, Danalock, and Nuki can integrate with local Wi-Fi networks; this allows location-independent remote control using the mobile device's smart-lock app. According to the report, neither Bluetooth nor SSL-encrypted Wi-Fi connections introduce any detectable vulnerabilities. Data protection: AV-TEST's engineers measured each smart lock's privacy policy against European data-protection law. One concern centered on whether systems save more data than what is needed to operate properly. From the report: \"For August, Danalock, and Noke, the testers see a need for improvement, e.g., in terms of information on stored data and its use by third parties. An adaptation to European data-protection law would easily remedy these defects.\" SEE: Cybersecurity in an IoT and mobile world (free PDF) (", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00519", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00644", "text": "BRUSSELS (AP) — The European Union on Monday warned Britain that it cannot expect to have a say in EU decision-making once it leaves, including during a transition period from next year meant to help smooth the departure. The warning came as European affairs ministers adopted — in a matter of minutes — new orders for the bloc's Brexit negotiator, Michel Barnier, laying out the terms of the transition, which would run from the end of March 2019 until Dec. 31, 2020, when the bloc's current long-term budget ends. Bulgarian Deputy Prime Minister Ekaterina Zaharieva, who chaired the meeting, said the ministers gave \"a clear mandate\" on their requirements for the transition period. She said EU law would apply in Britain during that time and that the country would have \"no participation in the EU institutions and decision-making.\" Barnier's deputy tweeted that the negotiating guidelines were endorsed in Brussels within two minutes, ambassadors had spent weeks drafting them. Zaharieva said: \"We hope an agreement on this with the U.K. can also be closed swiftly.\" In London, Brexit Secretary David Davis played down the impact on Britain's status during the 21-month transition, saying that it's \"not exactly the same as membership — but it's very, very similar.\" \"The existing regulatory structure will exist, the existing court structure will exist,\" Davis told a British parliamentary committee. He underlined that Britain would, be free during the bridging period to negotiate new trade deals with the wider world, which it is barred from doing while it is an EU member. Barnier noted that \"no accord with third countries engaging the United Kingdom can enter force without the agreement of the 27\" EU countries. In a sign of potential tension over the issue, Davis warned that \"there will be an argument about the right to negotiate free trade arrangements.\" In the orders, the EU insists that Britain should also abide by any new rules that are introduced during the transition. This has already raised concern in Britain, and Davis demanded last week \"a way of resolving concerns if laws are deemed to run contrary to our interests and we have not had our say.\" \"It's very, very important,\" he said, that \"if there are new laws that affect us, we have the means to resolve any issues during that period.\" But Irish European Affairs Minister Helen McEntee said Monday that \"what we cannot have is a position where the integrity of", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00816", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00645", "text": "We report on a search for gravitational waves from the coalescence of compact binaries during the third and fourth LIGO science runs. The search focused on gravitational waves generated during the inspiral phase of the binary evolution. In our analysis, we considered three categories of compact binary systems, ordered by mass: (i) primordial black hole binaries with masses in the range 0.35 M(sun) < m1, m2 < 1.0 M(sun), (ii) binary neutron stars with masses in the range 1.0 M(sun) < m1, m2 < 3.0 M(sun), and (iii) binary black holes with masses in the range 3.0 M(sun)< m1, m2 < m_(max) with the additional constraint m1+ m2 < m_(max), where m_(max) was set to 40.0 M(sun) and 80.0 M(sun) in the third and fourth science runs, respectively. the detectors could probe to distances as far as tens of Mpc, no gravitational-wave signals were identified in the 1364 hours of data we analyzed. Assuming a binary population with a Gaussian distribution around 0.75-0.75 M(sun), 1.4-1.4 M(sun), and 5.0-5.0 M(sun), we derived 90%-confidence upper limit rates of 4.9 yr^(-1) L10^(-1) for primordial black hole binaries, 1.2 yr^(-1) L10^(-1) for binary neutron stars, and 0.5 yr^(-1) L10^(-1) for stellar mass binary black holes, where L10 is 10^(10) times the blue light luminosity of the Sun.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 380, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00127", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00646", "text": "PARIS (AP) — Kristina Mladenovic, Pauline Parmentier and Amandine Hesse were named in France's Fed Cup team on Wednesday for the first-round match against Belgium. Seventh-ranked Caroline Garcia and Alize Cornet will not take part in the Feb. 10-11 series, . Garcia is France's best-ranked player but still does not want to return to play for the national team as she prioritizes her singles career. She recently reached the fourth round of the Australian Open. Cornet, ranked 38th, is under investigation by the International Tennis Federation after missing three out-of-competition doping tests in the past year. The 10th-ranked Mladenovic will play singles along with 31-year-old Parmentier, who is ranked 91st. Clara Burel is a reserve. Pierre Cherret, the French Tennis Federation's interim technical director, said it is \"enormously frustrating\" not to have Garcia in the team. \"She does not feel ready to come back into the France team. She's focused on her career, which is what she already told us last year,\" Cherret said. \"Her singles career is her priority. She's asking for time and to be left alone so she can work quietly in her corner.\" The best-of-five series will be held at the 5,000-seat Vendespace sports complex in Mouilleron-le-Captif, located in the Vendee region of west-central France. France, which lost 4-1 to Switzerland in last year's quarterfinals, won the Fed Cup in 1997 and 2003. Since then, France has lost three times in the final, most recently in 2016 when Garcia was playing.", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 356, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00668", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00648", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Support for Democracy and Human Rights in Ethiopia Act of 2008''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. Congress makes the following findings: (1) progress and an estimated annual growth rate of nearly 10 percent, Ethiopia remains one of the poorest and most famine-prone countries in the world, with more than half of the population of 78,000,000 living on less than $1 per day. (2) Since the collapse of the Derg and overthrow of the Mengistu regime in 1991, the Ethiopian Peoples' Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF)-led government has overseen the introduction of a multiparty system and the drafting of a new constitution that guarantees economic, social, and cultural rights and states that ``human and democratic rights of peoples and citizens shall be protected.'' (3) Ethiopia and Eritrea fought a bloody border war between 1998 and 2000, and, the Algiers Accord ending the conflict and the agreement to abide by the final and biding Ethiopia-Eritrea Border Commission (EEBC) arbitration, the Government of Ethiopia has refused to comply with the final physical demarcation of the border and the Government of Eritrea has virtually expelled the United Nations peacekeeping force, resulting in a high risk of renewed fighting and regional instability. (4) Following high turnout and marked improvement in pre- election campaigning and voting in the third general elections of the Government of Ethiopia held on May 15, 2005, widespread charges of violations in the finally tallying and inadequate response to opposition complaints resulted in observer findings that the elections failed to satisfy international standards. (5) Subsequent opposition progress led to a crackdown by EPRDF security forces in which 763 civilians were injured and 193 killed, and thousands more opposition party leaders and their followers were detained, 112 of whom were not released until the summer of 2007. (6) In its 2007 ``Countries at a Crossroads'' report, Freedom House noted that ``[i]ncreased threats to and violations of civil liberties were a consequence of the political tensions that sprang from the flawed 2005 elections.'' (7) In December 2006, military forces of the Government of Ethiopia came to the aid of Somalia's Transitional Federal Government against the Islamic Courts Union (ICU) and continue to serve as the primary security force for the United", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00965", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00649", "text": "TAIPEI (Taiwan News) -- Taiwanese netizens are getting quite a chuckle from a photo posted Monday (July 2) on Taiwanese crooner Jay Chou's Instagram page showing Dwayne \"The Rock\" Johnson gingerly placing his right hand around Chou's wife, Hannah Quinlivan, in a photo with the couple. The photo was taken at an event to promote the Johnson's latest action film \"Skyscraper,\" which also features Quinlivan. In the caption of the photo, which has 196,000 likes and counting, Chou uploaded to his Instagram page it read, \"thank you for taking care of @hannah_quinlivan in the movie it was nice talking to you about music.\" it was the \"gentlemanly\" way Johnson carefully hovered his \"polite hand\" (禮貌手) next to Chou's wife that caught the attention of Taiwanese netizens: \"There's no safe place to place the gentlemanly Johnson's hand, haha.\" \"Johnson it too much of a gentleman, he won't even make the slightest touch!\" Others praised Chou: \"That's great, he's good at spoiling his wife.\" \"He loves his wife.\" \"Good husband.\" \"Requesting Quinlivan for publicity and getting Chou for free. Seems like a pretty good deal.\" Quinlivan (left), Johnson (center) and Chou (right). (Photo from Jay Chou Instagram page)", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 305, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00818", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00650", "text": "ensions; (B) for fiscal year 1998, it is estimated that, of its total criminal justice budget of $5,033,000, Santa Cruz County spent $1,900,000 (39 percent) to process criminal illegal aliens, of which over half was not reimbursed by Federal monies; and (C) Santa Cruz County has not obtained relief from this burden, repeated appeals to Federal and State officials. (5) In the State of Texas, the border counties of Cameron, Dimmit, El Paso, Hidalgo, Kinney, Val Verde, and Webb bore the unreimbursed costs of apprehension, prosecution, indigent defense, and other related services for criminal aliens who served more than 142,000 days in county jails. (6) Throughout Texas nonborder counties bore similar unreimbursed costs for apprehension, prosecution, indigent defense, and other related services for criminal aliens who served more than 1,000,000 days in county jails. (7) The State of Texas has incurred substantial additional unreimbursed costs for State law enforcement efforts made necessary by the presence of criminal illegal aliens. (8) The Federal Government should reimburse States and units of local government for the related costs incurred by the State for the imprisonment of any illegal alien. (9) According to data from the Immigration and Naturalization Service, 27 percent of all Border Patrol apprehensions along the U.S.-Mexico border in fiscal year 1999 took place in the San Diego and El Centro sectors of California. those counties were reimbursed for only a fraction of the expenses associated with the criminal activity of illegal aliens. (10) It is estimated that it costs in excess of $50,000,000 to San Diego and Imperial County hospitals to treat undocumented individuals in emergency rooms. In October of 1997 the California State Auditor issued a report that estimated between $4,900,000 and $8,100,000 of unreimbursed medical expenses were incurred by U.S. Border Patrol ``dumping''. (11) One example of costs incurred by health providers involved an overturned van containing 20 undocumented persons in Imperial County. One of the victims involved a young man who suffered head trauma. This patient never regained consciousness and the costs of his care were magnified by treating him at an acute level, as placement to a lower level of care was not possible. The cost of providing care for this patient alone was in excess", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 497, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00941", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00651", "text": "[Abridged] We investigate trends between the recent star formation history and black hole growth in galaxy bulges in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). The galaxies lie at 0.01<z<0.07 where the fibre aperture covers only the central 0.6-4.0kpc diameter of the galaxy. We find strong trends between black hole growth, as measured by dust-attenuation-corrected OIII luminosity, and the recent star formation history of the bulges. We conclude that our results support the popular hypothesis for black hole growth occurring through gas inflow into the central regions of galaxies, followed by a starburst and triggering of the AGN. while this is a significant pathway for the growth of black holes, it is not the dominant one in the present-day Universe. More unspectacular processes are apparently responsible for the majority of this growth. In order to arrive at these conclusions we have developed a set of new high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) optical spectral indicators, designed to allow a detailed study of stellar populations which have undergone recent enhanced star formation. Working in the rest-frame wavelength range 3750-4150AA, ideally suited to many recent and ongoing spectroscopic surveys at low and high redshift, the first two indices are equivalent to the previously well studied 4000AA break strength and Hdelta equivalent width. The primary advantage of this new method is a greatly improved SNR for the latter index, allowing the present study to use spectra with SNR-per-pixel as low as 8.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 318, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00372", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00652", "text": "Barchans are dunes of high mobility which have a crescent shape and propagate under conditions of unidirectional wind. sand dunes only appear above a critical size, which scales with the saturation distance of the sand flux [P. Hersen, S. Douady, and B. Andreotti, Phys. Rev. Lett. {\\bf{89,}} 264301 (2002); B. Andreotti, P. Claudin, and S. Douady, Eur. Phys. J. B {\\bf{28,}} 321 (2002); G. Sauermann, K. Kroy, and H. J. Herrmann, Phys. Rev. E {\\bf{64,}} 31305 (2001)]. It has been suggested by P. Hersen, S. Douady, and B. Andreotti, Phys. Rev. Lett. {\\bf{89,}} 264301 (2002) that this flux fetch distance is itself constant. Indeed, this could not explain the proto size of barchan dunes, which often occur in coastal areas of high litoral drift, and the scale of dunes on Mars. In the present work, we show from three dimensional calculations of sand transport that the size and the shape of the minimal barchan dune depend on the wind friction speed and the sand flux on the area between dunes in a field. Our results explain the common appearance of barchans a few tens of centimeter high which are observed along coasts. Furthermore, we find that the rate at which grains enter saltation on Mars is one order of magnitude higher than on Earth, and is relevant to correctly obtain the minimal dune size on Mars.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 352, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00201", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00653", "text": "Building a slide deck, pitch, or presentation? Here are the big takeaways: Google has announced Partner Interconnect, which allows SMBs to establish a semi-dedicated connection of partial circuits between 50Mbps and 10Gbps. At launch, 23 connection partners globally are participating in the Google Partner Interconnect cloud service. Google has announced Google Cloud Partner Interconnect, a flexible means of establishing a direct connection between an on-premises data center and Google's platform for hybrid cloud deployments. Partner Interconnect allows organizations to connect to Google Cloud through 23 partners around the globe, according to a Google press release. While Google's Dedicated Interconnect offering—which reached general availability last October—is only available in 10Gbps full circuits, Partner Interconnect allows users to select partial circuits from 50Mbps to 10Gbps to meet the requirements of SMBs, the release said. Participating partners include AT&T, Cologix, Internet2, and Verizon in North America; AT TOKYO, KDDI, NRI, NTT, and Softbank in Japan; BT, Orange, Telemares, and Telia Carrier in EMEA; and Macquarie and Megaport in Australia, as well as Colt, DE-CIX, Digital Realty, Equinix, IXReach, Level3, Tata Communications, and Zayo globally. Google Cloud product manager John Veizades noted in the release that establishing a Partner Interconnect connection is easy, as \"our partners have already set up and certified the infrastructure with Google Cloud. This provides a turnkey solution that minimizes the effort needed to bring up network connectivity from your data center to GCP.\" SEE: Quick glossary: Hybrid cloud (Tech Pro Research) This announcement is part of Google's renewed interest in catering to businesses relying on hybrid cloud installations. With these new connection solutions, businesses deploying hybrid cloud can use Google Cloud services without having their data pushed through the public internet, while also providing greater control over how data is routed across the network, the release noted. This greatly reduces access time and latency in comparison to pure public cloud deployments. data transmitted over these connections is not encrypted by default, requiring users to use application-level encryption. For organizations hesitant to commence hybrid cloud deployments due to data security concerns stemming from allowing any outside traffic, the added control over the flow of data across a Partner Interconnect connection may be adequate to ease concerns. In addition to Partner and Dedicated Interconnect", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00551", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00654", "text": "Building a slide deck, pitch, or presentation? Here are the big takeaways: An Uber vehicle in autonomous driving mode hit and killed a woman in Tempe, AZ, in the first known pedestrian fatality involving the self-driving technology. Uber has temporarily stopped its self-driving operations in Tempe and all other cities where it has been testing its vehicles, including Phoenix, Pittsburgh, San Francisco, and Toronto. An Uber car in autonomous driving mode struck and killed a pedestrian in Tempe, AZ, on Monday, in the first known pedestrian fatality involving the self-driving technology, as reported by our sister site CNET. Uber has since temporarily stopped its self-driving operations in Tempe and all other cities where it has been testing its vehicles, including Phoenix, Pittsburgh, San Francisco, and Toronto. The vehicle was in autonomous mode at the time of the accident, with a vehicle operator behind the wheel, according to a statement from the Tempe police. More about autonomous vehicles Special report: Tech and the future of transportation (free PDF) This ebook, based on the latest special feature from ZDNet and TechRepublic, looks at emerging autonomous transport technologies and how they will affect society and the future of business. Read more The female victim walking outside of the crosswalk crossed Curry Road in Tempe, and was struck by the Uber car, the police said in the statement. She was transported to a local hospital, where she passed away from her injuries. SEE: IT leader's guide to the future of autonomous vehicles (Tech Pro Research) The investigation is still active, and Uber is assisting, the police said in the statement. \"Our hearts go out to the victim's family,\" an Uber spokeswoman said in a statement. \"We are fully cooperating with local authorities in their investigation of this incident.\" \"Some incredibly sad news out of Arizona,\" Uber CEO Dara Khosrowshahi tweeted on Monday. \"We're thinking of the victim's family as we work with local law enforcement to understand what happened.\" This is the first known pedestrian fatality from a self-driving car. autonomous vehicles have been involved in a number of other accidents, including backing into a delivery truck in Las Vegas and getting hit by another car whose human driver did not yield in Tempe, both in 2017. In May 2016, a Tesla driver was killed in an accident while the car was operating in its semi-autonomous Autopilot mode. A US Department of Transportation investigation did not", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00532", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00655", "text": ") issued licenses permitting the export of up to 97 aircraft for use by Iran Air, the Islamic Republic of Iran's flagship state-owned carrier. These licenses included authorization for U.S. financial institutions ``to engage in all transactions necessary to provide financing or other financial services'' in order to effectuate the sales. In November 2016, OFAC licensed an additional 106 aircraft for purchase by Iran Air, which are also eligible for financing authorized by OFAC. (6) The Department of the Treasury had sanctioned Iran Air in 2011 for its use of commercial passenger aircraft to transport rockets, missiles, and other military cargo on behalf of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) and Iran's Ministry of Defense and Armed Forces Logistics, both of which had been designated under Executive Order No. 13382 for weapons proliferation-related activities. In October 2017, the IRGC went on to be designated under Executive Order No. 13224 for its support of the IRGC-Qods Force, which has provided support to terrorist groups such as Hizballah, Hamas, and the Taliban. (7) Among Iran Air's sanctionable activities, the airline delivered missile or rocket components to the Assad government in Syria, which like Iran is classified as a state sponsor of terrorism. (8) The Assad regime is responsible for a civil conflict that has claimed an estimated 400,000 lives, including through the government's deployment of chemical weapons and barrel bombs against unarmed civilians and children. (9) being delisted in 2016, Iran Air has continued to fly known weapons resupply routes to government-controlled areas of Syria. According to research by the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, between Implementation Day of the JCPOA on January 16, 2016, and May 4, 2017, Iran Air operated at least 134 flights to Syria, which included stops in Abadan, Iran, a suspected IRGC logistical hub for airlifts to the Assad regime. (10) In November 2016 correspondence to the Chairman of the House Committee on Financial Services, the Department of the Treasury noted that the commitment to delist Iran Air under the JCPOA ``does not affect our ability to designate, or re- designate, any Iranian airline that engages in sanctionable activity. The United States retains the ability to designate any individual or entity that engages in sanctionable activities under our authorities targeting conduct outside the scope of the JCPOA, including Iran", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01035", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00656", "text": "multiple informants involved with the young child: parents, clinicians, child care staff, preschool staff, medical personnel, and other service providers. (F) Broad parameters for determining socioemotional outcomes are not clearly defined, much attention is now being given to school readiness. (4) Authors of the bible of psychiatric diagnosis, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, admit that the diagnostic criteria for mental illness are vague, saying, ``DSM-IV criteria remain a consensus without clear empirical data supporting the number of items required for the diagnosis.... Furthermore, the behavioral characteristics specified in DSM- IV, efforts to standardize them, remain subjective....'' (American Psychiatric Association Committee on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV 1994), pp. 1162- 1163). (5) Because of the subjectivity of psychiatric diagnosis, it is all too easy for a psychiatrist to label a person's disagreement with the psychiatrist's political beliefs a mental disorder. (6) Efforts are underway to add a diagnosis of ``extreme intolerance'' to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. Prisoners in the California State penal system judged to have this extreme intolerance based on race or sexual orientation are considered to be delusional and are being medicated with anti-psychotic drugs. (Washington Post 12/10/05) (7) At least one federally-funded school violence prevention program has suggested that a child who shares his or her parent's traditional values may be likely to instigate school violence. (8) many statements in the popular press and by groups promoting the psychiatric labeling and medication of children, that ADD/ADHD is due to a chemical imbalance in the brain, the 1998 National Institutes of Health Consensus Conference said, ``... further research is necessary to firmly establish ADHD as a brain disorder. This is not unique to ADHD, but applies as well to most psychiatric disorders, including disabling diseases such as schizophrenia.... an independent diagnostic test for ADHD does not exist.... Finally, after years of clinical research and experience with ADHD, our knowledge about the cause or causes of ADHD remains speculative.''. (9) There has been a precipitous increase in the prescription rates of psychiatric drugs in children: (A) The use of antipsychotic medication in children has increased nearly fivefold between 1995 and 2002 with more than 2.5 million children receiving these", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 482, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00902", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00657", "text": "WELLINGTON, New Zealand (AP) — New Zealand's Pacific Challenge rugby test with Samoa on Friday will be important viewing for the British and Irish Lions eight days out from their series-opening test. While the Lions have seen individual All Blacks in action for Super Rugby teams so far on tour, Friday's match will give the tourists the first glimpse of a full All Blacks team and a better sense of the challenge awaiting them in the three-test series. At the same time, the All Blacks have had a chance to assess the British and Irish squad in four tour matches to date and will gain more detailed knowledge of their opponents when the Lions field a near test-strength lineup against the New Zealand Maori on Saturday. New Zealand has selected a strong lineup to face Samoa, and Lions coach Warren Gatland believes it provides insight into their selection thinking and the style they will adopt. \"It's close to their test team, I think,\" Gatland said. \"It looks like their strongest side. \"They're trying to get a game under their belts. I'm not sure they'll make many changes from that game against Samoa to the following weeks.\" The All Blacks and Lions have something in common in the weekend matches as both will start under new captains. New Zealand captain Kieran Read will miss the Samoa match as he continues his recovery from a broken thumb and fullback Ben Smith will lead the team for the first time. The Lions have named tour captain Sam Warburton on the bench for the match against the Maori, elevating Ireland flanker Peter O'Mahony to the captaincy. In doing so they have provided the strongest indication that Warburton, recovering from an ankle injury, may not be fit for the first test. The All Blacks and Lions also have in common a strong sense of respect for their opponents this weekend. The Lions lost to the Maori when the teams last met in 2005. The All Blacks were lucky to beat Samoa 25-16 in their most-recent meeting in Samoa in 2015. Head coach Steve Hansen said the All Blacks were focusing closely on the Samoa match. \"Whilst we asked for this game to help us prepare for the Lions series, once it became a reality it then took on its own importance,\" he said. \"Samoa is about to kick off the qualifying stage of their Rugby World Cup campaign so this will make them even more dangerous.\" All Blacks selectors will look closely at the form of scrumhalf", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00756", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00658", "text": "This paper develops a mathematical model describing the influence that conjugation-mediated Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT) has on the mutation-selection balance in an asexually reproducing population of unicellular, prokaryotic organisms. It is assumed that mutation-selection balance is reached in the presence of a fixed background concentration of antibiotic, to which the population must become resistant in order to survive. We analyze the behavior of the model in the limit of low and high antibiotic-induced first-order death rate constants, and find that the highest mean fitness is obtained at low rates of bacterial conjugation. As the rate of conjugation crosses a threshold, the mean fitness decreases to a minimum, and then rises asymptotically to a limiting value as the rate of conjugation becomes infinitely large. this limiting value is smaller than the mean fitness obtained in the limit of low conjugation rate. This dependence of the mean fitness on the conjugation rate is fairly small for the parameter ranges we have considered, and disappears as the first-order death rate constant due to the presence of antibiotic approaches zero. For large values of the antibiotic death rate constant, we have obtained an analytical solution for the behavior of the mean fitness that agrees well with the results of simulations. The results of this paper suggest that conjugation-mediated HGT has a slightly deleterious effect on the mean fitness of a population at mutation-selection balance. Therefore, we argue that HGT confers a selective advantage by allowing for faster adaptation to a new or changing environment. The results of this paper are consistent with the observation that HGT can be promoted by environmental stresses on a population.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 322, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00260", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00659", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Consumer Telephone Records Protection Act of 2006''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. Congress finds that-- (1) telephone records can be of great use to criminals because the information contained in call logs listed in such records include a wealth of personal information; (2) many call logs reveal the names of many users' doctors, public and private relationships, business associates, and more; (3) other personal information, such as social security numbers may appear in public documents, which can be accessed by data brokers, the only warehouse of telephone records is located at the telephone companies themselves; and (4) telephone records may be accessed without authorization of the customer by-- (A) an employee of the telephone company selling the data; (B) ``pretexting'', whereby a data broker or other person pretends to be the owner of the phone and convinces the telephone company's employees to release the data to them; or (C) unauthorized access of accounts via the Internet; and (5) because telephone companies encourage customers to manage their accounts online, many set up the online capability in advance. Many customers never access their Internet accounts, . If someone seeking the information activates the account before the customer, he or she can gain unfettered access to the telephone records and call logs of that customer. SEC. 3. PRIVACY PROTECTION FOR CUSTOMER INFORMATION OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS CARRIERS. (a) Prohibition on Obtaining Customer Information by False Pretenses.--It shall be unlawful for any person to obtain or attempt to obtain, or cause to be disclosed or attempt to cause to be disclosed to any person, customer proprietary network information relating to any other person by-- (1) making a false, fictitious, or fraudulent statement or representation to an officer, employee, or agent of a telecommunications carrier; or (2) by providing, through any means including the Internet, any document or other information to a telecommunications carrier or an officer, employee, or agent of a telecommunications carrier, knowing that the document or other information is forged, counterfeit, lost, or stolen, was obtained fraudulently or without the customer's consent, or contains a false, fictitious, or fraudulent statement or representation. (b) Prohibition on Solicitation of a Person to Obtain Customer Information Under False Pretenses.--It shall be unlawful to request a person to obtain customer proprietary network information", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00868", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00660", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; FINDINGS. (a) Short Title.--This Act may be cited as the ``Taxpayer Protection Act of 2005''. (b) Findings.--The Congress finds the following: (1) The integrity of the Federal tax system is integral to the efficient and ongoing functioning of representative democracy. (2) A pillar of exemplary citizenship is compliance with the Federal tax code as it pertains to individual income taxes. (3) Individual taxpayers voluntarily disclose sensitive personal information to the Federal Government with the expectation that such information will be utilized and retained only by qualified, trained, and accountable personnel of the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). (4) the IRS has stated that there will be tight restrictions on what information will be released to private collection agencies, the statute places no restrictions on what information may be released to private collection agencies. (5) More than 26 million Americans have, since 1990, been victims of some form of ``identity theft'' through misappropriation and misuse of their personal information. (6) Disclosure of taxpayer information to nongovernmental, third party vendors will increase the risk of wrongful disclosure of taxpayer information that results in higher incidences of ``identity theft''. (7) The IRS has already demonstrated its inability to protect taxpayer data from unauthorized disclosure under existing vendor contracts as documented in an internal report by the Department of Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration. (8) The IRS Restructuring and Reform Act of 1998 specifically prevents employees or supervisors at the IRS from being evaluated or compensated based on how much they collect in order to prevent incentives for overly aggressive and abusive tactics. (9) The compensation scheme for private tax collection agencies is a recovery fee of up to 25 percent of funds collected that will lead to overzealous and abusive collection tactics against taxpayers. (10) The Congress has previously rejected the use of private tax collection agencies by canceling a pilot program in 1996 due to violations by private collection agencies of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, inadequate protection of sensitive taxpayer information, and a loss of approximately $17 million during the pilot program. (11) A 2002 report by the IRS Commissioner to the IRS Oversight Board identified an additional $30 billion in taxes owed that could be collected annually by increased funding for IRS personnel. A $9 billion annual increase in revenue could be achieved by earmarking approximately $300 million to specific IRS collection functions, for a return of $30 for", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00952", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00661", "text": "Since the Fine Guiding Sensor (FGS) on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) was used to measure the distance to SS Cyg to be $166\\pm12$ pc, it became apparent that at this distance the disc instability model fails to explain the absolute magnitude during outburst. It remained, an open question whether the model or the distance have to be revised. Recent observations led to a revision of the system parameters of SS Cyg and seem to be consistent with a distance of $d\\gta 140$ pc. We re-discuss the problem taking into account the new binary and stellar parameters measured for SS Cyg. We confront not only the observations with the predictions of the disc instability model but also compare SS Cyg with other dwarf novae and nova-like systems. We assume the disc during outburst to be in a quasi stationary state and use the black-body approximation to estimate the accretion rate during outburst as a function of distance. Using published analysis of the long term light curve we determine the mean mass transfer rate of SS Cyg as a function of distance and compare the result with mass transfer rates derived for other dwarf novae and nova-like systems. At a distance of $d\\gta 140$ pc, both the accretion rate during outburst as well as the mean mass transfer rate of SS Cyg contradict the disc instability model. More important, at such distances we find the mean mass transfer rate of SS Cyg to be higher or comparable to those derived for nova-like systems. Our findings show that a distance to SS Cyg $\\gta 140$ pc contradicts the main concepts developed for accretion discs in cataclysmic variables during the last 30 years. Either our current picture of disc accretion in these systems must be revised or the distance to SS Cyg is $\\sim 100$ pc", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 383, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00394", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00662", "text": "CLEVELAND (AP) — LeBron James scored 24 points, Jae Crowder made a go-ahead 3-pointer with 1:21 left and the Cleveland Cavaliers began a long stretch without injured All-Star Kevin Love by holding off the Miami Heat 91-89 on Wednesday night. The Cavs rebounded from a troubling loss at Detroit — Cleveland gave up 125 points to the undermanned Pistons — and prevented the Heat from overtaking them for third place in the Eastern Conference standings. Cleveland played its first game since Love broke his left hand against the Pistons. The five-time All-Star is consulting with surgeons in New York, and it's possible he'll undergo an operation as early as Thursday. Love, who could miss two months, already has screws in the hand from a previous procedure after he broke it in 2009 with Minnesota. While he's out, the Cavs have to hold themselves together. Goran Dragic scored 18 and Josh Richardson 15 to lead the Heat, who went just 3 of 28 on 3-pointers. Miami had a last chance after Cleveland's Kyle Korver made one of two free throws with seven seconds left, but Heat forward James Johnson, harassed by James on the baseline, couldn't get off a shot before the horn sounded. The Cavs have been enveloped in drama all season. There have been injuries, blowout losses, persistent trade rumors and more story lines than a day-time soap opera. \"As The Land Turns,\" coach Tyronn Lue said with a sigh following his pregame media availability. The chaos could continue, but for at least one night things didn't get any worse for the Cavs, who went 6-8 in January and have been plagued by shoddy defense. It was the first time they've held a team under 90 points since Nov. 20. going just 1 of 16 on 3-pointers, Miami overcame a 14-point deficit to take a 50-48 lead at halftime. TIP-INS Heat: The tragic death of former NBA player Rasual Butler devastated Miami coach Erik Spoelstra and forward Udonis Haslem. Butler was drafted by Miami and played three seasons there. \"I'm shocked. It's horrible, horrible news for all of us,\" said Spoelstra, who got emotional talking about Butler, who was killed along with his wife in a single-vehicle rollover in Los Angeles. \"He's", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00678", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00663", "text": "The iPhone X is built with gestures in mind, taking MultiTouch to the next level as it's now the main way to interact with the iPhone. Doing things as simple as double-tapping the Home button to show the App Switcher, using Reachability for items at the top of the screen, and Force Quitting apps has changed. These are the top five gestures that you need to know to take full advantage of the iPhone X. SEE: Mobile device computing policy (Tech Pro Research) 1: How to access the App Switcher on the iPhone X On previous versions of iOS hardware, accessing the App Switcher to swap to another app or force quit an app was as simple as double-tapping the home button; with iPhone X, the home button is no more. To access the App Switcher—whether you're in an app or on the Home Screen—you'll use the Home gesture (swipe up from the bottom), except you'll stop halfway up the screen and pause. The view will change to the App Switcher you know and love (Figure A). Figure A 2. How to force quit apps on the iPhone X Inside of the App Switcher, you may be wondering how to force quit an app, because in this new switcher, swiping up does not quit the app. To force quit an app, launch the App Switcher, then tap and hold on an app. This will enter editing mode where you can either choose the \"-\" button that appears in the corner of each open app, or swipe up as you would on a non-iPhone X iOS device. As we've mentioned in a previous article, you only need to Force Quit unresponsive apps. There is no need to force quit apps on a regular basis. 3. How to quickly swipe to the previously used app on the iPhone X The Home Indicator at the bottom of the screen gives you many capabilities at a single tap or swipe. Swiping from left to right on the Home Indicator will launch the previously used app from the App Switcher without the need to open the App Switcher. This feature is very useful on the iPhone and greatly improves multitasking capabilities because it lets you jump between apps quickly and efficiently. SEE: Cybersecurity in an IoT and mobile world (ZDNet special report) | Download the report as a PDF (TechRepublic) 4. How to enable Reachability on the iPhone X Reachability is an accessibility feature that can be enabled on previous", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00523", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00664", "text": "Office of Government Ethics Director Walter Shaub Jr. is calling on the chairman of House Oversight Committee to become more engaged in overseeing ethics questions in the Trump administration. In an interview with NPR on Monday, Shaub said public inquiries and complaints involving Trump administration conflicts of interest and ethics have been inundating his tiny agency, which has only advisory power. \"We've even had a couple days where the volume was so huge it filled up the voicemail box, and we couldn't clear the calls as fast as they were coming in,\" Shaub said. His office is scrambling to keep pace with the workload. But while citizens, journalists and Democratic lawmakers are pushing for investigations, Shaub suggested a similar level of energy is not coming from the House Oversight Committee, which has the power to investigate ethics questions, particularly those being raised now about reported secret ethics waivers for former lobbyists serving in the Trump administration. Committee Chairman Jason Chaffetz, a Utah Republican, has \"authority to investigate these things and compel responses, so hopefully we'll see some action from him,\" Shaub said. \"OGE, has no investigative authority, so we're limited as to what we can do if these waivers are not being released publicly,\" he said. Chaffetz' office said he had no comment. The New York Times, in collaboration with ProPublica, published a story on Saturday saying Trump has been filling the White House and federal agencies with former lobbyists, lawyers and consultants, and has been generously waiving ethics requirements without even posting the waiver information on the Government Ethics website. But while Chaffetz has generally been quiet on Trump-related ethics issues, the public has been hammering OGE with questions and complaints. How big is the jump in public contacts, such as calls, letters and emails? During the six months between October 2008 and March 2009, as the Obama presidency was taking shape, the OGE got 733 contacts. During the October 2016 to March 2017 period, it got 39,105 contacts from citizens — an increase of 5,235 percent. Comparing those same two time periods, the number of Freedom of Information Act requests — typically from journalists and public-interest groups — shot up to 280 from 39. That's an increase of 618 percent. Shaub said that, for example, when a top Trump adviser recommended certain fashion lines on Fox & Friends, the public outcry and media interest rocketed up. \"When", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00620", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00665", "text": "New SiS multi-transition (sub-)millimetre line observations of a sample of AGB stars with varying photospheric C/O-ratios and mass-loss rates are presented. A combination of low- and high-energy lines are important in constraining the circumstellar distribution of SiS molecules. A detailed radiative transfer modelling of the observed SiS line emission is performed, including the effect of thermal dust grains in the excitation analysis. We find that the circumstellar fractional abundance of SiS in these environments has a strong dependence on the photospheric C/O-ratio as expected from chemical models. The carbon stars (C/O>1) have a mean fractional abundance of 3.1E-6, about an order of magnitude higher than found for the M-type AGB stars (C/O<1) where the mean value is 2.7E-7. These numbers are in reasonable agreement with photospheric LTE chemical models. SiS appears to behave similar to SiO in terms of photodissociation in the outer part of the circumstellar envelope. to previous results for the related molecule SiO, there is no strong correlation of the fractional abundance with density in the CSE, as would be the case if freeze-out onto dust grains were important. possible time-variability of the line emission in the lower J transitions and the sensitivity of the line emission to abundance gradients in the inner part of the CSE may mask a correlation with the density of the wind. There are indications that the SiS fractional abundance could be significantly higher closer to the star which, at least in the case of M-type AGB stars, would require non-equilibrium chemical processes.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 339, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00446", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00666", "text": "TAIPEI (Taiwan News) -- In a sincere attempt to provide a positive, structured outlet for teenagers over the summer vacation, the Changhua County government late last month announced a summer youth anti-drug/anti-vice program with the unintentionally ironic slogan \"Let's Get High,\" leading some Westerners on social media to snicker. The Changhua County Government on June 28 announced that in order to \"give young people a healthy and happy growth experience it will launch the \"Rock Youth - Let's Get High\" Summer Protection Youth Program. Deputy County Executive Lin Ming-yu (林明裕) said that in addition to inviting musicians to perform during the event, he would like to remind children to not smoke, drink alcohol, or do drugs to enable Changhua's youth to study and grow up in a safe and secure environment. Lin said that in addition to a youth concert, the event will also feature basketball games, free viewing of FIBA World Cup basketball qualifier matches, famous basketball teams from Japan and Korea, and the top 10 high school basketball teams in Taiwan. There wil also be a series of children's art festivals to enable them to learn more about theater and art. On July 4, the announcement was posted on the Taiwan subreddit of the social media site Reddit for the irony of the slogan, as the phrase \"get high\" is usually associated with smoking marijuana or other mind-altering drugs. one Reddit user suggested that the use of the English word \"high\" might have been derived from the Chinglish phrase \"high 起來,\" which roughly translated means \"have fun together,\" while the Taiwanese street slang for getting high from drugs would be 飛 (fly). In the photo below, children can be seen holding signs in English which read, \"Yes I Do,\" which would seem to contradict the \"Just Say No\" anti-drug slogan made famous by Nancy Reagan in the early 1980s. Based on the photos, it appears that the Changhua campaign is directed at a long list of drugs and vices such as drinking alcohol, smoking tobacco, chewing betel nut, violence, and prostitution. Adults and children holding signs against drugs and other societal ills. (Photo from Changhua County government) The county government announcement said that as the summer vacation has started, young people have no homework or other school-related pressures to occupy them, therefore they are more vulnerable to wander into inappropriate places or be tempted to commit", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00823", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00667", "text": "The complementarity between the quark and lepton mixing matrices is shown to provide robust predictions. We obtain these predictions by first showing that the matrix V_M, product of the quark (CKM) and lepton (PMNS) mixing matrices, may have a zero (1,3) entry which is favored by experimental data. We obtain that any theoretical model with a vanishing (1,3) entry of V_M that is in agreement with quark data, solar, and atmospheric mixing angle leads to $\\theta_{13}^{PMNS}=(9{^{+1}_{-2}})^\\circ$. This value is consistent with the present 90% CL experimental upper limit. We also investigate the prediction on the lepton phases. We show that the actual evidence, under the only assumption that the correlation matrix V_M product of CKM and PMNS has a zero in the entry (1,3), gives us a prediction for the three CP-violating invariants J, S_1, and S_2. A better determination of the lepton mixing angles will give stronger prediction for the CP-violating invariants in the lepton sector. These will be tested in the next generation experiments. Finally we compute the effect of non diagonal neutrino mass in \"l_i -> l_j gamma\" in SUSY theories with non trivial Quark-Lepton complementarity and a flavor symmetry. The Quark-Lepton complementarity and the flavor symmetry strongly constrain the theory and we obtain a clear prediction for the contribution to \"mu -> e gamma\" and the \"tau\" decays \"tau -> e gamma\" and \"tau -> mu gamma\". If the Dirac neutrino Yukawa couplings are degenerate but the low energy neutrino masses are not degenerate, then the lepton decays are related among them by the V_M entries. if the Dirac neutrino Yukawa couplings are hierarchical or the low energy neutrino masses are degenerate, then the prediction for the lepton decays comes from the CKM hierarchy.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 416, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00353", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00668", "text": "Context. Supersoft X-ray sources (SSSs) are characterised by very low temperatures (< 100 eV). Classical SSSs have bolometric luminosities in the range of 10^36-10^38 erg/s and are modelled with steady nuclear burning of hydrogen on the surfaces of white dwarfs. several SSSs have been discovered with much higher luminosities. Their nature is still unclear. Aims. We report the discovery of a 4h modulation for an ultraluminous SSS in the nearby edge-on spiral galaxy NGC 4631, observed with XMM-Newton in 2002 June. Temporal and spectral analysis of the source is performed. Methods. We use a Lomb-Scargle periodogram analysis for the period search and evaluate the confidence level using Monte-Carlo simulations. We measure the source temperature, flux and luminosity through spectral fitting. Results. A modulation of 4.2+-0.4 h (3 sigma error) was found for the SSS with a confidence level >99%. Besides dips observed in the light curve, the flux decreased by a factor of 3 within ~10h. The spectrum can be described with an absorbed blackbody model with kT~67eV. The absorbed luminosity in the 0.2-2 kev energy band was 2.7x10^38 erg/sec while the bolometric luminosity was a hundred time higher (3.2x10^40 erg/s), making the source one of the most luminous of its class, assuming the best fit model is correct. Conclusions. This source is another very luminous SSS for which the standard white dwarf interpretation cannot be applied, unless a strong beaming factor is considered. A stellar-mass black hole accreting at a super Eddington rate is a more likely interpretation, where the excess of accreted matter is ejected through a strong optically-thick outflow. The 4 h modulation could either be an eclipse from the companion star or the consequence of a warped accretion disk.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 428, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00444", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00669", "text": "his mind. So in 2012, Jha quit his job and returned to his village. He has been living there ever since. He has trouble describing why he yearned to work on his family's farm. \"I have a kind of love affair with Chanka,\" he says. \"It soothes my soul. The childhood memories have never left me.\" Most young people throughout India dream of having a life like Jha had outside of the village. People in Delhi laughed at him when he shared that he wanted to give up his career and city life so he could go back and work on his farm. But he was determined. He wanted to set an example and inspire other young men not to leave their homes and villages, and most of all, not to give up on farming. India's economy is largely agricultural the large number of people migrating from villages to cities — according to the 2011 census, 83.3 million live in rural areas while 37.7 million live in urban ones. \"The old men and women are left to toil in the fields. They need young people,\" Jha says. Will he return to the city one day? \"Not at all,\" he vows. \"It's not going to happen.\" Since returning, he has helped his parents work their land. In addition to the wheat, corn and potato growing in their fields, he has planted 1,000 Kadamb trees. He says it's a long-term plan, because in 15 years he will have a big crop of timber, which can be used to make plywood. In the meantime, Jha hasn't given up on his journalism career. He continues to write for newspapers and magazines from his village. He writes about village life for city folks. In one recent article, he addressed the government's push for creating \"smart cities\" and questioned when it would do the same for \"smart farmers.\" Another favorite topic: his love for writing, or as he calls it, \"ink and pen.\" His friends from New Delhi and even ones from abroad are curious to see what kind of life Jha has created for himself in his village. They often visit. So last year, Jha started what he calls the \"Chanka Residency\" for writers. Participants live in a mud hut with him and his family — it's rustic and peaceful, but there's internet. The first guest was Ian Woolford, an American who teaches Hindi language and courses", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00610", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00670", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Nigeria Democracy Act''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. The Congress makes the following findings: (1) Nigeria is one of the most important countries in Africa, with the largest population on the continent, a critically important role in West Africa, and tremendous economic and human potential. (2) The American and Nigerian people have enjoyed a long history of friendship and cooperation. (3) Since independence in 1960, Nigeria has experienced a series of military and civilian governments, marked by coups and political instability, including the devastating and tragic civil war in the Biafra region. (4) On June 12, 1993, Nigeria held a presidential election, which most observers believe generally represented the will of the Nigerian people imperfections in the electoral process, but the Nigerian military government nullified that election and later installed an interim government. (5) On September 23, 1993, General Sani Abacha overthrew the interim government and assumed power in a military coup, and more than two years later, on October 1, 1995, he announced a three-year transition to democratic elections, a period widely regarded as unnecessarily long. (6) The rule of General Abacha has been marked by egregious human rights abuses, a devastating economic decline, and rampant corruption. (7) On November 10, 1995, Ken Saro-Wiwa, an internationally-recognized human rights activist, and eight others, were executed following a seriously-flawed judicial proceeding numerous pleas for clemency from the international community; others, including M.K.O. Abiola, General Obasanjo, Beko Ransome-Kuti, and General Sheu Musa Yar'Adua, have been sentenced in secret tribunals to long prison terms. (8) Since 1993, the United States and other members of the international community, including Great Britain, have imposed limited sanctions against Nigeria to promote human rights and an expeditious transition to civilian, democratic government, but these efforts have had limited impact. (9) The continued military rule of General Abacha undermines confidence in the Nigerian economy, damages relations between Nigeria and the United States, threatens the political and economic stability of West Africa, and harms the lives of the people of Nigeria. SEC. 3. DECLARATION OF POLICY. The Congress declares that the United States, working in", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00923", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00671", "text": "TAIPEI (Taiwan News) -- Taiwanese ultramarathon runner Tommy Chen (陳彥博) won Stage 4 of six in the ultramarathon \"Bhutan The Last Secret 200km 2018,\" but in the process he had to battle though horrific blisters on his heels, which have become excruciatingly painful. At 7:27 p.m. last night (May 30) a post appeared on Chen's Facebook page announcing that Chen had taken first place in Stage 4 with a time of 4:31:18, while in second place was Guillaume Degoulet of France at 4:49:39 and third place was taken Alan Zaugy, also of France, at 4:57:41. At the beginning of Stage 4, Chen said that he was already feeling the affects of the altitude and was fatigue, but in order to ensure a high ranking, he felt compelled to catch up with the main group. When he reached the second checkpoint, Chen began to feel heels of his feet stinging with \"every step feeling like stepping on needles.\" Fearing that if he stopped, the gap between him and lead pack would widen, he pressed on. feeling such intense pain that he \"wanted to scream out loud,\" he kept running at a full sprint. Finally, when he finished the stage, he found that he had actually taken a 28-minute lead over his closest competitor. When he finally took his socks off, he found that the skin had worn completely off his heels, making even ordinary walking difficult. Chen said, \"When saw my socks, they were covered in blood, many staff and doctors were all shocked.\" After being disinfected and treated by a doctor, Chen said his feet are still in pain, so he can only hope now that the wound does not become infected and his injury worsen.", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 385, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00702", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00672", "text": "States. (7) International and most foreign-country legal protections do not adequately shield participants in clinical investigations of a new drug or device from unethical, dangerous, or unscrupulous research practices. (8) Some researchers exploit the fragile regulatory systems, high illiteracy rates, and public health failures of developing countries to test their experimental drugs and devices on misinformed and unwilling human participants. (9) On April 30, 2001, the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC) presented to the President a report, entitled ``Ethical and Policy Issues in International Research: Clinical Trials in Developing Countries'', which discussed the ethical issues generated by research on human participants in developing countries and recommended ways to help ensure the health and safety of these human participants. The NBAC highlighted the inadequate regulatory protections which are afforded to human participants in many clinical trials abroad. (10) In September 2001, the Office of the Inspector General of the Department of Health and Human Services released the report entitled ``The Globalization of Clinical Trials: A Growing Challenge in Protecting Human Subjects''. In the report, the Inspector General acknowledged that key entities which oversee or study foreign research, including United States regulatory agencies and the World Health Organization, have raised concerns about the lack of experience and insufficient monitoring practices of many foreign IRBs. (11) The Inspector General also recommended, among other things, that the FDA collect more information on the performance of foreign IRBs and the growth and location of foreign clinical investigations. (12) While Federal regulation should accelerate, whenever possible, the delivery from laboratory to patients of new drugs which are designed to treat devastating illnesses, existing law permits manufacturers to profit from the misery and pain of uniformed, misinformed, and unwilling patients in developing countries. (13) On June 10, 2004, the FDA issued a proposed rule that would, among other things, replace the existing requirement that foreign clinical studies be conducted in accordance with the ethical principles which are contained in the Declaration of Helsinki (described in section 312.120(c) of title 21, Code of Federal Regulations), with a requirement that such studies comply with good clinical practice (GCP). (14) pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies and their lobbyists, in submitted public comment, generally support the proposed rule, other organizations, such as the AIDS Vaccine Advocacy Coalition and Public Citizen, have objected to the proposed deletion of the Declaration of Helsinki from applicable regulations because the removal may result", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00874", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00673", "text": "In Germany this year, the Protestant church is celebrating 500 years since Martin Luther brought about the Reformation. Today, as the number of churchgoers dwindles, the clergy is turning to new media to appeal to those with little time to attend worship in person. In the eastern city of Magdeburg, the monotone peal of a single church bell calls a modest flock of parishioners to evening prayers at the Walloon Reformed Church of St. Augustine. As the faithful file into a High Gothic church where Martin Luther once delivered a sermon, most fumble around in handbags and pockets, looking for their cellphones. But instead of dutifully switching off their phones and putting them away on this Friday evening, these 40 or so churchgoers take a pew and bow their heads over their lit-up devices as if they were prayer books. This is a Twitter service, where the congregation is encouraged to tweet about the liturgy and share their prayers online. Pastor Ralf Peter Reimann says it's an experiment. He believes that social media can help the Protestant church retain and even gain followers, even in today's increasingly secular society. \"There are lots of people who live online,\" he says. \"We want to include these people and offer them to participate in a way that's comfortable to them.\" While Reimann preaches from behind the lectern, a chorus of young parishioners perching in the choir stalls tweets about his sermon. Above them, a large screen displays a hash-tagged feed which, in real time, shows tweets coming from both within the church and from around Germany. \"Luther talked about the priesthood of all believers,\" Reimann says. \"So if you use social media, it's not only the pastor communicating on behalf of the church, but Christians communicating among each other.\" such Twitter services are to catch on, embracing the latest media trend is nothing new for Protestants. Five-hundred years ago, when Martin Luther first protested against corruption in the Catholic Church, it was the then relatively new printing press that helped his challenge to papal authority to \"go viral.\" Luther's supporters printed his radical ideas in pamphlets. Cheap to produce and easy to distribute, these pamphlets fostered public debate. Ulrike Zitzlsperger, a professor of German studies at the University of Exeter in England, says the 16th century pamphlet was the social media of Luther's day", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00594", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00674", "text": "[Abridged] We test the accuracy of different models of the attenuation of light due to resonant scattering by intergalactic neutral hydrogen by comparing their predictions of the evolution of the mean cosmic flux decrement, D_A, to measurements of this quantity based on observations. To this end, we use data available in the literature and our own measurements of the cosmic flux decrement for 25 quasars in the redshift range 2.71 < z < 5.41 taken from the SDSS Data Release 5. In order to perform the measurements of D_A, we fit a power-law to the continuum redward of the Lya emission line, and extrapolate this fit to region blueward of it, where the flux is severely affected by absorption due to intervening HI absorbers. We compute, using numerical simulations, the redshift evolution of D_A accounting for the presence of Lya Forest absorbers and Lyman limit systems randomly distributed along the line-of-sight, and compute its intrinsic scatter at the 1-, 2-, and 3-sigma level due to fluctuations in the absorber properties (column density, Doppler parameter, redshift) along different lines-of-sight. The numerical simulations consist of Monte Carlo realizations of distributions of the absorber properties constrained from observations. The results from the models considered here confirm our theoretical expectation that the distribution of D_A at any given redshift be well described by a lognormal distribution function. This implies that the effective optical depth, usually defined as the negative logarithm of the average flux, 1 - D_A, is very accurately Gaussian distributed, to previous studies. This result is independent to the form of the input distribution functions, and rather insensitive to the presence of high-column density absorbers, such as the Lyman limit systems.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 364, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00182", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00675", "text": "any electronic fund transfer initiated by the consumer at any electronic terminal or computer, other than an automated teller machine or automated point-of-sale machine meeting the requirements of paragraph (3) or (4), that can be completed only if an overdraft protection service is provided to the consumer for a fee, the display provided on the terminal or computer shall provide the following notice and the option for the consumer to accept or decline the fee: ```This request exceeds your funds available and will result in an overdraft of $__ and the imposition of a fee from your financial institution of $__. To accept this fee and continue with your transaction, press ``ACCEPT''. To terminate this transaction, press ``DECLINE''.'. ``(7) Definitions.--For purposes of this subsection and section 906(c)(5), the following definitions shall apply: ``(A) Annual percentage rate.--The term `annual percentage rate' means the rate of interest determined in the manner provided in section 108 and regulations prescribed by the Board under such section. ``(B) Overdraft protection service.--The term `overdraft protection service' means any service provided by a financial institution holding the account of any consumer pursuant to which any debit against the account is paid by the financial institution even though there are insufficient funds in the account to cover the amount of the debit, such payment is accomplished, including through the use of overdraft lines of credit, linked accounts, or any overdraft protection program for which the financial institution has not complied with the disclosure requirements under the Truth in Lending Act and regulations prescribed under such Act.''. (b) Information Required in Periodic Statement.--Section 906(c) of the Electronic Fund Transfer Act (15 U.S.C. 1693d(c)) is amended-- (1) by striking ``and'' at the end of paragraph (3); (2) by striking the period at the end of paragraph (4) and inserting ``; and''; and (3) by inserting after paragraph (4) the following new paragraph: ``(5) with respect to each case in which the financial institution was required to provide notice to a customer under any paragraph of section 905(d) of the imposition of an overdraft fee and the amount of the fee during the period covered by the periodic statement, a written statement of the annual percentage rate which the fee represents with respect to the amount of the overdraft in type no smaller than other required disclosures under this subsection, but not less than 8-point type", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00908", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00676", "text": "’s vineyard filled hills. A highly energy-efficient building, the team incorporated unobtrusive sustainable design strategies including displacement ventilation, automatic shading and daylight harvesting. In addition to housing the company’s administrative headquarters, pre-planned expansion zones are now home to other agricultural and wine related businesses. A locally owned caterer operates a popular café on the ground floor and is on hand to serve the many social events and business meetings that take place throughout the facility. the challenging pace of construction to meet the owner’s completion date, worker safety took top priority and was emphasized daily and widely to all subcontractors. Because of this constant emphasis by project leadership at Jim Murphy & Associates, the team logged zero lost time accidents, an absolute requirement to qualify for an ENR Best award. “Our team would like to acknowledge American AgCredit’s consistent support for quality at every level of design, construction and technology integration. We are deeply honored to see such a rewarding project achieve this national award,” says Don Tomasi. About Jim Murphy & Associates Jim Murphy & Associates (JMA) is a residential and commercial construction company based in Santa Rosa, CA. In business since 1976, JMA specializes in building and remodeling distinctive custom homes and commercial projects including: winery facilities, office buildings, hospitality facilities including resorts, restaurants, industrial buildings, medical and dental offices, and light retail construction. For information, visit the company’s website: www.j-m-a.com or call 707.576.7337. About TLCD Architecture Located in the San Francisco North Bay region, TLCD Architecture (TLCD) has designed memorable architecture and interior environments for over 50 years. TLCD has earned a reputation for design excellence and is responsible for many of the North Bay’s most important architectural projects. For information, visit the company’s website: www.tlcd.com or call 707.525.5600. View source version on businesswire.com:https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180424006287/en/ CONTACT: TLCD Architecture Marina Starkey, 707-535-5290 marina.starkey@tlcd.com KEYWORD: UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA CALIFORNIA NEW YORK INDUSTRY KEYWORD: BUILDING SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE INTERIOR DESIGN CONSTRUCTION & PROPERTY COMMERCIAL BUILDING & REAL ESTATE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING & REAL ESTATE SOURCE: TLCD Architecture Copyright Business Wire 2018. PUB: 04/", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00779", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00677", "text": "We present optical spectroscopy of nine cataclysmic binary stars, mostly dwarf novae, obtained primarily to determine orbital periods Porb. The stars and their periods are LX And, 0.1509743(5) d; CZ Aql, 0.2005(6) d; LU Cam, 0.1499686(4) d; GZ Cnc, 0.0881(4) d; V632 Cyg, 0.06377(8) d; V1006 Cyg, 0.09903(9) d; BF Eri, 0.2708804(4) d; BI Ori, 0.1915(5) d; and FO Per, for which Porb is either 0.1467(4) or 0.1719(5) d. Several of the stars proved to be especially interesting. In BF Eri, we detect the absorption spectrum of a secondary star of spectral type K3 +- 1 subclass, which leads to a distance estimate of approximately 1 kpc. BF Eri has a large proper motion (100 mas/yr), and we have a preliminary parallax measurement that confirms the large proper motion and yields only an upper limit for the parallax. BF Eri's space velocity is evidently large, and it appears to belong to the halo population. In CZ Aql, the emission lines have strong wings that move with large velocity amplitude, suggesting a magnetically-channeled accretion flow. The orbital period of V1006 Cyg places it squarely within the 2- to 3-hour \"gap\" in the distribution of cataclysmic binary orbital periods.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 351, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00028", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00678", "text": "We calculate the systematic inhomogeneity-induced correction to the cosmological constant that one would infer from an analysis of the luminosities and redshifts of Type Ia supernovae, assuming a homogeneous universe. The calculation entails a post-Newtonian expansion within the framework of second order perturbation theory, wherein we consider the effects of subhorizon density perturbations in a flat, dust dominated universe. Within this formalism, we calculate luminosity distances and redshifts along the past light cone of an observer. The resulting luminosity distance-redshift relation is fit to that of a homogeneous model in order to deduce the best-fit cosmological constant density Omega_Lambda. We find that the luminosity distance-redshift relation is indeed modified, by a small fraction of order 10^{-5}. When fitting this perturbed relation to that of a homogeneous universe, we find that the inferred cosmological constant can be surprisingly large, depending on the range of redshifts sampled. For a sample of supernovae extending from z=0.02 out to z=0.15, we find that Omega_Lambda=0.004. The value of Omega_Lambda has a large variance, and its magnitude tends to get larger for smaller redshifts, implying that precision measurements from nearby supernova data will require taking this effect into account. we find that this effect is likely too small to explain the observed value of Omega_Lambda=0.7. There have been previous claims of much larger backreaction effects. By contrast to those calculations, our work is directly related to how observers deduce cosmological parameters from astronomical data.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 331, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00339", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00679", "text": "are complex and unknown at this time; theories include a steep and rapid drop in hormone levels after childbirth; difficulty during labor or pregnancy; a premature birth; a miscarriage; feeling overwhelmed, uncertain, frustrated or anxious about one's new role as a mother; a lack of support from one's spouse, friends or family; marital strife; stressful events in life such as death of a loved one, financial problems, or physical or mental abuse; a family history of depression or mood disorders; a previous history of major depression or anxiety; or a prior postpartum depression. (8) Postpartum depression is a treatable disorder if promptly diagnosed by a trained provider and attended to with a personalized regimen of care including social support, therapy, medication, and when necessary hospitalization. (9) All too often postpartum depression goes undiagnosed or untreated due to the social stigma surrounding depression and mental illness, the myth of motherhood, the new mother's inability to self-diagnose her condition, the new mother's shame or embarrassment over discussing her depression so near to the birth of her child, the lack of understanding in society and the medical community of the complexity of postpartum depression, and economic pressures placed on hospitals and providers. (10) Untreated, postpartum depression can lead to further depression, substance abuse, loss of employment, divorce and further social alienation, self-destructive behavior, or even suicide. (11) Untreated, postpartum depression impacts society through its affect on the infant's physical and psychological development, child abuse, neglect or death of the infant or other siblings, and the disruption of the family. TITLE I--RESEARCH ON POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION AND PSYCHOSIS SEC. 101. EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION OF ACTIVITIES OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH. (a) In General.--The Secretary of Health and Human Services, acting through the Director of NIH and the Director of the National Institute of Mental Health (in this section referred to as the ``Institute''), shall expand and intensify research and related activities of the Institute with respect to postpartum depression and postpartum psychosis (in this section referred to as ``postpartum conditions''). (b) Coordination With Other Institutes.--The Director of the Institute shall coordinate the activities of the Director under subsection (a) with similar activities conducted by the other national research institutes and agencies", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01144", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00680", "text": "We have observed the central region of the IR-dark cloud filament associated with IRAS 18507+0121 at millimeter wavelengths in CO(1-0), 13CO(1-0), and C18O(1-0) line emission and with the Spitzer Space Telescope at mid-IR wavelengths. Five massive outflows from two cloud cores were discovered. Three outflows are centered on or near an Ultracompact HII region (G34.4+0.23) while the remaining two outflows originate from the millimeter core G34.4+0.23 MM. Modeling of the SEDs of the mid-IR sources identified 31 young stellar objects in the filament with a combined stellar mass of ~127 +/- 27 Msun. An additional 22 sources were identified as probable cluster members based on the presence of strong 24 micron emission. The total star formation efficiency in the G34.4 cloud filament is estimated to be ~7% while the massive and intermediate mass star formation efficiency in the entire cloud filament is estimated to be roughly 2%. A comparison of the gravitational binding energy with the outflow kinetic energy suggests that the compact core containing G34.4+0.23 MM is being destroyed by its molecular outflows the outflows associated with more massive core surrounding the G34.4 UC HII region are not likely to totally disrupt the cloud. Additionally, a qualitative evaluation of the region appears to suggest that stars in this region may have formed in two stages: first lower mass stars formed and then, a few Myrs later, the more massive stars began to form.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 331, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00409", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00681", "text": "Microsoft is constantly tinkering with Windows 10, dropping in new features and swapping out old ones, but there are a few annoyances it seems unable or unwilling to fix. What ties most of the following complaints together is Microsoft's reluctance to let users choose for themselves, preferring instead to try to coerce users and control how they use their computer. Here are the five ways Windows 10 is broken that Microsoft needs to sort out. 1. Sort out the Control Panel / Settings app confusion Windows 10 adopts a rather confused approach to managing settings—splitting the options between the legacy Control Panel and the Settings app. Microsoft appears to be in the process of gradually migrating these options to the new Settings app, with each big feature update further diminishing the role of the Control Panel. having to juggle between the two menus is not particularly user friendly, and the changes in where settings lie is particularly aggravating for some users, as can be seen by the large number of forum posts this issue generates. You can use the Search function to locate the Settings you need, but there are still clearly a large number of users who still struggle to locate what they're looking for. 2. Give all users control over updates All Windows 10 users should be given control over when updates are applied. Currently there is no simple option for Windows 10 Home users to defer updates in the same way there is for users of Windows 10 Pro and Enterprise editions. SEE: Windows 10: Streamline your work with these power tips (free TechRepublic PDF) Users of non-Home editions can toggle options in menus to put off updates for months at the very least. Home users have to engage in hacky workarounds, such as setting their connection to 'Metered', which can have unwanted side effects due to Windows no longer downloading most Windows updates or Windows Store app updates. Microsoft should just relent and give the Home edition the same level of control over updates as is available to Pro users. 3. Allow users to opt out of feature updates altogether Not everyone appreciates Microsoft's twice-yearly feature updates messing with their desktop, and, for some, the smattering of new features are, at best, unnecessary. Microsoft should give all users the option to completely opt out of feature updates—the most recent being the Windows 10 Fall Creators Update— and instead only receive essential patches and fixes. As it is, users of Pro and Enterprise can defer feature updates for more than", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 496, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00521", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00682", "text": "MOSCOW (AP) — Russia has made progress fighting soccer racism ahead of next year's World Cup, but players, coaches and fans still risk abuse, a new report says. There were 89 racist and far-right incidents at Russian games in the 2016-17 season, slightly below the two previous seasons, according to Thursday's report by European anti-discrimination group FARE and Russia-based SOVA. In one case, an African player complained of racist abuse by an opponent during a Russian Premier League game. In another case, a hardline fan group segregated part of a stadium for people of \"Slavic appearance,\" the report alleges. Fans of Russian champion Spartak Moscow flew anti-Semitic banners. The Russian Football Union's disciplinary committee, has said it didn't detect a single racist incident in any of the top three divisions this season. The report comes ahead of the Confederations Cup, starting Saturday, and a year ahead of the World Cup. \"The Russian football authorities and the government authorities have realized... the way both of these competitions will be tarnished by the fear of racism occurring and they've taken some quite strong measures,\" FARE's executive director Piara Powar told The Associated Press in a telephone interview. \"There still remains the danger of some isolated incidents taking place.\" Russian authorities have taken measures to blacklist at least 191 fans from attending sports events, while the RFU ejected an influential fan leader, Alexander Shprygin, from its organization. He was deported twice from France last year following violence around Russia's match with England at the European Championship, and has been accused of posting far-right symbols on social media, a charge he denied. Shprygin was dragged out of a bathroom at an RFU conference in September by police and detained, reportedly in connection with an investigation into fan violence. FARE says Russia has made some progress, and that it didn't observe monkey chants or openly Nazi flags in any top-flight games this season. it warns far-right fans instead fly banners with concealed messages such as runes and number codes used by Nazi and ultranationalist groups. The RFU punished two clubs in the 2015-16 season for such banners, but didn't pursue any such cases this season — something which Powar says indicates it may be \"turning a blind eye.\" That was cases of anti-Semitic banners being flown by Spartak fans, including taunts aimed at rival CSKA Moscow, whose club", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 495, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00656", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00683", "text": "We apply various expansion schemes that may be used to study gravitational clustering to the simple case of the Zeldovich dynamics. Using the well-known exact solution of the Zeldovich dynamics we can compare the predictions of these various perturbative methods with the exact nonlinear result and study their convergence properties. We find that most systematic expansions fail to recover the decay of the response function in the highly nonlinear regime. ``Linear methods'' lead to increasingly fast growth in the nonlinear regime for higher orders, except for Pade approximants that give a bounded response at any order. ``Nonlinear methods'' manage to obtain some damping at one-loop order but they fail at higher orders. it recovers the exact Gaussian damping, a resummation in the high-k limit is not justified very well as the generation of nonlinear power does not originate from a finite range of wavenumbers (hence there is no simple separation of scales). No method is able to recover the relaxation of the matter power spectrum on highly nonlinear scales. It is possible to impose a Gaussian cutoff in a somewhat ad-hoc fashion to reproduce the behavior of the exact two-point functions for two different times. this cutoff is not directly related to the clustering of matter and disappears in exact equal-time statistics such as the matter power spectrum. On a quantitative level, the usual perturbation theory, and the nonlinear scheme to which one adds an ansatz for the response function with such a Gaussian cutoff, are the two most efficient methods. These results should hold for the gravitational dynamics as well (this has been checked at one-loop order), since the structure of the equations of motion is identical for both dynamics.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 331, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00359", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00684", "text": "LEGAZPI, Philippines (AP) — A significant amount of ash has fallen on towns near the Philippines' most active volcano after energetic eruptions of lava from the crater. Mount Mayon in northeastern Albay province has been erupting more than two weeks, and 84,000 people who fled the danger zone are staying in schools and other crowded shelters. The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology said one large lava eruption lasted more than an hour and a half late Monday. The ash plume reached 1.5 kilometers (.9 miles) above the crater and caused significant ashfall in the towns of Camalig and Guinobatan. Mayon has been belching red-hot lava fountains, huge columns of ash and molten rocks into the sky and plunging communities into darkness with falling ash since Jan. 14. It has remained at alert level four on a scale of five, indicating a more violent eruption could be imminent. Scientists have warned that the repeated eruptions of lava, Mayon is still swollen with magma below the surface and could erupt explosively. No injuries have been reported in the current eruption, but authorities have struggled to keep people out of the danger zone 8 kilometers (5 miles) from the crater. They are worried the eruption may last months, disrupting the lives and livelihoods of people in Mayon's shadow. Provincial leaders say disaster funds are running low and have said supplies like facemasks will be depleted if the eruption lasts. The government has raised the possibility of creating a permanent \"no man's land\" around Mayon, a sensitive and complicated proposal that would affect tens and thousands of people living in the fertile farmlands nearby. One possibility is expanding a national park around the base of the volcano, where trees could grow and become a buffer against volcanic flows endangering villages and towns. Mayon has erupted about 50 times in the last 500 years, sometimes violently. In 2013, an ash eruption killed five climbers who had ventured near the summit warnings. The Philippines has about 22 active volcanoes. The explosion of Mount Pinatubo in 1991 was one of the biggest volcanic eruptions of the 20th century, killing hundreds. ___ Associated Press writer Jim Gomez in Manila contributed to this report.", "label": 0, "domain": "news", "token_count": 464, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00688", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00685", "text": "To study the effects of galactic winds on the stellar metallicity distributions and on the evolution of Draco and Ursa Minor dwarf spheroidal galaxies, we compared the predictions of several chemical evolution models, adopting different prescriptions for the galactic winds, with the photometrically-derived stellar metallicity distributions of both galaxies. The chemical evolution models for Draco and Ursa Minor, which are able to reproduce several observational features of these two galaxies, such as the several abundance ratios, take up-to-date nucleosynthesis into account for intermediate-mass stars and supernovae of both types, as well as the effect of these objects on the energetics of the systems. For both galaxies, the model that best fits the data contains an intense continuous galactic wind, occurring at a rate proportional to the star formation rate. Models with a wind rate assumed to be proportional only to the supernova rate also reproduce the observed SMD, but do not match the gas mass, the models with no galactic winds fail to reproduce the observed SMDs. In the case of Ursa Minor, the same model as in previous works reproduces the observed distribution very well with no need to modify the main parameters of the model. The model for Draco, is slightly modified. The observed SMD requires a model with a lower supernova type Ia thermalization efficiency ($\\eta_{SNeIa}$ = 0.5 instead of $\\eta_{SNeIa}$ = 1.0) in order to delay the galactic wind, all the other parameters are kept the same. The model results, compared to observations, strongly suggest that intense and continuous galactic winds play a very important role in the evolution of local dSphs.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 350, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00071", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00686", "text": "or both. ``(d)(1) As used in this section-- ``(A) the term `course of conduct' means a series of acts over a period of time, short, indicating a continuity of purpose; ``(B) the term `harassment' means a serious act or course of conduct directed at a specific person that-- ``(i) causes substantial emotional distress in such person; and ``(ii) serves no legitimate purpose; ``(C) the term `immediate family member' has the meaning given that term in section 115 and includes grandchildren; ``(D) the term `intimidation' means a serious act or course of conduct directed at a specific person that-- ``(i) causes fear or apprehension in such person; and ``(ii) serves no legitimate purpose; ``(E) the term `restricted personal information' has the meaning given that term in section 119; ``(F) the term `serious act' means a single act of threatening, retaliatory, harassing, or violent conduct that is reasonably likely to influence the willingness of a victim or witness to testify or participate in a Federal criminal case or investigation; and ``(G) the term `specific person' means a victim or witness in a Federal criminal case or investigation, and includes an immediate family member of such a victim or witness. ``(2) For purposes of subparagraphs (B)(ii) and (D)(ii) of paragraph (1), a court shall presume, subject to rebuttal by the person, that the distribution or publication using the Internet of a photograph of, or restricted personal information regarding, a specific person serves no legitimate purpose, unless that use is authorized by that specific person, is for news reporting purposes, is designed to locate that specific person (who has been reported to law enforcement as a missing person), or is part of a government-authorized effort to locate a fugitive or person of interest in a criminal, antiterrorism, or national security investigation.''. (b) Sentencing Guidelines.--Pursuant to its authority under section 994 of title 28, United States Code, and in accordance with this section, the United States Sentencing Commission shall review and, if appropriate, amend the Federal sentencing guidelines and policy statements to ensure-- (1) that the guidelines provide an additional penalty increase above the sentence otherwise applicable in Part J of Chapter 2 of the Guidelines Manual if the defendant was convicted of a violation of section 1591 of title 18", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00914", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00687", "text": "We report the X-ray detection of the Type II-plateau supernova SN 2004et in the spiral galaxy NGC 6946, using the Chandra X-Ray Observatory. The position of the X-ray source was found to agree with the optical position within ~0.4 arcsec. Chandra also surveyed the region before the 2004 event, finding no X-ray emission at the location of the progenitor. For the post-explosion observations, a total of 202, 151, and 158 photons were detected in three pointings, each ~29 ks in length, on 2004 October 22, November 6, and December 3, respectively. The spectrum of the first observation is best fit by a thermal model with a temperature of kT=1.3 keV and a line-of-sight absorption of N_H=1.0 x 10^{22} cm^{-2}. The inferred unabsorbed luminosity (0.4-8 keV) is ~4x10^{38} erg/s, adopting a distance of 5.5 Mpc. A comparison between hard and soft counts on the first and third epochs indicates a softening over this time, there is an insufficient number of photons to constrain the variation of temperature and absorption by spectral fitting. We model the emission as arising from the reverse shock region in the interaction between the supernova ejecta and the progenitor wind. For a Type IIP supernova with an extended progenitor, the cool shell formed at the time of shock wave breakout from the star can affect the initial evolution of the interaction shell and the absorption of radiation from the reverse shock. The observed spectral softening might be due to decreasing shell absorption. We find a pre-supernova mass loss rate of (2-2.5)x 10^{-6} M_{\\odot} /yr for a wind velocity of 10 kms, which is in line with expectations for a Type IIP supernova.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 406, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00336", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00688", "text": "be conducted on the effectiveness of legal and community-based interventions, not only those with the goal of changing the behavior of assailants but also those with the goal of helping women take safety-promoting actions. (7) Much of the research on violence against women examines continuing rates of physical or psychological abuse as outcome measures and measures the behavior of the perpetrators, not something over which the woman has direct and immediate control. research on the women's attempts to manage and end the violence in their lives is rare. (8) Much of the extant research has focused on violence against women in the streets (sexual assault) or in their homes (domestic violence, battering, or marital rape). consistent focus on violence against women in work-related and educational contexts has been more limited. SEC. 3. RESEARCH INITIATIVES. Part P of title III of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 280g et seq.) is amended by adding at the end the following: ``SEC. 399O. VIOLENCE PREVENTION RESEARCH INITIATIVES. ``(a) In General.--The Secretary, in consultation with the Director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Director of the National Institute of Mental Health, the Director of the Office of Research on Women's Health, the Director of the Office of Women's Health, the Director of the National Institute of Drug Abuse, and the Director of the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, shall make grants and enter into contracts to-- ``(1) increase research on the psychological sequelae of violence against women; ``(2) expand research on special populations and their risk for violence, including adolescents, older women, ethnic minorities, women with disabilities, and other affected populations; ``(3) increase research on violence against women as a risk factor for various mental and physical health problems; ``(4) develop and test effective methods of screening for violence in all points of entry to the health care system, including mental health, emergency medicine, and primary care; ``(5) expand and enhance research on sociocultural correlates of violence, such as the factors that create the predisposition toward violent behavior, situational variables that trigger the expression of violence, and social processes that allow violence to continue without negative consequences to the perpetrator; ``(6) develop systematic and quantifiable measures to evaluate treatment programs and prevention strategies for victims and perpetrators of violence; ``(7) conduct research to increase better understanding", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 496, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00994", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00689", "text": "We determine the contribution of stars in galaxies, intracluster stars, and the intracluster medium to the total baryon budget in nearby galaxy clusters and groups. We find that the baryon mass fraction (f_b) within r500 is constant for systems with M500 between 6e13 and 1e15 Msun. f_b is lower than the WMAP value, the shortfall is on the order of both the observational systematic uncertainties and the depletion of baryons within r500 that is predicted by simulations. The data therefore provide no compelling evidence for undetected baryonic components, particularly any that vary in importance with cluster mass. A unique feature of the current analysis is direct inclusion of the contribution of intracluster light (ICL) in the baryon budget. The increase in X-ray gas mass fraction with increasing total mass is entirely accounted for by a decrease in the total stellar mass fraction, supporting the argument that the behavior of both the stellar and X-ray gas components is dominated by a decrease in star formation efficiency in more massive environments. Within just the stellar component, the fraction of the total stellar luminosity in the BCG and ICL decreases as velocity dispersion increases, suggesting that the BCG+ICL component, and in particular the dominant ICL component, grows less efficiently in higher mass environments. The degree to which this behavior arises from our sample selection, which favored systems with central, giant elliptical galaxies, remains unclear. A more robust result is the identification of low mass groups with large BCG+ICL components, demonstrating that the creation of intracluster stars does not require a massive cluster environment. Within r500 and r200, the BCG+ICL contributes on average 40% and 33% of the total stellar light, respectively.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 362, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00197", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00690", "text": "the violent content in their programming and make those reports public. (15) In 1996, the television industry as a whole made a commitment to develop a comprehensive rating system to label programming that may be harmful or inappropriate for children. That system was implemented at the beginning of this year. (16) these recent efforts to respond to public concern about the impact of television on children, millions of Americans, especially parents with young children, remain angry and frustrated at the sinking standards of television programming, the reluctance of the industry to police itself, and the harmful influence of television on the well-being of the children and the values of the United States. (17) The Department of Justice issued a ruling in 1993 indicating that additional efforts by the television industry to develop and implement voluntary programming guidelines would not violate the antitrust laws. The ruling states that ``such activities may be likened to traditional standard setting efforts that do not necessarily restrain competition and may have significant procompetitive benefits. * * * Such guidelines could serve to disseminate valuable information on program content to both advertisers and television viewers. Accurate information can enhance the demand for, and increase the output of, an industry's products or services.''. (18) The Children's Television Act of 1990 (Public Law 101- 437) states that television broadcasters in the United States have a clear obligation to meet the educational and informational needs of children. (19) Several independent analyses have demonstrated that the television broadcasters in the United States have not fulfilled their obligations under the Children's Television Act and have not noticeably expanded the amount of educational and informational programming directed at young viewers since the enactment of the Act. SEC. 3. PURPOSE. (a) Purpose.--The purpose of this Act is to permit the broadcast and cable television industry-- (1) to work collaboratively to respond to growing public concern about the current content of television programming and the harmful influence of such programming on children; (2) to develop a set of voluntary programming guidelines similar to those contained in the National Association of Broadcasters Television Code; and (3) to implement the guidelines in a manner that alleviates the negative impact of television programming on the development of children in the United States and stimulates the development and broadcast of educational and informational programming for such children. (b) Construction.--This Act may not be construed as-- (1) providing the Federal Government with any authority to restrict the content of television programming that is in addition to the authority to restrict", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 499, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01014", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00691", "text": "We explore the cosmological content of Salam-Sezgin six dimensional supergravity, and find a solution to the field equations in qualitative agreement with observation of distant supernovae, primordial nucleosynthesis abundances, and recent measurements of the cosmic microwave background. The carrier of the acceleration in the present de Sitter epoch is a quintessence field slowly rolling down its exponential potential. Intrinsic to this model is a second modulus which is automatically stabilized and acts as a source of cold dark matter with a mass proportional to an exponential function of the quintessence field (hence realizing VAMP models within a String context). any attempt to saturate the present cold dark matter component in this manner leads to unacceptable deviations from cosmological data -- a numerical study reveals that this source can account for up to about 7% of the total cold dark matter budget. We also show that (1) the model will support a de Sitter energy in agreement with observation at the expense of a miniscule breaking of supersymmetry in the compact space; (2) variations in the fine structure constant are controlled by the stabilized modulus and are negligible; (3) ``fifth''forces are carried by the stabilized modulus and are short range; (4) the long time behavior of the model in four dimensions is that of a Robertson-Walker universe with a constant expansion rate (w = -1/3). Finally, we present a String theory background by lifting our six dimensional cosmological solution to ten dimensions.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 303, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00024", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00692", "text": "SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Local Community Radio Act of 2007''. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. Congress makes the following findings: (1) The passage of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 led to increased ownership consolidation in the radio industry. (2) At a hearing before the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, on June 4, 2003, all 5 members of the Federal Communications Commission testified that there has been, in at least some local radio markets, too much consolidation. (3) A commitment to localism--local operations, local research, local management, locally-originated programming, local artists, and local news and events--would bolster radio listening. (4) Local communities have sought to launch radio stations to meet their local needs. due to the scarce amount of spectrum available and the high cost of buying and running a large station, many local communities are unable to establish a radio station. (5) In 2003, the average cost to acquire a commercial radio station was more than $2,500,000. (6) In January, 2000, the Federal Communications Commission authorized a new, affordable community radio service called ``low-power FM'' or ``LPFM'' to ``enhance locally focused community-oriented radio broadcasting''. (7) Through the creation of LPFM, the Commission sought to ``create opportunities for new voices on the air waves and to allow local groups, including schools, churches, and other community-based organizations, to provide programming responsive to local community needs and interests''. (8) The Commission made clear that the creation of LPFM would not compromise the integrity of the FM radio band by stating, ``We are committed to creating a low-power FM radio service only if it does not cause unacceptable interference to existing radio service.''. (9) Currently, FM translator stations can operate on the second- and third-adjacent channels to full power radio stations, up to an effective radiated power of 250 watts, pursuant to part 74 of title 47, Code of Federal Regulations, using the very same transmitters that LPFM stations will use. The Commission based its LPFM rules on the actual performance of these translators that already operate without undue interference to FM stations. The actual interference record of these translators is far more useful than any results that further testing could yield. (10) Small rural broadcasters were particularly concerned about a lengthy", "label": 0, "domain": "government", "token_count": 498, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_01052", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00693", "text": "The recent HESS detections of supernova remnant shells in TeV gamma-rays confirm the theoretical predictions that supernova remnants can operate as powerful cosmic ray accelerators. If these objects are responsible for the bulk of galactic cosmic rays, then they should accelerate protons and nuclei to 10^15 eV and beyond, i.e. act as cosmic PeVatrons. The model of diffusive shock acceleration allows, under certain conditions, acceleration of particles to such high energies and their gradual injection into the interstellar medium, mainly during the Sedov phase of the remnant evolution. The most energetic particles are released first, while particles of lower energies are more effectively confined in the shell, and are released at later epochs. Thus the spectrum of nonthermal paticles inside the shell extends to PeV energies only during a relatively short period of the evolution of the remnant. For this reason one may expect spectra of secondary gamma-rays and neutrinos extending to energies beyond 10 TeV only from T \\lesssim 1000 yr old supernova remnants. if by a chance a massive gas cloud appears in the \\lesssim 100 pc vicinity of the supernova remnant, ``delayed'' multi-TeV signals of gamma-rays and neutrinos arise when the most energetic partices emerged from the supernova shell reach the cloud. The detection of such delayed emission of multi-TeV gamma-rays and neutrinos allows indirect identification of the supernova remnant as a particle PeVatron.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 303, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00233", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00694", "text": "We present the clustering properties of 151 Lyman alpha emitting galaxies at z ~ 4.5 selected from the Large Area Lyman Alpha (LALA) survey. Our catalog covers an area of 36' x 36' observed with five narrowband filters. We assume that the angular correlation function w(theta) is well represented by a power law A_w = Theta^(-beta) with slope beta = 0.8, and we find A_w = 6.73 +/- 1.80. We then calculate the correlation length r_0 of the real-space two-point correlation function xi(r) = (r/r_0)^(-1.8) from A_w through the Limber transformation, assuming a flat, Lambda-dominated universe. Neglecting contamination, we find r_0 = 3.20 +/- 0.42 Mpc/h. Taking into account a possible 28% contamination by randomly distributed sources, we find r_0 = 4.61 +/- 0.6 Mpc/h. We compare these results with the expectations for the clustering of dark matter halos at this redshift in a Cold Dark Matter model, and find that the measured clustering strength can be reproduced if these objects reside in halos with a minimum mass of 1-2 times 10^11 Solar masses/h. Our estimated correlation length implies a bias of b ~ 3.7, similar to that of Lyman-break galaxies (LBG) at z ~ 3.8-4.9. Lyman alpha emitters are a factor of ~ 2-16 rarer than LBGs with a similar bias value and implied host halo mass. Therefore, one plausible scenario seems to be that Lyman alpha emitters occupy host halos of roughly the same mass as LBGs, but shine with a relatively low duty cycle of 6-50%.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 383, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00312", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00695", "text": "(abridged) The discovery of OGLE 2005-BLG-390Lb, the first cool rocky/icy exoplanet, impressively demonstrated the sensitivity of the microlensing technique to extra-solar planets below 10 M_earth. A planet of 1 M_earth in the same spot would have provided a detectable deviation with an amplitude of ~ 3 % and a duration of ~ 12 h. An early detection of a deviation could trigger higher-cadence sampling which would have allowed the discovery of an Earth-mass planet in this case. Here, we describe the implementation of an automated anomaly detector, embedded into the eSTAR system, that profits from immediate feedback provided by the robotic telescopes that form the RoboNet-1.0 network. It went into operation for the 2007 microlensing observing season. As part of our discussion about an optimal strategy for planet detection, we shed some new light on whether concentrating on highly-magnified events is promising and planets in the 'resonant' angular separation equal to the angular Einstein radius are revealed most easily. Given that sub-Neptune mass planets can be considered being common around the host stars probed by microlensing (preferentially M- and K-dwarfs), the higher number of events that can be monitored with a network of 2m telescopes and the increased detection efficiency for planets below 5 M_earth arising from an optimized strategy gives a common effort of current microlensing campaigns a fair chance to detect an Earth-mass planet (from the ground) ahead of the COROT or Kepler missions. The detection limit of gravitational microlensing extends even below 0.1 M_earth, but such planets are not very likely to be detected from current campaigns. these will be within the reach of high-cadence monitoring with a network of wide-field telescopes or a space-based telescope.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 387, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00358", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00696", "text": "We have obtained a series of high-resolution optical spectra for the brown dwarf 2MASSW J1207334-393254 (2M1207) using the ESO Very Large Telescope with the UVES spectrograph during two consecutive observing nights (time resolution of ~12 min) and the Magellan Clay telescope with the MIKE spectrograph. Combined with previously published results, these data allow us to investigate changes in the emission line spectrum of 2M1207 on timescales of hours to years. Most of the emission line profiles of 2M1207 are broad, in particular that of Halpha, indicating that the dominant fraction of the emission must be attributed to disk accretion rather than to magnetic activity. From the Halpha 10% width we deduce a relatively stable accretion rate between 10^(-10.1...-9.8) Msun/yr for two nights of consecutive observations. Therefore, either the accretion stream is nearly homogeneous over (sub-)stellar longitude or the system is seen face-on. Small but significant variations are evident throughout our near-continuous observation, and they reach a maximum after ~8 h, roughly the timescale on which maximum variability is expected across the rotation cycle. Together with past measurements, we confirm that the accretion rate of 2M1207 varies by more than one order of magnitude on timescales of months to years. Such variable mass accretion yields a plausible explanation for the observed spread in the accretion rate vs. mass diagram. The magnetic field required to drive the funnel flow is on the order of a few hundred G. the obvious presence of a magnetic field, no radio nor X-ray emission has been reported for 2M1207. Possibly strong accretion suppresses magnetic activity in brown dwarfs, similar to the findings for higher mass T Tauri stars.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 383, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00471", "split": "train"}
+{"id": "contrast_train_0_00697", "text": "The driving mechanism of jets and outflows in star formation process is studied using resistive MHD nested grid simulations. We calculated cloud evolution from the molecular cloud core to the stellar core. In the collapsing cloud core, we found two distinct flows: Low-velocity flows (sim 5 km/s) with a wide opening angle, driven from the adiabatic core, and high-velocity flows (sim 30 km/s) with good collimation, driven from the protostar. High-velocity flows are enclosed by low-velocity flows after protostar formation. The difference in the degree of collimation between the two flows is caused by the strength of the magnetic field and configuration of the magnetic field lines. The magnetic field around an adiabatic core is strong and has an hourglass configuration; therefore, flows from the adiabatic core are driven mainly by the magnetocentrifugal mechanism and guided by the hourglass-like field lines. the magnetic field around the protostar is weak and has a straight configuration owing to Ohmic dissipation in the high-density gas region. Therefore, flows from the protostar are driven mainly by the magnetic pressure gradient force and guided by straight field lines. Differing depth of the gravitational potential between the adiabatic core and the protostar cause the difference of the flow speed. Low-velocity flows correspond to the observed molecular outflows, while high-velocity flows correspond to the observed optical jets. We suggest that the outflow and the jet are driven by different cores, rather than that the outflow being entrained by the jet.", "label": 0, "domain": "academic", "token_count": 327, "matched_pair_id": "contrast_00204", "split": "train"}